co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth in china a panel data analysis this paper examines the causal relationships between carbon dioxide emissions energy consumption and real economic output using panel cointegration and panel vector error correction modeling techniques based on the panel data for 28 provinces in china over the period 1995 2007 our empirical results show that co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth have appeared to be cointegrated moreover there exists bidirectional causality between co2 emissions and energy consumption and also between energy consumption and economic growth it has also been found that energy consumption and economic growth are the long run causes for co2 emissions and co2 emissions and economic growth are the long run causes for energy consumption the results indicate that china s co2 emissions will not decrease in a long period of time and reducing co2 emissions may handicap china s economic growth to some degree some policy implications of the empirical results have finally been proposed

aid dispersion measurement in principle and practice summary excessive dispersion of development assistance has been high on the paris agenda on aid effectiveness however there is no agreement in the existing literature on how aid dispersion should be measured and few studies of the extent of the problem we argue for using the theil index for both recipients and donors this relative inequality measure has a major advantage it allows for a perfect decomposition into variation between and within entities exploiting this property we can rank official donors and recipients not only in terms of the total spread but also assess the contributions of geographic and sectoral dispersion we provide a detailed picture of developments along various dimensions globally as well as for countries income groups and regions over 1998 13 we further distinguish between bilateral and multilateral donors consistent with other studies using more limited samples we find little effect of the paris agenda overall aid is more fragmented in sub saharan africa and in the poorest countries globally as well as for most donor and recipient countries between variation is the main driver of the spread lending support to the geographic concentration policies many donor countries have adopted bilateral aid has been somewhat more dispersed than multilateral aid and in both cases the large number of donors controlling similar shares of total funds is a major driver of the total spread the latter suggests that concentration could also be achieved through a reduction of the number of actors on the donor side of the aid industry a perspective that previous studies using other measures have been unable to capture

a dynamic approach to the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis states that pollution levels increase as a country develops but begin to decrease as rising incomes pass beyond a turning point in ekc analyses the relationship between environmental degradation and income is usually expressed as a quadratic function with the turning point occurring at a maximum pollution level other explanatory variables have been included in these models but income regularly has had the most significant effect on indicators of environmental quality one variable consistently omitted in these relationships is the price of energy this paper analyzes previous models to illustrate the importance of prices in these models and then includes prices in an econometric ekc framework testing energy income and co2 income relationships these long run price income models find that income is no longer the most relevant indicator of environmental quality or energy demand indeed we find no significant evidence for the existence of an ekc within the range of current incomes for energy in the presence of price and trade variables

a moral basis for corporate philanthropy the authors argue that corporate philanthropy is far too important as a social instrument for good to depend on ethical egoism for its support they claim that rule utilitarianism provides a more compelling though not exclusive moral foundation the authors cite empirical and legal evidence as additional support for their claim

dynamics of environmental quality and economic development the regional experience from the yangtze river delta of china this article investigates the dynamic relationship between economic progress and environmental quality at a regional level an important economic intuition in this context is that environmental degradation will be limited by human behaviour if costs and benefits of such degradation are local since economic agents will then be incentivized to choose appropriate corrective action therefore we note the likelihood that regional economic development can help regions grow out of environmental problems using a new data set from yangtze river delta of china we find a strong confirmation of the intuition that human can and will resolve the environmental problem by altering the damaging behaviour of economic agents a very interesting finding of this study is that the relationship between environmental quality and economic progress measured by per capita income can display a wave like function in the case of water pollution as opposed to the much dramatized environmental kuznets curve with significant polic

aid and donor trust in recipient country systems abstract the 2005 paris declaration on aid effectiveness sets targets for increased use by donors of recipient country systems for managing aid the target is premised on a view that country systems are strengthened when donors trust recipients to manage aid funds but undermined when donors manage aid through their own separate parallel systems this study provides an analytical framework for understanding donors decisions to trust or bypass country systems empirical tests are conducted using data from three oecd dac surveys designed to monitor progress toward paris declaration goals tests show that use of recipient country systems is positively related to 1 the donor s reputational stake in the country s development as proxied by the donor s share of aid provided to the recipient 2 the trustworthiness or quality of those systems as measured by cross country corruption indicators and 3 donors risk tolerance as proxied by public support for aid provision in donor countries findings are robust to corrections for potential sample selection omitted variables or endogeneity bias

pollution energy use gdp and trade estimating the long run relationship for vietnam abstractsince the beginning of economic reform in the 1980s and in particular with its openness to international trade accelerating since the 1990s the vietnamese economy has registered significant growth at the same time energy consumption and the level of pollution in vietnam has also increased this article aims to focus on the link between openness to trade and pollution in vietnam due to lack of data very few existing studies have focused on vietnam using annual data from1980 to 2011 and employing the bounds testing approach to cointegration based on an autoregressive distributed lagged ardl model we find that there is a statistically significant long run relationship amongst pollution openness to trade energy consumption and real national income in vietnam this conclusion continues to hold when the possibility of a structural break in the relationship is allowed for using the gregory hansen approach to cointegration analysis of the cointegration relationship suggests that in respons

proliferation and fragmentation transactions costs and the value of aid abstract the problem of the proliferation of the number of aid donors and aid channels continues to worsen it is widely and plausibly believed that this significantly reduces the value of aid by increasing direct and indirect transactions costs we contribute to the existing literature by a categorising the apparent adverse effects of proliferation b producing a reliable and fair indicator of the relative degree to which the main bilateral donors proliferate or concentrate their aid c giving some explanation of why some donors proliferate more than others d constructing a reliable measure of the extent to which recipients suffer from the problem of fragmentation in the sources of their aid and e demonstrating that the worst proliferators among the aid donors are especially likely to be suppliers of aid to recipients suffering most from fragmentation there are significant implications for aid policy

determinants of co2 emissions in a small open economy abstract the aim of the paper is to explore the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide co2 emissions for a small open and industrialized country austria we test whether an environmental kuznets curve relationship also holds for a single country rather than concentrating on panel or cross section data for a set of countries a cubic i e n shaped relationship between gdp and co2 emissions is found to fit the data most appropriately for the period 1960 1999 and a structural break is identified in the mid seventies due to the oil price shock furthermore two variables are additionally significant import shares reflecting the well known pollution haven hypothesis and the share of the tertiary service sector of total production gdp accounting for structural changes in the economy emission projections derived from this single country specification support the widely held opinion that significant policy changes are asked for when implementing the kyoto protocol in order to bring about a downturn in future carbon emissions

estimating the effects of climate shocks on collective violence ardl evidence from india this paper examines the causal relationship between climate shocks and collective violence in india using annual data over the period 1954 2006 we use the ardl bounds testing approach to deal with

is china different a meta analysis of export led growth we examine whether china has benefited more from exports than other countries the results show that exports have been more significant for growth in china than in other countries even when china is compared with other transition economies

an investigation into the givings by large corporate donors to uk charities 1979 86 this paper the first study of its kind to date carried out for the uk is concerned with the scale and determinants of charitable givings by large corporate donors in the uk the investigation is carried out using pooled information on 53 companies over the 8 years from 1979 to 1986 during which period the rate of corporation tax fell from 52 to 35 a result of particular interest is that contributions were related positively to the rate of tax

roads to prosperity without environmental poverty the role of impatience this paper advances the hypothesis that impatience negatively depends on environmental quality and aims to explain why some countries stagnate in an environmental and economic poverty trap for low levels of environmental quality advancements in productivity lead impatient agents to direct income increases to consumption rather than savings depleting further the environment given that productivity increases do not help such economies to escape the trap contrary to perceived notions policies should focus on the implementation of behavioral changes

the relationships of carbon dioxide emissions and income in a newly industrialized economy this study investigates the carbon dioxide co2 emissions patterns in coordination with the economic development of taiwan the resulting quadratic relationship between emissions and income are partly due to the structural change of energy supply in taiwan with the introduction of nuclear energy in 1980 to 1986 this relationship is quite unique and different from the n shaped relationships in some developed countries de bruyn and opschoor 1997 friedl and getzner 2003 the co2 emissions in taiwan increase with the increasing imports of raw materials for economic activities and the increasing use of electricity there is no evidence that the substantial increase of taiwan s service sector contributed to slowing its co2 emissions

corporate social and financial performance an investigation in the u k supermarket industry the comparison of corporate social performance with corporate financial performance has been a popular field of study over the past 25 years the results while broadly conclusive of a positive relationship are not entirely consistent in addition most of the previous studies have concentrated on large scale cross industry studies and often with a single variable for corporate social performance in order to produce statistically significant results this weakens the richness of understanding that might be obtained from a single industry study with multiple social variables which would also allow investigation of inter relationships between individual and sub sets of social performance measures and between individual and sub sets of social performance and financial performance measures there have also been criticisms that the results lack a rigorous theoretical basis and the paper demonstrates clearly how stakeholder theory must form the basis for this area of research following a review of the literature this paper presents the initial findings from a study of the u k supermarket industry which suggest that contemporaneous social and financial performance are negatively related while prior period financial performance is positively related with subsequent social performance positive relationships between both age and size of the company with social performance are also found

corporate philanthropy in the u k 1985 2000 some empirical findings this paper briefly reviews the theories that seek to explain the phenomenon of corporate charitable donations and then provides a review of the empirical issues that have arisen in previous studies in this area the findings of an analysis of charitable donations data from the entire u k ftse index for the years 1985 2000 are then reported these findings include the observation of a time related increase in charitable donations which is compared with an earlier study to give a 24 year history of charitable donations in the u k the findings note little responsiveness of the monetary value of charitable donations to the economic performance of firms an international comparison over time against u s trends is also reported and shows how u s corporations have traditionally been more generous than u k firms but that the trend in the u s is downwards membership of a u k based tithing club the percent club is shown to be associated with higher profit performance against non members members charitable contributions against profit are shown to be higher than the ftse mean although short of the 0 5 target figure in cash terms the paper concludes with a brief discussion of these findings in relation to the theoretical positions advanced for corporate philanthropy

corporate philanthropy in the united kingdom the increasing demands placed on private welfare services and calls for business to fulfil its social responsibilities have heightened interest in corporate charitable donations in the united kingdom adjustments to the corporation tax system have been made to encourage companies to give more the article outlines the legal and fiscal background to company giving examines its magnitude and reports on a survey of company practice

donor competition for aid impact and aid fragmentation we show that donors that maximize relative aid impact spread their budgets across many recipient countries in a unique nash equilibrium this aid fragmentation result is robust to the introduction of fixed costs even if they are improbably large in equilibrium smaller donors have less fragmented aid and behave better from an efficiency viewpoint we present evidence that our theoretical results are in line with cross country correlations our analysis has important policy implications first short of ending donors maximization of relative aid impact agreements to better coordinate aid allocations are not implementable second since policies to increase donor competition in terms of aid effectiveness risk reinforcing relativeness they may well backfire as any such reinforcement increases aid fragmentation

carbon dioxide emissions and global gdp abstract a positive relationship between carbon dioxide emissions the most important greenhouse gas ghg implicated in global warming and gdp is shown in this paper examining per capita income and co2 emissions of 137 countries across 21 years it also appears that as per capita incomes accelerate across countries emissions increases for the most part tend to decelerate it could be that higher income levels lead to increased demand for environmental protection only emissions reduction proposals that assure incomes will not be adversely affected particularly those of less developed countries ldcs will have any possibility of successful implementation

causality between energy consumption and economic growth in india a note on conflicting results abstract this note examines the different direction of causal relation between energy consumption and economic growth in india applying engle granger cointegration approach combined with the standard granger causality test on indian data for the period 1950 1996 we find that bi directional causality exists between energy consumption and economic growth further we apply johansen multivariate cointegration technique on the different set of variables the same direction of causality exists between energy consumption and economic growth this is different from the results obtained in earlier studies

car ownership and use in britain a comparison of the empirical results of alternative cointegration estimation methods and forecasts this paper addresses two problems faced by many forecasters in the transport sector namely how to use a relatively small sample to forecast car ownership over a long period of time and avoid the difficulties caused by spurious or nonsense regressions five alternative estimation methods are used to test for cointegrating relationships between per capita car ownership and use and real per capita personable disposable income real motoring costs and real bus fares these are the engle granger two stage the phillips hansen fully modified the wickens breusch one stage the autoregressive distributed lag and the johansen maximum likelihood methods the corresponding error correction models are estimated and a comparison made between the derived short and long run demand elasticities for car ownership and use the ex post forecasting performance of the error correction models together with an arima model specification is evaluated using a number of performance criteria the long range time series fore

the asymmetric relationships between pollution energy use and oil prices in vietnam some behavioural implications for energy policy making abstract with rapidly expanding real gdp in vietnam it is anticipated that the vietnamese energy production will increase to meet its rising energy consumption an important corollary is that pollution will also rise since the energy sector is considered a big polluter in the developing world this paper brings two important insights to this literature first and foremost this paper seeks to establish if any behavioural biases of policy makers have clouded the decision to adopt suitable energy technologies and policies in vietnam with far reaching consequences for sustainability in the region secondly in order to detect behavioural biases it considers the asymmetric effects of increases vis a vis decreases in regressors by using the non linear autoregressive distributed lags nardl models to examine how such increases or decreases really impact on pollution in vietnam using annual data from 1982 to 2015 the analysis finds that the long run relationships between pollution energy use and oil prices have been characterised by non linear and asymmetric interlinkages to indicate hidden cointegration we further argue that such hidden cointegration can signal important behavioural biases in energy policy making

aid tying and donor fragmentation this study tests two opposing hypotheses about the impact of aid fragmentation on the practice of aid tying in one when a small number of donors dominate the aid market in a country they may exploit their monopoly power by tying more aid to purchases from contractors based in their own countries alternatively when donors have a larger share of the aid market they may have stronger incentives to maximize the development impact of their aid by tying less of it empirical tests strongly and consistently support the latter hypothesis the key finding that higher donor aid shares are associated with less aid tying is robust to recipient controls donor fixed effects and instrumental variables estimation when recipient countries are grouped by their scores on corruption perception indexes higher shares of aid are significantly related to lower aid tying only in the less corrupt sub sample this finding is consistent with the argument that aid tying can be an efficient response by donors when losses from corruption may rival or exceed losses from tying aid when aid tying is more costly as proxied by donor country size and income it is less prevalent aid tying is lower in the least developed countries consistent with the oecd development assistance committee s recommendation to its members

aid fragmentation or aid pluralism the effect of multiple donors on child survival in developing countries 1990 2010 while most policy makers and researchers stress the negative impact of aid fragmentation on development outcomes in recipient countries we argue that the greater diversity of perspectives entailed by higher multiplicity of donors can help select better policies we hypothesize a u shaped relationship countries with a moderate number of donors fare better than countries with either few or many donors the hypothesis is supported by a generalized method of moments gmm analysis of the relationship between health aid donors and child survival in 110 low and middle income countries during 1990 2010

energy consumption carbon emissions and economic growth in china abstract this paper investigates the existence and direction of granger causality between economic growth energy consumption and carbon emissions in china applying a multivariate model of economic growth energy use carbon emissions capital and urban population empirical results for china over the period 1960 2007 suggest a unidirectional granger causality running from gdp to energy consumption and a unidirectional granger causality running from energy consumption to carbon emissions in the long run evidence shows that neither carbon emissions nor energy consumption leads economic growth therefore the government of china can purse conservative energy policy and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth

aid quality and donor rankings this paper offers new measures of aid quality covering 38 bilateral and multilateral donors as well as new insights about the robustness and usefulness of such measures the 2005 paris declaration on aid effectiveness and the follow up 2008 accra agenda for action have focused attention on common donor practices that reduce the development impact of aid using 18 underlying indicators that capture these practices derived from the oecd dac s survey for monitoring the paris declaration the new aiddata database and the dac aid tables the authors construct an overall aid quality index and four coherently defined sub indexes on aid selectivity alignment harmonization and specialization compared with earlier indicators used in donor rankings this indicator set is more comprehensive and representative of the range of donor practices addressed in the paris declaration improving the validity reliability and robustness of rankings one of the innovations is to increase the validity of the aid quality indicators by adjusting for recipient characteristics donor aid volumes and other factors despite these improvements in data and methodology the authors caution against overinterpretation on overall indexes such as these alternative plausible assumptions regarding weights or the inclusion of additional indicators can still produce marked shifts in the ranking of some donors so that small differences in overall rankings are not meaningful moreover because the performance of some donors varies considerably across the four sub indexes these sub indexes may be more useful than the overall index in identifying donors relative strengths and weaknesses

political conditionality and foreign aid this article argues that a new generation of political conditionalities has emerged during the last decade this requires an expansion of the original definition and research agenda beyond the traditional questions of use and effectiveness however there is also a need to dig deeper into the dynamics surrounding political conditionalities particularly the bargaining processes and outcomes along the aid chain from domestic donor politics donor harmonization fora policy dialog spaces to the political economy of recipient institutional reform and donor coping strategies because they influence the set up use follow up purpose and effectiveness of pcs

aid trade and migration how do bilateral flows interact this paper takes as its point of departure the european commission s position set out in 2005 which laid clear emphasis on aid and trade as tools for controlling immigration we attempt to subject this position to empirical investigation we exploit data on bilateral aid trade and migration flows between developed and developing countries for the period 2000 10 adopting an instrumental variable approach to address the endogeneity issue due to potential simultaneity bias our results establish that increasing aid and trade with developing countries is likely to fail to contain immigration at least in the short run the pattern of results is consistent with the hypothesis that promoting development in migrant sending countries or cooperating with such countries to control migration outflows is not sufficient to lessen immigration increasing visa restrictions and controls at borders is generally controversial still the results imply that policymakers cannot attain their short term immigration goals with the so called smart solutions of aid and trade

why do corporations give to charity this paper explores whether corporate contributions should be tax dedu ctible within the more general context of an examination of the profi t and utility maximization motives driving contributions the theoret ical section develops a formal structural model of the contributions process illustrates comparative statics and derives a set of empiri cally testable hypotheses using a new source of firm data the empir ical results indicate that profit maximization is an important motive driving contributions this finding supports the current tax deducti ble status of contributions up to a seldom encoun tered ceiling and favors a reform that allows firms to treat contributions as ordinary business expenses copyright 1988 by the university of chicago

the saving and investment nexus for china evidence from cointegration tests the saving and investment nexus as postulated by feldstein and horioka fh 1980 is revisited the saving investment correlation for china is estimated over the periods 1952 1998 and 1952 1994 the latter culminating in a period of fixed exchange rate regime amongst the key results it is found that saving and investment are correlated for china for both the period of the fixed exchange rate and the entire sample period with high saving investment correlation the results suggest that the chinese economy is in conformity with the fh hypothesis this is a valid outcome for in china capital mobility was fairly restricted over the 1952 1994 period as indicated by the relatively low foreign direct investment