motivations for promoting the consumption of green products in an emerging country exploring attitudes of brazilian consumers abstract understanding the motivations that stimulate green consumption can promote environmental thinking to increase demand especially because the current estimated market share for green products is less than 4 worldwide in this scenario emerging countries have contributed to the increasing levels of consumption and environmental effects culture and socio economic status play a significant role in environmental impacts and influences the consumption of green products the current body of literature lacks studies focused on the attitude of brazilian consumers in relation to these products this research evaluates the elements that motivate the consumption of green product a survey targeting individuals who have consumed these products was performed in the largest city in southern brazil data were analyzed using a factorial analysis and a causal structural equation model was created to evaluate the drivers that promote green consumption the elements of information and knowledge environmental attitude social context and environmental consciousness were strongly correlated with green consumption however the quality and price of green products has shown a weaker relationship with consumption these elements indicated that the individuals in the survey recognize and seek information covering environmental issues are concerned with the health effects associated with the consumption of the goods and reject a brand or company that might have demonstrated inappropriate environmental behaviours also indicate that the relation price versus quality does not play a central role in the decision of consuming green products finally information about these products and their point of sale availability were highlighted as enhancing green consumption this outcome suggests that education might increase green consumption this research contributed to understand the main drivers that support the decision about the green products option made for the surveyed sample from a managerial standpoint improvements in ethical transactions the promotion of socially responsible actions the distribution of appropriate information about green products and the structure of the green supply chain could create new businesses focused on sustainable production and consumption the findings of this research could support future policies and actions focused on providing information and knowledge about environmental and health contribution of the green products to the consumers producers companies and society

international marketing policy a discussion of the standardization construct and its relevance for corporate policy a fundamental question in international marketing concerns the desirability and feasibility of standardizing marketing programs and procedures internationally the primary objective of this paper is to present an overview and evaluation of the standardization debate central issues of interest include a discussion of the standardization construct and an evaluation of the evidence regarding corporate implementation of standardization strategies

heterogeneity in fishers harvesting decisions under a marine territorial user rights policy abstract marine fisheries are in decline and the existence of poorly defined property rights is a contributory cause of this decline the allocation of property rights can bring benefits in terms of enhancing biological sustainability and economic profitability however to date few studies have analysed the behaviour of fishers who have been granted such property rights such studies are important if theoretical means of improving the sustainability of fisheries are to be tested in real world situations in this study we assessed the financial decision making behaviour of fishers when managing resources under a territorial user rights policy implemented in chile we used bidding games and semi structured interviews to assess fishers financial understanding and risk preferences we defined risk preferences as the amount of potential catch fishers are willing to leave unharvested in return for a potential future increase in income from the natural growth in the resource results indicated that fishers financial behaviour under similar revenue scenarios were largely determined by livelihood characteristics and not wealth this reflected two major financial adaptation strategies that were split between different fishery sectors a specialist fishers in our case divers became risk acceptant when confronted with a scenario in which the mean body size of the harvested species was small and they were willing to invest their natural resources by leaving some of their potential catch unharvested for a year and b more generalist fishers here fin fishers were less inclined to leave potential catches unharvested they preferred to have the money to invest in tangible assets such as fishing nets this suggest that fishers harvesting behaviour is heterogeneous and depends on whether fishers perceive themselves as facing potential gains or loses assessed against a personal expectation level the use of prospect theory may be appropriate to further elucidate fishers behaviour under territorial user right frameworks

consumer environmental concern and green product purchase in malaysia structural effects of consumption values this study examines the effects of consumption values i e functional value social value emotional value conditional value and epistemic value on malaysian consumers environmental concern as expressed in their purchase of green products it also investigates the differences between three usage groups light average and heavy users and the signi cant factors that promote those differences the study applies a quantitative method in which a structured self administered questionnaire is used data is analysed using the structural equation modelling sem technique via the analysis of moment structure amos computer programme version 21 and one way analysis of variance anova using the statistical package for social sciences spss computer programme version 21 empirical results confirm that social value has the paramount impact on consumers environmental concern as expressed by their purchase of green products and that epistemic value and functional value quality rank behind functional value price emotional value and conditional value have no significant effects statistically significant differences were observed when comparing the light users with average users and with heavy users p 0 05 the findings of this study introduce a new momentum for the preceding discoveries on consumer environmental concern as shown in the purchase of green products which is inadequately covered in the malaysian context they also provide important information for companies and encourage them to place more emphasis on social value epistemic value and functional value quality in their manufacturing in order both to boost environmental concern among consumers in their purchasing decision making and to produce green goods that will be readily liked by consumers

national institutional structures transaction cost economizing and competitive advantage the case of japan japan s economic success since world war ii has been striking modern japan was the first major industrial economy to emerge from outside the western tradition economically devastated in 1945 by 1990 japan had the world s second largest economy and a gdp per head 20 percent greater than that of the united states in this paper it is argued that one reason for japan s success is that the costs of achieving cooperation and specialization are lower in japan than in the west cooperation and specialization have been acknowledged to have a beneficial impact upon productivity ever since adam smith wrote about cooperative specialization in the context of the division of labor modern economic theory however suggest that in a world of self interested individuals the costs of achieving cooperation and specialization are substantial in this paper it is argued that the cultural value system that japan has inherited from its preindustrial past and particularly the tokugawa period helps facilitate cooperation b

stochastic production and heterogeneous risk preferences commercial fishers gear choices we present a model of fishers gear choice which allows for heterogeneity both in production technology and risk preferences and apply it on a panel of swedish trawlers stochastic revenue functions are estimated and used to predict the mean and standard deviation of revenue for each trip in a random parameters logit model we test if these predicted values explain gear choice a majority of fishers respond positively to increased mean and negatively to increased variability of expected landing values indicating risk aversion but also show a strong tendency to choose the same gear used on the previous trip

language friction and partner selection in cross border r d alliance formation how does language friction affect alliance formation language friction is a form of cultural friction arising from structural differences in the respective languages used by potential partners to reason and solve problems together a little language friction may prompt partners to rethink solutions thereby enhancing collaboration but excessive friction may impede collaboration we develop a language friction index lfi to quantify relative differences in linguistic structure for any language pair utilizing a unique data set of semiconductor design activities 1988 2001 our empirical analysis finds an inverted u shaped relationship between partners lfi and the likelihood of cross border research and development rd 2 the effects of language friction are economically significant and strategically consequential 3 certain aspects of language friction occur independent of language proficiency and persist despite the use of lingua franca to reduce language barriers 4 linguistic diversity is an indirect marker of cognitive diversity which is useful in boosting creativity especially in first time collaborations 5 beyond r d alliances language friction may also influence other types of strategic interactions and organizational processes

standardization preferences a function of national culture work interdependence and local embeddedness both theoretical and empirical studies of professional service employee standardization preferences are relatively scarce using responses from 398 employees of an international public relations firm this study finds that employees from high power distance high uncertainty avoidance and high context cultures prefer greater standardization whereas employees from high individualism cultures prefer less standardization additionally work interdependence is positively associated with standardization preferences whereas local embeddedness is negatively associated with standardization preferences

expatriate performance appraisal in u s multinational firms this exploratory study examines empirically expatriate performance appraisal epa practices for u s multinational firms and assesses how such practices relate to the perceived accuracy of epas from a sample of u s multinationals the results suggest that a balanced set of raters from host and home countries and more frequent appraisals relate positively to perceived accuracy of epas the data suggest however that most respondent firms did not follow these practices in addition the use of standardized and customized epa evaluation forms relates negatively to perceived epa accuracy implications of these exploratory findings for research and practice are also discussed

international managerial performance evaluation a five country comparison this study does not support the generally accepted theory that transnational corporations tncs use different criteria to evaluate managers based on their location host or home country if it is assumed that a major tnc strategy is to maximize profits thus maximizing returns to shareholders it follows that management decisions are made with this strategy as the desired outcome current theory does not address the more global view of the tnc where subsidiaries act in concert to maximize profits and therefore can be evaluated in a similar fashion there is some evidence however that specific performance evaluation criteria do vary in importance by country

a comprehensive review for green product term from definition to evaluation nowadays interest in corporate environmental strategies shifts from cleaner processes to the holistic nature of green products the relevant literature argues that firms have the opportunity to pioneer through green product innovation allowing them to differentiate and thus gain competitive advantage environmental burden of products during their entire life cycle is undeniable due to the weakness of the existing literature that inadequately addresses a commonly accepted green product definition as well as the thereby caused inconclusive academic empirical results on firms competitiveness there are many cases of businesses greenwashing behavior the overall contribution of this exploratory paper on determining and evaluating the degree of greenness of a product is twofold first starting with a systematic literature review authors further contribute by proposing an integrative definition that addresses the so far existing terminological gap next after reviewing the existing environmental assessment tools authors based on the developed definition and in accordance to its dynamic dimension contribute to the existing methodology as the paper reveals issues that need to be considered in the evaluation of green products

assets and actions firm specific factors in the internationalization of u s internet firms by providing a nearly instant connection among parties at opposite corners of the world and enabling a variety of commercial exchanges the internet emerged as the technology expected to create a truly global market space internet firms faced the challenge of capitalizing on this development in this paper we examine what firm specific factors are associated with the propensity of pure u s based internet firms to enhance their international presence on the internet by developing country specific websites despite the assertion that all internet firms are born global our findings show that the pursuit of internationalization by internet firms is related to the levels of their intangible assets and strategic activity two types of intangible assets reputation and website traffic are positively related to the degree of internationalization so are the levels of competitive and cooperative activity and the interaction effects between reputation and competitive and cooperative activity these findings suggest that ideas from both resource based theory and research on competitive dynamics can contribute to understanding the internationalization of internet firms

interpreting societal culture value dimensions societal cultural value dimension scholarship can both learn from and inform the family of interrelated approaches to culture research in ib that appear in recent commentaries it can exchange insights about societal values and meaning systems with neo institutional and institutional logics research it can also exchange insights with dual processing cognition theories that are used to understand individuals in an international context by treating societal culture values and institutional characteristics as essential to interpreting personal values and attitudes rather than merging them integrating culture related specialties by exchanging insights can promote the further development of research in each of these societal and individual level fields

the influence factors on choice behavior regarding green products based on the theory of consumption values abstract this study applies the theory of consumption values to determine the influence factors on consumer choice behavior regarding green products and examines whether there are significant differences in consumption values and choice behavior between consumers with different outlooks on environmental concerns one way analysis of variance and multiple regression is used to assess data collected by a questionnaire survey the results indicate that consumers with high environmental concern support green products more and show greater readiness to choose them this study concludes that the main influence factors on consumer choice behavior regarding green products include psychological benefit desire for knowledge novelty seeking and specific conditions and do not include functional values price and quality this study contributes to preliminary but vital insights in effective promotion of green products

willingness to pay for sustainability labelled chocolate an experimental auction approach this study evaluates young consumers attitudes to sustainable food and analyzes the determinants of their willingness to pay wtp for chocolate bars with different sustainability labels data were collected through experimental auctions in italy assessing respondents n 80 aged between 18 and 35 wtp for chocolate bars with three selected labels i e fair trade rainforest alliance and carbon footprint econometric outcomes reveal that several socio demographic factors exert a positive and statistically significant effect on wtp for all the selected chocolate bars namely age cohort older gender female and household income high respondents lifestyles and food consumption habits also had an effect on final bids this study offers valuable insights to policy makers and practitioners for efficiently targeting young consumers in campaigns to increase sustainability labelled food consumption

influence of formalization on role stress organizational commitment and work alienation of salespersons a cross national comparative study organizations rely on formalization to coordinate the efforts of employees however this practice has been found to have a negative influence on role stress organizational commitment and work alienation of salespersons though the negative influence of formalization in the united states has been known for some time we still cannot predict if similar relationships would should be observed in other countries because the rationale developed to explain these relationships in the united states did not consider the cultural factors that influence them with such knowledge it would become possible to anticipate the nature of the relationship in different cultural environments such an approach to developing cross national models has been often suggested but seldom implemented by emphasizing the role of culture this study generates practical guidelines for both practitioners and theorists

the case for open market purchases in a liquidity trap prevalent thinking about liquidity traps suggests that the perfect substitutability of money and bonds at a zero short term nominal interest rate renders open market operations ineffective for achieving macroeconomic stabilization goals we show that even were this the case there remains a powerful argument for large scale open market operations as a fiscal policy tool as we also demonstrate however this same reasoning implies that open market operations will be beneficial for stabilization as well even when the economy is expected to remain mired in a liquidity trap for some time thus the microeconomic fiscal benefits of open market operations in a liquidity trap go hand in hand with standard macroeconomic objectives motivated by japan s recent economic experience we use a dynamic general equilibrium model to assess the welfare impact of open market operations for an economy in japan s predicament we argue japan can achieve a substantial welfare improvement through large open market purchases of domestic government debt

differences in managerial values a study of u s hong kong and prc managers in this study of convergence divergence of managerial values four western developed measures machiavellianism locus of control intolerance of ambiguity and dogmatism and the four dimensions of the eastern developed chinese value survey confucian dynamism human heartedness integration and moral discipline were the measures used the findings indicate that often times both culture and the business environment interact to create a unique set of managerial values in a country

a cross national investigation of industrial salespeople s ethical perceptions this study examines ethical perceptions of industrial salespeople in the united states japan and south korea marketing ethics in general and selling ethics in particular have experienced increasing research attention many of the empirical studies have focused on ethical situations confronting marketing and sales practitioners despite the abundance of research in the general topic of marketing ethics as well as the globalization of competition in recent years a topic that has been virtually ignored is whether ethical perceptions of sales personnel are consistent across countries this paper reports a cross national comparison of business ethics of industrial salespeople across the three countries the findings indicate that nationality influences salespeople s beliefs about the ethics of selling practices and the need for company policies to guide those practices

on the determinants of household debt maturity choice this article jointly analyses a behavioural and a cultural concept to explain household debt portfolio choice the behavioural approach explores the role of time preferences on household debt maturity in a theoretical model and a numerical analysis we derive a positive relationship between the long term discount factor and the optimal maturity of household loans the cultural approach examines whether national culture is a reasonable predictor for household debt maturity we show that culture is an important factor for households borrowing decisions and has even more predictive power than time preferences countries with higher scores on the hofstede dimension of long term orientation tend to have shorter household debt maturity time preferences incur a primarily mediating role because the effect of national culture on the borrowing decision is reduced as the long term discount factor increases

lower for longer the case of the ecb abstract research has suggested that monetary policy acts asymmetrically near zero interest rates we match past ecb decisions with a simple forecast based reaction function the policy easing that started in 2013 has led to a deviation indicating a lower for longer approach

cultural influences on managerial choice an empirical study of employee benefit plans in the united states the objective of this study is to determine the effect of culture on the provision of employee benefits cultural influences have been investigated from a variety of perspectives but not in the context of pension and welfare benefits using unique data this study analyzes the level of coverage of employee benefits in the united states results indicate that culture does have an effect on the provision of these benefits

discretionary monetary policy and the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates abstract ignoring the existence of the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates one considerably understates the value of monetary commitment in new keynesian models a stochastic forward looking model with an occasionally binding lower bound calibrated to the u s economy suggests that low values for the natural rate of interest lead to sizeable output losses and deflation under discretionary monetary policy the fall in output and deflation are much larger than in the case with policy commitment and do not show up at all if the model abstracts from the existence of the lower bound the welfare losses of discretionary policy increase even further when inflation is partly determined by lagged inflation in the phillips curve these results emerge because private sector expectations and the discretionary policy response to these expectations reinforce each other and cause the lower bound to be reached much earlier than under commitment

willingness to pay and price elasticities of demand for energy efficient appliances combining the hedonic approach and demand systems abstract this article proposes a combined approach for estimating willingness to pay for the attributes represented by energy efficiency labels and providing reliable price elasticities of demand own and cross for close substitutes e g those with low energy efficiency and those with higher energy efficiency this is done by using the results of the hedonic approach together with the quantity based demand system qbds model the elasticity results obtained with the latter are then compared with those simulated using the linear almost ideal demand system la aids the methodology is applied to the dishwasher market in spain it is found that 15 6 of the final price is actually paid for the energy efficiency attribute this accounts for about 80 of the average market price the elasticity results confirm that energy efficient appliances are more price elastic than regular ones

nationality and subsidiary ownership patterns in multinational corporations this paper examines the notion that the multinational s nationality influences its foreign subsidiary ownership decisions it identifies theoretically meaningful constructs to represent nationality and examines under carefully controlled conditions their influence on subsidiary ownership preferences in american and european multinationals the paper concludes that there are indeed significant differences in ownership preferences among various nationalities that can be explained using cultural as well as economic variables but that these differences may become weaker in larger multinationals

cross cultural examination of the fishbein behavioral intentions model most of the principal theories associated with consumer behavior have been developed and tested in the united states a question that has been posed by some consumer researchers concerns the applicability of these theories outside of the united states the study reported in this paper is a cross cultural examination of the applicability of the fishbein behavioral intentions model in korea and the united states korea can be characterized as a collectivist culture that is different from the individualist culture dominant in the united states the findings of the study suggest that the fishbein model can be employed to explain consumers behavioral intentions formation in a confucian culture as well as in the united states

success factors for environmentally sustainable product innovation a systematic literature review the growing awareness regarding environmental sustainability has fully reached business reality consumers and companies alike are looking for alternatives to mitigate pressing environmental demands resulting from continuous population and economic growth on the other hand companies must deal with an increasingly competitive scenario where innovation is regarded as a survival need in most markets it is thus clear that systematic academic research is paramount to guide companies to succeed in environmentally sustainable product innovation in this context this paper i consolidate extant research and aggregate findings of different studies on environmentally sustainable product innovation through an interpretative framework of published literature on the topic and ii map critical success factors that drive the success of product innovation developed in this new logic of production and consumption to achieve these objectives a systematic literature review on environmentally sustainable product innovation was conducted results show that there are four main critical success factors for environmentally sustainable product innovation market law and regulation knowledge interfunctional collaboration innovation oriented learning and r d investments the factors identified in this research and corresponding variables were subjected to a brief empirical test by professionals the test allowed a preliminary approval of the developed framework and identification of the most important variables within each factor a research agenda based on the state of the art on the topic is also proposed

organizational structure and continuous improvement and learning moderating effects of cultural endorsement of participative leadership building upon the culturally endorsed implicit theory of leadership we investigated the moderating effects of national culture on the relationship between organizational structure and continuous improvement and learning we propose that the relationship between organic organizations characterized by flat decentralized structures with a wide use of multifunctional employees and continuous improvement and learning will be stronger when national cultural endorsement for participative leadership is high we further propose that organizational group culture will moderate the relationship between organizational structure and continuous improvement and learning but that these moderation effects will be stronger in national cultures with low endorsement of participative leadership empirical analysis of secondary survey data collected from 266 manufacturing plants operating in three industries and located in nine countries representing a diverse set of geographical regions provided support for the hypotheses overall our findings indicate that to fully realize the relationship between organic structures and continuous improvement and learning managers must actively assess the extent to which the national culture endorses participative leadership in cases where this endorsement is weak managers should consider the extent to which the organizational culture will provide alternative support for the relationship

assessing the effects of culture on managerial attitudes a three culture test cross cultural studies are inherently difficult because the typical research design fails to differentiate cultural from other environmental influences the present study uses a research design that attempts to isolate the influence of culture japanese chinese and mexican managers their ethnic american counterparts and anglo americans are used to test the model results indicate unique persistent cultural characteristics with the cultural effect varying among the three groups of managers

central bank misperceptions and the role of money in interest rate rules research with keynesian style models has emphasized the importance of the output gap for policies aimed at controlling inflation while declaring monetary aggregates largely irrelevant critics however have argued that these models need to be modified to account for observed money growth and inflation trends and that monetary trends may serve as a useful cross check for monetary policy we identify an important source of monetary trends in form of persistent central bank misperceptions regarding potential output simulations with historical output gap estimates indicate that such misperceptions may induce persistent errors in monetary policy and sustained trends in money growth and inflation if interest rate prescriptions derived from keynesian style models are augmented with a cross check against money based estimates of trend inflation inflation control is improved substantially

constructive consumer choice processes consumer decision making has been a focal interest in consumer research and consideration of current marketplace trends e g technological change an information explosion indicates that this topic will continue to be critically important we argue that consumer choice is inherently constructive due to limited processing capacity consumers often do not have well defined existing preferences but construct them using a variety of strategies contingent on task demands after describing constructive choice consumer decision tasks and decision strategies we provide an integrative framework for understanding constructive choice review evidence for constructive consumer choice in light of that framework and identify knowledge gaps that suggest opportunities for additional research

green products an exploratory study on the consumer behaviour in emerging economies of the east abstract the recent years have witnessed a phenomenal change in quantum and pattern of consumption in the developing nations of the east ever increasing consumption is putting a strain on the environment the present work delves into understanding the relationship between environmental concerns and consumer choice behaviour in purchasing green products in the context of india being a large emerging economy in south east asia attempt has been made to examine the influence of consumption values on sustainable consumer behaviour across consumer segments with preferential green choice approach difference multiple linear regression analysis one way analysis of variance and other standard statistical analysis of the data collected through questionnaire survey have been done results indicate that price sensitivity is high regardless of their choice preference social value parameter being the dominant factor influences sustainable consumption behaviour adoption among the green preferential cluster consumption values differ significantly across consumers exhibiting different preference for products with and without green credentials being higher for those with green purchase or consumption experience or notion

the impact of journals and authors on international business research a citational analysis of jibs articles in this paper we use citational analysis to examine the influence of individuals and disciplines on international business research we collected citational data over the ten year period 1984 to 1993 from every issue of the journal of international business studies we found that management economics marketing and finance disciplines have had significant influence on international business research and identified researchers such as dunning porter vernon casson rugman and hofstede as having made significant contributions to international business research

beyond ecolabels what green marketing can learn from conventional marketing ecolabels have emerged as one of the main tools of green marketing although a great deal of effort has been invested in making them more effective and efficient the market share of ecolabelled products is still low partly because they have been addressed mainly to green consumers in a theoretical exposition of marketing theory we find that green marketing could learn from conventional marketing in discovering other means than labelling to promote green products examples include addressing a wider range of consumers working with the positioning strategies of price place and promotion and actively engaging in market creation

discrete modelling of supply response under uncertainty the case of the fishery abstract in the absence of complete control in a regulated industry effective management requires prediction of firms behavioral responses to public policy this paper develops a discrete choice model of supply response under uncertainty and applies it to fishery choice problems of new england fishing firms while fishermen demonstrate a bias towards remaining within the same fishery sufficient incentives in terms of changes in expected returns and risk are shown to elicit response due to extreme uncertainty concerning population dynamics of fish stocks a satisficing approach to management facilitated by this type of modelling may be more appropriate than bioeconomic optimization

national culture and corporate debt maturity abstract we investigate the influence of national culture on corporate debt maturity choice based on the framework of williamson we argue that culture located in social embeddedness level can shape contracting environments by serving as an informal constraint that affects human actors incentives and choices in market exchange we therefore expect national culture to be related to debt maturity structure after controlling for legal political financial and economic institutions using hofstede s four cultural dimensions uncertainty avoidance collectivism power distance and masculinity as proxies for culture and using a sample of 114 723 firm years from 40 countries over the 1991 2006 period we find robust evidence that firms located in countries with high uncertainty avoidance high collectivism high power distance and high masculinity tend to use more short term debt we interpret our results as consistent with the view that national culture helps explain cross country variations in the maturity structure of corporate debt

national culture and life insurance consumption this cross disciplinary study examines the way national culture affects consumption patterns of life insurance across countries life insurance is a service that is abstract complex and focused on unsure future benefits because of the uncertainty and ambiguity inherent in the life insurance product consumers are more likely to respond according to their cultural prescriptions our research hypotheses are tested empirically using hofstede s cultural dimensions and data from 1976 2001 across 41 countries the findings show that individualism indeed has a significant positive effect on life insurance consumption whereas power distance and masculinity femininity have significant negative effects the results are robust even after controlling for economic institutional and demographic determinants

money in monetary policy design a formal characterization of ecb style cross checking the european central bank has assigned a special role to money in its two pillar strategy and has received much criticism for this decision the case against including money in the central bank s interest rate rule is based on a st andard model of the monetary transmission process that underlies many contributions to research on monetary policy in the last two decades in this paper we develop a justifi cation for including money in the interest rate rule by allowing for imperfect knowledge regarding unobservables such as potential output and equilibrium interest rates we formulate a novel characterization of ecb style monetary cross checking and show that it can generate substantial stabilization benefits in the event of persistent policy mis perceptions regarding potential output

trends in foreign direct investment flows a theoretical and empirical analysis this paper seeks to provide a rationale for changing trends in the flow and determinants of foreign direct investment fdi as a result of macro economic and firm strategy considerations we identify several factors that impact on such trends and develop propositions that could explain the phenomenon generically the study then provides preliminary empirical support for the propositions presented and outlines the path for further research needed to investigate more causal links the statistical analysis of investments by us multinational enterprises mnes reveals significant changes in the regional distribution of fdi and a change in some of its traditional determinants results show that us mnes are now making increasing investments into asia to exploit low wage levels and to secure entry into new markets

optimal monetary policy under commitment with a zero bound on nominal interest rates we determine optimal monetary policy under commitment in a forwardlooking new keynesian model when nominal interest rates are bounded below by zero the lower bound represents an occasionally binding constraint that causes the model and optimal policy to be nonlinear a calibration to the u s economy suggests that policy should reduce nominal interest rates more aggressively than suggested by a model without lower bound rational agents anticipate the possibility of reaching the lower bound in the future and this amplifies the effects of adverse shocks well before the bound is reached while the empirical magnitude of u s mark up shocks seems too small to entail zero nominal interest rates shocks affecting the natural real interest rate plausibly lead to a binding lower bound under optimal policy however this occurs quite infrequently and does not imply positive average inflation rates in equilibrium interestingly the presence of binding real rate shocks alters the policy response to non binding markup shocks

fostering corporate entrepreneurship cross cultural comparisons of the importance of individualism versus collectivism this study reports on results of a cross cultural empirical investigation designed to assess the impact of individualism collectivism upon organizational entrepreneurship the findings indicate individualism collectivism is an important factor in understanding entrepreneurial behavior in the firm implications of these findings are discussed

national culture and expatriate deployment we hypothesize that expatriate deployment is a control function predicted by home country culture dimensions with transaction cost and agency repercussions rather than culture in the aggregate this departure from the traditional conceptualization and measurement of cultural impact also yields a hypothesized asymmetrical effect which is tested for a multi country sample of 236 multinational subsidiaries using multiple measures of national culture hypotheses are supported with assertiveness and power distance confirmed as prime predictors of expatriate deployment

keeping the american dream alive the interactive effect of perceived economic mobility and materialism on impulsive spending abstractthis research illustrates how perceived economic mobility moderates the linkage between materialism and impulsive spending using various data sources four studies show that materialistic consumers do not easily engage in impulsive spending when they perceive high economic mobility whereas they tend to spend impulsively when they perceive low economic mobility however perceived economic mobility functions in the opposite manner when the purchase is a means to achieve financial success the authors trace this effect to the self regulation process of materialistic consumers such that when perceiving high economic mobility these consumers regulate their behavior toward long term financial success sacrificing the pleasure of acquisitions in the present by elucidating the important role that perceived economic mobility plays in impulsive spending the current research sheds new light on consumer research and offers managerial and public policy implications

consumer preferences and willingness to pay for compact fluorescent lighting policy implications for energy efficiency promotion in saint lucia this article examines consumer willingness to pay for energy saving compact fluorescent light bulbs using the results of a stated preferences study conducted in the caribbean island nation of saint lucia geographic location low income status and age are found to affect willingness to pay for compact fluorescent lighting while higher income status and other demographic variables appear to have minimal or no significant impacts energy efficiency knowledge is associated with increased willingness to pay for energy efficient bulbs and with increased use of compact fluorescent lighting contrary to theoretical expectations past purchase of compact fluorescent bulbs is found to have no impact on self reported willingness to pay we hypothesize that this null result is due to the recent emergence of low cost low quality compact fluorescent bulbs in the saint lucian lighting market which may be negatively influencing consumers preferences and expectations regarding energy efficient lighting findings support the argument that government sponsored education and subsidy programs will likely result in increased use of energy saving technologies in saint lucia but such behavioral changes may not be sustained in the long run unless low quality bulbs the lemons of the compact fluorescent lighting market can be clearly identified by consumers

propensity of green consumption behaviors in representative cities in china abstract green consumption behaviors are based on consumers attitude however there is a gap between them improving green consumption attitude will to a large extent affect the acceptance of green consumption the study interviewed consumers in four representative cities in china through questionnaires which was to search for a solution that affect consumers willingness to pay for green products by employing a multivariate logistic regression furthermore an empirical analysis was made to study their green consumption behaviors it is shown that chinese consumers have already been aware of green consumption to a certain extent and that green consumption willingness is influenced by age location sources of information and a host of other factors at present nearly half of the consumers are willing to pay an extra of no more than 5 for green products which is lower than the premium price for green products relative to non green ones however the actual premium price of green products in china exceeds this level in general rendering green products a less advantageous position in markets approaches including multiple marketing channels trade in services and green branding can effectively raise consumers reserve price for green products

does a dollar get you a dollar s worth of merchandise the impact of power distance belief on price quality judgments the role of cultural factors in influencing price perceptions is not understood well in the literature the present research seeks to fill this gap by examining the link between power distance belief the acceptance and endorsement of power disparities in society and the tendency to use the price of a product to judge its quality the underlying processes and boundary conditions three studies show that consumers high vs low in power distance belief have a greater tendency to use price to judge quality because they have a greater need for structure which makes them more likely to discriminate between brands and rank them based on price the relationships held regardless of whether the price to quality relation was assessed using a standard self report scale or via actual product judgments and whether power distance belief was measured or manipulated the effect was found to be independent of self construal holistic thinking and risk aversion was mediated by a need for structure and disappeared when the tendency to order was facilitated impeded by making price more less salient theoretical implications are discussed

the hassle factor an explanation for managerial location shunning this study investigates the widely overlooked phenomenon of multinational enterprise mne location avoidance utilizing a multi method research design and data on 131 foreign investment locations it complements economic choice based location research by adding contextual dimensions at the country level that matter to managers personally and affect decisions at the firm level we provide a connection between international business research the behavioral stream in economic geography and the microfoundations stream in the strategic management literature the results suggest that in addition to traditional location choice criteria including investment potential internationalization strategy and various geographic and psychic distances foreign location decisions in mnes are influenced by how troublesome it is for managers to travel to or live in certain places an 11 item measure composed of travel inconveniences shows a significant negative moderating effect on the relationship between foreign direct investment potential and investment intensity the effect is stronger for non resource seeking industries we call this phenomenon the hassle factor

leveraging factors for sustained green consumption behavior based on consumption value perceptions testing the structural model changing lifestyle and consumption pattern being the aftermath of growth and urbanization is putting a strain on environment and sustainable development the consumption value perceptions are identified in the study as the drivers of sustained green product consumption and intention to pay the green price premium using the theory of consumption values these value perceptions are certain parameters measuring consumer utilities along multiple value dimensions impacting choice behavior environmental attitude contextual factors and consumer innovativeness were included as the first order constructs data was collected through survey based method using structured questionnaires structural equation modeling was applied for testing the hypothesized model results confirmed consumers price and knowledge perceptions to be the major determinants of the behavioral outcome of sustained green consumption and behavioral intention to pay the green price premium is the outcome of sustained green consumption implications of the research were discussed

integrated environmental product innovation in the region of munich and its impact on company competitiveness abstract this paper examines the impact of environmental innovations on company competitiveness of both the environment industry and related sectors in the region of munich the focus is on the drivers of these innovations and their respective effects on innovating companies not only innovations in the area of end of pipe technologies but also the development of integrated products and production methods are examined in a regional case study approach a sample of 14 manufacturing and service companies in munich southern germany was interviewed essentially environmental innovation is driven by a mixture of factors internal and external to the firm not only regulatory pressure but also cost pressure competitive advantages technological lead and customer pressure are important drivers regulatory pushed innovations contribute to the competitive performance of sample companies in a similar way as environmental innovations which are carried out voluntarily that would yield proof for the so called porter hypothesis which assumes that environmental legislation stimulates innovation and leads to win win opportunities where simultaneously pollution is reduced and productivity increased

sustainable food consumption among young adults in belgium theory of planned behaviour and the role of confidence and values abstract this study investigates determinants of sustainable food consumer behaviour in belgium to gain a better insight in sustainable consumption a study was conducted in which attitudes and behaviour as well as the role of individual characteristics like confidence and values related to sustainable products are analyzed the focus of the analysis is on exploring the influence of determinants as hypothesised by the theory of planned behaviour tpb attitudes perceived behavioural control social norms on sustainable consumption intention in general and specifically depending on consumer s perceived confidence and personal values the empirical research builds on a survey with a sample of 456 young adults using a questionnaire and showing an advertisement for hypothetical sustainable dairy products stepwise multiple regression models showed that 50 of the variance in intention to consume sustainable dairy was explained by the combination of personal attitudes perceived social influences perceived consumer effectiveness and perceived availability in addition different levels of confidence and value orientation yield different strengths of the determinants the findings yield public policy and marketing recommendations for stimulating sustainable food consumption among young adults

the cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories this paper summarizes the author s recently published findings about differences in people s work related values among 50 countries in view of these differences ethnocen tric management theories those based on the value system of one particular country have become untenable this concept is illustrated for the fields of leadership organization and motivation a key issue for organization science is the influence of national cultures on introduction management twenty or even 10 years ago the existence of a relationship be management and tween management and national cultures was far from obvious to many and it national cultures may not be obvious to everyone even now in the 1950s and 60s the dominant be lief at least in europe and the u s was that management was something univer sal there were principles of sound management which existed regardless of na tional environments if national or local practice deviated from these principles it was time to change local practice in the future the universality of sound manage ment practices would lead to societies becoming more and more alike this ap plied even to the poor countries of the third world which would become rich as well and would be managed just like the rich countries also the differences be tween management in the first and second world capitalist and socialist would disappear in fact under the surface they were thought to be a lot smaller than was officially recognized this way of thinking which dominated the 1950s and 60s is known as the convergence hypothesis during the 1970s the belief in the unavoidable convergence of management prac tices waned it was too obviously in conflict with the reality we saw around us at the same time supranational organizations like the european common market which were founded very much on the convergence belief had to recognize the stubbornness of national differences even within existing nations regional dif ferences became more rather than less accentuated the welsh the flemish the basques the bangladeshi the quebecois defended their own identity and this was difficult to reconcile with a management philosophy of convergence it slowly became clear that national and even regional cultures do matter for management the national and regional differences are not disappearing they are here to stay in fact these differences may become one of the most crucial problems for man agement in particular for the management of multinational multicultural orga nizations whether public or private

personal selling elasticities a meta analysis abstract this article presents a meta analysis of prior econometric estimates of personal selling elasticity that is the ratio of the percentage change in an objective ratio scaled measure of sales output e g dollar or unit purchases to the corresponding percentage change in an objective ratio scaled measure of personal selling input e g dollar expenditures the authors conduct a meta analysis of 506 personal selling elasticity estimates drawn from analyses of 88 empirical data sets across 75 previous articles they find a mean estimate of current period personal selling elasticity of 34 they also find that elasticity estimates are higher for early life cycle stage offerings higher from studies set in europe than from those set in the united states and smaller in more recent years in addition elasticity estimates are affected significantly by analysts use of relative rather than absolute sales output measures by cross sectional rather than panel data by omission of promotions by lagge

redefining innovation eco innovation research and the contribution from ecological economics while innovation processes toward sustainable development eco innovations have received increasing attention during the past years theoretical and methodological approaches to analyze these processes are poorly developed against this background the term eco innovation is introduced in this paper addressing explicitly three kinds of changes towards sustainable development technological social and institutional innovation secondly the potential contribution of neoclassical and co evolutionary approaches from environmental and innovation economics to eco innovation research is discussed three peculiarities of eco innovation are identified the double externality problem the regulatory push pull effect and the increasing importance of social and institutional innovation while the first two are widely ignored in innovation economics the third is at the least not elaborated appropriately the consideration of these peculiarities may help to overcome market failure by establishing a specific eco innovation policy and to avoid a technology bias through a broader understanding of innovation finally perspectives for a specific contribution of ecological economics to eco innovation research are drawn it is argued that methodological pluralism as established in ecological economics would be very beneficial for eco innovation research a theoretical framework integrating elements from both neoclassical and evolutionary approaches should be pursued in order to consider the complexity of factors influencing innovation decisions as well as the specific role of regulatory instruments and the experience gathered in ecological economics integrating ecological social and economic aspects of sustainable development is highly useful for opening up innovation research to social and institutional changes 2000 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

how consumers are willing to pay for low carbon products results from a carbon labeling scenario experiment in china carbon labeling has been recently developed to lead the public towards lower carbon consumption in an attempt to create a low carbon economy by identifying the greenhouse gas emissions produced during the full life cycle of a product carbon labeling can affect the behavior of the consumers who purchase low carbon products based on data from a carbon labeling scenario experiment conducted by the research group in six cities throughout china we adopted the dunnett s t3 test approach for single factor variance analysis to find the differences in consumers willingness to pay for low carbon products between different types of consumers then we used a logistic regression model to analyze the relationship between the consumers willingness to pay and their demographic variables the results indicate 1 significant differences exist in the willingness to pay for low carbon products for different consumers and 2 education level and monthly income significantly impact consumer willingness to pay based on these findings we proposed relevant policy implications

national culture and the choice of exchange rate regime abstract based on the social analysis framework of williamson we argue that national culture especially the individualism collectivism dimension located in the social embeddedness level can guide behaviors and decisions in a country including the choice of exchange rate regime we argue that individualistic societies are more likely to choose floating regimes because their economic agents are independent overconfident and have higher levels of risk tolerance individualistic societies are also associated with better financial development fewer capital controls and more democratic institutions which are all tied to a higher probability of choosing a floating exchange rate regime we use data on 78 countries over the 1976 2014 period and we control for common determinants of exchange rate regimes we find that individualistic countries have a significantly higher probability of implementing a floating regime than a fixed regime our evidence is robust to using an instrumental variables approach an alternative estimation technique an alternative regime classification alternative proxies for culture a subsample analysis and additional controls we also find that other cultural dimensions uncertainty avoidance power distance and masculinity can influence the choice of exchange rate regime but their effect is weaker than that of individualism

patterns of convergence and divergence among industrialized nations 1960 1988 increased communication trade and travel between countries act to bring them together in many respects the present study examines similarities in macro environmental characteristics of eighteen industrialized nations over a twenty eight year period contrary to the initial research proposition countries were found to be diverging especially in the latter part of the time period in spite of the increased communications travel and trade between countries physical distance remains an important determinant of macro environmental similarity two measures of national culture power distance and individualism were found to be related to change in macro environmental factors

an investigation of gender differences in leadership across four countries this study investigates the emphasis males and females place on leadership behaviors and styles across four countries characterized as two cultural dyads norway sweden and australia u s previous gender comparisons and cross cultural studies of leadership are reviewed a framework for exploring leadership consisting of five leadership behaviors and six leadership styles is then presented and tested with questionnaire data from 209 managers across the four countries results demonstrate significant effects for gender and country but no interaction effects post hoc analyses suggest that across all four countries male emphasize the goal setting dimension while females emphasize the interaction facilitation dimension australians scored significantly differently than leaders in the other countries on interaction facilitation benevolent autocratic style and laissez faire style these findings are discussed in light of gender characteristics and cultural values

determinants of non life insurance expenditure in developed and developing countries an empirical investigation the determinants of non life insurance expenditure in a panel data set covering 36 developed countries and 31 developing countries for the period 2000 2011 are analysed results of our instrumental variable analysis indicate that economic freedom income bank development urbanization culture and law systems are the key drivers of the non life insurance expenditure across countries however their impacts differ significantly between the groups of developed and developing countries suggesting that the heterogeneity among countries in terms of the level of development plays an important role the global financial crisis is also found to influence the direction of those effects especially in developed countries the article yields useful policy and economic implications for governments and multinational non life insurance companies with regard to the development of the non life insurance sector an important engine for economic growth and prosperity

are commercial fishers risk lovers fishers are risk averse according to most empirical studies while expected utility theory predicts risk neutrality even for sizable stakes we test this prediction using data from a stated choice experiment with swedish commercial fishers our results show that only 48 of the fishers can be broadly characterized as risk neutral while 26 are modestly risk averse and 26 are strongly riskaverse fishers are more risk neutral the higher the fraction of their household s income comes from fishing sensitivity testing implies that modest stake decisions like a few days of fishing are not influenced by wealth level

influence of role stress on industrial salespeople s work outcomes in the united states japan and korea role theory espouses and extensive empirical research has found that role stress can have deleterious effect on work outcomes of sales personnel the findings of these investigations however are predicated on u s based samples of salespeople whether similar results would be obtained with samples of salespersons in other countries has not yet been determined this paper reports the results of a study that examined the impact of role stress on performance job satisfaction and organizational commitment of industrial salespeople from the united states japan and korea tests of cross national hypotheses indicate general consistency in the findings across the three countries

process standardization across intra and inter cultural relationships theory suggests that culture may hinder the ability to effectively standardize the process of relationship development strategies across intra and inter cultural relationships construct relationships between trust commitment conflict and satisfaction in manufacturer distributor relationships are examined intra i e within a single cultural type and inter culturally i e between different cultural types with a sample of distributors from canada chile mexico and the united states results support theoretical differences in the consequences of the trust commitment relationship between intra cultural and inter cultural relationships the results suggest process standardization based upon cultural type

acting on anger cultural value moderators of the effects of consumer animosity the recent rise in protectionism and demonization of foreign countries has increased the risk of brands falling victim to the negative effects of consumer animosity or strong negative affect directed at a foreign country we investigate the role of cultural values as moderating the relationship between consumer animosity and willingness to buy the combined results of a meta analysis and six experiments in the us and china offer strong evidence that collectivism and long term orientation mitigate the negative effects of consumer animosity and support the contention that animosity s effect on willingness to buy is much stronger than on product judgments

determinants of participation versus consumption in the nordic swan eco labeled market abstract this paper analyzes the determinants of demand for nordic swan eco labeled paper products and whether the factors determining the discrete decision to buy a swan labeled product are different from those that determine the quantity purchased using observed consumer purchase data from denmark we find that prices and socio demographic characteristics have a strong impact on the decision to purchase a swan labeled good the quantity consumed of swan labeled goods on the other hand is strongly affected by the availability of swan goods discounts and household size

globalization and location choice an analysis of us multinational firms in 1980 and 2000 in this paper we examine foreign location choices of the top 100 us multinational corporations mncs in 1980 and 2000 we first ask whether there has been a change in mnc foreign location choice in this two decade period second we explore the underlying reasons of location change by focusing on country level factors accounting for firm industry and regional level explanations our findings suggest first that the extent of mncs activities around the globe is more extensive than assumed by regionalists arguments and well beyond ohmae s triad but still less widespread than claimed by the globalists the two main traditions within the globalization regionalization debate second we uncover an interesting de location pattern in this period third we develop an integrative framework where both economic and institutional cultural arguments are shown to influence mncs foreign location choice in different ways we conclude with a discussion of our findings and provide suggestions for future research

environmentally sustainable innovation expected attributes in the purchase of green products in a capitalist economy the principles values and behaviors of a great part of the population are centered on buying things on having goods thus in order to achieve sustainable development emphasis should be given to the creation and the promotion of environmentally sustainable products in view of that the present study investigates consumers purchase decision process regarding environmentally sustainable products this study sought identifying what the green product and process expected attributes are in automobile and furniture purchases as well as what the expanded and reduced risks are in offers with these characteristics to reach these objectives a qualitative research was initially performed and subsequently a quantitative research was carried out with the aim to confirm the mapped data in summary the results obtained indicate as important green attributes for automobiles items such as economy engine and new technologies regarding furniture important green attributes design origin label and origin of the raw material were indicated as important furthermore it could be verified that the purchase of green products may increase performance and time risks and mitigate financial and social risks in short this study allowed for advances in the theoretical comprehension regarding green products and decision making processes with medium and high involvement levels however once external factors such as culture and ethnicity tend to influence buyers decision making processes and considering the fact that this study was executed in brazil distinct results may be found in other countries

influence of perceived value on purchasing decisions of green products in brazil abstract research on behavioral motivation for green product consumption has greatly advanced in recent years but many unknowns remain particularly regarding consumers willingness to pay premium prices for products with ecological appeal in this context this paper reports an experimental research that investigates the relationship between consumer perceived value for green products and price elasticity the research was performed using an adaptation of the model proposed by zeithaml 1988 and it was applied in the automotive and furniture sectors it was found that perceived value of green products increases willingness to pay in the purchasing decision it was also observed that demographical variables such as gender age and revenue positively impact perceived quality and the consequent purchase intention considering the population sampled results indicate that the effect of ecological appeal is similar to a 10 price reduction it means that according to the declared preference respondents were willing to pay on average a 10 premium for green products in the studied product categories the main theoretical contribution of our paper lies in furthering the understanding of how key dimensions that constitute perceived value relate to each other and to demographic and personal influence variables as well as its impact in willingness to pay premium prices for green products

national culture and financial systems countries differ in the way their financial activities are organized in anglo saxon countries such as the us and the uk financial systems are dominated by stock markets whereas in continental europe and japan banks play a predominant role why do countries differ in the configuration of their financial systems we argue that national culture plays a significant role we find that countries characterized by higher uncertainty avoidance are more likely to have a bank based system

location choice of commercial fishermen with heterogeneous risk preferences location choice of commercial fishermen with heterogeneous risk preferences author s johan a mistiaen and ivar e strand reviewed work s source american journal of agricultural economics vol 82 no 5 proceedings issue dec 2000 pp 1184 1190 published by oxford university press on behalf of the agricultural applied economics association stable url http www jstor org stable 1244248 accessed 25 01 2012 20 19

desire to acquire powerlessness and compensatory consumption three experiments examine how power affects consumers spending propensities by integrating literatures suggesting that a powerlessness is aversive b status is one basis of power and c products can signal status the authors argue that low power fosters a desire to acquire products associated with status to compensate for lacking power supporting this compensatory hypothesis results show that low power increased consumers willingness to pay for auction items and consumers reservation prices in negotiations but only when products were status related the link between powerlessness and compensatory consumption has broad implications both for consumers health and well being and for understanding the psychological state of power

australian and japanese value stereotypes a two country study australians and japanese working in australian and japanese organizations in both countries were involved in a research project that estimated stereotypical views of national culture respondents rated the importance of cultural values in australia and japan using the list of values lov instrument the results of a discriminant analysis suggested that potentially detrimental misunderstandings about their respective cultures may exist between australians and japanese engaged in mutual international business

a fresh look at understanding green consumer behavior among young urban indian consumers through the lens of theory of planned behavior abstract rapid economic growth and resulting overconsumption have accelerated environmental deterioration worldwide prompting escalated consumption related environmental concerns this study attempts to explore the antecedents of ecologically conscious consumer behavior eccb among young urban consumers in india an emerging market experiencing rapid economic growth with increased urbanization and changes in consumption patterns that are contributing to environmental hazard the empirical study including a literature review uses theory of planned behavior integrating environmental attitudes subjective norms perceived consumer effectiveness and behavioral intention in the model to investigate their influence on eccb the results suggest that attitudes and perceived consumer effectiveness both have a significant direct and indirect positive influence on eccb in addition it would appear that the subjective norm a measure of social demand does not have any significant influence on behavioral intention leading to eccb contrary to established findings in a collective society considered in this study this paper concludes with policy implications of the findings for marketers and policymakers as well as potential directions for further research

collectivism and corruption in bank lending this paper examines how national culture and collectivism in particular influences corruption in bank lending we hypothesize that interdependent self construal and particularist norms in collectivist countries lead to a higher level of lending corruption through their influence both on the interactions between bank officers and bank customers and on the dynamics among bank colleagues using a sample covering 3835 firms across 38 countries we find strong evidence that firms domiciled in collectivist countries perceive a higher level of lending corruption than firms domiciled in individualist countries in terms of economic magnitude the effect of collectivism is substantially larger than the effects of other cultural dimensions uncertainty avoidance masculinity and power distance and institutional factors identified in prior studies bank supervision bank competition information sharing and media monitoring we further find that the positive relationship between collectivism and lending corruption is not driven by endogeneity and that it is robust to different measures of bank corruption different measures of collectivism and different estimation methods finally we find that the link between collectivism and lending corruption cannot be explained by the role of the government in the economy political connections biased responses from disgruntled borrowers or relationship lending

determinants of demand for green products an application to eco label demand for fish in europe abstract in this paper we confront the theoretical motivations of the consumption of eco friendly products and the factors influencing the european perceptions regarding the fact that fish caught using an environmentally friendly technique may carry a special label we take advantage of the recent integration of non economic elements in the microeconomic analysis of consumers behavior in order to highlight the factors leading to their demand for green products thanks to an original european survey on seafood product carried out on more than 5000 consumers we test the influence of intrinsic motivation information localization and socio economic factors on the demand for an eco label for fish our results show a significant connection between the desire for eco labeling and seafood features especially the freshness of the fish the geographical origin of the fish and the wild vs farmed origin of the fish moreover we prove the major role played by the fish price we also demonstrate that the ecological issue regarding fisheries is highly connected to consumer information intrinsic motivation and socio economic status the typical green fish consumer is a young woman well educated well informed on the state of marine resources and not very trusting of the regulation of the fisheries consumers who are aware of the importance of marine resource preservation have the same profile