involuntary non standard employment and the economic crisis regional insights from the uk green a e and livanos i involuntary non standard employment and the economic crisis regional insights from the uk regional studies increases in unemployment and non employment in the 2008 2009 economic crisis were less marked than expected in the uk given experience of previous recessions to capture more fully the regional dimensions of economic crisis it is necessary to look also at employment using labour force survey lfs data on involuntary part time working and involuntary temporary working a measure of involuntary non standard employment ine is constructed econometric analyses reveal that there were rises in ine alongside unemployment increases in the economic crisis and that young people individuals from non white ethnic groups and those in weak regional economies were particularly at risk of ine

the diversion from unemployment to sickness across british regions and districts beatty c and fothergill s 2005 the diversion from unemployment to sickness across british regions and districts regional studies 39 837 854 around 2 7 million non employed adults of working age in the uk claim sickness related benefits and the numbers have risen steeply over time the very large variation in the numbers across districts and regions points strongly to extensive hidden unemployment especially in older industrial areas affected by job losses this paper builds on two previous papers by the same authors one dealing with the theoretical framework and the other with a local case study to present wholly new estimates of the scale of the diversion across all parts of the country it also questions contemporary perceptions of the uk labour market and the validity of current approaches to re engaging sickness claimants with employment

gender gaps in unemployment rates in argentina espanolutilizando datos de la encuesta de hogares para el periodo 1995 2001 se estudian los factores que explican el diferencial entre las tasas de desempleo de hombres y mujeres en argentina se encuentra que este diferencial viene explicado no por diferencias en las caracteristicas de ambos grupos sino por diferencias en los rendimientos de mercado de sus caracteristicas en especial aquellos asociados al estado civil por tanto las diferencias en el comportamiento de hombres y mujeres asi como las practicas de los empresarios en relacion al genero de los trabajadores se encuentran detras de este diferencial sin embargo la importancia relativa de estos dos factores en la explicacion de dicho diferencial no esta clara englishusing data from the argentinean household survey for the period 1995 2001 i study the factors that explain the gender gap in unemployment rates using a microeconometric decomposition technique i find that the gender gap in unemployment rates is explained not by differences in the characteristics of men and women but by differences in the labor market returns to their characteristics especially those associated to the marital status hence differences in men s and women s behaviour and the practices of employers towards gender are behind the gender gap however the relative importance of these two factors in explaining the gap is not totally clear

changes in the value relevance of earnings and book values over the past forty years this paper investigates systematic changes in the value relevance of earnings and book values over time we report three primary findings first contrary to claims in the professional literature the combined value relevance of earnings and book values has not declined over the past forty years and in fact appears to have increased slightly second while the incremental value relevance of bottom line earnings has declined it has been replaced by increasing value relevance of book values finally much of the shift in value relevance fiom earnings to book values can be explained by the increasing frequency and magnitude of one time items the increasing frequency of negative earnings and changes in average firm size and intangible intensity across time

cyclical and market determinants of involuntary part time employment we examine the determinants of involuntary part time employment focusing on variation associated with the business cycle and variation attributable to more persistent structural features of the labor market our theoretical framework distinguishes between workers decision to seek part time work and employer demand for part time work hours emphasizing demand and supply determinants of involuntary part time work such as workplace technology labor costs and workforce demographics we conduct regression analyses using state level panel and individual data for the years 2003 2014 the results show that the combination of cyclical variation and the influence of market level factors can explain virtually all of the variation in the aggregate incidence of involuntary part time employment since the great recession

does a common set of accounting standards affect tax motivated income shifting for multinational firms abstract i test whether adoption of ifrs by individual affiliates of multinational entities mnes for unconsolidated financial reporting facilitates tax motivated income shifting mnes often justify transfer prices to tax authorities by benchmarking intercompany profit allocations against a range of book profit rates reported by economically comparable independent firms that use similar accounting standards additional qualifying benchmark firms resulting from ifrs adoption could allow managers to support more tax advantaged transfer prices using a database of european unconsolidated financial and ownership information over 2003 2012 i first document an increase in the arm s length range of book profits reported by potential ifrs benchmark firms following affiliate adoption of ifrs i then estimate a statistically and economically significant 11 3 percent tax motivated change in reported book pre tax profits following affiliate ifrs adoption relative to pre adoption and non adopter affiliate years

tax induced earnings management by firms with net operating losses this paper investigates tax induced intertemporal income shifting by firms with net operating loss nol carrybacks for several years following the tax rate reductions of the tax reform act of 1986 tra 86 these firms had incentives to shift recognition of revenues and expenses across years to increase their nol carrybacks by examining how nol firms shift income and cross sectional variation in the extent to which they do so this research extends prior examinations of intertemporal income shifting by profitable firms see scholes wilson and wolfson 1992 and guenther 1994 1

job queues discrimination and affirmative action james r fain if employers have different becker type discrimination coefficients for different demographic groups then the implementation of affirmative action may have a differential impact on those groups we estimate two vector autoregressive models of the us economy including the unemployment rates of four demographic groups we find that a job queue existed before the implementation of affirmative action and that affirmative action changed the ordering of the job queue in manner that had a negative impact on nonwhite males we find evidence that affirmative action may have increased the unemployment rate of nonwhite males by increasing their duration of unemployment jel j71 j78 j64 j68 i introduction the relative status of demographic groups in the labor force has been undergoing significant change since the early 1960s throughout this period white females and racial minorities have experienced changes not only relative to white males but also relative to one another one such change is exhibited in relative unemployment rates figure 1 shows differentials in the smoothed unemployment rates using a 12 x 2 centered moving average for white females nonwhite males and nonwhite females for the years 1959 83 one can easily see that the relative unemployment burdens have varied over time focusing first on the two lines that are positive over the entire range one may see that prior to the late 1960s the status of nonwhite individuals especially nonwhite males relative to white females was improving however beginning in the late 1960s this trend reversed the unemployment rate differential between nonwhite males and white females increased from a low of 1 03 in july 1969 to a high of 11 12 in march 1983 similarly after declining during the 1960s the unemployment rate differential between nonwhite females and white females increased from a low of 3 49 in october 1969 to a high of 9 16 in august 1983 these reversals in trend indicate the status of white females relative to both nonwhite males and nonwhite females began improving in the late 1960s figure 1 also shows the status of nonwhite females improved relative to that of nonwhite males during the same time period the unemployment rate differential between nonwhite males and nonwhite females increased from a low of 3 13 in february 1968 to a high of 2 38 in february 1983 these three unemployment rate differentials all declined in the 1960s a time of tremendous social change and strong economic growth but all of these trends reversed direction in the 20 month period from february 1968 to october 1969 after the trend reversal the status of white females improved relative to both nonwhite males and nonwhite females and the status of nonwhite females improved relative to that of nonwhite males to put it another way nonwhite males lost ground relative to both nonwhite females and white females our goal is to examine what role if any the implementation of affirmative action in 1968 had in reversing these trends other possible explanations of the above noted reversal in trends certainly exist but several factors point to affirmative action as a potential cause of these changes first the timing is correct the trends reversed in close proximity to the implementation of affirmative action second whatever caused these reversals affected all minority groups did so within a short 20 month time span and its impact was sustained over a number of years a new federal policy designed to change the way firms hire minorities should have exactly this type of effect finally as we will argue below imposing affirmative action on discriminating employers will not benefit all demographic groups equally discriminating employers will continue to discriminate though the pattern of discrimination may change many of the traditional explanations of changes in relative unemployment rates are unlikely candidates to explain these significant and sustained reversals of longstanding trends

protection and the harmful effects of endogenous capital flows abstract assume a country has in place a binding tariff and is a price taker on world markets in which capital is internationally mobile and unimpeded regardless of trade patterns possible specificity of capital or factor intensities an increase in the tariff harms the country if capital is frozen and harms the country even more when capital mobility brings rates of return into line among countries

research in accounting for income taxes abstract this paper comprehensively reviews the accounting for income taxes afit literature we begin by identifying four distinctive aspects of afit and briefly covering the rules surrounding afit we then review the existing studies in detail and offer suggestions for future research we emphasize the research questions that have been addressed most of which relate to whether the tax accounts are used to manage earnings and whether the tax accounts are priced by equity market participants we also highlight areas that have not received much research attention and that warrant future analysis

the growth in involuntary part time employment of men and women this study presents an economic model that explains the growth in involuntary part time employment the results of three stage least squares estimation show that for men and women similar factors have influenced involuntary part time employment its growth has been encouraged by downturns in the business cycle and expansion of the service sector declines in the percent of the population under 5 years of age and increases in the level of skill among the employed have had the opposite effect

causes and consequences of layoffs using probit analysis this article finds that differential treatment accounts for a substantial portion of the higher layoff rates of blacks in comparison to whites however women are found to be considerably less prone to layoffs than men with similar characteristics among those who obtained subsequent employment taking into account the possible selectivity bias in such a subsample white males are hurt more by layoffs than black males in terms of both short term and long term earnings growth women s earnings are not necessarily affected by layoff at all however whites and males are found to be more likely to be reemployed than blacks and females respectively

import restrictions capital taxes and welfare this paper develops a two good small country general equilibrium model with trade restrictions i e a tariff an import quota or a voluntary export restraint ver inter national capital mobility and taxes on the rate of return to capital within this context it examines the price and welfare effects of capital taxes the second best policy towards capital in the presence of such trade restrictions and the welfare implications of trade liberalization in the presence of capital taxes the analysis demonstrates among other things that i the optimal policy towards capital is a zero tax when imports are quota constrained and is a tax under a tariff and a subsidy under a ver when the imported good is capital intensive and that ii an asymmetry exists between trade and capital movements liberalization under the various trade regimes

financial reporting tax costs and book tax conformity abstract we investigate the role of book tax conformity in firms financial reporting activities using a unique set of publicly traded firms that were forced to switch for tax purposes from the cash method to the accrual method prior to the mandated change little trade off existed between tax planning and financial reporting goals for these firms after the change recognition criteria for tax and financial reporting purposes became more alike increasing the trade off between financial reporting and tax objectives our results suggest that required use of the accrual method for tax purposes causes firms to defer income for financial statement purposes

gender gaps in unemployment rates in oecd countries in some oecd countries the male and female unemployment rates are very similar but in others notably the mediterranean countries the female unemployment rate is much higher than the male explaining these cross country differences is the subject of this article we show that in countries where there is a large gender gap in unemployment rates there is a gender gap in both flows from employment into unemployment and from unemployment into employment we conclude that differences in human capital accumulation between men and women interacted with labor market institutions is an important part of the explanation

tariff protection and taxation of foreign capital the welfare implications for a small country abstract this paper extends recent studies by deriving sufficient conditions for tariff immiserization in a small country in the presence of internationally mobile sector specific capital the returns of which are taxed or subsidized necessary conditions for a welfare augmenting tariff are also discussed and the analysis is extended to the welfare implications of changes in the tax or subsidy rate on the earnings of migrating capital

export share requirements and unemployment the case of quota trade restrictions such as import tariffs have been a common practice for protecting domestic import competing industries in most less developed countries ldcs foreign firms may however circumvent such protection through direct investment in the host countries this is the well known tariff jumping direct foreign investment which has been examined by brecher and diaz alejandro 7 they show that the foreign capital inflow leads to overproduction of the output of tariff protected sectors and hence results in welfare reduction recently rodrik 17 demonstrates that export share requirements when applied to the output produced by foreign capital may offset the negative effect of foreign direct investment through the contraction of tariffprotected overproduced sectors thus an increase in such a requirement may actually improve welfare this result contradicts the earlier finding of davidson matusz and kreinin 11 which is obtained from a partial equilibrium framework the existing literature on export share requirements remains deficient in two respects first the full employment models have been deployed ignoring the fact that most ldcs suffer from massive unemployment second the analysis has been confined by and large to tariff protection thereby neglecting quantitative trade restrictions e g import quotas it is noteworthy that it is quotas rather than tariffs which constitute a major constraint on imports by developing countries 2 the purpose of this paper is thus to remedy these two shortcomings by developing a sectorspecific unemployment general equilibrium model with quota restrictions on imports as noted by richardson 16 export performance requirements operate in a second best environment import

the growth and welfare consequences of differential tariffs this paper analyzes the impact of differential tariffs on consumption and investment in a specific factors model of a small open economy in which capital is accumulated over time particular attention is devoted to the welfare aspects highlighting the cost of the intertemporal distortions produced by protective trade policies several specific welfare propositions are obtained first tariff protection is shown to create short run benefits but long run costs in welfare second the second best policy for the two tariffs is characterized finally several propositions summarizing the implications of our analysis for tariff reform are derived

empirical research on accounting choice abstract we review research from the 1990s that examines the determinants and consequences of accounting choice structuring our analysis around the three types of market imperfections that influence managers choices agency costs information asymmetries and externalities affecting non contracting parties we conclude that research in the 1990s made limited progress in expanding our understanding of accounting choice because of limitations in research design and a focus on replication rather than extension of current knowledge we discuss opportunities for future research recommending the exploration of the economic implications of accounting choice by addressing the three different reasons why accounting matters

export share requirements trade balances and welfare a two period analysis abstract this paper provides a two period three sector general equilibrium model for examining the effects of a temporary increase in export share requirements to foreign owned firms on the trade balance and national welfare the analysis suggests that the policy of a temporary rise in export requirements results in increases in the non tradable prices for both periods as well as intertemporal welfare the policy also leads to an improvement in the first period trade balance

impact of the worker s employment probability on wage rates the employment probability is a significant determinant of the worker s wage rate expecially in the presence of employers hiring discrimination several tests suggest that the omission of this variable in the wage regression may lead to misspecification

do us employers discriminate against females when hiring their employees using johnson s decomposition technique this paper demonstrates that the disappearance of the gap between female and male unemployment rates in the united states during the last decade results partly from a general hiring policy that is favourable to women workers this conclusion holds for workers in five out of eight occupational subsamples considered the sign and size of unexplained female male unemployment rate differential estimated from 1969 1977 and 1987 cps data suggest that hiring discrimination against females in the us labour market has declined considerably during the last two decades the study also supports the earlier finding that the growth of employment in government and in the female dominated service sector and migration of workers from the south to other regions contribute significantly to the convergence of male and female unemployment rates in the 1980s

the incidence of visible underemployment evidence for trinidad and tobago this article presents an empirical analysis of the incidence of visible underemployment in trinidad and tobago visible underemployment consists of workers who work less than the normal duration of working hours but are willing and available to work more we find that compared to other groups of the labour force the visibly underemployed tend to be less educated and are more likely to work in the private sector we also find that their revealed behaviour is consistent with their desire for more hours only about 50 per cent of the visibly underemployed are able to find full time employment within three months and little except firm size helps predict who will

the effect of book income adjustment in the 1986 alternative minimum tax on corporate financial reporting abstract this study examines the effect of the book income adjustment provision in the 1986 alternative minimum tax amt on financial accounting practices a model is developed to identify firms that are more susceptible to the book income adjustment the changes in financial accounting practices for firms affected by the amt are then examined our results indicate that firms that are likely to be affected by the book income adjustment shift timing and permanent differences across years to reduce the impact of the amt

are involuntary part time workers indeed involuntary theoretically those classified by the bureau of labor statistics as involuntary part time workers are individuals who would like to work full time but have been unable to obtain full time employment to empirically test the accuracy of that definition the author employs simple probit models of employment preferences and employment opportunities estimated with data from the march 1990 current population survey the results confirm that those classified as involuntary part time workers were indeed employed part time involuntarily furthermore those classified as involuntary part time workers in 1990 were at least 50 more likely to be in the full time labor force in 1991 than were those who were classified as voluntary part time workers in 1990

empirical tax research in accounting this paper traces the development of archival microeconomic based empirical income tax research in accounting over the last 15 years the paper details three major areas of research i the coordination of tax and non tax factors ii the effects of taxes on asset prices and iii the taxation of multijurisdictional international and interstate commerce methodological concerns of particular interest to this field also are discussed the paper concludes with a discussion of possible directions for future research r 2001 elsevier science b v all rights reserved jel classification m41 h25 k34 g32 f23

socialist structural gaps a simultaneous inference analysis this paper reconsiders the statistical evidence for the presence of urbanization and employment gaps for socialist economies professor gur ofer s original work on the existence of such gaps is expanded in three specific ways first the data are expanded to include many more countries and time periods second this paper uses a slightly more sophisticated form of ofer s original model third and most important this paper presents a more sophisticated statistical analysis of the country gap estimates developed by ofer in particular simultaneous inference tests t tests for the individual country gaps and means replacement technique tests for the presence of a gap in averages are applied the simultaneous inference test results which utilize the information on all socialist economies simultaneously are contrasted with two variants of non simultaneous tests that have not been applied in this ocntext but which have been used frequently in other contexts copyright 1989 by mit press

tariffs foreign capital and national welfare with sector specific factors abstract this paper examines the effect on national welfare of an endogenously determined inflow of foreign capital in the context of a well known model with sector specific inputs both for the case of unrestricted international trade and investment and in the presence of a tariff the second best problem of the optimal tax on foreign investment for a given tariff level is also investigated by application of the concept of shadow prices for primary factors in distorted open economies the results obtained are then related to analogous propositions derived previously for the standard heckscher ohlin model

why do women have longer durations of unemployment than men in post restructuring urban china this paper provides the first systematic analysis of the reasons why women endure longer unemployment durations than men in post restructuring urban china this analysis is based upon data obtained from a national representative household survey rejecting the view that women are less earnest than men in their desire for re employment this analysis shows that women s job search efforts are handicapped by a lack of access to social networks unequal entitlement to social re employment services higher earnings losses from job separations for women and unfair treatment of women with respect to mandatory retirement

the impact of taxes on the choice of divestiture method abstract this paper estimates the magnitude of tax costs and their impact on the decision to divest assets via a taxable sale rather than a tax free spin off we find that the tax costs are substantial averaging 8 of market value of the divested assets and that cross sectional variation in tax costs has a large impact on managers choice of divestiture method our results are consistent with two explanations first managers are willing to incur avoidable tax costs to gain earnings and cash flow benefits second managers choose taxable sales because the acquisition premia on the sales exceed the avoidable tax costs

a bivariate probit approach to the determination of employment a study of teen employment differentials in los angeles county following a bivariate probit approach and using the 1990 public use microdata samples pums for los angeles county this study shows that the employment of teenage workers depends on both the worker s participation decision as well as the employer s hiring decision omission of the role of participation decision from the estimation of employment probability yields misleading evidence of hiring discrimination against blacks this evidence however disappears when the participation and hiring equations are estimated jointly in a bivariate framework the study finds no evidence of discrimination against females and latinos in addition the study shows that family household and neighbourhood characteristics play significant roles in the determination of teen employment

migration selectivity and the effects of public programs abstract a model of the spatial distribution of mobile heterogeneous agents is formulated to assess how a price change or program subsidy that is location specific affects the composition of local residents via selective migration and thus biases evaluations of the effectiveness of the program based on its local consequences longitudinal data from colombia are used to test the implications of migration selectivity the findings confirm the existence of selective migration suggesting that local subsidies to human capital attract high income but within income groups low fertility households and those with low human capital endowments these migration patterns are shown to be consistent with the dominance of endowment over tastes heterogeneity in the population under plausible behavioral assumptions

random matching under dichotomous preferences we consider bilateral matching problems where each person views those on the other side of the market as either acceptable or unacceptable an acceptable mate is preferred to remaining single and the latter to an unacceptable mate all acceptable mates are welfare wise identical using randomization many efficient and fair matching methods define strategyproof revelation mechanisms randomly selecting a priority ordering of the participants is a simple example equalizing as much as possible the probability of getting an acceptable mate across all participants stands out for its normative and incentives properties the profile of probabilities is lorenz dominant and the revelation mechanism is group strategyproof for each side of the market our results apply to the random assignment problem as well

sex differentials in unemployment rates a case for no concern this paper reevaluates the concept of unemployment in the context of differing labor market and nonmarket opportunities for men and women discussing common fallacies in female to male unemployment rate comparisons and their use as an indicator of labor market equality suggestive empirical evidence is presented for an alternative unemployment rate concept for women for interpreting the procyclical variation in female to male unemployment rate differentials and for decomposing unemployment differences into differences in labor market characteristics and in behavioral coefficients for the two sexes the paper concludes that a large part of the observed unemployment rate differential may be attributed to the definition and methodology used in deriving unemployment statistics rather than to discrimination in productive opportunities

a note on tariff induced capital inflow and immiserization in the presence of taxation of foreign profits abstract this paper develops further the formal model of tariff induced capital inflow and immiserization presented by bhagwati 1973 we set down the necessary and sufficient condition under which immiserization will follow in addition it will be shown that the possibility of immiserization depends crucially on the initial amount of foreign capital as well as the rate of corporation tax on foreign capital

the effect of rent control on the price of rental housing an hedonic approach it is widely believed that rent control leads to a decline in the quality of rental housing this study examines the effect of rent control on the quality of rental housing in new york city quality change is linked to the suppression of rent below