estimating residential demand for electricity in greece abstract this paper examines the residential demand for electricity in greece the issues of structural stability price and income sensitivity of both long and short run residential demand for electricity in greece were examined employing monthly data over the period 1986 1999 the long run residential demand for electricity is estimated taking into account changes in weather conditions weighted by the size of the population employing multivariate framework analysis a long run residential demand function for electricity sensitive to real income price level and weather conditions is found to exist and the importance of short run deviations is presented using vector error correction model vecm estimation the empirical evidence suggests the presence of a stable residential demand for electricity in greece both in the long and short run periods and the policy implications of such a relationship are presented

household electricity demand revisited respond to price changes this paper develops a model for evaluating the effects of alternative tariff designs on electricity use the model concurrently addresses several interrelated difficulties posed by nonlinear pricing heterogeneity in consumer price sensitivity and consumption aggregation over appliances and time we estimate the model using extensive data for a representative sample of 1300 california households the results imply a strikingly skewed distribution of household electricity price elasticities in the population with a small fraction of households accounting for most aggregate demand response we then estimate the aggregate and distributional consequences of recent tariff structure changes recent efforts to restructure electricity markets have renewed interest in electricity demand and pricing this interest reflects a broad desire to improve the efficiency of electricity markets and policy makers concerns over the impact of price changes on consumers how new pricing mechanisms would affect households consumption and expenditures is a matter of considerable uncertainty however this uncertainty has provoked controversy and debate in the regulatory policy arena hampering market reforms using econometric methods to assess the effects of electricity price changes presents several challenges these include the nonlinear structure of tariff schedules aggregation of metered consumption behaviour over time and appliances and the interdependence of energy use with longer term household decisions over appliance ownership and dwelling characteristics the first two issues introduce complex simultaneity problems between marginal prices and consumption the third issue imposes high data requirements information on household specific appliance holdings and residence features and creates heterogeneity in consumption responses related to the characteristics of these durable goods when the researcher s objective is to develop a model for simulating the effects of prospective tariff changes ignoring these issues will provide an incomplete assessment of demand responses and potentially misleading predictions of a new tariff s consumption and revenue consequences in this paper we estimate a model of household electricity demand that can be used

forecasting residential electricity consumption in greece using monthly and quarterly data abstract this paper studies electricity consumption household use only in greece we explore the dynamic relationships among several potentially relevant time series variables and develop appropriate models for forecasting it is apparent that personal disposable income temperature and the price of electricity used by the households play an important role in the demand for electricity in this study we use both monthly and quarterly data and find that the performance of quarterly models may not be as good as that of the monthly ones for transfer function model identification we use the linear transfer function ltf method which is more efficient and easier to use than the traditional cross correlation ccf method

an empirical study on the rebound effect considering capital costs technological progress is one of the means of reducing energy usage and carbon dioxide co2 emissions however this reduction in turn leads to a reduction in the real cost of energy services per unit which results in an increase in the demand for energy services therefore a reduction in the anticipated co2 emissions caused by a technological improvement might be partially offset in response to the cost reduction previous studies have referred to this effect as the rebound effect a large amount of empirical evidence on the rebound effect exists however most of these studies assume an exogenous improvement in energy efficiency and thus capital costs that may decrease the magnitude of the rebound effect are not taken into account expressly this paper extends the scope of the research conducted by brannlund et al brannlund r ghalwash t nordstrom j 2007 increased energy efficiency and the rebound effect effects on consumption and emissions energy economics 29 1 17 in terms of two aspects i considering capital costs explicitly as additional capital costs and ii adapting an iterating procedure and estimating the rebound effect using japanese household data as a result of our empirical analysis we conclude that the rebound is approximately 27 however we also find that ignoring additional capital costs leads to an increase in the rebound effect in the case of japanese households the magnitude of the rebound effect increases to approximately 115 moreover our simulation study shows that only a one time iteration of brannlund et al brannlund r ghalwash t nordstrom j 2007 increased energy efficiency and the rebound effect effects on consumption and emissions energy economics 29 1 17 may lead to a biased result

a rentier theory of subnational regimes fiscal federalism democracy and authoritarianism in the argentine provinces levels of subnational democracy vary significantly within countries around the world drawing on fiscal theories of the state the author argues that this variance is often explained by a type of rentierism that is not geographically determined by natural resources but politically created by certain fiscal federalism arrangements he posits that less democratic regimes are more likely in rentier provinces those that receive disproportionately large central government transfers and practically forgo local taxation intergovernmental revenue sharing rules that produce large vertical fiscal imbalances and favor the economically smaller districts provide their incumbents with generous fiscal federalism rents that allow them to restrict democratic contestation and weaken checks and balances statistical evidence from a panel data set of the argentine provinces strongly confirms this expectation even after controlling for standard alternative explanations such as level of development sensitivity analysis shows that this finding is extremely robust to alternative panel estimators qualitative and quantitative evidence suggests that the effect of heavy public spending on the economic autonomy of political actors is the main causal mechanism at work

regional variations in us consumer response to price changes in home heating fuels the northeast and the south 1987 regional variations in us consumer response to price changes in home heating fuels the northeast and the south applied economics vol 19 no 9 pp 1261 1268

the demand for residential electricity in south africa abstract this paper examines the residential demand for electricity in south africa as a function of real gross domestic product per capita and the price of electricity during the period 1978 2005 we make use of the bounds testing approach to cointegration within an autoregressive distributed framework suggested by pesaran et al 2001 bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships journal of applied econometrics 16 3 289 326 following the literature we use a linear double logarithmic form using income and price as independent variables in the empirical analysis in the long run we find that income is the main determinant of electricity demand while electricity price is insignificant

energy demand in ghana a disaggregated analysis this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of energy demand in ghana by estimating demand functions for key disaggregated energy components including gasoline diesel liquefied petroleum gas lpg kerosene biomass residual fuel oil rfo and electricity our results show that energy prices income urbanization and economic structure are significant demand drivers of the different energy types in ghana with varying estimated elasticities further there is evidence of high degree of inter fuel substitution in energy demand in ghana particularly from gasoline diesel and kerosene towards lpg consumption we recommend among different policy options a customization of energy price subsidization policies especially on lpg to reduce the unintended beneficiary dilemma or spillover effect of current government policy other policies such as intensification of energy conservation programs and market entry of independent power trading companies to enhance energy service delivery through competition are also discussed

global warming and energy demand list of tables list of figures list of contributors preface 1 global warming and energy elasticities terry barker paul ekins and nick johnstonepart 1 estimating long term energy elasticities 2 alternative approaches to estimating long run energy demand elasticities an application to asian developing countries ron smith and m hashem pesaran 3 a survey of international energy elasticities neil manning and jago atkinson 4 long run demand elasticities for gasoline thomas sterner and mikael franzen 5 responses of energy demand in uk manufacturing to the energy price increases of 1973 and 1979 80 alan ingham 6 elasticities for oecd aggregate final energy demand lakis vouyoukas 7 modelling uk energy demand derek hodgson and keith millerpart ii energy the economy and greenhouse gas abatement 8 endogenous technological progress in fossil fuel demand laurence boone stephen hall david kemball cook and clare smith 9 uk energy price elasticities and their implications for long term co2 abatement terry barker 10 price elasticity and market structure overcoming obstacles to ensure energy efficiency tim jackson 11 rethinking the use of energy elasticities stefan p schleicher 12 revisiting the costs of co2 abatement paul ekins 13 asymmetrical price elasticities of energy demand michael grubb14 conclusions terry barker paul ekins and nick johnstone bibliography index

the nature and nurture of economic outcomes this paper uses data on adopted children to examine the relative importance of biology and environment in determining educational and labor market outcomes i employ three long term panel data sets which contain information on adopted children their adoptive parents and their biological parents in at least two of the three data sets the mechanism for assigning children to adoptive parents is fairly random and does not match children to adoptive parents based on health race or ability i find that adoptive parents education and income have a modest impact on child test scores but a large impact on college attendance marital status and earnings in contrast with existing work on iq scores i do not find that the influence of adoptive parents declines with child age this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

staunching emigration from east germany age and the determinants of migration following the unification of germany in 1990 eastern wages and unemployment both rose rapidly i demonstrate that rising wages reduced eastern emigration greatly while rising unemployment had little effect this reflects the behavior of the young who are very sensitive to source region wages and relatively insensitive to source unemployment i show that most of the effect of source unemployment comes from the contemporaneous effect on those laid off who are more likely to be older i find that compared to stayers young emigrants are much more skilled older emigrants are slightly more skilled and commuters are not more skilled as measured by education and pre move wages my conclusions are based on a comparison of results from aggregate inter state migration data and individual data from the eastern sample of the german socio economic panel for 1990 2000 jel j61 p23

modelling aggregate domestic electricity demand in ghana an autoregressive distributed lag bounds cointegration approach in spite of the varying supply boosting efforts made by various governments to deal with the existing demand supply gap in the electricity sector the incessant growth in aggregate domestic electricity demand has made these efforts futile as an objective this paper attempts to identify the factors responsible for the historical growth trends in aggregate domestic electricity demand quantifying their effects both in the short run and long run periods using the ardl bounds cointegration approach and the sample period 1975 to 2005 in the long run real per capita gdp industry efficiency structural changes in the economy and degree of urbanisation are identified as the main driving force behind the historical growth trend in aggregate domestic electricity demand however in the short run real per capita gdp industry efficiency and degree of urbanisation are the main drivers of aggregate domestic electricity demand industry efficiency is the only factor that drives aggregate domestic electricity demand downwards however the negative efficiency effect is insufficient to have outweighed the positive income output and demographic effects hence the continual growth in aggregate domestic electricity demand as a policy option we recommend that appropriate electricity efficiency standards be implemented at the industry level

the demand for residential industrial and total electricity 1973 1998 this paper estimates residential industrial and total electricity demand by a partial adjustment approach and by a simultaneous equation approach simultaneous equation models are more appropriate since they provide negative price elasticity estimates for the residential industrial and total electricity samples flow adjustment models yield positive price elasticity estimates in some cases suggesting they fail to identify proper supply considerations that may be influencing prices the simultaneous equation approach suggests that residential customers are more price sensitive than industrial customers weather seems to have the greatest impact on the residential sector and cold weather appears to affect demand more than hot weather

electricity consumption employment and real income in australia evidence from multivariate granger causality tests this paper examines the relationship between electricity consumption employment and real income in australia within a cointegration and causality framework we find that electricity consumption employment and real income are cointegrated and that in the long run employment and real income granger cause electricity consumption while in the short run there is weak unidirectional granger causality running from income to electricity consumption and from income to employment

energy gdp relationship and capital intensity in ldcs abstract this study provides an updated estimate of the gdp elasticity of energy consumption for ldcs it uses a production function approach in determining this elasticity energy consumption is explained in terms of economic activity capital intensity and structure of economy the elasticity is found to be less than unitary this suggests that the earlier estimates for ldcs were biased

a dynamic analysis of interfuel substitution in u s industrial energy demand using data for 1960 92 to analyze interfuel substitution in the u s industrial sector a dynamic linear logit model is shown to provide superior global properties than a comparable dynamic translog model confirming earlier static results by t j considine 1989 the linear logit model provides a direct unbiased estimate of the rate of dynamic adjustment indicating a median response lag of less than two years excluding fuels used for nonenergy purposes yields larger estimates of the price elasticities for coal and oil and indicates generally greater potential for interfuel substitution than when using aggregate data

socioeconomic development and electricity consumption a cross country analysis using the random coefficient method this paper analyses the relationship between electricity consumption and socioeconomic variables by estimating the electricity consumption function on the basis of single year cross country data and using ols and random coefficient rc methods the latter method yields both mean response as well as country specific coefficients while electricity consumption is found to rise with socioeconomic development it is found to be inelastic with respect to changes in all the variables the estimated country specific coefficients with respect to per capita gnp and share of industry in gdp are found not to vary across countries indicating that the impact of these variables on electricity consumption is similar across countries on the other hand the impact of other variables years of schooling gdp growth urbanization and population density is found to vary substantially across countries

residential electricity demand dynamics in turkey abstract this article provides fresh empirical evidences for the income and price elasticies of the residential energy demand both in the short run and long run for turkey over the period 1968 2005 using the bounds testing procedure to cointegration the computed elasticities of income and price are consistent with the previous studies and as expected the long run elasticities are greater than the short run elasticities an augmented form of granger causality analysis is implemented among residential electricity income price and urbanization in the long run causality runs interactively through the error correction term from income price and urbanization to residential energy but the short run causality tests are inconclusive the parameter stability of the short run as well as long run coefficients in the residential energy demand function are tested the results of these tests display a stable pattern

influencing factors on electricity demand in chinese nonmetallic mineral products industry a quantile perspective abstract chinese nonmetallic mineral products industry is one of the largest electricity consumer in china and has a large impact on overall electricity consumption in china this paper examines the impact of economic variables on the demand for electricity in chinese nonmetallic mineral products industry where economic growth sectoral value added per worker sectoral r d intensity and energy price were utilized to analyze sectoral electricity consumption with an application of quantile model the paper s estimates unveiled the varying effects of economic variables across the spectrum of sectoral electricity consumption where the coefficient of economic growth was positive and significant across all quantiles while sectoral value added per worker had both positive and negative significant coefficients an increase in income level and sectoral value added per worker will increase the electricity consumed by the industry however the latter will also enhance a decreasing trend in few regions across china and did not influence high energy efficiency but rather enhanced the production of additional outputs while sectoral r d intensity and energy price will ensure a substantial decrease in sectoral electricity consumption with the latter having a greater impact increase in investment for sectoral r d intensity will boost technological advancement and is recommended as a cornerstone to ensuring decline in sectoral energy consumption that will buttress sectoral value added per worker coupled with a robust energy price

economic growth and transport energy consumption in the latin american and caribbean countries abstract transport is a strategic sector for economic development whilst being one of the most polluting sectors of the economy the latin american and caribbean countries have been consolidated as the region with significantly faster energy consumption growth this paper analyzes how the gdp per capita affects the transport energy consumption testing possible non linear relationships between variables a transport energy consumption function depending on gdp and its squared and cubed value is estimated for 22 lac countries over the period 1990 2014 the results support an n shaped curve while the elasticity values of transport energy consumption with respect to gdp per capita do not show a tendency to decrease in the long term fourteen lac countries show absolute coupling levels at the end of the period while the rest exhibit partial couplings likewise trade openness population density degree of urbanization and structural changes in the economy have positive effects on the transport energy consumption this paper proposes some energy efficiency measures to control the growing energy use and the promotion of biofuels and electric vehicles is also considered necessary to reduce the negative effects of transport energy use

an empirical analysis of energy demand in namibia abstract using a unique database of end user local energy data and the recently developed autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration we estimate the long run elasticities of the namibian energy demand function at both aggregated level and by type of energy electricity petrol and diesel for the period 1980 2002 our main results show that energy consumption responds positively to changes in gdp and negatively to changes in energy price and air temperature the differences in price elasticities across fuels uncovered by this study have significant implications for energy taxation by namibian policy makers we do not find any significant cross price elasticities between different fuel types

the evolution of price elasticity of electricity demand in south africa a kalman filter application abstract in south africa the electricity mismatch of supply and demand has been of major concern additional to past problems the 2008 electricity crisis made the solution crucial after its damaging consequences to the economy the disagreement on the need and consequences of the continuous electricity price hikes worsens the situation to contribute to the recent electricity debate this paper proposes a time varying price elasticity of demand for electricity the sensitivity of electricity consumption to price fluctuations changes throughout the years the main purpose of this study is the estimation of the price elasticity of electricity in south africa during the period 1980 2005 by employing an advanced econometric technique the kalman filter apart from the decreasing effect of electricity prices to consumption 71 8 in the 1990s and 94 5 in the 2000s in average our results conclude to an important finding the higher the prices for example in the 1980s the higher the sensitivity of consumers to price fluctuations thus further increases of the electricity prices may lead to changes in the behaviour of electricity consumers focusing their efforts on improving their efficiency levels by introducing demand side management techniques or even turning to other sources of cheaper energy

electricity demand in kazakhstan properties of electricity demand in transition economies have not been sufficiently well researched mostly due to data limitations however information on the properties of electricity demand is necessary for policy makers to evaluate effects of price changes on different consumers and obtain demand forecasts for capacity planning this study estimates kazakhstan s aggregate demand for electricity as well as electricity demand in the industrial service and residential sectors using regional data firstly our results show that price elasticity of demand in all sectors is low this fact suggests that there is considerable room for price increases necessary to finance generation and distribution system upgrading secondly we find that income elasticity of demand in the aggregate and all sectoral models is less than unity of the three sectors electricity demand in the residential sector has the lowest income elasticity this result indicates that policy initiatives to secure affordability of electricity consumption to lower income residential consumers may be required finally our forecast shows that electricity demand may grow at either 3 or 5 per year depending on rates of economic growth and government policy regarding price increases and promotion of efficiency we find that planned supply increases would be sufficient to cover growing demand only if real electricity prices start to increase toward long run cost recovery levels and policy measures are implemented to maintain the current high growth of electricity efficiency

recent experiences with tariffs for saving electricity in households abstract financial incentives or disincentives in the form of electricity tariffs can be used to encourage energy efficiency in this paper two simple tariffs aimed at residential consumers are reviewed progressive tariffs pts which penalise high consumption of electricity and electricity saving feed in tariffs esfits which provide incentives to reduce consumption of electricity the effectiveness of these tariffs is quantified and compared using the price elasticity for pt and an incentive elasticity for esfit the results indicate that pts are more effective in mobilising electricity saving than esfits and confirm biases in human decision making here loss aversion while further research is necessary we propose a tariff which would motivate consumers to reduce their consumption by offering both an incentive for reaching an energy saving goal and a disincentive for failing to reach this goal the flexibility of such a tariff makes it a promising solution suitable for application in countries with a comparatively high household income and liberalised retail electricity market

long and short run elasticities of residential electricity consumption in china a partial adjustment model with panel data abstractwhile it has stabilized in developed world the per capita residential electricity consumption rec in developing countries such as china is growing very rapidly and this trend is very likely to continue built upon a provincial level panel data we employ a partial adjustment model to investigate the future trend of rec in china and factors that affect it we estimate the income and price short term and long term elasticities for urban and rural china respectively and compare the results with rec studies in other countries or regions the findings provide useful information to understand how the rec would grow in china as household income increases and how effective that price could be as an intervention tool

estimates of electricity saving potential in chinese nonferrous metals industry the paper analyzes the electricity saving potential of nonferrous metals industry in china the cointegration method is applied to estimate electricity intensity of chinese nonferrous metals industry in an effort to predict future electricity saving potential the results show that there is a long run equilibrium between electricity intensity and factors such as r d intensity industrial electricity price enterprise scale and labor productivity by means of scenario analysis we evaluate different possible measures that might be adopted to narrow down the electricity efficiency gap between nonferrous metals industry in china and that of japan the results indicate that more active electricity conservation policies are needed in order to reduce the electricity intensity of chinese nonferrous metals industry we also find that the electricity efficiency gap could be significantly narrowed by 2020 if proper electricity conservation policy is adopted finally based on the results of the scenario analysis future policy priorities are suggested

intergenerational correlations in labor market status a comparison of the united states and germany this paper uses data from the panel study of income dynamics and the german socioeconomic panel to calculate comparable measures of the intergenerational correlations of earnings hours and education in the us and germany the results indicate that there is remarkable similarity across the two countries in the correlations of earnings and of annual work hours of fathers and sons all of the correlations which involve women appear to be weaker in germany than the us perhaps due to the greater integration of women in the us into the labor market they find weak correlations in earnings and work hours for parent child pairs of different sexes in both countries they also find that intergenerational correlations in educational attainment are considerably stronger in the us authors

response of residential electricity demand to price the effect of measurement error abstract in this paper we present an empirical analysis of the residential demand for electricity using annual aggregate data at the state level for 48 us states from 1995 to 2007 earlier literature has examined residential energy consumption at the state level using annual or monthly data focusing on the variation in price elasticities of demand across states or regions but has failed to recognize or address two major issues the first is that when fitting dynamic panel models the lagged consumption term in the right hand side of the demand equation is endogenous this has resulted in potentially inconsistent estimates of the long run price elasticity of demand the second is that energy price is likely mismeasured to address these issues we estimate a dynamic partial adjustment model using the kiviet corrected least square dummy variables lsdv 1995 and the blundell bond 1998 estimators we find that the long term elasticities produced by the blundell bond system gmm methods are largest and that from the bias corrected lsdv are greater than that from the conventional lsdv from an energy policy point of view the results obtained using the blundell bond estimator where we instrument for price imply that a carbon tax or other price based policy may be effective in discouraging residential electricity consumption and hence curbing greenhouse gas emissions in an electricity system mainly based on coal and gas power plants

is it more effective to bring time of use pricing into increasing block tariffs evidence from evaluation of residential electricity price policy in anhui province abstract reform of energy prices in china has stepped into a crucial stage it has become a controversial issue after the reform of increasing block tariffs ibts for household electricity followed by a time of use tou pricing policy using eles model this paper estimates the price elasticity of residential electricity demand based on perceived price and price elasticity a power structure model demand response for nonlinear electricity price is proposed taking anhui province as a case this paper analyzes the attainment situation of such policy objectives as electricity saving consumer welfare equity improvement and peak shaving with the introduction of tou pricing into ibts for household electricity the results show that ibts helps reduce electricity consumption by 0 74 0 93 with minor energy effect ibts may lead to a maximum 1 57cny increase of electricity expense per household per month which is acceptable for residents it also may reduce cross subsidy to some extent after introducing tou pricing the efficiency of peak shaving is only 2 25 2 78 and the load decrement at peak periods is far lower than the increase at valley periods while the effect of electricity conservation and cross subsidy reduction have been alleviated in other words peak valley price is not only difficult to achieve its own objective effectively but also prohibits the effect of ibts based on the above conclusions some policy recommendations are provided to improve the price reform of residential electricity natural gas and other public resources in various regions of china and foreign regions with similar electricity market

the demand for electricity in the gcc countries abstract cointegration techniques are used to study the effects of economic variables on electricity demand in the gcc countries a dynamic model is estimated using aggregate data for the six states spanning the period 1970 97 statistical investigations confirm the existence of unit root in all time series employed in the study which called for the use of cointegration and error correction methodologies empirical results indicate that both income and price have an impact on electricity consumption and income and price policies could be effectively facilitated in electricity demand management

price and income elasticities of residential and industrial electricity demand in the european union this study examines the short and long run price and income elasticities of residential and industrial electricity demand in the european union between 1996 and 2016 instrumental variable models using the between estimator as well as dynamic panel models are employed to present robust estimates and to assess the impact of different methodologies on the reported elasticities the long run price elasticity of residential electricity consumption is estimated between 0 53 and 0 56 these elasticities are more inelastic than that of industrial electricity use which is reported between 0 75 and 1 01 the choice of different econometric methodologies has only moderate impact on the estimates while long run residential income elasticity estimates are moderately inelastic and estimated around 0 61 industrial electricity use tends to be closely tied to income with elasticities between 0 76 and 1 08 electricity demand in all sectors is highly price and income inelastic in the short run additionally population density temperatures and policy measures also influence sectoral electricity use the above estimates can aid the design of european energy and environmental policy

application of ramsey model in transition economy a russian case study this case study uses the ramsey model to analyze whether the current electricity prices charged by the natural monopoly novosibirskenergo in a major industrial region of the russian federation are socially optimal our estimates of demand elasticities for two major groups of consumers namely households and industrial users show that prices are not socially optimal a decrease in price for industrial users and an increase in price for households would bring the prices closer to socially optimal

elasticities of electricity demand in urban indian households abstract in the past several electricity demand studies have been published for india based on aggregate macro data at the country or sub national state level since the underlying theory of consumer demand is based on the behaviour of individual agents the use of micro data which reflects individual and household behaviour more closely can shed greater light on the nature of consumer responses in this paper seasonal price and income elasticities of electricity demand in the residential sector of all urban areas of india are estimated for the first time using disaggregate level survey data for about 30 000 households three electricity demand functions have been econometrically estimated using monthly data for the winter monsoon and summer season in order to understand the extent to which factors like income prices household size and other household specific characteristics influence variations observed in individual households electricity demand the results show electricity demand is income and price inelastic in all three seasons and that household demographic and geographical variables are significant in determining electricity demand

one price doesn t fit all an examination of heterogeneity in price elasticity of residential electricity in india abstract although well designed consumer electricity pricing can improve access contribute to higher metering increase penetration of energy efficient technologies limit extent of the rebound effect and influence viability of electricity distribution utilities in india there has been no comprehensive policy relevant assessment of price elasticities of electricity demand in the country the objective of this study is to estimate price elasticity of residential electricity consumption and disaggregate it by state rural and urban residence and income categories to provide evidence for electricity tariff setting in india we combine survey data from five rounds of nationally representative household consumption expenditure surveys covering the period 2005 2012 with administrative data on electricity deficit and improve on methods applied in previous studies by estimating price elasticities using a quadratic form to account for constraints in electricity supply we find that while the average price elasticity at the national level is 0 39 95 confidence interval 0 46 0 31 it varies significantly by state rural and urban residence and income categories our results indicate that a one price fits all policy may not be an effective approach to electricity tariff setting in india and a data driven understanding of heterogeneities in price elasticities can better inform residential electricity tariff design in the country

tourism and temperature effects on the electricity consumption of the hospitality sector abstract the european union has recently presented a strategic long term vision for a climate neutral economy by 2050 considering that climate change is a serious concern for europeans a great socio economic transformation is necessary affecting all economic sectors on the one hand the european union considers that it is necessary to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 on the other hand sectors need to adapt to a warming climate focusing on the tourism sector and using panel data referring to 12 spanish mediterranean provinces and the 1999 2014 time period this study tests the tourist stays and temperature effects on the electricity consumption of the hospitality sector by estimating extended energy environmental kuznets curves for the sector the results show that this curve is not supported instead electricity consumption progressively increases as tourism grows in addition the results indicate that temperature variables have notable influence over electricity use with a positive influence of global warming on electricity consumption finally results also show positive relationships between overnight stays in hotels with higher star ratings and electricity use while no significant price effects are observed electricity saving measures and renewable electricity generation promotion are recommended especially in the highest energy consuming establishments

estimation of residential electricity demand in hong kong under electricity charge subsidies abstract over the past decade the hong kong hk government provided electricity charges subsidies for residential accounts to alleviate the burden of inflation and later the burden of economic downturn in this study we estimate an econometric model of residential electricity demand and test the existence of a stable long run relationship for the period 1980 2016 while accounting for the relief measures set out by the hk government since 2008 empirical results suggest that there exists a long run relationship among residential electricity consumption electricity price income per capita and weather variables temperature or cooling degree days in the absence of electricity charge subsidies the demand is found to be both price and income inelastic on the other hand hk s residential electricity consumers are unresponsive to price and income changes when electricity subsidies are in place following its new carbon reduction plan hk is gradually phasing out coal for electricity generation to replace it mainly with natural gas our results suggest that new residential electricity charge subsidies can lessen the effectiveness of6 climate policies aimed at reducing electricity consumption through increases in the electricity price

residential electricity demand in spain new empirical evidence using aggregate data this paper presents an empirical analysis on residential demand for electricity this analysis has been performed using aggregate panel data at the province level for 47 spanish provinces for the period from 2000 to 2008 for this purpose we estimated a log log demand equation for electricity consumption using a dynamic partial adjustment approach this dynamic demand function has been estimated using a two step system gmm estimator proposed by blundell and bond 1998 the purpose of this empirical analysis is to highlight some of the characteristics of spanish residential electricity demand particular attention has been paid to the influence of price income and weather conditions on electricity demand the estimated short and long run own price elasticities are negative as expected but lower than 1 furthermore weather variables have a significant impact on electricity demand

short and long run elasticities in us residential electricity demand a co integration approach abstract co integration techniques show promise in the analysis of short and long run effects of economic variables on energy use we use these techniques to develop an error correction model of annual us residential electricity demand we construct equipment stock indices and estimate the model for 1949 1993 our analysis suggests a structural shift in consumption during the 1960s we discuss reasons for this shift report the short and long run elasticities provide forecasts for 1994 1995 and compare the model s forecasts with other published forecasts

change in consumer sensitivity to electricity prices in response to retail deregulation a panel empirical analysis of the residential demand for electricity in the united states abstract about ten years have passed since the deregulation of the u s retail electricity market and it is now generally accepted that the available data is adequate to quantitatively assess and compare conditions before and after deregulation this study therefore estimates the changes in price elasticity in the residential electricity market to examine the changes if any in household sensitivity as a result of retail electricity market deregulation policies to residential electricity rates specifically six types of panel data are prepared based on three cross sections all states except for alaska and hawaii and the district of columbia deregulated states and non deregulated states and two time series the period before deregulation and the period after deregulation the panel empirical analysis techniques are used to determine whether or not the variables are stationary and to estimate price elasticity we find that there is no substantial difference in the price elasticity between deregulated and non deregulated states for both periods before deregulation and after deregulation thus it can be said that the deregulation of the retail electricity market has not made consumers more sensitive to electricity rates and that retail deregulation policies are not the cause of price elasticity differences between deregulated and non deregulated states

why the apple doesn t fall far understanding intergenerational transmission of human capital parents with higher education levels have children with higher education levels however is this because parental education actually changes the outcomes of children suggesting an important spillover of education policies or is it merely that more able individuals who have higher education also have more able children this paper proposes to answer this question with a unique dataset from norway using the reform of the education system that was implemented in different municipalities at different times in the 1960s as an instrument for parental education we find little evidence of a causal relationship between parents education and children s education despite significant ols relationships we find 2sls estimates that are consistently lower than the ols estimates with the only statistically significant effect being a positive relationship between mother s education and son s education these findings suggest that the high correlations between parents and children s education are due primarily to family characteristics and inherited ability and not education spillovers

modelling electricity demand in ghana revisited the role of policy regime changes as policy regime changes demand elasticities are unlikely to be constant since individuals change how they form their expectations and this will change the estimated decision rules in this paper the time varying nature of electricity demand elasticities prior to and post the economic reform period in ghana is analysed using the fm ols three different sample periods pre reform post reform and full period was used in the analysis the result from the full sample period revealed that in the long run electricity demand is significantly affected by industry efficiency industry value added and real per capita gdp urbanization rate however has no significant effect the pre reform estimate showed lower income output and urbanization elasticities but higher industry energy efficiency elasticity relative to the post reform period this suggests that technological change in the pre reform period has been energy saving whilst technological change in the post reform period has been energy consuming the result further showed evidence of changing structure of the economy from the more energy intensive sector to the less energy intensive sector after the reform government should renew her effort in promoting energy saving technologies in the industrial sector and adjust the industrial structure to encourage the expansion of low energy intensive industries or high technology efficient industries

optimal opt in residential time of use contract based on principal agent theory installation of smart meters is increasing world wide opening the possibility to implement time of use tou tariffs to moderate peak loads this study is focused on the design of an optimal opt in residential tou tariff residential consumers are assumed to act in their private interests and maximize utility in response to tariffs the regulated utility has a broader interest in maximizing societal welfare however the regulated utility cannot impose household behavior and cannot directly observe household type instead the regulated utility must offer contract options including both a tou tariff and current pricing to allow households to self select the plan best suited to their interests this paper proposes a simple flexible household utility function that can be calibrated with minimal data to describe diverse household behaviors and reveal household responses to different prices an optimal pricing model is designed for the regulated utility taking account of asymmetric information and potential household opportunistic behavior using economic constructs from principal agent theory the pricing model ensures participation among households most aligned with the regulated utility s desire the pricing model can also be extended for competitive markets a case study is performed to demonstrate the benefit the optional tou tariff can realize

evaluation of electricity saving potential in china s chemical industry based on cointegration new huadu business school ministry of education foundation 10jzd0018 10gbj013 basic research universities special foundation 2010221051 national social science foundation 09zd050

the real time price elasticity of electricity the real time price elasticity of electricity contains important information on the demand response of consumers to the volatility of peak prices despite the importance empirical estimates of the real time elasticity are hardly available this paper provides a quantification of the real time relationship between total peak demand and spot market prices we find a low value for the real time price elasticity which may partly be explained from the fact that not all users observe the spot market price if we correct for this phenomenon we find the elasticity to be fairly low for consumers currently active in the spot market if this conclusion applies to all users this would imply a limited scope for government intervention in supply security issues

household energy elasticities and policy implications for pakistan abstract this study estimates fuel expenditure and price elasticities of household fuels in pakistan the burning of biomass is harmful to health and the environment and may cause preventable morbidity and mortality it is important to investigate how households fuel choices are linked to prices so that governments can consider appropriate steps to enhance the consumption of clean fuels using three pooled cross sectional surveys from pakistan and applying the linear approximate almost ideal demand system la aids model we found that all fuel types except natural gas were price inelastic at the national level and for urban households in rural areas natural gas and lpg were found to be more price elastic compared to urban areas simple policy simulations based on our results suggest that in order to reduce indoor air pollution by encouraging the adoption of clean fuels lpg and piped natural gas governments should subsidies clean fuels rather than imposing taxes on solid fuels moreover in the case of pakistan a subsidy for lpg should be preferred over a subsidy for piped natural gas as it produces a more cost effective reduction in solid fuel use

incorporating life cycle external cost in optimization of the electricity generation mix the present work aims to examine the strategic decision of future electricity generation mix considering together with all other factors the effect of the external cost associated with the available power generation technology options not only during their operation but also during their whole life cycle the analysis has been performed by integrating the life cycle assessment concept into a linear programming model for the yearly decisions on which option should be used to minimize the electricity generation cost the model has been applied for the case of greece for the years 2012 2050 and has led to several interesting results firstly most of the new generating capacity should be renewable mostly biomass and wind while natural gas is usually the only conventional fuel technology chosen if externalities are considered wind energy increases its share and hydro power replaces significant amounts of biomass generated energy furthermore a sensitivity analysis has been performed one of the most important findings is that natural gas increases its contribution when externalities are increased summing up external cost has been found to be a significant percentage of the total electricity generation cost for some energy sources therefore significantly changing the ranking order of cost competitiveness for the energy sources examined

estimation of elasticities for electricity demand in brazilian households and policy implications abstract this paper aims to identify the demand elasticity in energy consumption by brazilian families by using an original household level sample we are the first to identify the average price and income elasticities for brazil we also investigate heterogeneous effects across different quantiles through a quantile regression qr analysis finally we extend the results of the qr analysis and combine them with aggregated data to assess the effects of two price policies a cross subsidy and the recently adopted tariff flags the primary data comes from the household budget survey pof for two periods 1998 99 and 2008 13 conducted in the metropolitan area of sao paulo the price and income elasticities range from 0 46 to 0 56 and from 0 20 to 0 32 respectively the qr results indicate that households behavioral response to a price increase is non uniform across groups and that the reaction is stronger for the lower quantiles additionally tariff flags lead to a more significant reduction in consumption for the low income residences therefore representing a regressive policy on the other hand a cross subsidy that increases the energy price to ordinary residences by 1 could mean a decrease in electricity prices of between 7 5 and 12 4 to low income families

electricity consumption and metropolitan economic performance in guangzhou 1950 2013 abstract this study analyzes the relationship between electricity consumption and metropolitan economic growth for guangzhou china using 64 years of annual frequency data the capital stock is used as a control variable because of its role in mediating the relationship between energy utilization and economic output empirical results indicate unidirectional granger causality from electricity consumption to metropolitan economic performance in the short run this is consistent with the argument that dependable electricity infrastructure and service can play a vital role in facilitating economic growth implications for conservation efforts and regional development are discussed

price elasticities policy measures and actual developments in household energy consumption a bottom up analysis for the netherlands in the netherlands it seems likely that the large number of new policy measures in the past decade has influenced the response of households to changing prices to investigate this issue the energy trends in the period 1990 2000 have been simulated with a bottom up model applied earlier for scenario studies and extensive data from surveys for a number of alternative price cases the elasticity values found are explained using the bottom up changes in energy trends one finding is that the specific set of saving options defines for a great part the price response the price effect has been analysed too in combination with the policy measures standards subsidies and energy taxes the simulation results indicate that the elasticity value could be 30 40 higher without these measures

how much do electricity tariff increases in ukraine hurt the poor abstract increasing the electricity tariffs for private consumers to cost covering levels has been a very sensitive issue for all transition countries the likely negative social consequences are the central argument why the necessary tariff corrections have not yet been implemented in ukraine by the political decision makers since official data is not available there is insufficient knowledge regarding the electricity consumption behaviour of private households this makes it difficult to counter the official arguments with hard evidence a survey was carried out by the authors giving a more detailed picture basic data of the survey was used in evaluating the impact of possible tariff increases on the household expenditures of different income groups using both the compensating cv and the equivalent variation ev methods the findings confirm that an electricity tariff increase up to the level which would cover officially measured costs as defined by the ukrainian electricity regulatory authority would not cause severe social problems however further increases up to a level which would cover the true costs i e up to a level comparable to the average oecd level should only be realised in steps

electricity demand and conservation potential in the chinese nonmetallic mineral products industry newhuadu business school research fund ministry of education foundation 10jzd0018 10jbg013 china sustainable energy program g 1103 13921 national social science foundation 09zd050

perception of price when price information is costly evidence from residential electricity demand a bstract residential electricity consumption is an example of a good for which it is costly to determine marginal price since price changes with the quantity purchased according to multistep block rate schedules this paper investigates the effect of the price information problem on consumers price perceptions an alternative hypothesis of average price perception is tested against the marginal price postulate which assumes wellinformed consumers the model which includes a price perception variable allows the estimation of the price to which consumers actually respond the empirical results support the hypothesis that consumers respond to average price perceived from the electricity bill

the decline in intergenerational mobility in post socialism evidence from the bulgarian case summary we examine changes in the statistical association between parents and children s schooling in one post socialist country bulgaria we document its near doubling between 1995 and 2001 for children of less educated parents this produced an absolute decline in average attainment these children were educated during a period of economic depression and significant reductions in public spending which led to school closures and shortages of materials along with increases in out of pocket costs we conclude that the economic and fiscal crisis of the 1990s led to a sharp decline in educational mobility this may have relevance for other countries experiencing similar economic shocks

sensitivity of price elasticity of demand to aggregation unobserved heterogeneity price trends and price endogeneity evidence from u s data abstract price elasticity estimates of residential electricity demand vary widely across the energy economics and policy literature in this paper we seek to explain these findings using three nationwide datasets from the u s the american housing survey forms eia 861 and the residential energy consumption survey we examine the role of the sample period level of aggregation use of panel data use of instrumental variables and inclusion of housing characteristics and capital stock our findings suggest that price elasticities have remained relatively constant over time upon splitting our panel datasets into annual cross sections we do observe a negative relationship between price elasticities and the average price whether prices are rising or falling appears to have little effect on our estimates we also find that aggregating our data can result in both higher and lower price elasticity estimates depending on the dataset used and that controlling for unit level fixed effects with panel data generally results in more inelastic demand functions addressing the endogeneity of price and or measurement error in price with instrumental variables has a small but noticeable effect on the price elasticities finally controlling for housing characteristics and capital stock produces a lower price elasticity

energy demand until 2010 in ukraine abstract the economic development and environmental soundness of ukraine is hampered and even threatened today by an outdated energy system which delivers energy to the customers at high internal and external costs painful changes are necessary to adapt this system to the requirements of a market economy and international competition realistic projections of future energy consumption may help to clarify the amount of necessary changes and counter official projections which often belong to the realm of utopia in this context the german institute for economic research diw has been commissioned by the german advisory group on economic reform in ukraine with an evaluation of energy projections for ukraine in 1998 in this article i present an updated version of this study to get a feeling for the growth potential of energy consumption in ukraine an international comparison of specific energy consumption is made some rough scenarios of energy demand in ukraine until 2010 are also sketched in scenario i assumptions were made concerning gdp growth in each sector income elasticity of energy consumption price elasticity of energy consumption and effects of technical progress in scenario ii we assumed the development of specific energy consumption in eastern germany may provide a suitable guideline for ukraine each approach is applied to a case with low and a case with high economic growth the results of international comparisons are ambiguous for ukraine energy consumption per gdp unit is extremely high in ukraine even in comparison to russia and other transition countries to this result contribute technical inefficiencies but also structural factors high share of basic industry as well as the persistent economic crisis energy consumption per capita in ukraine is relatively high in relation to gdp per capita electricity consumption per capita in contrast nearly corresponds to the low average income in ukraine the results of our scenario calculations indicate that in contrast to official projections energy consumption in 2010 will probably be lower than in 1995 even with high economic growth in view of the slow growth prospect of overall energy demand it will not be necessary to expand coal production and electricity generation with nuclear energy in order to reduce energy imports this conclusion would even be strengthened if the government stimulated energy efficiency improvements by special programmes that are not taken into account in our scenarios

residential electricity demand in taiwan this paper examines the residential demand for electricity in taiwan as a function of household disposable income population growth the price of electricity and the degree of urbanization short and long term effects are separated through the use of an error correction model in the long run the income elasticity is unit elastic the own price effect is negative and inelastic in an error correction framework the short run income and price effects are small and less than the long run effects cooling degree day effects have a positive impact on short run consumption we have used a proxy variable urbanization to capture economic development characteristics and changes in electricity using capital stocks not explained by income the variable provides significant explanatory power to the model both in the short and long run we interpret it as controlling for economic development factors not captured by the pure income effect and we think it holds promise for explaining residential electricity consumption in other developing countries

an empirical analysis of electricity consumption in cyprus abstract the paper presents the first empirical analysis of electricity consumption in cyprus using annual data from 1960 to 2004 we have examined electricity use in the residential and the services sectors which are the fastest growing electricity consumers in the island and its interaction with income prices and the weather the analysis was performed with the aid of time series analysis techniques such as unit root tests with and without a structural break in levels cointegration tests vector error correction models granger causality tests and impulse response functions results show long term elasticities of electricity use above unity for income and of the order of 0 3 to 0 4 for prices in the short term electricity consumption is rather inelastic mostly affected by weather fluctuations granger causality tests confirm exogeneity of electricity prices and bidirectional causality between residential electricity consumption and private income the commercial sector is less elastic and reverts faster to equilibrium than the residential sector despite the relatively small sample size results reported here are quite robust and can be used for forecasts and policy analyses

long term electricity demand in china from quantitative to qualitative growth abstract this paper develops scenarios of electricity demand in china until 2010 at a national a sectoral and a regional level it takes into account the recent macroeconomic downturn in the chinese economy and the potential effects of deregulation and price increases in the power sector the medium growth scenario hints at a gross electricity demand of 1500 twh in 2010 should the structural change from agriculture and heavy industry towards light industry and services accelerate electricity demand may be another 10 lower these figures are significantly below the projections fixed in the government s 9th five year plan which forecasts a demand of 2500 twh the aggregate and sectoral scenarios imply that current development plans for generating capacity and coal consumption until 2010 too need to be scaled down the disaggregation at the level of the 13 inter provincial and provincial power grids hints at potential regional discrepancies the large industrial areas in eastern china and the central region are likely to face overcapacity whereas north china and the peripheral regions may face deficits

short and long run elasticities of electricity demand in the korean service sector abstract this paper attempts to examine the electricity demand function in the korean service sector using the annual data covering the period 1970 2011 the short and long run elasticities of electricity demand with respect to price and income are empirically estimated using a co integration and error correction model the short and long run price elasticities are estimated to be 0 421 and 1 002 respectively the short and long run income elasticities are computed to be 0 855 and 1 090 respectively electricity demand in the service sector is inelastic to changes in both price and income in the short run but elastic in the long run therefore it appears that a pricing policy is more effective than the direct regulation of reducing electricity demand in the long run in order to stabilize the electricity demand in the service sector moreover it is necessary to encourage a more efficient use of electricity to cope with increasing demand for electricity following economic growth because the electricity demand in the service sector is income elastic in the long run

dynamic translog and linear logit models a factor demand analysis of interfuel substitution in us industrial energy demand abstract we compare and contrast two popular dynamic flexible functional forms for cost functions the translog and the logit j bus econ stat 8 1990 347 353 using data on us industrial energy demand from 1960 to 1992 which has been analysed by previous studies energy econ 11 1989 89 94 appl econ 21 1989 931 945 j bus econ stat 13 1995 459 465 we show the crucial role played by different dynamic formulations of the translog in this analysis of factor demands with respect to rates of dynamic adjustment and substitution possibilities we conclude that the poor performance of the dynamic translog relative to the dynamic logit cannot be explained solely by dynamic model mis specification or the inclusion of price unresponsive non energy fuel use data our most robust empirical result is that coal and oil are substitutes

an econometric analysis of the drivers for residential heating consumption in the uk and germany abstract affecting millions of europeans energy poverty is increasingly high on the political agenda this paper compares space and water heating demand at household level in germany and in the united kingdom uk between 1991 and 2015 the elasticities of consumption of space and water heating with respect to price income and heating degree days hdd are examined using non parametric models domestic heating consumption is highly elastic with hdd in both countries and hdd elasticities are found to be higher in the uk from a certain income threshold heating demand decreases as income increases in german households whereas demand rises with higher incomes in the uk high price elasticities indicate that uk households are very responsive to energy conservation measures therefore implying that a pricing policy will effectively reduce heating consumption however in germany the impact of pricing policies is unclear thus the most effective policy measure to decrease domestic heating consumption in germany in the long run should be one which targets improvements of building envelope performance levels

competitiveness partisanship and subnational protest in argentina research has shown that countries with weak institutions are more likely to experience higher levels of protest as a means to achieve political objectives or express policy demands a growing body of literature portrays argentina as a case of widespread institutional weakness and the country currently sustains the highest rates of protest participation in latin america however existing literature has yet to explain why apparently similar subnational units within the same national democratic regime experience different levels of protest by moving down to a subnational level of analysis this article ex plores the political factors that shape protest activity across the country s 23 provinces and the city of buenos aires for the period 1993 2005 it demon strates that the electoral incentives created by shifting patterns of political competition and the nature of partisan opposition influence the spatial and temporal unevenness of subnational protest activity

the intergenerational transmission of education and equality of educational opportunity in east and west germany socialist societies often emphasized the abolition of traditional social classes to achieve this objective educational opportunities were at times actively managed and allocated to children of less educated parents what happened to these patterns after the demise of socialist rule in eastern europe we study the development of educational mobility after the fall of the iron curtain in east germany and compare the relevance of parental educational background for secondary schooling in east and west germany based on the data from the german mikrozensus we find that educational mobility is lower in east than in west germany and that it has been falling in east germany after unification while the educational advantage of girls declined over time having many siblings presents a more substantial disadvantage in east than in west germany

analyzing the effects of energy action plans on electricity consumption in covenant of mayors signatory municipalities in andalusia permitted deposit due to funding body institutional and governmental policy or mandate may be required to comply with embargo periods of 12 months to 48 months

estimation of japanese price elasticities of residential electricity demand 1990 2007 abstract this paper estimates elasticities of japanese residential price electricity from 1990 to 2007 the first difference generalized method of moment estimator is employed to avoid dynamic panel bias which is not considered in most previous studies the results show that while short run elasticities are similar to those in previous studies long run elasticities are significantly lower in our study we also find that the price elasticity of japanese residential electricity consumption is notably affected by income inequality and severe weather based on these results we provide some insights to tailor environmental taxation so as to effectively attain the kyoto protocol

estimating residential demand for electricity in the united states 1965 2006 abstract this paper examines the residential demand for electricity in the us economy as a function of the per capita income the price of electricity the price of oil for heating purposes the weather conditions and the stock of occupied housing over the period 1965 2006 this paper has two novelties first the occupied stock of houses as a proxy for the stock of electrical appliances and second the identification of a possible equilibrium relationship among the variables is ascertained through the recently advanced ardl approach to cointegration our empirical findings give support to a stable long run relationship implying also short run and long run elasticities whose size and sign are comparable to other similar studies

the subnational politics of economic adjustment provincial politics and fiscal performance in argentina existing research has failed to address the impact of subnational politics on economic adjustment this article attempts to fill this gap by outlining theoretical reasons for anticipating policy divergences across levels of government and by offering three hypotheses to account for variation at the subnational level the authors explore these ideas on the basis of the argentine experience the study traces the impact of subnational policy on argentine economic adjustment and tests hypotheses about subnational policy variation on the basis of provincial fiscal data the authors findings underline the importance of subnational policy choice for national performance and suggest a revised understanding of the role of political competition in the economic adjustment process the authors find considerable evidence that interactions between party competition and the structure of the public sector shape provincial fiscal performance and thereby condition the capacity for economic adjustment at the national level

protests of abundance distributive conflict over agricultural rents during the commodities boom in argentina 2003 2013 whereas the scholarship on rural contention mostly focuses on austerity and busts we study protests by agricultural export producers in times of high agricultural prices aware of price volatility

estimating short and long term residential demand for electricity new evidence from sri lanka this study investigates the short run dynamics and long run equilibrium relationship between residential electricity demand and factors influencing demand per capita income price of electricity price of kerosene oil and price of liquefied petroleum gas using annual data for sri lanka for the period 1960 2007 the study uses unit root cointegration and error correction models the long run demand elasticities of income own price and price of kerosene oil substitute were estimated to be 0 78 0 62 and 0 14 respectively the short run elasticities for the same variables were estimated to be 032 0 16 and 0 10 respectively liquefied petroleum lp gas is a substitute for electricity only in the short run with an elasticity 0 09 the main findings of the paper support the following 1 increasing the price of electricity is not the most effective tool to reduce electricity consumption 2 existing subsidies on electricity consumption can be removed without reducing government revenue 3 the long run income elasticity of demand shows that any future increase in household incomes is likely to significantly increase the demand for electricity and 4 any power generation plans which consider only current per capita consumption and population growth should be revised taking into account the potential future income increases in order to avoid power shortages ill the country

renewable energy technology uptake in kazakhstan policy drivers and barriers in a transitional economy kazakhstan has considerable renewable energy potential the development of which can provide significant environmental economic and social benefits the country s national low carbon energy strategy aims to bring the share of renewables in electricity production to 50 by 2050 despite the considerable renewable energy resource base and ambitious deployment targets the current contribution of non hydro renewable energy to final electricity demand is less than one percent adoption of renewable energy technologies in a fossil fuel resource rich country like kazakhstan remains a big challenge but current low oil prices and a weakening economy may offer new opportunities deploying an analytical hierarchy process methodology we identify the most significant barriers to uptake of renewable energy in the context of the electricity sector the main factors preventing the penetration and scale up of renewables include a political and regulatory framework which supports and promotes a continued focus on fossil fuels supported in part by regional geopolitics a lack of awareness of sustainable alternative energy generation systems and a combination of social poverty and poor education in communities that are most likely to benefit from broadly distributed renewable technologies market conditions driven by current electricity tariffs inefficient but incumbent power technologies and a high risk business environment ranking barriers by importance will provide practitioners and regulators a mechanism to improve policies and incentivize renewable energy uptake in kazakhstan and other resource rich transition economies in central asia

the transition in east germany when is a ten point fall in the gender wage gap bad news the gender wage gap in east germany has narrowed by 10 percentage points in transition but women have experienced much more severe employment difficulties than men using the german socio economic panel for 1990 94 i show that on balance women have lost relative to men almost half the relative wage gain is due to exits from employment of the low skilled who are disproportionately women the female employment decline is not primarily voluntary more than half the gender gap in the hazard rate from employment reflects a general fall in demand for low skilled workers reduced child care plays no role

who delivers partisan clients in the argentine electoral market why do some parties fail to benefit from patronage in pork ridden political systems this article analyzes the interaction between patronage and partisanship to explain why some incumbents are more likely to benefit from pork politics than others we explain such differences by focusing on political parties access to resources supply side and voters dependence on fiscal largesse demand side we show how these differences affect the patron s choice of public sector wages and employment we use subnational level data to show different electoral returns from patronage for the two major political coalitions in argentina peronism and the ucr alianza and their effect on preferences over public sector wages and employment w hy do some political parties fail to benefit from patronage in pork ridden political systems this article analyzes the interaction between patronage and partisanship to explain why some incumbents are more likely to benefit from pork politics than others we explain returns to patronage by highlighting differences in the political parties access to resources supply side and the voter s dependence on public sector jobs demand side we propose that just as political parties cater their policies to particular groups of voters they pursue different strategies when allocating pork in exchange for support on the supply side we highlight the importance of partisan biases in the fiscal and electoral institutions that regulate the access and distribution of public resources on the demand side we show that patronage is a distributive mechanism that provides different returns to voters with different skills and labor market expectations

industrial and residential electricity demand dynamics in japan how did price and income elasticities evolve from 1989 to 2014 abstract this study estimates the price and income elasticities of industrial and residential electricity demand in japan with the annual data from 1989 to 2014 a time varying parameter tvp model with the kalman filter is applied to monitor the evolution of consumer behaviors in the post bubble period given the exogenous shock financial crisis in 2008 and the structural breaks electricity deregulation and fukushima daiichi crisis the tvp model can provide a robust estimation of elasticities and can detect the outliers and the structural breaks the results suggest that both industrial and residential consumers become less sensitive to price after the electricity deregulation and the financial crisis and more sensitive to price after the fukushima daiichi crisis especially the industrial sector is less sensitive to price after the retail deregulation by contrast the income elasticities of industrial and residential sector consumers are stable during the examined period results also indicate that a negative relationship exists between the price elasticity of electricity demand and the price level of electricity after the electric sector deregulation some insights on the further electric sector reform and the environmental taxation in japan are also provided

the residential demand for electricity in australia an application of the bounds testing approach to cointegration this paper reports estimates of the long and short run elasticities of residential demand for electricity in australia using the bounds testing procedure to cointegration within an autoregressive distributive lag framework in the long run we find that income and own price are the most important determinants of residential electricity demand while temperature is significant some of the time and gas prices are insignificant our estimates of long run income elasticity and price elasticity of demand are consistent with previous studies although they are towards the lower end of existing estimates as expected the short run elasticities are much smaller than the long run elasticities and the coefficients on the error correction coefficients are small consistent with the fact that in the short run energy appliances are fixed

the demand for electricity in israel quarterly data for israel are used to compare and contrast three dynamic econometric methodologies for estimating the demand for electricity by households and industrial companies these are the dynamic regression model and two approaches to cointegration ols and maximum likelihood since we find evidence of seasonal unit roots in the data we also test for seasonal cointegration we find that the scale elasticities are similar in all three approaches but the ols price elasticities are considerably lower moreover ols suggests non cointegration the paper concludes by stochastically simulating the drms to calculate upside risk in electricity demand

the overvaluation of purchasing power parity abstract recent panel studies of purchasing power parity have reported strong evidence of mean reversion in real exchange rates however these studies fail to control for cross sectional dependence in the data this failure has dramatic consequences raising the significance level of tests with a nominal size of 5 percent to as much as 50 percent it is shown in this paper that controlling for cross sectional dependence no evidence against the random walk null can be found in panels of up to 64 real exchange rates this finding cannot be attributed to low power as there is ample power in panels of this size to reject the unit root null