the demand for beer wine and spirits a survey of the literature the demand for alcohol literature is vast and much conflicting information about the nature of the demand for alcoholic beverages has been published this paper presents a survey of the literature and then uses the technique of meta regression analysis to establish insights into the nature of the demand for beer wine and spirits unlike previous meta studies of the demand for alcoholic beverages this study adjusts for the precision of each elasticity estimate the analysis presented suggests reported elasticity estimates will be influenced by such factors as estimation technique data frequency and time period under consideration with respect to time the findings suggest that the demand for alcoholic beverages has become less inelastic since the mid 1950s and that the income elasticity has been falling since the mid 1960s the analysis also found support for the idea that alcohol as a commodity group is a necessity and that consumers respond to price discounting with inventory behaviour rather than true substitution behaviour little support is found for the idea that the demand for alcoholic beverages varies fundamentally across most countries although wine may be an exception language en

entrepreneurship developing countries and development economics new approaches and insights this paper provides an introduction to this special issue of small business economics dealing with the long postponed integration of entrepreneurship into the discipline of development economics and casting a formal light on the role of entrepreneurship in developing countries the paper departs from the premise that with more than a billion people living in absolute poverty it is of great practical importance to understand if and when entrepreneurship is a binding constraint on economic development and catching up in developing countries this in turn requires at least a deeper theoretical modeling of the entrepreneur in development economics this special edition contains a number of contributions emanating from the unu wider project on promoting entrepreneurial capacity which integrates the disciplines of entrepreneurship and development economics these contributions model and explore the role of the entrepreneur in key areas of concern for development economics such as structural change and economic growth income and wealth inequalities welfare poverty traps and market failures this introduction discusses and contextualizes these various contributions and their implications for further theoretical and empirical work

a double hurdle approach to modelling tobacco consumption in italy this article analyzes the determinants of tobacco expenditures for a sample of italian households a box cox double hurdle model adjusted for heteroscedasticity is estimated to account for separate individual decisions concerning smoking participation and tobacco consumption and to correct for nonnormality in the bivariate distribution of the error terms nested univariate and bivariate models are found to be excessively restrictive supporting the adequacy of a generalized specification estimation results show that consumption decisions are significantly affected by income and demographic characteristics in particular income positively impacts tobacco expenditure while participation probability substantially declines as age increases the existence of significant gender differences in both smoking participation and tobacco consumption patterns is found while high education and white collar occupation reduces the likelihood to smoke and tobacco expenditure levels single adult households have a lower

prices and quality effects in cross sectional demand analysis a conceptual clarification of the sources and meaning of cross sectional price variability is used to motivate a theoretical and econometric framework for the estimation of cross sectional demand functions quality effects are distinguished from supply related price variability to identify cross sectional demand for disaggregated food commodities an empirical application using data from the 1977 78 nationwide food consumption survey indicates that parameter differences resulting from a failure to adjust cross sectional prices for quality effects are likely to be small for relatively homogenous disaggregated food commodities in demand analysis with cross sectional household budget data it is usually assumed that prices are constant allen and bowley prais and houthakker george and king given this assumption engel functions are estimated where expenditure or quantity is regressed on income or total expenditures family size and other demographic characteristics the assumption that cross sectional price effects are absent or are captured adequately by spatial and temporal dummy variables has not been evaluated empirically whether cross sectional price effects can be treated in this manner has implications for the specification of cross sectional demand functions as well as the estimation of engel functions there is a considerable literature on estimating price elasticities with cross sectional data most of the applications utilize timeseries cross sectional data annual or quarterly household consumption surveys and

quality quantity and spatial variation of price this paper develops and implements a method for estimating price elasticities of demand using cross sectional household survey data geographically clustered households report unit values which when corrected for quality effects and for measurement error indicate the underlying spatial variation in prices and can be matched to variation in demand patterns a simple model of quality choice is proposed while the correction for measurement error exploits the clustered design of such surveys data from a 1979 household survey from the ivory coast are used to estimate price elasticities for beef meat fish cereals and starches copyright 1988 by american economic association

demand systems estimation with microdata a censored regression approach demand systems estimation increasingly makes use of household level microdata mainly to measure the effects of demographic variables data based on these household expenditure surveys present a major estimation problem for any given household many of the goods have zero consumption implying a censored dependent variable techniques which do not take this censored dependent variable into account will yield biased results we utilize a censored regression approach that is computationally simple consistent and asymptotically efficient the results are then presented and compared with those obtained using an uncensored technique

the demand for domestic and imported alcoholic beverages in ontario canada a dynamic simultaneous equation approach the purpose of this paper is to estimate simultaneously dynamic demand functions and consequently income and price elasticities for domestic and imported alcoholic beverages for the province of ontario the methodology used is the almost ideal demand system originally developed by deaton and muellbauer 1980 augmented by pollak s 1970 habit formation hypothesis the empirical application uses time series 1958 1987 for imported and domestically produced spirits wine and beer the findings provide strong support favouring the dynamic version of the almost ideal demand system over its static alternative but little evidence of strong substitution between domestic and imported products

household consumption of cheese an inverse hyperbolic sine double hurdle model with dependent errors the dependent double hurdle model is generalized by an inverse hyperbolic sine transformation of the dependent variable the resulting specification features a flexible parameterization accommodates heteroskedastic errors and nests a range of common limited dependent variable models results for u s household cheese consumption suggest that the homoskedastic and normal double hurdle model is misspecified income elasticities are small and vary across household groups foodstamp recipients are more responsive to income changes than nonrecipients foodstamp recipients are also less likely to consume cheese but conditional on consumption spend more than nonrecipients

cross section estimation of us demand for alcoholic beverage a flexible limited dependent variable model is used to examine us demand for alcoholic beverage parameterization and distributional assumptions of the double hurdle model cragg 1971 and tobit model tobin 1958 are rejected findings suggest that price income household composition and other characteristics have significant effects on alcohol consumption income and own price elasticities are significant but relatively small

a revised tobit procedure for mitigating bias in the presence of non zero censoring with an application to milk market participation in the ethiopian highlands fixed transactions costs that prohibit exchange engender bias in supply analysis due to censoring of the sample observations the associated bias in conventional regression procedures applied to censored data and the construction of robust methods for mitigating bias have been preoccupations of applied economists since tobin econometrica 26 1958 24 this literature assumes that the true point of censoring in the data is zero and when this is not the case imparts a bias to parameter estimates of the censored regression model we conjecture that this bias can be significant affirm this from experiments and suggest techniques for mitigating this bias using bayesian procedures the bias mitigating procedures are based on modifications of the key step that facilitates bayesian estimation of the censored regression model are easy to implement work well in both small and large samples and lead to significantly improved inference in the censored regression model these findings are important in light of the widespread use of the zero censored tobit regression and we investigate their consequences using data on milk market participation in the ethiopian highlands

the engel curve for alcohol and the rank of demand systems this paper shows that the quadratic shape of the engel curve for alcohol is induced by preference heterogeneity between drinkers and abstainers in a japanese data set with controlling the heterogeneity it is shown that the engel curve for alcohol slopes monotonically downwards for drinkers and that the probability of being a drinker is an increasing function of total expenditure these two relationships generate a quadratic shape for the engel curve for alcohol other goods in this data set appear to have nearly linear engel curves so if the alcohol engel curve for drinkers is also linear then after controlling for this preference heterogeneity the rank of this demand system would be two copyright 2006 john wiley sons ltd

the economic lives of the poor in what turned out to be a rhetorical master move the 1990 world development report from the world bank defined the extremely poor people of the world as those who are currently living on no more than 1 per day per person measured at the 1985 purchasing power parity ppp exchange rate in 1993 the poverty line was updated to 1 08 per person per day at the 1993 ppp exchange rate which is the line we use in this paper poverty lines have always existed indeed 1 per day was chosen in part because of its proximity to the poverty lines used by many poor countries 1 however the 1 a day poverty line has come to dominate the conversations about poverty to a remarkable extent

limited entrepreneurial attention and economic development economic development depends on the allocation of entrepreneurial resources to efforts to discover new profit opportunities limited entrepreneurial attention is allocated between maintaining current activities and starting new activities this paper addresses the problem of allocating limited entrepreneurial attention in a variety of contexts the issues that are addressed are product improvement and new product development the choice of career as an innovative entrepreneur a managerial entrepreneur or a salaried employee the venture capitalist s attention to current and new ventures and funds the writing of internal contracts and market contracts and the supervising of current employees and hiring additional employees

household energy demand in kenya an application of the linear approximate almost ideal demand system la aids abstract this paper estimates price and fuel expenditure elasticities of demand by applying the linear approximate almost ideal demand system la aids to 3665 households sampled across kenya in 2009 the results indicate that motor spirit premium msp automotive gas oil ago and lubricants are price elastic while fuel wood kerosene charcoal liquefied petroleum gas lpg and electricity are price inelastic kerosene is income elastic while fuel wood charcoal lpg electricity msp and ago are income inelastic the results also reveal fuel stack behaviour that is multiple fuel use among the households main policy implications of the results include increasing the penetration of alternative fuels as well as provision of more fiscal incentives to increase usage of cleaner fuels this not withstanding however the household income should be increased beyond a certain point for the household to completely shift and use a new fuel

at home consumption of cheese a purchase infrequency model for many commodities zero purchases are recorded in household budget surveys even though positive consumption occurs this may reflect a survey period that is shorter than the purchase cycle the present study estimates a purchase infrequency model for cheese using the 1987 bls consumer expenditure survey appropriateness of the tobit specification is examined along with the assumption of independence of the two stage expenditure decision process applied consumption analyses often use household budget surveys with little concern as to survey period length relative to the length over which consumption can occur many of these analyses use the tobit model to account for censoring associated with use of this type of model are underlying assumptions that first the same stochastic process affects both purchase decisions and consumption levels and second a zero value of the dependent variable represents a true comer solution however when the commodity in question has a purchase cycle longer than the survey period length a zero expenditure level may not correspond to zero consumption and the tobit specification may be inappropriate blundell and meghir p 197 as a commodity cheese may exhibit characteristics precluding use of a tobit demand model for many cheese varieties consumption may occur many weeks after purchase as evidence the 1972 and 1987 consumer expenditure surveys report that 48 and 42 of surveyed households respectively had purchased cheese over a one week survey period in contrast the 1977 usda household food consumption survey indicates over 75 of surveyed households had consumed cheese at home over a one week period this large difference

the demand for alcohol in the united kingdom using the aids model we show that there exists for the uk a stable long run relationship between expenditure shares on beer cider spirits and wine alcohol prices total alcohol expenditure and a range of non economic variables relating to advertising licensing the employment social class and demographic characteristics of consumers and climate our estimates of key price and income elasticities generally lie between those found from other time series studies which exclude most of these non economic variables and those found from cross section studies which generally include them however the restrictions required for separability homegeneity and symmetry although not those for perfect price aggregation are decisively rejected

the demand for beer wine and spirits a systemwide analysis the systemwide approach to the analysis of consumer demand considers the multivariate structure of the problem in which the consumer allocates his income to all goods simultaneously this approach combines the theory of the consumer with empirical analysis and has enjoyed much popularity over the past decade for surveys of these developments see brown and deaton 1972 phlips 1974 powell 1974 theil 1975 76 1980 barten 1977 and theil and clements 1980 most previous applications of the systemwide approach have used national accounts commodity groups food clothing housing and so on for many business and government policy purposes however these groups are much too broad for example to analyze the effects on consumption of all but the simplest changes in indirect taxes we would need considerably more disaggregation similarly market researchers need to analyze demand at the individual product level for purposes of forecasting and formulating pricing and other policies the objective of this paper is to use the consumption of beer wine and spirits to illustrate how the approach can be apthis paper illustrates how the systemwide approach to consumer demand can be extended so that it can be applied to narrowly defined commodity groups we use the consumption of beer wine and spirits to show how the approach can be applied to estimate income and price elasticities of demand when the consumer s utility function is appropriately separable in alcoholic beverages and all other goods it is possible to confine our attention to the three beverages and ignore all other goods we use the demand model for a number of simulations designed to analyze the rapid growth of wine consumption we are indebted to john davis peter goldschmidt and kal stening for excellent research assistance to michael wohlgenant and henri theil for helpful comments and discussion and to the new south wales drug and alcohol authority for their partial financial support of this research

spending on alcohol evidence from the family expenditure survey 1970 1983 this paper reports on the investigation of a model of the determination of the share of household expenditure on alcohol using fes data for the united kingdom 1970 83 i e a time series of cross sections the authors pay special attention to the occurrence of zero expenditure variations in characteristics across the population and the modeling and interpretation of the stochastic term this term is modeled using the gamma distribution replacing the normal in tobit estimated parameters indicate strong positive skewness interactions between household characteristics and expenditure propensities are important copyright 1990 by royal economic society

a box cox double hurdle model of wildlife valuation the citizen s perspective abstract a stated preference approach is used to elicit the attitudes of the general public towards coyote conservation the payment vehicle is presented in a way that explicitly prompts respondents to adopt a citizen perspective rather than a consumer perspective when responding to the survey to deal with the large numbers of zero responses a box cox double hurdle specification is used to model separately individuals choices about whether to support conservation or not and their choice about the level of support the results show that simpler analyses that do not account explicitly for these two different decisions would lead to misleading conclusions in the study of nuisance wildlife the study uses primary data from prince edward island canada

modeling the demand for alcoholic beverages and advertising specifications in this paper the demand for beer wine spirits and soft drinks in ontario is modeled in two parts an equation is specified to endogenize group expenditures and a demand system is set up to allocate budgeted group expenditures across types of beverages advertising is allowed to influence both the level of group expenditures and its allocation three popular advertising specifications are compared using the j test and the likelihood dominance criterion even though all three specifications fitted well according to standard criteria the calculated expenditure price and advertising elasticities were sensitive to the manner with which advertising is specified this clearly highlights the need to rely on a sound criterion to identify a dominant specification from the identified dominant specification we found that advertising has very subtle effects on expenditures on alcoholic beverages group and individual beverages thus advertising is not effective in enlarging markets and this suggests that firms especially breweries use advertising to compete in zero sum market share games from a public policy perspective our results are comforting but future research should investigate whether the neutral effect of advertising on aggregated expenditures hide substantial offsetting changes in the drinking habits of individuals 2000 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

entrepreneurship and human development a capability approach abstract we provide a formal model of entrepreneurship in human development the framework is provided by the capabilities approach ca hence we extend not only the conceptualisation of entrepreneurship in development but the reach of the ca into entrepreneurship from a ca view entrepreneurship is not only a production factor or a means to an end as is often taken to be the case by economists but also an end in itself entrepreneurship can be a human functioning and can contribute towards expanding the set of human capabilities through being both a resource and a process our model shows however that entrepreneurship is not automatically a functioning where it is a necessity it stops being a valued functioning the model also shows that even when entrepreneurship is valued entrepreneurs may often not match their ideas with suitable opportunities policy implications are discussed

nobody s business but my own self employment and small enterprise in economic development abstract in most poor countries small firms and self employment are the dominant forms of business enterprise even in the manufacturing sector for rich countries in contrast self employed people account for very small shares of manufacturing employment and output this paper builds on lucas 1978 on the size distribution of business firms bell journal of economics 9 2 508 523 to ask whether structural changes of this kind are driven by productivity differences a model calibrated to japanese time series data is shown to mimic key features of cross country and time series data the results support the idea that changes in aggregate productivity account for much of the cross country variation in establishment size and self employment rates

the demand for alcoholic beverages in spain the objective of this study is to analyze the main determinants of alcoholic beverages consumption at home data comes from the latest spanish household national survey which provides information on expenditure and quantities of different food products by household because households are interviewed only 1 week a large number of zeros have been recorded among the existing censured demand models the double hurdle dh model the purchase infrequency model and the tobit purchase infrequency model among others and after carrying out model selection tests the dh model has been finally estimated all expenditure elasticities are positive corresponding the highest value to spirits own price elasticities are negative and also in this case the spirits exhibit the highest value socio economic variables also play an important role in explaining consumer purchase and consumption decisions

distinguishing between market participation and infrequency of purchase models of butter demand household butter expenditures are modeled by market participation and infrequency of purchase specifications the market participation model assumes that zero expenditures represent either traditional corner solutions or consumers who never use the product whereas the infrequency of purchase model assumes that zero expenditures represent either corner solutions or consumption out of storage we determine that the infrequency of purchase specification is preferred to the market participation model by applying a nonnested test based upon likelihood functions if household expenditure surveys contained information about participation and frequency of purchase a likelihood function which contained both models could be written and estimated

a double hurdle model of cigarette consumption this paper shows the importance of the double hurdle approach for modelling individuals cigarette consumption using data from the uk general household survey and argues that participation and consumption should be treated as separate individual choices the likelihood function for the full double hurdle is derived and it is shown how restrictions on the stochastic specification of the model and auxillary information which identifies ex smokers allow it to be decomposed the empirical results highlight the value of the sample separation information and the need to model starting and quitting as separate decisions

estimating food demand in paraguay from household survey data we estimate a food demand system in paraguay based on the 1997 national household survey considering 12 food categories to obtain demand elasticity estimates from household survey data accounting for quality effects measurement errors and censored observations price indexes are obtained from ordinary least squares predictions of changes in unitary values caused by spatial and temporal variations and the two step estimation procedure shonkwiler and yen 1999 is applied our approach yields reasonable estimates of combined quantity and quality responses with respect to price results suggest distinct consumption behavior in urban and rural areas particularly for chicken eggs dairy and fats and oils which are likely because of differences in the food distribution system and availability of nonmarket food sources

intrapreneurship construct refinement and cross cultural validation abstract intrapreneurship entrepreneurship within existing organizations has been of interest to scholars and practitioners for the past two decades intrapreneurship is viewed as being beneficial for revitalization and performance of corporations as well as for small and medium sized enterprises the concept has four distinct dimensions first the new business venturing dimension refers to pursuing and entering new businesses related to the firm s current products or markets second the innovativeness dimension refers to the creation of new products services and technologies third the self renewal dimension emphasizes the strategy reformulation reorganization and organizational change finally the proactiveness dimension reflects top management orientation in pursuing enhanced competitiveness and includes initiative and risk taking and competitive aggressiveness and boldness while differing somewhat in their emphasis activities and orientations the four dimensions pertain to the same concept of intrapreneurship because they are factors of schumpeterian innovation the building block of entrepreneurship the pursuit of creative or new solutions to challenges confronting the firm including the development or enhancement of old and new products and services markets administrative techniques and technologies for performing organizational functions e g production marketing sales and distribution as well as changes in strategy organizing and dealings with competitors are innovations in the broadest sense intrapreneurship theory and measures have an american basis while being considered universal their generalizability has been limited because their cross cultural testing has been extremely limited two main measures of intrapreneurship the entrescale and the corporate entrepreneurship scale were developed independently but lack validity for cross national comparisons and do not tap all four dimensions of intrapreneurship when used independently in order to fill the gaps in previous research these two scales are integrated into a four dimensional measure of intrapreneurship refinement and validation was done by using two samples from two distinct economies slovenia a small transition economy from central and eastern europe with a short entrepreneurship tradition and the united states a large developed and advanced economy that is a leader in entrepreneurship research and practice the refined multidimensional measure of intrapreneurship was developed to be cross culturally generalizable because its refined dimensions scales include only cross culturally comparable items the refined intrapreneurship construct measure showed reasonably good convergent and discriminant validity as well as good nomological validity in terms of expected positive relationships to its antecedents organizational and environmental characteristics and consequences growth and profitability across the two samples that included large medium sized and smaller firms from a variety of different industries manufacturing consumer and industrial goods consumer and business services trade and construction in addition to the generalizability of the refined intrapreneurship construct measure the results of this study support the notion that intrapreneurship is an important predictor of firm growth in terms of absolute growth growth in number of employees and in total sales and relative growth growth in market share in comparison to competition firms that nurture organizational structures and values conducive to intrapreneurial activities are more likely to grow than organizations that are low in such characteristics open and quality communication existence of formal controls intensive environmental scanning management support organizational support and values all help an organization become more intrapreneurial intrapreneurial organizations are those that engage in new business venturing are innovative continuously renew themselves and are proactive in transition economies which are adapting their economies to more developed economies standards of doing business and where growth may not yet be the primary goal intrapreneurship may be even more important for the growth and profitability of existing organizations

the credibility of monetary reform new evidence the history of monetary policy is characterised by crisis and reform the paper is dedicated to an explanation of what makes monetary reforms successful a cross sectional econometric analysis is chosen to deal with this problem it is based on a standard macroeconomic model of commitment and credibility as the dependent variable we calculate a post reform inflation rate the exogenous variables are the degree of legal commitment the constraining influence of institutions and a new variable for ex ante credibility of the reform the paper allows for the conclusion that monetary commitment the consideration of institutional constraints and abstinence from the money press are crucial for the success of a monetary reform

incorporating nutrients into meat demand analysis using household budgets data the objective of this article is to analyze the spanish demand for meat taking into account the consumer s concern about the relationship between food diet and health this concern is forcing food demand analysts to assume that consumer utility is a function of nutrients instead of simply the food products themselves nevertheless these utility function arguments are not produced in the marketplace but rather at home as a consequence in this article household production theory is followed in order to analyze spanish demand for meat using the quarterly national expenditure survey for 1999 demands for several meat products the input in the model are derived from the translog cost function censored regression models are used in the estimation process since many zero responses are reported five broad categories eight nutrients and the most relevant socioeconomic variables are considered finally a set of elasticities is calculated with respect to all the variables included in the analysis

u s cigarette consumption the case of low income women we use double hurdle or cragg models to test whether decisions about smoking participation and consumption levels are separate endogenous choices we also estimate several dominance models which assume that standard corner solutions are not applicable a complete dominance model with independence between the participation and consumption decisions is the preferred specification for our data the most important variables influencing participation are region number of children education and ethnicity region age race ethnicity and health status most affected consumption levels

spanish food expenditure away from home fafh by type of meal changes in household income wife s labour force participation household size and other demographic factors influence purchasing meals away from home in spain spanish household expenditure on lunch breakfast and snacks away from home were investigated within the household production theory context the becker s model states that consumers maximize their utility subject not only to the budget constraint but also to a time constraint moreover this model assumes that consumers demand not only the food product itself but also the associated convenience to save time in food preparation therefore the relation between the value of time and food away from home has a high relevance data come from the spanish continuous household survey for 1996 due to the large number of zeros in the dependent variable different dependent variable censured models double hurdle infrequency of purchase etc have been specified and estimated these studies found that food purchasing behaviour away from home of spanish

poverty and the varieties of entrepreneurship in the pursuit of prosperity abstract in this paper we revisit the entrepreneurship and poverty relationship under a eudaimonic perspective that brings together conversion factors and future prosperity expectations based on an fsqca of changes in life circumstances of 166 farm households in rural kenya we explore how different combinations of conversion factors enable distinct forms of entrepreneuring in the pursuit of prosperity results show that strong entrepreneurship enabled future prosperity expectations result from three combinations of enabling conversion factors shaping up three varieties of entrepreneurial endeavors family frugal individual market and family inwards which show a much more diverse and counterintuitive reality our research contributes to literature by revealing and theorizing on a split picture portraying the many ways in which farmers acting as everyday entrepreneurs exploit real opportunities in seemingly identical impoverished communities it also reveals a central disconnect between entrepreneurship life satisfaction and financial improvements when assessed against expectations of future prosperity in doing so this paper responds to calls for a better understanding of the processes whereby entrepreneurship can distinctively improve current and future life circumstances and the many ways in which this may happen