rethinking the brain drain abstract when productivity is fostered by both the individual s human capital and by the average level of human capital in the economy individuals underinvest in human capital a strictly positive probability of migration to a richer country by raising both the level of human capital formed by optimizing individuals in the home country and the average level of human capital of nonmigrants in the country can enhance welfare and nudge the economy toward the social optimum under a well controlled restrictive migration policy the welfare of all workers is higher than in the absence of this policy

globesity the effects of globalization on obesity and caloric intake abstract we examine the effect of globalization in its economic and social dimensions on obesity and caloric intake namely the so called globesity hypothesis our results suggest a robust association between globalization and both obesity and caloric intake a one standard deviation increase in globalization is associated with a 23 8 percent increase in obese population and a 4 3 percent rise in calorie intake the effect remains statistically significant even after using an instrumental variable strategy to correct for some possible reverse causality and ommited variable bias a lagged structure and corrections for panel standard errors however we find that the primary driver of the globesity phenomenon is the social rather than the economic dimension of globalization and specifically the effect of changes in information flows and social proximity on obesity a one standard deviation increase in social globalization increased the percentage of obese population by 13 7 percent

levelized cost of electricity lcoe of renewable energies and required subsidies in china newhuadu business school research fund china sustainable energy program g 1305 18257 national social science foundation of china 12zd059 ministry of education 10 jbg 013

good for living on the relationship between globalization and life expectancy this paper analyzes the relationship between three dimensions economic social and political of globalization and life expectancy using a panel of 92 countries covering the 1970 2005 period using different estimation techniques and sample groupings we find that economic globalization has a robust positive effect on life expectancy even when controlling for income nutritional intake literacy number of physicians and several other factors the result also holds when the sample is restricted to low income countries only in contrast political and social globalization have no such robust effects

money endogeneity and neutrality abstract this paper examines the implications of a contemporaneously observed endogenous money supply in rational expectations models of the lucas barro variety first if there is contemporaneously perceived policy response e g to interest rates then a simultaneous equations bias produces inconsistency in the neutrality tests proposed by king and boschen grossman second if money acts as a signal about economic conditions then autonomous money shocks can have real effects in polar contrast to the lucas barro analyses this non neutrality requires that monetary information be utilized by economic agents

lessons from photovoltaic policies in china for future development abstract the paper first provides an overview of the current status of pv industry development in china including the penetration speed the market segments and the value chain further it reviews the experience of governmental interventions composed of the legal framework market incentives and manufacturing policies for lessons learning after the renewable energy law took effect in 2006 pv penetration was accelerated capital subsidies and feed in tariffs which were still in a trial stage public bidding and the cooperation among relevant ministries played important roles a series of public rd the budget and the organization of public pv r d were insufficient finally we propose some recommendations on improving policy interventions

global trading versus linking architectures for international emissions trading abstract international emissions trading is widely seen as an indispensable policy pillar of climate change mitigation stern n 2007 the economics of climate change the stern review cambridge university press new york this article analyzes five different types of trading architectures classified into two top down unfccc driven and three bottom up driven by individual countries or regions approaches the two types of approaches are characterized by a trade off between environmental effectiveness and political feasibility respectively whereas their relative cost effectiveness depends on implementation details bottom up architectures constitute imperfect substitutes for top down architectures in terms of environmental effectiveness and thus remain mere fallback options however especially the formal linking architecture can act as complement in terms of cost effectiveness

openness external risk and volatility implications for the compensation hypothesis a central assumption in the globalization literature is that economic openness generates economic insecurity and volatility based on this assumption schol ars of international political economy have proposed the compensation hypothesis which claims that globalization bolsters rather than undermines the welfare state by increasing public demand for social protection against externally generated eco nomic instability the openness volatility link is dubious however on both theoret ical and empirical grounds in this study i revisit the volatility assumption focusing on a crucial difference between openness and external risk in their effect on volatil ity my statistical analysis of a panel data set from 175 countries 1950 2002 finds a consistent effect of external risk on volatility of the major economic aggregates but a largely insignificant effect of openness these findings suggest that economic volatility may be a mistaken link in explaining the openness spending nexus calling for further research on the causal mechanisms linking the two the general growth of government in the post world war ii era is one of the most important empirical regularities in political science measured by general govern ment consumption or sectoral expenditures government size grew dramatically during most of the postwar period intrigued by this phenomenal government growth political scientists offered numerous accounts some viewing this growth as a corollary of economic phenomena such as modernization industrialization income distribution or fiscal illusion and others attributing government growth to political causes such as bureaucratization interest group politics and electoral competition 1

global land use implications of first and second generation biofuel targets recently an active debate has emerged around greenhouse gas emissions due to indirect land use change iluc of expanding agricultural areas dedicated to biofuel production in this paper we provide a detailed analysis of the iluc effect and further address the issues of deforestation irrigation water use and crop price increases due to expanding biofuel acreage we use globiom an economic partial equilibrium model of the global forest agriculture and biomass sectors with a bottom up representation of agricultural and forestry management practices the results indicate that second generation biofuel production fed by wood from sustainably managed existing forests would lead to a negative iluc factor meaning that overall emissions are 27 lower compared to the no biofuel scenario by 2030 the iluc factor of first generation biofuels global expansion is generally positive requiring some 25 years to be paid back by the ghg savings from the substitution of biofuels for conventional fuels second generation biofuels perform better also with respect to the other investigated criteria on the condition that they are not sourced from dedicated plantations directly competing for agricultural land if so then efficient first generation systems are preferable since no clear technology champion for all situations exists we would recommend targeting policy instruments directly at the positive and negative effects of biofuel production rather than at the production itself

measuring globalization of international trade theory and evidence summary measuring globalization requires a standard of perfect international integration as a benchmark that a single world space would reach under conditions of geographic neutrality in international trade we define this standard and present indicators for openness connectedness and integration for each specific economy and for the world economy we apply our indicators to data on trade flows for 59 countries for the 1967 2004 period results show that trade integration is higher than what traditional openness indicators suggest several economies find high levels of integration but the low degree of openness in some large economies jeopardizes the progress of globalization

trade openness and child health a heterogeneous panel cointegration analysis in this paper we examine the impact of trade openness on child health based on a cross country panel data set covering 66 countries for the period 1960 2013 to account for the time series proper

monetary information and monetary neutrality abstract the monetary theory of business fluctuations in market clearing models constructed under the rational expectations assumption as advanced by lucas and others involves the idea that suppliers and demanders will typically misinterpret movements in the general level of prices as representing more or less favorable relative opportunities for real activities the present paper examines the consequences of agents possessing contemporaneous monetary information of a potentially noisy variety for the non neutrality of unanticipated monetary events within such an equilibrium business cycle model this modification of the information structure has the strong testable implication that real activity will be uncorrelated with contemporaneous monetary data

solar feed in tariffs examining fair and reasonable retail rates using cost avoidance estimates abstract growing solar photovoltaic pv electricity systems in geographically diverse regions presents a complex policy problem for governments during 2013 16 the queensland government in australia examined establishing a fair and reasonable retail feed in tariff fit policy noting it regulates state retail electricity consumption prices a combined cost avoidance and stakeholder analysis was applied to show that determination of a fair and reasonable fit for all stakeholders while aspirational is difficult to achieve typically agreement on a fair tariff rate will depend on stakeholders relative position in energy supply chains service providers retailers suppliers customers advocates and interpretations of fairness that can be shaped by competition in the supply area also increases in financial benefits to pv customers might be considered unreasonable by non pv customers and retailers that experience increases in electricity prices and operating costs importantly the application of a retail fit in regional and isolated areas requires careful energy policy design taking account of network losses remote and isolated customer metering cost effective network control technologies and diesel generator operating limits the study also observed that shifting funding of fit schemes from electricity distributors to competitive retailers will likely have negative consequences for retail fit offerings and pv customer servicing

a developing asia emission trading scheme asia ets abstract this paper provides a model assessment of the role of developing asia in the context of climate change policies we diagnose the potential response of asian economies to the imposition of various climate policies showing that if we were to equally price carbon across the world roughly half of the abatement would occur in developing asia we show that such autarkic measures would be consistent with the policy targets put forward by the major economies forum but would not necessarily be equitable we thus propose a fragmented cap and trade scheme with a specific regional market for developing asia the asian emission trading scheme asia ets we assess the role of the asia ets on the macro economy and international transfers vis a vis the standard case of global trading our results indicate that creating two large trading markets would result in small global efficiency losses while at the same time generating more reasonable regional incentives and transfers

explaining the worldwide decline in the length of mandatory military service 1970 2010 compulsory military service has declined considerably since 1970 this explained by changes on both the extensive and intensive margins by governments while the decision to use conscription for military purposes has been studied extensively in this paper we examine empirically the factors underlying the decline in the duration of military service obligations employing data from the economic freedom of the world index observed at 5 year intervals from 1970 to 2010 we find that the probability of a shorter military service time is positively associated with smaller country populations smaller lagged army sizes increases in primary schooling among young males and having common law legal origins our empirical approach also highlights how the elderly population exhibits a nonlinear relationship with the length of conscriptees time in uniform

does globalization affect growth evidence from a new index of globalization the study develops an index of globalization covering its three main dimensions economic integration social integration and political integration using panel data for 123 countries in 1970 2000 it is analysed empirically whether the overall index of globalization as well as sub indexes constructed to measure the single dimensions affect economic growth as the results show globalization indeed promotes growth the dimensions most robustly related with growth refer to actual economic flows and restrictions in developed countries although less robustly information flows also promote growth whereas political integration has no effect

policies and legislation driving taiwan s development of renewable energy abstract under the current wave of international responses to the growing threat of climate change taiwan cannot afford to step back from its goal of advancing its renewable energy strengthening its energy self sufficiency and energy security this paper will first analyze the high level dependency structure of taiwan s energy demands then we will explore taiwan current situation in terms of renewable energy development furthermore from an overview of the course of changes and development in taiwan s energy policy highlight the commitment to and aims of taiwan s renewable energy development made by the government at the annual national energy conference fourth we shall analyse technological r d incentives taxes market reforms and other related policy tools fifth in light of public announcements and budgets set in recent years for taiwan s renewable energy research plan highlight main strategies being given impetus by the government sixth the author will discuss the implications of recent significant legal reforms to the development of renewable energy in taiwan and from the correlating aspects of industrial structures and energy consumption take the first steps in emphasizing the urgent need for adjustments to be made to taiwan s industrial structure finally this paper will conclude by examining current policies legislation and strategies which are in place to promote this area in taiwan and discuss the potential competitiveness and future scenarios which the development of renewable energy could mean for taiwan

the effect of trade openness on women s welfare and work life summary this study of 134 countries analyzes whether women are generally the losers or winners of globalization the results show that economic integration does not directly improve women s life expectancies women s access to primary and secondary education may improve slightly although women s welfare does not seem to improve more than that of men on the other hand economic integration does influence women s professional lives in developing countries trade openness increases female labor force participation in industrialized states it decreases the share of working women trade openness in developed countries increases the number of women employed in the service sector while in developing states it increases the number of women working in industrial jobs and in agriculture

money supply announcements and interest rates does monetary policy matter abstract most current explanations of the effect of money supply announcements on the rate of interest center on central bank policy this paper analyzes a flexible price macroeconomic model where present and future monetary policy have no influence on either interest rates or real output but monetary data signal information about real economic activity which influences both short and long term real rates of interest the magnitude of the interest rate response is shown to depend on the difference in the income elasticities of currency and deposit demand and the relative size of monetary and real disturbances to the economy

the determinants of life expectancy an analysis of the oecd health data 1 introductionthis study is concerned with understanding the determinants of life expectancy in developed countries the level and variability of life expectancy has important implications for individual and aggregate human behavior it affects fertility behavior economic growth human capital investment intergenerational transfers and incentives for pension benefit claims zhang zhang and lee 2001 coile et al 2002 from the social planners perspective it has implications for public finance for example gradstein and kaganovich 2004 conclude that increasing longevity results in increasing public funding of education and economic growth cremer lozachmeur and pestieau 2004 p 2260 argue that early retirement puts pressure on the financing of healthcare and pension schemes and this pressure is made worse by growing longevity while typically assumed strictly exogenous for the purpose of policy analysis it has been argued that life expectancy or more broadly health is predetermined by behavioral and policy variables in what can be loosely described as a production function for health estimating this function is the goal of this study auster leveson and sarachek 1969 were the first economists to study a population production function for health a regression of state level mortality rates on medical care and environmental variables today their research motivations and questions remain compelling indeed given the size and rapid growth of health care related industries and recent public interest in containing medical and insurance costs it could be argued that understanding the socioeconomic determinants of societal health is more important today than ever moreover issues concerning the government s role in sponsoring basic medical and pharmaceutical research in regulating drug alcohol and tobacco consumption and in promoting healthy lifestyles are all particularly newsworthy the research questions related to public health are obvious if societal health can be measured as life expectancy or mortality rates what are the various socioeconomic factors that increase or decrease it can the marginal effects of these factors be disentangled if so which of these factors produces the largest health benefits or costs to society these questions are as important now as when first posed by auster leveson and sarachek in 1969 since auster leveson and sarachek several economic studies have attempted to answer these questions using data from the united states or multiple countries 1 many of these have used aggregate data from the member countries of the oecd to explain cross country mortality rates or life expectancies 2 while the empirical results are mixed the general consensus is that population life expectancy or mortality is a function of environmental measures e g wealth education safety regulation infrastructure lifestyle measures e g tobacco or alcohol consumption and health care consumption measures e g medical or pharmaceutical expenditures however the appropriate econometric methodology for disentangling these effects and its meaning for the relative importance statistical or economic of the estimated effects is more contentious these methodological issues are most vividly illustrated in the few studies that have focused on pharmaceutical expenditures as a separate input to life expectancy these include peltzman 1987 babazono and hillman 1994 lichtenberg 1996 1998 frech and miller 1999 and miller and frech 2000 for example peltzman 1987 examined the effects of wealth and prescription drug laws on infectious disease mortality and on poisoning mortality across middle income countries in a generalized least squares gls framework he found that wealth variables significantly decreased both disease and poisoning mortality rates while prescription drug laws had a significant and positive effect on poisoning mortality only

the determinants of mortality mortality rates have fallen dramatically over time starting in a few countries in the 18th century and continuing to fall today in just the past century life expectancy has increased by over 30 years at the same time mortality rates remain much higher in poor countries with a difference in life expectancy between rich and poor countries of also about 30 years this difference persists despite the remarkable progress in health improvement in the last half century at least until the hiv aids pandemic in both the time series and the cross section data there is a strong correlation between income per capita and mortality rates a correlation that also exists within countries where richer better educated people live longer we review the determinants of these patterns over history over countries and across groups within countries while there is no consensus about the causal mechanisms we tentatively identify the application of scientific advance and technical progress some of which is induced by income and facilitated by education as the ultimate determinant of health such an explanation allows a consistent interpretation of the historical cross country and within country evidence we downplay direct causal mechanisms running from income to health

economic freedom democracy and the quality of life summary many empirical studies indicate that economic freedom in society is positively correlated with prosperity and growth while democracy exhibits mixed correlations however these studies do not control for the possible interaction of these two types of freedoms or their respective influences on social welfare this empirical analysis examines the interaction of economic freedom and democracy on measures of health education and disease prevention in society the results imply that greater economic freedom consistently enhances these welfare measures even among more democratic countries democracy has a smaller positive influence that disappears for many welfare measures in countries with more economic freedoms

analysis of the policy effects of downstream feed in tariff on china s solar photovoltaic industry abstract the chinese government initiated the feed in tariff fit policy for downstream power generation in august 2013 the effectiveness of the downstream fit policy has attracted the attention of academia and government using the quarterly data of listed solar pv companies between 2009 and 2015 this paper provides an empirical analysis regarding the effects of the downstream fit policy we find that 1 the fit policy has significantly enhanced the inventory turnover of listed pv firms and improved their profitability 2 the fit policy has significant effects on the inventory turnover of midstream companies and mixed industry chain companies mainly engaged in downstream operations 3 fit policy is more favorable towards increasing the inventory turnover of private enterprises our results indicate that the fit policy can have substantial effects on the sustainable development of china s solar photovoltaic industry

international medical technology diffusion abstract does medical technology generated in frontier countries have a significant impact on health outcomes in the rest of the world this paper considers a framework where non frontier countries may benefit from medical innovation that is embodied in medical imports or diffuses in the form of ideas using a novel dataset from a cross section of 63 technology importing countries we show that medical technology diffusion is an important contributor to improved health status as measured by life expectancy and mortality rates

the selection principle and market failure in systems competition abstract if governments stepped in where markets failed reintroducing markets through the backdoor of systems competition will again result in market failure three models are presented which illustrate this wisdom the first is concerned with congestion prone public goods and shows that fiscal competition may be ruinous for the governments the second considers the insurance function of redistributive taxation and shows that systems competition may suffer from adverse selection the third studies the role of quality regulation and shows that systems competition may be a competition of laxity resulting in inefficiently low quality standards

wealthier is healthier we estimate the effect of income on health using cross country timeseries data on health infant and child mortality and life expectancy and income per capita we use instrumental variables estimates using exogenous determinants of income growth to identify the pure income effect on health isolated from reverse causation or incidental association the long run income elasticity of infant and child mortality in developing countries lies between 0 2 and 0 4 using these estimates we calculate that over a half a million child deaths in the developing world in 1990 alone can be attributed to the poor economic performance in the 1980s

reserves announcements and interest rates does monetary policy matter the author provides evidence on the perceived existence of strong liquidity effect the analysis is based on the response of the term structure of interest rates to the weekly federal reserve announcements of bank reserves during the post october 1979 period it is shown that unanticipated changes in the mix between borrowed and nonborrowed reserves cause expected real interest rates to change after the announcement because they provide information about a future change in the supply of money a precise model is developed and tested during subperiods of nonborrowed and borrowed reserves targeting by the fed

the future of the feed in tariff fit scheme in europe the case of photovoltaics abstract the key objective of this study is the examination of the regulatory and policy framework of the feed in tariff fit scheme specifically its effect on both the electricity pricing as well as the local and european renewable energy sources res market and accordingly the definition of its feasibility as a scheme for the further development and promotion of renewable energy technologies rets this work discusses the fit scheme implementation for photovoltaics pvs in four case study countries denmark germany cyprus and spain a model describing the conditions under which a fit scheme is led to collapse is also introduced and a parametric analysis towards revealing the sensitivity of the different parameters affecting it is delivered the study concludes with significant policy implications that should be considered for future implementation of the scheme for the prevention of the collapse of the scheme the tariff s value ought to be determined by each country s government based on a set of influencing factors including the operational capital and investment costs of each ret the standard cost of renewable energy re generation and the avoidance cost which would be regularly reviewed depending on the excess of the annual capacity

looking beyond averages in the trade and poverty debate there has been much debate about how much poor people in developing countries gain from trade openness as one aspect of globalization the paper views the issue through both macro and micro empirical lenses the macro lens uses cross country comparisons and aggregate time series data the micro lens uses household level data combined with structural modeling of the impacts of specific trade reforms case studies are presented for china and morocco both the macro and micro approaches cast doubt on some widely heard generalizations from both sides of the globalization debate additionally the micro lens indicates considerable heterogeneity in the welfare impacts of trade openness with both gainers and losers among the poor a number of covariates of the individual gains are identified the results point to the importance of combining trade reforms with well designed social protection policies

downscaling heterogeneous household outcomes in dynamic cge models for energy economic analysis abstract downscaling methods for dynamic computable general equilibrium models are developed and analyzed the methods produce outcomes for a variety of different household types by downscaling the aggregate quantities from an economic growth model with a representative household this approach uses household survey data and long term population projections for different household types to compare the performance of the downscaling methods vs a general equilibrium model with multiple household groups under a variety of conditions including demographic change technological change and a carbon tax both recursive dynamic and forward looking downscaling methods produce results that approximate well a multiple household model run the recursive dynamic downscaling method is applied to an illustrative example estimating impacts of a carbon tax on aggregate co 2 emissions and the energy demand of different household groups for a middle of the road development scenario

the impact of government subsidies and enterprises r d investment a panel data study from renewable energy in china in this research we aim to understand the influence of government subsidies on enterprises research and development r d investment behavior particularly in china s renewable energy sector we are also interested in examining how the attributes of enterprise ownership act as a moderating variable for the relationship between government subsidies and r d investment behavior three classical panel data analysis models including the pooled ordinary least squares ols model the fixed effect model and the random effect model are employed we find that government subsidies have a significant crowding out influence on enterprises r d investment behavior and that the influence is further moderated by the attributes of enterprise ownership moreover a panel threshold regression model is used to demonstrate how the influence of government subsidies on enterprises r d investment behavior will change when government subsidies increase two thresholds 0 6 and 10 1 are identified we recommend that relevant government departments should motivate enterprise r d investment behavioral intention by increasing subsidies within a certain range different attributes of enterprise ownership should also be considered as part of policy reform and re structuring relating to government subsidies

limited trading of emissions permits as a climate cooperation mechanism us china and eu china examples abstract recent multilateral climate negotiations have underlined the importance of international cooperation and the need for support from developed to developing countries to address climate change this raises the question of whether carbon market linkages could be used as a cooperation mechanism policy discussions surrounding such linkages have indicated that should they operate a limit would be set on the amount of carbon permits that could be imported by developed regions from developing countries this paper analyzes the impact of limited carbon trading between an ets in the eu or the us and a carbon market covering chinese electricity and energy intensive sectors using a global economy wide model we find that the limit results in different carbon prices between china and europe or the us although the impact on low carbon technologies in china is moderate global emission reductions are deeper than in the absence of international trading due to reduced carbon leakage if china captures the rents associated with limited permit trading we show that it is possible to find a limit threshold that makes both regions better off relative to carbon markets operating in isolation

the doping effect of italian feed in tariffs on the pv market abstract in less than six years italy has become one of the leading markets for pv power plants and one of the countries in the world with the largest number of installations and installed peak power such a quick and large growth is due to a series of feed in tariff schemes that have been uncapped until 2012 as a matter of fact any size or any number of pv power plants could be installed during a period of three years since the feed in tariffs are not paid by national taxes but are charged on the electricity bills italian energy users are now due to pay each year a surcharge of 9 billion euros on their energy bills this paper aims at discussing this development by highlighting the benefits but also some significant drawbacks that the application of uncontrolled feed in tariffs has produced

the evidence on globalisation globalisation is blamed for many socioeconomic shortcomings i discuss the consequences of globalisation by surveying the empirical globalisation literature my focus is on the kof indices of globalisation that have been used in more than 100 studies early studies using the kof index reported correlations between globalisation and several outcome variables studies published more recently identify causal effects the evidence shows that globalisation has spurred economic growth promoted gender equality and improved human rights moreover globalisation did not erode welfare state activities did not have any significant effect on labour market interaction and hardly influenced market deregulation it increased however within country income inequality the consequences of globalisation thus turn out to be overall much more favourable than often conjectured in the public discourse

interest rates aggregate information and monetary policy abstract interest rates set on economy wide markets represent an important source of information to economic agents within the class of business cycle models advanced by lucas and barro this paper explores the information conveyed by such aggregate signals and the types of monetary policies that can influence economic activity by changing the information content of interest rates

tests of the relation between money and output in the real business cycle model abstract the paper contains tests of the relation between money and output implied by a real business cycle model the tests control for a variety that may affect economic growth and the growth rates of monetary aggregates using u s data from 1953 1 1984 4 we find almost no evidence that the empirical relations between real growth and measures of monetary policy violate the restrictions imposed by the model changes in a set of real variables explain a majority of the variation in gnp growth however substantial variation in gnp growth remains unexplained by the real factors that we consider

renewable energy policy and electricity market reforms in china the article examines the potential effectiveness of the renewable energy policy in china and its regulatory law framework it frames the option of renewable energy technology within the background of the long lasting electricity problems that china has faced including serious supply shortages reliance on coal and severe environmental contamination its dual administrative and ownership system based on state and privately owned industry is discussed together with the market reform measures adopted in the sector current renewable energy policy is analysed and the scope of the 2005 renewable energy promotion law is investigated this is conducted within the context of the electricity sector reform that china adopted and its effects upon the prospects of encouraging as well as expanding the development of renewable energy this study draws upon primary information collected from interviews with stakeholders on the policy adequacy and identifies three main types of shortcomings that have interfered with a more successful expansion of renewable energy in china

overall review of renewable energy subsidy policies in china contradictions of intentions and effects abstract china is vast abundant and particularly plentiful in energy sources due to which it has obtained remarkable achievements on economy however its energy structure is too simple to support the sustainable development of economy as coal still contributes to the majority of energy consumption in china as a consequence renewable energy law was enacted in 2005 and chinese government announced a series of policies to boom renewable energy industry subsidy policy is one of the major forms of these policies this paper aims to present these subsidy policies and to analyze their effects according to relative data in energy industry 2005 2013 to find out the deficiencies and enlighten possible policy improvements the original intentions and abstracts of 5 different levels of subsidy related policies are summarized and the effects in reality are attentively analyzed it can be concluded that subsidy policies have different short term effect on different renewable energies and they all show some negative effect to a certain extent 6 core problems are summarized in this paper and remedy strategies are suggested

channels and policy debate in the globalization inequality poverty nexus the process of globalization has led to a much greater integration of the world economy the flows of trade capital labour technology and information across national borders have accelerated since the 1980s and created an environment conducive to faster economic growth and transmission of knowledge it is evident that the forces of globalization provide a strong potential for a major reduction in poverty in the developing world however for a number of reasons brought out in this chapter the positive impact of globalization on poverty alleviation worldwide has not been as substantial as one might have expected in this chapter we explore structural factors and policies within the world economy and national economies that impede the full transmission of the benefits of the various channels of globalization to poverty reduction

tests of equilibrium macroeconomics using contemporaneous monetary data abstract this paper uses contemporaneous monetary data to carry out econometric tests of the equilibrium approach to modelling the relation between monetary disturbances and macroeconomic fluctuations the theoretical analysis introduces into an equilibrium macroeconomic model the availability of preliminary data on current monetary aggregates and the process of accumulation of revised monetary data the econometric analysis tests two hypothesis derived from this extended model one hypothesis concerns the neutrality of perceived monetary policy the econometric results imply rejection of this hypothesis the other hypothesis concerns the non neutrality of errors in preliminary monetary data the econometric results fail to reject the contrary of this hypothesis these tests provide strong evidence against the reality of the equilibrium approach

does globalisation affect the shadow economy we investigate the impact of globalisation on the shadow economy using panel data for 119 countries our evidence suggests that globalisation matters in mitigating shadow development more specifically we find that political globalisation reduces the shadow economy whereas economic and social globalisations have limited statistical support after controlling for important factors that affect the size of the shadow economy overall these results are robust after accounting for an alternative measure of the shadow economy outliers endogeneity and alternative model specifications

the analysis on photovoltaic electricity generation status potential and policies of the leading countries in solar energy abstract energy which is the main agenda of our world is crucially important for the people many countries frequently held meetings and discussions with energy agenda these countries are working to balance the energy demand and supply for finding the solution are researched researches should be attempted to present a more efficient way to use energy as well as renewable energy resources effectively photovoltaic energy power systems take place as the most dominant source among renewable energy technologies the most important reason is that it is unlimited and clean energy of the solar power systems many studies show that photovoltaic power systems will have an important share in the electricity of the future in this study to generate electricity from solar energy using photovoltaic systems have a leading position in some european countries united states of america china and japan s current status and future policies will be analyzed in various comments were made

does globalization influence protectionism empirical evidence from agricultural support abstract there are several motivations for domestic policy makers to protect food markets in the course of globalization on the other hand there are also theoretical arguments for why globalization should lead to less assistance to domestic farmers by using a large cross country data set and a dynamic panel data analysis i investigate the influence of globalization on protectionist policies in the agricultural sector empirically i find that globalization induces countries to increase agricultural protection this result is robust to dealing with the potential endogeneity of globalization via internal instruments generated by the system gmm model

globalization taxation and burden shifting in latin america most researchers interested in the relationship between global markets and public policy focus on advanced industrial democracies in contrast we examine competing hypotheses as to globalization s effect on governments by expanding the scope of the discussion to include developing nations more specifically we investigate the relationship between international market integration and the evolving burden of taxation on capital as well as the subsequent response of markets to shifts in tax policy in latin america since the late 1970s consistent with our theoretical expectations we find that global market forces are more constraining vis a vis tax policy in latin america than in the world s wealthiest nations despite these market based pressures however national politics continue to influence tax policy in latin america in a manner consistent with findings on advanced industrial democracies as such developing nations continue to have some room to manipulate policy though within the context of a more strictly neoliberal context than their counterparts in advanced industrial democracies

financial measures for promoting residential rooftop photovoltaics under a feed in tariff framework in thailand abstract a feed in tariff fit framework has been implemented in thailand since 2007 to encourage and stimulate the development of renewable energy as a result the capacity of solar photovoltaics pvs has increased significantly and has reached 1902 mw nevertheless the installation of pvs on rooftops in the residential sector accounts for only a minute percentage 0 003 of the total capacity of installed pvs in this paper a feasibility analysis of grid connected solar pv rooftops for households under the present feed in tariff framework was performed the results demonstrate that the current feed in tariff is not sufficient to promote investment in pv rooftops in the residential sector under the current market situation moreover in order to support the current framework additional supportive measures including 1 an appropriate feed in tariff rate 2 personal income tax exemptions 3 carbon trading and 4 low interest rate loans were proposed and their effects were evaluated the low interest rate loan appears to be the best measure for promoting and stimulating investment in residential scale pv rooftops without additional subsidy the leverage effect of debt with different debt portions loan terms and interest rates was investigated to suggest a suitable policy

estimating a health production function for sub saharan africa ssa the paper estimates a health production function for sub saharan africa based on the grossman 1972 theoretical model that treats social economic and environmental factors as inputs of the production system in estimating this function socioeconomic and environmental factors such as income per capita illiteracy rate food availability ratio of health expenditure to gdp urbanization rate and carbon dioxide emission per worker are specified as determinants of health status the parameters of the function are estimated by one way and two way fixed and random effects model of panel data analyses the results of the two way random effect model suggest that an increase in income per capita a decrease in illiteracy rate and an increase in food availability are strongly associated with an improvement in life expectancy at birth overall the results imply that a health policy which may focus on the provision of health services family planning programs and emergency aids to the exclusion of other socio

subsidy policy and the enlargement of choice abstract development is the enlargement of people s choices optimal subsidy policy is intended to create the right incentives for each of the value chain participants this paper contends that the interest subsidy offered by the indian federal ministry of new and renewable energy for solar thermal systems through mainstream banking channels is superior in intent and outcome compared to the capital subsidy as currently offered for solar pv systems routed through government controlled delivery channels the interest subsidy enhances innovation improves service delivery and expands the range of product available to consumers enjoying a wide range of endowments thus leading to more inclusive development the simple monopoly model developed by atkinson atkinson ab capabilities exclusion and the supply of goods in basu k pattanaik p suzumura k editor choice welfare and development oxford university press 1995 is applied to the context of solar home systems to demonstrate price reduction and choice expansion in a liberalized market facilitated by an interest subsidy scheme