the effect of urbanization on energy use in india and china in the ipets model abstract urbanization is one of the major demographic and economic trends occurring in developing countries with important consequences for development energy use and well being yet it is only beginning to be explicitly incorporated in long term scenario analyses of energy and emissions we assess the implications of a plausible range of urbanization pathways for energy use and carbon emissions in india and china using the integrated population economy technology science ipets model a computable general equilibrium cge model of the global economy that captures heterogeneity in household types within world regions and into which we have introduced income effects on household consumption preferences we find that changes in urbanization have a somewhat less than proportional effect on aggregate emissions and energy use a decomposition analysis demonstrates that this effect is due primarily to an economic growth effect driven by the increased labor supply associated with faster urbanization the influence of income on household consumption is strong and indicates a potentially rapid transition away from traditional fuel use and toward modern fuels such as electricity and natural gas results also indicate important directions for future work including the implications of alternative types and driving forces of urbanization over time a better understanding of possible changes in consumption preferences associated with income growth and the urbanization process and modeling strategies that can produce disaggregated household consumption outcomes within a cge framework

does financial development increase energy consumption the role of industrialization and urbanization in tunisia this paper assesses the relationship among energy consumption financial development economic growth industrialization and urbanization in tunisia from 1971 to 2008 the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach to cointegration and granger causality tests is employed for the analysis the result confirms the existence of long run relationship among energy consumption economic growth financial development industrialization and urbanization in tunisia long run bidirectional causalities are found between financial development and energy consumption financial development and industrialization and industrialization and energy consumption hence sound and developed financial system that can attract investors boost the stock market and improve the efficiency of economic activities should be encouraged in the country nevertheless promoting industrialization and urbanization can never be left out from the process of development we add light to policy makers with the role of financial development industrialization and urbanization in the process of economic development

socioeconomic development and electricity consumption a cross country analysis using the random coefficient method this paper analyses the relationship between electricity consumption and socioeconomic variables by estimating the electricity consumption function on the basis of single year cross country data and using ols and random coefficient rc methods the latter method yields both mean response as well as country specific coefficients while electricity consumption is found to rise with socioeconomic development it is found to be inelastic with respect to changes in all the variables the estimated country specific coefficients with respect to per capita gnp and share of industry in gdp are found not to vary across countries indicating that the impact of these variables on electricity consumption is similar across countries on the other hand the impact of other variables years of schooling gdp growth urbanization and population density is found to vary substantially across countries

long term building energy demand for india disaggregating end use energy services in an integrated assessment modeling framework with increasing population income and urbanization meeting the energy service demands for the building sector will be a huge challenge for indian energy policy although there is broad consensus that the indian building sector will grow and evolve over the coming century there is little understanding of the potential nature of this evolution over the longer term the present study uses a technologically detailed service based building energy model nested in the long term global integrated assessment framework gcam to produce scenarios of the evolution of the indian buildings sector up through the end of the century the results support the idea that as india evolves toward developed country per capita income levels its building sector will largely evolve to resemble those of the currently developed countries heavy reliance on electricity both for increasing cooling loads and a range of emerging appliance and other plug loads albeit with unique characteristics based on its climate conditions cooling dominating heating and even more so with climate change on fuel preferences that may linger from the present for example a preference for gas for cooking and vestiges of its development path including remnants of rural poor that use substantial quantities of traditional biomass

prospects of india s energy and emissions for a long time frame abstract for any nation sector wise forecasts of energy demand and emissions are becoming valuable elements in devising its national and international policies relating to energy security local environment and global climate change it is in this context that this work attempts to forecast india s possible energy demands and emissions adopting a key indicator approach on least cost generation expansion optimization methodology for a long time frame this study developed key indicators for useful energy demand for end use sectors such as industry commerce and residence key indicators for transport sector and non energy use sectors were developed on transport mobility demand and end use fuel demand the main drivers of these key indicators are socio economic parameters this work was conducted in a linear programmed lp times g5 model on times modeling framework for model horizon of 1990 2100 by the end of the 21st century india s energy demands are projected to be about 1825 mtoe of primary energy 1263 mtoe of final energy consumption 4840 twh of electricity generations 723 mtoe of energy import and 4414 mt of co2 emissions

urbanization energy consumption and emissions in the indian context a review abstract as the world s fastest growing major economy and home to nearly one fifth of the worlds population india a vibrant democracy is in the midst of a profound transformation and rapid urbanization urbanization improves the quality of life of people while promoting economic growth however it also increases energy consumption and is capable of generating an energy crisis urbanization has a significant impact on carbon dioxide co2 emissions as well this paper empirically investigates the temporal dynamic and causal relationships between urbanization energy consumption and emissions the study also aims to understand the urbanization process in india in terms of the level and tempo of urbanization and the urban growth morphology by utilizing the census data of 1901 2011 the rise in energy consumption and resulting emissions in the context of rapid urbanization is also reviewed to address these problems the study recommends a series of measures and a set of strategies that include energy intensity and emission intensity reduction measures through continuous monitoring information feedback systems introduction of industrial energy quota management incentives for energy efficient facilities shutting down of inefficient facilities and setting up of smart residential buildings reduction of distribution and transmission losses by investing in smart grids is also highly recommended

effects of urbanisation on energy consumption in china as a key issue in china s economic development urbanisation creates increasing pressure on energy supply and the natural environment thus a better understanding of the relationship between urbanisation and energy consumption is necessary for chinese decision makers at various levels to address energy security and sustainable economic and social development this paper empirically investigates the effects of china s urbanisation on residential energy consumption rec and production energy consumption pec through a time series analysis the results show that compared with rural areas urbanisation slows per capita rec growth because of the economy of scale and technological advantages associated with urbanisation but has greater promotional effects on the growth of rec and the improvement of rec structure the economic growth caused by urbanisation most significantly contributes to an increase in pec whereas technological advancement was found to reduce the scale of pec except from 2001 to 2005 finally the structural effect of the energy supply increased rather than decreased china s pec and the effect of industrial structure adjustment on pec was found to be insignificant

energy models for demand forecasting a review abstract energy is vital for sustainable development of any nation be it social economic or environment in the past decade energy consumption has increased exponentially globally energy management is crucial for the future economic prosperity and environmental security energy is linked to industrial production agricultural output health access to water population education quality of life etc energy demand management is required for proper allocation of the available resources during the last decade several new techniques are being used for energy demand management to accurately predict the future energy needs in this paper an attempt is made to review the various energy demand forecasting models traditional methods such as time series regression econometric arima as well as soft computing techniques such as fuzzy logic genetic algorithm and neural networks are being extensively used for demand side management support vector regression ant colony and particle swarm optimization are new techniques being adopted for energy demand forecasting bottom up models such as markal and leap are also being used at the national and regional level for energy demand management

conflicts between principals and agents evidence from residential brokerage abstract when a homeowner uses an agent to sell his property he may have less information than his agent and be disadvantaged in price setting and negotiating this study examines whether the percentage commission structure in real estate brokerage creates agency problems we investigate whether agents are able to use their information advantage to either sell their own property faster or for a higher price than their clients properties the empirical results confirm our theoretical predictions of agency problems as we find that agent owned houses sell no faster than client owned houses but they do sell at a price premium of approximately 4 5

impacts of urbanization and industrialization on energy consumption co2 emissions does the level of development matter urbanization and industrialization have significant impacts on energy consumption and co2 emissions but their relationship varies at different stages of economic development taking cognizance of heterogeneity and the ratchet effect this paper adopts the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat framework as a starting point and re estimates the relationship using different panel date models the main results are obtained by dynamic panel threshold regression models which divide a balanced panel dataset of 73 countries over the period of 1971 2010 into four groups according to their annual income levels the key results are 1 in the low income group urbanization decreases energy consumption but increases co2 emissions 2 in the middle low income and high income groups industrialization decreases energy consumption but increases co2 emissions while urbanization significantly increases both energy consumption and co2 emissions 3 for the middle high income group urbanization does not significantly affect energy consumption but does hinder the growth of emissions while industrialization was found to have an insignificant impact on energy consumption and co2 emissions 4 from the population perspective it produces positive effects on energy consumption and also increases emissions except for the high income group these novel methodology and findings reveal that different development strategies of urbanization and industrialization should be pursued depending on the levels of income in a bid to conserve energy and reduce emissions

estimating the demand for the characteristics of housing a hstract estimates of the demand for the characteristics contained in a differentiated product such as housing can be based on hedonic regressions however previous studies have not dealt with several potential problems in such estimation a more appropriate framework for the estimation is provided in this paper also data from a number of cities are used to eliminate the identification problem and the endogeneity of the marginal prices derived from non linear hedonic equations is considered in the estimation the results on own and cross price elasticities expenditure elasticities and the effects of socio economic vafiables accord well with expectations

ex post evaluation of european energy models abstract various energy modelling activities are pursued by public authorities private companies and research institutes with the aim to provide energy forecasts and to assess the impact of energy and environmental policies nevertheless no ex post evaluations of the results of these modelling activities have been carried out at the european community level this paper investigates and compares the assumptions and the results from a european study carried out in the middle of the eighties with the combination of the so called modele de prospective de la demande energetique a long terme medee and energy flow optimization efom models with the targeted year of 2000 as presented in the energy 2000 study concretely assumptions and forecasts are compared with real statistical data in this way an evaluation of quantitative tools and model results can be established the aim of this paper is not to evaluate the quantitative tools themselves but their results and their policy relevance within a frame of 15 years

does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower co2 emissions a cross country analysis despite the relationship between urbanization energy use and co2 emissions has been extensively studied in recent years little attention has been paid to differences in development stages or income levels most previous studies have implicitly assumed that the impact of urbanization is homogenous for all countries this assumption can be questionable as there are many characteristic differences among countries of different levels of affluence this paper investigates empirically the effects of urbanization on energy use and co2 emissions with consideration of the different development stages using the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat model and a balanced panel dataset of 99 countries over the period 1975 2005 the findings suggest that the impact of urbanization on energy use and emissions varies across the stages of development surprisingly urbanization decreases energy use in the low income group while it increases energy use in the middle and high income groups the impact of urbanization on emissions is positive for all the income groups but it is more pronounced in the middle income group than in the other income groups these novel findings not only help advance the existing literature but also can be of special interest to policy makers and urban planners

explaining the postwar suburbanization of population in the united states the role of income abstract data from the public use sample of the 1950 census reveal a significant positive effect of household income on the probability of a suburban residence slightly less than half of population suburbanization between 1950 and 1980 can be attributed to rising household incomes

do real estate brokers add value when listing services are unbundled i introduction real estate brokers typically provide sellers with bundles of services most of which are ostensibly aimed at improving the terms at which homes are sold and helping homeowners find buyers more quickly 1 traditionally access to the multiple listing service mls a pooled database of homes for sale that is owned and operated by an association of local real estate brokers has been an important component of that bundle other components of the traditional brokerage bundle that potentially affect the terms and timing of a sale include market information and recommendations pertaining to the appropriate asking price 2 promotional services preparing a home for sale circulating flyers placing advertisements holding open houses and recommending the home to individual buyers the screening of prospective buyers the facilitation and acceleration of matches between buyers and sellers 3 and assistance with negotiations 4 the object of this paper is to measure the effects of real estate brokerage services provided to sellers other than mls listings on the terms and timing of home sales it is not obvious that sellers benefit from those services on the one hand brokers offer potentially useful knowledge and expertise on the other hand because the relationship between the homeowner and the broker resembles a classical principal agent problem the broker may not deploy services in ways that promote the seller s interests while appropriately structured compensation schemes may alleviate the principal agent problem to some degree see e g the recent survey by miceli pancak and sirmans 2007 significant conflicts remain as levitt and syverson 2008 emphasize an agent has strong incentives to sell the house quickly even at a substantially lower price their empirical analysis shows that homes owned by agents sell for nearly 4 more and stay on the market roughly 9 days longer than other comparable houses similarly rutherford springer and yavas 2005 find that real estate agents receive a premium of 3 0 7 0 when selling their own condominiums in comparison to similar client owned condominiums by waiting longer to sell 5 while those studies shed light on the magnitude of agency costs i e the extent to which the deployment of brokerage services departs from the first best they do not tell us how those costs compare to the benefits flowing from a broker s knowledge and expertise consequently they do not answer the question posed at the outset of this paragraph the importance of the question addressed in this paper is most readily apparent within the context of the recent policy debate over service bundling in real estate brokerage as long as valuable mls listings are bundled with brokerage services homeowners may use brokers even if the agency costs exceed the benefits of brokers knowledge and expertise in that case unbundling would benefit homeowners and promote efficiency in practice a small but growing number of brokers now offer to place clients homes in the mls for a fixed fee 6 yet in many jurisdictions established brokers have resisted pressures to unbundle mls listings from other services in some cases they have pressed for minimum service laws that prevent agents from offering mls only options as of 2007 eight states had such laws in place 7 some states have also adopted licensing requirements that impede the entry of non traditional real estate brokers where such laws are not in force some mlss have adopted their own rules and procedures to prevent or at least discourage unbundling 8 though the internet increasingly provides alternatives to mls databases at least in some jurisdictions the u s federal trade commission observed as recently as november 2009 that t he mls is generally acknowledged to be a superior platform for matching home buyers and sellers 9 thus the practice of bundling mls listings with other real estate brokerage services handicaps homeowners who wish to sell their homes either completely independently for sale by owner or fsbo transactions or without the ancillary services of a listing broker

china s numerical management system for reducing national energy intensity in china the national target for energy intensity reduction when integrated with target disaggregation and information feedback systems constitutes a numerical management system which is a hallmark of modern governance this paper points out the technical weaknesses of china s current numerical management system in the process of target disaggregation the national target cannot be fully disaggregated to local governments sectors and enterprises without omissions at the same time governments at lower levels face pressure for reducing energy intensity that exceeds their respective jurisdictions in the process of information feedback information failure is inevitable due to statistical inaccuracy furthermore the monitoring system is unable to correct all errors and data verification plays a limited role in the examination system to address these problems we recommend that the government use total energy consumption as the primary indicator of energy management reform the accounting and reporting of energy statistics toward greater consistency timeliness and transparency clearly define the responsibility of the higher levels of government

an almost ideal demand system for housing attributes in recent articles mendelsohn 16 and palmquist 20 use restricted versions of rosen s 22 model of household behavior to consistently estimate demand functions for attributes of a differentiated product rosen s 22 model is of a single market for such a product and he proposes a two step technique to estimate attribute demand functions first a single hedonic price function is estimated for the differentiated product attribute prices are the first derivatives of the fitted hedonic price function with respect to the relevant attributes second demand functions for attributes are estimated using the prices imputed in the first step if the hedonic price function estimated in the first step is linear then there is no price variation for attributes and demand functions cannot be estimated if the hedonic price function is nonlinear then there is price variation but it is endogenous to households since in a single market price and attribute quantity are chosen jointly 2 indeed within market price variation will always be endogenous in either case without sufficient restriction on the model the parameters of the demand functions for attributes cannot be consistently estimated using rosen s 22 method 3 mendelsohn 16 and palmquist 20 assume that there are many markets for the differentiated product and that households with like preferences may be observed in the different markets by this restriction households face price variation across markets that is exogenous whether hedonic price functions are linear or nonlinear if so demand functions can be consistently estimated 4

the costs of free entry an empirical study of real estate agents in greater boston this paper studies the consequences of xed commissions and low entry barriers in greater boston s real estate brokerage industry from 1998 2007 a period with substantial agent turnover we nd that entry is not associated with increased sales probabilities or reduced sales time instead it decreases the market share of experienced agents and reduces average service quality we develop a dynamic empirical model motivated by these patterns to study the extent of ineciency in the current system compared to alternatives to accommodate a large state space we approximate the value function using sieves and impose the bellman equation as an equilibrium constraint if commissions are cut in half there would be 40 fewer agents implying social savings of 23 of industry revenue and the average agent would facilitate 73 more transactions house price appreciation of 50 during our sample period accounts for a 24 increase in the number of agents and a 31 decline in average agent productivity finally improving information about past agent performance can increase productivity and generate signicant social savings

addressing india s energy security and options for decreasing energy dependency abstract energy plays the most vital role in the economic growth and security of any nation future economic growth crucially depends on the long term availability of energy from sources that are affordable accessible and environmental friendly acute energy scarcity in india in recent years is hampering its industrial growth and economic progress india is strongly dependent on the fossil fuels for its energy requirements which are also contributing significantly to greenhouse gases emissions it is proposed that the introduction of renewable energy sources portfolio to the future energy mix and diversification of fuel sources will i enhances energy security and mitigates co 2 emission and ii improves the quality of life if india failed to protect its environment not only its economic growth would be impeded but also would pose serious health hazards

the relative performance of real estate marketing platforms mls versus fsbomadison com we compare house sales on a for sale by owner fsbo platform to multiple listing service mls sales and find that fsbo precommission prices are no lower but that fsbo is less effective in terms of time to sell and probability of a sale we do not find direct evidence of the importance of network size as a reason for the lower effectiveness of fsbo we do find evidence of endogenous platform differentiation patient sellers use fsbo while patient buyers transact more often on the mls where they avoid patient sellers we discuss the implications for platform competition two sided markets and welfare

valuing housing characteristics a case study of single family houses in edmonton alberta specified characteristic of the houses in question pi i l n is az interpreted as the marginal implicit value of each specified characteristic and e is a random error term in the analysis reported here it is assumed that within the relatively shortterm period analyzed buyers demand for housing attributes is stable and the supply of the range of single family housing and associated attributes is fixed thus abstracting from the potential problem of identification that may affect estimation of the demand for attributes rosen 1974 epple 1987 2 a random sample of 60 single family homes which had sold in edmonton alberta in march 1993 was drawn from the edmonton real estate board s

exploring the relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission in mena countries abstract this study explored the relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission in the mena countries the panel model was utilized taking the period 1980 2009 into consideration pedroni cointegration test results showed that urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission were cointegrated the dynamic ols results also showed that there was a long run bi directional positive relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission however the significance of the long run relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission varied across the countries based on their level of income and development moreover long and short run bi directional causal relationships were found between the variables based on the granger causality test results from the results of this study it is important for the urban planners and policy makers in the mena countries to slow the rapid increase in urbanization the level of energy consumption and co2 emission in the mena countries increased more than double thus slowing down the urbanization level can help reduce the level of pollution and energy consumption in addition the increased energy efficiency implementation of energy savings projects energy conservation and energy infrastructure outsourcing reduce the level of pollution produced by urban areas

how urbanization affects energy use in developing countries abstract this paper identifies mechanisms whereby urbanization affects energy consumption industrialization and urbanization accompany each other during economic development but urbanization exerts a number of independent influences on energy use it permits economies of scale in production but requires more transportation food must be transported to urbanized populations and relatively smaller agricultural populations must modernize entailing considerable increases in agricultural energy use in cities a number of production activities which were domestically provided in rural areas using human or animal energy shift to sources outside the household using modern energy sources the largest single source of change in energy use is personal transportation passenger transport in cities is heavily weighted towards fuel using modes particularly as incomes increase to assess the overall impact a regression analysis of 59 developing countries for 1980 is conducted holding constant per capita income and the extent of industrialization the elasticity of energy consumption per capita and per dollar of gdp is between 0 35 and 0 48

factors determining energy consumption evidence from indonesia malaysia and thailand abstract the aim of this study is to verify empirically the impact of various factors on energy consumption in three asean countries namely indonesia malaysia and thailand over the period 1980 to 2012 after using sundry appropriate diagnostic tests for checking time series data the method of least square as an analytical technique is used for parameters estimation the findings validate that fdi inflows economic growth trade openness and human development index have positive and statistically significant impacts on energy consumption the other variable urbanization has positive and statistically significant impacts on energy consumption for thailand and indonesia only while the empirical results reveals that population growth rate has a positive and statistically significant relationship with energy consumption only in the case of malaysia so in the light of determinations of the study the policy implication is that energy policy needs to be orientated in favor of expanding the supply of energy to reach an enhanced degree of sustainable economic growth and development