decoupling china s carbon emissions increase from economic growth an economic analysis and policy implications as the world s second largest carbon emitter china has long been criticized as a free rider benefiting from other countries efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but not taking responsibility for its own emissions china has been singled out as one of the major targets at the subsequent negotiations after the kyoto meeting bq analyzing the historical contributions of interfuel switching energy conservation economic growth and population expansion to china s co2 emissions during 1980 97 this article clearly demonstrates that the above criticism is unjustified moreover given the fact that the role of china is an issue of perennial concern at the international climate change negotiations the article envisions some efforts and commitments that could be expected from china until its per capita income catches lip with the level of middle developed countries by emphasizing the it win win strategies these efforts and commitments are unlikely to jeopardize china s economic development and at the same time would give the country more leverage at the international climate change negotiations subsequent to the buenos sires meeting c 2000 elsevier science ltd all rights reserved

economic growth and electricity consumption in cote d ivoire evidence from time series analysis this paper examines the causal relationship between the electric power industry and the economic growth of cote d ivoire using the data from 1971 to 2008 a test was conducted for the cointegration and granger causality within an error correction model results from these tests reveal a bidirectional causality between per capita electricity consumption and per capita gdp a unidirectional causality running from electricity consumption to industry value added appears in the short run economic growth is found to have great effects on electricity consumption and a reverse causality from electricity to economic growth may also appear in the long run there is a unidirectional causality between electricity and both gdp and industry value added from these findings we conclude that the country will be energy dependent in the long run and must therefore secure the production network from shortfalls to ensure a sustainable development path accordingly government should adopt policies aimed at increasing the investment in the sector by stepping up electricity production from existing and new energy sources

the multi factor energy input output model abstract energy input output analysis eio analysis is a noteworthy tool for the analysis of the role of energy in the economy however it has relied on models that provide a limited description of energy flows in the economic system and do not allow an adequate analysis of energy efficiency this paper introduces a novel energy input output model the multi factor energy input output model mf eio model which is obtained from a partitioning of a hybrid unit input output system of the economy this model improves on current models by describing the energy flows according to the processes of energy conversion and the levels of energy use in the economy it characterizes the vector of total energy output as a function of seven factors two energy efficiency indicators two characteristics of end use energy consumption and three economic features of the rest of the economy moreover it is consistent with the standard model for eio analysis i e the hybrid unit model this paper also introduces an approximate version of the mf eio model which is equivalent to the former under equal energy prices for industries and final consumers but requires less data processing the latter is composed by two linked models a model of the energy sector in physical units and a model of the rest of the economy in monetary units in conclusion the proposed modelling framework improves eio analysis and extends eio applications to the accounting for energy efficiency of the economy

why is electricity consumption inconsistent with economic growth in china studies have indicated that there exists a relatively stable and positive correlation between electricity consumption and economic growth and there should not be a large deviation between them however the deviation between electricity consumption and economic growth in china during the asian financial crisis and global economic crisis sparks intense debates we attempt to explain the deviation from the perspective of inventory investment adjustment in the business cycle using the svar model in this paper the results show that the effects of inventory investment adjustment shock and electricity consumption structure shock on the deviation are positive but tend to be negative for electricity efficiency shock the results of historical decomposition of these shocks also show that the inventory investment adjustment shock is the main factor that influences the deviation during the global economic crisis economic fluctuation in the short term can not change the economic development pattern and the characteristics of electricity demand once the economy returns to stable growth the deviation between electricity consumption and economic growth will shrink and disappear soon

coal consumption and economic growth in china abstract the aim of this paper is to re examine the relationship between coal consumption and real gdp of china with the use of panel data this paper applies modern panel data techniques to help shed light on the importance of the heterogeneity among different regions within china empirical analyses are conducted for the full panel as well as three subgroups of the panel the empirical results show that coal consumption and gdp are both i 1 and cointegrated in all regional groupings heterogeneity is found in the gdp equation of the full panel the regional causality tests reveal that the coal consumption gdp relationship is bidirectional in the coastal and central regions whereas causality is unidirectional from gdp to coal consumption in the western region thus energy conservation measures will not adversely affect the economic growth of the western region but such measures will likely encumber the economy of the coastal and central regions where most of the coal intensive industries are concentrated

decoupling economic growth from carbon dioxide emissions in china a sectoral factor decomposition analysis china is facing the dilemma of how to coordinate economic development and carbon dioxide co2 emissions reduction this paper investigates the decoupling effect of economic growth from co2 emissions in china during the period 1992 2012 using the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi method we decompose the driving forces of the decoupling of economic growth from co2 emissions in china s five major economic sectors into several factors and measure the contribution of each factor to the decoupling of china s overall economy from co2 emissions the results show that china performed the weak decoupling of economic growth from co2 emissions during 1992 2012 and so did all its five major sectors such a state did not occur smoothly and presented five different stages energy intensity and economic activity level were the most important factors affecting the decoupling in china energy intensity decreased in all sectors indicating a large acceleration for the sectoral decoupling states this finding is applicable to process carbon intensity in industrial sector and energy emission factor in agricultural industrial construction and service sectors in terms of sectoral effects on the decoupling in china industrial sector played a dominant role while construction sector had the most marginal influence the economic activity level and economic share of industrial sector exerted the most negative effects on the decoupling the energy intensity of industrial sector played a key role in promoting the national decoupling state while the energy emission factor of agricultural sector contributed the least

energy rebound effect in china s industry an aggregate and disaggregate analysis abstract considering the crucial role of industrial sectors in energy conservation this paper investigates the impact of output growth on energy consumption in china s industrial sectors with an index decomposition model and the energy rebound effect in the industrial sectors with a panel data model using the annual data during 1994 2012 the empirical results indicate that first industrial output growth is proved to be the major factor in promoting industrial energy consumption while energy intensity reduction and structure shifts across industrial sub sectors play the dominant roles in slowing down industrial energy consumption second there does exist energy rebound effect in china s aggregate industry which ranges from 20 to 76 during 1995 2012 or 39 on average in particular the energy rebound effect in manufacturing is relatively smaller during the sample period i e 28 on average finally the energy rebound effect in both china s aggregate industry and manufacturing exhibit an overall decreasing trend over time

the lmdi approach to decomposition analysis a practical guide in a recent study ang energy policy 32 2004 compared various index decomposition analysis methods and concluded that the logarithmic mean divisia index method is the preferred method since the literature on the method tends to be either too technical or specific for most potential users this paper provides a practical guide that includes the general formulation process summary tables for easy reference and examples

reaping the carbon rent abatement and overallocation profits in the european cement industry insights from an lmdi decomposition analysis we analyse variations of carbon emissions in the european cement industry from 1990 to 2012 at the european level eu 27 and at the national level for six major producers germany france spain the united kingdom italy and poland we apply a log mean divisia index lmdi method cross referencing data from three databases the getting the numbers right gnr database developed by the cement sustainability initiative the european union transaction log eutl and the eurostat international trade database our decomposition method allows seven channels of emission change to be distinguished activity clinker trade clinker share alternative fuels thermal and electrical energy efficiency and electricity decarbonisation we find that apart from a slow trend of emission reductions coming from technological improvements first from a decrease in the clinker share then from an increase in alternative fuels most of the emission change can be attributed to the activity effect using counterfactual scenarios we estimate that the introduction of the eu ets brought small but positive technological abatement 2 2 1 3 between 2005 and 2012 moreover we find that the european cement industry has gained 3 5 billion euros of overallocation profits mostly due to the slowdown of production

analysis of electricity consumption in china 1990 2016 using index decomposition and decoupling approach abstract electricity consumption accounts for a significant portion of final energy consumption in countries worldwide and has a close relationship with economic growth this paper explores the factors influencing electricity consumption in china during 1990 2016 using index decomposition analysis and analyses the decoupling status between economic growth and electricity consumption in addition to the influencing factors these analyses are conducted at both national and sectoral levels the results reveal that 1 the economic activity effect was the main driving force increasing total electricity consumption in china while the energy intensity effect hindered it 2 both diversity and aggregation existed at the sector level the power generation chemicals and non ferrous sectors were the top three contributors to increased electricity consumption 3 the change of electricity consumption caused by gdp growth in china showed three decoupling states during 1990 2016 expansive negative decoupling expansive coupling and weak decoupling in particular the energy intensity effect stimulated the occurrence of decoupling 4 industrial sectors played a significant role in decoupling in china while service sectoral electricity consumption showed expansive coupling with its sectoral gdp in recent years

driving factors of carbon embodied in china s provincial exports in this paper we use the multi regional input output model mrio and logarithm mean divisia index approach to analyze the changes in china s carbon embodied in exports cee at the national and provincial levels the results indicate that the total cee and the cee of 17 provinces including all eastern provinces decreased between 2007 and 2010 the largest decrease in total cee is caused by an input structural effect which decreases the cee of most of the provinces the technique effect arising from changes in provincial carbon intensities causes the second largest decrease in total cee and it effectively reduces the cee of most of the provinces especially the eastern provinces changes in the export composition of most of the provinces also decrease the provincial cee a change in the provincial distribution of exports decreases the cee in 11 provinces on the one hand and increases the cee in 19 provinces on the other hand a change in export volume increases the cee of each province and the whole country but its total effect is evidently lower than the input structural effect and the technique effect c 2015 elsevier b v all rights reserved

factors influencing renewable electricity consumption in china abstract renewable energy is an important factor in achieving a low carbon economic development path in china this paper investigates the factors influencing renewable electricity consumption in china specifically the factors that influence the share of renewable electricity in total electricity consumption in china is investigated using data from 1980 to 2011 and employing the johansen cointegration technique and vector error correction model the result of the analysis shows that there is a long run relationship between renewable electricity consumption and gdp per capita trade openness foreign direct investment financial development and share of fossil fuel in energy consumption economic development and financial development promotes renewable electricity consumption while foreign direct investment trade openness and the lobby of conventional energy sources undermine the share of renewables in total electricity consumption in china while the effects of shocks to the other variables appear to die out over time the lobby effect is persistent and explosive the results also show that there is a uni directional short run causality from financial development to renewable electricity consumption and from renewable electricity consumption to trade openness the chinese government should pursue policies that not only increase the amount of renewable electricity but also increase the share of renewables in total electricity consumption

changes in industrial electricity consumption in china from 1998 to 2007 abstract electricity consumption in the industrial sector experienced a dramatic increase between 1998 and 2007 accounting for approximately 75 of china s total electricity consumption this study analyzes the potential factors influencing the growth of electricity consumption in china s industrial sector over the past decade using a logarithmic mean divisia index i decomposition method results show that activity effect and shift effect caused by the change in the electricity s share of industrial energy use are the major factors responsible for the rise in electricity consumption between 1998 and 2007 it is found that structural change also contributed to the increase in electricity consumption it had only a small effect in contrast the technological effect is responsible for a decrease in electricity consumption during this period the influences of technological effects and shift effects followed approximately an inverse u shaped and u shaped curve respectively furthermore the results show that the main contributors to incremental electricity consumption among industrial subsectors were manufacturing of raw chemical material and products manufacturing of non metal mineral products smelting and pressing of ferrous and non ferrous metals and production and supply of electric power and heat power these sectors should take priority for industrial restructuring in order to implement policies for energy and electricity savings

a corporate system model of a sports club using simulation as an aid to policy making in a crisis the sports club described in this study was losing members and in dire financial straits it became obvious from the optimistic forecasts and fragmented historical records that the membership system was poorly understood by the club s decision making groups and committees a corporate system model of the club was developed from interviews with the club executive and influential club members in this way an understanding was gained of the fundamental system of relations determining the viability of the club various suggestions for remedial action were tried out on a simulation version of the model and the results communicated to the board of directors the study serves to illustrate the use of computer simulation modeling not as an optimising or forecasting tool but as an aid to policy making in a crisis it became part of the organizational behavior process for coping with an extreme situation that in this case had a happy ending the study attempts to relate the scientific process of synthesizing a formal model with the psychological and socio political processes of decision making in a complex system during a crisis

electricity consumption and economic growth in nigeria a revisit of the energy growth debate abstract this paper examines the dynamic causal linkages between electricity consumption and economic growth in nigeria within a trivariate vecm for the period 1971 2011 the paper obviates the variable omission bias and the use of cross sectional techniques that characterise most existing studies the results show that there is a distinct causal flow from electricity consumption to economic growth both in the short run and in the long run this finding supports the electricity led growth hypothesis that has been conjectured in the literature the paper urges policy makers in nigeria to implement policies which enhance the generation and consumption of electricity in order to engineer economic growth appropriate monetary policies must also be put in place in order to moderate inflation thus enhancing growth

the energy intensity in lithuania during 1995 2009 a lmdi approach abstract the measurement assessment and effective mitigation of energy intensity compose a foremost objective of contemporary energy policy although the european union eu member states have been experiencing the convergence in energy efficiency indicators lithuania acceded to the eu in 2004 still remains peculiar with relatively high energy intensity our study therefore is aimed at analyzing the energy intensity trends in lithuanian economy as a whole as well as in separate economic sectors the investigation covers the period of 1995 2009 the logarithmic mean divisia index was applied for decomposition analysis our analysis has shown that energy efficiency falls during economic downturn in order to facilitate these challenges the lithuanian government as well as business should opt for increasing energy efficiency in the most problematic sectors of transport and services in addition the analysis of legal acts namely national energy efficiency programme for 2006 2010 and energy efficiency action plan for 2010 2016 was taken into consideration some suggestions thus were offered for successful implementation of strategic goals outlined in the aforementioned strategic documents

a comparative study on decoupling relationship and influence factors between china s regional economic development and industrial energy related carbon emissions abstract to study the relationship between china s regional economic development and industrial carbon emission reveal the major influencing factors and mechanism of carbon emission change in all regions and provide theoretical evidence for governments to formulate emission reduction strategies and policies big data analysis and the tapio extended model were adopted to quantitatively analyse the decoupling relationship between carbon emission and economic growth in eight major regions of china between 1996 and 2012 logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi was also applied to decompose the main factors affecting carbon emission change in all regions the results show that 1 the proportions of industrial energy related to carbon emissions in central china and the beijing tianjin region decreased year by year while the opposite was the case in coastal areas of northern china furthermore the proportions in other regions basically remained unchanged 2 a weak decoupling relation between industry energy carbon emission and economic growth was found in most regions except in northwest china during the period 1996 2000 southwest china south and north coastal regions during the period 2001 2005 beijing and tianjin during the period 2010 2012 energy consumption decoupling factors exerted a consistent positive effect on industry energy carbon emission decoupling with decoupling impact greater than emission factors 3 the overall level of carbon emission reduction technology in china was low and backwards and limited contributions have been made to economic growth and industry energy carbon emission decoupling development emphases of decoupling should be put on energy saving technology promotion industry structure upgrading and energy structure improvement in the future 4 economic intensity effect has exerted the most powerful positive influence on carbon emissions except in developed areas and the positive effect was weaker than that in other regions

lmdi decomposition approach a guide for implementation since it was first used by researchers to analyze industrial electricity consumption in the early 1980s index decomposition analysis ida has been widely adopted in energy and emission studies lately its use as the analytical component of accounting frameworks for tracking economy wide energy efficiency trends has attracted considerable attention and interest among policy makers the last comprehensive literature review of ida was reported in 2000 which is some years back after giving an update and presenting the key trends in the last 15 years this study focuses on the implementation issues of the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi decomposition methods in view of their dominance in ida in recent years eight lmdi models are presented and their origin decomposition formulae and strengths and weaknesses are summarized guidelines on the choice among these models are provided to assist users in implementation

understanding energy systems change in canada 1 decomposition of total energy intensity abstract between 1995 and 2010 the total energy intensity e gdp pj gross domestic product in 2002 of the canadian economy declined by 23 or 2 64 mj to understand why the logarithmic mean divisia index lmd i method was used to decompose a large body of government statistical data supporting the observed e gdp decline the analysis shows that a 48 1 27 mj of the decline was associated with an inter sector structural change in the economy i e an increased contribution to the total gdp of the low energy using commercial and institutional sector compared with the high energy using manufacturing and heavy industry sectors b 24 0 62 mj was attributed to the impact of the canadian gdp growing faster than population c 22 0 58 mj of the decline was associated with an overall decrease in business energy intensity a deeper analysis of business sectors shows a positive impact of 0 4 mj from increased energy intensity in the oil and gas sector offset by a 0 98 mj decline due to energy intensity declines in the other business sectors d 6 3 0 17 mj of the decline was associated with an improvement in the energy intensity of households mostly from residential energy use rather than personal transportation energy use these results provide insights for policy makers regarding those aspects of the canadian economy that contribute to or work against efforts to transform energy systems toward sustainability

carbon intensity of electricity in asean drivers performance and outlook abstract the association of southeast asian nations asean with its ten member countries has a total population exceeding 600 million its energy related co2 emissions have been growing and in 2013 amounted to 3 6 of total global emissions about 40 of asean s energy related co2 emissions are currently attributable to electricity production in view of this high share we study the co2 emissions of asean s electricity production sector with a focus on the aggregate emission intensity aci given by the level of co2 emissions for each unit of electricity produced drivers of aci are analysed for individual countries and spatial analysis is conducted by comparing factors contributing to differences between the acis of individual countries and that of the asean average arising from these analyses and in light of the current developments it is concluded that drastic actions need to be taken both at the national and regional levels in order to reduce growth in the region s electricity related co2 emissions two key policy issues namely overcoming national circumstances to improve electricity generation mix and improving power generation efficiency are further discussed

entry and exit over the industry life cycle this article presents a theoretical model of the rivalry between two firms in a market that undergoes a life cycle of growth and eventual decline firms in this market have the option of exit and reentry in the equilibrium for the growth phase high entry costs can act like high exit costs thereby conveying a commitment advantage for some parameter configurations this advantage is sufficient to enable a high costfirm to preempt its lower cost rival during the decline phase the smaller duopolist is able to outlast its rival provided that the smaller firm s reentry costs are positive

carbon emission intensity in electricity production a global analysis we study changes in the aggregate carbon intensity aci for electricity at the global and country levels the aci is defined as the energy related co2 emissions in electricity production divided by the electricity produced it is a performance indicator since a decrease in its value is a desirable outcome from the environmental and climate change viewpoints from 1990 to 2013 the aci computed at the global level decreased only marginally however fairly substantial decreases were observed in many countries this apparent anomaly arises from a geographical shift in global electricity production with countries having a high aci increasingly taking up a larger electricity production share it is found that globally and in most major electricity producing countries reduction in their aci was due mainly to improvements in the thermal efficiency of electricity generation rather than to fuel switching estimates of the above mentioned effects are made using lmdi decomposition analysis our study reveals several challenges in reducing global co2 emissions from the electricity production sector although technically the reduction potential for the sector is known to be great