economic and spatial effects of land value taxation in an urban area an urban computable general equilibrium approach this paper studies the effects of switching from a capital property tax to a land value tax using an urban computable general equilibrium model calibrated to the features of the atlanta georgia area our model differs from prior simulation studies in that we assume that residents own a fixed amount of land rather than assuming an absentee landowner we consider three income groups rather than just one we consider cases in which housing capital is not completely mobile and we allow for a labor leisure choice

a general equilibrium model with external scale economies in production abstract a general equilibrium model of an urban economy is described the standard residential land use model is extended to include a well defined production employment sector external scale economies occur in the production of the city s export good the model is designed for the numerical computation of equilibria and optima

the impact of the us sales tax rate on city size and economic activity a cge approach this paper analyses the effects of the change in the us sales tax on economic activity and city size using a computable general equilibrium cge model previous works have been designed to isolate

an eoq model with stock dependent demand shortage inflation and time discounting abstract this paper develops a finite time horizon deterministic economic order quantity eoq inventory model with shortages where the demand rate at any instant depends on the on hand inventory stock level at that instant the effects of inflation and the time value of money are taken into account considering two separate inflation rates namely the internal company inflation rate and the external general economy inflation rate the results are discussed with a numerical example and particular case of the model is discussed in brief a sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to the parameters of the system is carried out

the effects of inflation and time value of money on an economic order quantity model with a random product life cycle abstract for several decades the economic order quantity eoq model and its variations have received much attention from researchers recently there has been an investigation into an eoq model incorporating a random product life cycle and the concept of time value of money this paper extends the previous research in several areas first we investigate the impact of inflation on the choice of replenishment quantities second the unit cost which has been inadvertently omitted in the previous research is included in the objective function to properly model the problem third we consider the normal distribution as a product life cycle in addition to the exponential distribution fourth we develop a simulation model which can be used for any probability distribution

the differential incidence of a land tax the paper analyses the sharing of the burden of a land tax between consumers and owners of land at different points in a semi closed city the basic conclusion is that the pattern of differential incidence of the tax depends upon the magnitude of the elasticity of substitution between land and the composite private good in the utility function of residents the share of the burden on landowners increases decreases as the periphery is approached depending upon whether the elasticity of substitution is greater less than unity

an inventory model for deteriorating items with stock dependent consumption rate and shortages under inflation and time discounting this paper derives an inventory model for deteriorating items with stock dependent consumption rate and shortages under inflation and time discounting over a finite planning horizon we show that the total cost function is convex with the convexity a simple solution algorithm is presented to determine the optimal order quantity and the optimal interval of the total cost function the results are discussed with a numerical example and particular cases of the model are discussed in brief a sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to the parameters of the system is carried out

household behavior in a monocentric urban area with a public sector abstract this paper has examined how a public sector alters the model of urban household behavior and its predictions the qualitative housing price and demand location characteristics remain unchanged by the introduction of either an exogenous or endogenous public sector in addition the household s response to tax rate and public service changes depend solely upon the nonlocational demand relationships the major impact of location per se on the household s demand vector is through an additional hicksian price term whether locational effects reinforce or vitiate nonlocational demand changes depends upon the compensated relationship between the good in question and housing this paper also investigated the design of neutral public budgets government budgets using property income or comprehensive sales taxes to finance public services cannot be neutral with respect to housing demand and location of the four types of taxes considered only a narrow based sales tax can finance public services neutrally

access based consumption the case of car sharing access based consumption defined as transactions that can be market mediated but where no transfer of ownership takes place is becoming increasingly popular yet it is not well theorized this study examines the nature of access as it contrasts to ownership and sharing specifically the consumer object consumer consumer and consumer marketer relationships six dimensions are identified to distinguish among the range of access based consumptionscapes temporality anonymity market mediation consumer involvement the type of accessed object and political consumerism access based consumption is examined in the context of car sharing via an interpretive study of zipcar consumers four outcomes of these dimensions in the context of car sharing are identified lack of identification varying significance of use and sign value negative reciprocity resulting in a big brother model of governance and a deterrence of brand community the implications of our findings for understanding the nature of exchange consumption and brand community are discussed

escaping car dependence in the outer suburbs of paris the outer suburbs of paris are home to a large number of low income households driven from the centre by the workings of the property market this shift could give rise to a new form of socio spatial segregation insofar as the elevated costs of mobility in such highly car dependent areas restrict and change these households mobility patterns these effects were observed in data on three groups of working people from the 2001 global transport survey however the socio spatial impact of this outward movement is significantly reduced by the residential mobility of low income households which move from the most car dependent areas to denser areas with better public transport provision the presence of social housing in these areas only partially explains these migrations these results obtained from 1999 census micro data cast doubt upon the emergence of a new form of segregation in the outer suburbs described by dodson and sipe

on welfare measurement in cities this paper extends project evaluation in a spatial urban economy to consider the more general case of distortionary public finances if a local public improvement is financed at least in part by a distortionary property tax we show that residential land prices do not accurately measure the value of land improvements even when households are identical and the improvement is infinitesimally small the magnitude and direction of the measurement error will depend on the second order effects on aggregate demand via changes in population density at each location and on overall city size

the politics of housing consumption renters as flawed consumers on a master planned estate master planned estates offer package dreams of homeownership to those wanting to live among others who share their lifestyle aspirations yet we show in this paper how divisions can arise between housing tenure types with owner occupiers constructing private rental tenants as a problem extending bauman s concept of the flawed consumer using rose s writings on ethopolitics we show how renters are viewed as failing in three domains of social life aesthetics ethics and community by undermining the aesthetic value of the neighbourhood and by failing to demonstrate an ethic of care for themselves and others as a result the homeowners in this study try to avoid living among rental properties and are disappointed to find that contrary to expectations moving to a master planned estate does not guarantee this

the incidence of classified property taxes in a three sector model with an imperfectly mobile population abstract this paper analyzes the incidence of a classified property tax imposing different effective tax rates on residential commercial and industrial property as compared to a uniform property tax taxing capital and land in all sectors at the same rate our model includes three sectors commercial industrial and residential and three factors of production land labor and capital capital is assumed to be perfectly mobile but we consider varying degrees of labor mobility allowing the possibility that part of a classified property tax may be shifted to workers through lower wages

the effect of transport costs on housing related financial stress in australia housing related financial stress or housing stress is usually measured on the basis of income and direct housing costs such as mortgage repayments and rents one cost that is not included in calculations of housing stress but which may be important is the difference made by transport costs this paper shows how a measure of housing stress that incorporates transport costs can give a different picture of housing stress from a measure that ignores transport costs the result shows that in capital cities bringing transport costs into a housing stress measure particularly affects households with children it is also found that the impact of transport costs is even greater outside capital cities and that access to public transport may play a role in determining the spatial pattern of housing stress and hence the impact of transport cost on housing stress

labor mobility and the incidence of the residential property tax abstract this paper analyzes the incidence of the residential property tax in an economy with two communities workers are perfectly mobile so that their utility levels are equal in the two communities in equilibrium the property tax is modeled as an ad valorem tax on housing services

optimal time varying lot sizing models under inflationary conditions abstract this paper deals with the inventory replenishment problem over a fixed planning horizon for items with linearly time varying demand and under inflationary conditions we develop models and optimal solution procedures with and without shortages we do not put any restriction on the length of the replenishment cycles making the proposed methods the first optimal solution procedure for this problem using four examples we illustrate the proposed solution procedures and study the effect of changing the inflation and discount rates on the optimal replenishment schedules

telework urban form energy consumption and greenhouse gas implications a primary motivation of telework policy is to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions using a numerical simulation of the standard urban model we show telework causes sprawl calling into question the idea that telework decreases energy consumption overall effects depend on wage changes due to telework land use regulation such as height limits or greenbelts and the telework participation rate while energy consumption increases in some scenarios emissions may fall due to changes in the energy mix between gasoline and other sources jel r11 r28 c60

taxation and the tiebout model the differential effects of head taxes taxes on land rents and property taxes on the theory of state and local public finance is the seminal paper by charles tiebout 1956 tiebout constructed a multijurisdictional model in which independent local governments offer a wide variety of expenditure and tax policies and perfectly mobile consumers reveal their preferences for local public goods through their choice of residential community he argued that under such circumstances local public service provision would be efficient the tiebout model has formed the basis of a vast number of subsequent articles in the state and local public finance literature and has also been very influential in urban and regional economics the efficiency properties of various tiebout type models of local public good provision have been examined and the role of politics in these models has been debated at length in this literature of more direct relevance to this paper however is the fact that although tiebout had little to say directly about taxation simply assuming the existence of head taxes subsequent analyses have used adaptations of this model to examine the effects of local head taxes land taxes and property taxes it is the literature on the efficiency and distributional effects of alternative local taxes that is the subject of this survey 1

effects of land use and transportation policies on the spatial distribution of urban energy consumption in brazil abstract we evaluate the spatial effects of urban land use and transportation policies on energy consumption in the brazilian economy the model developed in this paper treats as endogenous the urban spatial distribution of residential location structure density commuting behavior and energy use facilitating a general equilibrium energy accounting of policies affecting transportation costs or land use we calibrate this model with respect to five monocentric brazilian cities in order to assess the implications three distinct policies a change in the gasoline price vehicle fuel efficiency regulations and a change in the price of agricultural land gasoline price increases reduce energy consumption directly though reduced commuting and indirectly through higher residential density on the other hand while fuel efficiency regulations reduce energy consumption in total the direct effect is somewhat offset by the indirect effect of sprawl which increases energy consumption increases to the price of agricultural land increase the energy efficiency of the city by increasing density and shortening commutes

housing investment and the private rental sector in australia over the past two decades the private rental sector has changed its role within the australian housing system as it has moved from being a tenure of transition comprised principally of young households saving to enter home ownership to a tenure of long term occupancy rising real house prices soaring interest rates changes in the nature of paid work and an increase in the number of household deaths through divorce or separation has seen an increasing proportion of households either unable to enter home purchase or unable to maintain their position within this tenure in addition access to publicly provided housing has declined this paper considers the changing environment for private rental housing in australia and examines the nature of investors and the size of their investment in the housing stock as well as the impact of their investment strategies on the operation of the housing market

efficient decentralized fiscal and environmental policy a dual purpose henry george tax abstract one consequence of decentralized responsibility to set tax policy and environmental standards is that local governments might try to attract industry and jobs by underproviding local public goods with lower taxes or lax environmental standards or both but if local authorities exploit fixed property site i e land taxation to fund local public goods affect firm migration and internalize potential local emission rents herein we find decentralized efficiency is supported this result reflects a dual form of the classic henry george theorem previously overlooked

eoq and inflation uncertainty abstract inflation uncertainty is introduced into a basic eoq model and its potential to make mischief is explored among other things it is shown that even when the expected rate of inflation is less than the marginal cost of capital the appropriate discount rate to use in computing a discounted expected total inventory cost will not necessarily be negative therefore the classic eoq square root formula may drastically underestimate the optimal lot size the results may be generalized to the more complex inventory models

property tax classification and welfare in urban areas a general equilibrium computational approach abstract this paper examines some of the structural and welfare effects of a change from a tax system in an urban area that classifies property by use for tax assessment to one that does not discriminate in its treatment of property a long run general equilibrium model of intraurban spatial location is developed due to analytical intractability the tax policy changes are simulated by use of a fixed point algorithm the model is stylized to the boston metropolitan area to the extent possible general equilibrium versions of compensating and equivalent variations in income are used as measures of welfare change the qualitative welfare results obtained from sensitivity analysis are fairly robust in a substantial majority of the cases considered there is a welfare gain in moving from the particular tax classification structure posited to a system in which all property is taxed at the same effective rate

car dependence and housing affordability an emerging social deprivation issue in london this paper investigates the combined problem of high car dependence and housing affordability in view of likely continued volatility in oil prices and hence higher petrol and diesel prices and rising house prices household budgets are likely to be stretched where there are high levels of car dependency and housing unaffordability with little flexibility for rising costs in either or both of these a composite car dependence and housing affordability cdha index is developed using indices of oil vulnerability related to car travel and housing affordability greater london is used as the case study with 2001 and 2011 data analysed at the level of lower super output areas and presented using geographic information system and r statistical software the findings reveal that there are high levels of composite car dependence and housing price vulnerability in many suburban areas across greater london adding to the previous areas of social deprivation found mainly in east london the composite cdha i

production inventory models for a damageable item with variable demands and inventory costs in an imperfect production process in this paper economic production quantity epq models for breakable or deteriorating item are developed with variable demands being dependent on time or on hand stock here rate of production and holding cost are time dependent unit production cost is a function of both production reliability indicator and production rate set up cost is also partially production rate dependent the production process produces some imperfect quantities which are instantly reworked at a cost to bring back those units to the perfect ones the production process ultimately depends on both time and reliability indicator the models are formulated as optimal control problems and the total profit functions with effect of inflation and time value of money are expressed as finite integrals over the finite planning horizon the problems are solved using euler lagrange function based on variational calculus and newton raphson method to determine the optimal production reliability indicator r and then corresponding production rates and total profits in some cases results of the models for deteriorating item are obtained as particular cases from those of breakable item models similarly results of simple epq models without damageability are deduced as particular cases numerical experiments are performed to illustrate the models both numerically and graphically

optimal local sales tax the paper derives the consequences of a local sales tax within the framework of a spatial general equilibrium model of an open city the model is initially set up for the residential economy only with an exogenously given wage rate results of the simulations reveal that there exists a well defined sales tax laffer curve and an optimal revenue maximising tax rate incorporation of the production side of the economy with wage rate adjustment following the imposition of tax strengthens the case for a higher sales taxation the optimal sales tax rate appears to be sensitive to the exogenously given property tax rate housing preferences housing technologies and the elasticity of labour demand with respect to the wage rate

economic order quantity models for ameliorating deteriorating items under inflation and time discounting the items that incur a gradual loss in quality or quantity over time while in inventory are usually called deteriorating items in reality there are some items whose value or utility or quantity increase with time and those items can be termed as ameliorating items in this paper an effort has been made to incorporate these two opposite physical characteristics of stored items into inventory model we develop models for ameliorating deteriorating items with time varying demand pattern over a finite planning horizon taking into account the effects of inflation and time value of money optimal solutions of the proposed models are derived and the effects of amelioration deterioration on the inventory replenishment policies are studied with the help of numerical examples

economic analysis of dynamic inventory models with non stationary costs and demand abstract with today s high rate of inflation observed in most world economies the accuracy of standard lot sizing models and their applicability to real inventory situations under inflationary conditions become questionable in this paper we have studied the effects of inflation and time value of money on the replenishment policies of items with time continuous non stationary demand over a finite planning horizon we have developed dynamic programming models for three commonly used replenishment policies in the inventory lot sizing literature with time varying demand and shortages in the case of linear time dependent demand we have performed a sensitivity analysis to investigate the impact of changing the system parameters on the present worth of the total cost of each of the three replenishment policies the results showed that the initial cycle length is virtually insensitive to the type of replenishment policy we have also extended the developed models to more practical inventory situations with exponentially deteriorating items and perishable products having fixed life time

effects of inflation and time value of money on an inventory model with linear time dependent demand rate and shortages abstract in the present paper an attempt has been made to investigate the effects of inflation and time value of money on an inventory model with linear time dependent demand rate shortages are allowed in this model the model developed in this article is a finite horizon t si policy inventory model to the best of the authors knowledge such type of inventory model has not been considered earlier a numerical example has also been given to illustrate the developed model

holding costs under push or pull conditions the impact of the anchor point holding costs are traditionally determined from the investment in physical stock during a cycle an alternative approach instead derives holding costs from net present value npv functions it is known that applying both frameworks to the same system can lead to different holding cost valuations but little explanation has been offered by introducing the anchor point in a model this paper shows for four different systems that traditional holding cost models implicitly assume pull conditions while current npv approaches model push conditions this explains in part the differences between the methods it is shown that the anchor point concept allows the construction of npv models under pull conditions giving results in better correspondence with traditional models the traditional framework is restricted to pull conditions and important considerations could be easily overlooked leading to wrong valuations of holding costs npv seems superior as such considerations are automatically incorporated the application to multi echelon inventory systems provides interesting insights on the roles of echelon stocks and lead times and offers potential for future research

general equilibrium effects of local taxes abstract this paper analyzes the consequences of the property tax and a local sales tax in the context of a spatial general equilibrium model of a closed city with a generalized utility function of the residents and production function of housing the range of effects are different from those obtained earlier by other authors who have generally assumed particular functional forms for example it appears that under certain conditions the property tax can even lead to an increase in metropolitan size alternatively a local sales tax can lead either to an expansion or contraction in city size results obtained are used to analyze the consequences of different types of local tax reforms

the general equilibrium effects of the residential property tax incidence and excess burden abstract an urban general equilibrium model is used to explore the efficiency effects and distributional consequences of the residential property tax in a model of a small open city the replacement of a nondistortionary land tax with the residential property tax reduces the land area density and population of the city the aggregate net return on land falls by an amount equal to 164 93 of total tax revenue in a model of a closed region when city q replaces the land tax with the residential property tax production and employment shift to other cities in the region the net return on land decreases in city q and increases in other cities in the region in aggregate landowners are made better off by the change in tax policy while residents are made worse off the excess burden of the property tax is computed as 6 5197 of tax revenue

the energy implications of city size and density abstract this paper develops a new open city urban simulation model capable of showing the urban form and energy consumption effects of variation in city size the model is able to consider city size differences caused by wage and amenity differentials both with and without housing and land use regulation the surprising conclusion is that per capita energy use is relatively invariant to city size when growth is driven by wages but falls modestly with growth induced by rising amenity common land use policies specifically density limits and greenbelts can positively or negatively affect both city welfare and energy use

corporate tax integration in the united states a general equilibrium approach this paper presents estimates of static and dynamic general equilibrium resource allocation effects for four alternative plans for corporate and personal income tax integration in the united states a medium scale numerical general equilibrium model is used which integrates the u s tax system with consumer demand behavior by household and producer behavior by industry results indicate that total integration of personal and corporate taxes would yield an annual static efficiency gain of around 6 billion 1973 dollars partial integration plans yield less dynamic effects are larger and our analysis indicates that full integration may yield gains whose present value is as large as 500 billion or about 1 0 percent of the discounted present value of the gnp stream to the u s economy after correction for population growth plans differ in their distributional impacts although these findings depend on the nature of replacement taxes used to preserve government revenues the size of dynamic resource allocation effects is sensitive to the choice of the replacement tax while static gains are reasonably robust

construction elasticities and land availability a two stage least squares model of housing supply using the variable elasticity approach this paper uses data at english local authority district level to construct a simultaneous equation model of housing construction that compares elasticities of supply between two cross sectional periods 1988 boom and 1992 slump using the variable elasticity approach econometric issues raised by earlier supply studies are discussed and tested for the paper also discusses the rationale for and tests the existence of a backward bending supply relationship and finds that supply is concave in both periods and bends backwards during the boom evidence of a structural break between boom and bust is found producing average price elasticities of supply noticeably smaller in the boom 0 58 than in the slump 1 03 with considerable variation across disticts land supply elasticities are found to be more stable over time and marginally greater in the boom 0 75 than in the slump 0 71 the paper also calculates second partial derivatives based on the whole demand supply system to obtain estimates