multivariate count data regression models with individual panel data from an on site sample the purpose of this paper is to consider the problem of controlling for on site sampling in the context of a system or panel of demand equations specifically in the context of recreation demand we are concerned with the situation in which survey respondents are asked to provide information not only about the actual trips to a specific site observed behavior but also their anticipated trips either under current conditions or given price and quality changes a multivariate poisson log normal mpln model and a seemingly unrelated negative binomial sunb model are used to jointly model the observed and contingent behavior data and to correct for on site sampling

models for referendum data the structure of discrete choice models for contingent valuation abstract in 1979 bishop and heberlein introduced an appealing variant of the contingent valuation method which required only yes or no responses hanemann developed a utility theoretic interpretation of the yes no responses which has helped popularize the approach recently cameron has offered another interpretation also utility theoretic which she argues is more general than the hanemann random utility model this paper compares the deterministic models suggested by hanemann and cameron showing them to be dual to each other it shows that correct specification of either function must exclude endogenous variables such as quantity demanded it also demonstrates that using utility theoretic models allows one to compare travel cost models and contigent valuation models on the basis of their implied behavior not on the unobservable surplus or variation measure

statistical efficiency of double bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation the statistical efficiency of conventional dichotomous choice contingent valuation surveys can be improved by asking each respondent a second dichotomous choice question which depends on the response to the first question if the first response is yes the second bid is some amount greater than the first bid while if the first response is no the second bid is some amount smaller this double bounded approach is shown to be asymptotically more efficient than the conventional singlebounded approach using data from a survey of californians regarding their willingness to pay for wetlands in the san joaquin valley we show that in a finite sample the gain in efficiency can be very substantial

marketing mix and brand sales in global markets examining the contingent role of country market characteristics marketing products globally is challenging due to the diverse nature of markets we use market heterogeneity unbranded competition resource and infrastructure availability and sociopolitical governance as country market characteristics that distinguish between developed and emerging countries we investigate their moderating role on the relationship between elements of the marketing mix and brand sales we provide evidence from a hierarchical linear model and a panel data set of brands from 14 emerging and developed markets that account for 62 of the global gdp that country market characteristics moderate the relationship between the complete set of marketing mix elements and brand sales performance asymmetrically while distribution and price have the largest impact in emerging and developed countries respectively product innovation and advertising have significantly larger impacts in emerging markets relative to developed countries these finding highlights the importance of contingency view of marketing strategy in global markets

arbitrary values good causes and premature verdicts abstract this paper offers an alternative interpretation of the conclusions kahneman and knetsch propose based on two contingent valuation cvm surveys the evaluation argues that while framing is important to cvm estimates the design implementation and empirical findings reported from these surveys do not support their judgments moreover with the exception of temporal embedding conventional economic descriptions of individual behavior can explain the response patterns that they suggest are at variance with standard value theory

the public s willingness to pay for securing a reliable natural gas supply in korea with the increasing importance of natural gas ng in the energy mix the search for a reliable liquefied ng lng supply has received great attention along with energy security in korea however the current level of lng supply reliability in korea is much lower than that in other industrialized countries in order to improve the reliability of the lng supply diverse policy measures are required which come at an additional cost paid by society this study aims to investigate the public s willingness to pay wtp for improving the reliability of the lng supply by increasing the lng storage rate from the current level 11 to 20 to this end the contingent valuation cv method is applied by using national survey data of 1000 households in particular this study employs a one and one half bound oohb dichotomous choice model combined with a spike model to address the responses from the cv survey with zero wtp the annual mean wtp is estimated to be krw 9641 usd 8 68 per household expanding the value to the national population provides a value of krw 169 43 billion usd 152 55 million the results indicate that people are willing to shoulder the burden of safeguarding a reliable supply of lng

levelized cost of electricity lcoe of renewable energies and required subsidies in china newhuadu business school research fund china sustainable energy program g 1305 18257 national social science foundation of china 12zd059 ministry of education 10 jbg 013

rates of time preference and consumer valuations of automobile safety and fuel efficiency this article estimates hedonic price models for automobiles using a data set on almost 3 000 households from the u s department of energy residential transportation energy consumption survey the standard hedonic models are generalized to recognize the role of discounting of fuel efficiency and safety yielding an estimated rate of time preference ranging from 11 to 17 percent this range includes the prevailing rate of interest for car loans in 1988 and is consequently consistent with market rates purchasers exhibit an implicit value of life ranging from 2 6 to 3 7 million which is within the range found in the labor market as well as other market contexts the model also estimates a significant price effect for auto injury risks and fuel efficiency

political scale and electoral turnout evidence from the less industrialized world this article attempts to bring the politics of scale back into the study of comparative politics explicitly focusing on the question of electoral turnout in the less industrialized world it explo

foreign entry cultural barriers and learning this paper examines the longevity of foreign entries hypotheses are developed on the mode start ups vs acquisitions and ownership structure wholly owned vs joint ventures in relation to cultural distance the hypotheses are tested within a framework of organizational learning using data on 225 entries that 13 dutch firms carried out from 1966 onwards results show that the presence of cultural barriers punctuates an organization s learning cultural distance is a prominent factor in foreign entry whenever this involves another firm requiring the firm to engage in double layered acculturation we also identify locational paths of learning the longevity of acquisitions is positively influenced by prior entries of the firm in the same country similarly the longevity of foreign entries in which the firm has a majority stake improves whenever the expanding firm engaged in prior entries in the same country and in other countries in the same cultural block

using revealed preferences to estimate the value of travel time to recreation sites the opportunity value of travel time vtt is one of the most important elements of the total cost of recreation day trips and arguably the most difficult to estimate most studies build upon the theoretical framework proposed by becker 1965 by using a combination of revealed and stated preference data to estimate a value of time which is uniform in all activities and under all circumstances this restriction is relaxed by deserpa s 1971 model which allows the value of saving time to be activity specific we present the first analysis which uses actual driving choices between open access and toll roads to estimate a vtt specific for recreation trips thereby providing a value which conforms to both becker s and deserpa s theoretical models using these findings we conduct a monte carlo simulation to identify generalizable results for subsequent valuation studies our results indicate that 3 4 of the wage rate provides a reasonable approximation of the average vtt for recreation trips while the commonly implemented assumption of 1 3 of the wage rate generates downward biased results

value of time speeding behavior and gasoline prices abstract value of time vot is a key parameter in economics and policy this paper presents an alternative method to estimate vot by analyzing an hourly dataset on drivers speeding behavior as a function of the gasoline price our identification strategy is novel as it is based on the intensive margin in comparison previous studies reveal vot on the extensive margin but choice alternatives have multiple attributes thereby potentially confounding estimates consistent with the range of the prior literature we find a vot of about 50 of the wage rate and analyze sources of bias from accidents and traffic tickets these bias functions suggest that previous stated preference vot estimates are likely downward whereas previous revealed preference estimates are likely upward biased

consumer demand for green power and energy efficiency abstract this article examines reported willingness to pay for electric utility investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency resources using the results of deliberative polls conducted by electric utilities in texas 1 age education and salary tend to affect reported willingness to pay for utility investments in these resources intensive exposure to information about energy resource issues led to an increase in the number of respondents interested in paying a modest premium to support investments in both renewable energy resources and energy efficiency however average reported premiums actually declined following the polls as very high outlier responses moved to more reasonable values following the polls these results support the contention that informed dialogue about energy alternatives will result in broader interest in providing a modest level of support for these resources

reply to a comment on three reasons to use annual payments in contingent valuation abstract whitehead 2017 suggests the contingent valuation cv data from 3 egan et al 2015b lacks theoretical validity and has a fat tails problem while also questioning our conclusion that cv surveys using annual payments produce willingness to pay wtp estimates that better match consumer surplus estimates from a travel cost model in this reply we use likelihood ratio tests to show that our cv data is theoretically valid we use the turnbull and kristrom distribution free estimators to show that our cv data generate economically significant wtp estimates with small standard errors finally we apply the sensitivity analyses from our original paper to whitehead s results these sensitivity analyses overwhelmingly support our original conclusion in favor of using annual payments in cv surveys

energy conservation investment do consumers discount the future correctly we argue that the apparently high discount rates attributed to investors making energy conservation investments are not irrational or the result of some market failure rather they may result from an investor recognizing that many conservation investments entail substantial sunk costs in the presence of these costs and uncertainty over future conservation savings consumers should use a higher hurdle rate for investment than if there were no uncertainty simulations suggest that the hurdle rate should be about four times greater than the standard rate an implication of our model is that tax subsidies for the purchase of conservation capital are likely to be ineffective we discuss alternative policy approaches which are more likely to increase energy efficient investment namely mandatory efficiency standards and energy taxes

electoral governance matters explaining the quality of elections in contemporary latin america this article provides a systematic cross national analysis of the role of electoral administration in explaining acceptable democratic presidential elections in 19 countries in latin america since the year 1980 or the first pivotal transitional election the authors provide two alternative measures of election administration one focused on the degree of partisanship or professional independence and another on formal legal institutional independence as well as on other key factors to test partial proportional odds ordered logit models predicting the probability of an acceptable flawed or failed electoral process the results show an important positive role for professional independent electoral commissions on electoral outcomes in latin america controlling for other socioeconomic and political factors formal legal independence matters when the rules of the game are likely to be respected in addition low quality elections are found disproportionately where incumbents seek reelection and where vic

who votes in latin america a test of three theoretical perspectives previous studies of electoral participation in latin america have focused on the political and institutional factors that influence country differences in the aggregate level of turnout this article provides a theoretical and empirical examination of the individual level factors that have an impact on citizens propensity to vote we test three theoretical perspectives that have been used to explain electoral participation in industrialized democracies voters resources voters motivations and mobilization networks using a series of logistic and hierarchical models we demonstrate that the demographic characteristics of voters age and education and citizens insertion in mobilizing networks civic organizations and the working place are strong predictors of electoral participation in latin america our analysis also confirms the importance of contextual and institutional variables to explain turnout in the region

one and one half bound dichotomous choice contingent valuation to reduce the potential for response bias on the follow up bid in multiple bound discrete choice cvm questions while maintaining much of the efficiency gains of the multiple bound approach we introduce the one and one half bound oohb approach despite the fact that the oohb model uses less information than the double bound db approach efficiency gains in moving from single bound to oohb capture a large portion of the gain associated with moving from single bound to db in an analysis of survey data our oohb estimates demonstrated higher consistency with respect to the follow up data than the db estimates and were more efficient as well

the impact of the bird flu on public willingness to pay for the protection of migratory birds abstract in this paper we present the results of a unique time series analysis of contingent values and models for migratory bird protection based on an identical contingent valuation cv survey carried out over a three year time period since the first bird flu outbreak in 2003 although there exists no scientific evidence for a direct relationship migratory birds are believed to play an important role in spreading the bird flu virus worldwide the time series analysis allows us to test the temporal stability of stated preferences for migratory bird protection and at the same time examine indirectly the possible impact of increased media attention and public awareness levels regarding the bird flu we test the impact of the bird flu on public willingness to pay wtp for migratory bird protection in the final 2005 survey whilst accounting for procedural variance introduced by sequencing and question ordering effects but we are unable to demonstrate a direct negative relationship a novelty of the study presented here is that respondents in the cv surveys are given the opportunity to pay an annual money amount or a one time off lump sum annual wtp values appear to be significantly higher than one time off wtp values suggesting a negative implicit discount rate self selection bias is an important reason for the observed differences we find that respondents who agree to pay annually differ significantly from respondents who wish to pay a lump sum in terms of their underlying preferences and motivations towards migratory bird protection

the korean public s willingness to pay for expanding the use of solid refuse fuel abstract solid refuse fuel srf a solid fuel that is produced from non hazardous combustible waste can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions compared with fossil fuels the korean government plans to enhance the ratio of combustible waste converted into srf from 16 in 2014 to 100 in 2020 by increasing the number of facilities that make and use srf this paper attempts to investigate empirically the korean public s willingness to pay wtp for expanding the use of srf the wtp data were obtained from a one and one half bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation survey of 1000 households because a considerable number of respondents 62 6 gave a zero wtp response we applied a spike model to treat the wtp data with zero observations the spike model fitted the data well considering that all the coefficient estimates are statistically significant at the 1 level the yearly mean wtp was computed as krw 2479 usd 2 17 per household for the next 10 years which is also statistically meaningful at the 1 level expanding the value to the national population gives us krw 46 4 billion usd 40 5 million per year the present value of the total public wtp amounts to krw 369 0 billion usd 322 3 million using a social discount rate of 5 5 we can conclude that korean households are ready to shoulder some of the financial burden to expand the use of srf

effects of local legitimacy on certification decisions to global and national csr standards by multinational subsidiaries and domestic firms we explore the impact of local legitimacy on the imitation of certification by subsidiaries of foreign multinational enterprises and domestic firms we propose that mne multinational enterprise subsidiaries and domestic firms differ in their propensity to imitate geographically proximate firms when deciding whether to adopt national vs global csr corporate social responsibility certifications for two reasons first there are differences in the legitimacy they can expect to gain in different communities from adopting these certifications second there are differences in their knowledge about the local legitimacy of these certifications we test our hypotheses by studying the decisions of automotive suppliers in mexico to certify either to iso 14001 a global certification or to clean industry a national certification we find that geography matters mne subsidiaries imitate national certifications by geographically proximate firms to overcome a liability of foreignness while domestic firms imitate global certifications by proximate firms to overcome the disadvantages of localness we explore the implications of our findings for institutional theory and future research

what are the consequences of consequentiality abstract we investigate the extent to which dichotomous choice referenda responses are shaped by whether the individual believes the survey itself will ultimately impact policy using survey data from the iowa lakes project we test this supposition specifically we employ a bayesian treatment effect model in which the degree of perceived consequentiality measured as an ordinal response is permitted to have a structural impact on willingness to pay wtp for a hypothetical environmental improvement we test whether the estimated wtp distributions are the same for each value of the ordinal response in our survey data a subsample of individuals were randomly assigned supporting information suggesting that their responses to the questionnaires were important and will have an impact on policy decisions in conjunction with a bayesian posterior simulator we use this source of exogenous variation to identify the structural impacts of consequentiality perceptions on willingness to pay while controlling for the potential of confounding on unobservables we find evidence consistent with a knife edge result namely that the willingness to pay distributions are equal among those believing the survey to be at least minimally consequential and different for those believing that the survey is irrelevant for policy purposes

closeness expenditures and turnout in the 1982 u s house elections students of elections have repeatedly found that the closeness of an election is modestly correlated with turnout this may be due to a direct response of instrumentally motivated voters but recent theoretical work casts doubt on the adequacy of this explanation another possibility is that elite actors respond to closeness with greater effort at mobilization we explore the latter possibility by using fec and state data on campaign expenditures in house senate and gubernatorial races our results indicate that closeness has an effect at both the mass and elite levels we also provide quantitative estimates of the effect of senate and gubernatorial expenditure on house turnout

willingness to pay and the cost of commitment an empirical specification and test in a static setting willingness to pay for an environmental improvement is equal to compensating variation in a dynamic setting however willingness to pay may also contain a commitment cost in this paper we incorporate the dynamic nature of the value formation process into a stated preference study designed to test whether there is an important dynamic component commitment cost in stated preference values the results clearly indicate that stated preference values can contain commitment costs and that these can be quite large respondents offered the opportunity to delay their purchasing decisions until more information became available were willing to pay significantly less for improved water quality than those facing a now or never decision these results have important consequences for the design and interpretation of stated preference data

a mire of discount rates delaying conservation payment schedules in a choice experiment studies on the public s implicit discount rate in the willingness to pay for environmental amenities have mostly employed contingent valuation surveys we investigate respondents time preferences using choice experiments with four payment schedules in a split sample design in the context of mire conservation we first examine preference and taste heterogeneity among respondents finding them to a large extent independent of payment schedules next we use an endogenous approach to jointly estimate the implicit discount rates and preferences using choice experiments data we explore exponential and hyperbolic discounting model specifications we find insensitivity to the length of the payment period and support for hyperbolic discounting furthermore we provide policy relevant valuation results concerning mire conservation

japan s post fukushima challenge implications from the german experience on renewable energy policy the japanese electricity sector is facing serious challenges in the aftermath of the fukushima nuclear disaster the government has responded to the crisis with a new feed in tariff to promote increased utilization of renewable energy and proposed to reduce the dependence on nuclear power in this viewpoint we liken the transition implied by recently updated goals for the diffusion of renewables in japan to the transition in germany in the last decade we argue that some of the lessons learned in germany might prove valuable for the steps japan considers taking in particular we focus on the new japanese feed in tariff for solar photovoltaics in view of the recent developments in germany we emphasize the importance of the scheme s political legitimacy which needs to be maintained through adequate design of both policy instrument and political process we conclude with policy implications and a targeted research agenda

three reasons to use annual payments in contingent valuation surveys convergent validity discount rates and mental accounting abstract we present three arguments for using ongoing annual payments in contingent valuation cv surveys that estimate the benefit of a long lasting environmental improvement first by matching the duration of the payments with the duration of the environmental benefits survey respondents are spared from performing complicated present value calculations second willingness to pay wtp estimates from cv surveys that include ongoing annual payments best match wtp estimates obtained using travel cost surveys third respondents are less likely to face binding mental budget constraints with ongoing annual payments than with a larger one time payment in addition respondents discount rates may be estimated by collecting non hypothetical individual time preference data as part of the valuation survey

is the korean public willing to pay for a decentralized generation source the case of natural gas based combined heat and power abstract natural gas ng based combined heat and power chp plants can be installed near electricity consuming areas and do not require large scale and long distance power transmission facilities this paper attempts to assess the public s additional willingness to pay wtp for substituting consumption of a unit of electricity generated from nuclear power plant currently a dominant power generation source in korea with that produced from ng based chp plant in terms of decentralized generation using the contingent valuation cv method to this end a cv survey of 1 000 households was implemented the results show that the mean additional wtp for substituting nuclear power plant by ng based chp plant is estimated to be krw 55 3 usd 0 047 per kwh of electricity which is statistically significant at the 1 level this value amounts to 44 7 of the average price for electricity krw 123 69 usd 0 106 in 2015 which implies that the public are ready to shoulder a significant financial burden to achieve the substitution moreover the value can be interpreted as an external cost of nuclear power generation relative to ng based chp generation or as an external benefit of ng based chp generation relative to nuclear power generation with a view to decentralized generation

intra and inter organizational imitative behavior institutional influences on japanese firms entry mode choice this paper compares the predictions of transaction cost and institutional theories in an empirical study of the entry mode choice for 1 194 japanese foreign subsidiaries the findings indicate the institutional model adds significant explanatory power over and above the predictions of the transaction cost model using the concepts of frequency based trait based and outcome based imitation i find support for institutional isomorphism as later entrants tended to follow the entry mode patterns established by earlier entrants isomorphic behavior was also present within a firm as firms exhibited consistency in entry mode choices across time further a firm s investment experience moderated institutional influences on entry mode choice

density dependence in the evolution of populations of newspaper organizations a model of density dependence is proposed to explain regularities in the growth and decline of organizational populations density the number of organizations is assumed to be a function of the social processes of legitimation and competition at low density the model predicts that the legitimation process will dominate and will lead to high organizational founding rates and low organizational mortality rates at high levels of density competition will dominate and consequently founding rates will decline and mortality rates will rise the model is tested with hazard function models using data from nine newspaper populations spanning the 19th and 20th centuries and covering over 5200 newspapers analysis offounding rates provides strong empirical support for the model analysis of mortality rates reveals that the model holds for large populations

fat tails and truncated bids in contingent valuation an application to an endangered shorebird species a yes response function in a contingent valuation study is said to have fat tails if it has a high and slowly declining yes response rate at high bid levels truncated bids refer to the practice of dropping high bid offers before a yes response rate of near zero is reached this is a common practice in contingent valuation we explore the extent and implications of fat tails and truncated bids in a study of an endangered shorebird species we find among other things that mean willingness to pay is quite sensitive to the highest bid offered so much so that the choice of highest bid nearly dictates outcomes

mode of international entry an isomorphism perspective the determination of entry modes is examined using an institutional theory framework two sources of isomorphic pressures affect a strategic business unit s sbu entry mode choice 1 host country institutional environment and 2 internal institutional environment the parent organization sbus were hypothesized to adopt similar organizational forms structures policies and practices thus becoming isomorphic based on felt pressures to conform to behavioral norms within the environments the results indicated that sbus using wholly owned entry modes demonstrated high levels of internal parent isomorphism those using exporting joint ventures or licensing agreements demonstrated external isomorphism and those using multiple or mixed entry mode demonstrated low levels of isomorphic pressures

non users willingness to pay for a national park an application and critique of the contingent valuation method bateman i j and langford i h 1997 non users willingness to pay for a national park an application and critique of the contingent valuation method reg studies 31 571 582 a great deal of the ongoing academic debate concerning the contingent valuation cv method has focused upon whether or not the method is suitable for assessing non use values this paper presents results from a study examining non users values for preserving the norfolk broads a wetland area of recognized international importance from the threat of saline flooding discussion of results centres upon the validity of the cv method for eliciting unbiased estimates of non use value a graphical representation of findings from a variety of studies is presented to suggest that such results are logically ordered across goods and valuation scenarios however as the paper concludes logicality and validity are not necessarily synonymous bateman i j et langford i h 1997 la volonte des non usagers de payer les parcs nationaux

specification of driving costs in models of recreation demand existing recreation demand models have paid much attention to the heterogeneous nature of the opportunity cost of time but generally stipulate constant per mile costs in access price specifications this study proposes two alternative approaches to introduce user specific driving costs into recreation demand models the first approach is based on a refined measurement of driving costs based on engineering considerations the second strategy estimates perceived per mile cost as a function of vehicle attributes in an empirical framework we find strong evidence that driving costs are a visitor specific concept and that prescribed and perceived costs differ substantially however welfare measures generated by these alternative specifications are not statistically different from those produced by the standard model in our application of jet skiing in the lake tahoe region

some empirical evidence on embedding effects in contingent valuation of forest protection abstract we test for an embedding effect on a geographically distributed public good and the extent to which improvements in the cvm design reduce the occurrence and magnitude of embedding effects in valuation using both open ended and dichotomous choice cvm for protection of forests in all of southeastern australia and two smaller portions of that area we find the occurrence of embedding effects in only one of the two levels when embedding effects were present there was a reduction in value much smaller than that found by kahneman and knetsch

valuing a wind farm construction a contingent valuation study in greece abstract our analysis is based on data from a double bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation study implemented to elicit public attitudes towards renewable energy generation and their willingness to pay for the construction of a wind farm in the area of messanagros in the island of rhodes greece results indicate that there are significant positive values deriving from the proposed project respondents report a mean willingness to pay a premium in their bi monthly electric bills of 8 86 for the sole purpose of the construction of the wind farm the estimated economic benefits to the local population are weighed against the investment cost in a cost benefit analysis to inform policy making and implications for eu energy policy are provided

do or die competitive effects and red queen dynamics in the product survival race this study explores the reciprocal relationship between the nature and duration of competition and innovation outcomes we propose that the perpetually driven reciprocal sequence of competitive action and reaction known as the red queen in evolutionary biology is a cardinal force behind the success of innovations we test our hypotheses applying a comprehensive data set of all automobile manufacturers known to compete in the us automobile market at any time between 1946 and 2008 using data composed of 8203 model year pairs 1071 models from 148 different brands we find that recent competitive experiences of models rather than those in the distant past make them more viable competitors additionally superior reputation and market share are found to effectively shield models from the pernicious effects of red queen competition

a comment on three reasons to use annual payments in contingent valuation egan corrigan and dwyer 2015 conduct a survey of ohio residents and collect contingent valuation method data for a wetlands restoration project the cvm scenario includes a split sample treatment where payment schedules differ my analysis of these data suggests that there is little evidence of theoretical validity in the data and fat tails is a significant problem

the effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode characteristics of national cultures have frequently been claimed to influence the selection of entry modes this article investigates this claim by developing a theoretical argument for why culture should influence the choice of entry two hypotheses are derived which relate culture to entry mode choice one focusing on the cultural distance between countries the other on attitudes towards uncertainty avoidance using a multinomial logit model and controlling for other effects the hypotheses are tested by analysing data on 228 entries into the united states market by acquisition wholly owned greenfield and joint venture empirical support for the effect of national culture on entry choice is found

mimetic and experiential effects in international marketing alliance formations of us pharmaceuticals firms an event history analysis alliances are recognized as an indispensable tool for managers operating in a global business environment and as a fundamental stage of the internationalization process of the firm drawing on a co evolutionary framework this article investigates the mimetic and experiential effects in international alliance formation we focus on a critical unresolved issue in the literature what is the role of mimetic behavior and previous alliance experience in mitigating the uncertainty associated with engaging in cross border operations an event history analysis of 792 international marketing alliance formations initiated by 317 firms in the us pharmaceutical industry is employed to test the hypotheses the findings of two different hazard rate models reveal significant complex effects of density and cross border alliance experience on the propensity to engage in new international marketing alliances

spike models in contingent valuation spike models allow for a nonzero probability of zero willingness to pay in referendum style contingent valuation experiments they include many of the often used models as special cases and allow various analyses that are not possible in standard applications in this paper the economic rationale for the spike models and their estimation techniques are discussed and empirical illustrations are provided one study suggests that mean willingness to pay is zero and both studies strongly suggest that median wtp is zero these results have some bearing on the continuing debate of the incentive properties of hypothetical surveys and the construction of scenarios in contingent valuation experiments

valuing water quality as a function of water quality measures employing a unique and rich data set of water quality attributes in conjunction with detailed household characteristics and trip information we develop a mixed logit model of recreational lake usage and undertake thorough model specification and fitting procedures to identify the best set of explanatory variables and their functional form for the estimated model our empirical analysis shows that individuals are responsive to the full set of water quality measures used by biologists to identify the impaired status of lakes thus changes in these quality measures are not simply a scientific exercise but they also translate into changes in the recreational usage patterns and well being of individual households willingness to pay wtp estimates are reported based on improvements in these physical measures

willingness to pay for renewable energy evidence from a contingent valuation survey in kenya a modern form of energy in particular electricity for household use is an important vehicle in alleviating poverty in developing countries however access and costs of connecting to this service for most poor in these countries is inconceivable policies promoting electricity connection in rural areas are known to be beneficial in improving the socio economic and health well being for households this paper examines willingness to pay wtp for rural electrification connection in kisumu district kenya using the contingent valuation method cvm a nonparametric and a parametric model are employed to estimate wtp values for two electricity products grid electricity ge and photovoltaic pv electricity the results indicate that respondents are willing to pay more for ge services than pv and households favoured monthly connection payments over a lump sum amount some of the policies suggested in this paper include subsidizing the connection costs for both sources of electricity adjusting the payment periods and restructuring the market ownership of providing rural electricity services

external benefits of waste to energy in korea a choice experiment study abstract the korean government has planned to expand a variety of waste to energy wte facilities in order to reduce waste disposal decrease the crude oil imports and mitigate greenhouse gases ghgs emissions one response to this concern is to measure the external benefits of wte to this end this study attempts to apply a choice experiment ce to four attributes or types of benefits such as the improvement of energy security reduction of ghg emissions job creation and extension of landfill life expectancy a survey of 500 households was undertaken in seoul korea the trade offs between price and the four attributes for selecting a preferred alternative are considered in the ce survey and a marginal willingness to pay mwtp estimate for each attribute is derived a nested logit nl model is employed in this study rather than a multi nomial logit mnl model since two specification tests indicate that the nl model outperforms the mnl model the estimation results for the nl model show that the mwtps for a 1 increase in energy security a 1 reduction in ghg emissions the creation of 10 000 new jobs and the doubling of landfill life expectancy as a result of expanding wte facilities is estimated to be krw 437 usd 4 5 1763 1 5 598 0 5 and 89 0 1 per household per month respectively the findings can provide policy makers with useful information for evaluating and planning wte policies and projects

a latent class approach to modeling endogenous spatial sorting in zonal recreation demand models a method for incorporating unobserved heterogeneity into aggregate count data frameworks is presented and used to control for endogenous spatial sorting in zonal recreation models the method is based on latent class analysis which has become a popular tool for analyzing heterogeneous preferences with individual data but has not yet been applied to aggregate count data the method is tested using data on backcountry hikers for a southern california study site and performs well for relatively small numbers of classes the latent class model produces substantially smaller welfare estimates compared to a constrained version that assumes homogeneity throughout the population

municipal solid waste management and energy production consideration of external cost through multi objective optimization and its effect on waste to energy solutions abstract energy production from municipal solid waste msw has become one of the most prominent strategies in msw management in this study a multi objective mathematical programming model is developed in order to provide the candidate pareto optimal solutions for a msw management system performing structural design and operational optimization besides the economic criterion the green house gas ghg emissions are taken into account as a second optimization criterion therefore we do not obtain just an optimal solution i e least cost but a set of pareto optimal solutions that spread from minimum cost to minimum ghg emissions each pareto optimal solution provides the corresponding technologies and the capacities that are associated with it an innovative issue is that we incorporate the external costs benefits associated with a atmospheric pollution impacts b impacts on soil and groundwater c impacts on quality of life d electricity use displacement e fertilizer use reduction from compost using the external costs benefits as an additional term in the cost objective significantly affects the results especially regarding the waste to energy options this is clearly illustrated in the case study for the msw management of the athens region in greece

discrete choice under preference uncertainty an improved structural model for contingent valuation abstract this paper is concerned with discrete choice contingent value estimation in the presence of response errors we attempt to extend the theoretical frameworks developed by hanemann 1984 amer j agric econom 66 332 341 and cameron 1988 j environ econom management 15 355 379 by introducing preference uncertainty with individual respondents we assume that respondents have incomplete knowledge about their true valuation of a nonmarket resource and thus may give wrong yes no answers on whether or not to pay a given bid amount for the resource a post decisional confidence measure for each observed yes no answer is elicited for characterizing the degree of preference uncertainty with the help of this confidence measure we develop an improved structural model for deriving value estimates data from a forest environment valuation survey are used for the empirical estimations

a dual approach to modeling corner solutions in recreation demand abstract the dual approach of lee and pitt to estimating demand systems for which individuals often choose not to consume one or more of the available goods provides a utility consistent framework for estimating preferences over visits to recreation sites because of the complexity of the model however this approach has not been applied in the recreation demand literature this paper provides the first application of the model to recreation demand and develops a methodology for conducting welfare analysis relying on monte carlo integration to derive estimates of compensating variation the methods are applied to the demand for fishing in the wisconsin great lakes region

getting to global an evolutionary perspective of brand expansion in international markets the globalization of brands is an evolutionary process that is determined by environmental and firm level factors including a brand s position in the firm s global brand architecture a framework is developed incorporating aspects of environmental uncertainty mimetic behavior and experiential learning as they relate to the globalization of brands global brand architecture is introduced as an important strategic consideration of a brand s position and stage of internationalization the hypotheses are tested within the context of the global automotive industry employing an event history analysis with time varying covariates the results reveal complex effects with respect to the role of market attractiveness experiential learning and mimetic behavior in globalization patterns overall this study suggests that firms can accelerate the process of creating global brands if they enter the three major continents in the early stages of international expansion

assessment of korean customers willingness to pay with rps abstract to increase the use of renewable energy the korean government will introduce the renewable portfolio standard rps in 2012 the rps places responsibility for extra renewable energy costs on the consumers and allows price competition among different renewable sources accordingly this study analyzes through the contingent valuation cv the willingness of korean households to pay more for electricity generated by wind photovoltaic pv and hydropower our empirical results show that although the willingness to pay or wtp was highest for wind power and lowest for hydropower the differences in wtp among the renewable sources were statistically insignificant this suggests that korean consumers prefer a renewable portfolio that minimizes power supply costs the average wtp for all three energy types was krw 1562 7 usd 1 350 per month per household which was approximately 3 7 of the average monthly electricity bill in 2010 this amount represents only 58 2 of what the korean government allocated in its budget to the new and renewable energy dissemination program in 2010 thus our results imply that the promotion of the new and renewable energy dissemination program may be difficult only with the wtp for electricity generated from renewable sources specifically the mean wtp will not support the set aside dissemination capacity for pv after 2014

efficient estimation methods for closed ended contingent valuation surveys closed ended contingent valuation surveys can be very useful in the evaluation of nonmarket resources respondents merely state whether they would accept or reject a hypothetical threshold amount either as payment for giving up access to the resource or as a fee for its use the authors develop a maximum likelihood procedure which exploits the variation in the threshold values to allow direct and separate point estimates of regression like slope coefficients and error standard deviations without truncation bias their illustration uses data from a survey of recreational fisherman to examine factors which influence individuals willingness to pay copyright 1987 by mit press

nudging acceptability for wood ash recycling in forests a choice experiment abstract in this paper our objective is to assess the general french population s acceptability of application of wood ash in forests a measure currently not allowed but under consideration by the government the main originality of our approach is that we test how a nudge can be used as an instrument to increase social acceptability conveying objective information regarding ash recycling furthermore although we do not consider it as a welfare measure we show how the estimation of the willingness to pay can be considered as a complement to the more traditional social acceptability measure three nudges were introduced as three treatments in a discrete choice experiment in the first treatment the options with wood ash application were highlighted to indicate to the respondents that they corresponded to pro environmental measures positive framing in the second treatment we changed the wording of the two non status quo options to highlight the recycling aspect of wood ash application in the last treatment we adopted a productive wording to highlight the fact that wood ash application increases wood production treatments in particular positive framing and productive wording influence the willingness to pay but depend on the attitudes of the respondents

contingent valuation and social choice the contingent valuation method for estimating the existence value of natural resources is examined for psychophysical robustness statistical reliability and economic sensibility extensions of standard models for willingness to pay and suitable econometric techniques for analyzing these models are developed the analysis is applied to a series of experiments on the value of preserving wilderness areas in the western united states the results call into question the reliability of the cv method for estimating existence values

joint estimation of discount rates and willingness to pay for public goods abstract we analyze willingness to pay wtp for environmental programs whose time periods of benefit and repayment differ using a net present value framework that identifies parameters of both wtp and personal discount rates respondents to a contingent valuation survey focusing on protection of critical habitat buffer zones for the endangered steller sea lion in alaska were asked their willingness to pay for 1 5 and 15 year repayment periods we jointly estimate the personal discount rates and wtp via maximum likelihood and compare with a model assuming a fixed market discount rate

global mind sets and cognitive shift in a complex multinational corporation this article investigates attitudes that underlie international strategy processes we propose survey scales of these attitudes and describe tests that support their reliability and validity as measures of constructs including integration responsiveness and coordination that researchers have used for many years in case analyses of international strategy and organization we also propose and validate scales to capture the perceived alignment with firms international objectives of key business policies that affect individuals including accountability for global results career opportunity and a globally shared meaning system that informs communication and discussion about change our discussion of these tests offers an assessment of how changing patterns of association among the measures over time conform to expectations generated by the case based empirical literature we argue that these patterns document a process of organizational learning that can link managers mind sets with senior managers intentions in the course of proactive international strategic change the analysis relies on survey responses taken in 1992 and 1995 from 370 managers in 13 country affiliates and the head office of a u s based diversified multinational corporation dmnc 1998 john wiley sons ltd

the economic value of south korea s renewable energy policies rps rfs and rho a contingent valuation study abstract amid growing environmental awareness the diffusion of renewable energy has attracted greater attention from both the public and policymakers to respond to global environmental concerns the korean government implemented a renewable portfolio standard rps in the electric power sector in 2012 it plans to introduce a renewable fuel standard rfs and a renewable heat obligation rho in the transportation and heating sectors in 2015 and 2016 respectively as such this study applies the contingent valuation method to elicit the willingness of korean households to pay more for their energy bills in order to support enforcement of these three policies the analysis considers the economic values of each individual policy as well as the aggregate value at the national level respondents mean willingness to pay for rps rfs and rho are estimated as 3287 5 4432 9 and 3971 1 korean won per month respectively these are equivalent to 5 8 1 5 and 2 0 respectively of current average monthly electricity transportation and heating expenses although all three policies appear highly feasible a cautious approach is necessary given the large proportion of respondents with zero willingness to pay furthermore although the level of willingness to pay for renewable electricity in korea has increased in recent years it remains low when compared to other leading countries such as japan

military service and political behavior evidence from france abstract we investigate the impact of compulsory military service on turnout and political preferences exploiting the suspension of mandatory conscription for french men we observe a significant and positive impact of military service on turnout we estimate that the service increases turnout by approximately 7 percentage points we also investigate the impact of conscription on political preferences when we control for selection into the military service we observe no support for a change in preferences of former conscripts

identifying individual discount rates and valuing public open space with stated preference models an individual s rate of time preference is an important consideration for individuals deciding whether to support a public good since the benefits of a public good often come in the future our study finds individual discount rates from a contingent valuation method cvm question where the time frame of the payment schedule is varied across surveys we find discount rates similar to the rates found in the recent revealed preference and experimental literature of around 30 our cvm question addresses the preservation of additional open space adjacent to a large regional park at the urban fringe of portland oregon

a semiparametric smooth coefficient estimator for recreation demand we introduce a semiparametric smooth coefficient estimator for recreation demand data that allows more flexible modeling of preference heterogeneity we show that our sample of visitors each has an individual statistically significant price coefficient estimate leading to clearly nonparametric consumer surplus and willingness to pay wtp distributions we also show mean wtp estimates that are different in economically meaningful ways for every demographic variable we have for our sample of beach visitors this flexibility is valuable for future researchers who can include any variables of interest beyond the standard demographic variables we have included here and the richer results price elasticities consumer surplus and wtp estimates are valuable to planners and policymakers who can easily see how all these estimates vary with characteristics of the population of interest

sensitivity of contingent valuation to alternative payment schedules insensitivity to payment schedule wherein respondents do not adequately differentiate between a one time payment and a series of payments may be an important but often overlooked factor in the design interpretation and use of contingent valuation studies several contingent valuation experiments involving a familiar private good and a less familiar environmental commodity indicate that although respondents distinguished between lump sum and periodic payment schedules implicit discount rates were very high suggesting that sensitivity to payment schedule is an important subject for further study

willingness to pay and sensitivity to time framing a theoretical analysis and an application on car safety stated preference sp surveys attempt to obtain monetary values for non market goods that reflect individuals true preferences numerous empirical studies suggest that monetary values from sp studies are sensitive to survey design and so may not reflect respondents true preferences this study examines the effect of time framing on respondents willingness to pay wtp for car safety we explore how wtp per unit risk reduction depends on the time period over which respondents pay and face reduced risk in a theoretical model and by using data from a swedish contingent valuation survey our theoretical model predicts the effect to be nontrivial in many scenarios used in empirical applications in our empirical analysis we examine the sensitivity of wtp to an annual and a monthly scenario our theoretical model predicts the effect from the time framing to be negligible but the empirical estimates from the annual scenario are about 70 higher than estimates from the monthly scenario

estimating individual discount rates in denmark a field experiment we estimate individual discount rates with respect to time streams of money using controlled laboratory experiments these discount rates are elicited by means of field experiments involving real monetary rewards the experiments were carried out across denmark using a representative sample of 268 people between 19 and 75 years of age individual discount rates are estimated for various households differentiated by socio demographic characteristics such as income and age our conclusions are that discount rates are constant over the 12 month to 3 year horizons used in these experiments and that discount rates vary substantially with respect to several socio demographic variables hence we conclude that it would be reasonable to assume constant discount rates for specific household types but not the same rates across all households

unequal participation democracy s unresolved dilemma presidential address american political science association 1996 low voter turnout is a serious democratic problem for five reasons 1 it means unequal turnout that is systematically biased against less well to do citizens 2 unequal turnout spells unequal political influence 3 u s voter turnout is especially low but measured as percent of voting age population it is also relatively low in most other countries 4 turnout in midterm regional local and supranational elections less salient but by no means unimportant elections tends to be especially poor 5 turnout appears to be declining everywhere the problem of inequality can be solved by institutional mechanisms that maximize turnout one option is the combination of voter friendly registration rules proportional representation infrequent elections weekend voting and holding less salient elections concurrently with the most important national elections the other option which can maximize turnout by itself is compulsory voting its advantages far outweigh the normative and practical objections to it

willingness to pay for green electricity in korea a contingent valuation study abstract green electricity is energy that is generated from renewable energy sources such as solar power wind power small scale hydroelectric power tidal power and biomass power these sources mostly do not produce pollutants and are considered environmentally friendly however considering the current state of technology they are more costly government should take visible actions to compensate for the increased production costs this paper attempts to apply a contingent valuation cv method to obtain at least a preliminary evaluation of the benefits that ensue from the introduction of the policy that raises the percentage of green electricity consumption from 0 2 of the total electricity supply to 7 by 2011 overall the cv survey was successful in eliciting the willingness to pay wtp for green electricity considering that the cv method operated within respondents abilities to answer and the wtp estimates were statistically significant the monthly mean wtp estimates from parametric and non parametric methods were krw 1681 usd 1 8 and krw 2072 usd 2 2 respectively the estimates of the annual benefits to relevant residents amounted to krw 150 5 billion usd 157 5 million and krw 185 6 billion usd 194 2 million respectively

experience imitation and the sequence of foreign entry wholly owned and joint venture manufacturing by south korean firms and business groups in china 1987 1995 the evolution of foreign entry in the form of joint ventures and wholly owned manufacturing operations is examined as a staged process shaped by experience and imitation dynamics at the firm group and industry levels of analysis the expansion of south korean firms into china between 1987 and 1995 lends support to the staged view of foreign entry over time technology intensive firms are more likely to abandon joint venture entry modes owing to contractual hazards firms in the same business group are found to imitate each other s choice of joint ventures and wholly owned plants firms in the same industry mimic each other s choice of wholly owned plants though not of joint ventures

beyond ses a resource model of political participation this paper develops a resource model of political participation the resources considered are time money and civic skills those communications and organizational capacities that are essential to political activity these skills are not only acquired early in life but developed in the nonpolitical institutional settings of adult life the workplace organizations and churches and synagogues these resources are distributed differentially among groups defined by socioeconomic status a two stage least squares analysis shows these resources have powerful effects on overall political activity thus explaining why socioeconomic status has traditionally been so powerful in predicting participation we disaggregate overall activity into three kinds of acts those that involve giving time those that entail donating money and voting each requires a different configuration of resources resulting in different patterns of stratification across various political acts

who delivers partisan clients in the argentine electoral market why do some parties fail to benefit from patronage in pork ridden political systems this article analyzes the interaction between patronage and partisanship to explain why some incumbents are more likely to benefit from pork politics than others we explain such differences by focusing on political parties access to resources supply side and voters dependence on fiscal largesse demand side we show how these differences affect the patron s choice of public sector wages and employment we use subnational level data to show different electoral returns from patronage for the two major political coalitions in argentina peronism and the ucr alianza and their effect on preferences over public sector wages and employment w hy do some political parties fail to benefit from patronage in pork ridden political systems this article analyzes the interaction between patronage and partisanship to explain why some incumbents are more likely to benefit from pork politics than others we explain returns to patronage by highlighting differences in the political parties access to resources supply side and the voter s dependence on public sector jobs demand side we propose that just as political parties cater their policies to particular groups of voters they pursue different strategies when allocating pork in exchange for support on the supply side we highlight the importance of partisan biases in the fiscal and electoral institutions that regulate the access and distribution of public resources on the demand side we show that patronage is a distributive mechanism that provides different returns to voters with different skills and labor market expectations

the personal discount rate evidence from military downsizing programs the military drawdown program of the early 1990s provides an opportunity to obtain estimates of personal discount rates based on large numbers of people making real choices involving large sums the program offered over 65 000 separatees the choice between an annuity and a lump sum payment despite break even discount rates exceeding 17 percent most of the separatees selected the lump sum saving taxpayers 1 7 billion in separation costs estimates of discount rates range from 0 to over 30 percent and vary with education age race sex number of dependents ability test score and the size of payment

protesting and justifying a latent class model for contingent valuation with attitudinal data this article develops a latent class model for estimating willingness to pay wtp for public goods using simultaneously contingent valuation cv and attitudinal data to identify individuals with similar characteristics such as wtp and protest attitudes we find evidence that the answer to the cv question influences the responses to the attitudinal questions in our case this influence reflects rational behavior budget constraint issues and justification biases related to protest reasons such as lack of trust in institutions or fairness issues with respect to the distribution of the burden of preservation the results from our empirical application confirm the importance of accounting for those biases

innovation organizational capabilities and the born global firm we investigate born global firms as early adopters of internationalization that is companies that expand into foreign markets and exhibit international business prowess and superior performance from or near their founding our explication highlights the critical role of innovative culture as well as knowledge and capabilities in this unique breed of international entrepreneurial firm case studies are analyzed to better understand the early internationalization phenomenon and reveal key orientations and strategies that engender international success among these innovative firms case findings are then validated in a survey based study despite the scarce resources typical of young firms our findings reveal that born global firms leverage a distinctive mix of orientations and strategies that allow them to succeed in diverse international markets findings have important implications for the internationalization of contemporary firms

household willingness to pay for green electricity in slovenia abstract this paper analyses the willingness to pay for electricity generated from renewable energy sources in slovenia the results confirm that age household income education and environmental awareness play the most important role in explaining household attitudes to green electricity programmes while the willingness to participate in green electricity programmes is influenced by education and environmental awareness the willingness to pay for green electricity predominantly depends on household income the results imply that green marketing should be accompanied by awareness raising campaigns and should target younger well educated and high income households the expressed median willingness to pay is found to exceed the current level of mandatory charges for green electricity nevertheless recent increases in final electricity prices might have already exhausted the capacity for additional voluntary contributions