an analysis of the driving forces of energy related carbon dioxide emissions in china s industrial sector abstract both energy consumption and the growth of carbon dioxide co2 emissions in china are attributed to the industrial sector energy conservation and co2 emissions reduction in china s industrial sector is decisive for achieving a low carbon transition we analyze the change of energy related co2 emissions in china s industrial sector from 1991 to 2010 based on the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi method results indicate that industrial activity is the major factor that contributes to the increase of industrial co2 emissions while energy intensity is the major contributor to the decrease of co2 emissions industry size shows a varying trend interchanging intervals of growth along the study period moreover both energy mix and carbon intensity of energy use have negative effects on the increase of co2 emissions the cointegration method is adopted to further explore determinants of co2 emissions in china s industrial sector results show that there exists a long run relationship between industrial co2 emissions and affecting factors such as co2 emissions per unit of energy consumption industrial value added labor productivity and fossil fuel consumption china s industrial co2 emissions are mainly attributed to the coal dominated energy structure policy suggestions are thus provided to reduce industrial co2 emissions in china

an analysis of the optimum renewable energy portfolio using the bottom up model focusing on the electricity generation sector in south korea abstract the deployment of renewable energy is considered as one of the important alternative solutions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions caused by electricity generation as one of the key measures for promoting the deployment of renewable energy the renewable portfolio standard rps which obligates power operators with a power equipment capacity of 500 mw or larger excluding renewable energy equipment to supply over a specific portion of their total electricity generation output in the form of renewable energy was enacted in south korea in 2012 however there are still many disputes concerning the appropriate renewable energy deployment goal and the optimum portfolio for each renewable energy source which enable to minimize the economic burden while achieving the deployment target therefore this paper intends to deduce the optimum portfolio up to 2050 based on explicit representation of renewable energy technologies and analyze the cost effect using the bottom up energy system analysis model of electricity generation sector in south korea the result indicates that the potential for a reduction of the cost of pv was the highest and that in the long term it would account for the highest portion of the renewable energy portfolio as it was the most cost competitive technology the additional cost for increasing the renewable deployment target 20 compared with the 3rd energy basic plan was predicted to be between 107 and 115 usd mw h therefore the renewable energy will be able to play a greater role in reducing ghg emission if the r d to reduce investment and operation cost of pv and wind power is conducted successfully

a bibliometric analysis of research on carbon tax from 1989 to 2014 abstract as one of the most cost effective means of emission reduction carbon tax has attracted considerable attention from economists and international organizations and has led to a large number of related research using the bibliometric method this paper characterizes the carbon tax literature from 1989 to 2014 based on the network database platform of web of science the results indicate that the usa occupies a leading position in the carbon tax field the vrije university amsterdam massachusetts institute of technology and stanford university were the most productive research institutes energy policy 143 has been the most productive journal followed by energy economics 44 and energy 38 in general the cooperation of authors institutes and nations are continuing to strengthen however the growth rate at the author level was significantly higher than the others in addition the current key research areas in the carbon tax field based on co keyword analysis are as follows climate change and relevant policy carbon emissions trading socio economic effects of carbon tax renewable energy endogenous technological change and carbon capture and storage the results of this paper will help researchers grasp the current research in the carbon tax field but also provide a supporting role for future work

the causal relationship between biomass energy use and economic growth in the united states abstract this paper examines the causality relations among economic growth biomass energy consumption employment and capital in the u s between 1961 and 2011 using the ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration long and short run relationships among the variables are estimated long run and short run coefficients indicate that biomass energy consumption has positive impacts on economic growth for the u s in addition the granger causality results illustrate that unidirectional causality from biomass energy consumption to real gdp supportive of the growth hypothesis

ethnicity neighborhoods and human capital externalities the socioeconomic performance of today s workers depends not only on parental skills but also on the average skills of the ethnic group in the parents generation or ethnic capital this paper investigates the link between the ethnic externality and ethnic neighborhoods the evidence indicates that residential segregation and the external effect of ethnicity are linked partly because ethnic capital summarizes the socioeconomic background of the neighborhood where the children were raised ethnicity has an external effect even among persons who grow up in the same neighborhood when children are exposed frequently to persons who share the same ethnic background copyright 1995 by american economic association

energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions of urban passenger transport in the internet era a case study of beijing abstract the transport sector accounts for a large proportion of energy demand and environmental emissions and is growing rapidly the city is the hub of modern human life and the urban transport sector is developing fast specifically in the internet era the development of public transport has brought new challenges and opportunities to urban passenger transport thus research on the energy demand and environmental emissions of the urban transport sector is significant and timely this paper takes beijing s public transport as an example and applies the long range energy alternatives planning leap model to analyze the energy demand and the main greenhouse gas ghg emissions under different scenarios during the period 2016 2030 the results show that 1 if the government fails to guide the development of passenger transport appropriately its energy demand and ghg emissions will rise rapidly and under the baseline scenario the energy demand and emissions in 2030 are about 1 8 times those oft 2015 2 the scenarios of developing public transport and transport sharing have a significant effect of energy saving and emission reduction and in 2030 the energy demand and ghg emissions falls by 25 30 compared with that of the baseline scenario so the combination of public transport and transport sharing is a wise choice for the low carbon development of the passenger transport sector in beijing 3 scenarios of easing road congestion and new energy and clean energy vehicle development have huge potential for energy saving and emission reduction particularly the internal adjustment of the energy structure in the scenario of developing new energy and clean energy vehicles which can greatly reduce the demand for traditional energy sources and reduce ghg emissions this paper illustrates the development trends of energy demand and ghg emissions in beijing s passenger transport sector under the scenarios of transport sharing development and traditional development in the internet era providing a basis for decision making

marginal abatement costs of co2 emissions in the thermal power sector a regional empirical analysis from china abstract quantifying marginal abatement costs of co2 emissions are beneficial to estimate mitigation potentials and costs of china s regional thermal power sector based on the panel data of 30 provinces from 2004 to 2013 this study estimates the technical efficiency reduction potential and marginal abatement costs of co2 emissions from the thermal power sector in china using a parametric quadratic directional output distance function a regression analysis is undertaken to identify the factors that drive marginal abatement costs the main results are 1 the mean value of directional output distance function in china s thermal power sector is 0 0449 indicating that inefficient production of chinese thermal power sector accounts for 4 49 co2 emissions could be mitigated by accumulated 1 22 billion ton in the past ten year which is approximate 4 49 of total co2 emissions 2 the national weighted average marginal abatement costs of co2 emissions are 316 51 yuan ton which is far higher than carbon price in the current ets emission trading system pilots in china implying that carbon price does not inflect supply and demand of carbon allowance 3 the regression results show that the marginal abatement costs positively connect with regional power scale namely a 1 increase in power scale will result in a 13 8 increase technology level coal supply and power structure are negatively correlated with marginal abatement costs namely a 1 increase in technology level coal supply and power structure will result respectively in a 30 41 4 38 and 77 7 decrease

an empirical analysis of the dynamic programming model of stockpile acquisition strategies for china s strategic petroleum reserve abstract the world s future oil price is affected by many factors the challenge therefore is how to select optimal stockpile acquisition strategies to minimize the cost of maintaining a reserve this paper provides a new method for analyzing this problem using an uncertain dynamic programming model to analyze stockpile acquisition strategies for strategic petroleum reserve using this model we quantify the impact of uncertain world oil price on optimal stockpile acquisition strategies of china s strategic petroleum reserve for the period 2007 2010 and 2011 2020 our results show that the future stockpile acquisition is related to oil prices and their probability and if not considering the occurrence of oil supply shortage china should at least purchase 25 million barrels when world oil price is at an optimal level the optimal price of stockpile acquisition of every year has a stronger relationship with the probability of high price and the optimal expected price and size of stockpile acquisition is different in each year

return migration investment in children and intergenerational mobility comparing sons of foreign and native born fathers this paper studies parental investment in education and intergenerational earnings mobility for father son pairs with native and foreign born fathers we illustrate within a simple model that for immigrants investment in their children is related to their return migration probability in our empirical analysis we include a measure for return probabilities based on repeated information about migrants return intentions our results suggest that educational investments in the son are positively associated with a higher probability of a permanent migration of the father we also find that the son s permanent wages are positively associated with the probability of the father s permanent migration

reliability and economic evaluation of power system with renewables a review abstract the share of renewable energy generation has been increasing as a result of the world wide concern on environmental deterioration and climate change associated with burning fossil fuel due to the stochastic and intermittent characteristics of renewable energy resources assessing the reliability of power systems with renewables has become challengeable and been widely studied for the past several decades this paper provides a review of the studies on the reliability and economic evaluation of power system with renewables it starts from a summary of the key indicators and models for assessing the reliability and economics of power systems different studies are then compared in terms of type of renewables evaluation method application area level of study and country involved through which the main features of past studies are identified we also discuss the relationship between economics and reliability that shows the necessity of evaluating reliability and economics of power system with renewables simultaneously a case study is finally proposed to illustrate the differences between alternative system settings in reliability and economic evaluation it is found that the types and scales of renewable energy generation have significant impacts on system reliability and economics which needs to be taken into account in the development of renewable energy power systems

why the apple doesn t fall far understanding intergenerational transmission of human capital parents with higher education levels have children with higher education levels however is this because parental education actually changes the outcomes of children suggesting an important spillover of education policies or is it merely that more able individuals who have higher education also have more able children this paper proposes to answer this question with a unique dataset from norway using the reform of the education system that was implemented in different municipalities at different times in the 1960s as an instrument for parental education we find little evidence of a causal relationship between parents education and children s education despite significant ols relationships we find 2sls estimates that are consistently lower than the ols estimates with the only statistically significant effect being a positive relationship between mother s education and son s education these findings suggest that the high correlations between parents and children s education are due primarily to family characteristics and inherited ability and not education spillovers

an optimization model for renewable energy generation and its application in china a perspective of maximum utilization in response to climate change china s power industry is undertaking the task of reducing carbon emissions renewable energy generation has become an important option for the government and state grid companies it is important to know the maximum possible capacities of renewable energy generation from its different sources in order to plan the construction of the power grid in the future in this paper several important factors affecting the development of renewable energy generation are identified through a review of the existing literature such as cost technical maturity and so on and analyzed combined with the learning curve model the technology diffusion model and expectations about future economic development in china a new model the renewable energy optimization model reom is developed to analyze the development of three renewable energy sources wind power solar power and biomass power from 2009 to 2020 results show that 1 the maximum installed capacities of wind power solar power and biomass power will reach 233321 26680 and 35506 mw in 2020 2 from 2009 to 2020 biomass power will develop rapidly at the early stage while wind power is developed massively at the final stage and solar power has relatively stable growth 3 due to the added capacity in the early periods the unit investment cost of solar power shows a large decline which is good for its following scale development 4 the investment ratio constraint has a large effect on the development of wind power while the constraint of on grid proportion of renewable energy generation has a significant effect on the development of wind power and solar power the results have important policy implications for long term energy planning in developing countries such as china and india

a real options evaluation model for the diffusion prospects of new renewable power generation technologies this study presents a policy planning model that integrates learning curve information on renewable power generation technologies into a dynamic programming formulation featuring real options analysis the model recursively evaluates a set of investment alternatives on a year by year basis thereby taking into account that the flexibility to delay an irreversible investment expenditure can profoundly affect the diffusion prospects of renewable power generation technologies price uncertainty is introduced through stochastic processes for the average wholesale price of electricity and for input fuel prices demand for electricity is assumed to be increasingly price sensitive as the electricity market deregulation proceeds reflecting new options of consumers to react to electricity price changes such as time of use pricing unbundled electricity services and choice of supplier the empirical analysis is based on data for the turkish electricity supply industry apart from general implications for policy making it provides some interesting insights about the impact of uncertainty and technical change on the diffusion of various emerging renewable energy technologies

ethnicity and educational achievement in compulsory schooling this article documents that at the start of school pupils from most ethnic groups substantially lag behind white british pupils however these gaps decline for all groups throughout compulsory schooling language is the single most important factor why ethnic minority pupils improve relative to white british pupils poverty in contrast does not contribute to the catch up our results also suggest the possibility that the greater than average progress of ethnic minority pupils in schools with more poor pupils may partly be related to teacher incentives to concentrate attention on particular pupils generated by the publication of school league tables

impacts of household income change on co2 emissions an empirical analysis of china abstract sustained increase in chinese household income has exerted positive impact on the consumption of goods and services this paper aims to analyze the unequal impacts of household consumption across different income households on the whole co2 emissions by utilizing a semi closed input output model and hypothetical extraction method the semi closed input output model moves household consumption activities into the intermediate use along with dividing urban and rural households to several groups by their income levels and the hypothetical extraction method hem is used to estimate the reductions of co2 emissions relative to total emissions after extracting the consumption of each household group the results show that 1 the impact on co2 emissions generated by urban households consumption are 1 8 times as much as that of rural ones 2 excluding consumption of higher income households from the economy would cause greater co2 emission reductions than lower ones specifically urban highest income households have the most relative reductions of co2 emissions which are 12 2 in 2007 and 13 8 in 2012 while for rural highest income households are 5 1 in 2007 and 5 1 in 2012 and urban and rural highest income households are respectively 3 8 and 1 8 times on the relative reductions of the lowest income ones 3 the relative reductions of household co2 emissions from food sectors is the most while from residence sectors is the least based on the above conclusions this paper puts forward consumption based policy implications

multi objective optimization of a multiregional electricity system in an archipelagic state the role of renewable energy in energy system sustainability indonesia the world s largest archipelagic state has sizeable fossil and substantial renewable energy resources however high disparity in population density infrastructure economic level and distance between energy sources and consumers inflict a discrepancy in electricity system performance among regions in the present study a multi objective optimization model was developed to support decision makers in selecting the most sustainable scenario for indonesian power generation planning through 2050 to capture regional characteristics more accurately the model was developed with a multiregional approach by dividing indonesia into six regions and a single regional approach is set as a reference for comparison five development scenarios based on economic environmental trade off were proposed and four policy options were incorporated to evaluate the scenario preferences within various priority sets generation mixes obtained from the optimization model were input into a sustainability assessment model consisting of eleven indicators representing three sustainability aspects economic social and environmental the results show that for most policy options the most sustainable electricity system can be achieved by the highest orientation on environmental protection which results in significant advantages regarding most indicators of sustainability however this scenario shows high economic disadvantages relative to the social and environmental benefits the results indicate that optimization with a multiregional approach can capture regional characteristics of an archipelagic state better than that of a single regional approach thereby providing more realistic scenarios for the archipelagic state

financial stability energy consumption and environmental quality evidence from south asian economies abstract a few studies are found on the relationship between financial instability energy consumption and environmental quality in energy economics literature the current study is an endeavor to fill this gap by investigating the relationship between financial stability economic growth energy consumption and carbon dioxide co 2 emissions in south asian countries over the period 1980 2012 using a multivariate framework bounds test for cointegration and granger causality approach are employed for the empirical analysis estimated results suggest that all variables are non stationary and cointegrated the results show that financial stability improves environmental quality while the increase in economic growth energy consumption and population density are detrimental for environment quality in the long run the results also support the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis which assumes an inverted u shaped path between income and environmental quality moreover the study found the evidence of unidirectional causality running from financial stability to co 2 emissions in two countries i e pakistan and sri lanka the findings of this study open up new insight for policy makers to design a comprehensive financial economic and energy supply policies to minimize the detrimental impact of environmental pollution

identification of endogenous social effects the reflection problem this paper examines the reflection problem that arises when a researcher observing the distribution of behaviour in a population tries to infer whether the average behaviour in some group influences the behaviour of the individuals that comprise the group it is found that inference is not possible unless the researcher has prior information specifying the compisition of reference groups if this information is available the prospects for inference depend critically on the population relationship between the variables defining reference groups and those directly affecting outcomes inference is difficult to implossible if these variables are functionally dependent or are statistically independent the prospects are better if the variables defining reference groups and those directly affecting outcomes are moderately related in the population

models of technology diffusion abstract the literature on new technology diffusion is vast and it spills over many conventional disciplinary boundaries this paper surveys the literature by focusing on alternative explanations of the dominant stylized fact that the usage of new technologies over time typically follows an s curve the most commonly found model which is used to account for this model is the so called epidemic model which builds on the premise that what limits the speed of usage is the lack of information available about the new technology how to use it and what it does the leading alternate model is often called the probit model which follows from the premise that different firms with different goals and abilities are likely to want to adopt the new technology at different times in this model diffusion occurs as firms of different types gradually adopt it there are actually many ways to generate an s curve and the third class of models which we examine are models of density dependence popularized by population ecologists in these models the twin forces of legitimation and competition help to establish new technologies and then ultimately limit their take up finally we look at models in which the initial choice between different variants of the new technology affect the subsequent diffusion speed of the chosen technology such models often rely on information cascades which drive herd like adoption behaviour when a particular variant is finally selected

is the political business cycle for real abstract this paper constructs and examines a macroeconomic model which combines features from both real and political business cycle models we augment a standard real business cycle tax model by allowing for varying levels of government partisanship and competence in order to replicate two important empirical regularities first that on average the economy expands early under democratic presidents and contracts early under republican presidents second that presidents whose parties successfully retain the presidency have stronger than average growth in the second half of their terms the model generates both of these features that conform to u s post world war ii data

assessing the operational performance and maturity of the carbon trading pilot program the case study of beijing s carbon market on november 28 2013 beijing s carbon emissions trading opened on beijing s environmental exchange as one of the pilot cities beijing has been pursuing low carbon development strategies under state intervention and market regulation this paper chooses the carbon market a medium through which beijing manages emission reduction as the object of study firstly we compare the basic construction circumstances of beijing with other pilot cities then we qualitatively analyze the development of beijing s carbon market from the perspective of transaction status execution of the contract and improvement of the policies and regulations finally we use the topsis model to develop a comprehensive evaluation system of beijing s carbon market it is used to quantitatively evaluate the operational performance and maturity of the mechanism the results show that beijing s carbon market has good comprehensive capabilities ranking second place among seven pilot markets but the maturity of beijing s carbon market is relatively poor for insufficient market liquidity its operations are well managed but economic efficiency still need to be improved the depth of transaction and the effect of reduction in emissions make it meaningful therefore in order to improve the construction of beijing s carbon market measures should be taken as follows 1 strengthening the quota management and increasing carbon trading activity to avoid poor market liquidity 2 accelerating emission reduction actions and encouraging technology innovation such as carrying out several policies and measures supporting new energy and energy saving emission reduction and increasing investment and subsidy in research and development for the technology innovation of firms etc 3 improving regulatory mechanism and enhancing the disclosure of carbon trading such as drawing lessons from the eu emission trading scheme ets about measuring reporting and verification system mrv

unraveling the photovoltaic technology learning curve by incorporation of input price changes and scale effects in a large number of energy models the use of learning curves for estimating technological improvements has become popular this is based on the assumption that technological development can be monitored by following cost development as a function of market size however recent data show that in some stages of photovoltaic technology pv production the market price of pv modules stabilizes even though the cumulative capacity increases this implies that no technological improvement takes place in these periods the cost predicted by the learning curve in the pv study is lower than the market one we propose that this bias results from ignoring the effects of input prices and scale effects and that incorporating the input prices and scale effects into the learning curve theory is an important issue in making cost predictions more reliable in this paper a methodology is described to incorporate the scale and input prices effect as the additional variables into the one factor learning curve which leads to the definition of the multi factor learning curve this multi factor learning curve is not only derived from economic theories but also supported by an empirical study the results clearly show that input prices and scale effects are to be included and that although market prices are stabilizing learning is still taking place

a sustainable biogas model in china the case study of beijing deqingyuan biogas project according to the paris agreement china has the ambition to develop non fossil energy which will account for 20 of the total energy consumption in 2030 china has abundant biomass potential implying the bioenergy should be an important option of non fossil energy in this analysis we present an representative biogas project the deqingyuan project dqy in beijing and conduct a cost benefit analysis for the whole value chain dqy is the first large scale biogas project in china that utilizes 100 chicken manure as a feedstock and integrates biogas production with ecological agriculture using advanced technologies dqy uses 80 000 t of chicken manure and 100 000 t of sewage each year to produce biogas which generates 14 million kwh of power annually and obtains an additional revenue of rmb 8 million yuan each year through the clean development mechanism cdm operating as an example of a sustainable bioenergy model dqy accomplishes the full use of a recycled resource while showing consideration for animal welfare during the entire production which is a fundamental component of the new rural energy strategy the circular economy model of dqy plays a prominent role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions mitigating pollution and increasing employment among other benefits this paper aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the typical demonstration model dqy in utilization of agricultural waste in china and further proposes a general development model of chinese biogas in the future

empirical analysis of optimal strategic petroleum reserve in china abstract the chinese government began to prepare for the establishment of strategic petroleum reserve in march 2004 therefore answering the question of what level of strategic petroleum reserve would be suitable for china s future economic development becomes essential using a decision tree model based on a cost function this paper quantifies china s optimal strategic petroleum reserve for the period 2005 2020 this approach provides a methodology reference for further quantified discussion on china s spr our results show that for economic development and security of the energy supply the strategic petroleum reserve should be the equivalent of 30 60 days of net oil import for an optimal solution when the oil price is 50 bbl with a reserve of an equivalent of 60 90 days of net oil import to have an optimal solution when oil price is 20 35 bbl

economic and socio economic assessment methods for ocean renewable energy public and private perspectives this paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state of the art of the economics and socio economics of ocean renewable energy ore the many ways in which the viability and impacts of an ore project are assessed and an analysis of the current weaknesses issues or inappropriateness of the metrics and methodologies used in their definition and presentation the outcomes of this paper are anticipated to benefit the ore and wider renewable sector as a whole the review revealed that for the most part the current study of economics and socio economics of ore remain separate and discrete areas of research the economic methods utilised appear to be comprehensive but are limited to project or private investor level the methods identified for socioeconomic assessment fall between traditional and now routine environmental assessment approaches and more novel holistic approaches such as ecosystem services and life cycle assessment the novel section of the paper explored the connectivity between the economics and socio economics of ore in relation to project developments and policy planning a visualisation method was created of concentric rings intersected by related axis of economic socio economic and environment and enabled the examination of the benefits arising from the connectivity between the two spheres the concept of sustainable development process and the integration of environmental assessment for ore was also explored and how it responds to differing stakeholder aspirations and interpretations the analysis revealed that there was a divergence between public and private economic and socioeconomic assessments for ore environmental assessment is primarily a public responsibility but with significant inputs from the private developer involved while economic assessments are conducted primarily by the developer and or investor at their own behest however the two spheres of economic and socio economic for ore are highly connected and synergistic and must be examined in a holistic manner

ethnic externalities in education and second generation immigrants i analyse the role of ethnic and native human capital defined respectively as the average years of schooling of ethnic groups and of natives within a specific region and of ethnic concentrations in the educational attainment of second generation immigrants in germany compared to natives children parents education has a small and insignificant effect on second generation immigrants education ethnic concentrations have a negative effect while ethnic capital is insignificant the effect of native capital too is insignificant but much larger in magnitude than the effect of ethnic capital for women mother s education is relatively more important for men ethnic concentrations constitute a stronger impediment to educational attainment than for women