embodied hanpp mapping the spatial disconnect between global biomass production and consumption abstract biomass trade results in a growing spatial disconnect between environmental impacts due to biomass production and the places where biomass is being consumed the pressure on ecosystems resulting from the production of traded biomass however is highly variable between regions and products we use the concept of embodied human appropriation of net primary production hanpp to map the spatial disconnect between net producing and net consuming regions embodied hanpp comprises total biomass withdrawals and land use induced changes in productivity resulting from the provision of biomass products international net transfers of embodied hanpp are of global significance amounting to 1 7 pgc year sparsely populated regions are mainly net producers densely populated regions net consumers independent of development status biomass consumption and trade are expected to surge over the next decades suggesting a need to sustainably manage supply and demand of products of ecosystems on a global level

is approval voting an unmitigated evil a response to brams fishburn and merrill brams fishburn and merrill 1988 contend that the indeterminacy of approval voting av introduced in our paper 1988 is not a vice but a surpassing virtue of av they do not compare the negative versus the positive features of av so their assertion remains a conjecture our response emphasizes the need to determine the costs of av and to evaluate them against any merits moreover by correcting and answering bfm s comments the argument against av becomes much stronger this is because we show that av s region of indeterminacy is quite large it includes most profiles some of the consequences of this instability are that the av outcome can negate the voter s true wishes that the av outcome can be volatile even to minor fluctuations of voter s decisions and that av is one of the most susceptible systems to manipulation by small groups of voters for example small maverick groups could determine the av outcome under specific circumstances av may be appropriate to identify these situations we propose the more accurate name of the unsophisticated voter system

spatial sustainability trade and indicators an evaluation of the ecological footprint the search for frameworks and indicators of sustainable development has taken a prominent place in this journal however some specific aspects have received little or no attention notably the spatial dimension and the role of international trade in indicator development moreover many sustainable development indicators comprise implicit valuations weighting schemes and policy objectives which are insufficiently recognised as such this contribution tries to highlight these issues by means of a review of a recently proposed indicator for ecological economic analysis namely the ecological footprint that has been developed by wackernagel and rees its concept and calculation procedure are criticised on a number of points and it is concluded that the ecological footprint is not the comprehensive and transparent planning tool as is often assumed in explaining our position we will argue that spatial sustainability and regional sustainable development have not been precisely discussed so far neither in the literature on trade and environment nor in that on sustainable development we will defend the view that trade can contribute positively and negatively to environmental unsustainability consequently indicators and models are needed that allow for analysing interactions and trade offs between such opposite effects 1999 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

approval voting borda winners and condorcet winners evidence from seven elections we analyze 10 three candidate elections and mock elections conducted under approval voting av using a method developed by falmagne and regenwetter 1996 that allows us to construct a distribution of rank orders from subset choice data the elections were held by the institute of management science the mathematical association of america several professional organizations in britain and the institute of electrical and electronics engineers seven of the 10 elections satisfy the conditions under which the falmagne regenwetter method is suitable for these elections we recreate possible underlying preferences of the electorate on the basis of these distributions of preferences we find strong evidence that av would have selected condorcet winners when they exist and would have always selected the borda winner thus we find that av is not just simple to use but also gives rise to outcomes that well reflect voter preferences our results also have an important implication for the general study of social choice processes they suggest that transitive majority orderings may be expected in real world settings more often then the formal social choice literature suggests in six out of seven data sets we find social welfare orders only one data set generates cycles anywhere in the solution space

the vulnerability of point voting schemes to preference variation and strategic manipulation this essay measures and analyzes for a special class of point voting schemes the borda method plurality rule and the unrestricted point voting scheme sensitivity to preference variation a simple change in the socially winning alternative resulting from alteration of a single voter s preferences and vulnerability to individual strategic manipulation a change in the winning alternative that benefits the voter whose preferences are altered assuming that society n voters with linear preference orders on a finite set of m alternatives satisfies the impartial culture assumption that is each randomly selected voter is equally likely to hold any one of the randomly picked possible preference orders on the alternatives we demonstrate

comparative statics in a simple class of strategic market games this paper investigates the effects of entry in two sided markets where buyers and sellers act strategically applying new tools from supermodular optimization games sufficient conditions for different comparative statics results are obtained while normality of one good is sufficient for the equilibrium price to be increasing in the number of buyers normality of both goods is required for equilibrium bids and sellers equilibrium utilities to be increasing in the number of buyers when the economy is replicated normality of both goods and gross substitutes guarantee that the equilibrium of the strategic market game converges monotonically in quantities to the competitive equilibrium simple counter examples are provided to settle other potential conjectures of interest c 2007 elsevier inc all rights reserved

president perot or fundamentals of voting theory illustrated with the 1992 election different voting systems can lead to different election outcomeseven when voter preferences are held constant using the 1992 election as anexample it is shown how the outcome of every positional votesystem can be found similarly every possible cumulative andapproval vote outcome is shown multiple vote systems likeapproval and cumulative voting have disturbing properties usingthe 1992 election as illustration it is shown how a candidate whowins under every positional vote system who wins every pairwisevote i e is the condorcet winner and who has the most firstplace and least last place votes may nevertheless lose underapproval or cumulative voting similarly it is shown how acandidate who loses under every positional system who loses everypairwise vote i e is the condorcet loser and who has the leastfirst place and most last place votes may nevertheless win underapproval or cumulative voting

comparative statics by adaptive dynamics and the correspondence principle the intuition behind comparative statics results is usually dynamic in nature the economic explanation for why differences in endogenous variables result from variations in exogenous variables often takes the form of some sequential adjustment process for example consider the account by milgrom qian and roberts 1991 of technological and organizational changes in modern manufacturing the falling costs of high speed data communication data processing and flexible multitask equipment lead to increases in the directly affected activities which through a web of complementarities then lead to increases in a set of related activities as well despite the prevalence of dynamic economic explanations the formal analysis is static in games of strategic complementarities gsc topkis 1979 vives 1990 parameterized by a variable that is complementary to the choice variables the existing results on monotone comparative statics of equilibria are summarized by a theorem of milgrom and roberts 1990 mr hereafter the largest and smallest equilibria in a parameterized gsc

the e correspondence principle we present a new application of samuelson s correspondence principle to the analysis of comparative dynamics in stochastic rational expectations models our version which we call the e correspondence principle applies to rational expectations equilibria that are stable under least squares and closely related learning rules with this technique it is sometimes possible to study without explicitly solving for the equilibrium how qualitative properties of the equilibrium are affected by changes in the model parameters applications to overlapping generations and new keynesian models illustrate the potential of the technique

a dictionary for voting paradoxes abstract a sonnenschein mantel debreu kind of characterization is found for positional voting procedures namely for n 2 candidates once the voting procedures and a profile are specified the rankings of all possible subsets of candidates are uniquely determined by varying over all profiles one obtains a dictionary of all possible coordinated election outcomes this is done for all positional voting procedures as with excess demand functions anything can happen voting paradoxes can be very complicated only borda s method avoids many paradoxes use of this dictionary is illustrated by significantly extending several well known paradoxes and by obtaining new results about runoff and agenda elections strategic behavior etc

the paradox of grading systems we distinguish between i voting systems in which voters can rank candidates and ii those in which they can grade candidates using two or more grades in approval voting voters can assign two grades only approve 1 or not approve 0 to candidates while two grades rule out a discrepancy between the average grade winners who receive the highest average grade and the superior grade winners who receive more superior grades in pairwise comparisons akin to condorcet winners more than two grades allow it we call this discrepancy between the two kinds of winners the paradox of grading systems which we illustrate with several examples and whose probability we estimate for sincere and strategic voters through a monte carlo simulation we discuss the tradeoff between i allowing more than two grades but risking the paradox and ii precluding the paradox but restricting voters to two grades

the problem of strategic behavior under approval voting approval voting is being promoted as the election reform of the 20th century brams 1980 p 105 and indeed if voters preferences are dichotomous approval voting has some remarkable qualities it is uniquely strategy proof a candidate wins if and only if he is a condorcet winner and voters have simple strategies that are at once sincere and sophisticated however all of these results depend on the existence of dichotomous preferences a contrived and empirically unlikely assumption here i show that these virtues of approval voting are replaced by some rather undesirable features under more plausible assumptions more fundamentally rather than promoting honest behavior as is sometimes implied the existence of multiple sincere strategies almost begs voters to behave strategically i also examine sophisticated approval voting and show that in the general case it need not pick a condorcet alternative ironically there is a condition under which condorcet winners may always be picked but for this to occur voters sometimes have to vote for candidates of whom they disapprove

global effects of national biomass production and consumption austria s embodied hanpp related to agricultural biomass in the year 2000 global trade of biomass related products is growing exponentially resulting in increasing teleconnections between producing and consuming regions sustainable management of the earth s lands requires indicators to monitor these connections across regions and scales the embodied human appropriation of npp ehanpp allows one to consistently attribute the hanpp resulting from production chains to consumers hanpp is the sum of land use induced npp changes and biomass harvest we present the first national level assessment of embodied hanpp related to agriculture based on a calculation using bilateral trade matrices the dataset allows 1 the tracing of the biomass based products consumed in austria in the year 2000 to their countries of origin and quantifying the hanpp caused in production and 2 the assigning of the national level hanpp on austria s territory to the consumers of the products on the national level the dataset is constructed along a consistent system boundary between society and ecosystems and can be used to assess austria s physical trade balance in terms of ehanpp austria s ehanpp trade balance is slightly negative imports are larger than exports import and export flows are large in relation to national hanpp our findings show how the ehanpp approach can be used for quantifying and mapping the teleconnections related to a nation s biomass metabolism

complementarities momentum and the evolution of modern manufacturing in the nineteenth century the railroad and telegraph were at the center of a set of technological advances physical investments and managerial innovations that transformed american industry alfred chandler 1977 later the automobile and telephone played a similar role in another transformation today the high tech industries include computers telecommunications and electronics working on our remarkably powerful computers even as they rapidly become obsolete co authoring papers by electronic mail and fax and conversing on our portable cellular telephones we are struck by what appears to be a self supporting and reinforcing dynamic to the technological improvements across the electronics industries an advance almost anywhere in the sector seems to call forth more advances across the sector these advances are occurring contemporaneously with a broad pattern of other changes not only in the electronics industries but in manufacturing more generally and not just in hardware but in methods and organization as well a new paradigm has begun to emerge in contrast to traditional manufacturing firms modern firms frequently 1 make greater use of flexible programmable equipment and of computeraided design and manufacturing technologies 2 have fewer job classifications 3 offer more varieties of their major products and or update their product lines more frequently 4 put more emphasis on speed in order processing production and delivery 5 hold much lower inventories of intermediate and finished goods 6 rely on subcontractors to supply a greater proportion of the total value added and 7 overlap design product and process engineering to speed the introduction of new products these features of modern manufacturing firms encompass technology choices marketing strategies personnel policies supplier relations lines of internal communications and other operational policies in a far reaching and coherent pattern whose existence in the words of michael piore 1986 poses a challenge to economic theory in a recent paper milgrom and roberts 1990 proposed a theory to explain the emergence of this new paradigm arguing that the various characteristics and activities described are mutually complementary and so tend to be adopted together with each making the others more attractive in that theory the falling costs of high speed data communication data processing and flexible multitask equipment lead to increases in the directly affected activities which through a web of complementarities then lead to increases in a set of related activities as well although the costs of flexible machinery and data communication and processing surely have fallen substantially in recent decades an analysis that takes these changes as exogenous does not constitute a full explanation of the pattern of change that we observe one must ask why are these particular costs falling relative to others here we enrich the milgrom roberts analysis by adding a dynamic to it innovations in the manufacture of basic inputs both arise in response to a growing market for those inputs and simultaneously encourage that growth this reflects a fundamental complementarity between the level of any activity and investments that reduce its marginal department of economics milgrom and qian and graduate school of business roberts stanford university stanford ca 94305 we thank avner greif for his helpful comments on an earlier draft financial support from the national science foundation milgrom and roberts and the robert and anne bass faculty fellowship roberts is gratefully acknowledged

the problem of indeterminacy in approval multiple and truncated voting systems it is well known that a plurality election need not reflect the true sentiments of the electorate some of the proposed reform procedures such as approval and cumulative voting share the characteristics that there are several ways to tally each voter s preferences voting systems that permit truncated ballots share this feature it is shown that the election results for any such procedure can be highly indeterminate all possible election results can occur with the same choice of sincere voters this conclusion of indeterminacy holds even when measures of voters sentiments such as the existence of a condorcet winner or even much stronger measures indicate there is considerable agreement among the voters then multiple systems are compared with all standard tallying procedures for instance a corollary asserts it is probable for the plurality voting method to elect the condorcet winner while approval voting has an indeterminate outcome

embodied pollution in trade estimating the environmental load displacement of industrialised countries abstract the present paper sets out to aid in the development of environmental load displacement indicators developing the notion of the environmental memory of physical flows we estimated embodied pollution in trade of 18 industrialized countries with a the rest of the world and b developing countries from 1976 to 1994 we found that in the last years of analysis total imports of japan usa and western europe have entailed in general larger air pollutant emissions than local exports the balance of embodied emissions in trade beet seems to follow an inverted u shape across time in japan and western europe and an n shape in the us in the period of analysis japanese and european environmental terms of trade with developing countries improved from the japanese and european point of view whereas american environmental terms of trade with developing countries deteriorated over time although there is no statistical trend between income and embodied emissions in imports in a cross section analysis there does seem to be a positive relationship between both variables at a national level the results suggest that despite many shortcomings this type of assessment may shed useful insights on the international aspects of sustainable development

games with strategic complementarities new applications to industrial organization this paper provides an introduction to the analysis of games with strategic complementarities and applications to industrial organization oligopoly pricing comparative statics and a taxonomy of strategic behavior in two stage games

detecting unsustainable pressures exerted on biodiversity by a company application to the food portfolio of a retailer companies are called by institutional organizations to assess their impacts on biodiversity and to take actions to achieve collectively conservation objectives this paper presents a method to assess whether the pressures exerted by a business and its value chain on biodiversity are compatible with biodiversity conservation the absolute environmental sustainability assessment framework is used to compare relevant life cycle assessment midpoint and endpoint indicators to the ecological budgets assigned to the company this approach is illustrated based on the case study of a mass market retailer with a focus on the pressures exerted by its food portfolio at the agricultural production step the results indicate that several pressures driving biodiversity loss are not sustainable the study also highlights the prominent weight of a few product categories in the ecological burden these findings have implications for mass market retailers as well as their food value chains and open research perspectives to make such an approach fully operational

the process of industrialization from the perspective of energetic metabolism abstract this paper empirically analyzes the socioeconomic energy metabolism of austria in the period 1830 1995 during this period austria underwent a transition from being a largely agricultural society to being an industrial society we describe the changes associated with this transition in terms of the physical economy or more precisely in terms of changes in the throughput of energy assessed in physical units j per year in accordance with currently used methods of material flow accounting mfa we define the indicators direct input and domestic consumption with respect to socioeconomic energy flows using these indicators we analyze the transition from 1830 at which time biomass provided more than 99 of austria s domestic energy consumption dec to 1995 when biomass accounted for 30 and fossil energy for 60 of dec total dec in austria increased by a factor of 6 in this period the paper discusses the relevance of these changes for processes of interaction between society and its natural environment focusing on the interrelations between energy metabolism and changes in land use

strong comparative statics of equilibria some results in the monotone comparative statics literature tell us that if a parameter increases some old equilibria are smaller than some new equilibria we give a sufficient condition such that at a new parameter value every old equilibrium is smaller than every new equilibrium we also adapt a standard algorithm to compute a minimal such newer parameter value and apply this algorithm to a game of network externalities our results are independent of a theory of equilibrium selection and are valid for games of strategic complementarities

trade and the environment from a southern perspective the relationship between free trade and the environment is one of the main issues of contention between environmental and ecological economics environmental economics assumes a positive relationship between free trade economic growth and environmental policies environmental externalities may cause important damage however trade is not to be blamed for this instead the fault lies with policy inadequacies at the national level on the other hand some ecological economists criticise the assumptions of environmental economics especially the immobility of production factors and the positive correlation between income and environmental quality they plead for measures to prevent deterioration of northern environmental standards in a race to the bottom due to ecological dumping from the south in this paper we argue that neither environmental economics nor northern ecological economics take into account the structural conditions determining the international trade system based on some new empirical evidence on material flows we stress the notion of environmental cost shifting if physical and political ecology perspectives are adopted a southern approach to the trade and environment issue may arise 2001 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

towards an ecological theory of unequal exchange articulating world system theory and ecological economics abstract the focus of this paper is on how an ecological perspective might provide us with an analytically more precise way of defining unequal exchange it is only by looking at the ecological conditions of human economies that we can adequately conceptualize the mechanisms which generate inequalities in distribution considerations of market power aside neoclassical economic ideology has dispelled all possible criteria for assessing a market transaction as unequal or unfair one way to assess the occurrence of unequal exchange may be to look at the direction of net flows of energy and materials concrete productive potential but without falling into the trap of equating productive potential with economic value on the contrary it can be analytically demonstrated that unequal exchange emerges from a kind of inverse relationship between productive potential and economic value the notion of a reasonable market price conceals the fact that what is being exchanged are intact resources for products representing resources already spent if we consider longitudinally along the production process any given set of fuels and raw materials destined to be transformed into a given product plus waste its content of available energy will be inversely related to its utility or price in other words the more of its original energy that has been dissipated the higher its price this means that production i e the dissipation of resources will continuously be rewarded with ever more resources to dissipate generating ecological destruction and global core periphery inequalities as two sides of the same coin

search design and market structure the internet has made consumer search easier with consequences for prices industry structure and the kinds of products oered we explore these conse quences in a rich but tractable model that allows for strategic design choices a polarized market structure results where some rms choose designs aimed at broad based audiences while others target narrow niches such an industry structure can arise even when all rms and consumers are ex ante identical we analyze the eect of reduced search costs and nd results consistent with the reported prevalence of niche goods and the long tail and superstar phe nomena in particular the model suggests that long tail eects arise when there is a wide range of potential designs relative to vertical heterogeneity among rms

tracing distant environmental impacts of agricultural products from a consumer perspective globally trade flows of agricultural products are increasing while value is typically added along the whole production chain certain environmental impacts such as land and water use biomass appropriation and soil degradation are intrinsically linked to where the primary products originate from when taking a consumer oriented approach on environmental problems bilateral trade statistics can help in providing a clearer picture about the location of impacts caused by consumption elsewhere however in today s increasingly globalized world consumer goods are often imported from countries other than where the primary product originated from for instance soybeans are transported from brazil to the netherlands where they are processed into soy oil which is shipped to austria where it is consumed utilizing bilateral trade matrices and matrix algebra we present a method that allows to clearly link consumption patterns to the origin of primary products in this the method can help to provide information about consumption related distant environmental impacts we employ the case of land and water use linked to austria s soy product consumption to demonstrate the approach s relevance finally we outline some possible applications of this method to show its potential in enhancing understanding for informed consumer based environmental decision making

supermodularity and complementarity in economics an elementary survey the literature on supermodular optimization and games is surveyed from the perspective of potential users in economics this methodology provides a new approach for comparative statics based only on critical assumptions and allows a general analysis of games with strategic complementarities the results are presented in a simplified yet rigourous manner without reference to lattice theory for the special case of one dimensional parameter and actions sets with the emphasis being on wide accessibility detailed applications are presented for well known models of consumer behavior monopoly pass through bertrand and cournot competition strategic r d search and matching wherever appropriate useful tricks for applications and comparative comments are inserted

cropland area embodied in international trade contradictory results from different approaches with rapidly increasing trade volumes resource use and environmental pressures related to traded products are high on research and policy agendas robust accounts of biophysical resources used in the production processes of traded goods are required to support sustainable consumption and to expose problem shifting related to environmental policies in this context multi region input output analysis mrio is becoming a widely applied tool to establish consumption based accounts and to analyse production consumption links along complex international supply chains using the example of china s trade in cropland products and embodied cropland we make the case for a re evaluation of its application to land and other resources while analyses based on physical trade matrices show that china is a major net importer of cropland products and embodied cropland mrio based results suggest exactly the opposite we do not find convincing arguments that could explain these large differences based on our knowledge of land systems and biomass metabolism and on the results from physical accounting we question the plausibility of mrio derived results we conclude by outlining next steps in research that are required to improve assessments of trade related resource use in order to produce more robust results a prerequisite for the formulation of policy recommendations

network effects market structure and industry performance abstract this paper analyzes oligopolistic markets with network externalities exploiting a minimal complementarity structure on the model primitives that allows for pure network goods we prove existence of non trivial fulfilled expectations equilibrium we formalize the concept of industry viability investigate its determinants and show that it improves with more firms in the market and or by technological progress these results enlighten some well known conclusions from case studies in the management strategy literature we also characterize the effects of market structure on industry performance which depart substantially from ordinary markets the approach relies on lattice theoretic methods supplemented with basic insights from nonsmooth analysis

evaluationwise strategy proofness abstract we consider manipulation of collective decision making rules in a framework where voters not only rank candidates but also evaluate them as acceptable or unacceptable in this richer informational setting we adopt a new notion of strategy proofness called evaluationwise strategy proofness where incentives of manipulation exist if and only if a voter can replace an outcome which he finds unacceptable with an acceptable one evaluationwise strategy proofness is weaker than strategy proofness however we establish the prevalence of a logical incompatibility between evaluationwise strategy proofness anonymity and efficiency on the other hand we show possibility results when either anonymity or efficiency is weakened

international trade and austria s livestock system direct and hidden carbon emission flows associated with production and consumption of products abstract the kyoto protocol created a framework of responsibilities and mechanisms to mitigate climate change by reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases ghgs into the atmosphere the protocol stipulates accounting and reporting of ghg emissions and removals such as energy use industrial processes agriculture waste and net emissions resulting from land use land use change and forestry lulucf activities emissions reported according to the rules set by the kyoto protocol do not include ghg emissions outside a country s boundaries resulting from the production of imported goods or services as a result ghg accounts constructed according to the kyoto protocol reflect the ghg emissions resulting from the production system of a country but not all the emissions resulting from the consumption of goods and services within the country however as previous studies demonstrate a country s emission balance changes remarkably if emissions related to goods or services imported and exported are taken into account here we go beyond the aforementioned studies which mainly focus on ghg emissions from fossil fuel combustion we assess in a first order approach upstream emissions that result from luluc activities outside a country while the produced goods are consumed within the country in our study we focus on austria s livestock system to elucidate the difference between production and consumption related emissions accounting approaches we study direct and hidden embodied ghg emissions associated with austria s bilateral trade in livestock and livestock related products based on the integration of full carbon accounting fca and life cycle analysis lca

rationalizability learning and equilibrium in games with strategic complementarities we study a rich class of noncooperative games that includes models of oligopoly competition macroeconomic coordination failures arms races bank runs technology adoption and diffusion r d competition pretrial bargaining coordination in teams and many others for all these games the sets of pure strategy nash equilibria correlated equilibria and rationalizable strategies have identical bounds also for a class of models of dynamic adaptive choice behavior that encompasses both best response dynamics and bayesian learning the players choices lie eventually within the same bounds these bounds are shown to vary monotonically with certain exogenous parameters we study the class of noncooperative supermodular games introduced by topkis 1979 and further analyzed by vives 1985 1989 who also pointed out the importance of these games in industrial economics supermodular games are games in which each player s strategy set is partially ordered the marginal returns to increasing one s strategy rise with increases in the competitors strategies so that the game exhibits strategic complementarity 2 and if a player s strategies are multidimensional marginal returns to any one com ponent of the player s strategy rise with increases in the other components this class turns out to encompass many of the most important economic applications of noncooperative game theory in macroeconomics diamond s 1982 search model and bryant s 1983 1984 rational expectations models can be represented as supermodular games in each of these models more activity by some members of the economy raises the returns to increased levels of activity by others in oligopoly theory some models of bertrand oligopoly with differentiated products qualify as supermodu lar games in these games when a firm s competitors raise their prices the marginal profitability of the firm s own price increase rises a similar structure is present in games of new technology adoption such as those of dybvig and spatt 1983 farrell and saloner 1986 and katz and shapiro 1986 when more users hook into a communication system or more manufacturers adopt an interface standard the marginal return to others of doing the same often rises similarly in some specifications of the bank runs model introduced by diamond and dybvig 1983 when more depositors withdraw their funds from a bank it is more worthwhile for other depositors to do the same in the warrant exercise

the responsiveness of approval voting comments on saari and van newenhizen saari and van newenhizen 1987 misinterpret their findings about the indeterminacy of voting systems far from being a vice indeterminacy is a virtue in allowing voters to be more responsive to and robbing them of the incentive to misrepresent their preferences the responsiveness of approval voting in particular means that the cardinal utilities that voters have for candidates can be reflected in voters strategy choices which ultimately translate into better social choices empirical data from a recent election support these claims showing among other things that the borda system a determinate voting system favored by saari and van newenhizen is highly vulnerable to manipulation by strategic voters