decoupling of emissions and gdp evidence from aggregate and provincial chinese data abstract we provide a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between greenhouse gas ghg emissions and gdp in china using both aggregate and provincial data the trend or kuznets elasticity is about 0 6 for china higher than that in advanced countries but below that of major emerging markets the elasticity is somewhat lower for consumption based emissions than for production based emissions providing mild evidence consistent with the pollution haven hypothesis the kuznets elasticity is much lower for the last three decades than for the three previous decades suggesting a longer term trend toward decoupling as china has become richer further evidence of this comes from provincial data richer provinces tend to have smaller kuznets elasticities than poorer ones in addition to the trend relationship we find that there is a cyclical relation also holding in china

linking namea and input output for consumption vs production perspective analyses evidence on emission efficiency and aggregation biases using the italian and spanish environmental accounts we integrate input output and namea tables for spain and italy in 1995 2000 and 2005 in order to address the hot policy issue of sustainable consumption and production a comparison of production and consumption perspectives may have relevant policy implications we deal with the domestic technology assumption and primarily the aggregation bias that may result when calculating indirect emission using different sector aggregations in the analyses e g 16 30 50 extended input output analysis provides analyses of the emissions embodied in domestic consumption and domestic production by considering the structure of intermediate inputs and environmental efficiency in each production sector our empirical findings show that different sectoral aggregation significantly biases the amount of emissions for the consumption perspective though differently in the two countries italy surprisingly show consumption production ratios around or lower than one but in line with some major work at eu level our results thus suggest that special attention must be paid when interpreting the ee ioa of country estimated amounts of embodied emissions both in domestic final demand and those directly associated with the production sectors when the sectoral aggregation level has a low definition as considered in some recent similar studies

confronting the environmental kuznets curve t he environmental kuznets curve posits an inverted u relationship between pollution and economic development kuznets s name was apparently attached to the curve by grossman and krueger 1993 who noted its resemblance to kuznets s inverted u relationship between income inequality and development in the first stage of industrialization pollution in the environmental kuznets curve world grows rapidly because people are more interested in jobs and income than clean air and water communities are too poor to pay for abatement and environmental regulation is correspondingly weak the balance shifts as income rises leading industrial sectors become cleaner people value the environment more highly and regulatory institutions become more effective along the curve pollution levels off in the middle income range and then falls toward pre industrial levels in wealthy societies the environmental kuznets curve model has elicited conflicting reactions from researchers and policymakers applied econometricians have generally accepted the basic tenets of the model and focused on measuring its parameters their regressions typically fitted to cross sectional observations across countries or regions suggest that air and water pollution increase with development until per capita income reaches a range of 5000 to 8000 when income rises beyond that level pollution starts to decline as shown in the conventional ekc line in figure 1 in developing countries some policymakers have interpreted such results as conveying a message about priorities grow first then clean up numerous critics have challenged the conventional environmental kuznets curve both as a representation of what actually happens in the development process and as a policy prescription some pessimistic critics argue that crosssectional evidence for the environmental kuznets curve is nothing more than a

stoking the fires co2 emissions and economic growth abstract we examine the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions a greenhouse gas central to global warming predictions estimates derived from global panel data suggest a diminishing marginal propensity to emit mpe carbon dioxide as gdp per capita rises despite this global carbon dioxide emissions growth will continue at 1 8 percent per annum for the foreseeable future a result that is not sensitive to average output growth instead emissions growth continues because output and population will grow most rapidly in lower income nations with high mpes this latter feature emphasizes the distributional consequences of policies to reduce emissions

a make to stock system with multiple customer classes and batch ordering this paper examines the impact of customer order sizes on a make to stock system with multiple demand classes we first characterize the manufacturer s optimal production and rationing policies when the demand is nonunitary and lost if unsatisfied we also investigate the optimal policies of a backorder system with two demand classes and fixed order sizes through a numerical study we show the effects of batch orders on the manufacturer s inventory cost as well as on the benefit of optimal stock rationing it is shown that batch ordering may reduce the manufacturer s overall cost if carefully introduced in a first come first served fcfs system with the same effective demand rates the customers order sizes also have a strong impact on the benefit of optimal stock rationing

energy consumption in china and underlying factors in a changing landscape empirical evidence since the reform period abstract in recent decades the phenomenal growth in the chinese economy has created increasing energy consumption this is the first study analysing energy consumption in china considering economic social and political dimensions of globalisation along with the effects from trade and financial sectors the time period covers the full trajectory since the start of economic reform until recent times in this respect we use the konjunkturforschungsstelle kof globalisation index to explore the dynamic link between economic growth financial development trade and various dimensions of globalisation and energy consumption modern time series econometric techniques are used in establishing stationarity long run dynamics and causality of the series the findings suggest that globalisation decreases energy consumption in the short run but increases it in the long run however the effect of financial development on energy consumption in china is opposite to the globalisation effect on energy consumption granger causality reveals a feedback effect between economic globalisation and financial development globalisation in china can only reduce energy consumption if china develops its financial sector to a greater extent in future china should invest in its financial sector and low carbon energy alternatives to achieve sustainable development prevention of energy shortfalls and cleaner environment would assist in bridging the gap both from social and political aspects to ensure china benefits significantly with high economic growth in this asian century

information distortion in a supply chain the bullwhip effect this article originally appeared in management science april 1997 volume 43 number 4 pp 546 558 published by the institute of management sciences consider a series of companies in a supply chain each of whom orders from its immediate upstream member in this setting inbound orders from a downstream member serve as a valuable informational input to upstream production and inventory decisions this paper claims that the information transferred in the form of orders tends to be distorted and can misguide upstream members in their inventory and production decisions in particular the variance of orders may be larger than that of sales and distortion tends to increase as one moves upstream a phenomenon termed bullwhip effect this paper analyzes four sources of the bullwhip effect demand signal processing rationing game order batching and price variations actions that can be taken to mitigate the detrimental impact of this distortion are also discussed

reduce shortage with self reservation policy for a manufacturer paying both fixed and variable stockout expenditure this study considers a single item make to stock system with continuous time production and inventory controls to meet bulk demand with an exponential inter arrival time a key issue in this system is the non convex shortage cost consisting of fixed and variable expenditures when the demand is not fully satisfied we propose a self reservation policy by building a markov decision process to minimize the overall cost we find that the optimal production control is still a base stock policy but the structure of the optimal self reservation policy is very complicated however if the effective outstanding variable shortage cost is sufficiently large the optimal self reservation policy has an easy form of reserve all or nothing our numerical examples indicate the optimal policy may reduce the total average cost by 47 on average

shaping the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions at the local level evidence from spatial econometric models the debate over the correlation between economic growth and environmental pollution has attracted a great deal of attention from academic researchers and policy makers in recent years there has been excessive use of spatial econometric models and too much emphasis on statistical procedures in empirical studies in this study we contribute to the existing literature by conducting a more rigorous analysis of the relationship between economic growth and hbox co 2 emissions in chinese cities using spatial durbin models our results show that hbox co 2 emissions increase monotonically in relation to economic growth at the city level and that the driving effects of economic growth are slightly smaller in central china than in eastern and western china in addition to economic growth industry s share of the economy is a major driver of hbox co 2 emissions while technological improvement measured by energy intensity per unit of gross domestic product gdp and the effectiveness of environmental governance flatten the shape of the environmental kuznets curve we provide evidence of local spillover effects of explanatory variables on hbox co 2 emissions economic competition as well as technological diffusion are found to exist in chinese cities in relation to hbox co 2 emissions we also find carbon leakage between cities only if the per capita gdp of a given city is less than 493 in 2010 constant dollars results hold when robustness checks are performed policy makers should carefully consider regional differences and the inherent spatial interactions between factors when formulating carbon reduction policies

prioritizing regular demand while reserving capacity for emergency demand abstract this research is motivated by the capacity allocation problem at a major provider of customized products to the oil and gas drilling industry we formulate a finite horizon discrete time dynamic programming model in which a firm decides how to reserve capacity for emergency demand and how to prioritize two classes of regular demand while regular demand can be backlogged emergency demand will be lost if not fulfilled within the period of its arrival since backlogging cost accumulates over time we find it optimal for the firm to adopt a dynamic prioritization policy that evaluates the priorities of different classes of regular demand every period the optimal prioritization involves metrics that measure backlogging losses from various perspectives we fully characterize the firm s optimal prioritization and reservation policy those characterizations shed light on managerial insights

participation in gvcs and co2 emissions abstract this paper attempts to explore the determinants of co2 emissions in the context of international trade while there exist studies that examine the roles of horizontal specialization and inter industry trade transactions little previous research attention has been paid to the roles of vertical specialization and intra industry trade transactions in affecting co2 emissions to fill the knowledge gap this study uses the panel data of 62 countries and regions for the period of 1995 2011 to estimate the effect of participation in global value chains gvcs on per capita co2 emissions major findings include 1 the relationship between participation degrees in gvcs and per capita co2 emissions is found to be inversely u shaped at the aggregate economy level and for most individual industries 2 per capita gdp shows an n shaped relationship with per capita co2 emissions and 3 benign drivers of co2 emissions include r d energy conservation and population control it can be concluded that countries with low gdp or gvc participation degrees are expected to experience worsening co2 emissions in the short or even medium run this trend however can be moderated or even reversed with more r d investments

trade the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental kuznets curve examining the linkages abstract this paper examines the extent to which the ekc inverted u relationship can be explained by trade and specifically the migration or displacement of dirty industries from the developed regions to the developing regions the pollution haven hypothesis phh using detailed data on north south trade flows for pollution intensive products the evidence for the phh is assessed emissions of 10 air and water pollutants are then estimated controlling for trade openness structural change and dirty north south trade flows evidence of pollution haven effects is found although such effects do not appear to be widespread and appear to be relatively small compared to the roles played other explanatory variables

does urbanization increase pollutant emission and energy intensity evidence from some asian developing economies abstractthis paper aims to investigate the effects of urbanization on pollutant emissions and energy intensity in selected asian developing countries after controlling for the effects of disaggrega

optimal policies for inventory systems with priority demand classes we consider a periodic review inventory system with two priority demand classes one deterministic and the other stochastic the deterministic demand must be met immediately in each period however the units of stochastic demand that are not satisfied during the period when demand occurs are treated as lost sales at each decision epoch one has to decide not only whether an order should be placed and how much to order but also how much demand to fill from the stochastic source the firm has the option to ration inventory to the stochastic source i e not satisfy all customer demand even though there is inventory in the system we first characterize the structure of the optimal policy we show that in general the optimal order quantity and rationing policy are state dependent and do not have a simple structure we then propose a simple policy called s k s policy wheres ands ordering policy determine when and how much to order whilek rationing policy specifies how much of the stochastic demand to satisfy we report the results of a numerical study which shows that this simple policy works extremely well and is very easy to compute

stock rationing in an m ek 1 make to stock queue this paper considers the stock rationing problem of a single item make to stock production system with several demand classes and lost sales when demand is poisson and processing time has an erlang distribution we show that a single state variable called work storage level can be employed to completely capture the information regarding inventory level and the status of current production the optimal rationing policy can be characterized by a sequence of monotone critical work storage levels for each demand class there exists a work storage level at or below which it is optimal to start rejecting the demand of this class in anticipation of future arrival of higher priority demands the optimal production policy can also be characterized by a critical work storage level our numerical examples indicate that a critical stock level policy which ignores information on the status of current production performs very well

a threshold inventory rationing policy for service differentiated demand classes motivated by a study of the logistics systems used to manage consumable service parts for the u s military we consider a static threshold based rationing policy that is useful when pooling inventory across two demand classes characterized by different arrival rates and shortage stockout and delay costs the scheme operates as a q r policy with the following feature demands from both classes are filled on a first come first serve basis as long as on hand inventory lies above a threshold levelk once on hand inventory falls below this level low priority i e low shortage cost demand is backordered while high priority demand continues to be filled we analyze this static policy first under the assumption that backorders are filled according to a special threshold clearing mechanism structural results for the key performance measures are established to enable an efficient solution algorithm for computing stock control and rationing parameters i e q r andk numerical results confirm that the solution under this special threshold clearing mechanism closely approximates that of the priority clearing policy we next highlight conditions where our policy offers significant savings over traditional round up and separate stock policies encountered in the military and elsewhere finally we develop a lower bound on the cost of the optimal rationing policy numerical results show that the performance gap between our static threshold policy and the optimal policy is small in environments typical of the military and high technology industries

optimal production and rationing policy of two stage tandem production system abstract the rationing literature has been so far oblivious to the fact that sellable items may not only be finished products but also intermediate products to manufacture subsequent sellable products we address this gap by considering an inventory rationing problem in a two product tandem make to stock production inventory system bulk demand arrives to a partial batch production system with exponentially distributed production time for each batch the management has to decide whether to run or stop production and whether the various classes of demand for both products intermediate product ip and finished product or end product ep have to be satisfied from available inventory or not in which case demand is lost in order to maximize the firm s expected profit we present the corresponding dynamic programming formulation and characterize the optimal policy the resulting policy depends on dynamic switching curves which define a thresholds to continue or discontinue production and b thresholds to satisfy or turn down incoming orders we identify the key value drivers and compare various heuristic policies through extensive numerical analyses

dirty industries patterns of change in industrial countries this article concerns itself with the environmental role of heavily polluting industries since 1970 analysing its development in 11 basic industries as well as electricity production and road transport in 32 industrial countries it argues for a green industrial policy demonstrating that other mitigations of environmental pressure in industrial countries end of pipe treatment relocation to the third world structural change in the industrial sector and even environmentally oriented modernization have so far been unable to solve the problems of dirty industries although some approaches have shown some promise

inventory rationing in a make to stock production system with several demand classes and lost sales this paper considers the stock rationing problem of a single item make to stock production system with several demand classes and lost sales for the case of poisson demands and exponential production times we show that the optimal policy can be characterized by a sequence of monotone stock rationing levels for each demand class there exists a stock rationing level at or below which it is optimal to start rejecting the demand of this class in anticipation of future arrival of higher priority demands a simple queueing model is analyzed to compute the operating cost of a rationing policy in a numerical study we compare the optimal rationing policy with a first come first served policy to investigate the benefit of stock rationing under different operating conditions of the system

managing supply chain demand variability with scheduled ordering policies this paper studies supply chain demand variability in a model with one supplier and n retailers that face stochastic demand retailers implement scheduled ordering policies orders occur at fixed intervals and are equal to some multiple of a fixed batch size a method is presented that exactly evaluates costs previous research demonstrates that the supplier s demand variance declines as the retailers order intervals are balanced i e the same number of retailers order each period this research shows that the supplier s demand variance will generally decline as the retailers order interval is lengthened or as their batch size is increased lower supplier demand variance can certainly lead to lower inventory at the supplier this paper finds that reducing supplier demand variance with scheduled ordering policies can also lower total supply chain costs

a further inquiry into the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental kuznets curve abstract empirical research on the relationship between economic growth and its impact on the environment often tests the environmental kuznets curve ekc a hypothesis that rising national output leads to increases in pollution emissions until an economy reaches a certain size and decreases thereafter this paper addresses a branch of ekc literature focused on the role international trade plays in shaping this relationship in particular we test the pollution haven hypothesis which posits that emission reductions observed in developed nations are partly the result of shifting dirty production to developing nations with lax environmental standards we estimate ekcs for seven oft studied pollutants and find little evidence that pollution havens play a significant role in shaping the ekc we also find that confidence intervals around ekc turning points are very wide often including values well above the range of the data this leads us to be skeptical of the optimistic view that economic growth naturally leads to improvements in environmental quality

pre play learning and the preference reversal phenomenon elicited preference rankings for two lotteries are typically inconsistent across choice and pricing tasks we test whether pre play learning makes preference rankings consistent pre play learning denotes ex ante lottery learning where subjects observe playing lotteries before making decisions we find that pre play learning makes the average selling prices for the p bet of subjects who choose the p bet higher than their average selling prices for the bet however pre play learning is not strong enough to equalize the rates of standard and non standard reversals although pre play learning reduces the rate of standard reversals