a quantile regression analysis of china s provincial co2 emissions where does the difference lie abstract china is already the largest carbon dioxide emitter in the world this paper adopts provincial panel data from 1990 to 2014 and employs quantile regression model to investigate the influencing factors of china s co 2 emissions the results show that economic growth plays a dominant role in the growth of co 2 emissions due to massive fixed asset investment and export trade the influences of energy intensity on the lower 10th and upper 90th quantile provinces are stronger than those in the 25th 50th quantile provinces because of big differences in r d expenditure and human resources distribution the impact of urbanization increases continuously from the lower 10th quantile provinces to the 10th 25th 25th 50th 50th 75th 75th 90th and upper 90th quantile provinces owing to the differences in r d personnel real estate development and motor vehicle ownership the effect of industrialization on the upper 90th quantile provinces is greater than those on other quantile provinces on account of the differences in the industrial scale and the development of the building industry thus the heterogeneity effects of influencing factors on different quantile provinces should be taken into consideration when discussing the mitigation of co 2 emissions in china

vertical targeting and leakage in carbon policy in this paper we examine the intersection between two important aspects of climate policy design the first is the point of regulation should it be placed on pollution sources carbon rich inputs or consumers this issue of upstream versus downstream regulation is one that we will refer to as vertical targeting the second aspect concerns the external effects of a local climate policy leakage occurs when par tial regulation results in an increase in emissions in unregulated parts of the economy this paper examines how regulators choice of upstream versus downstream environmental regulation affects emissions in other countries with lax environmental regulation these two elements of climate policy are closely related in many contexts the selection of the point of regulation in the vertical chain is influenced if not driven by concerns over extrajurisdictional impacts given the global nature of the pollutant regulators in any specific jurisdiction need to be mindful of how local limits will effect global emissions regions imposing greenhouse gas restrictions may consume more than they produce of carbon intensive goods such as gasoline or cement in such cases regulations imposed on consumers can reach upstream to producers located outside the regulated areas for example by raising the cost of consuming carbon intensive electricity in california regulators in that state hope to reduce the combustion of coal in other regions of the western united states it is important to recognize that vertical tar geting is but one mechanism through which regulators can combat leakage much academic research and legislation has focused on the legal and economic merits of border adjustments such as import tariffs based on carbon content

co2 embodiment in china australia trade the drivers and implications abstract this study focuses on co 2 emissions embodied in the characteristic china australia bilateral trade which refer to the co 2 emissions due to the production of goods traded between the two countries we perform an assessment of the co 2 embodiment in the trade during the period between 2002 and 2010 we find that the scale effect has been a dominant effect contributing to an increase of co 2 emissions embodied in the bilateral trade through the years while the composition effect seems to be a major driver for reducing co 2 embodiment in the exports of australia to china based on an analysis of the difference between the amounts of actual co 2 embodiment and those in a hypothetical no trade scenario we estimate that the net co 2 emissions due to the bilateral trade declined from around 10 mt of co 2 emissions in 2002 to 10 mt in 2010 that is the bilateral trade contributed to a reduction of the global carbon emissions in the recent years this finding suggests that the rapid growth of exports of carbon intensive goods from australia to china has helped in reducing carbon emissions globally because carbon intensity factors of those goods are much lower in australia than those in china

an econometric study of co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade in turkey abstract this study attempts to empirically examine the dynamic causal relationships between carbon emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of turkey using the time series data for the period 1960 2005 this research tests the interrelationship between the variables using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure the bounds test results indicate that there exist two forms of long run relationships between the variables in the case of first form of long run relationship carbon emissions are determined by energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of second long run relationship income is determined by carbon emissions energy consumption and foreign trade an augmented form of granger causality analysis is conducted amongst the variables the long run relationship of co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade equation is also checked for the parameter stability the empirical results suggest that income is the most significant variable in explaining the carbon emissions in turkey which is followed by energy consumption and foreign trade moreover there exists a stable carbon emissions function the results also provide important policy recommendations

are rta agreements with environmental provisions reducing emissions article i nfo this paper investigates whether rtas with environmental provisions affect relative and absolute pollution levels in order to do so the determinants of carbon dioxide emissions convergence are estimated for a cross section of 182 countries over the period 1980 to 2008 a propensity score matching approach is com bined with difference in differences techniques to effectively isolate the effect of the regional trade agree ment rta variable the usual controls for scale composition and technique effects are added to the estimated model and the endogeneity of income and trade variables is modeled using instruments the main results indicate that the co2 emissions of the pairs of countries that belong to an rta with environmen tal provisions tend to converge and are lower in absolute terms whereas this is not the case for rtas without environmental provisions as regards specific agreements we find that emissions converge more rapidly for nafta than for eu 27 and euro med countries we find consistent evidence that only rtas with environ mental harmonization policies affect relative and absolute pollution levels

environmental kuznets curve for co2 emissions the case of arctic countries abstract the main new contribution of this paper is to examine the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis using time series data at individual country levels empirical focus is on the assessment of income per capita on co 2 emissions in the arctic countries by taking into account the role of energy consumption an autoregressive distributed lag ardl modeling approach to cointegration is applied to annual data for the period 1960 2010 the results provide little evidence of the existence of the ekc hypothesis for the arctic countries we also find that economic growth has a beneficial effect on the environment only in some arctic countries finally energy consumption is found to have a detrimental effect on the environment in most countries

the role of trade and competitiveness measures in us climate policy efforts of the 111th us congress to pass comprehensive climate change legislation although unsuccessful provide insights into the challenges of reaching political agreement on a package for reducing greenhouse gas ghg emissions chief among legislators concerns is the economic burden on their constituents their household energy bills and particularly their jobs perhaps the most vocal interests in the climate debate are the energy intensive manufacturing sectors they argue that the increased costs of carbon pricing will harm their ability to compete in international markets and that trading partners lack of comparable regulation would shift emissions abroad carbon leakage eroding the environmental benefits the salience of those arguments is under scored by statements by senators from industrial states in 2008 ten democratic senators laid out the principles that final legislation should address cost containment relief for working families technology investment equitable treatment of states and prominently enhanced safeguards to ensure a truly equitable and effective global effort that minimizes harm to the us economy and protects american jobs 1

a reexamination of the role of income for the trade and environment debate recent work on the relationship between international trade and the environment has found small but negative effects of increased openness on measures of pollution for the average country on a panel of 128 countries it is shown that like previous studies the trade intensity effect is negative and significant for the average country for emissions of four localized pollutants so2 nox co and vocs however trade intensity effects are not uniform across countries of different income levels in fact a strong non monotonicity exists in trade intensity elasticities it is found that countries with relative world incomes less than 0 5 or greater than 2 5 tend to have positive trade intensity elasticities while countries with relative world incomes between 0 5 and 2 5 tend to have negative trade intensity elasticities the results imply that both factor abundance and pollution haven effects may be at work but that the dominance of one effect over the other depends on a country s level of development

determinants of co2 emissions in a small open economy abstract the aim of the paper is to explore the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide co2 emissions for a small open and industrialized country austria we test whether an environmental kuznets curve relationship also holds for a single country rather than concentrating on panel or cross section data for a set of countries a cubic i e n shaped relationship between gdp and co2 emissions is found to fit the data most appropriately for the period 1960 1999 and a structural break is identified in the mid seventies due to the oil price shock furthermore two variables are additionally significant import shares reflecting the well known pollution haven hypothesis and the share of the tertiary service sector of total production gdp accounting for structural changes in the economy emission projections derived from this single country specification support the widely held opinion that significant policy changes are asked for when implementing the kyoto protocol in order to bring about a downturn in future carbon emissions

the relationship between international financial reporting standards carbon emissions and r d expenditures evidence from european manufacturing firms abstract this study examines the impact of research and development r d expenditures on carbon dioxide co2 emissions prior to and under the mandatory adoption of international financial reporting standards at the firm level within the manufacturing sectors of three european countries i e germany france and the u k estimation of a threshold autoregressive model using quarterly data from 1998 to 2011 reveals that in the post ifrs mandatory adoption year r d expenditures show a reduction in co2 emissions to firms i e rising co2 abatement this is likely due to the presence of incentives provided by the new accounting disclosure regime our results remain robust in terms of a sector analysis firm size and the introduction of the european union emission trading scheme eu ets across the three countries

free trade and the environment development system abstract we develop a simulation model to analyze the trade environment development system that contains a number of important advances over the earlier and current theoretical models our model like other models has an income induced pollution policy allows country factor endowments to influence trade patterns and allows production factors to be mobile intersectorally unlike other theoretical models our model treats pollution stemming from both production and consumption in a way that does justice to empirical observations we model pollution policy explicitly as an abatement investment thus effectively allowing for differences in pollution intensive technology across countries in addition we allow for an internationally traded intermediate good a natural resource as a result of this novel approach we find that 1 the benefits of trade i can be either positive or negative and ii depend on country endowments and 2 the pollution effects of trade are closely tied to the benefits of trade our model generally shows higher pollution levels under free trade than autarky however our results do not support the pollution haven hypothesis i e trade causes less pollution in developed countries and more pollution in developing ones some developing countries produce more of the pollution intensive good but ultimately consume less pollution under autarky because they have higher per capita income and thus invest more heavily in environmental upgrading under autarky

on the relationships between co2 emissions energy consumption and income the importance of time variation abstract the environment that governs the relationships between energy consumption carbon dioxide co2 emissions and gross domestic product gdp in the g7 countries changes over time due to variations in economic growth regulatory policy and technology using a novel approach that may detect causalities when the time constant hypothesis is rejected we find significant time varying granger causalities among the variables under consideration there is bidirectional causality between gdp and energy consumption for japan unidirectional causality running from gdp to energy consumption for italy and unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to gdp for the resource country canada moreover the results also show a bidirectional time varying causality between energy consumption and co2 emissions for the united states and causality from energy consumption to co2 emissions for france finally while we find significant time varying causalities running from gdp to co2 emissions for italy and japan the finding of inverted n shaped curves italy and japan lends no support to the traditional environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for these countries it implies that environmental policy and economic growth should go hand in hand other policy implications of the empirical results have been proposed

the global co2 emissions growth after international crisis and the role of international trade in this paper we decompose the driving forces of global co2 emissions for the post crisis era 2008 2011 from both production based and consumption based aspects the results suggest that non oecd economies have become the major drivers for the rapid global growth of co2 emissions after the crisis more specifically the increasing consumption and investment of non oecd economies as well as stagnation of their emission intensity reductions have largely contributed to global growth of co2 emissions after 2009 on the contrary oecd economies have a less carbon intensive life style coupled with a decrease in investment and stagnation of consumption the oecd economies have successfully reduced both their production based and consumption based emissions however the magnitude of their reduction is much lower than the increase led by non oecd economies in addition both oecd and non oecd economies have started to increase their purchases of intermediate and final products from non oecd economies such changes of international trade caused an additional 673 mt of global emissions from 2008 to 2011 the results of our decomposition provide both worries about and insights into future global climate change mitigation

do economic financial and institutional developments matter for environmental degradation evidence from transitional economies abstract several studies have examined the relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth however most of them did not take into account financial developments and institutional quality moreover stern stern d 2004 the rise and fall of the environmental kuznets curve world development 32 8 1419 1439 noted that there are important econometric weaknesses in the earlier studies such as endogeneity heteroscedasticity omitted variables etc the purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in the literature by investigating the linkage between not only economic development and environmental quality but also financial development and institutional quality we employ the standard reduced form modelling approach to control for country specific unobserved heterogeneity and gmm estimation to control for endogeneity our study considers 24 transition economies and panel data for 1993 2004 our results support the ekc hypothesis while confirming the importance of both institutional quality and financial development for environmental performance we also found that financial liberalization may be harmful for environmental quality if it is not accomplished in a strong institutional framework

border carbon adjustments addressing emissions embodied in trade approximately one fourth of global emissions are embodied in international trade and a significant portion flows from non carbon priced to carbon priced economies border carbon adjustments bcas figure prominently as instruments to address concerns arising from unilateral climate policy estimating the volume of emissions that could be potentially taxed under a bca scheme has received little attention until now this paper examines how a number of issues involved in the implementation of bcas can affect their ability to cover emissions embodied in trade and thus address carbon leakage these issues range from ensuring compliance with trade provisions and assumptions on the carbon intensity of imports to determining which countries are included and whether intermediate and final demand are considered here we show that the volume of co2 captured by a scheme that involved all annex b countries could be significantly reduced due to these issues particularly by trade provisions such as the principle of best available technology bat as a consequence the tariff burdens faced by non annex b parties could dwindle considerably these findings have important policy implications as they question the effectiveness and practicalities of bcas to reduce carbon leakage and alleviate competitiveness concerns adding further arguments against their implementation

analyzing the effectiveness of international environmental policies the case of the kyoto protocol we study the effectiveness of emission targets under the kyoto protocol with respect to reducing co2 emissions using country level and us state level panel data and employing the synthetic control method we find very little evidence for an emission reduction effect for the major emitters among the annex b countries with binding emission targets more generally we also show that evaluating the effectiveness of international environmental policies at the country level comes with a number of empirical challenges that may invalidate findings based on more traditional panel data approaches

does trade openness improve environmental quality the literature on trade openness economic development and the environment is largely inconclusive about the environmental consequences of trade this study treats trade and income as endogenous and estimates the overall impact of trade openness on environmental quality using the instrumental variables technique we find that whether or not trade has a beneficial effect on the environment varies depending on the pollutant and the country trade is found to benefit the environment in oecd countries it has detrimental effects however on sulfur dioxide so2 and carbon dioxide co2 emissions in non oecd countries although it does lower biochemical oxygen demand bod emissions in these countries we also find the impact is large in the long term after the dynamic adjustment process although it is small in the short term

trade openness carbon emissions nexus the importance of turning points of trade openness for country panels abstract this paper explores the relationship between trade openness and co 2 emissions by incorporating economic growth as an additional and potential determinant of this relationship for three groups of 105 high middle and low income countries we apply the pedroni 1999 and westerlund 2007 panel cointegration tests and find that the three variables are cointegrated in the long run trade openness impedes environmental quality for the global high income middle and low income panels but the impact varies in these diverse groups of countries the panel vecm causality results highlight a feedback effect between trade openness and carbon emissions at the global level and the middle income countries but trade openness granger causes co 2 emissions for the high income and low income countries policy implications are also provided

fifty shades of green revisiting decoupling by economic sectors and air pollutants abstract using a consistent dataset for eighteen eu countries six economic sectors and six pollution indicators we analyze decoupling of production based emissions from gdp growth from 1995 to 2008 computing decoupling factors as defined by the oecd 2002 we find that in almost all sectors and by almost all pollutants the median eu country had at least some decoupling however considerable heterogeneity in its magnitude can be observed across countries sectors and pollutants for most pollutants and sectors median decoupling performance improved from 2001 2008 compared to 1995 2001 while between country disparities increased simultaneously in a second step we investigate country level changes in decoupling states between the two sub periods based on tapio 2005 we find high diversity across countries and over time to explain these differences across countries and sectors we assess the impact of environmental policy stringency and find tentative evidence that stricter policy encourages decoupling however the effects are small and imprecise differ by economic sector and pollutant and take several years to materialize

walk in my shoes nudging for empathy conservation abstract the traditional policy approaches to encourage conservation including offering monetary incentives and direct regulation may lead to unintended consequences which may undermine their effectiveness in this paper we experimentally test the effectiveness of complementing financial nudging incentives with nudging for empathy our framed experiment models a situation in which an upstream farmer influences the water quality downstream by choosing the level of conservation financial nudging is represented by a crop insurance subsidy conditional on conservation compliance consistent with the 2014 farm bill policy empathy nudging is represented by a downstream water user sending a message to the upstream farmer encouraging the latter to walk in the shoes take the perspective of the former we found that empathy nudging can counteract the elimination of financial incentives however it is less effective than financial nudging empathy nudging coupled with financial incentives has a synergic effect and conservation increased significantly compared to using one of the nudges alone furthermore the combination of empathy and financial nudging was particularly effective in low initial conservation cases we argue that policy makers and the public should encourage empathy conservation and that the environmental policy narrative should appeal to empathy and call for farmers to join the cause for conservation and environmental protection

participation in gvcs and co2 emissions abstract this paper attempts to explore the determinants of co2 emissions in the context of international trade while there exist studies that examine the roles of horizontal specialization and inter industry trade transactions little previous research attention has been paid to the roles of vertical specialization and intra industry trade transactions in affecting co2 emissions to fill the knowledge gap this study uses the panel data of 62 countries and regions for the period of 1995 2011 to estimate the effect of participation in global value chains gvcs on per capita co2 emissions major findings include 1 the relationship between participation degrees in gvcs and per capita co2 emissions is found to be inversely u shaped at the aggregate economy level and for most individual industries 2 per capita gdp shows an n shaped relationship with per capita co2 emissions and 3 benign drivers of co2 emissions include r d energy conservation and population control it can be concluded that countries with low gdp or gvc participation degrees are expected to experience worsening co2 emissions in the short or even medium run this trend however can be moderated or even reversed with more r d investments

trade the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental kuznets curve examining the linkages abstract this paper examines the extent to which the ekc inverted u relationship can be explained by trade and specifically the migration or displacement of dirty industries from the developed regions to the developing regions the pollution haven hypothesis phh using detailed data on north south trade flows for pollution intensive products the evidence for the phh is assessed emissions of 10 air and water pollutants are then estimated controlling for trade openness structural change and dirty north south trade flows evidence of pollution haven effects is found although such effects do not appear to be widespread and appear to be relatively small compared to the roles played other explanatory variables

income and emission a panel data based cointegration analysis this paper presents the results of an investigation of the causality issue of incomeemission relationship based on time series econometric techniques of unit root test cointegration and related error correction model for a panel data set here the nature of causality between per capita co2 emission pcco2 and per capita gdp pcgdp has been examined using a cross country panel data set covering 88 countries for the period 1960 90 using the panel unit root test procedure of im et al 1997 ips we have found that the hypothesis of unit root i e non stationarity of the time series of pcgdp and pcco2 can not be rejected for individual country groups as both the variables are found to follow i 1 process we next have performed the panel data co integration test and finally we have estimated the ecm for these country groups for which significant income emission cointegration was obtained to explore the nature of dynamics implicit in the given panel data set our findings suggest that there is more or less a bi directional causal relationship between income pcgdp and co2 emission pcco2 for africa central america america as a whole eastern europe western europe europe as a whole and the world as a whole that means the movement of the one variable directly affects the other variable through a feedback system thus the policy makers should be cautious to make proper decision about the control of emission level

some evidence of the winner s curse the mathematical complexity of auction theory has restricted empirical work to qualitative tests of its basic predictions with mixed results this paper exploits the theory of order statistics to derive a nash bid function that is linear in its parameters allowing direct estimati on by linear least squares the bid function is fitted to a cross section of auctions for highway construction contracts from thirty three states and provides support for several hypotheses of the theory of common value auctions copyright 1988 by american economic association

greenhouse gas emissions energy consumption and economic growth a panel cointegration analysis from canadian industrial sector perspective abstract this paper investigates the long run and the causal relationship between greenhouse gas emissions energy consumption and economic growth for canadian industrial sectors over the period 1990 2007 the empirical findings suggest that in the long run equilibrium energy consumption has a positive and statistically significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions whereas a non linear relationship is found between greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth consistent with the environmental kuznets curve the short run dynamics conveys that there is a unidirectional granger causality running from energy consumption to greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth to greenhouse gas emissions and a weak unidirectional causality running from greenhouse gas emissions to energy consumption from economic growth to energy consumption in the long run however there seems to be a weak one way causality flowing from energy consumption and economic growth to greenhouse gas emissions

unilateral co2 reductions and carbon leakage the consequences of international trade in oil and basic materials a recursively dynamic general equilibrium model featuring six world regions with trade in energy and non energy goods is used to simulate the period from 1990 through 2100 in 10 year intervals the simulations explore the effect of unilateral action by the oecd to curb global co2 emissions unilateral cuts create incentives for free riding by non participating regions so that global emissions are reduced by less than the amount that the oecd cuts back its regional emissions carbon leakage occurs through two channels first basic materials production increases in unconstrained regions resulting in increased carbon intensity of gdp second reductions in oecd oil imports cause the world oil price to fall leading to an increased energy intensity in the non participant regions in this paper we use a general equilibrium model to assess the extent to which these two mechanisms reduce the effectiveness of oecd reductions in curbing global co2 concentrations

can the terms of trade externality outweigh free riding the role of vertical linkages abstract this paper analyzes the impact of vertical linkages on the international effects of environmental policy with vertical linkages stricter environmental policy at home indirectly reduces pollution in the rest of the world this spillback effect can reinforce the free rider problem that arises under strategic interaction when pollution is transboundary a race to the bottom ensues despite the fact that vertical linkages make it easier for national regulators to export the costs of environmental policy via the terms of trade we also find that while trade liberalization can be good for the environment vertical linkages tend to increase global pollution

climate change policy market structure and carbon leakage abstract the 1997 kyoto protocol on climate change obliges the industrialized countries to initiate the international effort of abating anthropogenic greenhouse gas ghg emissions if such an initiative is to be taken the associated competitive effects may lead to significant relocation of developed countries energy intensive production this paper examines this issue i adopt an oligopolistic structure combined with increasing returns to scale production technologies to represent the strategic interaction among the firms producing energy intensive products this representation is then embedded within a multi regional computable general equilibrium model which in turn is used for quantifying these relocational effects the results suggest that significant relocation of energy intensive industries away from the oecd may occur depending on the type of market structure with leakage rates as high as 130 in which case ghg control policies in the industrialized countries actually lead to higher global emissions

the co2 emissions income nexus evidence from rich countries the paper attempts to test the environment kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for 36 high income countries for the period 1980 2005 the test is based on the suggestion of narayan and narayan 2010 various panel data unit root and co integration tests are applied carbon dioxide co2 emissions and gdp series are integrated of order one and co integrated especially after controlling for cross sectional dependence additionally the blundell bond system generalised methods of moments gmm is employed to conduct a panel causality test in a vector error correction mechanism vecm setting unidirectional causality running from real per capita gdp to per capita co2 emissions is uncovered in both the short run and the long run the empirical analysis based on individual countries provides evidence of an ekc for greece malta oman portugal and the united kingdom however it can be observed that for the whole panel a 1 increase in gdp generates an increase of 0 68 in co2 emissions in the short run and 0 22 in the long run the lower long run income elasticity does not provide evidence of an ekc but does indicate that over time co2 emissions are stabilising in the rich countries

trade and carbon taxes we study various scenarios for taxing emissions of carbon dioxide c02 the question is how carbon tax policies will perform given interna tional trade if countries adopt different tax rates we investigate this question quantitatively using cim earth a newly developed open source computable general equilibrium cge model since climate change is a function of global c02 emissions an efficient strategy for control ling emissions would be to impose the same price wherever they occur such an approach presents a free riding problem however because nations have an incentive not to comply while gaining the ben efits of reduced emissions elsewhere moreover because of distributive concerns and claims about

the impact of international trade on china s industrial carbon emissions since its entry into wto this paper employs the input output io approach to analyze the scale and structure of embodied carbon emissions of china s 19 industry sectors during 2001 2011 and constructs a regression model to establish the relationship between energy intensity per capita output trade openness foreign direct investment fdi trade comparative advantage environmental regulation technology and co2 emission intensity our results suggest that china s international embodied carbon emission balance has been in a state of continuous growth for the period 2001 2011 and china has become a pollution haven the relationship between per capita output and co2 emission is inverse n typed and china s industries are in the rising stage of the curve fdi and trade comparative advantage are two main elements boosting china s carbon emissions trade openness environmental regulation and technology will lower the growth rate of china s industrial carbon emissions ices consequently china s policies should center on adjusting the industry structure and scale of fdi inflows transforming industries with trade comparative advantages into a clean type facilitating environmental regulation level and bringing in and developing low carbon technology to avert china from being a pollution haven

carbon emission energy consumption and intermediate goods trade a regional study of east asia abstract using country level panel data from east asia over the period 1998 2011 this paper examines the implications of international production fragmentation induced intermediate goods trade on the link between energy consumption and carbon pollution the paper focuses on the interaction effect between energy consumption and trade in intermediate goods on carbon emission the empirical results presented suggest that international trade in intermediate goods decreases the positive impact on carbon emission of energy consumption when compared with the trade in final goods intermediate goods trade contributes to a greater decrease in carbon pollution resulting from energy consumption these results confirm that the link between energy consumption and carbon pollution in east asia is significantly affected by international production fragmentation induced trade in intermediate goods the results presented in this paper have some important policy implications

energy and carbon embodied in the international trade of brazil an input output approach abstract all goods and services produced in an economy are directly and or indirectly associated with energy use and according to the type of fuel utilized with co2 emissions as well international trade is an important factor in shaping the industrial structure of a country and consequently in affecting a country s energy use and co2 emissions this study applies input output techniques to the brazilian economy to evaluate the total impacts of international trade on its energy use and co2 emissions a commodity by industry io model in hybrid units energy commodities in physical units and non energy commodities in monetary units is applied to the brazilian economy in 1995 results show that total energy embodied in the exports of non energy goods of brazil equals 831 pj while total carbon embodied is 13 5 mtc these amounts are larger than the relevant amounts embodied in the imports of non energy goods respectively 679 pj and 9 9 mtc these figures are better understood by contrasting them with the total energy use and the corresponding total carbon emissions of the brazilian economy in 1995 estimated by this work 6781 pj and 99 4 mtc respectively this means that international inflows and outflows of energy embodied in non energy goods are in the order of 10 and 12 of the total energy use while inflows and outflows of carbon embodied in non energy goods are approximately 10 and 14 of the corresponding total carbon emissions of the brazilian economy in 1995 the general picture is that brazil is not only a net exporter of energy 153 pj and of carbon 3 6 mtc embodied in the non energy goods internationally traded by the country in 1995 but also that each dollar earned with exports embodied 40 more energy and 56 more carbon than each dollar spent on imports these findings suggest that brazilian policy makers should be concerned about the extra impacts international trade policy may have on energy use and carbon emissions of the country

trade politics and the environment tailpipe vs smokestack abstract the vast majority of economic research on environmental regulation in open economies focuses on producer generated smokestack pollution we instead consider consumer generated tailpipe pollution we examine how political opposition to environmental regulation varies with a country s trade regime and show that the impact on environmental policy of a move from autarky to free trade can depend critically on who ultimately generates pollution producers or consumers we find that opening to trade may raise industry opposition to smokestack regulation but reduce its opposition to strict tailpipe policy

a further inquiry into the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental kuznets curve abstract empirical research on the relationship between economic growth and its impact on the environment often tests the environmental kuznets curve ekc a hypothesis that rising national output leads to increases in pollution emissions until an economy reaches a certain size and decreases thereafter this paper addresses a branch of ekc literature focused on the role international trade plays in shaping this relationship in particular we test the pollution haven hypothesis which posits that emission reductions observed in developed nations are partly the result of shifting dirty production to developing nations with lax environmental standards we estimate ekcs for seven oft studied pollutants and find little evidence that pollution havens play a significant role in shaping the ekc we also find that confidence intervals around ekc turning points are very wide often including values well above the range of the data this leads us to be skeptical of the optimistic view that economic growth naturally leads to improvements in environmental quality

the effects of financial development economic growth coal consumption and trade openness on co2 emissions in south africa abstract this paper explores the effects of financial development economic growth coal consumption and trade openness on environmental performance using time series data over the period 1965 2008 in case of south africa the ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration has been used to test the long run relationship among the variables while short run dynamics have been investigated by applying error correction method ecm the unit root properties of the variables are examined by applying saikkonen and lutkepohl 2002 econometric theory 18 313 348 structural break unit root test our findings confirmed long run relationship among the variables results showed that a rise in economic growth increases energy emissions while financial development reduces it coal consumption has significant contribution to deteriorate environment in south african economy trade openness improves environmental quality by reducing the growth of energy pollutants our empirical results also verified the existence of environmental kuznets curve this paper opens up new insights for south african economy to sustain economic growth by controlling environment from degrdation through efficient use of energy

determinants of environmental innovation in us manufacturing industries abstract this paper provides new evidence on the determinants of environmental innovation we employ panel data models to study how environmental innovation by us manufacturing industries responded to changes in pollution abatement expenditures and regulatory enforcement during the period 1983 through 1992 we find that 1 environmental innovation as measured by the number of successful environmental patent applications granted to the industry responded to increases in pollution abatement expenditures however 2 increased monitoring and enforcement activities related to existing regulations did not provide any additional incentive to innovate we also find some empirical evidence that environmental innovation is more likely to occur in industries that are internationally competitive

co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade a south african perspective abstract the effect of trade liberalisation on environmental conditions has yielded significant debate in the energy economics literature although research on the relationship between energy consumption emissions and economic growth is not new in south africa no study specifically addresses the role that south africa s foreign trade plays in this context a surprising fact given trade is one of the most important factors that can explain the environmental kuznets curve this study employs recent south african trade and energy data and modern econometric techniques to investigate this the main finding of interest in this paper is the existence of a long run relationship between environmental quality levels of per capita energy use and foreign trade in south africa as anticipated per capita energy use has a significant long run effect in raising the country s co 2 emission levels yet surprisingly higher levels of trade for the country act to reduce these emissions granger causality tests confirm the existence of a positive bidirectional relationship between per capita energy use and co 2 emissions whilst the study also finds positive bidirectional causality between trade and income per capita and between trade and per capita energy use it appears however that trade liberalisation in south africa has not contributed to a long run growth in pollution intensive activities nor higher emission levels

impact of inter sectoral trade on national and global co2 emissions an empirical analysis of china and us abstract this paper attempts to discuss the co2 emissions embodied in sino us international trade using a sector approach based on an input output model established in this study we quantify the impact of sino us international trade on national and global co2 emissions our initial findings reveal that in 2005 the us reduced 190 13 mt co2 emissions through the consumption of imported goods from china while increasing global co2 emissions by about 515 25 mt similarly china reduced 178 62 mt co2 emissions through the consumption of us goods while reducing global co2 emissions by 129 93 mt sino us international trade increased global co2 emissions by 385 32 mt as a whole of which the chemical fabricated metal products non metallic mineral products and transportation equipment sectors contributed an 86 71 share therefore we suggest that accelerating the adjustment of china s trade structure and export of us advanced technologies and experience related to clean production and energy efficiency to china as the way to reduce the negative impact of sino us trade on national and global co2 emissions this behavior should take into account the processing and manufacturing industries as a priority especially the chemical fabricated metal products non metallic mineral products and transportation equipment sectors

the role of co2 embodiment in us china trade abstract this study examines the influence of us china trade on national and global emissions of carbon dioxide co2 the three basic questions are as follows 1 what amount of co2 emissions is avoided in the us by importing chinese goods 2 how much are co2 emissions in china increased as a result of the production of goods for export to the us and 3 what are the impacts of us china trade on global co2 emissions our initial findings reveal that during 1997 2003 1 us co2 emissions would have increased from 3 to 6 if the goods imported from china had been produced in the us 2 about 7 14 of china s current co2 emissions were a result of producing exports for us consumers and 3 us china trade has increased global co2 emissions by an estimated 720 million metric tons we suggest that the export of us technologies and expertise related to clean production and energy efficiency to china could be a win win strategy for both countries for reducing their trade imbalance and mitigating global co2 emissions improved international accounting methodologies for assigning responsibility for co2 emissions must be designed to account for the dynamic nature of international trade

co2 emissions energy consumption and output in france abstract this paper examines the dynamic causal relationships between pollutant emissions energy consumption and output for france using cointegration and vector error correction modelling techniques we argue that these variables are strongly inter related and therefore their relationship must be examined using an integrated framework the results provide evidence for the existence of a fairly robust long run relationship between these variables for the period 1960 2000 the causality results support the argument that economic growth exerts a causal influence on growth of energy use and growth of pollution in the long run the results also point to a uni directional causality running from growth of energy use to output growth in the short run

innovation and the international diffusion of environmentally responsive technology abstract new evidence is presented on environmental innovation and diffusion over the 1970s and 1980s at a global level a substantial amount of innovations occurred in the united states japan and germany the share of environmental patents in all patents varied between 0 6 and 3 and as such was higher than the corresponding share of pollution abatement expenditure in gdp japanese environmental innovation rates were consistently high certain plausible connections between environmental regulation and innovation also emerge across these three countries and over time innovation responded to pollution abatement expenditure an indicator of the severity of environmental regulations environmental patenting rates in developing countries were also high reaching 2 in many years in brazil developing country innovators obtained a non trivial number of patents most of which appear geared towards adapting imported technologies to local conditions however domestic innovation was only one path to new technologies imports of disembodied environmental technologies foreign patents registered in developing countries were substantial foreign patents were typically important or generic patents evidence also suggests that such patents protected intellectual property in equipment exported developing countries especially in east asia often chose to obtain technologies embodied in pollution abatement equipment