is it possible to improve environmental quality without reducing economic growth evidence from the qatar economy abstract in line with the priorities of the qatar national vision qnv 2030 and its principal pillars we examine in this paper the energy use economic growth nexus for qatar during the period 1970 2014 using recent development in both unit roots and ardl bounds testing approach with structural breaks we found strong evidence for the growth hypothesis this result indicates that the qatari policymakers should recognize that energy conservation policies will have adverse effects on economic growth and therefore alternative means must be undertaken to preserve the environment this paper presents and discusses a detailed economic energy and environmental policies that can help qatari policymakers in achieving the objective of balance between economic growth and environment quality

co2 emissions energy consumption economic growth and financial development in gcc countries dynamic simultaneous equation models abstract this study investigates the dynamic causal relationships among carbon emissions financial development economic growth and energy consumption for gulf cooperation council gcc countries from 1980 through 2011 annual time series data and an autoregressive distributed lag ardl model are used the main contribution of this paper is that it has investigated the causes of carbon emissions by taking into account the role of financial development and economic growth in gcc countries the results suggest long run and causal relationships among carbon emissions financial development gross domestic product gdp and energy use in all gcc countries except united arab emirates uae moreover there is long run unidirectional causality running from carbon emissions to energy use in the case of saudi arabia uae and qatar furthermore a one way causal relationship from financial development to carbon emissions in the context of uae oman and kuwait is found the evidence suggests that financial systems should take into account environmental aspects in their current operations in these countries the results of this study may be of great importance for policy and decision makers in developing energy policies for gcc countries that contribute to curbing carbon emissions while preserving economic growth

hedging production risk with options the expected utility maximization problem is solved for producers with both price and production uncertainty who have access to both futures and options markets introduction of production uncertainty alters the optimal futures and options position and almost always makes it optimal for the producer to purchase put options and to underhedge on the futures market simulation results lend support to the practice of hedging the minimum expected yield on the futures market and hedging remaining expected production against downside price risk using put options the results are strengthened if the producer expects local production to influence national prices and if risk aversion is higher at low income levels

on the integration of production and financial hedging decisions in global markets we study the integrated operational and financial hedging decisions faced by a global firm who sells to both home and foreign markets production occurs either at a single facility located in one of the markets or at two facilities one in each market the company has to invest in capacity before the selling season starts when the demand in both markets and the currency exchange rate are uncertain the currency exchange rate risk can be hedged by delaying allocation of the capacity to specific markets until both the currency and demand uncertainties are resolved and or by buying financial option contracts on the currency exchange rate when capacity commitment is made a mean variance utility function is used to model the firm s risk aversion in decision making we derive the joint optimal capacity and financial option decision and analyze the impact of the delayed allocation option and the financial options on capacity commitment and the firm s performance we show that the firm s financial hedging strategy ties closely to and can have both quantitative and qualitative impact on the firm s operational strategy the use or lack of use of financial hedges can go beyond affecting the magnitude of capacity levels by altering global supply chain structural choices such as the desired location and number of production facilities to be employed to meet global demand

how renewable energy consumption lower global co2 emissions evidence from countries with different income levels significant difference in the emission renewables nexus across countries with different income levels is frequently ignored in previous studies to empirically investigate whether the effect of renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide co2 emissions differs across countries with different income levels the emission growth renewables nexus for a global panel of 120 countries and four income based subpanels over the period 1995 2015 is examined fully considering the potential cross sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity a series of econometric techniques allowing for cross sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity is utilised cross sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity are confirmed for the global panel as well as for all four subpanels only for the global panel high income subpanel and upper middle income subpanel is the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis valid renewable energy consumption has a negative effect on co2 emissions but its effect is not significant the mitigation effect may be obscured by higher economic growth and increasing non renewable energy consumption the global panel and four subpanels provide mixed directionality of causality among the variables suggesting that for various income based subpanels significant differences exist in the effect of renewable energy consumption on co2 emissions especially highlighting in various direct and indirect influencing paths between renewable energy consumption and co2 emissions

economic growth and pollutant emissions in tunisia an empirical analysis of the environmental kuznets curve abstract this paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and pollutant emissions for a small and open developing country tunisia during the period 1961 2004 the investigation is made on the basis of the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis using time series data and cointegration analysis carbon dioxide co 2 and sulfur dioxide so 2 are used as the environmental indicators and gdp as the economic indicator our results show that there is a long run cointegrating relationship between the per capita emissions of two pollutants and the per capita gdp an inverted u relationship between so 2 emissions and gdp has been found with income turning point approximately equals to 1200 constant 2000 prices or to 3700 in ppp constant 2000 prices however a monotonically increasing relationship with gdp is found more appropriate for co 2 emissions furthermore the causality results show that the relationship between income and pollution in tunisia is one of unidirectional causality with income causing environmental changes and not vice versa both in the short run and long run this implies that an emission reduction policies and more investment in pollution abatement expense will not hurt economic growth it could be a feasible policy tool for tunisia to achieve its sustainable growth in the long run

energy consumption and economic growth an empirical study of the electricity consumption in saudi arabia abstract this study employs the time varying parameters vector autoregressive tvp var model with stochastic volatility to examine inter temporal dynamics between saudi arabian real gdp oil non oil electricity consumption and co2 emissions levels for 1971 2010 the results show that the tvp var model is of use for examining the dynamics of the relationship between electricity consumption real gdp and co2 emissions moreover an analysis of time varying impulse responses of real gdp oil non oil electricity consumption and co2 emissions to structural shocks suggests that responses depend on the magnitude of structural volatilities of real gdp oil non oil electricity consumption and co2 emissions shocks indeed we find that the observed high volatility of electricity consumption in the1970 s and 1980 s is likely to have persistent negative effects on oil gdp levels and co2 emissions and positive effects on real non oil gdp levels the observed high and low volatility of oil gdp levels positively affects electricity consumption and co2 emissions however highly volatile non oil gdp levels are likely to affect electricity consumption and co2 emissions positively these findings imply that energy policies must consider high and low volatility regimes of real gdp electricity and co2 emissions shocks and time varying patterns of the relationships between real gdp electricity consumption and co2 emissions

the renewable energy growth and environmental kuznets curve in turkey an ardl approach abstract this study examines the potential of renewable energy sources in reducing the impact of ghg emissions in turkey using autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach the relationship between co 2 emissions electricity generated using renewables and gdp in turkey has been investigated during 1961 2010 moreover the validity of environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis has been tested model results show that the coefficient of electricity production from renewable sources hydro power excluded with respect to co 2 emissions is negative and significant in the long run although this effect is positive and statistically significant in the short run since the ecm term is 0 82 it becomes negative around 1 year this means that renewable electricity production will contribute to environmental enhancement with a one year lag our results also suggest a u shaped ekc relationship between per capita ghgs and income estimations from a long run regression show that although the peak point of gdp per capita has been calculated to be 9920 us dollars this turning point was outside of the observed sample period therefore ghg emissions start to decrease with an increase in per capita gdp in the following years model research implies the potential and the importance of renewable energy sources in controlling of emissions in turkey

determinants of renewable energy adoption in china and india a comparative analysis this article examines the dynamic relationships among output carbon emission and renewable energy generation of india and china during the period 1972 to 2011 using a multivariate vector error correction model vecm the results for india reveal unidirectional short run causality from carbon emission to renewable energy generation and from renewable energy generation to output whereas in the long run the variables have bidirectional causality causalities in china give a rather different scenario with a short run unidirectional causality from output to renewable energy and from carbon emission to renewable energy generation in the long run for china unidirectional causality is found from output to renewable energy generation while bidirectional causality is found between carbon emission and renewable energy generation

operational flexibility and financial hedging complements or substitutes we consider a firm that invests in capacity under demand uncertainty and thus faces two related but distinct types of risk mismatch between capacity and demand and profit variability whereas mismatch risk can be mitigated with greater operational flexibility profit variability can be reduced through financial hedging we show that the relationship between these two risk mitigating strategies depends on the type of flexibility product flexibility and financial hedging tend to be complements substitutes i e product flexibility tends to increase decrease the value of financial hedging and vice versa financial hedging tends to increase decrease the value of product flexibility when product demands are positively negatively correlated in contrast to product flexibility postponement flexibility is a substitute to financial hedging as intuitively expected although our analytical results assume perfect flexibility and perfect hedging and rely on a linear approximation of the value of hedging we validate their robustness in an extensive numerical study

financial development and environmental quality in uae cointegration with structural breaks abstract this study extends the recent work of shahbaz et al 2014 by implementing recent unit root tests with multiple structural breaks and regime switching cointegration techniques considering for one and two unknown regime shifts to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions electricity consumption economic growth financial development trade openness and urbanization for the uae over the period spanning from 1975 to 2011 our results confirm the existence of environmental kuznets curve ekc moreover we find an inverted u shaped relationship between financial development and co2 emissions we also find that electricity consumption urbanization and trade openness contribute to improve environmental quality

is the long run relationship between economic growth electricity consumption carbon dioxide emissions and financial development in gulf cooperation council countries robust the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions economic growth electricity consumption and financial development in the gulf cooperation council gcc countries is investigated in this study using panel data for the period of 1980 2012 a number of econometric techniques dynamic ordinary least squares dols fully modified ordinary least squares fmols and the dynamic fixed effect model dfe are applied in order to estimate the long run relationship between the variables the long run relationship is found to be robust across these different econometric specifications no significant short run significant relationship was observed electricity consumption and economic growth have a positive long run relationship with carbon dioxide co2 emissions whilst a negative and significant relationship was found between co2 emissions and financial development the findings imply that electricity consumption and economic growth stimulate co2 emissions in gcc countries while financial development reduces it granger causality results reveal that there is a bidirectional causal link between economic growth and co2 emissions and a unidirectional causal link running from electricity consumption to co2 emissions however there is no causal link between financial development and co2 emissions also impulse response and variance decomposition analysis outline forecasted impacts of economic growth and electricity consumption on future co2 emissions

the environmental kuznets curve in the oecd 1870 2014 carbon dioxide co2 emissions play an important role in global warming consequently studying the relationship between co2 emissions and economic development is important especially when viewed from a historical perspective we test the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for a panel of 20 oecd nations dating back to the first globalization boom in the nineteenth century utilising recently developed panel data estimators that account for cross sectional dependence and parameter heterogeneity for the period 1870 to 2014 we find support for the ekc hypothesis for the panel as a whole with three of our preferred four estimators with turning points in income per capita that lie between 18 955 and 89 540 in 1990 us country specific results however only provide mixed support for the ekc hypothesis specifically we find evidence of an ekc for nine of the 20 countries with five exhibiting a traditional inverted u shaped relationship three exhibiting an n shaped relationship and one an inverted n shaped relationship

carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth panel data evidence from developing countries in this paper we test the environment kuznet s curve ekc hypothesis for 43 developing countries we suggest examining the ekc hypothesis based on the short and long run income elasticities that is if the long run income elasticity is smaller than the short run income elasticity then it is evident that a country has reduced carbon dioxide emissions as its income has increased our empirical analysis based on individual countries suggests that jordan iraq kuwait yemen qatar the uae argentina mexico venezuela algeria kenya nigeria congo ghana and south africa approximately 35 per cent of the sample carbon dioxide emissions have fallen over the long run that is as these economies have grown emissions have fallen since the long run income elasticity is smaller than the short run elasticity we also examine the ekc hypothesis for panels of countries constructed on the basis of regional location using the panel cointegration and the panel long run estimation techniques we find that only for the middle eastern and south asian panels the income elasticity in the long run is smaller than the short run implying that carbon dioxide emission has fallen with a rise in income

co2 emission and economic growth in algeria abstract algeria is one of the most important co 2 emitters among developing countries and the third among african countries it pledged to curb carbon emissions by at least 7 by 2030 however complying with this target may be a difficult task without compromising economic growth the aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between co 2 emissions and economic growth in algeria taking into account energy use electricity consumption exports and imports the validity of the ekc hypothesis throughout the period from 1970 to 2010 is tested by using the autoregressive distributed lag model extended to introduce the break points results confirm the ekc for algeria nevertheless the turning point is reached for a very high gdp per capita value indicating that economic growth in algeria will continue to increase emissions results also indicate that an increase in energy use and electricity consumption increase co 2 emissions and that exports and imports affect them negatively and positively respectively therefore it is necessary to promote renewable energies and energy efficiency policies regulatory reforms are needed to facilitate foreign investments with which to carry out these policies likewise it may be appropriate to decrease subsides in energy prices to encourage energy efficiency

is there an environmental kuznets curve for south africa a co summability approach using a century of data abstract there exists a huge international literature on the so called environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis which in turn postulates an inverted u shaped relationship between environmental pollutants and output the empirical literature on ekc has mainly used test for cointegration based on polynomial relationships between pollution and income motivated by the fact that measured in per capita co 2 equivalent emissions south africa is the world s most carbon intensive non oil producing developing country this paper aims to test the validity of the ekc for south africa for this purpose we use a century of data 1911 2010 to capture the process of development better compared to short sample based research and the concept of co summability which is designed to analyze non linear long run relations among persistent processes our results however provide no support of the ekc for south africa both for the full sample and sub samples determined by tests of structural breaks implying that to reduce emissions without sacrificing growth policies should be aimed at promoting energy efficiency

the impact of economic growth on co2 emissions in azerbaijan abstract this paper investigates the relationship between the economic growth and co2 emissions in azerbaijan a cointegration analysis is conducted over the period 1992 2013 for getting more robust results johansen ardlbt dols fmols and ccr methods are employed to explore cointegration and estimate long run coefficients we use cubic quadratic and linear specifications and conclude that the last one is an adequate representation for the impact of the economic growth on co2 emissions in azerbaijan the results from the different cointegration methods are consistent with each other and show that the economic growth has a positive and statistically significant impact on the emissions in the long run implying that the ekc hypothesis does not hold for azerbaijan the income elasticity of co2 emissions using different methods is found to be between 0 7 and 0 8 moreover we find that any short run imbalance can be adjusted towards the long run equilibrium path within less than one year the paper concludes that measures to increase energy efficiency carbon pricing instruments in production and international domestic trade activities and nationwide social awareness programs to instruct about the negative consequences of pollution can be considered as relevant environmental policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions

economic growth and energy consumption the energy environmental kuznets curve for latin america and the caribbean abstract this paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption using the hypothesis postulated for the energy environmental kuznets curve which assumes an inverted u shape relationship between income and energy consumption panel data for 22 latin american and caribbean countries for the period 1990 2011 were used absolute energy consumption was chosen as an environmental pressure indicator because energy consumption is the major contributor of emissions pollutants the results obtained in the estimations show that the hypothesis postulated for the energy environmental kuznets curve is not supported for the region on the contrary the results show an exponential growth as gross value added grows also notable differences are shown between the analyzed economies

the relationship between energy demand and real gdp growth rate the role of price asymmetries and spatial externalities within 34 countries across the globe abstract the aim of this paper is to empirically explore the relationship between energy demand and real gross domestic product gdp growth and to investigate the role of regional externalities on per capita final energy consumption fec in 34 countries during the period from 2005 to 2013 the paper utilizes a dynamic panel generalized method of moments dpggm approach and spatial econometric techniques in order to analyse the effect of real gdp growth rate on fec through an error correction model ecm and to examine clustered patterns of energy consumption the results show that a the demand is elastic both in the industrial and the household services sectors b electricity and natural gas are demand substitutes c the relationship between real gdp growth rate and per capita energy consumption exhibits an inverted u shape for all the sample countries under scrutiny 34 countries eurozone and eu28 but not for all the employed sectors of the economy d price electricity and gas and gdp growth asymmetries are supported from the employed parametric tests and e distance does not affect per capita fec but economic neighbours have a strong positive effect

how economic growth affects emissions an investigation of the environmental kuznets curve in portuguese and spanish economic activity sectors abstract it is a disquieting reality that increased economic growth for many years now in the western world is at odds with environmental degradation in this paper the relationship between economic growth and environmental variables is analyzed under two non linear specifications a quadratic and a cubic specification the study is conducted for portugal and spain in the period 1975 2012 using data for 13 sectors gva is used as proxy for income while energy use and carbon dioxide account for environmental degradation there is evidence for an inverted u shaped ekc however there are also other inverted n shaped functions that explain the relationship between economic growth and emissions altogether empirical results do indicate particular differences between portuguese and spanish sectors the results are of interest not only for researchers but also for policy makers political mitigation measures are also analyzed

economic growth co2 emissions and energy consumption what causes what and where abstract this paper applies panel vector autoregression pvar along with a system generalized method of moment system gmm to examine the dynamic causal relationship between economic growth carbon emissions and energy consumption for 116 countries over the period 1990 2014 using multivariate model the empirical results from this study have established key relationships which have important policy implications first at the global and regional levels economic growth does not cause energy consumption second with the exception of the global and caribbean latin america economic growth has no causal impact on carbon emissions however economic growth has a negative impact on carbon emissions at the global level and the caribbean latin america third carbon emissions positively cause economic growth fourth energy consumption positively causes economic growth in sub saharan africa while it negatively causes economic growth at the global middle east and north africa mena asia pacific and caribbean latin america fifth energy consumption positively causes carbon emissions in mena but causes carbon emissions negatively in sub saharan africa and caribbean latin america lastly with the exception of mena and the global sample carbon emissions do not cause energy consumption the impulse response function shows evidence of environmental kuznets curve at the global scale and sub saharan africa the policy implications of this paper are discussed

trade openness and environmental quality international evidence we examine the relationship between trade openness and the environment in a cross country panel using the emission of particulate matter pm10 as the basic indicator of environmental quality the panel cointegration test results show a long run relationship between particulate matter emissions trade openness and economic growth we find that increased trade openness leads to environmental degradation for the global sample however the results differ according to the income of countries trade openness has a benign effect on the environment in high income countries but a harmful effect in middle and low income countries these results are generally robust to different measures of trade openness and environmental quality interestingly and significantly the results are consistent with the popular notion that rich countries dump their pollution on poor countries finally we find evidence of a feedback effect between trade openness and particulate matter emissions for the global sample as well as different income groups of countries

mapping the evolution of energy growth nexus synergies and trade offs the study explores the intellectual structure development and evolution of energy crisis and economic growth research through bibliometric analysis of research articles on energy growth nexus from 2000 to 2017 by using citespace where gephi is used to analyse the authors collaboration the analysis incorporates 27 152 references cited by 344 authors in 1165 articles and from 330 journals the results of study quantitatively present the most cited articles authors countries institutions and intellectual structure with data visualization in the knowledge domain of energy growth nexus the study categorizes the major research areas in energy growth nexus research as carbon dioxide emission electricity consumption heterogeneous panel real income renewable energy and financial development the study discusses emerging trends which provide the future research fronts and intellectual development within the framework of energy growth nexus

the environmental kuznets curve economic growth renewable and non renewable energy and trade in tunisia we use the autoregressive distributed lag ardl b ounds testing approach for cointegration with structural breaks and the ve ctor error correction model vecm granger causality approach in order to investigate relationships between per capita co 2 emissions gdp renewable and non renewable energy consumption and international trade exports or imports for tunisia during the period 1980 2009 we show the existence of a short run unidirectional causality running from tra de gdp co 2 emission and non renewable energy to renewable energy our long run estimates show that non renewable energy and trade have a positive impact on co 2 emissions whereas renewable energy impacts weakly and negatively co 2 emission when using the model with exports and this impact is statistically insignificant when using the model wi th imports the inverted u shaped environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is not supported graphically and analytically in the long run this means that tunisia has not ye t reached the required level of per capita gdp to get an inverted u shaped ekc our main policy recommendations for tunisia are the following i to radically reform the subsidies system granted b y the tunisian government for fossil fuels consumption ii to encourage the use of renewable energy and ener gy efficiency by reinforcing actual projects and regulatory frame work iii to locate ports near exporting industrial zones or vice versa to reduce emission of pollution caused by the transport of merchandise iv to elaborate a strategy for maximizing its benefit from renewable energy technology transfer occurring when importing capita l goods v to encourage the creation of renewable energy projects for export to the eu with a proportion of production for national consumption

who benefits from transshipment exogenous vs endogenous wholesale prices this paper studies how transshipments affect manufacturers and retailers considering both exogenous and endogenous wholesale prices for a distribution system where a single manufacturer sells to multiple identical cost retailers we consider both the manufacturer being a price taker and the manufacturer being a price setter in a single period setup under multivariate normal demand distribution in the case of the manufacturer being a price taker we provide several analytical results regarding the effects of key parameters on order quantities and profits in the case of the manufacturer being a price setter we characterize the stackelberg game that arises and provide several insights into how the game dynamics are affected by transshipments specifically we find that risk pooling makes retailers order quantities less sensitive to the wholesale price set by the manufacturer hence in general the manufacturer benefits from retailers transshipments by charging a higher wholesale price while retailers are often worse off the paper captures the effect of demand correlation and the effect of the number of retailers throughout and it illustrates the findings by a numerical example we also provide an interactive web page for numerical experiments

efficient supply contracts for fashion goods with forecast updating and two production modes we examine the problem of developing supply contracts that encourage proper coordination of forecast information and production decisions between a manufacturer and distributor of high fashion seasonal products operating in a two mode production environment the first production mode is relatively cheap but requires a long lead time while the second is expensive but offers quick turnaround we focus on contracts of the form w1 w2 b wherewi is the wholesale price offered for production modei andb is a return price offered for items left over at the end of the season we find that such a contract can coordinate the manufacturer and distributor to act in the best interest of the channel the pricing conditions needed to ensure an efficient solution vary depending on the degree of demand forecast improvement between periods and the manufacturer s access to forecast information we also examine whether these conditions ensure a pareto optimal solution with respect to two traditional production settings

the effects of electricity consumption economic growth financial development and foreign direct investment on co2 emissions in kuwait abstract this study examined the empirical effects of economic growth electricity consumption foreign direct investment fdi and financial development on carbon dioxide co2 emissions in kuwait using time series data for the period 1980 2013 to achieve this goal we applied the autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds testing approach and found that cointegration exists among the series findings indicate that economic growth electricity consumption and fdi stimulate co2 emissions in both the short and long run the vecm granger causality analysis revealed that fdi economic growth and electricity consumption strongly granger cause co2 emissions based on these findings the study recommends that kuwait reduce emissions by expanding its existing carbon capture utilization and storage plants capitalizing on its vast solar and wind energy reducing high subsidies of the residential electricity scheme and aggressively investing in energy research to build expertise for achieving electricity generation efficiency

renewable and non renewable electricity consumption environmental degradation and economic development evidence from mediterranean countries abstract in this article we develop an empirical model to investigate the causal link amid renewable and non renewable electricity consumption gdp and carbon emissions by using a panel of 9 mediterranean countries over the period 1980 2014 using the pmg panel ardl and panel econometric technics heterogeneity and cross sectional dependence among the panel were considered to explore the long and short run dynamic relationships as well as the validity of a proposed model the results provide panel empirical evidence that there is short term bidirectional causality between gdp renewable electricity consumption and co2 emissions and between non renewable electricity consumption gdp and renewable electricity consumption for the long term causal relationship the result indicates that there is bidirectional causality between non renewable electricity consumption and co2 emissions however there is evidence of unidirectional causal relationships from gdp to co2 emissions and non renewable electricity consumption and from renewable electricity consumption to co2 emissions the findings imply that non renewable electricity consumption and economic growth stimulate co2 emissions in southern and northern mediterranean countries while renewable electricity reduces them this empirical evidence suggests that expansion of renewable energy sources is a viable strategy for addressing energy security and reducing carbon emissions to protect the environment for future generations

the econometric consequences of an energy consumption variable in a model of co2 emissions abstract many studies that model the determinants of co 2 emissions treat energy consumption as one of its determinants itkonen 2012 argues that this causes underestimation of both the responsiveness of co 2 emissions to income growth and the turning point of the carbon kuznets curve we first demonstrate that itkonen s 2012 conclusions are sensitive to the assumed form of the relationship between energy consumption and income we then argue that the presence of an energy consumption variable in a model of co 2 emissions can lead to systematic volatility in its coefficients which has the potential to change their magnitude and sign we also argue that misleading cointegration test results can be generated by such a model the potential nature and severity of these effects are illustrated with data for seven countries

the influence of real output renewable and non renewable energy trade and financial development on carbon emissions in the top renewable energy countries due to tremendous increase in the level of carbon dioxide co2 emissions in the last several decades a number of studies in the energy growth environment literature have attempted to identify the determinants of co2 emissions a major criticism related to the existing studies we realize is the selection of panel estimation techniques almost all studies use panel methods that ignore the issue of cross sectional dependence even though countries in the panel are most likely heterogeneous and cross sectionally dependent in addition the majority of existing studies use aggregate energy consumption and thus fail to identify the impacts of energy consumption by sources on the environment in order to fulfill the mentioned gaps in the literature this empirical study analyzes the influence of the real income renewable energy consumption non renewable energy consumption trade openness and financial development on co2 emissions in the ekc model for the top countries listed in the renewable energy country attractiveness index by employing heterogeneous panel estimation techniques with cross section dependence we find that the analyzed variables become stationary at their first differences by using the cadf and the cips unit root tests and the analyzed variables are cointegrated by employing the lm bootstrap cointegration test by using the fmols and the dols we also find that increases in renewable energy consumption trade openness and financial development decrease carbon emissions while increases in non renewable energy consumption contribute to the level of emissions and the ekc hypothesis is supported for the top renewable energy countries

the environmental kuznets curve and sustainability a panel data analysis abstract in recent years sustainability has represented one of the most important policy goals explored in the environmental kuznets curve ekc literature but related hypotheses performance measures and results continue to present a challenge the present paper contributes to this ongoing literature by studying two different ekc specifications for 10 middle east and north african mena countries over the period 1990 2010 using panel data methods for the first specification namely ekc we show that there is an inverted u shape relationship between environmental degradation and income while for the second specification namely modified ekc mekc we show that there is an inverted u shape relationship between sustainability and human development hd the relationships are shaped by other factors such as energy trade manufacture added value and the role of law more interestingly findings from the estimation show that ekc hypothesis hd and sustainability are crucial to build effective environmental policies

financial development environmental quality trade and economic growth what causes what in mena countries this paper examines the relationship between financial development co2 emissions trade and economic growth using simultaneous equation panel data models for a panel of 12 mena countries over the period 1990 2011 our results indicate that there is evidence of bidirectional causality between co2 emissions and economic growth economic growth and trade openness are interrelated i e bidirectional causality feedback hypothesis is validated between trade openness and financial development neutrality hypothesis is identified between co2 emissions and financial development unidirectional causality running from financial development to economic growth and from trade openness to co2 emissions is identified our empirical results also verified the existence of environmental kuznets curve these empirical insights are of particular interest to policymakers as they help build sound economic policies to sustain economic development and to improve the environmental quality

more powerful panel data unit root tests with an application to mean reversion in real exchange rates unit root tests seeking mean or trend reversion are frequently applied to panel data we show that more powerful variants of commonly applied tests are readily available moreover power gains persist when the modifications are applied to bootstrap procedures that may be employed when cross correlation of a rather general sort among individual panel members is suspected copyright 2004 john wiley sons ltd

explaining the relationship between co2 emissions and national income the role of energy consumption i estimate a simultaneous equation system in which gdp and co2 emissions are jointly determined i find that including energy consumption in the regression implies a negative relationship between income and co2 emissions which is contrary to previous findings

the nexus between carbon emissions energy consumption and economic growth in middle east countries a panel data analysis abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis assumes that there is an inverted u shaped relationship between environmental degradation and income per capita in other words as a country grows it is assumed that its environmental quality improves in this study we aim to test the ekc hypothesis for 12 middle east countries during the period 1990 2008 by employing recently developed panel data methods our results provide evidence contrary to the ekc hypothesis we found evidence favorable to the u shaped ekc for 5 middle east countries whereas an inverted u shaped curve was identified for only 3 middle east countries furthermore there appear to be no causal links between income and co 2 emissions for the other 4 countries regarding the direction of causality there appears to be a unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption in the short run in the long run however the unidirectional causality chain runs from energy consumption and economic growth to co 2 emissions we also suggest some crucial policy implications depending on these results

the role of renewable energy to validate dynamic interaction between co2 emissions and gdp toward sustainable development in malaysia abstract closing the gap between economy activity and environmental quality is one of the solutions for reaching sustainable development in malaysia to do so the cubic polynomial functional form of ekc is utilized by accommodating renewable energy into the base of the ekc model and validating its hypothesis between co 2 emissions and gdp growth for the 1971 2015 period the f bounds vecm granger causality cusum and cusumsq tests are utilized the estimated results consistently show that the inverted n shaped ekc hypothesis holds in malaysia ceteris paribus the co 2 emissions will be declined when the gdp reach rm2841 9 billion in 2030 which is beyond the sample period the renewable energy has a negative significant effect on co 2 emissions and the direction of causality is running from co 2 emissions to renewable energy also the gdp growth will be the remedy for environmental pollution problems and that renewable energy is one of important elements to be considered for improving environmental quality a tighter and concentrated environmental policy is needed to direct the environment economic growth nexus toward a downward trend consequently these results may help malaysian policymakers to establish an energy policy that guarantees a balance between economic growth and environmental prosperity

what role of renewable and non renewable electricity consumption and output is needed to initially mitigate co2 emissions in mena region abstract this study attempts to explore the causal relationship between renewable and non renewable electricity consumption output and carbon dioxide co 2 emissions for 10 middle east and north africa mena countries over the period of 1980 2009 the results from panel fully modified ordinary least squares fmols and dynamic ordinary least squares dols show that renewable and non renewable electricity consumption add in co 2 emissions while output real gross domestic product gdp per capita exhibits an inverted u shaped relationship with co 2 emissions i e the environment kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is validated the short run dynamics indicate the unidirectional causality running from renewable and non renewable electricity consumption and output to co 2 emissions in the long run there appears to be a bidirectional causality between electricity consumption renewable and non renewable and co 2 emissions the findings suggest that future reductions in co 2 emissions might be achieved at the cost of economic growth

foreign direct investment co2 emissions nexus in middle east and north african countries importance of biomass energy consumption abstract this study examines the association between foreign direct investment fdi and carbon emissions for the middle east and north african mena region in 1990 2015 including biomass energy consumption as an additional determinant of carbon emissions we apply the generalized method of moments gmm to validate the existence of the pollution haven hypothesis phh the n shaped association is also validated between fdi and carbon emissions the link between economic growth and carbon emissions is inverted u and n shaped that is it satisfies the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypotheses biomass energy use lowers carbon emissions and the causality analysis reveals that fdi causes co2 emissions clearly the results confirm the existence of a feedback effect between economic growth and carbon emissions the connection between biomass energy use and co2 emissions is also bidirectional the empirical findings suggest policy makers to design comprehensive trade and energy policies by targeting the cleaner production practices for not only to ensure environmental sustainability but also to fulfil the objectives of sustainable development goals

are there environmental kuznets curves for us state level co2 emissions abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis argues that the relationship between the pollutant and output is inverted u shaped implying that environmental degradation increases with output during the early stages of economic growth but declines with output after reaching a specified threshold for the first time in the literature on the ekc hypothesis this paper assesses the validity of the hypothesis across 48 us states using the common correlated effects cce estimation procedure by pesaran 2006 which allows us to obtain results in the presence of cointegration in the relationship between carbon emissions and a measure of output and its squared value which captures the inverted u shaped relationship postulated by the ekc hypothesis the panel data approach allows the study individual members of the panel also resulting in efficiency gains that would not be associated with time series approaches based on the small sample size of 51 observations 1960 2010 the findings postulate that the ekc hypothesis holds in only 10 states with the remaining 38 states should be reforming their environmental regulatory policies to prevent environmental degradation coming only at the expense of production and economic growth as for the other 10 states given that a threshold has been achieved higher growth would be accompanied with lower emissions and hence no additional environmental policies are required

how do environmental regulation and environmental decentralization affect green total factor energy efficiency evidence from china abstract green development is critical for china s economic transformation enhancing green total factor energy efficiency hereafter gtfee is vital to emission reduction and to win win industrial development this study uses the panel data of 30 chinese provinces for the period 2005 2016 to investigate the relationship between environmental regulation and china s gtfee the spatial durbin model is employed to control for the possible spatial spillover effect a dynamic threshold panel model that can effectively address the endogeneity problem and regional heterogeneity is utilized to examine the potential non linear relationship between environmental regulation and gtfee under different conditions of environmental decentralization the estimation results indicate that there is a significant u shaped relationship between environmental regulation and china s gtfee with the further expansion of environmental decentralization the local government s autonomous choice of pollution control is improved the improvement of environmental decentralization can lead to negative moderating effect of environmental regulation on gtfee additionally the regression results of dynamic threshold model show that environmental decentralization can increase the negative influences of environmental regulation on gtfee interestingly the non linear impact of environmental regulation on gtfee is dependent on the specific type of environmental decentralization higher degree of environmental decentralization can lead to an increase in the restraining effect of environmental regulation on gtfee however an improvement in the decentralization of environmental supervision and environmental monitoring can increase the negative influences of environmental regulation on gtfee

energy consumption and economic growth the case of oil exporting countries this paper examines the causal relationship between the per capita energy consumption and the per capita gdp in a panel of 11 selected oil exporting countries by using panel unit root tests and panel cointegration analysis the results show a unidirectional strong causality from economic growth to energy consumption for the oil exporting countries the findings have practical policy implications for decision makers in the area of macroeconomic planning in most major oil exporting countries government policies keep domestic prices bellow free market level resulting in high levels of domestic energy consumption the results imply that the energy conservation through reforming energy price policies has no damaging repercussions on economic growth for this group of countries

transfer of newsvendor inventory and supply risks to sub industry and the public by financial instruments abstract we consider a two stage newsvendor model of a sub industry in which suppliers have short lead time capacity to produce goods for retailers that are selling non identical products we argue that the inventory and supply risks of the newsvendors due to demand uncertainty can be pooled and shared among different supply chains by treating reserved capacity as commodities and trading them as futures and options on futures to hedge the risks the risks will be further shared with and transferred to the public if speculators are allowed to play the game we show that this new mechanism of combining operational and financial risk hedging strategies offers industries a new way to more efficiently meet demand and improve profit

effects of financial development indicators on energy consumption and co2 emission of european east asian and oceania countries the financial crisis is considered a major economic issue and energy consumption and pollution are believed to be one of the most important environmental concerns in the new millennium the review on investigation of the nexus among energy consumption gdp growth financial development and co2 emission has shown no definitive conclusion apart from that the effects of financial development on energy consumption are not yet understood properly thus this article investigates the effects of financial indicator shocks i e credit market and stock market shocks on energy consumption and carbon dioxide co2 emissions and vice versa panel vector auto regression pvar models were employed to investigate the relationships in 13 european and 12 east asia and oceania countries from 1989 to 2011 findings emphasize the important role of co2 emission and energy consumption on explaining each other s deviation with only the degree of effect differing although energy consumption and co2 emission shocks on financial indicators such as private sector credit is not very pronounced in both groups of countries but the strength of energy consumption shock on stock return rate in european countries is greater than east asian and oceania countries conversely shocks to stock return rate influence energy consumption especially in long horizon in case of east asia and oceania countries

information access income distribution and the environmental kuznets curve abstract recent empirical studies have tested the hypothesis of an environmental kuznets curve ekc focusing primarily on the relationship between per capita income and certain types of pollutant emissions given the stock nature of many pollution problems emissions only partially account for the environmental impacts moreover almost all of the studies have given consideration to little more than income levels as explanatory variables this paper empirically tests the hypothesis of the ekc existence for a stock sensitive indicator that is the percentage of protected area pa within national territory it does theorize that economic growth is a necessary condition in order to better address environmental issues but it also stresses that other variables income distribution education information accessibility may play a fundamental role in determining environmental quality contrary to other studies that mainly focus on the calculation of the income level corresponding to the transition point this paper is more concerned with the calculation of environmental quality corresponding to that transition point that is the minimum level of environmental quality that a country is willing to accept this paper highlights the idea that if the transition point is determined primarily by income level social policies determine the level of environmental quality corresponding to that point

impacts of economic indicators on environmental degradation evidence from mena countries abstract during the last two decades the relationship between macroeconomic variables and environmental pollution has been studied extensively moreover the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis and the pollution haven hypothesis phh have been tested in numerous countries however the number of empirical studies focusing on testing these two hypotheses for mena middle east and north africa countries is limited and cross sectional and or time series methods were mainly utilized while the number of studies using panel econometric methodology is quite scant by using balanced panel data methodology this study aims to investigate the links and direction of causality between per capita income foreign direct investment energy use and carbon dioxide emission for mena countries for the period of 1980 2013 this study finds partial support for both the ekc and the phh for mena countries furthermore the empirical results show that foreign direct investment inflows and energy use have exacerbated pollution in the majority of mena countries

causal nexus between energy consumption and economic growth for high middle and low income countries using frequency domain analysis abstract this study aims to investigate the causal nexus between energy consumption and economic growth for 119 countries from all over the world having at least 30 years of available data on candidate variables including 30 high income oecd 13 high income non oecd 65 middle income and 11 low income countries the study employs granger causality in the frequency domain context for empirical analysis which allows one to examine the causal nexus over different frequencies and thus provides relatively a better picture of the causal nexus between the candidate variables in particular we examine the temporary short run as well as at permanent long run causal nexus between energy consumption and economic growth the empirical results suggest that 18 countries including 5 high income oecd 2 high income non oecd 10 middle income and 1 low income confirm the existence of feedback hypothesis 25 countries including 4 high income oecd 3 high income non oecd 14 middle income and 4 low income confirm growth hypothesis out of total 119 countries similarly 40 countries including 6 high income oecd 6 high income non oecd 27 middle income and 1 low income suggest conservation hypothesis while 36 countries comprising of 15 high income oecd 2 high income non oecd 14 middle income and 5 low income hold neutrality hypothesis between energy consumption and economic growth out of 119 countries the findings of the study suggest that an appropriate and effective public policy is required for all sample countries both in the short and long term while considering sustainable economic growth and development

does disaggregated co2 emission matter for growth evidence from thirty countries abstract this paper investigates the causal relationship between economic growth and aggregated carbon dioxide co 2 emission as well as economic growth and disaggregated co 2 emission from burning fossil fuel coal oil and natural gas in addition the analysis extends the potential impact on economic growth if countries substitute co 2 emission from dirty energy coal by emission from relatively cleaner energy oil and natural gas the study carries out a panel analysis of 30 countries during 1960 2010 panel unit root tests cointegration techniques and causality tests are used to investigate these relationships using panel var in first differences framework the result indicates that there are feedback relationships in all cases except a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to coal induced co 2 emission utilizing wald test with linear restriction the result also finds that countries will be environmentally benefited if they substitute emission from coal by that of oil and natural gas that is if they substitute coal consumption by oil and natural gas consumption depending on the findings the paper suggests some essential policies

investigating the validity of pollution haven hypothesis in the gulf cooperation council gcc countries this study investigated the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis in the gulf cooperation council gcc countries using a multivariate framework to achieve the goal of this study the non stationary panel techniques were used to examine the hypothesis from 1980 to 2009 based on the pedroni cointegration test results it was found that the variables are cointegrated moreover the fully modified ols results showed that energy consumption and gdp growth increase co2 emission while foreign direct investment inflows have a long run negative relationship with co2 emission furthermore based on the short run granger causality test results fdi has no short run causal relationship with co2 emission and energy consumption while energy consumption and gdp growth have a positive causal relationship with co2 emission thus the results of this study indicate that energy consumption and gdp growth are the source of pollution in the gcc countries and not the foreign direct investment inflows thus the study recommended that these countries should utilize policies to encourage inward foreign investment since it plays an important role in stimulating gdp growth

the co2 emissions income nexus evidence from rich countries the paper attempts to test the environment kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for 36 high income countries for the period 1980 2005 the test is based on the suggestion of narayan and narayan 2010 various panel data unit root and co integration tests are applied carbon dioxide co2 emissions and gdp series are integrated of order one and co integrated especially after controlling for cross sectional dependence additionally the blundell bond system generalised methods of moments gmm is employed to conduct a panel causality test in a vector error correction mechanism vecm setting unidirectional causality running from real per capita gdp to per capita co2 emissions is uncovered in both the short run and the long run the empirical analysis based on individual countries provides evidence of an ekc for greece malta oman portugal and the united kingdom however it can be observed that for the whole panel a 1 increase in gdp generates an increase of 0 68 in co2 emissions in the short run and 0 22 in the long run the lower long run income elasticity does not provide evidence of an ekc but does indicate that over time co2 emissions are stabilising in the rich countries

dynamics between energy output openness and financial development in sub saharan african countries abstractthis study aims to establish the connection between energy use economic output financial development and trade based on the panel data of 15 sub saharan african ssa countries during the period from 1983 to 2010 one full main panel and two subpanels were created by incorporating low income and middle income countries the panel cointegration test results indicate a long run relationship between the variables the mean group mg estimators show that energy consumption financial development capital and international trade have significant impacts on economic output in the case of middle income countries the granger causality analysis reveals that rising economic output leads to higher energy consumption but this is not true vice versa this means that energy conservation measures are unlikely to have adverse impacts upon economic output on the other hand there is a complementary relationship between financial development and energy consumption in this case energy conservation measures

a panel bootstrap cointegration test this paper proposes a bootstrap test for the null hypothesis of cointegration in panel data the test is general enough to allow for dependence both within and between the cross sectional units and is shown to work well in small samples

impact of natural gas consumption on co 2 emissions panel data evidence from china s provinces abstract this study utilizes 1995 2014 panel data of the 30 provinces in china to investigate the existence of the environmental kuznets curve ekc for carbon dioxide co 2 emissions in china the potential impact of natural gas consumption on co 2 emissions is also analyzed according to the panel fully modified ordinary least squares fmols and panel dynamic ols dols estimation results in the long run an inverted u shaped ekc link exists between per capita co 2 emissions and per capita gross domestic product gdp in the panel fmols model and panel dols model with 99 261 yuan and 59 159 yuan for per capita gdp the ekc of china will reach its peak by around 2029 or 2019 respectively furthermore natural gas consumption has a significant negative impact on co 2 emissions which indicates that 1 increase in natural gas consumption for the panel fmols model and panel dols model will decrease co 2 emissions by 0 033627 or 0 054914 respectively at the provincial level provinces in which the ekc hypothesis holds are predominantly concentrated in central and eastern china and the energy consumption structure share of natural gas in total energy consumption may affect the occurrence of a significant negative impact of natural gas consumption on co 2 emissions another finding of this study is that both the existence of ekc and the occurrence of a positive negative impact of natural gas consumption on co 2 emissions are independent of the individual provincial per capita gdp

variations in the environment energy and macroeconomic interdependencies and related renewable energy transition policies based on sensitive categorization of countries in africa abstract the disparities in development levels of countries in africa necessitate correspondingly sensitive categorization approaches because effective renewable energy related rer decisions policy making and subsequent implementation hinges on workable categorization indices however studies on sensitive categorization approaches for energy environment economy 3e interdependencies for africa is rare this study uses a sensitive characteristic driven approach to explore the interdependencies in 3e indicators for carbon dioxide co2 emissions renewable energy consumption rec fossil fuel energy consumption gross domestic product gdp population and gross fixed capital formation in 39 african countries further we forecast the dollar values of policy innovations necessary to facilitate the transition to 100 renewable energies for 2030 using balanced data spanning 2000 2014 the empirical results from the panel vector error correction model show long run granger causality in co2 emissions rec and gdp models for africa but no evidence of such relationship was found four sub panels the results depict varied individual unidirectional and bidirectional causalities among the variables in each panel evidence from variance decomposition analysis show that 93 of innovations required to achieve renewable energy led africa must happen in rec results from the high precision own data driven forecast puts total energy demand in africa at 25qbtu in 2030 with 40 from renewables estimates of the dollar value of innovations depict that it would cost africa us 3367 2 billion in 2030 only to transition to 100 renewables we find rer investment reris in billion us ranging from 2 69 to 1274 12 for seven sub panels yet the panel of moderate lower middle income economies need not to make further investments because their existing reirs could be enough to help the region reach 100 renewables by 2030 the findings herein imply that rer policies in africa must be intensified to achieve 100 renewable energy target

the co2 emissions development nexus revisited abstract this study revisited the co2 emissions development nexus for this purpose a comprehensive analysis was performed using recent and extensive datasets and employing three different econometric methods namely the cross sectional regression the cointegrating regression and the threshold regression the findings revealed that an environmental regime transformation had occurred in the relationship between the co2 emission intensity and economic development thus the results indicated that in recent decades the inverted n shaped cubic relationship between these variables transformed into the inverted u shaped quadratic relationship by contrast as far as the relationship between the co2 emission per capita and economic development is concerned the u shaped relationship between the variables remained unchanged in other words the present study has detected the inverted u shaped or the environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship between the co2 emission intensity and economic development however it was unable to validate the ekc relationship between the co2 emission per capita and economic development

carbon emission energy consumption and intermediate goods trade a regional study of east asia abstract using country level panel data from east asia over the period 1998 2011 this paper examines the implications of international production fragmentation induced intermediate goods trade on the link between energy consumption and carbon pollution the paper focuses on the interaction effect between energy consumption and trade in intermediate goods on carbon emission the empirical results presented suggest that international trade in intermediate goods decreases the positive impact on carbon emission of energy consumption when compared with the trade in final goods intermediate goods trade contributes to a greater decrease in carbon pollution resulting from energy consumption these results confirm that the link between energy consumption and carbon pollution in east asia is significantly affected by international production fragmentation induced trade in intermediate goods the results presented in this paper have some important policy implications

economic growth and carbon emissions evidence from civets countries this paper examines whether a long run relationship exists between co2 emissions and selected variables real gross domestic product per capita inward stock of foreign direct investments gross fi

literature survey on the relationships between energy environment and economic growth abstract the aim of this study is to exhibit an exhaustive survey which is related to the great flight of the literature of energy environment growth nexus at the individual and regional scale studies covering the period from 1978 to 2014 the survey takes into consideration the sample country region etc periods covering econometric strategies and conclusions our survey is based on the causality direction among i the energy use variables electricity nuclear renewable and non renewable and output growth ii between economic growth and environment and between the three variables at the same time globally these surveys provide paradoxical and not conclusive results which energy consumption can boost economic growth through the productivity enhancement and it can boost also the environmental damages through the enhancement of pollutant emissions our survey sheds more the lights on the energy environment growth literature by giving an extensive listing 1978 2014 of these causal linkages among the energy use variables environment and economic growth for both individual and collective cases there is a unanimous consensus about the importance of dealing with such dynamic relationship which is seems to be a cornerstone element in setting any ambition strategies energy ecological and economics

validating the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in india and china the role of hydroelectricity consumption abstract the aim of this research is to examine the link between co 2 emissions hydroelectricity consumption urbanisation and real gdp in china and india during the period of 1965 2013 the long run cointegration is investigated by the autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds testing approach which is augmented with structural breaks we employ the ardl cointegration test to establish long run relationship in the variables furthermore we use the ardl to show that real gdp and urbanisation have long run positive impact on emission while hydroelectricity consumption exerts long run negative impact on emission in both countries the results support the existence of environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis in china and india besides the paper assesses the causal link between the variables by using granger causality procedures and the results show that there is long run bidirectional relationship between the variables in both countries

a review on implementation strategies for demand side management dsm in kuwait through incentive based demand response programs abstract since the export of fossil fuel is the backbone of kuwait s economy the enormous upsurge in the internal fuel consumption creates anguish and bane at present 46 of the internal fossil fuel consumption is used for electricity generation the increase in fuel consumption hurled kuwait as one of the highest per capita electricity consuming as well as co 2 emitting countries in the world consumers pay only 6 of the production cost of electricity the government subsidizes the balance which is one of the major reasons behind the high electricity consumption in the country any reduction in electricity consumption can positively reflect on both per capita electricity consumption and co 2 emission additionally the saved fossil fuel can be exported to generate revenue to support the country s economy worldwide demand side management dsm is considered as an effective tool to curtail electricity demand the objective of this review paper is to explore the available literature to find out the most suitable dsm measures to control the growth of per capita electricity consumption in kuwait after conducting a detailed strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats swot analysis it is concluded that incentive based demand response programs can be considered as one of the most suitable solutions to address this problem

co2 emissions energy consumption economic and population growth in malaysia abstract this study investigates the dynamic impacts of gdp growth energy consumption and population growth on co2 emissions using econometric approaches for malaysia empirical results from ardl bounds testing approach show that over the period of 1970 1980 per capita co2 emissions decreased with increasing per capita gdp economic growth however from 1980 to 2009 per capita co2 emissions increased sharply with a further increase of per capita gdp this is also supported by the dynamic ordinary least squared dols and the sasabuchi lind mehlum u slm u test tests consequently the hypothesis of the ekc is not valid in malaysia during the study period the results also demonstrate that both per capita energy consumption and per capita gdp has a long term positive impacts with per capita carbon emissions but population growth rate has no significant impacts on per capita co2 emission however the study suggests that in the long run economic growth may have an adverse effect on the co2 emissions in malaysia thus significant transformation of low carbon technologies such as renewable energy and energy efficiency could contribute to reduce the emissions and sustain the long run economic growth

socio economic determinants of energy consumption an empirical survey for greece abstract the present study identifies and evaluates the macroeconomic factors that determine energy consumption in greece this study is based on annual time series data covering the period ranging from 1975 2013 the augmented dickey fuller adf test and kpss test are employed in order to test stationarity of the data confirming that all the variables are i 1 within the next step of the methodology we employed a vecm model in order to detect causality among the variables through the granger causality test similarly the impulse response analysis provides that urbanization infrastructure trade income population growth and foreign direct investment are the main determinants of energy consumption in greece during the period surveyed the findings suggest that in order to fulfill the energy demand in the country the decision makers need to formulate energy policy in favor of enlarging the supply of energy and especially renewable energy to foster the process of economic growth and development especially in the times of crisis the particular determinants are a necessity to initiate economic growth

the investigation of environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in the advanced economies the role of energy prices the aim of this research is to examine the effect of energy prices on pollution and investigate the existence of environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis in 27 advanced economies the panel non stationary techniques were used to examine the selected economies taking the period of 1990 2012 the panel kao and fisher cointegration results showed that co2 emission co2 gross domestic product gdp renewable energy consumption re non renewable energy consumption nr trade openness td urbanization ur and energy prices pc are cointegrated moreover the panel fully modified ordinary least square and the vector error correction granger causality results revealed that gdp nr and ur increase co2 emission while re td and pc reduce it furthermore the inverted u shaped relationship between gdp and co2 emission was confirmed which signifies the presence of the ekc hypothesis from the obtained results multiple policy implications were provided for the investigated countries to help them control and reduce air pollution without harming their economic growth and development

pay as you go or funded social security a general equilibrium comparison abstract this paper demonstrates that the analysis of fiscal sustainability of social security must include the education funding dimension of public policy which affects the productivity of future workers this fact is true under both social security regimes pay as you go payg and fully funded ff we consider an olg economy where the government in addition to running social security also funds education via a dedicated tax the education tax rates are chosen in each period by a majoritarian rule we demonstrate contrary to conjectures in the literature that the ff social security system produces political support for a relatively higher compared to payg education funding and hence generates higher rates of human capital accumulation physical capital accumulation and economic growth furthermore it also results in a comparatively lower degree of income inequality

taking the u out of kuznets a comprehensive analysis of the ekc and environmental degradation unlike most environmental kuznets curve ekc studies which focus on narrow measures of pollution as proxies for environmental quality we test the validity of the ekc using the ecological footprint ef a more comprehensive measure of environmental degradation we find no empirical evidence of an ekc relationship between the ef and economic development and only limited support for such a relationship among the components of the ef in addition we discover that energy is largely responsible for the lack of an ekc relationship and that energy consumption levels would have to be cut by over 50 in order for a statistically significant ekc relationship to emerge from the data overall these results suggest that growth alone will not lead to sustainable development

analyzing the effects of energy action plans on electricity consumption in covenant of mayors signatory municipalities in andalusia permitted deposit due to funding body institutional and governmental policy or mandate may be required to comply with embargo periods of 12 months to 48 months

econometric analysis of trade exports imports energy consumption and co2 emission in six regions abstract the aim of this study is to explore the bi directional long run relationship between trade energy consumption trade co 2 emission exports energy consumption exports co 2 emission imports energy consumption and imports co 2 emission 189 countries from six different regions namely asia pacific eastern europe the americas middle east and north africa mena sub saharan africa ssa and western europe were selected the panel fully modified ols fmols was utilized taking the period of 1990 2011 the panel results show that all the regions excluding eastern europe show a long run positive relationship between the trade variables energy consumption and between the trade variable co 2 emission however at the country level the results reveal that the feedback long run positive relationship between the trade variables energy consumption and co 2 emission takes place in most cases when the share of trade of goods and services to gdp is significant and the level of the countries development is high however the negative or the non significant long run relationship between the variables takes place generally in countries when the trade variables do not play a large share in their gdp and when these countries are in early development stages

energy consumption income and carbon emissions in the united states abstract this paper investigates the effect of energy consumption and output on carbon emissions in the united states earlier research focused on testing the existence and or shape of an environmental kuznets curve without taking energy consumption into account we investigate the granger causality relationship between income energy consumption and carbon emissions including labor and gross fixed capital formation in the model we find that income does not granger cause carbon emissions in the us in the long run but energy use does hence income growth by itself may not become a solution to environmental problems

regional differences in the dynamic linkage between co2 emissions sectoral output and economic growth environmental degradation measured by co2 emissions is a significant challenge to sustainable economic development owing to significant differences in the empirical relationship between the economic growth and co2 emissions and policies adopted by different countries to overcome the challenge are not decisive this study aims to generalize our knowledge about the relationship between co2 emissions per capita and economic growth across the world for 1980 2009 periods besides it explores whether the transformation of different economies e g agrarian to industrial and industrial to sophisticated service economy over the past few decades yielded any significant positive impact towards sustainable economic development by reducing the level of co2 emission empirical results suggest that i except for high income countries environmental kuznets curve ekc is a general phenomenon across the world and ii the transformation of different economies towards a service economy has produced more pollution in high income countries and less pollution in low and middle income countries

aspects of governance and hbox co _2 co 2 emissions a non linear panel data analysis the reduction of hbox co 2 emissions has been at the centre of worldwide debates on environmental issues though its inclusion as one of the millennium development goals mdgs by the united nations has changed the focus of relative literature among many one of the world bank s recipes to achieve a higher position toward mdgs has been to undertake reforms for a better governance while the majority of researches focus has been on one single aspect and its relationship with the environment some studies have simultaneously considered two governance dimensions in this paper we focus on the role of several aspects of governance on hbox co 2 emissions this provides us with a chance to explore the possible impacts of all aspects of governance on a more direct measure of emissions that is different to previous researches which have focused on the indirect transmission and considered the maximum of two using the iv method within panel data analysis we show that only one single aspect of governance control of corruption has a negative significant effect on hbox co 2 emissions and its effect has a non linear relationship the non linearity exists in both parametric and nonparametric analysis after controlling for endogeneity

co2 emissions energy consumption and output in france abstract this paper examines the dynamic causal relationships between pollutant emissions energy consumption and output for france using cointegration and vector error correction modelling techniques we argue that these variables are strongly inter related and therefore their relationship must be examined using an integrated framework the results provide evidence for the existence of a fairly robust long run relationship between these variables for the period 1960 2000 the causality results support the argument that economic growth exerts a causal influence on growth of energy use and growth of pollution in the long run the results also point to a uni directional causality running from growth of energy use to output growth in the short run

energy consumption economic growth and carbon emissions challenges faced by an eu candidate member abstract this paper investigates the long run granger causality relationship between economic growth carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in turkey controlling for gross fixed capital formation and labor the most interesting result is that carbon emissions seem to granger cause energy consumption but the reverse is not true the lack of a long run causal link between income and emissions may be implying that to reduce carbon emissions turkey does not have to forgo economic growth

factors determining energy consumption evidence from indonesia malaysia and thailand abstract the aim of this study is to verify empirically the impact of various factors on energy consumption in three asean countries namely indonesia malaysia and thailand over the period 1980 to 2012 after using sundry appropriate diagnostic tests for checking time series data the method of least square as an analytical technique is used for parameters estimation the findings validate that fdi inflows economic growth trade openness and human development index have positive and statistically significant impacts on energy consumption the other variable urbanization has positive and statistically significant impacts on energy consumption for thailand and indonesia only while the empirical results reveals that population growth rate has a positive and statistically significant relationship with energy consumption only in the case of malaysia so in the light of determinations of the study the policy implication is that energy policy needs to be orientated in favor of expanding the supply of energy to reach an enhanced degree of sustainable economic growth and development

energy consumption economic growth and co2 emissions in middle east and north african countries this article extends the recent findings of liu 2005 ang 2007 apergis et al 2009 and payne 2010 by implementing recent bootstrap panel unit root tests and cointegration techniques to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions energy consumption and real gdp for 12 middle east and north african countries mena over the period 1981 2005 our results show that in the long run energy consumption has a positive significant impact on co2 emissions more interestingly we show that real gdp exhibits a quadratic relationship with co2 emissions for the region as a whole however although the estimated long run coefficients of income and its square satisfy the ekc hypothesis in most studied countries the turning points are very low in some cases and very high in other cases hence providing poor evidence in support of the ekc hypothesis co2 emission reductions per capita have been achieved in the mena region even while the region exhibited economic growth over the period 1981 2005 the econometric relationships derived in this paper suggest that future reductions in co2 emissions per capita might be achieved at the same time as gdp per capita in the mena region continues to grow

transshipment of inventories among retailers myopic vs farsighted stability the author considers a model of a decentralized distribution system consisting of n retailers selling an identical product retailers face a stochastic demand and must order their initial inventory before this demand is realized after demand realization retailers decide how much of their unsold inventory or unsatisfied demand they want to share with other retailers this is followed by a transshipment of leftover inventories and distribution of the additional profit generated through inventory sharing the author addresses the following issue suppose that the retailers distribute the profit from inventory sharing according to an allocation rule that induces retailers to share their residuals in a way that maximizes the additional profit such as the shapley value but may not belong to the core is it likely that in this framework all retailers will jointly share their residuals and not form subcoalitions previous research has looked at this problem from a myopic viewpoint and concluded that the grand coalition is not stable unlike the prior work the author looks at stability in a farsighted sense that is retailers do not consider only their immediate payoffs but are also concerned with reactions of other retailers to their actions in a symmetric setting with identical additional unit revenues from transshipments generated by all retailers farsighted retailers always maximize their allocations by not defecting from the grand coalition the author also provides conditions when the same is true for nonidentical additional unit revenues

do population density economic growth energy use and exports adversely affect environmental quality in asian populous countries abstract this study aims to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide co2 emissions energy use economic growth exports and population density for a panel of 11 asian populous countries over the period of 1960 2014 the panel cointegration tests and panel granger causality tests are employed to examine this relationship the fully modified ordinary least squares fmols and dynamic ordinary least squares dols methods are used to explore the long run effects of other variables on the co2 emissions the main results are i energy use exports and population density adversely affect environmental quality in the long run ii there exists a short run unidirectional granger panel causality running from energy consumption gross domestic product gdp and exports to co2 emissions from energy consumption and exports to gdp from exports to energy consumption from population density to exports and a bidirectional panel causality between gdp and population density and iii a long run bidirectional granger causality between these variables is also present important policy implications are noted based on these findings