determinants of donations in private nonprofit markets abstract we estimate the responsiveness of donations to a number of economic variables including price advertising and the availability of revenue from such other sources as government grants and program service sales utilizing a set of irs data on individual nonprofit organizations in each of seven industries including hospitals and higher education for the years 1982 1994 we find distinct overall patterns as well as notable variation across industries a nonprofit organization s fundraising expenditures are estimated to exert two countervailing effects on donations the direct advertising and information effect augments donations while the indirect effect on the price of donating has a negative effect we do not find evidence that fundraising is carried to the profit maximizing levels in some industries fundraising is substantially short of that level while in other industries it is excessive implying that the marginal return to fundraising is exceeded by the cost focusing on whether revenue from other sources affects donations to a nonprofit organization we find evidence that revenue from either government grants or from the organization s own program sales activity generally does not crowd out private donations to the contrary in most industries there are significant positive effects

modeling the global relationships among economic growth energy consumption and co2 emissions abstract the relationships among economic growth energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions needs to be paid attention since the characteristics of global warming is from economy and greenhouse gas emissions this study employs a panel cointegration and vector error correction model to discuss the dynamic economy energy environment nexus for 188 countries for the periods of 1993 2010 the empirical results indicate that there exist long run relationships between economic growth energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions for all countries it is worth noting that energy consumption negatively affects gdp in the world as a whole and developing countries but not in developed countries and the unidirectional causality from energy consumption to carbon dioxide emissions exists both on developing and developed countries that means the developed countries should take more responsibility on the energy efficiency and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions ghge on other hand environmental regulations related to the prevention of environmental degradation as the economy grows need to be adopted by all countries

modelling the joint determination of household labour supplies and commodity demands in addition to choosing the allocation of total expenditure between commodities households may also be able to make decisions over the allocation of their time between market work and leisure in both theoretical and empirical work it has often been the case that these decisions have been analysed separately in this paper we stress the theoretical attractions of considering the joint determination of the allocation of time between work and leisure and the allocation of total expenditure between commodities in a utility maximising framework using a sample of individual households we attempt to evaluate the empirical importance of the joint determination model over the separate determination of labour supplies and commodity demands our approach follows that of abbott and ashenfelter i976 phlips i978 barnett i979 deaton and muellbauer i980 and atkinson and stern i980 here we pay particular attention to the following four important aspects of household decision making over commodity demand and labour supply the first concerns the commonly assumed restriction on the household s preferences of weak separability between goods and leisure this assumption allows the estimation of commodity demand systems and engel curves that exclude wage rate variables in cross section household budget data with large variation in wage rates across the sample the invalidity of this assumption would involve a serious mis specification any correlation between the excluded wage variable and the included price income and demographic variables would lead to biased parameter estimates and hence biased estimated elasticities similarly this assumption allows the estimation of labour supply curves that exclude relative price variables and its invalidity could produce biased labour supply elasticities a second aspect of household decision making which we wish to highlight arises from the suspicion commonly alluded to in labour economics texts that primary male workers may not be free to choose their hours of work thus we estimate a matched pair of rationed and unrationed systems following the work of neary and roberts i 980 and deaton and muellbauer i 979 the separability restriction is not unrelated to this point since without it we will see that the rationed hours of work enter demand systems in a complex fashion in effect

demand for charity donations in private non profit markets the case of the u k abstract this paper presents estimates of the demand for donations for u k charities in 1985 these estimates make demand depend upon price fund raising expenditure a quality index and alternative revenue sources the price elasticity of donations found here shows for the most part an elastic response and is consistent with previous studies using u s data our empirical results suggest that non profits in the u k unlike their counterparts in the u s are net revenue maximisers we discovered no significant evidence that public donations crowded out private donations in our sample of 300 charities

the causality relationship between energy consumption and gdp in g 11 countries revisited abstract this paper explores whether energy conservation policies can be implemented in countries with the same level of development that is is restraining energy consumption without compromising economic growth feasible in all industrialized countries a new granger non causality testing procedure developed by toda and yamamoto 1995 journal of econometrics 66 225 250 is applied to re investigate the relationship if any between energy consumption and income in 11 major industrialized countries the results clearly do not support the view that energy consumption and income are neutral with respect to each other except in the case of the united kingdom germany and sweden where a neutral relationship is found bi directional causality in the united states and uni directional running from energy consumption to gdp in canada belgium the netherlands and switzerland are found this indicates that energy conservation may hinder economic growth in the latter five countries further the causality relationship appears to be uni directional but reversed for france italy and japan which implies that in these three countries energy conservation may be viable without being detrimental to economic growth

turn on the lights macroeconomic factors affecting renewable energy in pakistan the objective of the study is to examine the relationship between macroeconomic factors i e population growth urbanization industrialization exchange rate price level food production index and live stock production index and renewable energy in pakistan over a period of 1975 2012 in addition this study uses oil rent as an intervening variable to overcome the biasness of the single equation model the results indicate that macroeconomic factors positively contributed to renewable energy consumption in pakistan the causality test indicate that there is a unidirectional causality running towards macroeconomic factors to renewable energy in pakistan however renewable energy granger cause oil rent but not via other route in addition there is bidirectional causality between exchange rate and live stock production in pakistan variance decomposition analysis shows that economic growth has a major contribution to increase renewable energy in pakistan

prospects for global market expansion of china s wind turbine manufacturing industry abstract emerging economies are increasingly contributing to global innovation including clean tech innovation the development of china s wind power sector has often been used to illustrate this point china s domestic wind power market is the largest in the world and is largely supplied by domestic manufacturers competition for market share in the domestic market may pressure firms to innovate which consecutively improves prospects for global expansion this paper reviews developments in china s domestic wind turbine market using the technological innovation system framework we analyze the pressure to innovate arising from market competition and assess the prospects for global expansion of chinese wind turbine manufacturers we conclude that domestic customers are not pressured or incentivized to perform with respect to power output such that turbine manufacturers are not pressured to perform with respect to turbine efficiency or maintenance needs pressure to innovate is further reduced by formalizing connections between wind farm developers and turbine manufacturers chinese turbine manufacturers cannot yet compete with leading global brands in technological leadership the prospects for exports are improved however by the preferential supply of project financing from institutional investors such as the china development bank from chinese utilities that seek global expansion and from the manufacturers themselves

demand for collective goods in private nonprofit markets can fundraising expenditures help overcome free rider behavior abstract economic theory ascribes the primary role in the provision of public goods to government this emphasis on government overlooks the role of the not for profit sector in providing collective type goods in this paper we seek to determine the factors influencing charitable contributions to private nonprofit organizations by estimating a demand function for the output of these collective good providers specifically we test the hypothesis that voluntary giving is responsive to conventional market variables such as advertising expenditures price and quality overall the results are strongly supportive

financial reporting quality and price competition among nonprofit firms donors increasingly rely on financial information reported by internal revenue service irs form 990 to allocate donations among nonprofit firms however competition among nonprofits creates an incentive for managers to under report management and fund raising expenditures to make their firms appear relatively efficient increasingly researchers suspect that information provided in the form 990 may not accurately portray the true financial condition of nonprofit firms inaccurate price information weakens the ability of donors to promote efficiency and discipline excess among nonprofit managers this article examines the reaction of donors to variation in form 990 reporting quality we find that donors reward nonprofit firms for investments in more accurate financial reporting additionally higher quality financial information sharpens the ability of donor markets to discipline nonprofit firms by increasing price sensitivity the primary implication of this study is that regulatory improvements in rep

cultivating disaster donors using data analytics nonprofit organizations use direct mail marketing to cultivate one time donors and convert them into recurring contributors cultivated donors generate much more revenue than new donors but also lapse with time making it important to steadily draw in new cultivations the direct mail budget is limited but better designed mailings can improve success rates without increasing costs we propose an empirical model to analyze the effectiveness of several design approaches used in practice based on a massive data set covering 8 6 million direct mail communications with donors to the american red cross during 2009 2011 we find evidence that mailed appeals are more effective when they emphasize disaster preparedness and training efforts over post disaster cleanup including small cards that affirm donors identity as red cross supporters is an effective strategy whereas including gift items such as address labels is not finally very recent acquisitions are more likely to respond to appeals that ask them t

using nonprofit organization level financial data to infer managers fund raising strategies abstract using irs data from 1982 to 1994 this study finds the typical fund raising elasticities in seven categories of nonprofit organizations to be between zero and one these results are consistent with most nonprofit managers following intermediate strategies between pure program service maximization and pure organization size maximization however the distribution of fund raising elasticities contains extreme observations that can disproportionately affect mean elasticities and standard deviations as a result prior researchers tests of the difference of mean elasticities from zero may not properly characterize the behavior of typical nonprofit organizations

a life cycle consistent empirical model of family labour supply using cross section data this paper estimates a utility maximising model of the joint determination of male and female labour supplies using a sample of married couples from the u k family expenditure survey the emphasis is on the estimation of within period preferences that are consistent with intertemporal two stage budgeting under uncertainty however the approach we adopt provides an alternative method of estimating certain aspects of life cycle behaviour to the fixed effects constant approach of heckman and macurdy 1980 macurdy 1981 and browning deaton and irish 1985 moreover it relaxes some of the underlying restrictions that are implicit in these constant models under uncertainty

family model of contributions to non profit organizations and labour supply in this article a model is presented in which the family decides the labour supply of both spouses and their time donations to non profit organizations for the estimation spanish data was used which showed that family size and pre school children influence decisions made about time distribution of husband and wife women with fewer family responsibilities work longer hours and donate more time whilst the effect on men is the contrary also monetary donations by the family are directly related to time donations by the spouses

public radio in the united states does it correct market failure or cannibalize commercial stations because broadcasters can capture only part of the value of their product as revenue there is the potential for a classic problem of underprovision whether public support corrects a market failure depends on whether the market would have provided similar services in the absence of public broadcasting we address these questions by asking whether public and commercial classical stations compete for listening share and revenue as well as whether public stations crowd out commercial stations we find evidence that public broadcasting crowds out commercial programming in large markets particularly in classical music and to a lesser extent in jazz 1999 elsevier science s a all rights reserved

the impact of tax deductibility on charitable giving by covenant in the uk the 1985 86 survey of personal incomes is used to estimate the impact of tax deductibility on giving by covenant estimates are based on two models a generalized tobit model and reece and zieschang s 1985 model that allows for a nonlinear budget constraint the results suggest that the latter is not appropriate for the u k tax system in the tobit models the income effects on participation and expenditure are well determined and similar to those in previous work for the united kingdom and in many u s studies there is no robust evidence of a tax price effect on participation or expenditure copyright 1991 by royal economic society

the effect of deregulation on us fossil fuel substitution in the generation of electricity a comment on dahl and ko the effect of deregulation on us fossil fuel substitution in the generation of electricity a comment on dahl and ko

charitable donations by uk households evidence from the family expenditure survey this paper reports estimates based on both standard tobit and generalized tobit techniques of the determinants of charitable giving in the uk using 1984 family expenditure survey data this is the first such study using uk data separate estimates are presented of the determinants of participation and of the level of donations by giving households participation is seen to be sensitive to income the tax price of giving and a range of demographic variables while the level of donations varies primarily with income donations are found to be inelastic with respect to changes in disposable income

retracted factors affecting commercial energy consumption in pakistan progress in energy the purpose of this study is to identify major macroeconomic factors that enhance energy consumption for pakistan through the cointegration error correction model and granger causality tests over a 32 year time period i e between 1980 and 2011 the study employed the bivariate cointegration technique to estimate the long run relationship between the variables an error correction model was used to determine the short run dynamics of the system while granger causality test was used to find the directions between these variables the study investigates the relation between four energy consumption variables i e oil petroleum consumption gas consumption electricity consumption and coal consumption and four macroeconomic factors which have further sub classifications i e balance of payment bop factors i e exports imports trade deficit worker s remittances and current account balance fuel factors i e carbon dioxide emissions natural resource depletion and net forest depletion agricultural crops yield per hectare i e wheat rice sugarcane maize and cotton and industrial production items i e beverages cigarettes motor tyres motor tubes cycle tyres and cycle tubes in order to manage robust data analysis the result confirms the long run relationship between total commercial energy consumption and macroeconomic factors in pakistan as oil petroleum consumption increases exports fuel factors agricultural crops yield per hectare and industrial items however the intensity of these factors are different in nature carbon dioxide emissions net forest depletion beverages motor tyres and motor tubes are more elastic with oil petroleum consumption however oil petroleum consumption decreases trade deficit and workers remittances in pakistan gas electricity and coal consumption increases agricultural crops yield per hectare and industrial production which shows that as agriculture and industry modernizes energy demand increases energizing the food production chain is an essential feature of agricultural development which is a prime factor in helping to achieve food security in pakistan the empirical results only moderately support the conventional view that energy consumption has significant long run casual effect on macroeconomic variables in pakistan the present study finds evident of unidirectional causality between the commercial energy consumption factors and macroeconomic factors in pakistan however there is some bidirectional causality exist which is running between electricity consumption ec and exports ec to imports ec to carbon emissions ec to natural resource depletion nrd and ec to wheat the results conclude that macroeconomic variables tend to positively respond to total primary energy consumption this indicates that increasing total commercial energy consumption may cause growth variables which show that pakistan is an input driven economy

the nonprofit firm a potential solution to inherent market failures this article analyzes the differences in products offered by nonprofit and for profit firms in a monopolistically competitive industry where goods are differentiated both by product attributes and by the degree to which benefits are public because nonprofit firms receive donations they provide a pareto improvement of the equilibrium product set nonprofit firms will be less biased against goods with a high social good component than will their for profit counterparts hi addition the optimal donations function which equates the nonprofit equilibrium product set to the set which maximizes societal welfare is derived

charity donations in the uk new evidence based on panel data abstract this paper presents a set of panel data estimates for 159 of the most prominent uk charities for the period 1983 1990 in evaluating alternative specifications we settle on a fixed effects estimation social welfare charities are shown to fund raise short of the point at which net revenues are maximized whereas health and overseas charities are found to net revenue maximize religious charities maximize total revenues estimates of price and fund raising elasticities are presented for charities overall and for four cohorts for alternative income sources no evidence of crowding out is found

consistent estimation of the impact of tax deductibility on the level of charitable contributions when charitable contributions are tax deductible the marginal price of charitable giving in other consumption foregone per dollar of contributions is generally less than unity further if the income tax schedule is a progressive step function the marginal price of contributions is generally a rising step function of the level of contributions the problem of estimating a contributions demand function for individuals is therefore complicated by the spurious correlation between the level of contributions and the observed marginal price we take this econometric problem into account in estimating a contributions demand function using data from the 1972 73 consumer expenditure survey after comparing our results with those of estimation techniques used by other authors we provide evidence on the impacts of alternative tax policies on charitable giving using our estimates of the model parameters

modeling charitable contributions of time and money abstract public goods theory predicts that government spending on charity can perfectly crowd out charitable contributions empirical research has found little support for the perfect crowd out hypothesis however the empirical work only measures part of a contributor s total contribution gifts of money contributors also volunteer labor this article extends the public goods model to the case in which individuals contribute both time and money to a charity that in turn produces a public good the model suggests that charitable contributions of time and money are perfectly substitutable in equilibrium this result offers new interpretations for existing empirical observations and suggests a new test of the crowd out hypothesis the implications of the model are empirically tested using a national survey of charitable activity

greenhouse gas emissions energy consumption and economic growth a panel cointegration analysis from canadian industrial sector perspective abstract this paper investigates the long run and the causal relationship between greenhouse gas emissions energy consumption and economic growth for canadian industrial sectors over the period 1990 2007 the empirical findings suggest that in the long run equilibrium energy consumption has a positive and statistically significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions whereas a non linear relationship is found between greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth consistent with the environmental kuznets curve the short run dynamics conveys that there is a unidirectional granger causality running from energy consumption to greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth to greenhouse gas emissions and a weak unidirectional causality running from greenhouse gas emissions to energy consumption from economic growth to energy consumption in the long run however there seems to be a weak one way causality flowing from energy consumption and economic growth to greenhouse gas emissions

the econometrics of nonlinear budget sets traditional empirical analysis of consumer demand has usually made the assumption of linear budget sets that is the consumer is assumed to purchase any desired quantity at a constant price subject to a budget constraint the major exception to this framework is the analysis of demand when some goods are rationed 2 in the rationed case the price is constant up to a quantity limit in contrast to the rationed case here i consider the situation where the price varies with the amount of the good purchased empirical situations with nonconstant prices come readily to mind and of course they have received much recent attention from theorists since mirrlees 44 paper on optimal nonlinear taxation the following examples are meant to give a partial listing of cases when nonlinear budget sets occur i electricity prices many electric utilities engage in declining block pricing that is the marginal price of successive kwh s of electricity decrease at a given number of points determined by total demand thus the budget set is piecewise linear houthakker 36 was the first to propose an approach to this problem taylor 51 analyzes the problem at length and hausman kinnucin and mcfadden 31 use an instrumental variables estimator to provide consistent estimates of the demand function

voluntary donations and public expenditures in a federal system proponents of the new federalism argue that nonprofit organizations and local governments will fully offset federal social service expenditure cutbacks the author analyzes this proposition as a competitive game in which donations are motivated by private and public good considerations the author characterizes the response of political economic equilibrium to exogenous changes in federal expenditures when local voters are cognizant of donor reactions partial replacement is the most likely outcome though others are possible copyright 1987 by american economic association

volunteer labor supply abstract we model the supply of volunteer labor which received an explicit wage of zero quantitatively important it constituted over 5 percent of the entire labor supply in the united states in 1980 both consumption and investment models are considered the former positing volunteering as an ordinary consumer good while the latter posits it as a means of obtaining on the job experience empirical estimation based on survey data discloses statistically significant effects of price and income variables on the supply of volunteer labor

selection criteria for a microeconometric model of labour supply the wide variety of observed behaviour that is displayed in survey data suggests that microeconometric models should allow a reasonable degree of flexibility in specification however since these models are generally used for policy analysis they are required to satisfy some degree of theoretical consistency this requirement has generally led to the adoption of rather simple inflexible models based on additive preferences or linear labour supply responses we estimate and test a sequence of models for the labour supply of married working women emphasizing the importance of testing both the thecretical and statistical assumptions underlying the models

more giving or more givers the effects of tax incentives on charitable donations in the uk abstract this paper estimates the effects of tax incentives on charitable contributions in the uk using the universe of self assessment income tax returns between 2005 and 2013 we exploit variation from a large reform in 2010 to estimate intensive and extensive margin tax price elasticities of giving using a predicted tax rate instrument for the price of giving relative to consumption we find an intensive margin elasticity of about 0 2 and an extensive margin elasticity of 0 1 yielding a total elasticity of about 0 3 to further explore the extensive margin response we propose a model with a fixed cost of declaring donations and obtain a structural estimate of that cost of around 47 we also study the welfare effects of tax incentives extending the theoretical literature to allow for extensive margin giving and for a fixed cost of declaring donations taking into account these factors there is a case for increasing the subsidy on charitable giving in the uk

correlation between chinese and international energy prices based on a hp filter and time difference analysis abstract to establish a reasonable system and mechanism for chinese energy prices we use the granger causality test hodrick prescott hp filter and time difference analysis to research the pricing relationship between chinese and international energy prices we find that chinese and international crude oil prices changed synchronously while chinese refined oil prices follow the changes of international oil prices with the time difference being about 1 month to 2 months further australian coal prices granger causes chinese coal prices and there is a high correlation between them the u s electricity price is influenced by the wti crude oil price the u s gasoline price and the henryhub gas price due to the unreasonable price setting mechanism and regulation from the central government china s terminal market prices for both electricity and natural gas do not reflect the real supply demand situation this paper provides quantitative results on the correlation between chinese and international energy prices to better predict the impact of international energy price fluctuations on china s domestic energy supply and guide the design of more efficient energy pricing policies moreover it provides references for developing countries to improve their energy market systems and trading and to coordinate domestic and international energy markets

partners in giving the crowding in effects of uk government grants abstract this study examines the determinants of voluntary donations to uk charities using empirical specifications that combine error component and simultaneous equations methods in a series of tests we identify the one way fixed effects endogenous representation for government grants as the best empirical model when this endogeneity is taken into account government grants cause significant crowding in for the full sample and the two largest cohorts price coefficients are negative and fund raising coefficients are positive religion charities are net revenue maximizers whereas other charity cohorts fund raise short of net revenue maximization

donations to a public good in a large economy abstract the characteristics of private provision of public goods in a large economy are investigated when agents undertake an activity which has an adverse effect on the quantity of the public good itself in contrast to a model in which provision is by donations alone a substantial proportion of the population can be donors in a large economy nevertheless the model faces certain empirical difficulties

energy consumption carbon emissions and economic growth in china abstract this paper investigates the existence and direction of granger causality between economic growth energy consumption and carbon emissions in china applying a multivariate model of economic growth energy use carbon emissions capital and urban population empirical results for china over the period 1960 2007 suggest a unidirectional granger causality running from gdp to energy consumption and a unidirectional granger causality running from energy consumption to carbon emissions in the long run evidence shows that neither carbon emissions nor energy consumption leads economic growth therefore the government of china can purse conservative energy policy and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth

energy consumption co2 emissions and economic growth an ethical dilemma in this study we examine the dynamic interrelationship in the output energy environment nexus by applying panel vector autoregression pvar and impulse response function analyses to data on energy consumption and its subcomponents carbon dioxide emissions and real gdp in 106 countries classified by different income groups over the period 1971 2011 our results reveal that the effects of the various types of energy consumption on economic growth and emissions are heterogeneous on the various groups of countries moreover causality between total economic growth and energy consumption is bidirectional thus making a case for the feedback hypothesis however we cannot report any statistically significant evidence that renewable energy consumption in particular is conducive to economic growth a fact that weakens the argument that renewable energy consumption is able to promote growth in a more efficient and environmentally sustainable way finally in analysing the case for an inverted u shaped ekc we find that the continued process of growth aggravates the greenhouse gas emissions phenomenon in this regard we cannot provide any evidence that developed countries may actually grow out of environmental pollution in the light of these findings the efficacy of recent government policies in various countries to promote renewable energy consumption as a means for sustainable growth is questioned put differently there seems to be an ethical dilemma between high economic growth rates and unsustainable environment and low or zero economic growth and environmental sustainability

china s coal price disturbances observations explanations and implications for global energy economies since china decontrolled coal prices its coal price has risen steadily and been unusually volatile in 2011 in particular high coal prices and capped electricity prices in china discouraged coal fired power generation triggering widespread power shortages we suggest that these coal price disturbances could be symptomatic of a major change in pricing dynamics of global fossil fuel markets with increasing correspondence between coal and oil prices globally historically global coal prices have been more stable and lower than oil and natural gas prices on a per heat basis in recent years however coal prices have been increasingly volatile worldwide and have tracked other fossil fuel prices more closely meanwhile the recent development of unconventional gas has substantially decoupled us natural gas and oil prices technically low us natural gas prices with potential fuel switching could drive us domestic coal prices lower however this effect is unlikely to counteract the overall trend in increasing coal consumption globally china s market size and unique partially controlled energy system make its reform agenda a key force in the global economy policymakers in the us e u and elsewhere should monitor china s economic reform agenda to anticipate and respond to changes accompanying china s increasing importance in the global energy economy

the world price of coal a significant increase in the seaborne trade for coal over the past 20 years has unified formerly separate coal markets into a world market in which prices move in tandem by virtue of its large domestic market the usa has become the residual supplier and price setter in the world coal market changes in multifactor productivity have been the primary cause of the long term fluctuations in coal prices that have been observed in the usa since the end of the second world war and in the world coal market

the dynamic linkage effect between energy and emissions allowances price for regional emissions trading scheme pilots in china abstract china s emissions trading scheme cets pilots are emerging and fragmented markets these emissions allowances markets may exhibit a different fundamental price process from the european union s eu and the united states us emissions trading scheme ets the dynamic linkage effects between energy and emissions allowances prices are investigated for regional ets pilots in china using cointegration techniques the empirical results confirm that in the long run coal oil and natural gas prices are the main determinant factors of regional emissions allowances prices except for the second phase beijing ets pilots however their long run cointegration relationships in the beijing and shanghai pilots are not exactly in line with the guangdong and hubei pilots in the short run the changes in oil and natural gas prices in the second phase beijing ets pilot the natural gas prices in the shanghai ets pilot and the coal prices in the hubei ets pilot are found to have significant effects on regional emissions allowances prices in china finally regional energy pricing inefficiency regional emissions trading market overreaction and their inefficient fundaments may provide major obstacles in reducing the effectiveness of the fossil energy price pass through to emissions allowances prices in regional ets pilots

econometric analysis of trade exports imports energy consumption and co2 emission in six regions abstract the aim of this study is to explore the bi directional long run relationship between trade energy consumption trade co 2 emission exports energy consumption exports co 2 emission imports energy consumption and imports co 2 emission 189 countries from six different regions namely asia pacific eastern europe the americas middle east and north africa mena sub saharan africa ssa and western europe were selected the panel fully modified ols fmols was utilized taking the period of 1990 2011 the panel results show that all the regions excluding eastern europe show a long run positive relationship between the trade variables energy consumption and between the trade variable co 2 emission however at the country level the results reveal that the feedback long run positive relationship between the trade variables energy consumption and co 2 emission takes place in most cases when the share of trade of goods and services to gdp is significant and the level of the countries development is high however the negative or the non significant long run relationship between the variables takes place generally in countries when the trade variables do not play a large share in their gdp and when these countries are in early development stages

agency costs in environmental not for profits we examine the behavior of not for profits using utility maximization this leads to testable hypotheses regarding the costs of agency associated with the activities of not for profits our tests are similar to those previously employed regarding not for profit objectives but our interpretation is different our empirical test uses data on environmental groups unlike previous studies biased toward a finding of service maximization we account for endogenous explanatory variables a weak statement of our results is that managers of environmental groups derive positive marginal utility from expenditures for purposes other than providing services there may also be empirical support for a stronger conclusion

energy consumption income and carbon emissions in the united states abstract this paper investigates the effect of energy consumption and output on carbon emissions in the united states earlier research focused on testing the existence and or shape of an environmental kuznets curve without taking energy consumption into account we investigate the granger causality relationship between income energy consumption and carbon emissions including labor and gross fixed capital formation in the model we find that income does not granger cause carbon emissions in the us in the long run but energy use does hence income growth by itself may not become a solution to environmental problems

energy consumption economic growth and carbon emissions challenges faced by an eu candidate member abstract this paper investigates the long run granger causality relationship between economic growth carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in turkey controlling for gross fixed capital formation and labor the most interesting result is that carbon emissions seem to granger cause energy consumption but the reverse is not true the lack of a long run causal link between income and emissions may be implying that to reduce carbon emissions turkey does not have to forgo economic growth

pareto optimal redistribution and private charity abstract when private charity exists and is motivated by utility interdependence a non pareto optimal outcome the free rider problem typically arises nevertheless incremental fiscal redistribution cannot achieve a paretian welfare improvement so long as private charity continues at positive levels donors respond to incremental fiscal redistribution by reducing their voluntary contributions by exactly a dollar for every dollar transferred in this way no net transfer is achieved unless incremental fiscal redistribution is pursued to the point where private contributions have been driven to zero alternatively a net transfer may be achieved by fiscal measures which affect donors marginal incentives to donate

a household production specification of demographic variables in demand analysis empirical investigations into the expenditure and time allocation decisions of households usually allow the variation in demographic characteristics across households in particular the number and ages of dependent children to affect these decisions the motivation for allowing such demographic effects is two fold first it permits the researcher to pool observations from households with differing demographic characteristics secondly it has been argued that it allows the researcher to construct an index normally called an equivalence scale to show the full income required by a household with some given composition to attain the same level of utility as some reference household and hence permits comparisons of welfare levels across households there are two areas of controversy surrounding this literature which directly relate to its two sources of motivation first what is the appropriate demographic specification second can the estimated parameters be used to undertake welfare comparisons a series of demand studies including barten 1964 blundell 1980 blundell and walker 1982 gorman 1976 muellbauer 1974 1977 hurd and pencavel 1981 pollak and wales 1978 1981 and ray 1983 have attempted to answer the first problem by considering the current allocation of goods and in some cases household time conditional on demographic structure this literature treats demographic variables as exogenous whereas in contrast the neoclassical fertility literature see for example the contributions in schultz 1973 treats the numbers and ages of children as endogenous nonmarket goods within a lifecycle optimising framework the second problem has been raised by pollak and wales 1979 who argue convincingly whether household composition is the result of endogenous decisions or not it is impossible to compare the welfare of households with different compositions using the results of empirical demand analysis since market decisions do not reveal how the households feel about the presence or absence of children thus estimated equivalence scales are necessarily based on the households preferences conditional on their demographic compositions the object of this paper is to suggest a new approach to the problem of demographic specification and to show that this approach both highlights the problem of making welfare comparisons and at least in part resolves it