empirical study on the determinants of co2 emissions evidence from oecd countries this article empirically investigates the environmental kuznets curve ekc for co2 emissions in the cases of 11 oecd countries by taking into account the role of nuclear energy in electricity production the autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration is employed as the estimation method our results indicate that energy consumption has a positive impact on co2 emissions in most countries in the study however the impact of trade is not statistically significant the results provide evidence for the role of nuclear power in reducing co2 emissions only in some countries additionally although the estimated long run coefficients of income and its square satisfy the ekc hypothesis in finland japan korea and spain only finland s ekc turning point is inside the sample period of the study providing poor evidence in support of the ekc hypothesis

price dispersion and the role of stores in this paper we study price dispersion in the norwegian retail market for 766 products across 4 297 stores over 60 months price dispersion for homogeneous products is significant and persistent with a coefficient of variation of 37 percent for the median product price dispersion differs between product categories and over time store heterogeneity accounts for 30 percent of the observed variation in prices for the median product month and for around 50 percent for the sample as a whole price dispersion is still prevalent after correcting for store heterogeneity

determinants of renewable energy adoption in china and india a comparative analysis this article examines the dynamic relationships among output carbon emission and renewable energy generation of india and china during the period 1972 to 2011 using a multivariate vector error correction model vecm the results for india reveal unidirectional short run causality from carbon emission to renewable energy generation and from renewable energy generation to output whereas in the long run the variables have bidirectional causality causalities in china give a rather different scenario with a short run unidirectional causality from output to renewable energy and from carbon emission to renewable energy generation in the long run for china unidirectional causality is found from output to renewable energy generation while bidirectional causality is found between carbon emission and renewable energy generation

carbon emissions energy consumption and industrial growth in bangladesh empirical evidence from ardl cointegration and granger causality analysis abstract this research aims to examine the empirical cointegration long and short run dynamics and causal relationships between carbon emissions energy consumption and industrial growth in bangladesh over the period of 1972 2011 the ardl bounds testing methodology and granger causality test in an augmented var framework are applied the ardl bounds tests as well as additional cross checking test convincingly confirmed long run cointegration between carbon emissions energy consumption and industrial production in bangladesh the industrial production and energy consumption have significant positive impact on the carbon emissions both in the short and long runs likewise granger causality analysis indicated a unidirectional causation both from industrial production and energy consumption to carbon emissions i e the industrial development or economic development in bangladesh is taking place at the cost of environmental quality

is the long run relationship between economic growth electricity consumption carbon dioxide emissions and financial development in gulf cooperation council countries robust the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions economic growth electricity consumption and financial development in the gulf cooperation council gcc countries is investigated in this study using panel data for the period of 1980 2012 a number of econometric techniques dynamic ordinary least squares dols fully modified ordinary least squares fmols and the dynamic fixed effect model dfe are applied in order to estimate the long run relationship between the variables the long run relationship is found to be robust across these different econometric specifications no significant short run significant relationship was observed electricity consumption and economic growth have a positive long run relationship with carbon dioxide co2 emissions whilst a negative and significant relationship was found between co2 emissions and financial development the findings imply that electricity consumption and economic growth stimulate co2 emissions in gcc countries while financial development reduces it granger causality results reveal that there is a bidirectional causal link between economic growth and co2 emissions and a unidirectional causal link running from electricity consumption to co2 emissions however there is no causal link between financial development and co2 emissions also impulse response and variance decomposition analysis outline forecasted impacts of economic growth and electricity consumption on future co2 emissions

product differentiation and endogenous disutility abstract this paper models the choice of degree of focus or general purposeness available to firms by endogenizing transportation costs in an address model of horizontal differentiation the formulation is in three stages entry focus or design competition and price competition the strategic effect of product design is analyzed the equilibrium level of general purposeness is shown to depend critically on neighbor exclusivity the latter and more generally market structure and product diversity are shown to depend on the cost of producing general purpose products if general purposeness is free to design and produce only two firms enter the market and set large transportation costs underproviding product diversity

stoking the fires co2 emissions and economic growth abstract we examine the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions a greenhouse gas central to global warming predictions estimates derived from global panel data suggest a diminishing marginal propensity to emit mpe carbon dioxide as gdp per capita rises despite this global carbon dioxide emissions growth will continue at 1 8 percent per annum for the foreseeable future a result that is not sensitive to average output growth instead emissions growth continues because output and population will grow most rapidly in lower income nations with high mpes this latter feature emphasizes the distributional consequences of policies to reduce emissions

monopolistic competition with endogenous specialization in the familiar spatial model of monopolistic competition on the circle a product is identified by a single locational characteristic representing its brand or variety the ability of a variety to compete with other varieties a given distance away its specialization as quantified by transportation losses or how rapidly the melting iceberg melts is exogenously given in the standard model here specialization is a choice variable selected by the firm a monopolistically competitive general equilibrium is derived where the degree of specialization is endogenously determined along with other variables implications are noted the central contribution is to show that the effect of endogenizing specialization is to make the hotelling lancaster chamberlin model of monopolistic competition isomorphic to the analytically much more tractable dixit stiglitz ethier formulation without sacrificing the appealing concept of product distance

economic growth and transport energy consumption in the latin american and caribbean countries abstract transport is a strategic sector for economic development whilst being one of the most polluting sectors of the economy the latin american and caribbean countries have been consolidated as the region with significantly faster energy consumption growth this paper analyzes how the gdp per capita affects the transport energy consumption testing possible non linear relationships between variables a transport energy consumption function depending on gdp and its squared and cubed value is estimated for 22 lac countries over the period 1990 2014 the results support an n shaped curve while the elasticity values of transport energy consumption with respect to gdp per capita do not show a tendency to decrease in the long term fourteen lac countries show absolute coupling levels at the end of the period while the rest exhibit partial couplings likewise trade openness population density degree of urbanization and structural changes in the economy have positive effects on the transport energy consumption this paper proposes some energy efficiency measures to control the growing energy use and the promotion of biofuels and electric vehicles is also considered necessary to reduce the negative effects of transport energy use

on the relationships between co2 emissions energy consumption and income the importance of time variation abstract the environment that governs the relationships between energy consumption carbon dioxide co2 emissions and gross domestic product gdp in the g7 countries changes over time due to variations in economic growth regulatory policy and technology using a novel approach that may detect causalities when the time constant hypothesis is rejected we find significant time varying granger causalities among the variables under consideration there is bidirectional causality between gdp and energy consumption for japan unidirectional causality running from gdp to energy consumption for italy and unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to gdp for the resource country canada moreover the results also show a bidirectional time varying causality between energy consumption and co2 emissions for the united states and causality from energy consumption to co2 emissions for france finally while we find significant time varying causalities running from gdp to co2 emissions for italy and japan the finding of inverted n shaped curves italy and japan lends no support to the traditional environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for these countries it implies that environmental policy and economic growth should go hand in hand other policy implications of the empirical results have been proposed

revisiting the concept of environmental kuznets curve in period of energy disaster and deteriorating income empirical evidence from japan this study investigates the position of the japanese environmental kuznets curve in period of natural disaster and deteriorating income following the recent fukushima energy crisis the study aim to establish whether the ekc exist in period of energy disaster and deteriorating income to ensure this data from 1961 to 2012 was used while the zivot andrew structural break test the ardl bounds test were applied and these were validated using the innovation accounting test the finding of the study established the existence of inverted u shape suggesting the presence of ekc despite the deteriorating income of the country with the discovery of the existence of ekc in this study despite the dwindling productivity and revenue in japan this study challenged the ekc hypothesis and all existing studies on ekc by establishing that natural disasters are in themselves strong causative agents for the ekc to unfold and it is immaterial whether the economic fortunes of a country is increasing or decreasing the study further discovered energy consumption to be the major contributor of environmental degradation in japan while exports declines co2 emissions but imports adds to environmental degradation on the growth prospects of the japanese economy after the crisis the study discovered how energy consumption exports and imports contribute 33 55 1 027 and 7 126 to the country s economic growth respectively in return a minimum of 16 24 23 89 and 44 18 of co2 emissions was discovered the study proposed policy instruments that will help in realizing a balanced environment amidst efficient energy consumption and environmental management among others

non renewable and renewable energy consumption and co2 emissions in oecd countries a comparative analysis abstract this paper attempts to explore the determinants of co 2 emissions using the stirpat model and data from 1980 to 2011 for oecd countries the empirical results show that non renewable energy consumption increases co 2 emissions whereas renewable energy consumption decreases co 2 emissions further the results support the existence of an environmental kuznets curve between urbanisation and co 2 emissions implying that at higher levels of urbanisation the environmental impact decreases therefore the overall evidence suggests that policy makers should focus on urban planning as well as clean energy development to make substantial contributions to both reducing non renewable energy use and mitigating climate change

fuel consumption in road transport a comparative study of china and oecd countries abstract energy conservation and emissions reduction have been the focus of the road transport sector due to its energy intensive and air pollution intensive nature it also embodies the imprints of human technological progress this paper compares the energy consumption of the road transport sector in china and oecd countries we used time series and panel data co integration analysis error correction model and dynamic model to study the impacts of the major influencing factors such as income income structure urbanization price and technological advancement on gasoline and diesel consumption in road transport overall china s fuel consumption is influenced mainly by investment government expenditure and demographic changes such as urbanization while the fuel consumption of oecd countries is mainly driven by household final consumption expenditure in the short run and from a dynamic perspective china s fuel consumption is less influenced by its historical consumption than current influencing factors while that of oecd countries is more affected by historical fuel consumption based on the analysis and findings of this study some policy implications are proposed

economic growth and environmental degradation the environmental kuznets curve and sustainable development abstract in this paper we critically examine the concept of the environmental kuznets curve ekc it proposes that there is an inverted u shape relation between environmental degradation and income per capita so that eventually growth reduces the environmental impact of economic activity the concept is dependent on a model of the economy in which there is no feedback from the quality of the environment to production possibilities and in which trade has a neutral effect on environmental degradation the actual violation of these assumptions gives rise to fundamental problems in estimating the parameters of an ekc the paper identifies other econometric problems with estimates of the ekc and reviews a number of empirical studies the inference from some such ekc estimates that further development will reduce environmental degradation is dependent on the assumption that world per capita income is normally distributed when in fact median income is far below mean income we carry out simulations combining ekc estimates from the literature with world bank forecasts for economic growth for individual countries aggregating over countries to derive the global impact within the horizon of the bank s forecast 2025 global emissions of so 2 continue to increase forest loss stabilizes before the end of the period but tropical deforestation continues at a constant rate throughout the period

what triggers environmental management and innovation empirical evidence for germany abstract it is frequently hypothesized that environmental management systems emss may improve firms environmental innovation performance whether this hypothesis is true is as critical for environmental policy as questions pertaining to the relevant incentives for 1 a firm s voluntary adoption of an ems and 2 its environmental innovation behavior based on ample empirical evidence for german manufacturing this paper addresses the simultaneity of these issues on the basis of a recursive bivariate probit model that explores the hypothesis that a facility s decision on innovation activities is correlated with the decision on ems adoption our empirical results indicating that environmental innovation activities are not associated with ems implementation nor any other single policy instrument reflect the perceptions of the survey respondents and hence should be interpreted as correlations rather than causal relationships according to these perceptions innovation behavior seems to be mainly correlated with the stringency of environmental policy

explaining the relationship between co2 emissions and national income the role of energy consumption i estimate a simultaneous equation system in which gdp and co2 emissions are jointly determined i find that including energy consumption in the regression implies a negative relationship between income and co2 emissions which is contrary to previous findings

measuring product diversity abstract the diversity of a set of products can be defined as a function of the bilateral distances between its elements we show how these bilateral distances can be represented by parameters in a utility function and measured from observable data

pollution accumulation and abatement policy in a supply chain abstract this paper seeks to determine how the double marginalization phenomenon affects the tradeoff between polluting emissions and abatement activities related to pollution accumulation in a supply chain composed of one manufacturer and one retailer the environmental consequence of this inefficiency which emerges in a non cooperative vertical setting governed by a single parameter contract is overlooked in the literature on pollution control in the setup of a two stage game we investigate the impact of double marginalization for non cooperative equilibrium to check whether there are differences between dynamic and strategic effects of double marginalization on pollution accumulation both the open loop and feedback nash equilibria are derived over a finite time horizon with the cooperative solution as a benchmark

environmental kuznets curve in china new evidence from dynamic panel analysis this paper applies a panel of 28 provinces of china from 1996 to 2012 to study the impacts of economic development energy consumption trade openness and urbanization on the carbon dioxide waste water and waste solid emissions by estimating a dynamic panel model with the system generalized method of moments gmm estimator and an autoregressive distributed lag ardl model with alternative panel estimators respectively we find that the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is well supported for all three major pollutant emissions in china across different models and estimation methods our study also confirms positive effects of energy consumption on various pollutant emissions in addition we find some evidence that trade and urbanization may deteriorate environmental quality in the long run albeit not in the short run from policy perspective our estimation results bode well for chinese government s goal of capping greenhouse emissions by 2030 as outlined in the recent china us climate accord while containing energy consumption and harm effects from expanding trade and urbanization remains some environmental challenges that china faces

empirical study on the environmental kuznets curve for co2 in france the role of nuclear energy this paper attempts to estimate the environmental kuznets curve ekc in the case of france by taking the role of nuclear energy in electricity production into account we adopt the autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach to cointegration as the estimation method additionally we examine the stability of the estimated models and investigate the granger causality relationships between the variables in the system the results from our estimation provide evidence supporting the ekc hypothesis and the estimated models are shown to be stable over the sample period the uni direction running from other variables to co2 emissions are confirmed from the casualty tests specifically the uni directional causality relationship running from nuclear energy to co2 emissions statistically provides evidence on the important role of nuclear energy in reducing co2 emissions

technological innovation and green growth in the organization for economic cooperation and development economies abstract green growth means improving production and demand based emissions through innovation of green technologies for cleaner production and supply chain this study examines the effect of technological innovation on green growth on twenty eight 28 organization for economic cooperation and development oecd economies for the period 2000 to 2014 with data sourced from oecd library statistics and world bank world development indicators the economies were sub grouped into oceania america asia and europe preliminary tests conducted were cross section dependence test im pesaran and shin unit root tests westerlund cointegration confirmed that the variables are cointegrated using stirpat and ipat models the study found transport related technologies has been beneficial to green growth in the oceania sub region oecd asia s technologies for production and processing of goods have been beneficial to green growth climate change technologies in relation to generation and transmission of energy are detrimental to green growth in the oecd economies but its impact is visible in asia and europe sub panels environmental related budget and taxes have been found worthwhile in the pursuit of green growth from the dominant negative coefficient values findings led to the presentation of some important implications which could be useful for policy makers and industries in the pursuit of green growth globally

decoupling co2 emission and economic growth in china is there consistency in estimation results in analyzing environmental kuznets curve china is one of the highest growth economies in the world and it has experienced a significant rise in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in recent decades its economic growth heavily depends on fossil fuels of coal and oil which led to huge amount of greenhouse gas emissions this study logically analyzes the nexus of co2 emissions economic growth and energy consumption by decoupling greenhouse gas emission of co2 and economic growth to provide more conclusive evidence on the phenomenon of the environmental kuznets curve ekc over the period 1970 2015 to achieve the objective of consistency in the estimation results the study applies different estimation techniques such as ardl auto regressive distributed lag model fmols fully modified ordinary least squares dols dynamic ordinary least squares and impulse response and variance decomposition in addition the business as usual inverted u shaped relationship between gdp per capita and an economy related co2 emission is hypothesized the result supports the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis from different techniques the turning point hovers around 744665 the estimation result indicates that china ekc turning point shows some inconsistencies when compared to other turning points obtained from different studies the inconsistency of the ekc turning point is attributed to the sensitivity of the result to different data source variables selection different pollutants and scope of the data although the ekc turning point of this present research differs from other china ekc turning points it gives a clear policy roadmap on the pursuance of long run economic growth in favour of environmental quality besides significance of the turning point lies with the need to explore other structural policies such as articulated demographic and energy policies rather than passively waiting for the arrival of the inflexion point one interesting findings of the analysis is the consistency of the estimation results from the different estimation techniques

competition with targeted product design price variety and welfare abstract we consider the price and welfare effects of competition in targeted product design in the context of the salop circle model changes in product design lead to demand rotations that set the stage for our analysis with an exogenous number of firms we show that the degree of targeted product design tends to increase with the number of firms moreover under reasonable conditions price increasing competition takes place for intermediate levels of the number of firms this effect is associated with the possibility of lower consumer welfare with endogenous firm entry an interesting insight from our analysis is that in some situations an increase in market size or a technological progress that reduces entry costs both might reduce consumers welfare

sectoral effects of a green tax reform in portugal abstract economic downturn coupled with serious and persisting environmental problems require a new regulation system to tackle these problems the portuguese government created the commission for the green tax reform in 2014 following the guidelines of the european union in the sense that fiscal policy should contribute to public budget consolidation and sustainable growth the commission was commissioned to propose a simplification of taxation in order to promote economic competitiveness environmental sustainability and the efficient use of resources the aim of this paper is to present the results from one of the teams that have contributed to the commission for the green tax reform we have followed the european commission guidelines in order to simulate a green tax reform with a static general equilibrium model and aligned to the political context we found that i it is possible to enjoy a positive double dividend ii to achieve improvements in the energy trade balance and energy independence and iii to reduce the energy intensity of the portuguese economy

pooled mean group estimation of an environmental kuznets curve for co2 abstract we apply the pooled mean group estimator to test for the existence of an environmental kuznets curve for co2 in 22 oecd countries this approach allows for more flexible assumptions in a panel data framework the period goes from 1975 to 1998

analysis on the nexus of economic growth fossil fuel energy consumption co2 emissions and oil price in africa based on a pmg panel ardl approach abstract in this study the causal link amid economic growth fossil fuel energy consumption carbon emissions and oil price was empirically tested from 1990 to 2015 by using a panel of 22 african countries the sample of african countries was divided into two subgroups namely oil exporters and non oil exporters using the pmg panel ardl and panel econometric methods heterogeneity and cross sectional dependence were considered to examine the long and short term dynamic relationships as well as validity of a proposed model findings from the pesaran yamagata homogeneity test pesaran cd test cips and cadf panel unit root tests and westerlund edgerton bootstrap panel cointegration indicated the panel time series data has heterogeneity and cross sectional dependence analysed variables are stationary and cointegrated respectively with respect to the pmg panel ardl estimation method it was evidenced that there exist i a bilateral causal link flanked by fossil fuel energy consumption and economic growth as well as fossil fuel energy consumption and carbon emissions in long and shot terms for all panels ii a unilateral causality from carbon emissions to economic growth in long term and short term for non oil exporters nonetheless a bilateral causal relationship only in long term for oil exporting countries and iii a unilateral cause and effect link from oil prices to economic growth energy consumption fossil fuel and carbon emission across all country groups in long and short terms policy recommendations are further discussed

monopolistic competition and general purpose products most models of monopolistic competition study the question of the optimal degree of product differentiation by looking at the number of firms that will locate in characteristics space this is somewhat restrictive the development of general purpose products means that the needs of quite heterogenous consumers can be satisfied with the same homogenous product the private and social incentives to produce general purpose products are studied in this paper within the circular road model of monopolistic competition the degree of general purposeness of a product is approximated by its per unit distance transport costs it is shown that there are strong forces leading the market to supply products whose transport costs are excessively low

increasing returns and the foundations of unemployment theory current approaches to macroeconomic theory divide roughly into two basic schools of thought one approach typically associated with rational expectations views the economy as basically at or near walrasian market clearing equilibrium in which case it becomes very difficult to explain away convincingly the undeniable persistence at times of involuntary unemployment another approach views the underemployed economy as being in a state of temporary fixed price disequilibrium in which case aside from having to repress suspicions that the essence of effective demand failure might not have to do with prices fixed at wrong values there is a lot of rationalising to be done about why profitable adjustments are so slow this paper argues that something like an internally consistent theory of steady state involuntary unemployment is possible and even plausible the cornerstone of this third approach is increasing returns to scale which blocks unemployed agents from breaking out of a low level equilibrium trap unless there is overall coordination or stimulation a simple model is presented which contains the basic ideas

green growth planning a multi factor energy input output analysis of the canadian economy abstract incorporating socioeconomic and environmental considerations into energy decisions is necessary when tackling climate change and accelerating green growth in this work we propose a novel extension of the multi factor energy input output model to support evidence informed energy policy making and green growth planning through the introduction of eight different multipliers and two green growth indexes we demonstrate the approach through application at the national scale in canada in particular we quantitatively assess the extent to which changes in final demand impact the domestic and imported primary and renewable energy flows co2 emissions economic expansion and energy job earnings the results point to a potential path of green growth in canada prioritizing activities that generate economic and job growth at minimal environmental pressure i e fewer co2 emissions economic activities that are critical for stimulating green growth in the short to medium run are identified and recommendations are made regarding a longer structural change path for improving the supply chains of other economic activities this work provides insights to decision makers seeking strategies e g policy reforms or targeted public expenditure strategies to accelerate green growth planning on a national scale

the impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality a bounds testing and causality analysis for turkey abstract this study aims to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment fdi together with gross domestic product gdp the square of gdp and energy consumption on carbon dioxide co2 emissions in turkey over the period 1974 2010 we employ both the bounds test approach which has superior properties especially in small samples and the hatemi j test which takes structural breaks into consideration in the co integration analysis due to the co integration relationship between co2 emissions and other variables the autoregressive distributed lag ardl model is used in order to investigate short and long run elasticity between the variables the long run coefficients of the ardl model indicate that the effect of fdi on co2 emissions is positive but relatively small while the effects of the gdp and energy consumption on co2 emissions are quite considerable moreover the short run coefficients obtained by the error correction model ecm are found to be similar to those of the long run model the findings support the validity of the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis in both time horizons the vector ecm based granger causality test is also applied to investigate the causal link the causality test results indicate the existence of a causality running from all explanatory variables to co2 emissions in the long run overall the findings suggest that turkey should promote energy efficiency with sustainable growth and encourage more fdi inflows particularly in technology intensive and environment friendly industries to improve environmental quality

energy consumption economic growth and co2 emissions in middle east and north african countries this article extends the recent findings of liu 2005 ang 2007 apergis et al 2009 and payne 2010 by implementing recent bootstrap panel unit root tests and cointegration techniques to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions energy consumption and real gdp for 12 middle east and north african countries mena over the period 1981 2005 our results show that in the long run energy consumption has a positive significant impact on co2 emissions more interestingly we show that real gdp exhibits a quadratic relationship with co2 emissions for the region as a whole however although the estimated long run coefficients of income and its square satisfy the ekc hypothesis in most studied countries the turning points are very low in some cases and very high in other cases hence providing poor evidence in support of the ekc hypothesis co2 emission reductions per capita have been achieved in the mena region even while the region exhibited economic growth over the period 1981 2005 the econometric relationships derived in this paper suggest that future reductions in co2 emissions per capita might be achieved at the same time as gdp per capita in the mena region continues to grow