decoupled farm program payments are really decoupled the theory lump sum transfers to farmers are commonly believed to affect the production choices of farmers in the presence of risk and uncertainty this paper shows that if farmers have off farm investment and employment opportunities production decisions are decoupled from lump sum subsidies in the presence of risk and uncertainty our results are reconciled with existing results by showing that previously identified production adjustments are portfolio adjustments

responsiveness of crop yield and acreage to prices and climate we investigate the effect of crop price and climate variables on rainfed corn and soybean yields and acreage in the united states using a large panel dataset for the 1977 2007 period instrumental variables are used to control for endogeneity of prices in yield and acreage regressions while allowing for spatially auto correlated errors we find that an increase in corn price has a statistically significant positive impact on corn yield but the effect of soybean price on soybean yields is not statistically significant the estimated price elasticities of corn yield and acreage are 0 23 and 0 45 respectively of the increase in corn supply caused by an increase in corn price we find that 33 8 is due to price induced yield enhancement and 66 2 is due to price induced acreage expansion we also find that the impact of climate change on corn production ranges from 7 to 41 and on soybean ranges from 8 to 45 depending on the climate change scenarios time horizon and global climate models used to predict climate change we show that the aggregate net impact of omitting price variables is an overestimation of the effect of climate change on corn yield by up to 9 and on soybean yield by up to 15

the sustainable supply chain network competition with environmental tax policies abstract this paper captures different environmental tax policies in a multi tiered supply chain network competition context we derive the governing equilibrium conditions for the noncooperative game theory models for each firm and provide the equivalent variational inequality formulations the numerical examples investigate the impacts of emission tax policies and product differentiation on the competing firms and compare the effects of different environmental policies flat emission tax rates progressive emission taxes and the government command and control regulations with emission standards on equilibrium product demands prices total emissions and overall profits the computational results indicate that the implementation of environmental tax policies along with an increase in consumers environmental concerns can not only motivate the firms to perform sustainable operations but also reduce the total carbon footprint furthermore the low cost progressive emission tax policies can be as effective as the high flat emission tax rate in terms of reduction in carbon footprint therefore the model developed in this paper can be used by the policymakers and the firms to evaluate the effects of different environmental tax policies in a supply chain competition context

do decoupled payments affect investment financing constraints evidence from irish agriculture abstract this paper empirically tests whether decoupled subsidies decrease investment financing constraints faced by farms using a panel dataset from ireland over the period 2005 2010 we test whether the cap decoupled subsidy payments reduce credit constraints by altering the risk profile of farm earnings we test for financing constraints in a neoclassical q model using investment cash flow sensitivities our econometric methodology controls for censoring heterogeneity and endogeneity we find that decoupled subsidies do reduce credit constraints the effect is greater for farms that face higher constraints dairy farmers and younger farms this evidence suggests that over and above the effect on production indicated in previous research decoupling affects farm investment through financial channels

nonpecuniary benefits to farming implications for supply response to decoupled payments we develop a household model wherein farmers allocate labor to maximize utility from leisure consumption and nonpecuniary benefits from farming the model shows that farmers with decreasing marginal utility of income respond to higher decoupled payments by decreasing off farm labor and increasing farm labor resulting in greater agricultural output we then estimate the difference between farm and off farm returns to labor using data from three nationally representative farm household surveys the finding of a large on farm off farm wage differential provides compelling evidence of substantial nonpecuniary benefits from farming

the transfer efficiency and trade effects of direct payments all the different ways governments use to provide financialsupport to farmers can potentially distort trade and reduce net economic welfare however there are some types of support that are less trade distorting and more efficient than others this article reports the results of an analysis that examined different policy measures providing support to crop producers to rank them in terms of their effects on a selection of indicators with a particular focus on trade distortion and income transfer efficiency 1 we begin with an analysis of the differences in policy impacts among the three main categories of support provided to crop producers in oecd countries market price support payments based on land use and payments based on use of purchased inputs oecd 2001c that analysis is based on a two region model of equilibrium in the world market for a representative crop analytical solutions to this modelare devel oped to compare the production trade and income effects of the different support measures following procedures used in cahill and in moro and sckokai comparisons are of impact ratios using market price support as the reference category these ratios measure the effect on production trade or farm income of a given joe dewbre jesus anton and wyatt thompson are economists in the agricultural directorate of the organization for economic cooperation and development where the underlying analysis was undertaken the views expressed are our own and not necessarily those of the oecd secretariat or its member countries we thank our secretariat colleagues ken ash carmel cahill wilfrid legg and michele patterson for helpful comments on an earlier draft and stephane guillot for computer programming assistance this article was presented in a principal paper session at the aaea annualmeeting chicago il august 2001 the articl es in these sessions are not subjected to the journal s standard refereeing process 1

production and transportation outsourcing decisions in the supply chain under single and multiple carbon policies abstract cap and trade and carbon tax are the two main policies to reduce carbon emissions different from the previous literature and practice this paper examines the production and transportation outsourcing problems of a two echelon supply chain under the cap and trade policy and joint cap and trade and carbon tax policy enterprise operations are divided into the order stage and transportation outsourcing decision stage in the order stage the retailer sets his order schedule for the manufacturing plant for fulfillment and in the transportation outsourcing decision stage the manufacturer decides the optimal freight volume based on energy consumption furthermore we construct a basic model without a carbon policy and two extended models with carbon policies and the optimal solutions of the models are solved numerical examples are provided and the three models are compared the results indicate that the extended model with carbon policies is more beneficial for emissions reduction and the effect of emissions reduction gradually becomes smooth as the carbon price increases the joint cap and trade and carbon tax policy is more effective for emissions reduction especially when the carbon price is lower these findings will be helpful to policy makers and managers

united states farm commodity programs and land use we estimate the impact of government payments on united states land use using county level data from the national resources inventory and the census of agriculture in 1987 1992 and 1997 although payments were made under decoupled support programs effects on land use are found to be significant on average for the years studied our simulations indicate that united states cropland acreage would have been 89 million acres 22 less if program payments had been reduced to half their observed level holding market prices of commodities constant percentage reductions are largest in marginal crop producing areas of the nation

on decomposing the wage gap a critical comment on blinder s method many studies have found that the impact of schooling on earnings is greater for females than for males despite the fact that females tend to earn less both absolutely and controlling for personal characteristics this study investigates possible

imposing emission trading scheme on supply chain separate and joint implementation abstract in response to global warming it is urgent to control and reduce greenhouse gas ghg emissions especially from the supply chain perspective the most often discussed topic in this domain indicates that emission trading scheme ets could be employed as one of policy instruments for supply chain emissions management via mathematical models scholars have shown that the employment of emission trading is affecting supply chain performances both environmental and economic in different levels however previous literature focus on the cost effectiveness analysis only from the mathematical aspect to provide policy makers and companies with the theoretical bases on this hot topic it is significant to discuss how ets one of market based instruments could be imposed in the context of supply chain from the mechanical point of view by incorporating ideas from relevant literature this paper generates two concepts modes in imposing ets on supply chain jointly imposed supply chain emission trading e g jointly imposed sc ets and separately imposed supply chain emission trading e g separately imposed sc ets it illustrates the working principles of both concepts modes and conducts a sandbox example to analyze the cost effectiveness of them furthermore this paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of implementing two modes from practical aspects results of quantitative analysis and discussion show that for the sake of both policy makers and supply chain companies the separately imposed sc ets allowing selling permits would be so far the better mode to manage supply chain ghg emissions compared to the jointly imposed sc ets

who really benefits from agricultural subsidies evidence from field level data if agricultural subsidies are largely capitalized into farmland values then expanding support for agriculture may not benefit farmers who rent the land they farm suddenly reducing subsidies may be problematic to the extent that land values already embody expectations about future subsidies existing evidence on the incidence of subsidies on land values is mixed identification is obscured by unobserved or imprecisely measured factors that tend to be correlated with subsidies especially land quality and time varying factors like commodity prices and adverse weather events a problem that has received less attention is the fact that subsides and land quality on rented land may differ from owned land since most farms possess both rented and owned acreage farm level measures of subsidies land values and rental rates may bias estimated incidence using a new field level data set that for the first time precisely links subsidies to land parcels we show that this bias is considerable where farm level estimates suggest an incidence of 20 to 79 cents of the marginal subsidy dollar field level estimates from the same farms indicate that landlords capture just 10 25 cents the size of the farm and the duration of the rental arrangement have substantial effects incidence falls by 5 15 cents per acre when doubling total operated acres and the incidence falls by 0 1 1 2 cents with each additional year of the rental arrangement low incidence of subsides on rents combined with the farm size and duration effects suggest that farmers renting land have monopsony power

a growing trend toward knowledge work in canada abstract this paper answers three questions related to the growing trend toward knowledge occupations in canada i what was the magnitude of the trend between 1971 and 1996 ii was the trend a widespread phenomenon or was it restricted to specific industries iii what are the proximate causes of the trends using five censuses 1971 1981 1986 1991 1996 and the input output i o data the paper provides evidence that the canadian economy is becoming increasingly knowledge based although the upgrading trends differ across knowledge occupations moreover we find that this phenomenon is spread across all industrial sectors finally using a decomposition analysis borrowed from wolff and baumol three factors the substitution effect the productivity lag effect and the demand effect have been examined in order to shed some light on these trends we find that these effects vary according to the nature of the knowledge involved in these different groups of occupations thus reflecting not only the importance of the technological change skill bias but also the increasing complexity of controlling and managing the new economic activities

do wealth gains from land appreciation cause farmers to expand acreage or buy land recent increases in farm real estate values in the united states have increased farm equity by exploiting periods of high and low appreciation that caused various increases in wealth for farmers owning various shares of their farmland we examine whether u s grain farmers expanded their acres harvested or acres owned in response to an increase in their land wealth we find that land wealth had little effect on farm size however for similarly sized farms a larger ownership share 10 percentage points led to an increase in the growth of land owned 2 percentage points because older farmers own more of the land that they farm greater land appreciation slows the rate at which younger farmers acquire land relative to older farmers

low carbon production with low carbon premium in cap and trade regulation abstract manufacturers face a choice of whether to reduce their carbon emissions through employing low carbon technologies though many carbon regulations are set up to curb carbon emissions some firms choose not to take low carbon production because the additional cost of low carbon progressing is high however low carbon production would be a better alternative when we consider consumer s low carbon premium in the cap and trade system in this work we solve the manufacturer s multi product joint pricing and production problem when consumers value the low carbon product higher than the ordinary product our findings provide firms with conditions where low carbon production is profitable furthermore we find that the cap and trade would constrain the total carbon emissions and promote low carbon production simultaneously under certain conditions

design of sustainable supply chains under the emission trading scheme increase in environmental concerns together with legislations are forcing industries to take a fresh look at the impact of their supply chain operations on the environment this paper introduces a mixed integer linear programming based framework for sustainable supply chain design that considers life cycle assessment lca principles in addition to the traditional material balance constraints at each node in the supply chain indeed the framework distinguishes between solid and liquid wastes as well as gaseous emissions due to various production processes and transportation systems the framework is used to evaluate the tradeoffs between economic and environmental objectives under various cost and operating strategies in the aluminum industry the results suggest that current legislation and emission trading schemes ets must be strengthened and harmonized at the global level in order to drive a meaningful environmental strategy moreover the model demonstrates that efficient carbon management strategies will help decision makers to achieve sustainability objectives in a cost effective manner

global reverse supply chain redesign for household plastic waste under the emission trading scheme with increasing global resource scarcity waste becomes a resource that can be managed globally a reverse supply chain network for waste recycling needs to process all the waste with minimum costs and environmental impact as re processing of waste is one of the major sources of pollution in the recycling processes a mechanism is needed to control and reduce the emission impact in the re processing as a key to facilitate the globalized reverse supply chain and avoid spreading pollutants overseas emission trading schemes ets can function as policy instruments for controlling emissions the ets introduces a trade off between the economic efficiency and the environmental impacts ets has been implemented in europe and is developing rapidly in china too the aim of the research is to re design a reverse supply chain from a global angle based on a case study conducted on household plastic waste distributed from europe to china emission trading restrictions are set on the processing plants in both europe and china we modeled a network optimization problem using integer programing approach allowing the re allocation of intermediate processing plants under emission trading restrictions optimization results show that global relocation of re processors leads to both a reduction of total costs and total transportation emission ets applied to re processors further helps to reduce emissions from both re processing and transportation sectors carbon cap should be carefully set in order to be effective with a given carbon cap the model also shows the effective carbon price range these results give an insight into the feasibility of building a global reverse supply chain for household plastic waste recycling and demonstrate the impact of ets on the network design

decoupled farm payments and the role of base acreage and yield updating under uncertainty we analyze the coupling effect of expectations about base acreage and yield updating in future farm policy on production decisions in the presence of price yield and policy uncertainty for a risk averse farmer producing a single crop the farmer receives market revenue and government payments using stochastic dynamic programming optimum decisions under present value calculations positively link current acreage and fertilizer decisions to future government payments through expected updates of base acreage and yield in the future regime moving from a zero probability of updating to a probability of one increases optimum acreage and yield by 6 25 and 0 134 respectively copyright 2010 oxford university press

evaluating renewable portfolio standards and carbon cap scenarios in the u s electric sector this report examines the impact of renewable portfolio standards rps and cap and trade policy options on the u s electricity sector the analysis uses the national renewable energy laboratory s regional energy deployment system reeds model that simulates the least cost expansion of electricity generation capacity and transmission in the u s to examine the impact of a variety of emissions caps and rps scenarios both individually and combined the generation mix carbon emissions and electricity price are examined for various policy combinations simulated in the modeling

common trends and drivers of co2 emissions and employment a decomposition analysis in the industrial sector of selected european union countries the countries of the european union face the challenge of reversing the declining role of industry and achieving their targets for sustainable development combining industrial growth with fewer environmental repercussions and more jobs this paper uses a decomposition analysis in order to quantify the effect of the driving factors on two indicators of sustainable industrial development co2 emissions and employment in five european union countries during 2000 2011 the decomposition method applied is the log mean divisia index i and the models developed comprise some common or closely related driving factors the parallel investigation of the factors affecting the two indicators offers useful insights into relevant complementary and or antithetical effects the timeframe of the study is divided into two time periods before and after the start of the economic crisis 2000 2007 and 2007 2011 respectively this time division enables the evaluation of the impacts of the economic crisis directly on the drivers and indirectly on the two indicators it was deduced that in both time periods the two main drivers of industrial co2 emissions and employment were economic growth and resource intensity which counterbalance each other structural changes appeared to have a rather marginal effect even if the general tendency was the expansion of less energy labour intensive sectors finally changes in the fuel mix used in industry were beneficial to emissions reduction in all the examined countries especially in the second time period the results obtained show that the examined eu countries have not found a solid path towards sustainable and inclusive industrial development yet the stronger economies seem to move faster to this direction though

the effects of policy expectations on crop supply with an application to base updating we develop a dynamic model to assess the effects of policy expectations on crop supply and illustrate the approach with estimates of the effects of base updating in u s crop programs for corn and soybeans in the corn belt the effect of base updating is relatively small because relevant crop alternatives are subject to similar policies and the alternatives are substitutes in production increasing acreage of one program crop to capture future payments from base updating reduces future payments from the alternative crop we also use our model to assess the effect of base updating on acreage response to prices

production optimization considering environmental performance and preference in the cap and trade system abstract many countries like china are in a dilemma between economic growth and environmental deterioration e g smog weather simultaneously a growing people concern the product s environmental performance along with their improving environment awareness this paper focuses on the impacts of carbon footprint and low carbon preference on the production decision of emission dependent firms in the cap and trade system the cap and trade system uses the total cap to attain environmental goals and allows trade to achieve the effective scheduling through market regulation under this mechanism through analyzing the influence of carbon footprint and low carbon preference on the market supply and demand we build a production optimization model and develop the optimal decisions several interesting management insights on environmental preference and policy are concluded

modeling the reforms of the common agricultural policy for arable crops under uncertainty the size of the insurance and wealth effects of a change in the common agricultural policy cap for arable crops is estimated the impact of price uncertainty is accounted for in the specific decision making structure of the european union eu arable crop producers under nonlinear mean variance risk preferences a system of output supply input demand and land allocation equations is estimated on a sample of italian specialized arable crop farms the simulation of the impact of the recent reforms confirms that farmers output responses are consistently affected by the size of the insurance and wealth effects

low carbon product selection with carbon tax and competition effects of the power structure abstract this paper considers product selection strategies of two competitive firms in the presence of carbon tax optimal strategies are developed for product selection of the firm with two game structures namely the nash game and the stackelberg game by which the paper conducts an analytical examination of the effect of power structure on the product selection strategy of the firm over various levels of carbon tax rate the critical managerial findings derived with the studies are as follows i two competitive firms will always adopt the same product strategy with the nash pricing game regardless of the carbon tax rate which is in contrast to that they will adopt a differentiated product strategy over the low carbon tax rates with the stackelberg pricing game ii two competitive firms will both select the common or low carbon product with randomness over the middle carbon tax rates with the nash product selection game which is contrast to that the randomness in their product selections is removed with the stackelberg product selection game which leads to an existence of the pure strategy stackelberg equilibrium for their product selection strategies over the middle carbon tax rates the inherent mechanisms leading to these essential differences are also discussed in the paper

emission policies and their analysis for the design of hybrid and dedicated closed loop supply chains abstract government legislation and consumer awareness on carbon emissions have required industries to seek alternative ways to reorganize their supply chains therefore industries have to consider not only the activities in the forward supply chain but also in the reverse supply chain an integrated supply chain that combines the activities of both the forward and reverse supply chains is referred to as the closed loop supply chain clsc there are two main types of clsc structures hybrid and dedicated in this research we analyze the effect of carbon emissions consideration on the design of both hybrid and dedicated clscs in particular we develop a set of integrated mixed integer linear programming milp models to quantify and compare both of the environmental and economic impacts of carbon emissions policies carbon cap carbon tax and carbon cap and trade and market factors scale effect product return rate and the customer demand on the design of clscs with respect to both clsc structures our analysis shows that when market conditions are considered total cost and total emissions are more sensitive to customer demand than to the scale effect and the product return rate when an industry faces fluctuation on the quantity of the returned products adopting a dedicated clsc would lead to a lower total cost under cap and trade policy dedicated clsc can produce less total emissions we also observe that dedicated clsc is more cost efficient under carbon cap policy and hybrid clsc is more emissions efficient when the carbon tax is introduced

production incentives from static decoupling land use exclusion restrictions many agricultural support payments are based on past production with restrictions on how land may currently be used when support payments to field crops are analyzed in a static framework they do not directly impact current production decisions however over time as relative profits change these payments affect current output the payments may keep land in less profitable production of program crops through restrictions prohibiting potentially more profitable endeavors such as cultivating fruits and vegetables these payments have the potential to lead to production and trade distortions similar in magnitude to the distortions associated with direct production subsidies

technology systems and technology policy in an evolutionary framework the central purpose of this paper is to outline an evolutionary theory of technology policy and to connect it with the emerging literature on national systems of innovation any understanding of technology policy must be based on a clear understanding of the nature of technology and the important differences between science and technology technology can be treated in terms of knowledge skills and artifacts and in each case there are different variety generating mechanisms different selection processes and different institutional structures for policy purposes the degree of connection between these different dimensions of technology is at the core of technology policy c 1995 academic press inc copyright 1995 by oxford university press

how much do decoupled payments affect production an instrumental variable approach with panel data how much decoupled payments such as direct payments in the u s affect agricultural production remains an open empirical question with implications for policy using data from multiple years of the census of agriculture we exploit a provision of the 2002 farm act that departed from previous policy by making oilseeds eligible for direct payments thus increasing payments to areas that historically produced more oilseeds our instrumental variable estimates in contrast to ols estimates suggest that changes in payments over the period 2002 to 2007 had little effect on aggregate production at the zip code level copyright 2012 oxford university press

employers discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination this paper considers the linkage of empirical estimates of wage discrimination between two groups introduced by oaxaca 1973 to a theoretical model of employers discriminatory behavior it is shown that conditional on different assumptions about employers discriminatory tastes oaxaca s estimators of wage discrimination can be derived that the approach is more generally useful is demonstrated by deriving an alternative estimator of wage discrimination based on the assumption that within each type of labor e g unskilled skilled the utility function capturing employers discriminatory tastes is homogeneous of degree zero with respect to labor inputs from each of the two groups the estimators are compared empirically in an application to male female wage differentials

does the samaritan s dilemma matter evidence from u s agriculture the samaritan s dilemma posits a downside to charity recipients may rely on free aid instead of their own efforts anecdotally the expectation of free assistance is thought to be important for decisions about insurance and risky behavior in numerous settings but reliable empirical evidence is scarce we estimate whether the samaritan s dilemma exists in u s agriculture where both private crop insurance and frequent federal disaster assistance are present we find that bailout expectations are qualitatively and quantitatively important for the insurance decision furthermore aid expectations reduce both expenditure on farm inputs and subsequent crop revenue jel d72 h84 q18

the production effects of agricultural income support policies under uncertainty this analysis decomposes the production impacts of income support programs into wealth insurance and coupling effects under the usual assumptions about preferences the wealth and insurance effects of many support programs increase optimal input levels even for supposedly decoupled programs if the program is coupled in the usual sense then all three effects often act in the same direction it is concluded that studies of trade and domestic policy reform in stochastic environments should consider insurance and wealth effects the derivative conditions required to obtain results are also subjected to scrutiny simulations for an iowa corn producer confirm the comparative statics

male female wage differentials and policy responses without implicating them for any of the contents of the paper i am grateful to the following for helpful discussions or comments andrea beller university of illinois david bloom harvard and columnbia glen cain university of wisconsin ron ehrenberg cornell victor fuchs stanford bob gregory australian national university jonathan leonard university of california berkeley roberta robb brock university and paul weiler harvard financial support of the humanities and social sciences committee of the research board of the universitu of toronto is eratefullu acknowlede ed

do counter cyclical payments in the 2002 us farm act create incentives to produce analytical results in the literature suggest that counter cyclical payments create risk related incentives to produce even if they are decoupled under certainty hennessy d a 1998 the production effects of agricultural income support polices under uncertainty am j agric econ 80 46 57 this paper develops a framework to assess the risk related incentives to produce created by commodity programmes like the loan deficiency payments ldps and the counter cyclical payments ccps in the 2002 us farm act because ccps are paid based on fixed production quantities they have a weaker risk reducing impact than ldps the latter have a direct impact through the variance of the producer price distributions while the impact of ccps is due only to the covariance between the ccp and the producer price distributions the methodology developed by chavas j p holt m t 1990 acreage decisions under risk the case of corn and soybeans am j agric econ 72 3 529 538 is applied to calculate the appropriate variance covariance matrix of the truncated producer price distributions under the 2002 farm act risk premia are computed showing that the risk related incentives created by ccps are significant and do not disappear for levels of production above the base production on which ccps are paid

the impact of coupled and decoupled government subsidies on off farm labor participation of u s farm operators with the 1996 farm act the united states introduced payments that were designed to be decoupled labor allocation choices are likely to be affected by receipt of payments and income from off farm jobs has been the major source of income for most farm households for sometime this article examines whether the 1996 change has affected the off farm labor participation of farm households we conclude that the observed increase in off farm participation of farm operators who received payments was not the result of the 1996 policy change government payments whether coupled or decoupled have a negative effect on off farm labor participation

carbon pricing versus emissions trading a supply chain planning perspective abstract carbon pricing taxes and carbon emissions trading are two globally practiced carbon regulatory policy schemes this paper presents an analytical supply chain planning model that can be used to examine the supply chain performance at the tactical operational planning level under these two policy schemes model implementation and analyses are completed using actual data from a company operating in australia where these environmental regulatory policies are practiced numerical results provide important managerial and practical implications and policy insights in particular the results show that there are inflection points where both carbon pricing and trading schemes could influence costs or emissions reductions an erratic nonlinear emissions reduction trend is observed in a carbon pricing scheme as the carbon price increases steadily whereas emissions reduction in a carbon trading scheme follows a relatively linear trend with a nonlinear cost increase overall a carbon trading mechanism although imperfect appears to result in better supply chain performance in terms of emissions generation cost and service level even though a carbon tax may be more worthwhile from an uncertainty perspective as emissions trading costs depend on numerous uncertain market conditions

interactions between cap agricultural and agri environmental subsidies and their effects on the uptake of organic farming we analyze the effects of the interactions that the two pillars of the european union common agricultural policy market support and rural development have on farmers uptake of organic farming practices special attention is given to the 2003 reform which substantially altered the relative importance of the two types of support by decoupling direct agricultural payments from the production of a specific crop in our empirical analysis we study the case of sweden making use of the variation in the timing of farmers decisions regarding participation in support programs we estimate a dynamic non linear unobserved effects probit model to account for unobserved individual heterogeneity and state dependence our results indicate the existence of a negative effect of the market support system in place when organic farming techniques were adopted before the 2003 reform however this effect is reversed by the introduction of decoupling furthermore the effects of support differ between certified and non certified organic production both pillars have significant effects on non certified organic farming whereas certified organic farming is exclusively driven by agro environmental subsidies

the impact of carbon pricing on a closed loop supply chain an australian case study concerns about industrial and supply chain implications on our natural environment have existed for decades climate change and greenhouse gas emissions have caused countries to implement various instruments ranging from taxes permits and voluntary incentives to required regulatory policies given this environment we develop a unified optimization model for a closed loop supply chain in which the carbon emission is expressed in terms of dollar carbon cost this study is one of the first to evaluate the forward and reverse supply chain influences on the carbon footprint a comparative analysis is completed with a decomposition of cost and environmental influences across supply chain functions we utilize data from a company located in australia where the government is currently introducing a carbon pricing scheme we find that variations in cost and environmental impacts occur over ranges of carbon pricing characteristics and patterns of the numerical results over these ranges provide insights for corporate key strategies and potential additional government policies these results and implications are analyzed along with limitations and directions for future research

on the decomposition of wage differentials the often used method for decomposing wage differentials into human capital and discrimination components is reformulated so that both t he disadvantage or cost discrimination it imposes on a black or minority wage earner and the advantage or benefit it bestows on a white or majority wage earner can be estimated copyright 1988 by mit press

the efficacy of the european union emissions trading scheme depicting the co movement of carbon assets and energy commodities through wavelet decomposition abstract environmental system thresholds have been crossed for a number of dimensions of global environmental pollution such as greenhouse gas emissions under this scenario institutions and corporations are required to implement sustainable policies as a condition for humanity staying within planetary boundaries accordingly the european union created the largest emissions trading scheme in the world with the aim of properly managing corporations carbon dioxide reductions this paper aims to contribute to the literature focused on testing the effectiveness of institutional environmental management policies specifically this research evaluates whether the objectives of the european union emissions trading scheme are partially achieved by analyzing the dynamics of carbon assets and the main energy commodities worldwide this paper provides relevant information both for policy makers and company managers so that contributions towards the common goal of developing a clean energy future and curbing climate change are ameliorated based on wavelet coherence analysis this paper proposes a model free way of estimating the time varying correlations between carbon assets and energy commodities at both high and low frequencies our central results reveal that carbon assets and energy commodities present a changing lead lag behavior at different frequencies the energy commodities lead the european union allowances returns at medium frequencies but the contrary was true for the highest investment horizons this finding should be in line with the goal of significantly reducing emissions because during long cycles if the majority of companies have not switched to cleaner industrial processes they must buy more carbon assets increasing their prices in that case energy commodities would be more expensive because of the energy commodities market behavior during long term horizons with european union allowances lead the certified emissions reductions lead in a negative way most of the energy commodities at medium frequencies thus indicating that investors handling energy commodities oriented portfolios could incorporate the mentioned carbon assets for diversification purposes these specific findings suggest that polluting activities would be more expensive which would provide an incentive to companies to implement environmentally friendly industrial processes the european union emissions trading scheme can result in significant emission reductions and compliance of the european union with the objectives of the kyoto protocol

the occupational dynamics of recent canadian engineering graduates inside and outside the bounds of technology abstract the increasing pervasiveness of new technologies in a multitude of occupations seems to have given a labour market advantage to engineers offering them a range of job opportunities outside the traditional bounds of technology with important financial and career rewards in this context the oecd technology economy programme tep raised concerns regarding the extent of the increasing availability and attractiveness of job opportunities outside the traditional fields of employment for recent engineering graduates they also however stressed that there was little hard information available to diagnose the problem in canada a series of databases the national graduates surveys allows us to conclude that i there has been no increase in the proportion of recent engineering graduates working in non technical occupations except for the management ladder especially engineering management ii when analysed in a static perspective non engineering occupations do not appear to have generally offered advantages over more traditional occupations and iii using a more dynamic mover stayer analysis which more fully exploits the longitudinal nature of the data non technical occupations and in particular the management ladder have offered certain advantages for at least some engineering graduates thereby raising some concerns in line with those expressed by the oecd tep

the impact of decoupled payments on farm choices conceptual and methodological challenges abstract in this paper we review the methodological framework for analysing decoupled payments in models of agricultural production market and technological uncertainty farm efficiency credit constraints farm household choices involving extra agricultural decisions policy uncertainty and long run impact of decoupling on investment and land values are the relevant issues that should be pursued by methodological and empirical analysis future research should refine the analysis of decoupled payments mainly trying to provide results that can be useful for policy simulation to bridge the gap between analysis at the individual level and sector policy models

the impact of carbon policies on supply chain design and logistics of a major retailer abstract the energy used to move freight comprised about 17 of all the energy consumed in the united states in 2010 this percentage was an increase from 8 7 in 1970 even though fuel efficiency gradually improved over the period one major reason of this phenomenon is that the longer supply chains of many industries caused by globalization increase freight movement various carbon policies have been discussed and even implemented for some industry sectors in the european union to reduce carbon emissions however the emissions of surface transportation have not been well studied this paper investigates three of the most common carbon policies carbon emission tax inflexible cap and cap and trade the impact on a company may include the redesign of its supply chains and different choices of transportation modes truck rail or waterway this paper proposes optimization models for major retailers who make a huge contribution to freight movement to design their supply chains under various carbon policies the results from the models can help policy makers to predict the impact of policies on overall emissions in the freight transportation sector the model may also be incorporated into the integrated assessment models for climate change analyses furthermore a sensitivity analysis is conducted to study the impact of the policy parameters on carbon emissions and logistics cost this research uses the supply chain of a major u s retailer i e wal mart to demonstrate how to use the models and conduct the sensitivity analysis in order to realize significant emission reduction a redesign of supply chains of major retailers is necessary and will be triggered only by a high carbon tax rate a high carbon price or a very strict carbon cap which all may involve high social and or economic complexity numerical experiments show that different policies have different impacts on the costs and the effectiveness of emission reduction how to choose policy parameters is critical to the effectiveness of a carbon policy the different sensitivity also implies different challenges during the implementation of the policies such as the high cost preventing retailers from accepting any carbon taxes and the difficulty of reaching an agreement on the carbon caps between retailers and policy makers