effects of demand side management on chinese household electricity consumption empirical findings from chinese household survey abstract china s residential electricity demand has grown rapidly over the last three decades and given the expected continued growth demand side management dsm can play an important role in reducing electricity demand by using micro level data collected from 1450 households in 27 provinces in the first ever china residential energy consumption survey in 2012 this study estimates the effects of three dsm measures empirically tiered household electricity pricing china energy label program and information feedback mechanisms we find these measures have contributed to moderating residential electricity demand growth but additional policy reform and tools are needed to increase their effectiveness and impact residential electricity demand is found to be price and income inelastic and tiered pricing alone may not be as effective in electricity conservation the statistically significant relationship between china energy label efficient refrigerators but not televisions and lowered residential electricity consumption reflect mixed program effectiveness lastly of the information feedback currently available through electricity bills payment frequency and meters only meter reader is estimated to be statistically significant important policy implications and recommendations for improving each of these three dsm measures to expand their impact on reducing residential electricity consumption are identified

the inequalities of public utility products in china from the perspective of the atkinson index abstract the chinese households make up approximately a quarter of the world s total compared with its size of population china s reserves of natural resources are relatively limited with the actual concerns about sustainable development in china we should pay more attention to the unequal distribution of energy which may result low efficiency and wasting of energy therefore how to best allocate the scarce public utility products pups for the household usage should be closely addressed in terms of equity and efficiency based on the micro household level data from crecs which investigated in 2013 in different scales city all over the country we measure the distribution of pups consumption quantitatively and evaluate the inequality of household income expenditures on electricity gas and water in the china s residential sector by using the atkinson index the results show that the atkinson index of households total pups consumption in medium scale city is equal to 0 0261 which is 83 0 higher than that of large scale city and 35 6 higher than that of small scale city it indicates that the inequalities of pups and income are greater in medium scale cities than in large scale and small scale cities considering the sustainability of pups we suggest further reform in china s public utility sectors the government should take more consideration on equality and efficiency of distribution and ensure that people have equal living standards especially for the low income households who serve as the main anchor for the sustainable development of china

household electricity demand revisited respond to price changes this paper develops a model for evaluating the effects of alternative tariff designs on electricity use the model concurrently addresses several interrelated difficulties posed by nonlinear pricing heterogeneity in consumer price sensitivity and consumption aggregation over appliances and time we estimate the model using extensive data for a representative sample of 1300 california households the results imply a strikingly skewed distribution of household electricity price elasticities in the population with a small fraction of households accounting for most aggregate demand response we then estimate the aggregate and distributional consequences of recent tariff structure changes recent efforts to restructure electricity markets have renewed interest in electricity demand and pricing this interest reflects a broad desire to improve the efficiency of electricity markets and policy makers concerns over the impact of price changes on consumers how new pricing mechanisms would affect households consumption and expenditures is a matter of considerable uncertainty however this uncertainty has provoked controversy and debate in the regulatory policy arena hampering market reforms using econometric methods to assess the effects of electricity price changes presents several challenges these include the nonlinear structure of tariff schedules aggregation of metered consumption behaviour over time and appliances and the interdependence of energy use with longer term household decisions over appliance ownership and dwelling characteristics the first two issues introduce complex simultaneity problems between marginal prices and consumption the third issue imposes high data requirements information on household specific appliance holdings and residence features and creates heterogeneity in consumption responses related to the characteristics of these durable goods when the researcher s objective is to develop a model for simulating the effects of prospective tariff changes ignoring these issues will provide an incomplete assessment of demand responses and potentially misleading predictions of a new tariff s consumption and revenue consequences in this paper we estimate a model of household electricity demand that can be used

inverted block or lifeline rates and micro efficiency in the consumption of electricity abstract recent evidence indicates that the marginal cost of electricity exceeds average electricity rates a model is presented in this paper to investigate the conditions under which inverted block or lifeline rates could contribute to minimizing the deadweight loss associated with electricity consumption although conditions exist where inverted block rates might aggravate deadweight loss empirical evidence is presented suggesting that inverted block rates would in fact improve the efficiency of electricity consumption

reforming residential electricity tariff in china block tariffs pricing approach the chinese households that make up approximately a quarter of world households are facing a residential power tariff reform in which a rising block tariff structure will be implemented and this tariff mechanism is widely used around the world the basic principle of the structure is to assign a higher price for higher income consumers with low price elasticity of power demand to capture the non linear effects of price and income on elasticities we set up a translog demand model the empirical findings indicate that the higher income consumers are less sensitive than those with lower income to price changes we further put forward three proposals of chinese residential electricity tariffs compared to a flat tariff the reasonable block tariff structure generates more efficient allocation of cross subsidies better incentives for raising the efficiency of electricity usage and reducing emissions from power generation which also supports the living standards of low income households

can poor consumers pay for energy and water an affordability analysis for transition countries low income households spend a substantial share of their income on utility services such as electricity heating and water the difficulty of these socially vulnerable consumers to absorb further price increases is often used as an argument against tariff reform however detailed quantitative information on the affordability of tariff adjustments for low income consumers is actually quite scarce much of the available information is based on households this paper takes a more detailed look at the affordability of electricity district heating and water for low income consumers in transition countries while the available data are incomplete the paper finds that affordability is a problem for low income consumers in most countries in particular in the water sector and in the commonwealth of independent states cis the affordability consequences of tariff reform ultimately depend on the speed of tariff adjustments relative to the growth in household income the level of tariffs needed for cost recovery the level of effective tariffs at the outset tariffs adjusted for non payment and the demand response to the tariff increase the paper finds that delaying tariff reform by a few years makes little difference to affordability constraints and may therefore not be an effective way to mitigate the social impact of utility reform

measuring energy poverty focusing on what matters abstract the provision of modern energy services is recognised as a critical foundation for sustainable development and is central to the everyday lives of people effective policies to dramatically expand modern energy access need to be grounded in a robust information base metrics that can be used for comparative purposes and to track progress towards targets therefore represent an essential support tool this paper reviews the relevant literature and discusses the adequacy and applicability of existing instruments to measure energy poverty drawing on those insights it proposes a new composite index to measure energy poverty both the associated methodology and initial results for several african countries are discussed whereas most existing indicators and composite indices focus on assessing the access to energy or the degree of development related to energy our new index the multidimensional energy poverty index mepi focuses on the deprivation of access to modern energy services it captures both the incidence and intensity of energy poverty and provides a new tool to support policy making

does energy poverty really exist in china from the perspective of residential electricity consumption abstract china is undergoing a market oriented reform in energy and the residential sector will be involved in the near future the analysis of energy poverty is crucial in breaking the illusion of the dilemma between enhancing energy efficiency and controlling poverty based on chinese residential energy consumption survey we firstly estimated the energy poverty in china by the 10 indicator and lihc indicators and then proposed a minimum end use method to classify the energy poor households into lifeline and consumption energy poverty results show that energy poverty exists in china at the proportion of 18 9 and 46 of the energy poor houses are in short of modern energy consumption and are sensitive to tariffs with a level of electricity consumption lower than the basic demand the energy poverty rate is highest in central china while the lifeline energy poor are relatively concentrated in the western region in terms of public policy we suggest focusing on heterogeneity by considering different groups of households when implementing energy efficiency measures and targeting more on the consumption energy poor in poverty alleviation we also suggest paying particular attention to targeting households with low income by supporting practices such as coupons for energy consumption and appliance purchasing

new millennium economics how did it get this way and what way is it new millennium economics evolved out of neoclassical economics over the last 100 years the pace of change increased over time and in the first half of the 21st century the economics profession changed as much or more than it did in the last half of the 20th century the changes occurred both because of the internal tensions in the profession in the second part of the 20th century and because of technological changes that affected both the research methods of economics and the structure of higher education generally in this paper i consider that evolution i will organize my discussion in two sections the first focusing on changes in the structure of economic education the second focusing on changes in the content of what economists do from 2000 2050 changes in the structure of graduate economic education although the number of economics graduate students expanded substantially in the 1950s and 1960s the fundamental structure of graduate economic education did not change much at all in the second half of the 20th century however the structure of economic education has undergone profound changes in the 50 years since 2000

evaluation of energy saving effects of tiered electricity pricing and investigation of the energy saving willingness of residents abstract the effects of tiered electricity pricing tep on the energy saving willingness of residents and household electricity consumption behaviour are qualitatively studied through a social investigation in guangdong china furthermore an autoregressive integrated moving average model arima model is constructed using monthly electricity consumption data of residents in guangdong to quantify the effects of implementing a tep policy on energy saving meanwhile to explore the opportunities for improving the policy this research uses an ordered probit model to study the factors influencing the energy saving willingness of residents based on explanatory variables such as personal characteristics living conditions etc the empirical results demonstrate that after the implementation of tep energy saving awareness among women is higher than that among men with increasing levels of educational attainment or having a family energy saving awareness gradually increases in addition there is a u type relationship between age and energy saving awareness while a reciprocal u type is present between income and energy saving awareness meanwhile the housing ownership type self occupation or rental is also closely related to the energy saving awareness of residents finally according to the above research results suggestions are put forward to improve the tep policy

the welfare effects of different pricing schemes for electricity distribution in finland the main components of electricity prices can be divided into the wholesale price the price of network operations and taxes even if the wholesale price is determined efficiently total welfare can be significantly disturbed if network operations are priced inefficiently in this study we calculate network prices based on four alternative methods these are marginal cost pricing ramsey pricing fdc pricing and optimal two part tariffs the welfare effects on the prevailing pricing system are compared we show that potentially significant improvements in welfare can be achieved by using marginal cost prices or optimal two part tariffs also ramsey pricing indicates that prevailing prices are inefficient

a review of residential tiered electricity pricing in china abstract at present the unformed market oriented pricing mechanism has become a great challenge faced by china s electricity pricing and the unreasonable electricity pricing caused by cross subsidization has become increasingly serious with the economic development and energy shortage tiered electricity price tep which was developed and used since 1970s was introduced into china as a new electricity pricing method for residential electricity consumption the tep can also improve the tariffs the behaviors and the efficiency of residential electricity consumption in this study we use the fundamental theory of the electricity economics to analyze the pricing methods and the forms of china s power market with the reform of electric power industry we also point out the characteristics of residential tiered electricity pricing in china which is also compared with other countries such as the united states and japan the main factors influencing the residential tiered electricity pricing design are discussed in this paper from the perspectives of users the electric power enterprise and government regulation then we point out the main problems of china s existing tiered electricity pricing including inadequate level of public awareness and acceptance unreasonable tiered and electricity price standard insufficient reflection in regional differences less combination with other electricity pricing forms and low level of smart meter application

from linear fuel switching to multiple cooking strategies a critique and alternative to the energy ladder model abstract promoting sustainable development requires evaluating the technical and policy options that will facilitate the adoption and use of energy efficient and less polluting cooking stoves and practices the transition from traditional to modern fuels and devices has been explained by the energy ladder model that suggests that with increasing affluence a progression is expected from traditional biomass fuels to more advanced and less polluting fuels in this paper we evaluate the energy ladder model utilizing data from a four year 1992 96 case study of a village in mexico and from a large scale survey from four states of mexico we show that an alternate multiple fuel model of stove and fuel management based on the observed pattern of household accumulation of energy options rather than the simple progression depicted in the traditional energy ladder scenario more accurately depicts cooking fuel use patterns in rural households the multiple fuel model integrates four factors demonstrated to be essential in household decision making under conditions of resource scarcity or uncertainty a economics of fuel and stove type and access conditions to fuels b technical characteristics of cookstoves and cooking practices c cultural preferences and d health impacts this model also allows better estimates of the expected fuelwood demand and indoor air pollution in rural households

estimates of energy subsidies in china and impact of energy subsidy reform abstract for a transitional economy such as china some energy subsidies are reasonable and sometimes even necessary for achieving social goals however with rising energy prices and environmental concerns we see conflicts emerging between energy subsidies energy demand supply fundamentals and climate change considerations energy subsidies have important implications for sustainable development through their effects on energy use efficiency and the choice of fuel source this paper applies the price gap approach to estimate china s energy subsidies results indicate that china s energy subsidies amounted to cny 356 73 billion in 2007 equivalent to 1 43 of gdp subsidies for oil products consumption are the largest followed by subsidies for the electricity and coal sectors furthermore a cge model is used to analyze the economic impacts of energy subsidy reforms our findings show that removing energy subsidies will result in a significant fall in energy demand and emissions but will have negative impacts on macroeconomic variables we conclude that offsetting policies could be adopted such that certain shares of these subsidies are reallocated to support other sustainable development measures which could lead to reducing energy intensity and favoring the environment

energy poverty policies in the eu a critical perspective abstract once confined to the uk context where it was struggling to receive political recognition for years the concept of energy or fuel poverty is slowly entering the eu s agenda where it has crept into a number of regulatory documents and policy proposals using evidence gathered from an international workshop and semi structured interviews with decision makers experts and advocacy activists in brussels and sofia this paper explores the adoption of policies aimed at addressing energy poverty within i the organisational context of the eu and ii national state institutions in bulgaria a member state facing considerable problems at the energy affordability social inequality nexus while the former are largely nascent and poorly co ordinated the latter have already been implemented de jure to a significant extent however many unresolved issues surrounding their de facto implementation remain at the same time national policy makers remain largely unaware of the existence of direct energy poverty related initiatives at the eu level

tariff structure of japanese electric power companies an empirical analysis using dea this research explores a marginal cost mc based pricing system using data envelopment analysis dea this dea technique is widely applied for performance analysis and efficiency measurement in public and private sectors this article does not follow such a previous research direction rather directing itself towards the new measurement of mc and ramsey prices of multiple electric power services as an important case study this research applies the proposed dea approach to examine how much the current tariffs of japanese electric power services deviate from these mc and ramsey prices this type of research has never been explored in japan even though such a research effort is needed by many policy makers and consumers it is hoped that our empirical findings can serve as a policy making basis for guiding the japanese electric power industry this study believes that this japanese experience is useful for other nations such as asia pacific countries where many public industries are regulated by their governments

price elasticity block tariffs and equity of natural gas demand in china investigation based on household level survey data abstract on the basis of a newly established database from the chinese residential energy consumption survey this paper estimates the price elasticity of natural gas demand for the households and investigates the factors that affect residential natural gas consumption in china to address the endogeneity problems the non residential natural gas price has been adopted as the instrumental variable for residential natural gas price results demonstrate that the natural gas demand of chinese households respond significantly to price change with an overall price elasticity coefficient of 0 898 in the meanwhile 1 increase in family members would cause 0 159 rise in natural gas demand and household in the south consumes 28 8 more natural gas than that in the north recognizing the heterogeneity of residential natural gas price elasticity for different households quantile regression technique has further been applied to analyze the distributional effect of natural gas consumption the simulation suggests that the gini coefficient drops from 0 49 to 0 40 after introducing an increasing block tariff scheme to replace the original flat tariff system confirming a price reform has potential to improve the energy equity situation by reshaping the energy consumption pattern

input substitution effect in china s chemical industry evidences and policy implications abstract the chemical industry is one of the six high energy consuming and emission intensive sectors in china and the chinese government has focused its attention on energy saving and emissions reduction in the sector with the aim of contributing to the objective of energy saving and emission reduction in the sector this article studies the external substitution relationship of capital energy and labor energy using the translog production function and ridge regression the results are as follow the output elasticities of energy labor and capital are positive the substitution elasticities of capital labor capital energy and labor energy are positive and stable and their values are close to 1 which indicates that the three factors are substitutes for one another furthermore based on the above function we measure the level of energy saving and emissions reduction under different scenarios in 2012 policy implications of the results are provided

recent experiences with tariffs for saving electricity in households abstract financial incentives or disincentives in the form of electricity tariffs can be used to encourage energy efficiency in this paper two simple tariffs aimed at residential consumers are reviewed progressive tariffs pts which penalise high consumption of electricity and electricity saving feed in tariffs esfits which provide incentives to reduce consumption of electricity the effectiveness of these tariffs is quantified and compared using the price elasticity for pt and an incentive elasticity for esfit the results indicate that pts are more effective in mobilising electricity saving than esfits and confirm biases in human decision making here loss aversion while further research is necessary we propose a tariff which would motivate consumers to reduce their consumption by offering both an incentive for reaching an energy saving goal and a disincentive for failing to reach this goal the flexibility of such a tariff makes it a promising solution suitable for application in countries with a comparatively high household income and liberalised retail electricity market

is it more effective to bring time of use pricing into increasing block tariffs evidence from evaluation of residential electricity price policy in anhui province abstract reform of energy prices in china has stepped into a crucial stage it has become a controversial issue after the reform of increasing block tariffs ibts for household electricity followed by a time of use tou pricing policy using eles model this paper estimates the price elasticity of residential electricity demand based on perceived price and price elasticity a power structure model demand response for nonlinear electricity price is proposed taking anhui province as a case this paper analyzes the attainment situation of such policy objectives as electricity saving consumer welfare equity improvement and peak shaving with the introduction of tou pricing into ibts for household electricity the results show that ibts helps reduce electricity consumption by 0 74 0 93 with minor energy effect ibts may lead to a maximum 1 57cny increase of electricity expense per household per month which is acceptable for residents it also may reduce cross subsidy to some extent after introducing tou pricing the efficiency of peak shaving is only 2 25 2 78 and the load decrement at peak periods is far lower than the increase at valley periods while the effect of electricity conservation and cross subsidy reduction have been alleviated in other words peak valley price is not only difficult to achieve its own objective effectively but also prohibits the effect of ibts based on the above conclusions some policy recommendations are provided to improve the price reform of residential electricity natural gas and other public resources in various regions of china and foreign regions with similar electricity market

how do urban households in china respond to increasing block pricing in electricity evidence from a fuzzy regression discontinuity approach abstract china is the largest electricity consumption country after it has passed the united states in 2011 residential electricity consumption in china grew by 381 35 12 85 per annum between 2000 and 2013 in order to deal with rapid growth in residential electricity consumption an increasing block pricing policy was introduced for residential electricity consumers in china on july 1st 2012 using difference in differences models with a fuzzy regression discontinuity design we estimate a causal effect of price on electricity consumption for urban households during the introduction of increasing block pricing policy in guangdong province of china we find that consumers do not respond to a smaller approximately 8 increase in marginal price however consumers do respond to a larger increase in marginal price an approximately 40 increase in marginal price induces an approximately 35 decrease in electricity use 284 kw h per month our results suggest that although the increasing block pricing could affect the behavior of households with higher electricity use there is only a limit potential to overall energy conservation

dormancy as a strategic response to detrimental public policy organizations in democratic societies often encounter detrimental public policies that are later reversed through rather predictable political cycles the standard organizational responses to detrimental public policies examined in the literature include exiting the market altogether attempting to change the public policy through various political strategies or passively complying with the policy however these responses might not be suitable when a detrimental policy is likely to be reversed in this paper i consider organizational dormancy which entails a temporary reduction in an organization s level of activity as a viable alternative response i propose that some organizations might be able to undergo a period of strategic inactivity in response to the onset of a detrimental public policy and maintain this inactivity until a favorable public policy returns i also propose that such dormancy is rewarded when the favorable policy returns an investigation of a panel of private commercial banks in the indian banking industry from 1981 to 2004 lends support to this proposal

elasticities of electricity demand in urban indian households abstract in the past several electricity demand studies have been published for india based on aggregate macro data at the country or sub national state level since the underlying theory of consumer demand is based on the behaviour of individual agents the use of micro data which reflects individual and household behaviour more closely can shed greater light on the nature of consumer responses in this paper seasonal price and income elasticities of electricity demand in the residential sector of all urban areas of india are estimated for the first time using disaggregate level survey data for about 30 000 households three electricity demand functions have been econometrically estimated using monthly data for the winter monsoon and summer season in order to understand the extent to which factors like income prices household size and other household specific characteristics influence variations observed in individual households electricity demand the results show electricity demand is income and price inelastic in all three seasons and that household demographic and geographical variables are significant in determining electricity demand

one price doesn t fit all an examination of heterogeneity in price elasticity of residential electricity in india abstract although well designed consumer electricity pricing can improve access contribute to higher metering increase penetration of energy efficient technologies limit extent of the rebound effect and influence viability of electricity distribution utilities in india there has been no comprehensive policy relevant assessment of price elasticities of electricity demand in the country the objective of this study is to estimate price elasticity of residential electricity consumption and disaggregate it by state rural and urban residence and income categories to provide evidence for electricity tariff setting in india we combine survey data from five rounds of nationally representative household consumption expenditure surveys covering the period 2005 2012 with administrative data on electricity deficit and improve on methods applied in previous studies by estimating price elasticities using a quadratic form to account for constraints in electricity supply we find that while the average price elasticity at the national level is 0 39 95 confidence interval 0 46 0 31 it varies significantly by state rural and urban residence and income categories our results indicate that a one price fits all policy may not be an effective approach to electricity tariff setting in india and a data driven understanding of heterogeneities in price elasticities can better inform residential electricity tariff design in the country

fuel consumption in road transport a comparative study of china and oecd countries abstract energy conservation and emissions reduction have been the focus of the road transport sector due to its energy intensive and air pollution intensive nature it also embodies the imprints of human technological progress this paper compares the energy consumption of the road transport sector in china and oecd countries we used time series and panel data co integration analysis error correction model and dynamic model to study the impacts of the major influencing factors such as income income structure urbanization price and technological advancement on gasoline and diesel consumption in road transport overall china s fuel consumption is influenced mainly by investment government expenditure and demographic changes such as urbanization while the fuel consumption of oecd countries is mainly driven by household final consumption expenditure in the short run and from a dynamic perspective china s fuel consumption is less influenced by its historical consumption than current influencing factors while that of oecd countries is more affected by historical fuel consumption based on the analysis and findings of this study some policy implications are proposed

designation and influence of household increasing block electricity tariffs in china abstract electricity is the guarantee of normal life and the electricity price is widely concerned as a developing country in the transition stage abundant policy implications are included in the electricity price in china thus whether to adjust the resident electricity price is a dilemma for the government however the current single tariff system cannot cope with the complex social and environmental problems a new price mechanism is indeed needed this paper tries to design an increasing block tariffs system with the consideration of residential income and electricity consumption the result indicates that the increasing block tariffs system with four tier structure is more reasonable for china although the increasing block tariffs will result in the increase of electricity price it is still acceptable and affordable the increasing block tariffs will greatly improve the equity and efficiency and promote the electricity saving and emissions reduction moreover the power companies will increase tariffs revenue which would use to the transmission networks investment in poor area in order to the offset the limitations of the increasing block tariffs the government should adopt some complementary measures

an imbalanced development of coal and electricity industries in china china s coal and electricity industries have a strong reliance on each other however because of excessive invasion of government it is difficult for these two industries to form a stable reasonable and transaction cost saving relationships but long run disputes and quarrels this paper discusses the pricing policies and transaction relationship between these two industries from the historical perspective it begins with the discussion of coal coal market has become competitive since 1980 due to the system of dual track approach but coal sold to electricity was still tightly controlled by government guided pricing then the paper examines electricity investment and tariff reform unlike coal entry to electricity generation sector was gradually relaxed but generation and retailing tariffs are still strictly regulated as energy demand and prices soared after 2002 coal and electricity enterprises are all unsatisfied with the rule of price setting of coal sold to electricity industry this paper concludes that the deliberate low coal price policy does protect electricity industry from fuel cost fluctuation but harm coal industry allocative and productive efficiency are difficult to achieve in the long run

the optimality of boiteux ramsey pricing consider an economy with one public enterprise that is subject to a budgetary constraint and charges prices according to the first order necessary conditions suggested by boiteux 1956 or in another context by ramsey 1972 we state restrictive conditions sufficient to ensure that the resulting allocation is second best author s abstract

energy poverty in rural bangladesh energy poverty is a well established concept among energy and development specialists international development organizations frequently cite energy poverty alleviation as a necessary condition to reduce income poverty several approaches used to measure energy poverty over the past 20 years have defined the energy poverty line as the minimum quantity of physical energy needed to perform such basic tasks as cooking and lighting this paper uses a demand based approach to define the energy poverty line as the threshold point at which energy consumption begins to rise with increases in household income at or below this threshold point households consume a bare minimum level of energy and should be considered energy poor this approach was applied using cross sectional data from a comprehensive 2004 household survey representative of rural bangladesh the findings suggest that some 58 percent of rural households in bangladesh are energy poor versus 45 percent that are income poor the findings also suggest that policies to support rural electrification and greater use of improved biomass stoves might play a significant role in reducing energy poverty

short and long run elasticities in us residential electricity demand a co integration approach abstract co integration techniques show promise in the analysis of short and long run effects of economic variables on energy use we use these techniques to develop an error correction model of annual us residential electricity demand we construct equipment stock indices and estimate the model for 1949 1993 our analysis suggests a structural shift in consumption during the 1960s we discuss reasons for this shift report the short and long run elasticities provide forecasts for 1994 1995 and compare the model s forecasts with other published forecasts

how to achieve green growth in china s agricultural sector abstract green development is the direction of china s agricultural sector investigating the main influencing factors of the agricultural sector s co2 emissions will help plan agricultural development and achieve low carbon growth this paper selects 2001 2016 panel data of china s 30 provinces and uses the nonparametric additive regression models to investigate the agricultural sector s co2 emissions the empirical results show that economic growth financial capacity and energy intensity all have a pull first then restrict inverted u shaped nonlinear effect on co2 emissions however the influencing mechanisms of these three influencing factors are different and need to be paid attention by relevant government departments more complicated the impact of urbanization on co2 emission shows a gentle m shaped pattern in addition an inverse n shaped nonlinear link exists between trade openness and co2 emissions therefore government departments should formulate differentiated emission reduction policies at different stages

electricity regulation and electricity market reforms in china the electricity industry of china has been in a process of reforms since the 1980s this paper gives a review on the three main stages of reforms in china so as to trace out key features of various reform measures including those for power investment financing the separation between government and power enterprises and the division between power generation firms and power grids the findings suggest that further regulatory change in china s electricity market reform is necessary when integration of the electricity markets and increased competition are paving the way ahead for a market oriented structure prospective electricity regulation in the form of a strong legal system and effective institutions that protect market competition and promote appropriate incentives for efficiency are suggested in the paper

the determinants of household energy demand in rural beijing can environmentally friendly technologies be effective with the recent rapid economic growth total energy demand in rural china has increased dramatically and the energy structure is in the transition from non commercial to commercial sources simultaneously it is expected that households in rural areas will face energy shortages and additional environmental problems unless they have more access to renewable energy technologies however little is known about i the transition of energy use patterns and ii whether introduced technologies have been effective to analyze these issues we estimated the energy demands of rural households by using survey data taken from beijing s ten suburban districts the data contain information on both non commercial and commercial energy use key characteristics of the households and several renewable energy technologies our empirical analysis yielded three main results first the per capita income is a key factor in the per capita energy consumption more specifically the marginal increase or marginal change in per capita coal consumption strongly diminishes or declines as per capita income increases second coal and liquefied petroleum gas lpg prices do not exhibit substitution effects but an increase in these prices has strong negative effects on the use of these energy resources third renewable energy technologies are identified to reduce coal consumption and to improve energy efficiency overall these findings suggest a positive perspective if the chinese government were to design appropriate policies associated with renewable energy technologies and related energy prices then coal consumption can be reduced in the near future and the substitution to cleaner energy use will accelerate therefore a smooth energy transition in rural china could be made in a more environmentally sustainable manner

china s energy demand and its characteristics in the industrialization and urbanization process a reply zhang and qin 2013 argued that in jiang and lin 2012 the equation form and variable selection should be altered and it was problematic to use regression equation to project the future in this reply we disagree with and will refute some of the points raised in their comments the model that we established was based on the mature economic theory with the variable selections all having economic implications considering the economic development stage china s urbanization will speed up and this will have significant effect on energy consumption therefore urbanization is an indispensable variable for analyzing energy demand in china the scenario design only in terms of the gdp is sufficient for illustrating energy demand trend in china to be understood in a way by most of the people although energy forecast is not that precise it has an important implication for energy policy design especially for china which is in transition and china s energy demand will keep high growth in the mid term

household heterogeneity impact of removing energy subsidies in china direct and indirect effect abstract reforming subsidies for fossil fuels is a challenging prospect for many governments the impact of such a reform on households is a major concern for the government this paper investigates the heterogeneous impacts of eliminating energy subsidies on households in china from direct and indirect perspectives the results of the direct effects show that the removal of energy subsidies particularly for removing electricity and gas subsidies has a greater negative impact on the poor than on the rich from an indirect perspective this article shows that the lower the per capita disposable income the higher the proportion of consumption to disposable income and the greater the indirect impact of eliminating subsidies meanwhile the impact is not only related to household income but consumer goods moreover the indirect effects of eliminating subsidies on households differ across energy types specifically eliminating electricity subsidies has the greatest effect on households followed by transportation fuel and gas we suggest that targeted supportive measures need to be taken towards the implementation of subsidy reform particularly in countries with greater inequality to minimize the negative effects on the poor

productivity growth and deregulation of japanese electricity distribution deregulation of japanese electric power industry began in 1995 after the amendment of electricity utility industry law in 1995 competition was partially introduced in a generation sector and retail competition started from 2000 eligibility to choose suppliers was gradually extended from larger to smaller customers as of 2008 almost all customers except households can choose their electricity suppliers based upon both previous implementation result of competition policy and review on their achievement japanese government will begin new policy debate in 2013 to assess further retail competition which includes household customers to prepare for policy suggestion on the future electric power industry this study examines the cost structure of japanese electricity distribution for the purpose we estimate a multi product translog cost function of japanese electricity distribution from 1983 to 2003 using the estimated cost function we calculate several economic measures such as productivity growth technical change and economies of scale and scope the empirical results of this study indicate the improvement in productivity growth after deregulation

market driven coal prices and state administered electricity prices in china this paper analyzes how the chinese government adjusts electricity prices for both industrial and residential users in response to changes in coal prices using an asymmetric error correction model our results show that there is a long term relation between the coal price and electricity prices but the relationship is weak especially for residential pricing in the short run we find electricity prices are adjusting faster upwards than downwards price adjustment towards long run equilibrium is faster for residential users upwards than downwards on the other hand we find no evidence of asymmetric equilibrium adjustment in the electricity price for industrial use the weak long term relationship reflects the rigidity in electricity pricing and government s reluctance to subject end users to fluctuations of raw materials cost shifts

china s large scale power shortages of 2004 and 2011 after the electricity market reforms of 2002 explanations and differences abstract since the electricity market reforms of 2002 two large scale power shortages one occurring in 2004 and one in 2011 exerted a tremendous impact on the economic development of china and also gave rise to a fierce discussion regarding electricity system reforms in this paper the background and the influence scale of the two power shortages are described second reasons for these two large scale power shortages are analyzed from the perspectives of power generation power consumption and coordination of power sources and grid network construction investments characteristics of these two large scale power shortages are then summarized by comparatively analyzing the performance and the formation of the reasons behind these two large scale power shortages finally some effective measures that take into account the current status of electricity market reforms in china are suggested this paper concludes that to eliminate power shortages in china both the supply and the demand should be considered and these considerations should be accompanied by supervisory policies and incentive mechanisms

electricity consumption in g7 countries a panel cointegration analysis of residential demand elasticities this article applies recently developed panel unit root and panel cointegration techniques to estimate the long run and short run income and price elasticities for residential demand for electricity in g7 countries the panel results indicate that in the long run residential demand for electricity is price elastic and income inelastic the study concludes that from an environmental perspective there is potential to use pricing policies in the g7 countries to curtail residential electricity demand and thus curb carbon emissions in the long run

elasticities of electricity demand in india abstract the paper examines econometric relationship between electricity consumption and variables like income price of electricity and diesel used in for captive power generation to meet the shortages and reliability of power supply from utilities in five major consumer categories in india these categories are residential commercial agriculture small and medium industries and large industries income and price elasticities of electricity consumption are estimated at the national level for these consumers by pooling data across 19 states spread over 9 years 1985 86 1993 94 the results show that electricity consumption in commercial and large industrial sectors are income elastic 1 while residential agricultural and small and medium industries are income inelastic

fiscal discipline and flexibility in emu the implementation of the stability and growth pact fiscal discipline to safeguard the credibility of the single monetary authority and fiscal flexibility to respond to country specific shocks are two core principles governing budgetary policy in emu the stability and growth pact aims at ensuring the first objective to comply with the requirements of the pact eu members need to achieve a close to balance or surplus position and change their budgetary behaviour in periods of cyclical upturns by refraining from spending the growth dividend past experience shows that fiscal laxity does not buy more effective stabilization once emu countries have achieved their medium term target their automatic stabilizers will be able to operate fully thus helping in smoothing out cyclical fluctuations the main potential problems in the implementation of the pact may arise in the early years of emu during the transition to a balanced budget in the event of a slow down in economic activity

structural path and decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy intensities in china 2012 2017 abstract the dependence of the economic development of a region on its energy consumption is a major challenge for developing countries the aggregate embodied energy intensity aei based on an input output framework reflects the interaction between regional economy and energy consumption driven by final demand studying the change in aei from the perspective of sector production and final demand can effectively control the source and trend of energy intensity change in order to control the growth of energy intensity however there is a relative lack of studies determining the causes of aei changes from the perspective of sectors and final demands this study attempted to identify the influencing factors of aei changes and establish an aei based environmental policy in china a multiplicative structural decomposition analysis and a structural path analysis were used to study the aei under conditions of different final demands sectors and transmission layers along with the factors influencing aei changes in china from 2012 to 2017 our results indicate that the final demand category of gross fixed capital formation made the largest contribution to aei changes in 2012 and 2017 and the multiplicative intensity factor significantly inhibited the decrease in aei among the sectors studied only a few were found to significantly affect the change in aei with s11 processing of petroleum coking and nuclear fuel s12 chemical industry and s14 smelting and rolling of metals being the key sectors that input high energy consumption products to other sectors

tiered gasoline pricing a personal carbon trading perspective abstract this paper proffers a tiered gasoline pricing method from a personal carbon trading perspective an optimization model of personal carbon trading is proposed and then an equilibrium carbon price is derived according to the market clearing condition based on the derived equilibrium carbon price this paper proposes a calculation method of tiered gasoline pricing then sensitivity analyses and consumers surplus analyses are conducted it can be shown that a rise in gasoline price or a more generous allowance allocation would incur a decrease in the equilibrium carbon price making the first tiered price higher but the second tiered price lower it is further verified that the proposed tiered pricing method is progressive because it would relieve the pressure of the low income groups who consume less gasoline while imposing a greater burden on the high income groups who consume more gasoline based on these results implications limitations and suggestions for future studies are provided

how robust is a poverty profile comparison of poverty such as when poverty is greatest typically matter far more for policy choices than do aggregate measures of poverty such as how many people are deemed poor the authors examine alternative methods for constructing poverty profiles focusing on their internal consistency and appropriateness for guiding policy none is perfect but some methods appear to be preferable to others when the aim is to inform policies for fighting absolute consumption poverty a case study on indonesia reveals that the country s regional and sectoral poverty profile is highly sensitive to some aspects of measurement but quite robust to others

policy cognition is more effective than step tariff in promoting electricity saving behaviour of residents abstract as a demand response plan the step tariff policy for electricity has been fully implemented for several years in china however it is not clear whether the step tariff policy for electricity is effective therefore we analysed and compared the effectiveness of step tariff policy from two aspects step tariff and policy cognition specifically combining macro scale statistical data and microscopic research data we constructed a regression discontinuity design and binary response model first we tested the correction effect of the step tariff to residential electricity consumption behaviour further combined with cognitive behavioural theory we analysed the role of policy cognition in the occurrence of electricity saving behaviour finally based on the cognitive evaluation theory the impact of residents heterogeneity on their cognitive differences was identified the specific conclusions are as follows 1 the step tariff based on the ramsay strategy cannot effectively correct electricity consumption behaviours as expected 2 compared with the step tariff construction of correct policy cognition has a more significant effect on changing the customary behaviour of electricity consumption 3 policy cognition of residents is heterogeneous and groups with weak policy cognition are accurately identified

what moves and works broadening the consideration of energy poverty greater detail on the specific technological and planning challenges facing energy deprived developing economies is required to improve energy policy making and development assistance practice the current literature tends to highlight electricity services and to a lesser extent clean cooking this article calls for a closer look at mobility and mechanical power as essential energy services in addition to a refinement of the specific institutional arrangements needed to reduce energy poverty and deprivation this article augments and refines arguments made by morgan bazilian and his colleagues in their viewpoint more heat and light

estimation of urban residential electricity demand in china using household survey data abstract this paper uses annual urban household survey data of sichuan province from 2007 to 2009 to estimate the income and price elasticities of residential electricity demand along with the effects of lifestyle related variables the empirical results show that in the urban area of sichuan province the residential electricity demand is price and income inelastic with price and income elasticities ranging from 0 35 to 0 50 and from 0 14 to 0 33 respectively such lifestyle related variables as demographic variables dwelling size and holdings of home appliances are also important determinants of residential electricity demand especially the latter these results are robust to a variety of sensitivity tests the research findings imply that urban residential electricity demand continues to increase with the growth of income the empirical results have important policy implications for the multistep electricity price which been adopted in some cities and is expected to be promoted nationwide through the installation of energy efficient home appliances

a critical review of china s rapidly developing renewable energy and energy efficiency policies renewable energy and energy efficiency reee policies have far reaching implications for energy security climate change economic competitiveness pollution and human livelihood for these reasons reee has become a national priority for the chinese government particularly since 2005 this paper aims to critically review china s reee policies in six sectors electricity industry transportation buildings and local government in addition to examining the progress china has made in the development and implementation of reee policies this review also identifies limitations and room for improvement finally five policy recommendations are presented

how does the implementation of the policy of electricity substitution influence green economic growth in china abstract to promote the level of electrification reduce environmental pollution and achieve the goal of clean energy usage and green economic growth in china the national development and reform commission and other eight departments jointly issued and implemented the policy of electricity substitution in 2016 electricity substitution aims to replace traditional fossil fuels such as coal and fuel oil with clean electric energy in different fields e g industry transportation and construction and deal with the pollutants at power generation however we still need to find out the exact impact of the policy of electricity substitution on energy saving and emission reduction in this paper we estimate the economically feasible increment of electricity demand according to different classifications in electricity substitution technology furthermore based on the input output model we discuss the relative influence of the policy of lectricity substitution the main conclusions are first the policy of electricity substitution alone is not adequate to reduce the dependence on fossil energy and environmental pollution under china s current power generation structure we should also increase the use of renewable energy second the power sector plays a leading role in stimulating economic output and the increasing electricity consumption due to the policy of electricity substitution can boost the green development of china s economy

industrial electricity demand for turkey a structural time series analysis abstract this research investigates the relationship between turkish industrial electricity consumption industrial value added and electricity prices in order to forecast future turkish industrial electricity demand to achieve this an industrial electricity demand function for turkey is estimated by applying the structural time series technique to annual data over the period 1960 to 2008 in addition to identifying the size and significance of the price and industrial value added output elasticities this technique also uncovers the electricity underlying energy demand trend uedt for the turkish industrial sector and is as far as is known the first attempt to do this the results suggest that output and real electricity prices and a uedt all have an important role to play in driving turkish industrial electricity demand consequently they should all be incorporated when modelling turkish industrial electricity demand and the estimated uedt should arguably be considered in future energy policy decisions concerning the turkish electricity industry the output and price elasticities are estimated to be 0 15 and 0 16 respectively with an increasing but at a decreasing rate uedt and based on the estimated equation and different forecast assumptions it is predicted that turkish industrial electricity demand will be somewhere between 97 and 148 twh by 2020

residential electricity demand in taiwan this paper examines the residential demand for electricity in taiwan as a function of household disposable income population growth the price of electricity and the degree of urbanization short and long term effects are separated through the use of an error correction model in the long run the income elasticity is unit elastic the own price effect is negative and inelastic in an error correction framework the short run income and price effects are small and less than the long run effects cooling degree day effects have a positive impact on short run consumption we have used a proxy variable urbanization to capture economic development characteristics and changes in electricity using capital stocks not explained by income the variable provides significant explanatory power to the model both in the short and long run we interpret it as controlling for economic development factors not captured by the pure income effect and we think it holds promise for explaining residential electricity consumption in other developing countries

the long and winding road towards fiscal decentralization este trabajo ofrece una explicacion teorica de las dificultades asociadas en un proceso de descentralizacion fiscal desde gobiernos nacionales a sub nacionales como es observado en numerosos paises en desarrollo un marco teorico de juegos es usado para m ostrar que la escasez del gobierno central de un compromiso tecnologico creible usado para penalizar el despilfarro fiscal de los gobiernos sub nacionales puede dar lugar a un nivel incompleto de descentralizacion fiscal dos diferentes conjuntos de equi librios son obtenidos en uno de ellos el gobierno central le conferira completa autonomia fiscal a los gobiernos sub nacionales mientras que en el otro el gobierno mantiene la autoridad fiscal ya que es optimo hacerlo en este caso la economia cae en un nivel ineficiente de descentralizacion fiscal medido en terminos de recaudacion de ingresos

electricity demand and basic needs empirical evidence from china s households an increasing block tariff ibt has been implemented nationwide in the residential sector in china since 2012 however knowledge about ibt design is still limited particularly how to determine the electricity volume for the first block of an ibt scheme assuming the first block should be set based on some measure of electricity poverty we attempt to model household electricity demand such that the range of basic needs can be established we show that in chinese households there exists a threshold for electricity consumption with respect to income which could be considered a measure of electricity poverty and the threshold differs between rural and urban areas for rural urban families electricity consumption at the level of 7th 5th income decile households can be considered the threshold for basic needs or a measure of electricity poverty since household electricity demand in rural urban areas does not respond to income changes until after 7th 5th income decile accordingly the first ibt block for some provinces e g beijing appears to have been set at a level that is too high over time however given continued rapid growth the ibt will begin to better reflect actual basic needs

shaping china s energy security the impact of domestic reforms this paper is a subsequent study of china s energy security situation which concludes that china s energy security has not improved over 30 years of economic reform the objective of the study is to explore qualitatively why the energy security situation has not improved to answer the why question the study opens up a new perspective by analyzing the relationship between energy security and energy policies from the macroeconomic reform perspective this study discusses major reforms that took place over 30 years it is found that china s macroeconomic reform has restricted the formation of china s energy policies and determined its energy security situation in essence china s energy policies are only a reaction to the macroeconomic measures in other words china s energy policies are not originally intended to improve energy security but passive reactions to china s macroeconomic reform this explains why china did not improve its energy security situation despite 30 years of reform

a review of optimal energy policy instruments on industrial energy efficiency programs rebound effects and government policies abstract industrial energy efficiency programs ieeps are defined as one of the most popular government policies that aim to reduce energy consumption in industrial energy intensive sectors in this paper we review and classify the most important academic studies that have addressed the environmental and economic aspects of ieeps using a systematic review the classification of energy policy instruments has been developed based on an analytical approach we discuss also the outputs benefits and barriers of ieeps besides a comprehensive argument about the restrictive policies on the rebound effects made after the implementation of these programs the results disclose that china usa and sweden are the most addressed countries on ieeps and their applications in this regard incentive energy policies e g voluntary agreements and subsidies have been applied more than others in the last decade furthermore most of the reviewed studies emphasize energy price reform as an effective practical policy while a few analytical methods can be seen to help policy makers determine the optimal levels of decision variables finally according to the state of the art analysis the authors provide some novel recommendations to improve the performance of ieeps using some restrictive policies on the negative impacts of rebound effects

does human capital matter for energy consumption in china this article investigates the dynamic relationship between human capital and energy consumption using chinese provincial data over the period 1990 2010 considering for cross sectional dependence and parameter heterogeneity across space and over time we identify a significant and negative human capital energy consumption relationship in china specifically we find that a 1 increase in human capital reduces energy consumption by a range between 0 18 and 0 45 furthermore this negative relationship can be attributed to stronger accumulation of post school human capital in eastern china this finding suggests that energy conservation in china could be achieved by improving post school human capital components such as on the job training experience and learning by doing

the long run performance of increasing block pricing in taiwan s residential electricity sector abstract this article examines the performance regarding efficiency and equity of increasing block pricing ibp in taiwan s residential electricity sector by using long term nationwide household data 1999 2014 actual variations in ibp rate structure are explored empirical results show that cross subsidization under ibp have resulted in inefficient over consumption by the poor and inefficient under consumption by the rich in addition the financial burden increased with decreases of household s income levels and a relatively high percentage of subsidies mistakenly went to non poor households the upward price adjustments and broadened first block in recent years have increased the household s financial burden and the rates of wrongly excluding the poor and wrongly including the rich to enjoy the subsidy being unable to take family size into consideration and send correct price signals to all users are two serious problems for ibp which may hinder the achievement of equity and efficiency in electricity use

residential electricity pricing in china the context of price based demand response abstract as a secondary energy electricity is an important channel between original energy and energy consumers electricity price is a critical factor for the interests of all involvers in the electric power market it also plays an important role for the sustainable development of energy and environment smart grid is a new conception proposed in recent years to improve the intelligent level and increase the efficiency of electric power system operation smart grid combines and integrates information technology communication technology and intelligent control technology with tradition power system to achieve the many objectives of smart grid demand response dr as an effective technique of demand side management dsm refers to the changes in electricity consumption behavior of users in response to the dynamic price or incentive rewards price based demand response pbdr is one of the two major dr programs in this paper we first introduce the pricing theories in economics the pricing of electricity and the development of electricity pricing in china then we present a detailed discussion on the pbdr strategies in the dsm of smart grid also the research status of pbdr is reviewed finally it gives a summary of the whole paper in the last section

china s regional balanced development based on the investment in power grid infrastructure abstract due to the stark reality of regional development disparities china has to confront the sustainable development challenges brought about by social inequality to compensate for these regional differences in natural resource endowments effective investment in power grid infrastructure pgi and improvement of power grids might prove helpful in reducing poverty and narrowing the development gap this paper constructs a peripheral degree index pdi of power grid to measure the effective distance between electricity delivering areas and receiving regions moreover we discuss how to efficiently locate the investment in pgi and optimize the allocation of limited financial resources the results show investment in pgi has higher marginal benefit for less developed provinces in energy delivering regions and more importantly improvement of the grid infrastructure in central areas which connect energy receiving and delivering regions particularly to improve the grid facilities in the central areas could reduce electricity transmission cost and help to alleviate the railway strain for coal transportation therefore our findings suggest that it is more advisable to locate the investment of power grid infrastructure in the central provinces that are located at strategic conjunctions of the nationwide power grid including shanxi henan hubei and hebei

the public perceptions and willingness to pay from the perspective of the smog crisis in china the deteriorating air quality which is linked to human actions related to energy resources has become an urgent global problem china s air pollution has reached the hazardous level since 2000s in consideration of the serious health and social problems residential demand for clean air is increasing this paper applies the contingent valuation method to estimate public s willingness to pay wtp for reducing air pollution in the urban area of china open ended scenarios through face to face surveys are used to elicit public s wtp the two part model is employed for the estimation the probit model is used to estimate the probability of respondents who have positive wtp values and the interval regression model is employed to estimate the specific wtp level of those with nonzero wtp values the results show that nearly 90 of the respondents are willing to pay for reducing air pollution and the average amount of wtp per individual is 382 6rmb per year household income is found to be positively correlated with people s wtp and those who trust the government are more willing to share the cost of reducing air pollution this study recommends designing some effective mechanisms to tap the potentially available source of money for smog mitigation and improving the transparency of smog governance to enhance the government credibility as solutions to cope with smog crisis

identifying the impacts of human capital on carbon emissions in pakistan abstract at present carbon emissions reduction is a very important challenge all over the world improvement of human capital helps to reduce carbon emissions this paper studies the long and short term effects of human capital on carbon emissions in pakistan from 1971 to 2014 we employ an autoregressive distributed lag model and the vector error correction model to analyze the co integration and direction of causalities between human capital and carbon emissions respectively results show that a significant long term relationship exists between human capital and carbon emissions improvement of human capital will reduce carbon emissions without decreasing economic growth granger causality test results describe the bidirectional causality that exists between human capital and carbon emissions in the long term and no causality in the short term human capital and economic growth have feedback effects in the long term and no effect in the short term the results of this study show that improvement in human capital through education will help carbon emissions reduction in the long term this study will help policymakers devise a comprehensive strategy to reduce carbon emissions through improvement of human capital

estimating short and long term residential demand for electricity new evidence from sri lanka this study investigates the short run dynamics and long run equilibrium relationship between residential electricity demand and factors influencing demand per capita income price of electricity price of kerosene oil and price of liquefied petroleum gas using annual data for sri lanka for the period 1960 2007 the study uses unit root cointegration and error correction models the long run demand elasticities of income own price and price of kerosene oil substitute were estimated to be 0 78 0 62 and 0 14 respectively the short run elasticities for the same variables were estimated to be 032 0 16 and 0 10 respectively liquefied petroleum lp gas is a substitute for electricity only in the short run with an elasticity 0 09 the main findings of the paper support the following 1 increasing the price of electricity is not the most effective tool to reduce electricity consumption 2 existing subsidies on electricity consumption can be removed without reducing government revenue 3 the long run income elasticity of demand shows that any future increase in household incomes is likely to significantly increase the demand for electricity and 4 any power generation plans which consider only current per capita consumption and population growth should be revised taking into account the potential future income increases in order to avoid power shortages ill the country

an agent based approach with collaboration among agents estimation of wholesale electricity price on pjm and artificial data generated by a mean reverting model abstract this study examines the performance of mais multi agent intelligent simulator equipped with various learning capabilities in addition to the learning capabilities the proposed mais incorporates collaboration among agents the proposed mais is applied to estimate a dynamic change of wholesale electricity price in pjm pennsylvania new jersey mainland and an artificial data set generated by a mean reverting model using such different types of data sets the methodological validity of mais is confirmed by comparing it with other well known alternatives in computer science this study finds that the mais needs to incorporate both the mean reverting model and the collaboration behavior among agents in order to enhance its estimation capability the mais discussed in this study will provide research on energy economics with a new numerical capability that can investigate a dynamic change of not only wholesale electricity price but also speculation and learning process of traders

evaluating the atkinson index of household energy consumption in china abstract improving equality and efficiency of household energy distribution is the primary concern of china s policy makers in their effort to reform the energy pricing system in this paper we use atkinson index as an analytical tool to quantitatively and systematically evaluate the equality and efficiency of household energy distribution the result shows that the atkinson index of electricity expenditure is much smaller than that of transportation expenditure which indicates that transportation expenditure responds better to income differences furthermore a geographical distribution analysis indicates that households in middle china suffer greater inequality in energy distribution than those in eastern and western china in view of the oncoming energy pricing reform in china we reevaluate the atkinson index under the new pricing scenarios for electricity and petroleum products compared to the current household energy pricing mechanism the simulated new policies generate more allocative efficiency of household energy and ensure more equality of energy consumption for low income households on this account we suggest that geographical differences and equality in energy distribution be duly addressed in reforming energy policies in china

price and expenditure elasticities of residential energy demand during urbanization an empirical analysis based on the household level survey data in china abstract urbanization one of the most obvious characteristics of economic growth in china has an apparent lock in effect on residential energy consumption pattern it is expected that residential sector would become a major force that drives china s energy consumption after urbanization process we estimate price and expenditure elasticities of residential energy demand using data from china s residential energy consumption survey crecs that covers households at different income levels and from different regional and social groups empirical results from the almost ideal demand system model are in accordance with the basic expectations the demands for electricity natural gas and transport fuels are inelastic in the residential sector due to the unreasonable pricing mechanism we further investigate the sensitivities of different income groups to prices of the three types of energy policy simulations indicate that rationalizing energy pricing mechanism is an important guarantee for energy sustainable development during urbanization finally we put forward suggestions on energy pricing reform in the residential sector based on characteristics of china s undergoing urbanization process and the current energy consumption situations

optimal departures from marginal cost pricing focuses on departures from marginal cost pricing optimal allocation or resources level of tax revenue that will be collected by the government theorems developed for resource allocation ebsco

heterodox economics history and prospects frederic s lee s collection of essays makes a substantial contribution to our understanding of the history of heterodox economics and to our sense of heterodox economics as a community this paper explores issues arising from the collection in relation to the characterisation of this history the understanding of heterodox economics itself and the nature and role of such a history from a historiographical perspective the paper concludes with a discussion of the future of heterodox economics and an argument for a pluralist strategy for its promotion copyright the author 2011 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

the dynamics of municipal fiscal adjustment abstract the dynamic fiscal policy adjustment of local jurisdictions is investigated empirically using a panel of more than 1000 u s municipalities over a quarter of a century distinguishing own source revenue grants expenditures and debt service the analysis is carried out using a vector error correction model which takes account of the intertemporal budget constraint the results indicate that a large part of the adjustment in response to fiscal imbalances takes place by offsetting changes in future expenditures in addition the results show that fiscal imbalances are financed to a significant extent by subsequent changes in grants decomposition of the sample according to average city population reveals that the basic pattern of fiscal adjustment is robust although intergovernmental grants play a much more pronounced role in maintaining budget balance for large cities

the nature of heterodox economics heterodoxy serves as an umbrella term to cover the coming together of separate projects or traditions in answering the question what distinguishes heterodoxy from the orthodoxy the author argues that matters of ontology are central in answering the question how are the various traditions that make up the modern heterodoxy to be distinguished from each other the author defends criteria other than varying commitments to specific substantive theories policy measures or techniques or basic units of analysis