pre reformation roots of the protestant ethic we hypothesize that cultural appreciation of hard work and thrift the protestant ethic according to max weber had a pre reformation origin the proximate source of these values was according to the proposed theory the catholic order of cistercians in support we rst document an impact from the order on growth within the epicenter of the industrial revolution english counties that were more exposed to cistercian monasteries experienced faster productivity growth from the 13th century onwards consistent with a cultural in uence this impact is also found after the monasteries were dissolved in the 1530s second we nd that the values emphasized by weber are relatively more pervasive in european regions where cistercian monasteries were located historically and that the legacy of the cistercians can be detected in present day employment rates across european sub regions

the origins of ethnolinguistic diversity this study explores the determinants of ethnolinguistic diversity within as well as across countries shedding light on its geographic origins the empirical analysis conducted across countries virtual countries and pairs of contiguous regions establishes that geographic variability captured by variation in regional land quality and elevation is a fundamental determinant of contemporary linguistic diversity the findings are consistent with the proposed hypothesis that differences in land endowments gave rise to location specific human capital leading to the formation of localized ethnicities jel j15 j24 z13

examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 2 review of input output models for the assessment of environmental impacts embodied in trade this paper offers a detailed review of recently described single and multi region input output models used to assess environmental impacts of internationally traded goods and services it is the second part of a two part contribution in part 1 turner k lenzen m wiedmann t and barrett j in press examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 1 a technical note on combining input output and ecological footprint analysis ecological economics we describe how to enumerate the resource and pollution content of inter regional and inter national trade flows with the aim to illustrate an ideal accounting and modelling framework for the estimation of ecological footprints a large number of such environment economic models have been described but only in the last few years models have emerged that use a more sophisticated multi region multi sector input output framework this has been made possible through improvements in data availability and quality as well as computability we identify six major models that employ multi sector multi region input output analysis in order to calculate environmental impacts embodied in international trade results from the reviewed studies demonstrate that it is important to explicitly consider the production recipe land and energy use as well as emissions in a multi region multi sector and multi directional trade model with global coverage and detailed sector disaggregation only then reliable figures for indicators of impacts embodied in trade such as the ecological footprint can be derived

sustainability at home policy measures for energy efficient appliances abstract residential energy consumption is now an important component of total energy consumption and its related emissions in addition this consumption has significant potential for growth in both developed and developing countries as average incomes increase and domestic appliance numbers rise reduction in this energy use may be achieved both through conservation measures and through increased efficiency in its use this paper focuses on energy efficiency in appliances those many devices through which household energy is consumed the policy instruments available to promote the uptake of more efficient devices and issues associated with their use are reviewed drawing on developed country experiences to date the instruments available are more limited than in other energy applications and largely comprise information dissemination forms of subsidy and regulation the last is commonly used in the form of minimum energy performance standards assessment of the three instrument types and issues with their use suggests that regulation is the most important measure albeit with several qualifications on the manner of its use

urban co2 mitigation strategies under the covenant of mayors an assessment of 124 european cities abstract in 2008 the european commission ec launched the covenant of mayors com a voluntary agreement under which local governments commit to reduce co2 emissions by at least 20 within 2020 in order to reinforce local authorities in designing strategies to mitigate climate change in coherence with the european union s climate policy the com may be defined as a coordinated collection of experiments based on common rules established by the ec cities signing the com commit to follow guidelines and standardized methodologies in setting co2 emission reduction targets and in designing and implementing policies and measures to reach them through the definition of key tools such as the baseline emission inventory bei and the sustainable energy action plan seap the present study analyses the emission reduction strategies of a sample of 124 cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants signatories of the com which delivered a seap by february 2014 more than 5500 actions planned by the sample cities were analysed and categorized the most relevant actions in terms of recurrence and mitigation impact were assessed finally a set of variables was tested through a regression so as to determine their influence on emission reductions strategies the main results of this study show that the sample cities accounted for a total of 370 million tons of co2 emissions in selected baseline years and 94 million tons of intended emission reductions per year the total emission reductions planned by cities reached 25 of the baseline emissions buildings and transport stood out as the sectors where cities intend to deliver the largest emission reductions furthermore the analysis showed that cities administrations attribute higher potential to actions in subsectors under their direct control municipal buildings public transport municipal fleet and public lighting compared to actions in subsectors managed by private actors households and firms in the building sector the category of action delivering the highest share of co2 emission reductions was represented by integrated actions which combine several types of intervention so as to maximise the energy efficiency of buildings in the transport sector it was the modal shift which implies a transition from private transport to public and cleaner transport modes in both the building and transport sectors cities plan to reduce the major amount of co2 emissions through the implementation of management and organization infrastructure construction and awareness raising policy levers our results may be useful to urban policy makers to shape their mitigation strategies in coherence with cities commitments and plans and to replicate policies and actions on the basis of com signatories experiences

shared producer and consumer responsibility theory and practice abstract over the past decade an increasing number of authors have been examining the nexus of producer versus consumer responsibility often dealing with the question of how to assign responsibility for internationally traded greenhouse gas emissions recently a similar problem has appeared in drafting the standards for the ecological footprint while the method traditionally assumes a full life cycle perspective with full consumer responsibility a large number of producers businesses and industry sectors have started to calculate their own footprints see www isa org usyd edu au adding any producer s footprint to other producers footprints or to population footprints which all already cover the full upstream supply chain of their operating inputs leads to double counting the sum of footprints of producers and consumers is larger than the total national footprint the committee in charge of the footprint standardisation process was hence faced with the decades old non additivity problem posing the following dilemma for the accounting of footprints or any other production factor if one disallows double counting but wishes to be able to account for producers and consumers then one cannot impose the requirement of full life cycle coverage the supply chains of actors have to be curtailed somehow in order to avoid double counting this work demonstrates and discusses a non arbitrary method of consistently delineating these supply chains into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive portions of responsibility to be shared by all actors in an economy

from production based to consumption based national emission inventories abstract under the united national framework convention of climate change unfccc countries are required to submit national emission inventories nei to benchmark reductions in greenhouse gas ghg emissions depending on the definition and system boundary of the nei the mitigation options and priorities may vary the territorial system boundary used by the unfccc has been critiqued for not including international transportation and potentially causing carbon leakage to address these issues past literature has argued in favour of using consumption based nei in climate policy this article discusses several issues in moving from the standard production based nei to consumption based nei first two distinct accounting approaches for constructing consumption based nei are presented the approaches differ in the allocation of intermediate consumption of imported products second a consistent method of weighting production based and consumption based nei is discussed this is an extension of the previous literature on shared responsibility to nei third due to increased uncertainty and a wide system boundary it may be difficult to implement consumption based nei directly into climate policy several alternative options for incorporating consumption based inventories into climate policy are discussed

environmental kuznets curves real progress or passing the buck abstract recent research has examined the hypothesis of an environmental kuznets curve ekc the notion that environmental impact increases in the early stages of development followed by declines in the later stages these studies have focused on the relationship between per capita income and a variety of environmental indicators results imply that ekcs may exist for a number of cases however the measures of environmental impact used generally focus on production processes and reflect environmental impacts that are local in nature and for which abatement is relatively inexpensive in terms of monetary costs and or lifestyle changes significantly more consumption based measures such co2 emissions and municipal waste for which impacts are relatively easy to externalize or costly to control show no tendency to decline with increasing per capita income by considering consumption and trade patterns the author re examines the concept of the ekc and proposes the use of alternative consumption based measures of environmental impact the author speculates that what appear to be improvements in environmental quality may in reality be indicators of increased ability of consumers in wealthy nations to distance themselves from the environmental degradation associated with their consumption

jockeying for position what it means and why it matters to regional development policy when places compete malecki e j 2004 jockeying for position what it means and why it matters to regional development policy when places compete regional studies38 1093 1112 the realization that places compete for investment has expanded in recent years to encompass competition among places for the attention of migrants tourists and media glow as well as investment the most competitive places have been multidimensional in their attractions and have made the transition to the knowledge based economy the latest priority is being placed on attracting mobile workers and mobile investment creative workers are the core of the knowledge economy and of its geographies such as intelligent places and learning regions knowledge metrics innovation indices and report cards are increasingly common each seemingly developed to sort the list of places in a different order lists or league tables of the best places for business to live retire and visit are key features of economies and societies whose factors of success

mega urban regions and world city formation globalisation the economic crisis and urban policy issues in pacific asia summary in pacie c asia the globalisation of trade production and e nance underlies an accelerated urban transition focusing on a limited number of mega urban regions intercity competition for world city status among these regions has intensie ed following the 1997 economic crisis with governments compelled to devote greater amounts of public resources to creating a built environment to host global investment a number of key policy issues are emerging these include demands for inclusive governance and more livable cities the appearance of new forms of urban poverty low economic resilience in the face of growing global economic turbulence and the spatial unevenness of global economic growth with the rise of civil society as a political force addressing these issues calls for a sharper focus on cities not simply as economic agglomerations or collectivities of consumers in the world market but also as arenas for the formation of political communities

the slave trade and the origins of mistrust in africa in a recent study nunn 2008 examines the long term impacts of africa s slave trade he finds that the slave trade which occurred over a period of more than 400 years had a significant negative effect on long term economic development although the article arguably identifies a negative causal relationship between the slave trade and income today the analysis is unable to establish the exact causal mechanisms underlying this reduced form relationship in this article we examine one of the channels through which the slave trade may affect economic development today combining contemporary individual level survey data with historical data on slave shipments by ethnic group we ask whether the slave trade caused a culture of mistrust to develop within africa initially slaves were captured primarily through state organized raids and warfare but as the trade progressed the environment of ubiquitous insecurity caused individuals to turn on others including friends and family members and to kidnap trick and sell each other into slavery sigismund wilhelm koelle 1854 p e h hair 1965 charles piot 1996 we hypothesize that in this environment a culture of mistrust may have evolved which may persist to this day we show that current differences in trust levels within africa can be traced back to the transatlantic and indian ocean slave trades combining contemporary individual level survey data with historical data on slave shipments by ethnic group we find that individuals whose ancestors were heavily raided during the slave trade are less trusting today evidence from a variety of identification strategies suggests that the relationship is causal examining causal mechanisms we show that most of the impact of the slave trade is through factors that are internal to the individual such as cultural norms beliefs and values jel j15 n57 z13

occupational choice and the spirit of capitalism the british industrial revolution triggered a socioeconomic transformation whereby the landowning aristocracy was replaced by industrial capitalists rising from the middle classes as the economically dominant group we propose a theory of preference formation under financial market imperfections that can account for this pattern parents shape their children s preferences in response to economic incentives middle class families in occupations requiring effort skill and experience develop patience and a work ethic whereas upper class families relying on rental income cultivate a refined taste for leisure these class specific attitudes which are rooted in the nature of preindustrial professions become key determinants of success once industrialization transforms the economic landscape i introduction the industrial revolution was more than capital accumulation and growth it also set off a social and political transformation that redefined hierarchies in society and reshaped the distribution of income and wealth before the onset of industrialization in eighteenth century britain wealth and political power were associated with the possession of land over the course of the nineteenth century a new class of entrepreneurs and businessmen emerged as the economic elite for the most part the members of this class rose from humble beginnings and had their social origins in the urban middle classes the landed elite was left behind and eventually lost its political and economic predominance many observers of the time linked this reversal in economic fortunes to differences in values attitudes and ultimately preferences across social classes there are countless examples both in scholarly and in fictional writing of portrayals of members of the landowning class as averse to work unwilling to save ill disposed tocommercialactivity andunabletoconsidermoneyassomething

can premium tariffs for micro generation and small scale renewable heat help the fuel poor and if so how case studies of innovative finance for community energy schemes in the uk abstract in the uk the introduction of micro generation feed in tariffs fits and a proposed renewable heat incentive rhi for domestic and small scale schemes have re energised the market for investment in domestic scale renewable energy these incentives may provide financial opportunities for those with capital to spend but for the record numbers with low incomes in fuel poverty these benefits may seem out of reach this paper shows that with appropriate financial intermediaries it is possible for renewable energy incentives to be used to alleviate fuel poverty simple financial analysis demonstrates the theoretical potential of fits to help those in fuel poverty two case studies of renewable energy projects in low income areas investigate how the incentives may be used in practice what barriers exist and what success factors are evident the analysis shows that local energy organisations leos are key if the poor are to access benefits from premium tariff schemes low interest finance mechanisms good information sharing and community involvement are found as key success factors

the intergenerational transmission of risk and trust attitudes recent theories endogenize the attitude endowments of individuals assuming that they are shaped by the attitudes of parents and other role models this paper tests empirically for the relevance of three aspects of the attitude transmission process highlighted in this theoretical literature 1 transmission of attitudes from parents to children 2 an impact of prevailing attitudes in the local environment on child attitudes and 3 positive assortative mating of parents which enhances the ability of a parent to pass on his or her attitudes to the child we focus on two fundamentally important attitudes willingness to take risks and willingness to trust others we find empirical support for all three aspects providing an empirical underpinning for the literature an investigation of underlying mechanisms shows that socialization is important in the transmission process various parental characteristics and aspects of family structure are found to strengthen the socialization process with implications for modeling the socialization production function and for policies focused on affecting children s non cognitive skills the paper also provides evidence that the transmission of risk and trust attitudes affects a wide variety of child outcomes implying a potentially large total effect on children s economic situation

religion and economy religion has a two way interaction with political economy with religion viewed as a dependent variable a central question is how economic development and political institutions affect religious participation and beliefs with religion viewed as an independent variable a key issue is how religiosity affects individual characteristics such as work ethic honesty and thrift and thereby influences economic performance in this paper we sketch previous studies of this two way interaction but focus on our ongoing quantitative research with international data

green energy market development in germany effective public policy and emerging customer demand this paper reviews the development of renewable energy in germany from 1973 to 2003 it investigates the relative importance of energy policy and green power marketing in shaping the renewable energy market more than a decade of consistent policy support for renewables under the feed in law streg and its successor eeg has been an important driver for increasing renewable electricity generation to date putting the country in a better position than most of its peers when it comes to achieving european union targets for renewable energy green power marketing driven by customer demand on the other hand is growing but has had limited measurable impact so far we discuss potential intangible benefits of green power marketing and scenarios for future market development the paper concludes with lessons that can be learned from the german case for policy design and market development in other countries

stuck between a roc and a hard place barriers to the take up of green energy in the uk abstract this paper examines the uk mechanisms for ensuring future investment in renewable energy through consumer adoption of green energy tariffs and the renewable obligation certificate roc system using a national survey and focus groups the stated willingness by uk customers to pay a premium for renewable or green energy and actual take up of such tariffs is assessed substantial differences between willingness to pay for and the adoption of green energy tariffs are reported this disparity is linked to a range of factors including consumer confusion lack of supply complexities of constructing green source tariffs under the roc system and a lack of customer trust it is concluded that the re definition of the green energy market in favour of green source tariffs greater direct compliance with the renewable obligation by addressing supply constraints and efforts in providing clearer information and choices for consumers via a compulsory green energy accreditation scheme are required if willing consumers are to contribute to investment in renewable energy

the role of actor networks in the early stage mobilisation of low carbon heat networks abstract low carbon heat networks lchns offer great potential for carbon and heating cost reduction despite these benefits lchns provide for just two per cent of heat demand in the uk when estimates suggest they have the potential to provide for around 43 per cent these low levels of lchn provision are in stark contrast to the nordic nations which exemplify some of the highest quality and most extensive heat networks in the world it is within this context that the pioneer cities project the project was launched by the uk government to help local authorities overcome barriers to the deployment of lchns this paper reports the findings of an evaluation of this project drawing on 86 interviews across five local authorities analysed using elements of actor network theory ant the evaluation found that the project s success has been limited participating local authorities have encountered challenges regarding marketisation public sector retrenchment and inexperience in mobilising lchns these factors militate against the formation of the robust actor networks required to deploy lchns analysis using ant reveals insights into why lchns remain elusive in the uk and suggests that policy makers need to strengthen local authorities ability to lead and deliver complex infrastructure projects

energy requirements of consumption urban form climatic and socio economic factors rebounds and their policy implications household consumption requires energy to be used at all stages of the economic process thereby directly and indirectly leading to environmental impacts across the entire production chain the levels structure and determinants of energy requirements of household consumption therefore constitute an important avenue of research incorporating the full upstream requirements into the analysis helps to avoid simplistic conclusions which would actually only imply shifts between consumption categories without taking the economy wide effects into account this paper presents the investigation of the direct and indirect primary energy requirements of australian households contrasting urban suburban and rural consumption patterns as well as inter and intra regional levels of inequality in energy requirements furthermore the spatial and socio economic drivers of energy consumption for different categories of energy requirements are identified and quantified conclusions regarding the relationships between energy requirements household characteristics urban form and urbanization processes are drawn and the respective policy implications are explored

planning to forget informal settlements as forgotten places in globalising metro manila as metro manila s economy has become increasingly integrated into global flows of trade and investment it has also experienced a shelter crisis as the number of people who cannot afford legal housing and consequently illegally settle in informal settlements has increased in both absolute and percentage terms this paper discusses such informal settlements as forgotten places in the global era it makes two arguments first it argues that this shelter crisis is inherent to globalising cities in developing countries as a contradiction emerges between the extensive redevelopment and rising property values that accompany global city development and the shelter needs of low income people the second is that informal settlements have increasingly been forgotten by urban planners despite this housing crisis as planners have consciously abandoned place based poverty alleviation efforts based on the rationale that they are no longer tenable in the global era

receptivity to the production of product service systems in the uk construction and manufacturing sectors a comparative analysis abstract trajectories of service innovations emanating from manufacturing sectors have been of particular interest to those wishing to improve resource productivity and promote sustainable development research has focused on product service systems psss which are a category of service innovations deliberately designed to offer superior environmental performance this paper draws on research which explored whether trajectories of pss can be induced on new uk housing developments to satisfy household demand and prevent household waste the research was undertaken with a uk speculative house builder and facilities management service providers from its supplier network qualitative data were collected via interviews and focus groups to enable rich accounts of the range of factors in these firms selection environments which affect receptivity to pss production to be developed these were compared with factors affecting receptivity to pss production identified in a study of uk manufacturers the results show that in contrast to the manufacturing study clear drivers for pss delivery on new housing developments are absent in external selection environments of participating firms and uncertainty associated with the potential of pss concepts to satisfy household demand inhibits development of requisite competence for pss delivery within these thus further research is needed to explore new pss supply arrangements involving a range of household service providers

was weber wrong a human capital theory of protestant economic history max weber attributed the higher economic prosperity of protestant regions to a protestant work ethic we provide an alternative theory protestant economies prospered because instruction in reading the bible generated the human capital crucial to economic prosperity we test the theory using county level data from late nineteenth century prussia exploiting the initial concentric dispersion of the reformation to use distance to wittenberg as an instrument for protestantism we find that protestantism indeed led to higher economic prosperity but also to better education our results are consistent with protestants higher literacy accounting for most of the gap in economic prosperity

dynamics and stagnation in the malthusian epoch this paper examines the central hypothesis of the influential malthusian theory according to which improvements in the technological environment during the pre industrial era had generated only temporary gains in income per capita eventually leading to a larger but not significantly richer population exploiting exogenous sources of cross country variations in land productivity and the level of technological advancement the analysis demonstrates that in accordance with the theory technological superiority and higher land productivity had significant positive effects on population density but insignificant effects on the standard of living during the time period 1 1500 ce

examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 1 a technical note on combining input output and ecological footprint analysis in recent years there have been a number of attempts to develop a more comprehensive approach to the issue of measuring resource use and or pollution generation embodied in trade flows including contributions that combine input output techniques and ecological footprint analysis in this two part paper we describe how to enumerate the resource and or pollution content of inter regional and inter national trade flows part 1 and we present a literature review of recent methodological and empirical developments part 2 it is straightforward in principle to extend the basic input output approach to capture international trade flows however in practice problems of data availability and compatibility and of computability of extended input output matrices mean that simplifying assumptions are generally applied but with the implications of these assumptions often not made fully explicit what appears to be absent from previous applications is an account of the analytical method by which ecological footprints should ideally be estimated in an international input output accounting analysis this allows an explicit analysis of the problems that prevent the application of the full method and identification of the most appropriate short cut methods in a transparent way the objective of this paper is to provide such an account

to each their own the greenhouse gas impacts of intra household sharing in different urban zones abstract decreasing household size is a global trend driven by urbanization and multiple other socioeconomic trends going solo poses a great environmental challenge as the possibility to benefit from scale economies in consumption and its greenhouse gas impacts is not taken advantage of in other words understanding of intra household sharing patterns of different consumption categories is increasingly important in climate change mitigation this paper explores the relationship between household sizes urban structures and greenhouse gas impacts of lifestyles when urban areas grow outwards the household sizes also grow as a result of this the increase in intra household sharing seems to alleviate the negative ghg implications of urban sprawl which is highly logical but yet not comprehended thus the rise of collaborative consumption offers potential to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of solo dwellers and compensate for the lower intra household sharing with inter household sharing

population technology and growth from malthusian stagnation to the demographic transition and beyond this paper develops a unied growth model that captures the historical evolution of population technology and output it encompasses theendogenous transitionbetween three regimes that have characterized economic development the economy evolves from amalthusianregime wheretechnologicalprogressis slow andpopulationgrowthprevents anysustainedriseinincomepercapita intoapost malthusianregime wheretechnological progress rises and population growth absorbs only part of output growth ultimately a demographic transition reverses the positive relationship between income and population growth andtheeconomyentersamoderngrowthregimewithreducedpopulationgrowth

the mission human capital transmission economic persistence and culture in south america this article examines the long term consequences of a historical human capital intervention the jesuit order founded religious missions in 1609 among the guarani in modern day argentina brazil and paraguay before their expulsion in 1767 missionaries instructed indigenous inhabitants in reading writing and various crafts using archival records as well as data at the individual and municipal level i show that in areas of former jesuit presence within the guarani area educational attainment was higher and remains so by 10 15 250 years later these educational differences have also translated into incomes that are 10 higher today the identification of the positive effect of the guarani jesuit missions emerges after comparing them with abandoned jesuit missions and neighboring franciscan guarani missions the enduring effects observed are consistent with transmission mechanisms of structural transformation occupational specialization and technology adoption in agriculture

the deployment of decentralised energy systems as part of the housing growth programme in the uk abstract the housing growth programme could offer an opportunity for accelerating the deployment of decentralised renewable energy systems dres in the uk the government hopes to leverage private sector investment into dres as part of new housing projects the aim of this paper is to assess whether current regulatory and funding frameworks are sufficient to achieve this the question is explored by drawing on the experience of developers local authorities energy utilities and service companies operating in the largest housing growth region in the uk thames gateway their experience suggests that the current low intervention approach will be insufficient to generate the shift required in both industries in order to be more successful economic and regulatory instruments should focus on producers house builders and energy providers rather than consumers households tighter regulation is needed to ensure that producers have a responsibility to install dres as part of new developments to enable connection to the grid to ensure a sustained financial return from investment and revenue is spent on the expansion of new renewable energy infrastructure this regulatory framework must be under pinned by substantial funds focused on producers greater intervention is needed if dres is to be included in new housing development

the negative impacts of the global economic downturn on funding decentralised energy in the uk abstract over the years a number of governmental policies have been developed in the uk that offer grants for the installation of distributed energy technologies or financial rewards per unit of electricity heat generated from renewable and sustainable sources the current economic climate however has meant that budget cuts have affected almost all government departments consequently such policies have been adversely impacted the alterations modifications to many schemes have resulted in either a reduction in the funding available through these changes to the eligibility of certain technologies or scales of generation or policy cancellations the programmes affected include the feed in tariff scheme renewable heat incentive and low carbon buildings programme among others the adjustments for these are detailed herein followed by the impacts these have had on the deployment rates of decentralised energy especially microgeneration since costs are often one of the most significant factors constraining deployment of these technologies reductions in funding opportunities have made these less financially viable whilst there are still applications for funding under the available schemes there has been considerably reduced levels of requests for financial support thus future deployment rates will most likely be negatively affected the prospects of these technologies in this context are then considered