do greens drive hummers or hybrids environmental ideology as a determinant of consumer choice this paper uses several california data sets to test for differences in consumption patterns between greens and browns a person s environmentalism is rarely observed in consumer data sets in california a community s share of green party registered voters is a viable proxy for community environmentalism environmentalists are more likely to commute by public transit purchase hybrid vehicles and consume less gasoline than non environmentalists

knowledge proximity and r d exodus abstract we explore not only how technological leaders and laggards react to agglomeration but within an agglomeration we look at how the relative presence of other leaders laggards and foreign firms affects these firms existing literature argues that technological leaders experience net knowledge outflows and are therefore losers in agglomerations however we do not know if they avoid locations with laggards more so than locations with leaders or vice versa thus we examine how the relative presence of each affects leaders location decisions for technologically lagging firms we argue they will prefer locations with leaders over locations with laggards we further posit that an increasing presence of foreign firms will have a particularly detrimental effect on technologically leading domestic firms as these lose out in the contest for talent contextualized in an emerging market with weak intellectual property rights protection we examine whether these concerns about knowledge spillovers and competition for talent prompt firms to close their r d facilities or remain open using 5798 observations of r d laboratories in india during 2003 2011 we find that while technologically leading firms are more likely to close their r d facilities as the presence of other domestic labs increases laggards are less likely to do so these findings suggest concerns over knowledge spillovers are present especially on the part of technologically leading firms moreover leaders are more concerned by the presence of other leaders technologically lagging firms by contrast are less likely to close r d facilities in the face of these concerns and will prefer staying near leaders over laggards finally we find evidence of foreign firms crowding out domestic technological leaders but not laggards in the competition for talent

highly skilled and well connected migrant inventors in cross border m as based on a relational view of international business we investigate the role of migrant inventors in cross border mergers and acquisitions undertaken by r d active firms we hypothesize that the migrant inventors international social networks can be leveraged by their employers in order to identify and or integrate relevant knowledge bases of acquisition targets in the inventors home country we nuance our hypothesis by means of several conditional logistic regressions on a large matched sample of deals and control cases the impact of migrant inventors increases with the distance between countries and for targets located in countries with weak administrative legal systems as well as when targets are either innovative or belong to high tech sectors or to the same sector as the acquirer and for full versus partial acquisitions

lone inventors as sources of breakthroughs myth or reality are lone inventors more or less likely to invent breakthroughs recent research has attempted to resolve this question by considering the variance of creative outcome distributions it has implicitly assumed a symmetric thickening or thinning of both tails i e that a greater probability of breakthroughs comes at the cost of a greater probability of failures in contrast we propose that collaboration can have opposite effects at the two extremes it reduces the probability of very poor outcomes because of more rigorous selection processes while simultaneously increasing the probability of extremely successful outcomes because of greater recombinant opportunity in creative search analysis of over half a million patented inventions supports these arguments individuals working alone especially those without affiliation to organizations are less likely to achieve breakthroughs and more likely to invent particularly poor outcomes quantile regressions demonstrate that the effect is more than an upward mean shift we find partial mediation of the effect of collaboration on extreme outcomes by the diversity of technical experience of team members and by the size of team members external collaboration networks supporting our meta argument for the importance of examining each tail of the distribution separately experience diversity helps trim poor outcomes significantly more than it helps create breakthroughs relative to the effect of external networks

modelling electric vehicle usage intentions an empirical study in malaysia in the new global economy carbon emission has become an important worldwide issue one key reason for this is the magnification of the transport sector as millions of gasoline based vehicles are plying on roads producing carbon emission throughout day and night in order to impede these vulnerabilities and promote a more sustainable economy one solution is to switch from gasoline based vehicles to using green technology vehicles there is growing agreement that electrification and the ability to decarbonize this sector seems to be significant as it helps to mitigate the high reliance on fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions the introduction of electric vehicles has led the automotive industry to a whole new echelon one with zero fuel dependency and increased fuel efficiency while the usage of greener and cleaner vehicles such as electric vehicles is well supported with government policies and programmes it is surprising that little information is divulged about the public acceptance of electric vehicles from the social perspective public acceptance and diffusion of this new green technology is relatively fresh and unknown in malaysia in fact public acceptance can appear as a prevailing obstacle for market diffusion and encumber the development of technology adoption the rationale of this paper is to conduct an exploration to determine the key predictors affecting the usage of electric vehicles acceptance in malaysia malaysia has been referred to here as electric vehicles are just being introduced as one of the initiatives to encourage a low fossil carbon technology within the transportation sector more specifically an empirical study using a survey questionnaire was distributed to 1000 private vehicle drivers in malaysia an electric vehicle usage model was proposed based on a literature review and a multiple regression model the results demonstrated that electric vehicles acceptance in malaysia can be explained as being significantly related to social influences performance attributes financial benefits environmental concerns demographics infrastructure readiness and government interventions in addition the study offers a valuable wealth of information on the public acceptance of automotive players planning to market electric vehicles in malaysia it also offers sensible guidelines for the formulation of marketing strategies that will address the real wants and needs of future electric vehicles users in the meanwhile policy makers should concentrate on the appropriate intervention and policy to encourage the development of electric vehicles as part of the strategy towards a transition to a low carbon society in malaysia

promoting local foods in small island states the role of information policies ensuring the success of agriculture is at the heart of food security and it is necessary to examine strategies that tackle agricultural development through the production and consumption of sustainable food products one way to increase food security in small island states is to develop local food sectors by increasing consumers awareness about local products with sustainable characteristics we designed an economic experiment to assess consumers willingness to pay wtp for yams with sustainable characteristics the origin the intrinsic quality of an alternative variety and the mode of production the results showed that labelling significantly changes consumers valuation of the different yam profiles consumers wtp for local yams 2 85 kg 1 was significantly higher than for imported yams 1 80 kg 1 while the organic mode of production derives a significant premium if information on production methods has been disseminated the results also suggested that organoleptic characteristics of new varieties should not be overlooked we conclude on how the labelling strategy could be facilitated through a policy targeting the development of the local food sector

implications of delaying transport decarbonisation in the eu a systems analysis using the primes model abstract the transport sector decarbonisation represents an essential part of the ghg emissions reduction strategy of the eu for the 2030 and 2050 horizon the strategy presumes a far reaching structural system change towards the marketing of advanced electrified powertrains and use of energy carriers such as electricity and hydrogen that are generated in a carbon free way the decade 2020 2030 is expected to set in motion the complex process of the necessary transformation of the power generation and transport systems which mandates the successful coordination of the interrelated market actors consumers and policy makers this paper presents a systems analysis that aims to assess what would happen if the decarbonisation strategy fails to develop as anticipated during the decade 2020 2030 we refer to this timeframe as the lost decade to answer this question our analysis is based on counterfactual scenarios quantified using the primes energy systems model the analysis concludes that the decade 2020 2030 is a critical point in this transformation limited progress in the coming decade would require the adoption of stringent policy measures beyond 2030 which along with the pressure to reduce emissions in a short period are found to increase substantially the total costs of the system

distributional and efficiency impacts of increased us gasoline taxes we examine the impacts of increased us gasoline taxes in a model that links the markets for new used and scrapped vehicles and recognizes the consider able heterogeneity among households and cars household choice parameters derive from an estimation procedure that integrates individual choices for car ownership and miles traveled we find that each cent per gallon increase in the price of gasoline reduces the equilibrium gasoline consumption by about 0 2

r d co practice and reverse knowledge integration in multinational firms this paper contributes to the developing literature on the management of distributed innovation in multinational firms we focus on a specific organizational mechanism r d co practice which we believe is an important facilitator of knowledge integration in multinationals with global innovation strategies in our formulation r d co practice joint technical activities between units increases levels of absorptive capacity and social capital among participating units thus increasing the likelihood that they will share knowledge at future time periods we find strong support for this hypothesis through an empirical analysis of reverse subsidiary to headquarters knowledge integration in two sectors automotive and pharmaceuticals over a 21 year period

electric vehicles rising from the dead data needs for forecasting consumer response toward sustainable energy sources in personal transportation abstract since standard vehicles are powered by internal combustion mechanisms that rely on fossil fuels electric vehicles that are propelled by one or more electric engines have been proposed as an alternative to promote sustainable personal transportation in this paper we propose a general demand model for vehicle purchases at the individual level assuming that the necessary microdata is available we then list the ideal microdata that would be needed for estimating this general demand model for elaborating this list we take into account the particularities of low emission vehicles with emphasis in their cost reliability environmental benefits tradeoff as well as the potentiality for evaluation of welfare improving policies related to adoption of energy efficient technologies we discuss data sources and collection strategies for the different attributes of the model especially for those characteristics that are nonstandard such as symbolic values for instance we discuss the role of range anxiety as a barrier of adoption of electric vehicles and the implied relevance of including driving range to get consumers willingness to pay for better performing electric batteries

gasoline prices fuel economy and the energy paradox abstract policymakers often assert that consumers undervalue future gasoline costs when they buy automobiles we test this by measuring whether relative prices of vehicles with different fuel economy ratings fully adjust to variation in gasoline prices vehicle prices move as if consumers are indifferent between 1 00 in discounted future gas cost and 0 76 in vehicle purchase price we show how corrections for endogenous market shares and utilization measurement error and different gasoline price forecasts affect the results we also provide unique evidence of sticky information vehicle markets respond to changes in gasoline prices with up to a six month delay

innovating in the periphery the impact of local and foreign inventor mobility on the value of indian patents abstract we examine the impact of local and foreign labor mobility in india by modeling one regional and one global network each of which captures the inter organizational mobility of inventors our analysis of the regional network shows that within india the productivity of inventors does not improve when they move from foreign to indian organizations in the global network we find that indian organizations remain located in the periphery as a result of employing a small number of inventors from foreign organizations however in the instances when inventors are hired from foreign organizations they are able to produce patents with a higher impact in comparison to inventors hired from other indian organizations furthermore when the inventors are hired from abroad the impact of their patents is even higher in comparison the implications of these findings for innovation and policy in the emerging economy context are discussed

what experimental protocol influence disparities between actual and hypothetical stated values preferences elicited in hypothetical settings have recently come underscrutiny causing estimates from the contingent valuation method to bechallenged due to perceived hypothetical bias given that the receivedliterature derives value estimates using heterogeneous experimentaltechniques understanding the effects of important design parameters onthe magnitude of hypothetical bias is invaluable in this paper we addressthis issue statistically by using a meta analysis to examine data from 29experimental studies our empirical findings suggest that on averagesubjects overstate their preferences by a factor of about 3 in hypotheticalsettings and that the degree of over revelation is influenced by thedistinction between willingness to pay and willingness to accept publicversus private goods and several elicitation methods

networks diversity and productivity the social capital of corporate r d teams we argue that the debate regarding the performance implications of demographic diversity can be usefully reframed in terms of the network variables that reflect distinct forms of social capital scholars who are pessimistic about the performance of diverse teams base their view on the hypothesis that decreased network density the average strength of the relationship among team members lowers a team s capacity for coordination the optimistic view is founded on the hypothesis that teams that are characterized by high network heterogeneity whereby relationships on the team cut across salient demographic boundaries enjoy an enhanced learning capability we test each of these hypotheses directly and thereby avoid the problematic assumption that they contradict one another our analysis of data on the social networks organizational tenure and productivity of 224 corporate r d teams indicates that both network variables help account for team productivity these findings support a recasting of the diversity performance debate in terms of the network processes that are more proximate to outcomes of interest

optimal electric vehicle production strategy under subsidy and battery recycling abstract government subsidy and battery recycling are two common practical issues in the electric vehicle ev market this study investigates a loss averse ev manufacturer s optimal production strategy under uncertain market demand in the presence of both government subsidy and battery recycling an analytical model is built and related optimal solution and numerical experiments are provided results indicate that increased subsidy promotes the manufacturer s optimal production quantity and expected utility increased battery recycling rate promotes the manufacturer s optimal production quantity however the manufacturer s expected utility decreases with the battery recycling rate if the optimal production quantity is sufficiently small this result implies that the manufacturer may prefer a relatively small battery recycling rate when the market scale is small consequently the government should establish regulations to promote battery recycling for environmental protection we find that either subsidy or battery recycling can offset the negative effects of loss aversion on the optimal production quantity and expected utility the majority of our results still hold if we consider multiple repurposing options for used batteries or an alternative subsidy mechanism in particular the manufacturer s optimal production quantity and expected utility are higher under cost subsidy mechanism than under consumer subsidy mechanism

inter firm reverse technology transfer the home country effect of r d internationalization one consequence of the internationalization of rd these results are robust to the exclusion of examiner citations we find that this technology transfer process is explained by the degree of home country embeddedness of the multinational firm the us subsidiaries engagement in asset augmenting activities and the presence of a technology gap between the united states and the home country these results point to an alternative understanding of foreign direct r d investment and its implications for the home country s technological activity and general competitive performance copyright 2009 the author 2009 published by oxford university press on behalf of associazione icc all rights reserved oxford university press

consumers willingness to pay for eco friendly apples under different labels evidences from a lab experiment abstract an experiment was conducted in france to evaluate the impact of health and environmental information on consumers choices between conventional and organic apples results show that additional and precise messages about both pesticides use and pesticides residues significantly impact consumers choices between both products the experiment also studied the effect of a new label signaling apples that only use few pesticides compared to conventional apples with elicited willingness to pay we show that the introduction of this new label increases the average participants surplus whatever the information context for participants because of a higher quality compared to conventional apples and a lower price compared to organic products in order to complement this label a minimum quality standard imposing the use of few pesticides is socially optimal when initial participants knowledge is limited

estimating market demand for fresh yam characteristics using contingent valuation implications for crop breeding and production choices this study uses the box cox bc transformations to examine nonlinearity in price modeling and compare results from several functional specifications in hedonic price analysis of yam in togo based on a sample of 6 402 observations on price and produce characteristics generated through a market experiment it is found that the bc quadratic asymmetric specification is the most suitable function several characteristics are valued more than others and prices vary across species time and market sites some residual symptoms of pest and disease damages on yam tubers reduce their market values tuber weight exhibits a diminishing marginal value and price per kilogram decreases above an optimum size therefore producers do not derive additional reward from extra large tubers we conclude that to effectively access and benefit from urban markets producers should focus on small size low weight and conical shaped tubers which are easy to process and meet the esthetic qualities preferred by urban consumers the implications for research on improved variety development to reduce poverty and for crop and resource management practices are drawn

improving behavioral realism in hybrid energy economy models using discrete choice studies of personal transportation decisions hybrid energy economy models combine top down and bottom up approaches to explore behaviorally realistic responses to technology focused policies this research uses empirically derived discrete choice models to inform key behavioral parameters in cims a hybrid model the discrete choice models are estimated for vehicle and commuting decisions from a survey of 1150 canadians with the choice models integrated into cims we simulate carbon taxes gasoline vehicle disincentives and single occupancy vehicle disincentives to show how different policy levers can motivate technological change we also use the empirical basis for the choice models to portray uncertainty in technological change costs and emissions

a penny for your quotes patent citations and the value of innovations the use ofpatents in economic research has been seriously hindered by the fact that patents vary enormously in their importance or value and hence simple patent counts cannot be informative about innovative output the purpose of this article is to put forward patent counts weighted by citations as indicators of the value of innovations thereby overcoming the limitations of simple counts the empirical analysis of a particular innovation computed tomography scanners indeed shows a close association between citation based patent indices and independent measures of the social value of innovations in that field moreover the weighting scheme appears to be nonlinear increasing in the number of citations implying that the informational content of citations rises at the margin as in previous studies simple patent counts are found to be highly correlated with contemporaneous rd however here the association is within afield over time rather than cross sectional

reference dependent electric vehicle production strategy considering subsidies and consumer trade offs abstract in this paper we extend previous reference dependence newsvendor research by incorporating both consumer trade offs and government subsidies to evaluate the relevant influences on the optimal electric vehicle ev production decisions we present the properties of the model derive the closed form solutions for the model given the relevant constraints and use numerical experiments to illustrate the results we find that subsidies loss aversion the performance of both evs and internal combustion engine powered vehicles icevs and the coefficient of variation of demand are significant factors influencing the optimal production quantity and the expected utilities of ev production the high selling price and other high costs of icevs help offset the influence of loss aversion whereas the high costs of ev enhance loss aversion our study enriches the literature on subsidies for evs by establishing a behavioral model to incorporate the decision bias in terms of loss aversion at the firm level these findings provide guiding principles for both policymakers and ev managers for making better strategies to promote evs in the early immature market

a control function approach to endogeneity in consumer choice models abstract endogeneity arises for numerous reasons in models of consumer choice it leads to inconsistency with standard estimation methods that maintain independence between the model s error and the included variables the authors describe a control function approach for handling endogeneity in choice models observed variables and economic theory are used to derive controls for the dependence between the endogenous variable and the demand error the theory points to the relationships that contain information on the unobserved demand factor such as the pricing equation and the advertising equation the authors approach is an alternative to berry levinsohn and pakes s 1995 product market controls for unobserved quality the authors apply both methods to examine households choices among television options including basic and premium cable packages in which unobserved attributes such as quality of programming are expected to be correlated with price without correcting for endogeneity aggregate d

accounting for preference and scale heterogeneity in establishing whether it matters who is interviewed to reveal household automobile purchase preferences the choice of automobile purchases in households often involves participation of more than one household member each of which exerts some degree of influence on the final choice outcome the influence of more than one agent has been recognised for many years and yet the majority of automobile choice studies develop choice models as if a single agent is involved in the preference revelation process what is not clear is whether it makes any substantive difference in preference revelation according to who is interviewed in a household using a generalised mixed logit framework that accounts for preference and scale heterogeneity we estimate a series of models to investigate whether there are significant differences between the preferences of each individual in a household when assessed in isolation from other household members as well as their joint preferences when expressing their preferences through a group choice task the context is choosing amongst petrol diesel and hybrid fuelled vehicles associated with specific levels of fuel efficiency and engine capacity when faced with a mix of vehicle prices fuel prices fixed annual registration fees annual emission surcharges and vehicle kilometre emission surcharges using a stated choice experiment we find that sampling a single individual as a representative of the household s preferences is less appropriate than utilising preference information from the relevant group of decision makers in the household

consumer learning and hybrid vehicle adoption we study the effect of differences in product quality on new technology diffusion we propose a model in which heterogeneity in perceived product quality affects consumer adoption if consumers experientially infer the quality of a technology an increase in initial exposure to a low quality product may inhibit subsequent diffusion incentives intended to speed up adoption may in fact have the opposite effect if they propagate low quality signals we examine the predictions of the model using sales data for 11 hybrid vehicle models between 2000 and 2006 consistent with press reports that the first generation insight was perceived to be of lower quality than the first generation prius we find that conditional on overall hybrid vehicle adoption in the first 2 years locations with a relatively high prius market share experienced faster subsequent adoption than states with a relatively high insight market share we estimate the elasticity of new hybrid sales with respect to the prius penetration rate is 0 30 0 58 while the elasticity with respect to the insight penetration rate is 0 14 to 0 44

innovation in multinational corporations control and communication patterns in international r d operations this paper addresses issues of global innovation in multinational corporations by examining the patterns of communication and control in international rd 2 local and international adaptors both focus their communication on their internal corporate network and 3 international creators have strong internally and externally oriented networks of relationships the implications for the management of global innovation are discussed 1998 john wiley sons ltd

value elicitation in retail and laboratory environments abstract an increasing number of studies have begun conducting economic experiments in field rather than laboratory settings we directly compare results from laboratory and field valuation experiments after controlling for unengaged bidders results indicate field valuations were greater than laboratory valuations results are discussed in the context of recent literature on commitment costs

the optimal subsidy on electric vehicles in german metropolitan areas a spatial general equilibrium analysis abstract e mobility and diffusion of electric vehicles have become a major policy issue in many countries for example the german federal government pursues the strategy of achieving one million electric vehicles by 2020 in this paper we examine whether it is optimal to subsidize the use of electric vehicles by granting electric power subsidies and how large the corresponding optimal rate is we first analytically derive the optimal power tax in a spatial model of a city with two zones where commuting carbon emissions endogenous labor supply fuel and power taxes are considered it is shown that in a spatial urban environment the optimal tax rate depends in particular on transport related externalities tax interaction effects and redistribution effects working via the urban land market second we extend the model to a full spatial general equilibrium model and employ simulations to calculate sign and size of the optimal tax subsidy rate this model is calibrated to a typical german metropolitan area the results show that electric vehicles should not be subsidized but taxed the results are robust with respect to changes in the willingness to adopt electric vehicles the costs of driving electric vehicles and even if emissions of electric vehicles are zero

the neighbor effect simulating dynamics in consumer preferences for new vehicle technologies abstract understanding consumer behaviour is essential in designing policies that efficiently increase the uptake of clean technologies over the long run expert opinion or qualitative market analyses have tended to be the sources of this information however greater scrutiny on governments increasingly demands the use of reliable and credible evidence to support policy decisions while discrete choice research and modeling techniques have been applied to estimate consumer preferences for technologies these methods often assume static preferences this study builds on the application of discrete choice research and modeling to capture dynamics in consumer preferences we estimate canadians preferences for new vehicle technologies under different market assumptions using responses from two national surveys focused on hybrid gas electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles the results support the relevance of a range of vehicle attributes beyond the purchase price in shaping consumer preferences towards clean vehicle technologies they also corroborate our hypothesis that the degree of market penetration of clean vehicle technologies is an influence on people s preferences the neighbor effect finally our results provide behavioural parameters for the energy economy model cims which we use here to show the importance of including consumer preference dynamics when setting policies to encourage the uptake of clean technologies

uncertainty loss aversion and markets for energy efficiency increasing energy efficiency is critical to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion reducing oil dependence and achieving a sustainable global energy system the tendency of markets to neglect apparently cost effective energy efficiency options has been called the efficiency gap or energy paradox the market for energy efficiency in new energy using durable goods however appears to have a bias that leads to undervaluation of future energy savings relative to their expected value this paper argues that the bias is chiefly produced by the combination of substantial uncertainty about the net value of future fuel savings and the loss aversion of typical consumers this framework relies on the theory of context dependent preferences the uncertainty loss aversion bias against energy efficiency is quantifiable making it potentially correctible by policy measures the welfare economics of such policies remains unresolved data on the costs of increased fuel economy of new passenger cars taken from a national research council study illustrate how an apparently cost effective increase in energy efficiency would be uninteresting to loss averse consumers

global talent local careers circular migration of top indian engineers and professionals despite heightened interests from policy makers in the notion of brain circulation the discussion around the issue has remained largely theoretical drawing upon unique data of the alumni of a leading indian university this study examines how migration dynamics unfold within a highly educated population whose emigration is considered as a classic example of brain drain we adopt an integrative framework bringing together macro level push and pull influences and individual level selectivity we find that disparity in economic development between countries drives migration flows in both directions while host country demand has a stronger impact on out migration than on return migration we also detect significant selection effects at the individual level top students are more likely to emigrate and less likely to return in out migration flowing out of the country appear to be the best and the brightest amongst the highly educated talent pool in return migration negative selection is manifested in multiple aspects including ability post migration human capital investment and income we also find that the influences of macro forces vary amongst individuals higher ability individuals appear to be less affected by demand changes the findings have important policy implications for both source countries and receiving countries