global feminization through flexible labor abstract the emphasis on structural adjustment and labor flexibility in both developing and industrialized economies is rapidly altering the nature of employment women are being substituted for men and many forms of work are being converted into the kinds of jobs traditionally geared to women international data on recent trends in female economic activity reveal that new types of labor data are needed to highlight the mechanisms of control over workers and the actual economic forms of vulnerability to which women are exposed the paper concludes by posing questions that challenge the traditional concerns of donors and policy makers in many developing countries

is tiger woods loss averse persistent bias in the face of experience competition and high stakes although experimental studies have documented systematic decision errors many leading scholars believe that experience competition and large stakes will reliably extinguish biases we test for the presence of a fundamental bias loss aversion in a high stakes context professional golfers performance on the pga tour golf provides a natural setting to test for loss aversion because golfers are rewarded for the total number of strokes they take during a tournament yet each individual hole has a salient reference point par we analyze over 2 5 million putts using precise laser measurements and find evidence that even the best golfers including tiger woods show evidence of loss aversion jel d03 d81 l83

dare to care shipment consolidation reduces not only costs but also environmental damage abstract companies interested in greening their supply chains quickly realize that carbon and energy waste represents an expense and thus minimizing this expense not only brings in truckloads of money but also helps save the environment this paper demonstrates that shipment consolidation a powerful logistics strategy that combines two or more small shipments into an aggregate load to be dispatched on the same vehicle can help mitigate carbon and energy waste specifically a discrete time based shipment consolidation dtb scl policy and a new method to calculate co2 emissions associated with the dispatch of a vehicle are introduced in addition an optimization model with the objective of maximizing combined economic and environmental savings is developed in this study it is shown that among other benefits the higher use of transportation capacity decreases environmental damage one goal of the dtb scl policy the mechanics of the mathematical models are illustrated by numerical examples and sensitivity analyses are conducted to provide managerial insights that might help companies come to better decisions that are environmentally responsible

sdg 8 decent work and economic growth a gendered analysis abstract sdg 8 calls for promoting sustained inclusive and sustainable economic growth full and productive employment and decent work for all even as it highlights the importance of labour rights for all it also makes visible some significant tensions we note for example that despite many critiques of narrow economic measures of growth the focus here remains on gdp and per capita growth this is problematic we argue because the gdp productive boundary excludes much of social reproductive work this puts sdg8 in tension with sdg 5 which calls for the recognition of the value of unpaid care and domestic work there has been a significant increase in the rate of working women in the formal and informal sector however there has not been a subsequent gender shift in the doing of social reproductive work in this paper we argue sdg 8 s focus on decent work and economic growth is inadequate that productive employment and decent work for all men and women by 2030 needs to take into account the value and costs of social reproduction we trace key historical debates on work to argue that both gender and labour rights have to underpin sdg 8 if its promise of inclusive sustainable and decent work is to be realized

emotional bidders an analytical and experimental examination of consumers behavior in a priceline like reverse auction e commerce has proved to be fertile ground for new business models which may be patented for up to 20 years and have potentially far reaching impact on the e commerce landscape one such electronic market is the reverse auction model popularized by priceline com there is still uncertainty surrounding the survival of such new electronic markets currently available on the internet understanding user behavior is necessary for better assessment of these sites survival this paper adds to economic analysis a formal representation of the emotions evoked by the auction process specifically the excitement of winning if a bid is accepted and the frustration of losing if it is not we generate and empirically test a number of insights related to 1 the impact of expected excitement at winning and frustration at losing on bids across consumers and biddings scenarios and 2 the dynamic nature of the bidding behavior that is how winning and losing in previous bids influence their future bidding behavior

international competition income distribution and economic growth this paper shows that the neo keynesian case for wage led growth does not generally hold in an open economy model wage increases cause a loss of competitiveness that reduces the trade balance if the economy is relatively open to trade and price elasticities satisfy certain restrictions the worsening of the trade balance more than outweighs the increase in workers consumption thus reducing the growth rate the main theoretical innovation is a flexible markup pricing rule that allows changes in unit labor costs and exchange rates to affect profit margins implications for international relations and class conflict are discussed copyright 1989 by oxford university press

the costs of missing the millennium development goal on gender equity abstract at the millennium summit the world community pledged to promote gender equality and chose as a specific target the achievement of gender equity in primary and secondary education by the year 2005 in every country of the world based on the findings from a growing empirical literature that suggests that gender equity in education promotes economic growth reduced fertility child mortality and undernutrition we estimate what the costs in terms of growth and forgone fertility mortality and undernutrition reduction will be for the 45 countries that are on current projections unlikely to meet the target our estimates suggest that by 2005 the countries that are off track are likely to suffer 0 1 0 3 percentage points lower per capita growth rates as a result will have 0 1 0 4 more children per woman and by 2015 an average of 15 per 1 000 higher rates of under five mortality and 2 5 percentage points higher prevalence of underweight children under five sensitivity analyses suggest that the results are quite robust to using different specifications and approaches to estimating these losses

multi product inventory model for cold items with cost and emission consideration while sharing storage and transportation units is common for many product types cold items usually have different temperature requirements and as a result not all items can share a holding transportation unit consequently the type of products and their compatibility with other products needs to be considered in the inventory model in this paper we propose multi product inventory models for cold items the models determine the inventory levels that minimize either the cost or carbon equivalent emissions we model the compatibility of items as a constraint in the inventory model to solve the model we first find an appropriate family of products that can share a storage transportation unit then for each family of products we develop an approximate solution method to determine the order quantity of each product within a family numerical experiments demonstrate the solution procedure and provide managerial insights into cold item inventory policies

gender differences in a market with relative performance feedback professional tennis players abstract recent studies have found that females are less competitive than men these studies have all relied on a similar framework where individuals have little information about their relative abilities compared to other potential competitors it has also been found that performance feedback leads to more efficient choices for students and in experimental settings professional athletes competing in individual sports typically have access to performance feedback and good information about the quality of their potential competitors when choosing to enter competitive tournaments in this paper i use data from the international tennis federation itf on tournament entry decisions by professional players to study gender differences in tournament entry and preferences in this competitive labor market i find that even among this highly competitive population gender differences exist in performance and tournament entry in terms of performance i find that men exhibit a hot hand effect that can last for multiple periods while females are affected by only their performance in their last tournament this effect is obvious in tournament entry where both men and women are more likely to enter tournaments after doing well but women are affected by their last tournament while men s previous performance can affect entry beyond the next tournament the gender difference from feedback is more striking when taking into account whether individuals actually played in a tournament in that case higher ability females respond positively to performance from their last tournament while males do not but both genders see similar effects from previous performance in the short term and the effects are larger for worse ranked individuals thus in very competitive settings of same sex tournaments females and males respond differently to performance feedback information suggesting that information has very different gender specific effects for competitions and may be largely dependent on the length of time that has elapsed from the competition that the feedback is coming from

globalisation women s economic rights and forced labour economy s penetration by foreign direct investment by and large has no sta tistically significant impact globalisation might weaken the general bargaining position of labour such that outcome related la bour standards might suffer however being more open toward trade is likely to promote rather than hinder the realisation of t wo labour rights considered as core or fundamental by the international labour organisation namely the elimination of economic discrimination and of forced labour

the effect of export oriented growth on female labor market outcomes in turkey using data from two rounds of an official household labor force survey this paper analyzes the impact of export oriented growth strategy on female labor force participation and employment in urban turkey controlling for both supply side and demand side factors while the long term economic growth at the province level is found to have a significant positive effect on both the employment and participation of women the impact of export orientation is not as strong and is more pronounced in the case of nonmarried women

optimal delivery strategies considering carbon emissions time dependent demands and demand supply interactions abstract the study addresses a distributor s delivery strategy problem with consideration of carbon emissions retailers time dependent demands and demand supply interactions a mathematical programming model is formulated for solving optimal number and time window of service cycles a case study is presented the results show that the distributor would adopt a frequent delivery strategy if carbon taxes are insufficiently high providing the retailers with price discounts does not work out since retailers would value the delays in receiving their ordered products more than the compensations of less frequent delivery given by the distributor in response to carbon taxes models with demand supply interactions can result in larger profit and market share than those without demand supply interactions this study sheds new light to the distributors the retailers and the regulators in greening the logistics transport

the effect of attending the flagship state university on earnings a discontinuity based approach abstract this paper examines the effect of attending the flagship state university on the earnings of 28 to 33 year olds by combining confidential admissions records from a large state university with earnings data collected through the state s unemployment insurance program to distinguish the effect of attending the flagship state university from the effects of confounding factors correlated with the university s admission decision or the applicant s enrollment decision i exploit a large discontinuity in the probability of enrollment at the admission cutoff the results indicate that attending the most selective state university causes earnings to be approximately 20 higher for white men

pay reference points and police performance several theories suggest that pay raises below a reference point will reduce job performance final offer arbitration for police unions provides a unique opportunity to examine these theories as the police officers either receive their requested wage or receive a lower one in the months after new jersey police officers lose in arbitration arrest rates and average sentence length decline and crime reports rise relative to when they win these declines in performance are larger when the awarded wage is further from the police union s demand the findings support the idea that considerations of fairness disappointment and more generally reference points affect workplace behavior

gender inequality and economic growth a reply to schober and winter ebmer summary using data from a meta wage analysis schober and winter ebmer fail to confirm my earlier finding that gender wage inequality stimulates growth in semi industrialized economies sies the authors contend their wage data based on micro level studies with heterogeneous coverage are superior to the education adjusted manufacturing wages on which my paper relied in response i elucidate why wage data should be restricted to the manufacturing sector i explore possible measurement errors their data introduce and note concerns with the meta regression approach that limit the applicability of these data to the specific task of understanding the growth effect of gender inequality in sies finally i discuss advances made over the last decade in the methodology used to evaluate gender effects on growth identifying directions for new research on this important topic

the effect of trade openness on women s welfare and work life summary this study of 134 countries analyzes whether women are generally the losers or winners of globalization the results show that economic integration does not directly improve women s life expectancies women s access to primary and secondary education may improve slightly although women s welfare does not seem to improve more than that of men on the other hand economic integration does influence women s professional lives in developing countries trade openness increases female labor force participation in industrialized states it decreases the share of working women trade openness in developed countries increases the number of women employed in the service sector while in developing states it increases the number of women working in industrial jobs and in agriculture

integration and consolidation in air freight shipment planning an economic and environmental perspective abstract measuring carbon footprint and controlling carbon emissions across a supply chain have gained considerable attention this study investigates the effects of carbon emissions within the framework of air freight integrator shipment planning with integration and consolidation a mixed 0 1 linear programming lp model is formulated to examine the effects of operational adjustments on carbon emissions and cost performance as well as the effects of carbon emissions regulations on operational decisions sensitivity analysis is performed to examine different carbon emissions policies and operational environments reducing carbon emissions through operational adjustments is feasible at the expense of some increase in cost thus reducing carbon emissions may be considered an alternative or a supplement to more costly carbon reducing technologies policies implemented to control carbon emissions can affect operational decisions when carbon tax price is high enough

stagnation income distribution and monopoly power the deceleration in the rate of industrial growth in the indian economy since the middlesixties initially interpreted by some as a temporary downward deviation from trend hasnow come to be generally accepted as reflecting long run tendencies towards stagnation several explanations for these tendencies have been offered bhagwati and desai 1970 and bhagwati and srinivasan 1975 have focused on inefficiencies and the misallocationof resources arising from industrial policies pursued by the government others chakravarty 1974 raj 1976 and vaidyanathan 1974 among them have emphasisedthe sluggishness of agricultural growth which is alleged to have retarded industrial growthby limiting markets and the supply of wage goods and raw materials a third view reflectedin srinivasan and narayana 1977 for example has put the blame on a slackening of invest ment demand due to lower public investment but does not explain why public investmentfell or why its fall restrained industrial growth finally there is the explanation put forthin bagchi 1970 1975 1982 in nayyar 1978 and in parts of mitra 1977 that inequali ties in income distribution have resulted in a limited demand for industrial goods reducedincentives for investment and therefore reduced growth this view seems to suggest apositive relation between growth and income equality which is opposed to the generallyaccepted idea derived from cambridge growth models that higher growth requires greaterinequality the purpose of this paper is to examine the last explanation by considering the inter action between growth and income distribution in an underdeveloped economy with thehelp of a simple macroeconomic model the model is a stylisation of the indian economy so that we will be able to use the model to assess the argument that a deceleration in therate of growth of the indian industrial economy could have been caused by an unequaldistribution of income the argument will not be made that this income distributional con straint is the binding constraint on industrial growth the model will merely examine theinternal consistency of the argument that a bad income distribution could explain stagnation in the sense of reduced growth and show that in the indian context as in other similarcontexts this argument can be put forward in explaining stagnation our argument is first presented with a highly simplified schematisation of the indianeconomy which we shall call the basic model the economy modelled produces only one

low schooling for girls slower growth for all cross country evidence on the effect of gender inequality in education on economic development using cross country and panel regressions this article investigates how gender inequality in education affects long term economic growth such inequality is found to have an effect on economic growth that is robust to changes in specifications and controls for potential endogeneities the results suggest that gender inequality in education directly affects economic growth by lowering the average level of human capital in addition growth is indirectly affected through the impact of gender inequality on investment and population growth some 0 4 0 9 percentage points of differences in annual per capita growth rates between east asia and sub saharan africa south asia and the middle east can be accounted for by differences in gender gaps in education between these regions

gender inequality and economic growth a cross country analysis abstract this paper investigates empirically the determinants of economic growth for a set of semi industrialized export oriented economies in which women provide the bulk of labor in the export sector the primary hypothesis tested is that gender inequality which contributes to women s relatively lower wages was a stimulus to growth via the effect on exports during 1975 95 empirical analysis shows that gdp growth is positively related to gender wage inequality in contrast to recent work which suggests that income inequality slows growth evidence also indicates that part of the impact of gender wage inequality on growth is transmitted through its positive effect on investment as a share of gdp

productivity growth increasing income inequality and social insurance the case of china abstract this paper builds a simple dynamic general equilibrium model to mimic two striking stylized facts observed in china s reform productivity growth contributes significantly to output growth and income inequality increases dramatically over time calibration exercises broadly matches the data the economic growth rate the aggregate productivity and income inequality increase as the coverage of the social insurance decreases perfect insurance is shown to be sub optimal with empirically plausible parameters the level of income inequality under different degrees of social insurance can be very similar even though their welfare implications are not social insurance cannot effectively reduce inequalities

ever tried ever failed no matter on the demotivational effect of losing in repeated competitions abstract many important life goals require repeated confrontation with competitors losing in such competitions may discourage individuals and make them postpone further competitions thereby harming future prospects i use data on 44 799 amateur tennis players who are randomly paired in repeated competitions to study the causal effect of losing on the time to the next tournament participation results show that individuals wait on average 10 longer to enroll again after losing furthermore losing against relatively weaker opponents leads to a discontinuously larger effect than losing against relatively stronger opponents indicating that individuals do not rationally update beliefs about winning probabilities but instead use their ranking as reference point when evaluating defeats

persistence of gender inequality the role of ethnic divisions gender inequality remains a fundamental challenge for global policymakers given that it has detrimental implications for growth and human capital formation however studies examining the roots of

a bi objective stochastic programming model for a centralized green supply chain with deteriorating products in recent years consumers and legislation have been pushing companies to design their activities in such a way as to reduce negative environmental impacts more and more it is therefore important to examine the optimization of total supply chain costs and environmental impacts together however because of the recycling of deteriorated items the environmental impacts of deteriorating items are more significant than those of non deteriorating ones the objective of this paper is to develop a stochastic mathematical model and to propose a new replenishment policy in a centralized supply chain for deteriorating items in this model we consider inventory and transportation costs as well as the environmental impacts under uncertain demand several transportation vehicles producing various greenhouse gas ghg levels are considered the best transportation vehicles and inventory policy are determined by finding a balance between financial and environmental criteria in this way we develop a linear mathematical model and present a numerical example from the real world to demonstrate its applicability and effectiveness we then perform a sensitivity analysis and provide some managerial insights finally more promising directions are suggested for future research

the provision of incentives in firms i ncentives are the essence of economics despite many wide ranging claims about their supposed importance there has been little empirical assessment of incentive provision for workers the purpose of this paper is to critically overview existing work on the provision of incentives since the interests of workers and their employers are not always aligned a large theoretical literature has emphasized how firms design compensation contracts to induce employees to operate in the firm s interest this literature has reached into many areas of compensation and has pointed to a multitude of different mechanisms that can be used to induce workers to act in the interests of their employers these include piece rates options discretionary bonuses promotions profit sharing efficiency wages deferred compensation and so on my objective here is to evaluate this literature in the light of a growing empirical literature on compensation where possible i will address the literature from two perspectives first an underlying assumption of this literature is that individuals respond to contracts that reward performance accordingly i consider whether agents behave in this way and whether these responses are always in the firm s interest second i address whether firms write contracts with these responses in mind in other words do contracts look like the predictions of the theory incentives are provided to workers

pricing and timing of consolidated deliveries in the presence of an express alternative financial and environmental analysis shipment consolidation has been advocated by researchers and politicians as a means to reduce cost and improve environmental performance of logistics activities this paper investigates consolidated transport solutions with a common shipment frequency when a service provider designs such a solution for its customers she faces a trade off to have the most time sensitive customers join the consolidated solution the frequency must be high which makes it difficult to gather enough demand to reach the scale economies of the solution but by not having the most time sensitive customers join there will be less demand per time unit which also makes it difficult to reach the scale economies in this paper we investigate the service provider s pricing and timing problem and the environmental implications of the optimal policy the service provider is responsible for multiple customers transports and offers all customers two long term contracts at two different prices direct express delivery with immediate dispatch at full cost or consolidated delivery at a given frequency at a reduced cost it is shown that the optimal policy is largely driven by customer heterogeneity limited heterogeneity in customers costs leads to very different optimal policies compared to large heterogeneity we argue that the reason so many consolidation projects fail may be due to a strategic mismatch between heterogeneity and consolidation policy we also show that even if the consolidated solution is implemented it may lead to a larger environmental impact than direct deliveries due to inventory build up or a higher than optimal frequency of the consolidated transport c 2015 elsevier b v and association of european operational research societies euro within the international federation of operational research societies ifors all rights reserved

gender and trade aspects of labour markets we provide a comprehensive up to date review of the large body of theory and evidence on the linkages between trade liberalisation and gender inequality in income as well as two of the latter s key underlying determinants wages and employment on balance the evidence for developing countries points to an overall beneficial impact of trade expansion on female employment both relative to male employment and in absolute terms although largely concentrated in unskilled manufacturing by contrast the bulk of the evidence suggests a widening gender wage gap as a result of freer trade

unemployment vacancies and the long term unemployed this paper is concerned with two related features of the labor market the ratio of long term to total unemployment r and the relat ionship between unemployment and vacancies the u v curve a model is developed to explain r in terms of the average probability that an unemployed person will find a job within a particular time period when the authors add the empirically confirmed hypothesis that this exit probability is lower for the long term than it is for the short term unemployed the n the model is consistent with the observed pattern of unemployment copyright 1988 by royal economic society

inequality and growth uncovering the main conclusions from the empirics abstractthis paper is a critical survey of the empirical literature on the effects of inequality on economic growth we conclude that it is most likely that the disparities found in the results are due to differences in the type of countries and time periods included in the samples the variable used to measure inequality the structure of the data and the estimation techniques these findings suggest that the mechanisms that link inequality to growth are likely to operate differently in different circumstances an element that may offer important guidelines for both policy makers and researchers

bad karma or discrimination male female wage gaps among salaried workers in india summary we use nationally representative data from the employment unemployment surveys in 1999 2000 and 2009 10 to explore gender wage gaps among regular wage salaried rws workers in india both at the mean as well as along the entire wage distribution to see what happens where the gender log wage gap at the mean is 55 in 1999 2000 and 49 in 2009 10 but this change is not statistically significant the blinder oaxaca and the machado mata melly decompositions indicate that in both years the bulk of the gender wage gap is unexplained i e possibly discriminatory they also reveal that over the decade while the wage earning characteristics of women improved relative to men the discriminatory component of the gender wage gap also increased in fact in 2009 10 if women were paid like men they would have earned more than men on account of their characteristics in both years we see the existence of the sticky floor in that gender wage gaps are higher among low wage earners and lower for high wage earners over the ten year period we find that the sticky floor became stickier for rws women machado mata melly decompositions reveal that in both years women at the lower end of the wage distribution face higher discriminatory gaps compared to women at the upper end

south south migration and discrimination against women in social institutions a two way relationship summary using the social institutions and gender index sigi from the oecd development centre this paper provides evidence on the two way relationship between discrimination against women in social institutions and south south migration on the one hand discriminatory social institutions in both origin and destination countries are an additional determinant of female migration on the other hand migration implies changes in discrimination against women according to the level of gender inequalities at destination specifically migration toward countries with low levels of discrimination promotes gender equality in social institutions at home while migration toward destinations with high levels of discrimination has the reverse effect

towards a gendering of the labour market regulation debate gender equality has become an issue in the labour market regulation debate now that evidence suggests that regulation is not always a barrier to good employment performance recent contributions have focused on its impact in exacerbating within workforce inequalities including gender inequality this article reveals that the evidence supporting this proposition is thin and inconclusive and questions the search for a cross national relationship between regulations and gender this approach leaves out of consideration the differences in institutional interactions in specific national contexts and the differences in the institution of gender across time and space this critique is developed through more detailed and context specific analyses of interactions between gender and six areas of labour market regulation the article concludes by arguing that simply introducing a general gender variable into non gendered analyses of labour markets misleads more than informs and distracts from the development of regulations to promote gender equality copyright the author 2011 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

feminization of the labor force the effects of long term development and structural adjustment abstract using crosscountry data pooled for 1985 and 1990 we analyze the relationship between women s share of the labor force and the processes of long term economic development and macroeconomic changes associated with structural adjustment we find that the relationship between long term development and women s share of the labor force is u shaped controlling for the feminization u we also find that structural adjustment policies have led to an increase in feminization of the labor force via worsening income distribution and increased openness

productivity growth of east asia economies manufacturing a decomposition analysis abstract applying a stochastic production frontier to sector level data within manufacturing this paper examines total factor productivity tfp growth for seven east asian economies during 1963 98 using both single country and cross country regressions the analysis focuses on the trend in technological progress tp and technical efficiency change tec and the role of productivity change in economic growth the empirical results reveal that although input factor accumulation is still the main source for east asian economies growth tfp growth is accounting for an increasing and important proportion of output growth among which the improved tec plays a crucial role in productivity growth

bad banking in thailand an empirical analysis of macro indicators it appears to be common wisdom that the basic cause of thailand s crisis is its extraordinarily weak financial institutions the article questions this proposition from an empirical viewpoint it is well established that the long term performance of thailand s financial system is favourable the insight from moral hazard indicators is unexpected regarding the bad banking proposition although not compelling finally the liberalisation process produced inadequately addressed risks however this also applies to experienced and well regulated foreign banks it is argued that the facts provided can be better explained in a framework of system change than by bad banking in thailand

work and empowerment women and agriculture in south india this article explores the implications of women s work in agriculture in telangana a region in the state of andhra pradesh india i suggest that higher capital costs for cultivators post liberalisation increased the pressure to contain wage costs in a region where women form the majority of the agricultural wage labour force under such conditions when women perform both own cultivation as well as agricultural wage work in the fields of others they face pressure to restrict bargaining for higher wages contributing to a widening gender wage gap to the extent that wages shape intra household bargaining power the empowering effect of workforce participation for such women would thus be blunted from available nss data i provide some preliminary evidence in support of this argument

matching and sorting in online dating using data on user attributes and interactions from an online dating site we estimate mate preferences and use the gale shapley algorithm to predict sta ble matches the predicted matches are similar to the actual matches achieved by the dating site and the actual matches are approximately efficient outof sample predictions of offline matches i e marriages exhibit assortative mating patterns similar to those observed in actual marriages thus mate pref erences without resort to search frictions can generate sorting in marriages however we underpredict some of the correlation patterns search frictions may play a role in explaining the discrepancy

unemployment and the real wage the economic basis for contesting political ideologies using the keynesian theory of effective demand this paper demonstrates how particular models such as that of cooperative capitalism enunciated by the left keynesian social democrats the marxian model of profit squeeze emphasizing distributive conflict and even the conservative model relying on supply side stimulus fit in as particular variants of a more general theoretical scheme through a reconstruction of the familiar is schedule the argument is weaved around the theme of the relations between unemployment and real wage in the context of both a closed and an open economy to explain the common macroeconomic basis of contesting ideologies copyright 1990 by oxford university press

do all countries grow alike abstract this paper investigates the driving forces of output change in 77 countries during the period 1970 2000 a flexible modeling strategy is adopted that accounts for i the inefficient use of resources and ii different production technologies across countries the proposed model can identify technical efficiency and input change for each of three endogenously determined regimes membership in these regimes is estimated rather than determined ex ante this framework enables explorations into the determinants of output growth and convergence issues in each regime

macroeconomic consequences of cyclical and secular changes in feminization an experiment at gendered macromodeling abstract this paper analyzes the macroeconomic implications of cyclical and secular movements in the feminization of the labor force and changes in the intensity of female household labor we assume that a rise in the feminization of the labor force stimulates investment while a rise in the intensity of female household labor raises savings we examine the interaction of these two effects in the context of a dynamic keynesian growth cycle model and assess the likelihood of a structurally adjusting economy experiencing a recovery through feminization our analysis shows that for a gender based recovery to succeed the impact of feminization of the labor force on investment must be stronger than the impact a rising intensity of female household labor has on savings our analysis shows that high and high middleincome countries are more likely to benefit from feminization processes

does long term unemployment reduce a person s chance of a job a time series test long term unemployed are less likely to leave unemployment than short term unemployed to what extent is this due to an effect of duration and to what extent to heterogeneity on reasonable assumptions heterogeneity on its own with no duration dependence would imply that if over time the exit rate of new entrants fell by a given multiple the overall exit rate from unemployment should fall by the same multiple however over the last twenty years in the uk the overall exit rate has fallen by 60 per cent more than the fall in the exit rate of new entrants another test of pure heterogeneity based on more general assumptions also fails hence we explain the overall fall in exit rates from unemployment by the combined effect of 1 a fall in the ratio of vacancies to unemployed and 2 a higher proportion of the unemployed being long term unemployed and hence demoralized and stigmatized in the eyes of employers

secular changes in the gender composition of employment and growth dynamics in the north and the south abstract in a simple theoretical exercise the paper shows that gender relations matter in the standard analysis of trade liberalization and economic growth it utilizes a model with the two differential equations phase diagram technique which enables us to examine the cumulative interaction between economic growth and changes in the female share of employment the model shows that changes in the gender composition of employment caused by a new global division of labor between the north and the south can thwart the economic benefits customarily associated with trade liberalization in both regions

distributive politics and economic growth a crude distinction between economics and politics would be that economics is concerned with expanding the pie while politics is about distributing it in this paper we analyze the relationship between the two we focus on how an economy s initial configuration of resources shapes the political struggle for income and wealth distribution and how that in turn affects long run growth our main conclusion is that inequality is conducive to the adoption of growth retarding policies we derive this result from a simple political economy model of growth and present cross country evidence consistent with it the key feature of our model is that individuals differ in their relative factor endowments we distinguish between two types of factors an accumulated factor called capital and a nonaccumulated factor called labor growth is driven by the expansion of the capital stock which is in turn determined by individual saving decisions long run growth is endogenous as the aggregate production function is taken to be linearly homogeneous in capital and productive government services taken together the provision of government services is financed by a tax on capital because government services are productive a small tax on

the sources of asian pacific economic growth the objective of this study is to analyze the sources of economic growth of ten asian pacific countries apcs china hong kong indonesia japan malaysia the philippines singapore south korea taiwan and thailand in conjunction with four industrialized western countries iwcs france west germany united kingdom and the united states in the postwar period in previous studies boskin and lau 1990 and kim and lau 1994c find for the group of five g 5 and the east asian newly industrialized countries nics respectively that 1 all countries share the same aggregate metaproduction function in terms of efficiency equivalent units and 2 technical progress can be represented in all countries as purely capitalaugmenting however kim and lau 1994c also find that there has been no measured technical progress in the east asian nics despite their much higher rates of economic growth the questions of interest in this study are 1 does the same aggregate meta production function that applies to the g5 countries and the east asian nics also apply to other apcs 2 does the finding of absence of technical progress hold for all the other apcs except japan and 3 what is the relative importance of the different sources of economic growth for the apcs

expectations as reference points field evidence from professional soccer we show that professional soccer players and their coaches exhibit reference dependent behavior during matches controlling for the state of the match and for unobserved heterogeneity we show on a minute by minute basis that players breach the rules of the game measured by the referee s assignment of cards significantly more often if their teams are behind the expected match outcome measured by preplay betting odds of large professional bookmakers we further show that coaches implement significantly more offensive substitutions if their teams are behind expectations both types of behaviors impair the expected ultimate match outcome of the team which shows that our findings do not simply reflect fully rational responses to reference dependent incentive schemes of favorite teams to falling behind we derive these results in a data set that contains more than 8 200 matches from 12 seasons of the german bundesliga and 12 seasons of the english premier league this paper was accepted by uri gneezy behavioral economics

analyzing the impacts of carbon regulatory mechanisms on supplier and mode selection decisions an application to a biofuel supply chain this paper analyzes the impacts of carbon regulatory mechanisms on replenishment decisions in a biofuel supply chain we employ mathematical models for operations which integrate replenishment and supplier transportation mode selection decisions these models explicitly account for carbon emissions that may result from transportation and inventory storage activities this research is motivated by observations indicating that nearly 19 of the energy consumption and 25 of the energy related carbon dioxide emissions worldwide arise from transportation because freight transportation is expected to continue to grow we consider the impacts of different carbon regulatory mechanisms on transportation and inventory replenishment decisions in a biofuel supply chain a set of extensive numerical experiments uses the biofuel supply chain context to analyze the impacts of different regulatory mechanisms including carbon cap carbon tax carbon cap and trade and carbon offset on performance we use existing methodologies to calculate emissions as a function of distance traveled load weight and transportation mode used we also use publicly available data to derive representative biomass transportation costs as a consequence our numerical results are meaningful and give a realistic representation of the relationships between emissions from different transportation modes and the resulting costs the results of our computational experiments indicate that carbon regulatory mechanisms have a non trivial impact on replenishment schedules and as a consequence costs and emissions in the supply chain

the link between growth volatility and technical progress cross country evidence abstract this paper provides strong evidence showing that the rate of technical progress plays an important role in stabilizing business cycle volatility empirical tests consistently indicate that business cycle volatility diminishes with increasing rates of technical progress using alternative estimates of technical progress and datasets do not alter the conclusion

engendering macroeconomics a reconsideration of growth theory abstract macroeconomics is gender biased because of its neglect of the reproductive sector this neglect is formalized in the assumptions supporting most macroeconomic models that population and the mapping from population to the labor force are determined exogenously the use of these assumptions is demonstrated for the case of the aggregate growth models which have evolved from harrod s original contribution in addition the development growth literature is shown to harbor a similar neglect some suggestions are made as to how these assumptions might be relaxed and some elements of a consequent theory and data project outlined