home and away graduate experience from a regional perspective the recent establishment of regional assemblies adds a further policy dimension to higher education this paper consists of an empirical analysis of the choices made by the 1991 northern ireland cohort of entrants to higher education to stay in or leave northern ireland for universities and subsequently then for employment the data indicate that the probability to leave was firmly linked to a level scores though this interacted with religion and social class the choice of labour market for most students reflected the location of university those who returned to northern ireland after graduation were less able and earned less on average than those who remained employment in the locality of the university improves earnings possibly due to the information this generates for both parties

labor heterogeneity wage bargaining and agglomeration economies abstract the modern economy is characterized by increasing returns to scale diverse production technology and specialized labor requirements with heterogeneous production technology increasing returns to scale and specific labor requirements we show that average productivity increases with the size of the labor market the larger the size of the market the better the matches between workers and firms resulting in lower on the job training costs through the wage bargaining between firms and workers the savings in training costs are transmitted into higher wages

the mobility of highly skilled human capital in taiwan most economists agree that a country s economic growth depends on human capital physical capital technology and several other minor inputs human capital is the basic wealth of every country highly skilled workers are the most important component of human capital human capital can have a positive spillover effect on society when talented young people leave their native country to work elsewhere this brain drain inhibits the country s economic growth several factors contribute to brain drain these can be classified roughly into three categories economic academic and personal economic factors play the most important role from the early 1960s to the late 1980s taiwan suffered a brain drain when many people who had earned advanced degrees in western countries chose to leave taiwan to work elsewhere in this study s statistical analysis i show that taiwan s economy is based in past on an effective labour force and explain why taiwan s economy has grown over the past 30 years with the improved e

assimilation patterns in cities abstract do ethnic minority individuals assimilate to the majority s norm or reject it by trading off higher productivity and wages with a greater social distance to their culture of origin we develop a model in which oppositional ethnic minority individuals reside in more segregated areas have worse outcomes in terms of income but are not necessarily worse off in terms of welfare than assimilated ethnic minority individuals who live in less segregated areas a policy that reduces transportation cost decreases rather than increases assimilation in cities when there are more productivity spillovers between the two groups ethnic minority individuals are more likely not to assimilate and to reject the majority s norm finally we show that ethnic minority individuals tend to assimilate more in bigger and more expensive cities

cities and cultures we investigate whether cultural diversity across us cities measured as the variety of native languages spoken by city residents is associated with any effect on their productivity diversity of cultures may imply diversity of production skills of abilities and of occupations that enhances the productive performance of a city on the other hand transaction costs and frictions across groups may hurt productivity similarly diversity in available goods and services can increase utility but distaste for or hostility to different cultural groups may decrease it using census data from 1970 to 1990 we find that wages and employment density of us born workers were systematically higher ceteris paribus in cities with richer linguistic diversity these positive correlations reveal a net positive effect of diversity on productivity that survives robustness checks and instrumental variable estimation this effect is found to be stronger for highly educated workers and for white workers we also show that better assimilated non native speakers i e those who speak english well and have been in the us for more than five years are most beneficial to the productivity of us born workers

trade and industrial location with heterogeneous labor we show in the context of a new economic geography model that when labor is heterogenous trade liberalization may lead to industrial agglomeration and inter regional trade labor heterogeneity gives local monopoly power tofirms but also introduces variations in the quality of the job match matches are likely to be better when there are more fi rms and workers in the local market giving rise to an agglomeration force which can offset the forces against trade costs and the erosion of monopoly power we derive analytically a robust agglomeration equilibrium and illustrate its properties with numerical simulations

language and urban labor market segmentation theory and evidence abstract i propose a language theory of labor market segmentation people of different language origins form separate urban labor submarkets and can switch between submarkets two types of wage differentials emerge namely the within labor market wage gap and the within language group wage gap the average wage in each market and a worker s choice of the labor market depend on the population sizes of the relevant groups these implications are tested using the 2001 census of canada public use microdata a unique feature of these data is the reported work language which helps me to identify labor market segments the empirical evidence supports my theory

ethnic enclaves and immigrant labor market outcomes quasi experimental evidence i examine the effects of the ethnic enclave size on labor market outcomes of immigrants i account for ability sorting into enclaves by exploiting a danish spatial dispersal policy under which refugees were randomly dispersed across locations first i find strong evidence that refugees with unfavorable unobserved characteristics self select into ethnic enclaves second a relative standard deviation increase in the ethnic enclave size increases annual earnings by 18 on average irrespective of skill level third further findings are consistent with the explanation that ethnic networks disseminate job information which increases the job worker match quality and thereby the hourly wage rate

the endogeneity between language and earnings international analyses this study is concerned with the determinants of dominant language fluency its effects on earnings and its endogeneity with earnings among immigrants dominant language fluency is hypothesized to

migration human capital accumulation and economic development we study how the possibility of migration changes the composition of human capital in sending countries and how this affects development in our model growth is driven by productivity growth which occurs via imitation or innovation both activities use the same types of skilled labour as input albeit with different intensities heterogenous agents accumulate skills in response to economic incentives migration distorts these incentives and the accumulation of human capital this slows down or even hinders economic development the effect is stronger the farther away the country is from the technological frontier

the emergence and evolution of regional convergence clusters in china s energy markets employing the new regression tests for convergence club convergence and clustering proposed by phillips and sul 2007 this paper models and analyses the behaviour of china s energy sectors energy market convergence clusters are identified using new price data and their regional spatial distributions are mapped for four major fuel types coal gasoline diesel and electricity the findings are as follows i as yet there are no fully integrated national energy markets in china as more than one convergence cluster is identified for all four fuels ii some regional energy markets can be regarded as quite mature as evidenced by the existence of some highly concentrated convergence clusters connected geographically iii some regional markets remain in a state of transition as witnessed by convergence clusters that are scattered geographically and that are growing in membership iv it seems that there is more regional based integration for coal and electricity than for gasoline and diesel as more convergent clusters were identified for coal and electricity than for gasoline and diesel and v overall china still appears to be in the process of energy market integration as demonstrated by the number and evolution of convergence clusters over time

composition and determinants of the skilled out migration in the brazilian formal labor market a panel data analysis from 1995 to 2006 this paper aims to examine the composition and identify determinant factors of interstate the skilled labor loss in the brazilian formal labor market between 1995 and 2006 with emphasis on the role of individual motivations and regional factors in order to estimate such determinants we use a fixed effect logit in a wide panel with data from ministry of labor and employment rais migra annual report on social information and ibge the brazilian statistics bureau the estimated results confirm the importance of wage differentials in determining such mobility furthermore an increased skilled out migration probability is explained by skilled workers heading to states showing economic prosperity higher dynamism in the labor market as well as higher population density 2014 national association of postgraduate centers in economics anpec production and hosting by elsevier b v all rights reserved

assimilation changes in cohort quality and the earnings of immigrants this paper reexamines the empirical basis for two facts that seem to be found in most cross section studies of immigrant earnings 1 the earnings of immigrants grow rapidly as they assimilate into the united states and 2 this rapid growth leads to many immigrants overtaking the earnings of the natives within 10 15 years after immigration using the 1970 and 1980 u s censuses this paper studies the earnings growth experienced by specific immigrant cohorts during the period 1970 80 it is found that within cohort growth is significantly smaller than the growth predicted by cross section regressions for most immigrant groups this differential is consistent with the hypothesis that there has been a secular decline in the quality of immigrants admitted to the united states

ethnic enclaves and the economic success of immigrants evidence from a natural experiment recent immigrants tend to locate in ethnic enclaves within metropolitan areas the economic consequence of living in such enclaves is still an unresolved issue we use an immigrant policy initiative in sweden when government authorities distributed refugee immigrants across locales in a way that may be considered exogenous this policy initiative provides a unique natural experiment which allows us to estimate the causal effect on labor market outcomes of living in enclaves we find substantive evidence of sorting across locations when sorting is taken into account living in enclaves improves labor market outcomes for instance the earnings gain associated with a standard deviation increase in ethnic concentration is in the order of four to five percent

earnings by language group in quebec in 1980 and emigration from quebec between 1976 and 1981 between 1976 and 1981 many pople moved out of quebec especially anglophones to the extent that a persons decision to stay or to move may be related to earnings prospects earnings comparisons with individuals who lived in quebec in 1981 may suffer from a selection bias this paper analyses emigration from quebec and earnings with a two equation model using a sample of men drawn from the from the 1981 canadian census it is found that a selection bias is indeed present for anglophones and that the returns to learning french may be underestimated when that bias is ignored excerpt

you can t take it with you immigrant assimilation and the portability of human capital the national origin of an individual s human capital is a crucial determinant of its value education and labor market experience acquired abroad are significantly less valued than human capital obtained domestically this difference can fully explain the earnings disadvantage of immigrants relative to comparable natives in israel variation in the return to foreign schooling across origin countries may reflect differences in its quality and compatibility with the host labor market the return to foreign experience is generally insignificant acquiring additional education following immigration appears to confer a compound benefit by raising the return to education acquired abroad

a language theory of discrimination any advanced industrial society is composed of a number of speech communities with different verbal and nonverbal languages in particular in the united states blacks and whites and men and women have sharply differing methods of speaking and listening this paper develops a model in which people can only work together if they speak the same language and in which it is costly to learn a second language the competitive market will tend to minimize communication through segregation but if interaction is required the cost will be borne by the minority a number of nontrivial predictions are derived from the model

a test of dual labor market theory despite substantial differences in their views of the appropriate policy response to the existence of poverty neither the proponents of dual market theory nor its critics have proposed potentially conclusive tests of the dual market hypothesis this paper presents a test of the two central propositions of dual market theory 1 the existence of two distinct labor markets with different wage setting mechanisms and 2 the existence of barriers to mobility between the labor markets we find considerable support for both hypothesis estimation of a switching model of wage determination with unknown regimes yields two distinct wage equations the one which most workers are associated with closely resembles the standard human capital regression with significant returns to education and experience the other equation is flat with no returns to human capital these two equations resemble the predictions of dual market theory for the primary and secondary markets respectively further we present evidence that at least some non white workers are involuntarily confined to the secondary market this crowding of minority workers into the low wage labor market accounts for a substantial portion of white non white wage differences we interpret these results as providing empirical support for the dual market hypothesis and for recent theoretical work on efficiency wagemodels in addition combining the efficiency wage argument with the observation that much of the white non white wage difference is explained by the exclusion of non whites from the primary sector suggests an explanation for the persistance of wage differences this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

a back door brain drain abstract the long run effect of migration solely by unskilled workers is that skilled workers in the home country acquire additional human capital yet their share in the country s workforce falls consequently the country s average level of human capital is lowered

an economic model of the brain drain asymmetric information in the labor market is discussed as a major cause of the exodus of foreign trained students from developing countries the authors suggest that employers in the country in which the students have been trained have a more accurate judgment of the true productivity of students than have employers in the students native country an illustrative numerical model is developed and its implications are analyzed annotation