an analysis of the driving forces of energy related carbon dioxide emissions in china s industrial sector abstract both energy consumption and the growth of carbon dioxide co2 emissions in china are attributed to the industrial sector energy conservation and co2 emissions reduction in china s industrial sector is decisive for achieving a low carbon transition we analyze the change of energy related co2 emissions in china s industrial sector from 1991 to 2010 based on the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi method results indicate that industrial activity is the major factor that contributes to the increase of industrial co2 emissions while energy intensity is the major contributor to the decrease of co2 emissions industry size shows a varying trend interchanging intervals of growth along the study period moreover both energy mix and carbon intensity of energy use have negative effects on the increase of co2 emissions the cointegration method is adopted to further explore determinants of co2 emissions in china s industrial sector results show that there exists a long run relationship between industrial co2 emissions and affecting factors such as co2 emissions per unit of energy consumption industrial value added labor productivity and fossil fuel consumption china s industrial co2 emissions are mainly attributed to the coal dominated energy structure policy suggestions are thus provided to reduce industrial co2 emissions in china

does foreign direct investment impede environmental quality in high middle and low income countries abstract under a multivariate framework this paper aims to investigate the nonlinear correlation between foreign direct investment and environmental degradation for high middle and low income countries with economic growth and energy consumption as additional determinants of environmental degradation all variables were found to be nonstationary and cointegrated based on recent panel data unit root tests and cointegration techniques on applying fully modified ordinary least squares fmols the long run results suggest the presence of an environmental kuznets curve in turn foreign direct investment increases environmental degradation thus confirming the pollution haven hypothesis phh moreover the bidirectional causality between co2 emissions and foreign direct investment is observed globally the findings are sensitive to different income groups and regional analyses in particular these empirical findings aid sound economic policymaking for improving environmental quality and sustainable economic development

industrial pollution in economic development the environmental kuznets curve revisited abstract using new international data this paper tests the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for industrial water pollution we measure the effect of income growth on three determinants of pollution the share of industry in national output the share of polluting sectors in industrial output and end of pipe eop pollution intensities per unit of output in the polluting sectors we find that the industry share of national output follows a kuznets type trajectory but the other two determinants do not when combined our results imply rejection of the ekc hypothesis for industrial water pollution it rises rapidly through middle income status and remains roughly constant thereafter

bounds testing approach to analyzing the environment kuznets curve hypothesis with structural beaks the role of biomass energy consumption in the united states abstract this paper re examines the specification of the environmental kuznets curve ekc for the us economy by accounting for the presence of a major renewable energy source and trade openness over the period 1960 2016 biomass energy consumption and trade openness as well as oil prices are considered as additional determinants of economic growth and consequentially of co 2 emissions the bounds testing approach to cointegration is used to examine the long run relationship between the variables in the presence of structural breaks the causal relationship between the variables is investigated by applying the vecm granger causality test and accommodating structural breaks the results confirm the presence of cointegration between the variables moreover the relationship between economic growth and co 2 emissions is not only inverted u shaped but also n shaped in the presence of structural breaks and biomass biomass energy consumption lowers co 2 emissions exports imports and trade openness are also environment friendly the causality analysis underscores a feedback effect between biomass energy consumption and co 2 emissions economic growth still granger causes co 2 emissions in this new setup

determinants of energy consumption function in saarc countries balancing the odds abstract the objective of the study is to investigate the multivariate energy consumption function for south asian association for regional cooperation saarc countries namely bangladesh india nepal pakistan and srilanka particularly economic growth gdp relative prices of energy rep foreign direct investment fdi and different financial development indicators i e broad money supply liquid liabilities domestic credit provided by banking sector and domestic credit to private sector over a period of 1975 2011 the results reveal that granger causality running from all other variables to fdi which indicates a strong support for the hypothesis that energy consumption ec gdp rep and fd are important determinants in promoting the fdi both in short and long run in the context of bangladesh the results suggest for india indicate that gdp fdi rep and fd are useful in explaining the movements of ec in the short run similarly the granger causality results indicate that ec gdp rep and fd are the important determinants of fdi in case of nepal rep is the only variable whose movements in the short run determined by movements in the other four variables i e gdp fdi ec and fd however the ec also provide useful information about the variable fd the results of pakistan indicate the causal relationship among fdi and ec which supports the feedback hypothesis in the short and long run similarly both variables i e fdi and gdp supports the feedback hypothesis both in the long run and short run where as fd and ec fd and rep fdi and rep and finally rep and gdp supports the feedback hypothesis in the short run in case of srilanka this study did not find any strong support of the causality among the variables either in the short or long run except unidirectional granger causality running from fd to ec and ec to fdi

effects of brand preference product attributes and marketing mix variables in technology product markets we develop a demand model for technology products that captures the effect of changes in the portfolio of models offered by a brand as well as the influence of the dynamics in its intrinsic preference on that brand s performance to account for the potential correlation in the preferences of models offered by a particular brand we use a nested logit model with the brand e g sony at the upper level and its various models e g mavica fd dsc etc at the lower level of the nest relative model preferences are captured via their attributes and prices we allow for heterogeneity across consumers in their preferences for these attributes and in their price sensitivities in addition to heterogeneity in consumers intrinsic brand preferences together with the nested logit assumption this allows for a flexible substitution pattern across models at the aggregate level the attractiveness of a brand s product line changes over time with entry and exit of new models and with changes in attribute and price levels to allow for time varying intrinsic brand preferences we use a state space model based on the kalman filter which captures the influence of marketing actions such as brand level advertising on the dynamics of intrinsic brand preferences hence the proposed model accounts for the effects of brand preferences model attributes and marketing mix variables on consumer choice first we carry out a simulation study to ensure that our estimation procedure is able to recover the true parameters generating the data then we estimate our model parameters on data for the u s digital camera market overall we find that the effect of dynamics in the intrinsic brand preference is greater than the corresponding effect of the dynamics in the brand s product line attractiveness assuming plausible profit margins we evaluate the effect of increasing the advertising expenditures for the largest and the smallest brands in this category and find that these brands can increase their profitability by increasing their advertising expenditures we also analyze the impact of modifying a camera model s attributes on its profits such an analysis could potentially be used to evaluate if product development efforts would be profitable

an econometric study of co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade in turkey abstract this study attempts to empirically examine the dynamic causal relationships between carbon emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of turkey using the time series data for the period 1960 2005 this research tests the interrelationship between the variables using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure the bounds test results indicate that there exist two forms of long run relationships between the variables in the case of first form of long run relationship carbon emissions are determined by energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of second long run relationship income is determined by carbon emissions energy consumption and foreign trade an augmented form of granger causality analysis is conducted amongst the variables the long run relationship of co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade equation is also checked for the parameter stability the empirical results suggest that income is the most significant variable in explaining the carbon emissions in turkey which is followed by energy consumption and foreign trade moreover there exists a stable carbon emissions function the results also provide important policy recommendations

energy conservation policies in the oecd did they make a difference abstract in 1985 homes services automobiles truck freight air passenger traffic other transport and manufacturing in the oecd used 47 million bbl day of oil equivalent mb doe or 105 000 pj 1 between 1972 and 1985 however energy use per unit of activity in each of these sectors in the oecd fell significantly if these energy intensities by sector had been frozen at their 1972 values 1985 end use would have been close to 64 mb doe or 143 000 pj at the rates of activity that prevailed in each sector in 1985 2 the difference yields a saving of 17 mb doe the corresponding oil savings in this period amount to close to 12 mb doe including substitution by other fuels in this paper it is suggested that most of these savings will not reverse in the near time with lower oil prices only a small part was caused by energy conservation policies

an interim evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions trading ide iv of the 1990 clean air act amendments established the first large scale long term environmental program to rely on tradable emissions permitscalled allowances in this program to control pollution this program was designed to cut acid rain by reducing sulfur dioxide so2 emissions from electric generating plants to about half their 1980 level beginning in 1995 it is of interest both as a response to an important environmental issue and as a landmark experiment in environmental policy this experiment comes at a particularly important time since emission trading is under serious consideration with strong u s backing for use to deal with global climate change by curbing emissions of carbon dioxide co2 the economic stakes in climate change surpass those in acid rain by several orders of magnitude intergovernmental panel on climate change 1996 this article summarizes the results to date of our ongoing empirical analysis of compliance costs and allowance market performance under the u s acid rain program

video game demand in japan a household data analysis various economic studies of the video game industry have focused on intra industry details this article complements the approach by highlighting broader budget allocation by households using the total households data of the family income and expenditure survey this article estimates the demand model for video games estimation results show the effects of household income and demographic factors and prices of goods on the expenditure share of video games these results indicate the importance of explicitly considering a households budget allocation or at least including information on households

diffusion of a new product under network effects the us dvd market we formulate a model that captures the inter dependence between hardware demand and software supply indirect network effect in the dvd industry the identification of the network effect comes from the difference in software availability across two different formats vhs and dvd we find that a 1 increase in the number of dvd titles raises the demand for dvd players by 0 87 simultaneously a 1 increase in video player ownership leads to a 0 14 increase in the variety of video titles our simulations show that hardware manufacturers might be able to internalize the network externality to increase total industry revenues

does foreign direct investment lead to lower co2 emissions evidence from a regional analysis in china abstract existing studies have been concerned with the relationship between foreign direct investment and co2 emissions in recent years however little attention has been paid to regional differences in china this paper investigates the impact of fdi on china s co2 emissions at the national and regional levels using provincial panel data from 1995 to 2010 the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat model was adopted the results suggest that fdi contributes to co2 emission reductions in china fdi s impact on co2 emissions decreases from the western region to the eastern and central regions our findings support the pollution halo hypothesis which claims that foreign firms can export greener technologies from developed to developing countries and conduct business in an environmentally friendly manner

the effects of an increase in energy efficiency on the kenya economy abstract there are reasons to believe that improved energy efficiency still is an important energy development policy despite stable oil prices abundant oil supplies and end of the cold war the political reasons are uncertainty of the current gulf situation and prevalent wars in the former eastern bloc countries increasing concern over global environmental problems the existence of imperfect energy markets and the desire for rapid economic growth in developing countries are the other reasons this paper analyses the effects of energy management policies on the kenyan economy using a computable general equilibrium model simulations show that an increase in energy efficiency leads to reduced dependence on foreign energy sources promotion of reliable domestic energy sources promotion of conservation of all forms of energy saves scarce foreign currency and preserves the environment

the contribution of foreign direct investment to clean energy use carbon emissions and economic growth the paper investigates the contributions of foreign direct investment fdi net inflows to clean energy use carbon emissions and economic growth the paper employs cointegration tests to examine a long run equilibrium relationship among the variables and fixed effects models to examine the magnitude of fdi contributions to the other variables the paper analyzes panel data of 19 nations of the g20 from 1971 to 2009 the test results indicate that fdi has played an important role in economic growth for the g20 whereas it limits its impact on an increase in co2 emissions in the economies the research finds no compelling evidence of fdi link with clean energy use given the results the paper discusses fdi s potential role in achieving green growth goals

indirect network externality effects on product attributes indirect network externality ine effect exists when the utility of a product increases with the greater availability of compatible complementary products we demonstrate that ine effects can vary by product attributes with externality sensitive attributes gaining more from increased availability of complementary products than other attributes past research has assumed that the benefit of increased availability of complementary products e g software accrues to theentireproduct e g hardware utilizing data covering a period from 1985 to 1995 on compact disc player prices attributes and cd titles releases and using a hedonic price approach we find significant positive interactions between cd title availability and two attributes of the cd player namely changer capacity and its oversampling rate in addition to ine attribute interactions increased availability of cd titles is found to have a significant positive impact on the overall price of cd players which is consistent with past research collectively these effects of ine have helped reduce the yearly decline in the price of cd players the finding that ine effects differentially affect different attributes can help managers in decisions such as pricing timing of introduction and changing the levels of ine sensitive attributes

innovation and price the case of digital cameras this study examines a hedonic regression model of digital camera prices using data collected from an internet price comparison service we find that a small number of product characteristics explains most of the variation in camera prices in addition the model demonstrates substantial downward pressure on camera prices during the time period considered we also examine technological innovation shocks to determine their impact on product prices we find that the corresponding price reaction exhibits gradual adjustment over time providing evidence of some degree of anticipation of the innovation as well as a post innovation price shock this study also demonstrates the power of web based shopping services as a new and novel source of data for econometric analysis

developments in the throughput income relationship theoretical and empirical observations abstract it has been suggested that the relationship between income and the associated environmental pressure in terms of derived materials inputs and pollution levels may take an inverted u shape indicating a delinking of environmental pressure from economic growth in relation to rising per capita incomes the likelihood of such a relationship being persistent is discussed in the context of a simple macro model of industrial metabolism and the possibility of relinking clearly emerges data on specific indicators of environmental pressure i e the throughput of materials energy and the volume of transport in 19 countries have been used to investigate patterns of delinking the results suggest that delinking may not be persistent already some advanced economies may be entering a new period of relinking the relationships between environmental pressure and welfare in the medium long term may be n shaped rather than inverted u shaped

more efficient household electricity use since 1973 the efficiency of most energy uses in homes has improved throughout the oecd 1 this means that to provide a given amount of energy service for example heating cooling locomotion or mechanical force less energy is required today than was needed in the past these improvements have been gained through the introduction of new appliances and for space heating and cooling new homes with more efficient building shells and the retrofitting of the existing building stock in this report we analyse some of the past changes in the efficiency of household appliance electricity use and discuss prospects for and barriers to further increases in the future

the effect of urbanization energy consumption and foreign direct investment on the carbon dioxide emission in the ssea south and southeast asian region abstract this study examines the relationship between urbanization energy consumption foreign direct investment fdi and carbon dioxide co2 emission of 17 countries in the south and southeast asian ssea region during the period 1980 2012 in order to find out the intensity of co2 emission in 17 countries we classify the total sample countries into three sub groups namely high middle and low income countries these three sub panels are constructed based on their gross national income per capita of countries pedroni cointegration result shows that urbanization primary energy consumption fdi and co2 emission are cointegrated in all sub groups of countries regardless of their levels of national income per capita furthermore while incorporating the fossil fuel energy consumption in place of primary energy consumption in the alternative specification of regression the result suggests a cointegrating relationship between fossil fuel energy consumption fdi urbanization and co2 emission in middle income countries nevertheless westerlund cointegration results are more or less in the line of pedroni results furthermore the results reveal that primary energy consumption fossil fuel energy consumption and fdi are substantially affecting the co2 emission in the ssea region moreover the empirical findings suggest that in middle income countries both primary and fossil fuel energy consumption are considerably increasing the co2 emission and leading to greenhouse gas problem in the ssea region

energy use in the service sector an international perspective abstract this study presents the first international comparison of energy use and structure in the service sector of major oecd countries this sector includes offices hospitals schools stores and other buildings commonly referred to as commercial buildings the authors separate service sector energy use from other sectors examine differences in fuel mix energy intensity electricity use and conservation experience as well as fundamental differences in the extent and make up of the building stock and the climate most countries are seen to have reduced energy intensity since 1973 all have reduced the share of heating oil and increased the use of electricity both for space conditioning as well as for other building services the authors find that energy intensity in us commercial and institutional buildings is among the highest in the oecd while electricity intensities in norway canada the usa and sweden are well above those in other countries

economic growth and environmental degradation the environmental kuznets curve and sustainable development abstract in this paper we critically examine the concept of the environmental kuznets curve ekc it proposes that there is an inverted u shape relation between environmental degradation and income per capita so that eventually growth reduces the environmental impact of economic activity the concept is dependent on a model of the economy in which there is no feedback from the quality of the environment to production possibilities and in which trade has a neutral effect on environmental degradation the actual violation of these assumptions gives rise to fundamental problems in estimating the parameters of an ekc the paper identifies other econometric problems with estimates of the ekc and reviews a number of empirical studies the inference from some such ekc estimates that further development will reduce environmental degradation is dependent on the assumption that world per capita income is normally distributed when in fact median income is far below mean income we carry out simulations combining ekc estimates from the literature with world bank forecasts for economic growth for individual countries aggregating over countries to derive the global impact within the horizon of the bank s forecast 2025 global emissions of so 2 continue to increase forest loss stabilizes before the end of the period but tropical deforestation continues at a constant rate throughout the period

investigation of the environmental kuznets curve for carbon emissions in malaysia do foreign direct investment and trade matter abstract environmental degradation has become a central issue of discussion among the economists and environmentalists in view of malaysia s position as one of the main contributors to co2 emissions in asia and its status as a fast growing economy it is vital therefore to conduct a study to identify the relationship between economic growth and co2 emissions for malaysia this study attempts to examine empirically the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for malaysia in the presence of foreign direct investment and trade openness both in the short and long run for the period 1970 to 2008 the bounds testing approach and granger causality methodology are applied to test the interrelationships of the variables the results of our study indicate that the inverted u shaped relationship does exist between economic growth and co2 emission in both the short and long run for malaysia after controlling for two additional explanatory variables namely fdi and trade importantly the results of the study also provide some crucial policy recommendations to the policy makers

the impact of economic development and social political factors on ecological footprint a panel data analysis for 15 mena countries abstract this paper extends the work of al mulali and ozturk 2015 1 by re investigating the environment kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for 15 mena middle east and north african countries using the ecological footprint ef as a proxy of environmental degradation over the period 1975 2007 unlike the existing studies we augment the basic ekc relationship by considering life expectancy at birth fertility rate and political institutional index variables as new possible determinants of environmental degradation the estimation of this relationship has been conducted for all mena 15 countries for oil exporting and non oil exporting countries sub samples the results show that energy use worsens ecological footprint whereas real gdp per capita exhibits an inverted u shaped relationship with ef in oil exporting countries and in the sample as a whole i e the ekc hypothesis is validated for the non oil exporting countries the relationship between ef and economic growth is u shaped moreover our findings show that socio demographic variables such as urbanization life expectancy at birth and fertility rate improve the environment in the long term we also found that the improvement of political institutions in those countries has not been accompanied by a reduction of environmental stress the granger causality results support evidence of the existence of an error correction mechanism between the ef real gdp energy use and the fertility rate specifically in the short term we found strong evidence for bidirectional causality among the ecological real gdp and energy use variables

how economic growth renewable electricity and natural resources contribute to co2 emissions abstract this study explores the relationship between economic growth and co2 emissions in the so called european union 5 eu 5 countries germany france italy spain and the united kingdom for the 1985 2016 period in doing so we employ a carbon emission function to investigate the environmental kuznets curve phenomenon which describes a relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation the empirical results confirm the existence of an n shaped relationship between economic growth and co2 emissions in the eu 5 countries we incorporate additional variables such as renewable electricity consumption trade openness natural resource abundance and energy innovation to augment the carbon emission function renewable electricity consumption natural resources and energy innovation improve environmental quality while trade openness and the interaction between economic growth and renewable electricity consumption exert a positive impact on co2 emissions this study is novel in that it presents an interaction between economic growth and renewable electricity consumption we also confirm the need for renewable energy regulations related to increasing renewable sources and promoting energy innovation to reduce the negative effects of energy and fossil energy resources on environmental degradation

overcoming barriers to innovation and diffusion of cleaner technologies some features of a sustainable innovation policy regime despite a deepening understanding of systems and processes by which the innovation and diffusion of cleaner technologies occurs relatively little attention has been given to the development of policy processes that reflect this deeper understanding a set of guiding principles for improving sustainable innovation policy processes has been formulated and disseminated by the authors and colleagues in research drawing on theoretical and empirical analysis including a case study of low carbon energy innovation in the uk and interactions with policy makers and other stakeholders through a series of workshops this paper elaborates on two of the guiding principles 1 stimulating the development of a sustainable innovation policy regime bringing together innovation and environmental policy regimes 2 applying systems thinking engaging with the complexity and systemic interactions of innovation systems and policy making processes to promote a transition to sustainability

the environmental kuznets curve and sustainability a panel data analysis abstract in recent years sustainability has represented one of the most important policy goals explored in the environmental kuznets curve ekc literature but related hypotheses performance measures and results continue to present a challenge the present paper contributes to this ongoing literature by studying two different ekc specifications for 10 middle east and north african mena countries over the period 1990 2010 using panel data methods for the first specification namely ekc we show that there is an inverted u shape relationship between environmental degradation and income while for the second specification namely modified ekc mekc we show that there is an inverted u shape relationship between sustainability and human development hd the relationships are shaped by other factors such as energy trade manufacture added value and the role of law more interestingly findings from the estimation show that ekc hypothesis hd and sustainability are crucial to build effective environmental policies

will it ever fly modeling the takeoff of really new consumer durables a consistent pattern observed for really new household consumer durables is a takeoff or dramatic increase in sales early in their history the takeoff tends to appear as an elbow shaped discontinuity in the sales curve showing an average sales increase of over 400 in contrast most marketing textbooks as well as diffusion models generally depict the growth of new consumer durables as a smooth sales curve our discussions with managers indicate that they have little idea about the takeoff and its associated characteristics many managers did not even know that most successful new consumer durables had a distinct takeoff their sales forecasts tend to show linear growth yet knowledge about the takeoff is crucial for managers to decide whether to maintain increase or withdraw support of new products it is equally important for industry analysts who advise investors and manufacturers of complementary and substitute products although previous studies have urged researchers to examine the takeoff no research has addressed this critical event while diffusion models are commonly used to study new product sales growth they do not explicitly consider a new product s takeoff in sales indeed diffusion researchers frequently use data only from the point of takeoff therefore nothing is known about the takeoff or models appropriate for this event our study provides the first analysis of the takeoff in particular we address three key questions i how much time does a newly introduced product need to takeoff ii does the takeoff have any systematic patterns iii can we predict the takeoff we begin our study by developing an operational measure to determine when the takeoff occurs we found that when the base level of sales is small a relatively large percentage increase could occur without signaling the takeoff conversely when the base level of sales is large the takeoff sometimes occurs with a relatively small percentage increase in sales therefore we developed a threshold for takeoff this is a plot of percentage sales growth relative to a base level of sales common across all categories we define the takeoff as the first year in which an individual category s growth rate relative to base sales crosses this threshold the threshold measure correctly identifies the takeoff in over 90 of our categories we model the takeoff with a hazard model because of its advantages for analyzing time based events we consider three primary independent variables price year of introduction and market penetration as well as several control variables the hazard model fits the pattern of takeoffs very well with price and market penetration being strong correlates of takeoff our results provide potential generalizations about the time to takeoff and the price reduction nominal price and penetration at takeoff in particular we found that on average for 16 post world war ii categories the price at takeoff is 63 of the introductory price the time to takeoff from introduction is six years the penetration at takeoff is 1 7 the time to takeoff is decreasing for more recent categories for example the time to takeoff is 18 years for categories introduced before world war ii but only six years for those introduced after world war ii many of the products in our sample had a takeoff near three specific price points in nominal dollars 1000 500 and 100 in addition we show how the hazard model can be used to predict the takeoff the model predicts takeoff one year ahead with an expected average error of 1 2 years it predicts takeoff at a product s introduction with an expected average error of 1 9 years even against the simple mean time to takeoff of six years for recent categories the model s performance represents a tremendous improvement in prediction it represents an immeasurable improvement in prediction for managers who currently have no idea about how long it takes for a new product to takeoff the threshold rule for determining takeoff can be used to distinguish between a large increase in sales and a real takeoff some limitations of this study could provide fruitful areas for future research our independent variables suffer from endogeneity bias so alternative variables or methods could address this limitation also the takeoff may be related to additional variables such as relative advantage over substitutes and the presence of complementary products finally examination of sales from takeoff to their leveling off could be done with an integrated model of takeoff and sales growth or with the hazard model we propose generalizations about this period of sales growth could also be of tremendous importance to managers of new products

improved energy efficiency in the industrialized countries past achievements co2 emission prospects abstract this paper explores the contribution which energy efficiency might make to future reductions in co 2 emissions trends in key energy use sectors and recent changes that may signal a slowdown in the rate of improvement of energy efficiency are examined the oecd countries reduced their energy use through greater efficiency by nearly 32 ej or 16 million bbl day oil equivalent between 1972 and 1985 but the pace of these improvements in energy use has begun to slow prospects for increased efficiency in each sector and the barriers to achieving those increases are discussed

the nexus between carbon emissions energy consumption and economic growth in middle east countries a panel data analysis abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis assumes that there is an inverted u shaped relationship between environmental degradation and income per capita in other words as a country grows it is assumed that its environmental quality improves in this study we aim to test the ekc hypothesis for 12 middle east countries during the period 1990 2008 by employing recently developed panel data methods our results provide evidence contrary to the ekc hypothesis we found evidence favorable to the u shaped ekc for 5 middle east countries whereas an inverted u shaped curve was identified for only 3 middle east countries furthermore there appear to be no causal links between income and co 2 emissions for the other 4 countries regarding the direction of causality there appears to be a unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption in the short run in the long run however the unidirectional causality chain runs from energy consumption and economic growth to co 2 emissions we also suggest some crucial policy implications depending on these results

what role of renewable and non renewable electricity consumption and output is needed to initially mitigate co2 emissions in mena region abstract this study attempts to explore the causal relationship between renewable and non renewable electricity consumption output and carbon dioxide co 2 emissions for 10 middle east and north africa mena countries over the period of 1980 2009 the results from panel fully modified ordinary least squares fmols and dynamic ordinary least squares dols show that renewable and non renewable electricity consumption add in co 2 emissions while output real gross domestic product gdp per capita exhibits an inverted u shaped relationship with co 2 emissions i e the environment kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is validated the short run dynamics indicate the unidirectional causality running from renewable and non renewable electricity consumption and output to co 2 emissions in the long run there appears to be a bidirectional causality between electricity consumption renewable and non renewable and co 2 emissions the findings suggest that future reductions in co 2 emissions might be achieved at the cost of economic growth

foreign direct investment co2 emissions nexus in middle east and north african countries importance of biomass energy consumption abstract this study examines the association between foreign direct investment fdi and carbon emissions for the middle east and north african mena region in 1990 2015 including biomass energy consumption as an additional determinant of carbon emissions we apply the generalized method of moments gmm to validate the existence of the pollution haven hypothesis phh the n shaped association is also validated between fdi and carbon emissions the link between economic growth and carbon emissions is inverted u and n shaped that is it satisfies the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypotheses biomass energy use lowers carbon emissions and the causality analysis reveals that fdi causes co2 emissions clearly the results confirm the existence of a feedback effect between economic growth and carbon emissions the connection between biomass energy use and co2 emissions is also bidirectional the empirical findings suggest policy makers to design comprehensive trade and energy policies by targeting the cleaner production practices for not only to ensure environmental sustainability but also to fulfil the objectives of sustainable development goals

valuing new goods in a model with complementarity online newspapers many important economic questions hinge on the extent to which new goods either crowd out or complement consumption of existing products recent methods for studying new goods rule out complementarity by assumption so their applicability to these questions has been limited i develop a new model that relaxes this restriction and use it to study competition between print and online newspapers using new micro data from washington dc i estimate the relationship between the print and online papers in demand the welfare impact of the online paper s introduction and the expected impact of charging positive online prices

the dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on co2 emissions a revisited environmental kuznets curve approach this paper considers a revisited environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis with potential impact of renewable energy consumption on environmental quality to this end paper aims at investigating the validity of the ekc hypothesis employing the dependent variable of co2 emissions and regressors of gdp quadratic gdp and renewable energy consumption this paper hence analyzes this revisited ekc hypothesis to observe if i there exists an inverted u shaped relationship between environmental quality in terms of co2 emissions per capita income and per capita income squared and ii there exists a negative causality from renewables to co2 emissions within ekc model paper employs a panel data set of 17 oecd countries over the period 1977 2010 and launches panel fmols and panel dols estimations the findings support the ekc hypothesis for the panel and indicate that gdp per capita and gdp per capita squared have the impacts on co2 emissions positively and negatively respectively and that renewable energy consumption yields negative impact on co2 emissions another remark of this paper is that the validity of ekc does not depend on income level of individual countries of panel in which ekc hypothesis holds eventually paper argues that if countries carry out i policies i e for fair and easy access to the electricity from renewable sources and ii policies to increase renewables supply through i e improved renewable energy technologies they will be able to contribute to combating global warming problem as they increase their gdp s

a semi parametric panel data analysis on the urbanisation carbon emissions nexus for the mena countries abstract this study seeks to examine the impacts of urbanisation on carbon emissions through the investigation of the existence of an environmental kuznets curve ekc within the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat framework this is the first study in the mena region to explore the urbanisation and carbon emissions nexus using panel data together with a semi parametric panel fixed effects regression the data set refers to a panel of 20 countries in the mena region spanning the period 1980 2014 according to the results there is little evidence to support an inverted u shaped relationship between urbanisation and carbon emissions in the region more specifically it was found in the region and with the continuation of the urbanisation process carbon emissions per capita decreased in addition the results suggest that energy use and economic growth are the main sources of carbon emissions in the region the results imply that policies to reduce carbon emissions in the countries with relatively higher carbon emissions should concentrate more on energy use and the pattern of economic growth and not the urbanisation issue

factors affecting the take off of innovative technologies evidence from digital cameras while technological innovations are important for many industries take off sales for innovative products can have long lead times due to a variety of factors this article identifies the main parameters affecting digital camera take off sales in the us between 2001 and 2004 the study constructs an empirical model for film and digital camera shipments and finds that digital cameras primarily served as a substitute for low end film compacts rather than high end film single lens reflex slr cameras also growth in household pc ownership and windows xp market share were the main contributing factors to the decline of film cameras with pc penetration rate as the most important factor for digital camera diffusion

fdi and economic growth new evidence on the role of financial markets this study uses a threshold regression model and finds new evidence that the positive impact of fdi on growth kicks in only after financial market development exceeds a threshold level until then the benefit of fdi is non existent

investigating the validity of pollution haven hypothesis in the gulf cooperation council gcc countries this study investigated the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis in the gulf cooperation council gcc countries using a multivariate framework to achieve the goal of this study the non stationary panel techniques were used to examine the hypothesis from 1980 to 2009 based on the pedroni cointegration test results it was found that the variables are cointegrated moreover the fully modified ols results showed that energy consumption and gdp growth increase co2 emission while foreign direct investment inflows have a long run negative relationship with co2 emission furthermore based on the short run granger causality test results fdi has no short run causal relationship with co2 emission and energy consumption while energy consumption and gdp growth have a positive causal relationship with co2 emission thus the results of this study indicate that energy consumption and gdp growth are the source of pollution in the gcc countries and not the foreign direct investment inflows thus the study recommended that these countries should utilize policies to encourage inward foreign investment since it plays an important role in stimulating gdp growth

the environmental consequences of domestic and foreign investment evidence from china abstract fixed asset investment fai and foreign indirect investment fdi have important influences on economic development and environmental quality because environmental performance is related with economic development fai and fdi may affect environment indirectly through their impacts on economic growth in this study the direct and indirect effects of both fai and fdi on china s environmental quality are distinguished and separately estimated for the first time with a carefully designed framework of a two equation model because most economic activities and environmental pollutions occur in the urban areas a panel data of 112 chinese cities for the period 2002 2015 is utilized several spatial factors are also introduced to control for the potential spatial correlations in economic development and pollutant emissions the estimation results indicate that there exist apparent differences in the environmental effects of fai and fdi the direct effects of fai on so 2 emissions are significant positive and dominate the negative indirect effects by contrast the direct indirect and total effects of fdi on pollutant emissions are all negative therefore overall speaking well designed and targeted policies should be formulated to reduce the negative environmental impacts of fai and to increase the positive influences of fdi on environment

impact of corruption in public sector on environmental quality implications for sustainability in brics and next 11 countries abstract this study investigates the impact of corruption in public sector on carbon emissions in presence of energy use segregation following the environmental kuznets curve ekc framework the study has been carried out for brazil russia india china south africa brics and next 11 countries over the period of 1990 2017 along with the finding of inverted n shaped ekc for both the cases we find that incidents of corruption enhance environmental degradation by reducing the positive impact of renewable energy consumption on environmental quality and increasing the negative impact of fossil fuel consumption this study has also divulged that the corruptive practices are more prone in case of the countries where the development is mature and institutionalization is more stringent based on these findings we suggest that environmental policies should take account of the corruption and thereby making the policies more robust and effective

modelling the treatment effect of renewable energy policies on economic growth evaluation from mena countries abstract this paper investigates the effects of renewable energy re policies on economic growth in mena countries using the propensity score matching methodology our empirical analysis conducted on a sample of 24 economies 17 re and 7 non re countries from 1980 to 2012 shows that the treatment effect of re policies has a significant and positive impact on stimulating and promoting economic growth in mena economies that have implemented these energy policies re policies alone however are not sufficient this change requires the collective long term commitment of all stakeholders including governments citizens financiers private companies and international agencies this would help impede policy overlaps and incoherence as well as consequently improve the overall policy effectiveness

variations in the environment energy and macroeconomic interdependencies and related renewable energy transition policies based on sensitive categorization of countries in africa abstract the disparities in development levels of countries in africa necessitate correspondingly sensitive categorization approaches because effective renewable energy related rer decisions policy making and subsequent implementation hinges on workable categorization indices however studies on sensitive categorization approaches for energy environment economy 3e interdependencies for africa is rare this study uses a sensitive characteristic driven approach to explore the interdependencies in 3e indicators for carbon dioxide co2 emissions renewable energy consumption rec fossil fuel energy consumption gross domestic product gdp population and gross fixed capital formation in 39 african countries further we forecast the dollar values of policy innovations necessary to facilitate the transition to 100 renewable energies for 2030 using balanced data spanning 2000 2014 the empirical results from the panel vector error correction model show long run granger causality in co2 emissions rec and gdp models for africa but no evidence of such relationship was found four sub panels the results depict varied individual unidirectional and bidirectional causalities among the variables in each panel evidence from variance decomposition analysis show that 93 of innovations required to achieve renewable energy led africa must happen in rec results from the high precision own data driven forecast puts total energy demand in africa at 25qbtu in 2030 with 40 from renewables estimates of the dollar value of innovations depict that it would cost africa us 3367 2 billion in 2030 only to transition to 100 renewables we find rer investment reris in billion us ranging from 2 69 to 1274 12 for seven sub panels yet the panel of moderate lower middle income economies need not to make further investments because their existing reirs could be enough to help the region reach 100 renewables by 2030 the findings herein imply that rer policies in africa must be intensified to achieve 100 renewable energy target

modeling the evolution of markets with indirect network externalities an application to digital television the usefulness of a technology product for an end user often depends on the availability of complementary software products and services computers require software cameras require film and dvd players require movie programming in order for customers to value the whole product this phenomenon where the demand for hardware products is mediated by the supply of complementary software products is called an indirect network externality indirect network externalities create a two way contingency between the demand for the hardware product and the supply of software products and result in a strategic interdependence between the actions of hardware manufacturers and the actions of software providers indirect network externalities are gaining economic significance in technology markets because hardware and software are typically provided by independent firms and both sets of firms have an incentive to free ride on each others demand creation efforts despite the ubiquity of this phenomenon it has largely been ignored in the marketing science literature we present a conceptual and operational model for the evolution of markets with indirect network externalities the key feature of our framework is to model the market mediated dependence between the actions of hardware manufacturers and software complementors created by the direct dependence of consumer demand for the whole product on the actions of manufacturers as well as complementors in addition we incorporate marketing mix effects on consumer response aswell as heterogeneity in consumer preferences for hardware and software attributes we model consumer response usinga latent class choice model to estimate the complementor response functions we use a modified delphi technique that allows us to convert qualitative response data into quantitative response functions we integrate the consumer and complementor response models to create a simulation modelthat generates forecasts of market shares and sales volumes for competing technologies as a function of marketing mix effects and exogenously specified regulatory scenarios the modeling framework is of interest to new product modelers interested in creating empirical models and decision support systems for forecasting demand in technology markets characterized by indirect network externalities the decision support aspects of the modeling framework should appeal to managers interested in understanding and quantifying the complex interplay between hardware manufacturers and software complementors in the evolution of markets with indirect network externalities we present an application of the modeling framework to the u s digital television industry and use the framework to characterize the competition among analog and digital tv technologies our results suggest that complementor actions play an important role in the acceptance of digital tv technologies in general and high definition television hdtv in particular we find that forecasts that ignore the influence of indirect network externalities would be seriously biased in favor of hdtv we illustrate how the modeling framework can be used to identify and profile customer segments in the digital tv market based on their utility for hardware related features as well as programming related features we also illustrate the decision support capabilities of the modeling framework by evaluating the sensitivity of the forecasts to varying marketing regulatory and complementor response scenarios we derive implications for marketing and public affairs policies of the hardware manufacturers the developments in the digital tv industry generally support our finding that hdtv will be a niche product and will diffuse slower than originally expected due in part to the lack of programming the delays in the introduction of digital tv to the marketplace also suggest that most forecasts for infrastructure intensive technologies like digital tv may be too optimistic simply because they underestimate the delays in agreeing upon technology standards and resolving regulatory debates

renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus for china abstract the aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in china for the period 1977 2011 autoregressive distributed lag approach ardl to cointegration and johansen cointegration techniques are employed by including intermittent variables namely carbon dioxide emissions and labor we also employed granger causality test in order to determine the direction of the causality among the variables the results show that there is a bi directional long term causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth this finding implies that growing economy in china is propitious for the development of renewable energy sector which in turn helps to boost economic growth we also find that labor influences renewable energy consumption in the short term however there is no evidence of long or short run causality between carbon emissions and renewable energy consumption this implies that actual level of renewable energy in china is still insignificant and not considerably exploited in order to contribute to the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions

the impact of biomass consumption on co2 emissions cointegration analyses with regime shifts abstract the source of carbon dioxide co2 emissions has been of great interest to researcher s and or policy maker s within ongoing efforts to diminish the emissions in the world due to co2 s serious adverse environmental effect this paper investigates the possible existence of long run relationship between co2 emissions and biomass consumption in us for the period january 1990 september 2011 to this end paper first seeks for effect of biomass on co2 through energy literature and later follows cointegration analyses with structural breaks to reveal parameter estimates of long run equilibrium of co2 with fossil fuel consumption and biomass consumption eventually this paper explores that structural breaks are important to understand the course of co2 and that as expected fossil fuel and biomass effect co2 positively and negatively respectively alternative cointegration analyses with regime shifts confirm negative impact of biomass and positive impact of fossil fuel on co2 as well

the effect of foreign direct investment and stock market growth on clean energy use across a panel of emerging market economies this study investigates the impact of both fdi inflows and stock market developments on clean energy use across 20 emerging market economies spanning the period 1991 2012 it accounts for cross sectional dependence and heterogeneity in the analysis and employs robust panel econometric techniques the empirical results on long run elasticities display that economic output fdi inflows and stock market developments have all a significant positive impact on clean energy consumption finally the results on heterogeneous panel non causality tests indicate the presence of unidirectional causality running from fdi to clean energy consumption in the short run for robustness purposes the paper also estimates long run elasticities for individual countries with the findings documenting that both fdi inflows and stock market developments have a considerable positive impact on clean energy uses the findings urge that both policy makers and governments in these emerging market economies should initiate effective public private partnership investments in clean energy projects by providing lucrative incentives which in turn will encourage both domestic and foreign investors to invest more in clean energy projects and eventually moving these economies towards sustainable economic growth

energy innovation and renewable energy consumption in the correction of air pollution levels abstract this study analyses the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution specifically it investigates the presence of an environmental kuznets curve ekc in 17 oecd countries over the period of 1990 2012 the results confirm the existence of an n shaped ekc relationship between income and environmental degradation the study offers a novel methodological contribution that makes it possible to explain the environmental pollution process through the analysis of low carbon technologies this demonstrates how income levels affect energy consumption and how higher energy demand leads to a larger share of fossil sources in the energy mix and thus increased greenhouse gas ghg emissions the effect on per capita ghg emissions is explored in a model containing a dampening variable that moderates the relationship between energy consumption and income this empirical evidence helps to explain the interaction between energy regulation economic growth and carbon emissions this study also confirms the positive effect that energy innovation process exerts on environmental pollution finally it is noted that renewable energy sources help to improve air quality

exploring the relationship between energy usage segregation and environmental degradation in n 11 countries numerous studies regarding the economic growth environmental pollution link have struggled to determine the effects of various forms of energy consumption on environmental degradation particularly in the context of emerging economies this study examines the environmental kuznets curve ekc for co2 emissions in n 11 countries during 1990 2014 by segregating three forms of energy consumption renewable biomass and non renewable urbanization and trade openness are additional explanatory variables that are used in the empirical framework using the generalized moments method gmm the empirical evidence confirms the presence of an n shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation for n 11 countries this study analyzed the interaction effects among trade openness biomass consumption and economic growth these interactions had a negative impact on co2 emissions levels of n 11 countries suitable policy recommendations have been provided based on the detailed results

income inequality and pollution a reassessment of the environmental kuznets curve abstract improvements in some measures of air and water quality can accompany rising per capita income as illustrated by the so called environmental kuznets curve for pollution variables which show such a relationship we hypothesize that a more equitable distribution of power contributes to these outcomes by enhancing the influence on policy of those who bear the costs of pollution relative to the influence of those who benefit from pollution generating activities an empirical analysis of international variations in seven indicators of air and water quality supports this hypothesis literacy political rights and civil liberties are found to have particularly strong effects on environmental quality in low income countries

long run technical change and multifactor productivity growth in us manufacturing this study utilizes a translog cost function to produce econometric estimates of the separate influences of technical change versus scale efficiency in contributing to multifactor productivity growth within the us manufacturing sector the analysis generates two digit industry specific parameters that capture the effects of output versus time related shifts in the cost function over the 1949 1991 period thus initial evidence concerning the relative importance of technical progress versus scale cannot be provided as a source of productivity gains within two digit industries the parametric estimates of total factor productivity growth are compared with existing divisia measures to explore the shortcomings of the growth accounting technique these long run patterns hold implications for the productivity convergence hypothesis traced to knowledge spillovers between industries

renewable energy policies and contradictions in causality a case of next 11 countries abstract numerous studies on the causal relationship between economic growth energy consumption and carbon dioxide co2 emissions have shown divergence in policy recommendations which arises mainly due to the choice of methodology and the period of study this inconclusiveness in policy prescriptions might turn out to be critical when the renewable energy policies of the developing nations are considered our study analyses the causal relationship between economic growth carbon emissions fossil fuel and renewable energy consumption in next 11 countries during the period of 1990 2016 along with conducting parametric and non parametric causality tests together introducing the geweke 1982 causality test in the literature of energy economics we attempt to establish a wholesome aspect of policy design by comparing and complementing results of different causality analysis and how the causality directions should comply with the context setting our empirical evidence confirms that robust renewable energy policy can be designed by complementing the various causality test results rather than focusing on one particular causality test

factors determining energy consumption evidence from indonesia malaysia and thailand abstract the aim of this study is to verify empirically the impact of various factors on energy consumption in three asean countries namely indonesia malaysia and thailand over the period 1980 to 2012 after using sundry appropriate diagnostic tests for checking time series data the method of least square as an analytical technique is used for parameters estimation the findings validate that fdi inflows economic growth trade openness and human development index have positive and statistically significant impacts on energy consumption the other variable urbanization has positive and statistically significant impacts on energy consumption for thailand and indonesia only while the empirical results reveals that population growth rate has a positive and statistically significant relationship with energy consumption only in the case of malaysia so in the light of determinations of the study the policy implication is that energy policy needs to be orientated in favor of expanding the supply of energy to reach an enhanced degree of sustainable economic growth and development

the importance of renewable energy consumption and fdi inflows in reducing environmental degradation bootstrap ardl bound test in selected 9 countries abstract this study examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption non renewable energy consumption foreign direct investment economic growth and carbon emissions for the nine countries i e denmark finland france india italy morocco norway portugal sweden identified in the climate change performance index ccpi 2018 report this study mainly aims to demonstrate the role of renewable energy consumption and foreign direct investment on co2 emissions in countries with high scores in the ccpi using the newly developed bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach for this purpose the unit root properties of the variables are determined by sharp and smooth structural break unit root test sor shahbaz et al 2018 we then conduct a bootstrap ardl test developed by mcnown et al 2018 to investigate the existence of cointegration we also use granger causality based on the bootstrap ardl approach to identify causal relationships between variables empirical analysis results show only a few cointegration relationships between variables exist however we have identified significant long term relationships between foreign direct investment renewable energy consumption and economic growth in some countries and our study includes important policy implications particularly for relationship among co2 emissions and foreign direct investment inflows

interplay between technological innovation and environmental quality formulating the sdg policies for next 11 economies abstract since the inception of sustainable development goals sdgs the next 11 n11 countries are facing difficulties in attaining the sdg objectives as maintaining the environmental quality has been a challenge for them in this study we have revisited the technology policies of these countries and in doing so we have tried to address the problem of environmental degradation while addressing the issues of sustained economic growth clean and affordable energy and quality education in this pursuit we have designed two indices for environmental degradation and technological advancement and then analyzed the association between them following the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis the empirical analysis has been done by ipat framework and by using bootstrapped quantile regression and rolling window heterogeneous panel casualty tests over a period of 1990 2017 following the results obtained from the analysis we have tried to address the objectives of sdg 13 sdg 4 sdg 8 sdg 9 sdg 7 and sdg 10

energy consumption economic growth and co2 emissions in middle east and north african countries this article extends the recent findings of liu 2005 ang 2007 apergis et al 2009 and payne 2010 by implementing recent bootstrap panel unit root tests and cointegration techniques to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions energy consumption and real gdp for 12 middle east and north african countries mena over the period 1981 2005 our results show that in the long run energy consumption has a positive significant impact on co2 emissions more interestingly we show that real gdp exhibits a quadratic relationship with co2 emissions for the region as a whole however although the estimated long run coefficients of income and its square satisfy the ekc hypothesis in most studied countries the turning points are very low in some cases and very high in other cases hence providing poor evidence in support of the ekc hypothesis co2 emission reductions per capita have been achieved in the mena region even while the region exhibited economic growth over the period 1981 2005 the econometric relationships derived in this paper suggest that future reductions in co2 emissions per capita might be achieved at the same time as gdp per capita in the mena region continues to grow

a sample selection model for prepared food expenditures the factors affecting household expenditures on four types of prepared food products from a sample selection model estimated using a two step method are explored results suggest that several variables affect household expenditures on various prepared food products factors examined are presence of children number of earners region household size seasonality age race education and income