decomposition analysis of co2 emission intensity between oil producing and non oil producing sub saharan african countries abstract the need to decompose co2 emission intensity is predicated upon the need for effective climate change mitigation and adaptation policies such analysis enables key variables that instigate co2 emission intensity to be identified while at the same time providing opportunities to verify the mitigation and adaptation capacities of countries however most co2 decomposition analysis has been conducted for the developed economies and little attention has been paid to sub saharan africa the need for such an analysis for ssa is overwhelming for several reasons firstly the region is amongst the most vulnerable to climate change secondly there are disparities in the amount and composition of energy consumption and the levels of economic growth and development in the region thus a decomposition analysis of co2 emission intensity for ssa affords the opportunity to identify key influencing variables and to see how they compare among countries in the region also attempts have been made to distinguish between oil and non oil producing ssa countries to this effect a comparative static analysis of co2 emission intensity for oil producing and non oil producing ssa countries for the periods 1971 1998 has been undertaken using the refined laspeyres decomposition model our analysis confirms the findings for other regions that co2 emission intensity is attributable to energy consumption intensity co2 emission coefficient of energy types and economic structure particularly co2 emission coefficient of energy use was found to exercise the most influence on co2 emission intensity for both oil and non oil producing sub saharan african countries in the first sub interval period of our investigation from 1971 1981 in the second subinterval of 1981 1991 energy intensity and structural effect were the two major influencing factors on emission intensity for the two groups of countries however energy intensity effect had the most pronounced impact on co2 emission intensity in non oil producing sub saharan african countries while the structural effect explained most of the increase in co2 emission intensity among the oil producing countries finally for the period 1991 1998 structural effect accounted for much of the decrease in intensity among non oil producers while co2 emission coefficient of energy use was the major force driving the decrease among oil producing countries the dynamic changes in the co2 emission intensity and energy intensity effects for the two groups of countries suggest that fuel switching had been predominantly towards more carbon intensive production in oil producing countries and less carbon intensive production in non oil producing ssa countries in addition to the decomposition analysis the article discusses policy implications of the results we hope that the information and analyses provided here would help inform national energy and climate policy makers in ssa of the relative weaknesses and possible areas of strategic emphasis in their planning processes for mitigating the effects of climate change

markets hierarchies and information on a paradox in the economics of organization abstract the literature on the economics of organization presents the following paradox on the one hand firms are said to be repositories of superior information about input characteristics on the other hand markets are said to be superior to hierarchies in coordinating resource allocation because hierarchies are forced to aggregate heterogeneous inputs into homogeneous categories this paper suggests reasons for the association of firms with refined input information and argues that it is not their hierarchical features but their provision of an appropriate framework for rent sharing that is responsible for this association

power competition and the free trader vulgaris competition is taken for granted by neoclassical economics its cause is human nature and its functioning is the result of spontaneous interactions as such it is contrasted with power which is an unnatural restriction on human liberty by contrast marx discusses competition as a coercive mechanism historically competition develops with the development of market relations and what today appears as human nature is part of this process thus it is within competition and not outside of it that marx explains the coercive nature of capitalism his critique shows that competition and power appear to be antithetical because market relations are based on individual freedom however class relations are another essential aspect of capitalism by neglecting these relations neoclassical economists including those of a radical inspiration implicitly espouse the ruling class s viewpoint which they simply translate into rigorous mathematical terms in this sense they are the modern expression of what marx called the vulgar political economy

empirical evidence in the analysis of the environmental and energy policies of a series of industrialised nations during the period 1960 1997 using widely employed macroeconomic indicators this article underlines the main implications of the interrelations between the energy problem and that of environmental pollution using the most widely used macroeconomic indicators in the field of policy analysis in fact carbon dioxide co2 emission intensity and energy intensity trends may be used to highlight the most important features of economic development over a given time scale in a variety of different countries the empirical analysis proposed here covering a time span of some 40 years in a number of the most highly industrialised nations seems to be useful if we are to understand the main similarities and differences in the interaction between the energy choices made by different countries and their respective environmental effects moreover by using ppps it has been possible to propose a more detailed cross country analysis for the different international situations

new institutional economics in the post socialist transformation debate the paper suggests that there is a tension between the basic tenant of new institutional economics nie and the manner in which it has been applied in the debate on post socialist transformation this tension is explored in the context of four main perspectives on nie i property rights ii transaction costs economics iii new economic history and iv evolutionary economics there are two main arguments the first is that the transformation phase should be seen as open ended rather than a closed process where the pure market is the inevitable end result the second is that although the nie literature touches on most of the issues which are relevant to post socialist transformation the insights that it offers are still too general for policy guidance

toward an economic model of the japanese firm i owe a great deal to professor moses abramovitz who suggested that i write this article i appreciate his constant encouragement and guidance which aided me throughout its preparation i am also indebted to three anonymous referees of the journal and to professors ryutaro komiya and michael riordan for their critical comments and helpful suggestions needless to say i am solely responsible for the views expressed in this paper

shirking and the choice of technology a theory of production inefficiency with an empirical application abstract we develop a model of shirking and technology choice and show that organizations exercising less effective direct control over shirking adopt technologies that underutilize the workforce to a greater degree relative to neoclassical counterparts in order to control shirking indirectly thus technical inefficiency arises endogenously as a rational response to allocative inefficiency caused by shirking an empirical analysis of data from a sample of collective and private farms operating in jewish palestine reveals the presence of shirking and supports the prediction that farms with less effective direct control over shirking exhibit greater labor hoarding as a manifestation of technical inefficiency

the firm as a nexus of treaties part 1 knowledge its acquisition sharing and or asymmetry the participatory generation of information rents and the theory of the firm masahiko aoki common knowledge and the co ordination of economic activities jacques cremer profit sharing information and employment matti pohjola part 2 vertical integration and the strategic management of the enterprise what is vertical integration michael h riordan vertical integration transaction costs and learning by using kurt lundgren the firm as a nexus of internal and external contracts torger reve part 3 issues of labour organization the viability of worker ownership an economic perspective on the political structure of the firm henry hansmann intellectual skill and the role of employees as constituent members of large firms in contemporary japan kazuo koike the implicit contract for corporate law firm associates ex post opportunism and ex ante bonding robert h mooking part 4 finance and the political structure of the firm capital structure as a mechanism of control a comparison of financial systems erik berglof long term contracts in financial markets hakan lindgren the principle of external accountability in competitive markets herbert gintis union militancy and plant designs kar ove moene can transaction cost economics explain trade associations marc schneiberg and j rogers hollingsworth

distance trade and fdi a hausman taylor sur approach this paper analyses the effects of distance as a common determinant of exports and fdi in a three factor new trade theory model assuming that distance affects both pure trade costs and plant set up costs exports and fdi are not necessarily substitutes with respect to distance since the predicted impact depends on its importance for fixed plant set up costs relative to transportation costs and on the relative importance of vertical mnes for the empirical specification we suggest that the impact of time invariant variables such as distance is most appropriately analysed in a hausman taylor sur model we apply our model to industry level data of bilateral outward fdi stocks and exports of the us and germany copyright 2004 john wiley sons ltd

foreign ownership and technology adoption evidence from indian firms abstract firms in developing countries rely on foreign technology purchases to improve their technology we use a theoretical framework developed by katz and shapiro to examine the ongoing technology adoption behavior of foreign owned and domestic firms using firm level data on indian firms from 1989 to 1993 we test this theoretical model we find that foreign ownership firm size and market structure are among the variables that impact a firm s probability of adopting new technology we also find that the 1991 liberalization of technology transfer policies in india appears to have had a larger impact on foreign owned firms than domestic firms

equity and carbon emissions trading a model analysis carbon emissions trading is a key instrument of climate policy it helps to bring about emission reductions in that place where they are least costly however fair burden sharing is about more than just cost efficiency while focussing on the instrument of emissions trading this paper touches upon equity issues that frame decisions on emission rights allocation the analysis is based on the iclips model the model study gives new insights on how the equal per capita allocation principle influences the intertemporal emission paths and about the distribution of mitigation costs in the long run apart from the intuitive economic evaluation of model results this paper also attempts to provide an evaluation from an equity point of view for a variety of assumptions model results show that several developing countries could benefit considerably from joining an international emissions trading system thereby becoming potential collaborators in post kyoto climate agreements

foreign direct investment and european integration in the 1990s this paper examines the effects of eu integration in the 1990s on the fdi relations in europe we find that the completion of the single market the 1995 enlargement and the so called eastern enlargement are characterised by a substantial positive anticipation effect in the period between the announcement and the formal establishment of each integration step neither the single market programme nor the previous enlargement exhibited any further positive effects on intra eu fdi volumes after their establishment

room for improvement in low carbon economies of g7 and brics countries based on the analysis of energy efficiency and environmental kuznets curves abstract carbon emissions which are nowadays targeted for significant reduction cause global warming with climate change producing a series of side effects including economic losses and ecological extinction the data envelopment analysis approach has recently been employed for environmental estimations the target of this study is to introduce a new data envelopment analysis method in order to provide environmental improvement suggestions this study measures the room for improvements in low carbon economies of g7 group and brics group based on the analysis of energy efficiency and environmental kuznets curves the main findings are as follows i the g7 group has greater room for improvement in its carbonization value than the brics group before 2005 however the latter has greater room for improvement in carbonization value than the former after 2005 ii countries with the backfire effect of a high carbon economy include germany italy and south africa iii during the data period three environmental kuznets curves including energy intensity emission intensity and carbonization value do not satisfy the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis that the curves are inverted u shaped on the contrary the three environmental kuznets curves in this study are u shaped

carbon dioxide emissions and global gdp abstract a positive relationship between carbon dioxide emissions the most important greenhouse gas ghg implicated in global warming and gdp is shown in this paper examining per capita income and co2 emissions of 137 countries across 21 years it also appears that as per capita incomes accelerate across countries emissions increases for the most part tend to decelerate it could be that higher income levels lead to increased demand for environmental protection only emissions reduction proposals that assure incomes will not be adversely affected particularly those of less developed countries ldcs will have any possibility of successful implementation

empirical analysis of the environmental and energy policies in some developing countries using widely employed macroeconomic indicators the cases of brazil china and india abstract this paper proposes an empirical analysis concerning the environmental and energy policies of some important developing countries brazil china and india today present in the international scenario with very different features than in the past the research is carried out using two of the most important macroeconomic indicators several times proposed in the field of policy analysis emission intensity ratio and energy intensity ratio moreover the emission intensity ratio is used in order to verify the empirical existence of the so called environmental kuznets curve for the three countries for what concerns this last point final results do not correspond closely to the theoretical strict formulations hypothesised in the classical environmental kuznets curve model this paper follows completing and concluding the previous one carried out by the same author for some industrialised countries after a brief but ineluctable premise considering the theoretical basic assumptions to define the question and regarding general statements the specific cases are analysed main findings show that resulting trends in these developing countries are different and furthermore they differ from those already observed in industrialised ones

the trade off between foreign direct investments and exports the role of multiple dimensions of distance to serve foreign markets firms can either export or set up a local subsidiary through horizontal foreign direct investment fdi the conventional proximity concentration theory suggests that fdi substitutes for trade if distance between countries is large while exports become more important if scale economies in production are large this paper investigates empirically the effect of different dimensions of distance on the choice between exports and fdi we find that different dimensions of distance affect exports and fdi differently there is clear evidence of a proximity concentration trade off in geographical terms the share of fdi sales in total foreign sales increases with geographical distance the positive relation between import tariffs and fdi intensity provides further evidence for a trade off resulting from trade costs on the other hand the share of fdi decreases with language differences and cultural and institutional barriers the latter dimensions of distance thus affect fdi more strongly than exports 2011 blackwell publishing ltd

methodological proposal for territorial distribution of the percentage reduction in gross inland energy consumption according to the eu energy policy strategic goal abstract a 20 reduction in the consumption of energy is one of the main goals of the european union s eu 20 20 20 energy strategy but the uniform application of this overall goal to all of the countries is neither fair nor equitable as it does not take into consideration the characteristics of the energy system in each member state this article therefore proposes a nonlinear distribution methodology with objective dynamic goals for reducing gross inland energy consumption according to the context and characteristics of each member state we hope it will open discussion on how these overall goals can be weighted then we analyse the situation of the energy indicators related to energy efficiency in the reference year 2005 used by the eu for reaching its goal of reducing the gross inland consumption by 20 by 2020 and its progress from 1996 to 2007 finally the methodology proposed is applied to the year 2020 on the nuts0 territorial level that is to members of the eu according to the eurostat nomenclature of territorial units for statistics nuts weighting is done based on energy intensity per capita gross inland consumption and per capita energy intensity in two scenarios the eu 15 and eu 27

the ontology of economic power in capitalism mainstream economics and marx mainstream economics conceives power to be incompatible with perfect competition this conception i argue derives from its deductivist method and the empirical realist ontology that it presupposes following marx i show that capitalism constantly reproduces asymmetrical constraints on classes of individuals independent of the market form my ontological argument is rooted in the philosophy of critical realism my conclusion is that the dichotomy power competition is ontologically untenable if capitalist relations necessarily involve power it is not simply because neoclassical competition does not exist in reality as radical mainstream economists suggest but rather because capitalism altogether is a system of power

infrastructure endowment and corporate income taxes as determinants of foreign direct investment in central and eastern european countries this paper analyses the importance of taxes on corporate income and production related tangible infrastructure as determinants of foreign direct investment fdi in central and eastern european countries ceecs we operationalise taxes using effective average tax rates on the bilateral level and employ indices derived from principal component analysis as a proxy for the infrastructure endowment in the empirical analysis we control for a possible interrelation between taxes and infrastructure as determinants of fdi an issue usually neglected in the literature specifically a favourable infrastructure endowment may compensate for relatively high taxes hence higher taxes may not deter fdi the results from our panel econometric analysis of bilateral outward fdi flows of seven home countries in eight ceecs for the 1995 2004 period in an augmented gravity model setting show that i both taxes and infrastructure play a role in the location decisions made by multinational enterprises ii telecommunication and transport infrastructure are of special significance to fdi and iii the tax rate sensitivity of fdi indeed decreases with the level of infrastructure endowment copyright 2009 the authors journal compilation 2009 blackwell publishing ltd

electricity consumption and economic growth in india abstract this paper tries to examine the granger causality between electricity consumption per capita and gross domestic product gdp per capita for india using annual data covering the period 1950 51 to 1996 97 phillips perron tests reveal that both the series after logarithmic transformation are non stationary and individually integrated of order one this study finds the absence of long run equilibrium relationship among the variables but there exists unidirectional granger causality running from economic growth to electricity consumption without any feedback effect so electricity conservation policies can be initiated without deteriorating economic side effects

the rebound effect some empirical evidence from india abstract the present paper looks at the effect of technical efficiency gains on energy use in three sectors in india at varying levels of aggregation high positive rebound implies that efficient technology unless supplemented by appropriate pricing policy will not be successful in containing demand however the main purpose of the paper is to focus on the unique mechanism of rebound that may occur in developing countries with unmet demand

perspectives on positive political economy this volume serves as an introduction to the field of positive political economy and the economic and political processes with which it is concerned this new research tradition is distinct from both normative and historical approaches to political economy grounded in the rational actor methodology of microeconomics positive political economy is the study of rational decisions in a context of political and economic institutions more analytical than traditional approaches it is concerned with the derivation of principles and propositions against which real world experience may be compared its focus is on empirical regularities and its goal is theoretical explanation the field has focused on three main areas of research models of collective action constraints on competitive market processes and the analysis of transaction costs developments in all of these areas are covered in the book the first part of the volume surveys the field while the second part displays positive political economy at work examining a variety of subjects the final part contains essays by leading political economists on the theoretical foundations of the field

three types of decline in energy intensity an explanation for the decline of energy intensity in some developing countries this study proposes a hypothesis that there are three types of decline in energy intensity and one of the declines in energy intensity may be due to the restricted utilization of combustible renewables and wastes this study uses this hypothesis to explain the decline of energy intensity in some developing countries finally a model for sustainable energy consumption is suggested