quadratic voting as an input to cost benefit analysis when agencies regulate they must calculate the costs and benefits of their regulations to do this they must often price non market goods for instance the value of protecting wildlife or the environment regulators have typically relied upon contingent valuation surveys to put prices on these types of goods but contingent valuation surveys are fraught with error and often give rise to implausible valuations that cannot be trusted quadratic voting offers a better solution agencies should hold quadratic votes over nonmarket goods and use those votes to price the goods at issue

a joint product analysis of the adoption of modern cereal varieties in developing countries semi dwarf wheat varieties have been slow to diffuse in some regions despite their superior grain yield we analyze varietal differences in yields of the joint products of grain and straw the decision to adopt new varieties and nitrogen demand the low straw yield of semi dwarf varieties under low input conditions is shown to be a plausible explanation for their slow adoption in some regions first generation modern varieties induced a large increase in the derived demand for nitrogen but subsequent varietal development appears to have had little impact on nitrogen demand

determinants of electricity consumption function in pakistan old wine in a new bottle abstract the objective of the study is to re investigate the multivariate electricity consumption function for pakistan particularly economic growth foreign direct investment and population growth over a 36 year time period i e between 1975 and 2010 the study employed the bounds testing procedure for cointegration which examines the short run and long run estimates dynamic short run causality test is applied to determine the causality direction between electricity consumption and its determinants by using wald f statistics the results reveal that determinants of electricity consumption function are cointegrated and influx of foreign direct investment income and population growth is positively related to electricity consumption in pakistan however the intensity of these determinants is different on electricity consumption if there is 1 increase in income foreign direct investment and population growth electricity consumption increases by 0 973 0 056 and 1 605 respectively this infers that income foreign direct investment and population growth induce an increase in electricity consumption in pakistan dynamic short run causality test indicates that there has been unidirectional causality which is running from population growth to electricity consumption in pakistan

institutions capital and growth the international development community has encouraged investment in physical and human capital as a precursor to economic progress recent evidence shows however that increases in capital do not always lead to increases in output we develop a growth model where the allocation and productivity of capital depends on a country s institutions we find that increases in physical and human capital lead to output growth only in countries with good institutions in countries with bad institutions increases in capital lead to negative growth rates because additions to the capital stock tend to be employed in rent seeking and other socially unproductive activities

differential technology adoption and income distribution in pakistan implications for research resource allocation a multi market model of technological change in food production is used to simulate the long run income distributional implications of differential diffusion of currently available wheat technologies in pakistan the results indicate that a research agenda emphasizing technologies suited to pakistan s favored production environments would enhance overall production without compromising inter group equity it is found that when commodity prices are market determined net consuming households are the major beneficiaries of technological change however in the more common situation of government intervention in markets for staple foods net producing households are the principal beneficiaries of technological change

herbicide use in asian rice production abstract economic growth and rising labor costs in many regions of asia have led to the widespread adoption of herbicides in rice production this trend has been reinforced by the spread of direct seeded rice technologies that require chemical weed control in the early stages of crop growth to prevent substantial yield losses herbicide use has been shown to be privately profitable for asian rice farmers but the question remains as to whether it is socially profitable when environmental costs health costs and the societal costs of labor displacement in some economically stagnant regions are accounted for this paper analyzes the causes and potential environmental health and equity consequences of extensive herbicide use in asian rice systems and discusses the importance of an integrated weed management strategy for future rice production

sustaining growth in agriculture a quantitative review of agricultural research investments abstract growth in agriculture depends on many things but one of the most important is investment in agricultural research decision making in the agricultural research policy area can only be aided by access to better information this article overviews a recent endeavor to move policy dialogue beyond merely qualitative impressions towards a process that is underpinned with new and cogent data the data used have been assembled at isnar in a manner designed to make comparisons both over time and between countries more valid than has been the case in the past the comparisons thus possible reveal considerable diversity both between countries and between broad regional aggregations also illuminated here are issues related to the commodity orientation capital and labor intensity and size and scope of particular national programs

contingent valuation from dubious to hopeless abstract approximately 20 years ago peter diamond and i wrote an article for this journal analyzing contingent valuation methods at that time peter s view was that contingent valuation was hopele

global food balances and food security abstract the major structural imbalance in the current global food scene surpluses in developed countries and deficits in developing countries offers opportunity for substantial progress in assuring food security in both the long and the short run to avail of this opportunity requires an understanding of the close connection between food supplies and purchasing power to purchase food massive investment in rural infrastructure is a major component of long term food security since infrastructure is efficiently produced by labor intensive processes food as a wage good is an important input and the global economy would appear to be under using it from an efficiency point of view in the short run food for work offers opportunity for immediate increase in food security as do food subsidy programs it is essential that a large complex of institutions be developed if the current global scene is to result in increased food security it will take time to develop those structures even though food is available now

internal rebellions and external threats a model of government organizational forms in ancient china in ancient china a ruler needed to handle both internal rebellions and external threats to decrease the possibility of internal rebellions a ruler could organize the government to establish the balance of power among ministers while effective in preventing internal rebellions this approach could make the defense of the country against external threats less effective the tradeoff between preventing internal rebellions and dealing with external threats in a ruler s choice of government organizational form is affected by the size of the population the level of coordination efficiency and the degree of increasing returns in the military sector if the magnitude of external threats increases regardless of the type of equilibrium organizational form the equilibrium level of the concentration of power among division heads increases

modern varieties productivity and sustainability recent experience and emerging challenges abstract the contribution of modern varieties of cereal crops to increased productivity in the postgreen revolution period is reviewed and the future role of hybrids and biotechnology discussed particular emphasis is given to the ways in which modern varieties may contribute to input efficiency and sustainability finally economic and institutional issues in restructuring plant breeding programs for the most efficient use of resources in both the public and private sectors and at the national and international levels are analyzed

economic freedom democracy and the quality of life summary many empirical studies indicate that economic freedom in society is positively correlated with prosperity and growth while democracy exhibits mixed correlations however these studies do not control for the possible interaction of these two types of freedoms or their respective influences on social welfare this empirical analysis examines the interaction of economic freedom and democracy on measures of health education and disease prevention in society the results imply that greater economic freedom consistently enhances these welfare measures even among more democratic countries democracy has a smaller positive influence that disappears for many welfare measures in countries with more economic freedoms

gender awareness in modeling structural adjustment abstract the macroeconomic models underpinning the design of structural adjustment programs are gender blind this paper discusses strategies for introducing gender analysis into these models and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the models from a gender perspective it concludes that besides being blind to gender the models are also blind to the waste of resources and impoverishment that stems from deficient aggregate demand undemocratic decision making and directly unproductive expenditures that buttress male power this waste is however likely to be diminished by moves to more egalitarian systems of gender relations entailing changes in the structure of entitlements and the social matrix in which macroeconomic processes are embedded

separating the influence of capitalism and democracy on women s well being abstract this empirical analysis seeks to determine which institutional arrangement capitalism or democracy tends to be more effective at improving women s well being and promoting gender equality in society country specific indexes measuring the degree of economic freedoms that exist within the market and the degree of political rights that exist within a democracy are used in a panel data analysis to explain the observed levels of various quality of life measures reflecting issues that are relevant to women these empirical results indicate that capitalism often has a stronger beneficial impact on many aspects of women s well being and gender equality in society

education human capital and growth a personal perspective this article reviews the literature on the relationship of economic growth to the education levels of the labor force the emphasis is on yoram ben porath s contribution to some of the issues in this field the endogeneity of schooling the role of the public sector as an absorber of educated labor and the importance of personal human capital created by investments in reputation and personal relationships the f connection

education and technical efficiency during the green revolution in pakistan tion is more likely to arise during disequilibrium caused by technical change in agriculture this may be because technical change renders the existing cultural practices obsolete or inadequate and calls for an adjustment a more educated farmer is supposed to make the required adjustment more quickly this article tests the foregoing hypothesis in pakistan agriculture during the green revolution when introduction of new crop varieties disturbed the prevailing equilibrium for this purpose a production function approach is used and the analysis is conducted not only for the new crop varieties but also for their traditional counterparts the results lend support to the hypothesis by showing that the worker effect is stronger for new crop varieties than it is for traditional ones the article is divided into five sections in the next section a brief review of the literature is presented section iii presents the hypothesis and discusses the methodology used for the analysis the results and their policy implications are discussed in section iv and section v concludes the article ii brief literature review in a pioneering study exploring the economic effects of education z griliches used production function analysis to highlight the contri

private research and public benefit the private seed industry for sorghum and pearl millet in india in contrast to conventional wisdom private firms are spending substantial amounts of money on research to develop new cultivars for small farmer subsistence agriculture indian firms spend almost as much as the government on breeding pearl millet and sorghum the hybrids developed by firms are becoming popular with farmers about 900 000 ha were planted with private pearl millet and sorghum hybrids in 1987 the higher yields of private hybrids increased grain output by at least 200 000 t although prices for seed of private hybrids are higher than seed of cultivars developed by government research most of the benefits from private breeding research accrue to farmers and consumers the research for this paper was primarily financed by usaid new delhi we also received support from icrisat we would like to thank the scientists of the aicsip a1cpmip iari officials of the ministry of agriculture nsc sscs and executives of private seed companies for their cooperation we also appreciate the comments of john witcombe tom walker and wayne freeman on earlier drafts of this paper the opinions expressed in the paper are those of the authors and do not represent the opinions of usaid or icrisat

institutions investment and growth new cross country and panel data evidence this paper outlines the alternative channels through which institutions affect growth and studies the empirical relationship between institutions investment and growth the empirical results indicate that i free market institutions have a positive effect on growth ii economic freedom affects growth through both a direct effect on total factor productivity and an indirect effect on investment iii political and civil liberties may stimulate investment iv an important interaction exists between freedom and human capital investment v milton friedman s conjectures on the relation between political and economic freedom are correct vi promoting economic freedom is an effective policy toward facilitating growth and other types of freedom jel o17 o40 p51

retracted factors affecting commercial energy consumption in pakistan progress in energy the purpose of this study is to identify major macroeconomic factors that enhance energy consumption for pakistan through the cointegration error correction model and granger causality tests over a 32 year time period i e between 1980 and 2011 the study employed the bivariate cointegration technique to estimate the long run relationship between the variables an error correction model was used to determine the short run dynamics of the system while granger causality test was used to find the directions between these variables the study investigates the relation between four energy consumption variables i e oil petroleum consumption gas consumption electricity consumption and coal consumption and four macroeconomic factors which have further sub classifications i e balance of payment bop factors i e exports imports trade deficit worker s remittances and current account balance fuel factors i e carbon dioxide emissions natural resource depletion and net forest depletion agricultural crops yield per hectare i e wheat rice sugarcane maize and cotton and industrial production items i e beverages cigarettes motor tyres motor tubes cycle tyres and cycle tubes in order to manage robust data analysis the result confirms the long run relationship between total commercial energy consumption and macroeconomic factors in pakistan as oil petroleum consumption increases exports fuel factors agricultural crops yield per hectare and industrial items however the intensity of these factors are different in nature carbon dioxide emissions net forest depletion beverages motor tyres and motor tubes are more elastic with oil petroleum consumption however oil petroleum consumption decreases trade deficit and workers remittances in pakistan gas electricity and coal consumption increases agricultural crops yield per hectare and industrial production which shows that as agriculture and industry modernizes energy demand increases energizing the food production chain is an essential feature of agricultural development which is a prime factor in helping to achieve food security in pakistan the empirical results only moderately support the conventional view that energy consumption has significant long run casual effect on macroeconomic variables in pakistan the present study finds evident of unidirectional causality between the commercial energy consumption factors and macroeconomic factors in pakistan however there is some bidirectional causality exist which is running between electricity consumption ec and exports ec to imports ec to carbon emissions ec to natural resource depletion nrd and ec to wheat the results conclude that macroeconomic variables tend to positively respond to total primary energy consumption this indicates that increasing total commercial energy consumption may cause growth variables which show that pakistan is an input driven economy

where has all the education gone cross national data show no association between increases in human capital attributable to the rising educational attainment of the labor force and the rate of growth of output per worker this implies that the association of educational capital growth with conventional measures of total factor production is large strongly statistically significant and negative these are on average results derived from imposing a constant coefficient however the development impact of education varied widely across countries and has fallen short of expectations for three possible reasons first the institutional governance environment could have been sufficiently perverse that the accumulation of educational capital lowered economic growth second marginal returns to education could have fallen rapidly as the supply of educated labor expanded while demand remained stagnant third educational quality could have been so low that years of schooling created no human capital the extent and mix of these three phenomena vary from country to country in explaining the actual economic impact of education or the lack thereof

energy crisis greenhouse gas emissions and sectoral growth reforms repairing the fabricated mosaic abstract the study examined energy crisis and sought solutions for reforms in the largest regions of the world i e east asia pacific europe and central asia latin america the caribbean south asia and sub saharan africa the study used number of growth related factors over the period of 1975 2012 the results indicate significant relationship between electric power shortage and growth related specific factors however the intensity for each factor varies from region to region the results of granger causality verify multiple cause effect channels in the different regions i e feedback hypothesis economic factors driven electric shortage electric shortage driven economic factors and no causal relationship between the variables the results of variance decomposition analysis indicate that greenhouse gas emissions exhibit the largest contribution due to shortages in the electric power transmission the study opens the debate for environmentalists government and non government officials to formulate the sustainable policies related to energy reforms

dowry and intrahousehold bargaining evidence from china this paper analyzes the relationship between a woman s intrahousehold bargaining position and her welfare within marriage using household data from rural china simultaneity problems are overcome by using dowry to proxy for bargaining position omitted variable bias is addressed by using grain shocks in the year preceding marriage as an instrument for dowry instrumented dowry positively impacts numerous measures of a wife s welfare including household purchases the time allocation of household members and the woman s satisfaction with life offering strong evidence in support of collective models of the household

consumer demand for rice grain quality and returns to research for quality improvement in southeast asia abundant world rice supply has led to renewed interest in improving grain quality of modem rice varieties implicit prices of grain characteristics are estimated for thailand indonesia and the philippines these prices are used to evaluate rice breeding goals and to estimate returns to research for quality improvement results indicate that the past focus on physical quality improvement was appropriate and future welfare gains are possible from chemical quality improvement returns to quality improvement are substantial and indicate underinvestment in this type of research as asian rice production grew faster than population from 1965 to 1980 the real price of rice declined in world markets and several asian countries flinn and unnevehr greater supply and falling prices have increased concern for rice grain quality improvement in national and international research programs in tropical asia khush in this article the consumer goods characteristics model develo ed bv ladd and suvannunt is used to estimaie thedimplicit prices of rice grain quality characteristics in thailand indonesia and the philippines these estimated implicit prices answer three questions a do observed consumer preferences correspond to measures of quality used to screen material in breeding programs b are consumer preferences similar across countries so that quality improvement can be undertaken at the international level c what are the returns to re

institutions and the resource curse countries rich in natural resources constitute both growth losers and growth winners we claim that the main reason for these diverging experiences is differences in the quality of institutions more natural resources push aggregate income down when institutions are grabber friendly while more resources raise income when institutions are producer friendly we test this theory building on sachs and warner s influential works on the resource curse our main hypothesis that institutions are decisive for the resource curse is confirmed our results contrast the claims of sachs and warner that institutions do not play a role

research for marginal environments are we underinvested abstract evidence is presented to show that adoption of modern wheat varieties in rainfed marginal environments of the developing world has lagged substantially compared to adoption in favoured well watered areas possible reasons for this lag are discussed and a simple congruency model is used to examine the case for shifting research resources from favoured to marginal environments with particular reference to wheat breeding application of the model to resource allocation in wheat research at the international level and for india a major wheat producing country suggests that the proportion of research resources invested in marginal environments has been adequate or even a bit high relative to the share of the value of wheat produced in these environments taking into account both efficiency and equity criteria

quadratic election law the standard form of electoral system in the united states plurality voting with one person one vote suffers from countless defects many of which stem from its failure to enable people to register the intensity of their preferences for political outcomes when they vote quadratic voting an elegant alternative system proposed by glen weyl provides a theoretically attractive solution to this problem but is an awkward fit with america s legal and political traditions we identify the legal barriers to the adoption of quadratic voting discuss modified versions that could pass muster and show how even a modified version would address many of the pathologies of the existing system

welfare impacts of technological change on women in southern mali abstract it has often been hypothesized that new agricultural technologies could have an adverse impact on women because additional labor required of them reduces the time spent and therefore income earned from private field activities this study shows that the expansion of cotton cultivation on the household communal fields in southern mali associated with the introduction of new technologies results in increased payments to women for their increased labor on the cotton fields unfortunately these payments are small compared to the loss of revenue from private plot production thus the net effect of the expansion of household cotton cultivation is a reduction in incomes of women who cultivate private plots short run policy implications of this study are that improving women s income requires concern with their private plot earnings for example profitability of the private field crops could be increased with higher input use in the long run as land becomes even more constrained emphasis needs to be placed on institutional changes to increase women s bargaining power so that they obtain larger shares of the new income streams resulting from technological change on the communal field institutional changes already occurring in the region with the apparent objective of increasing women s and non household head men s bargaining power include organized work teams and the movement toward smaller nuclear families

effects of technological change in agriculture on food consumption and nutrition rice in a west african setting abstract this paper traces the effects of technological change in agriculture to production and income effects and to consumption and nutritional effects the study environment is west africa the gambia the technological change considered is various new modes of rice production versus traditional rice production main findings of this empirical analysis are the following 1 it cannot be assumed that by focusing investment on a woman s crop one helps women farmers the more a new technology increased labor productivity in rice the more there was a takeover of the rice production technology by male producers and the more the crop became a communal crop for household food security household income increased substantially 2 much of the increased income is spent on increased calorie consumption it makes no difference for the degree of change in calorie consumption levels if change in real income is in the form of cash or subsistence food 3 technological change effects mediated through income are traced to increased food consumption calories at the household level where it is found to significantly improve children s nutritional status especially in the rainy season

how robust is the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth using various indicators for economic freedom it is shown that increases in economic freedom are robustly related to economic growth this conclusion holds even if the impact of outlying observations is taken into account the level of economic freedom is not related to growth

gender of children bargaining power and intrahousehold resource allocation in china abstract based on the prevalent son preference in china this paper proposes a new measure of relative bargaining power within the household using data from china health and nutrition survey we show that a woman with a first born son has a 3 9 percentage points greater role in household decision making than a woman with a first born daughter having a first born son improves the mother s nutrition intakes and reduces her likelihood of being underweight while thinking of these impacts as being channeled through intrahousehold bargaining power we cannot fully rule out other possible direct effects of a first born son on the outcomes

the relationship between agricultural technology and energy demand in pakistan abstract the purpose of this study was two fold i to investigate the casual relationship between energy consumption and agricultural technology factors and ii electricity consumption and technological factors in the agricultural sector of pakistan the study further evaluates four alternative but equally plausible hypotheses each with different policy implications these are i agricultural technology factors cause energy demand the conventional view ii energy demand causes technological factors iii there is a bi directional causality between the two variables and iv both variables are causality independent by applying techniques of cointegration and granger causality tests on energy demand i e total primary energy consumption and electricity consumption and agricultural technology factors such as tractors fertilizers cereals production agriculture irrigated land high technology exports livestock agriculture value added industry value added and subsides over a period of 1975 2010 the results infer that tractor and energy demand has bi directional relationship while irrigated agricultural land share of agriculture and industry value added and subsides have supported the conventional view i e agricultural technology cause energy consumption in pakistan on the other hand neither fertilizer consumption and high technology exports nor energy demand affect each others government should form a policy of incentive based supports which might be a good policy for increasing the use of energy level in agriculture

exploring the relationship between agricultural electricity consumption and output new evidence from turkish regional data abstract this study investigates the relationship between agricultural electricity consumption and agricultural output for a panel of 12 regions of turkey for the period 1995 2013 in order to reveal the possible heterogeneity between regions empirical analyses are conducted for the whole panel data and two sub groups within the panel data namely coastal regions and non coastal regions the results from several panel unit root tests indicate that electricity consumption and output are stationary process at their levels for overall panel and the two specific groups by using the ols with regional fixed effects this study finds that coefficient estimate of electricity consumption on output is statistically significant and positive for overall regions coastal regions and non coastal regions in addition the results from the dumitrescu hurlin granger causality test show that there is unidirectional causality running from agricultural output to electricity consumption for non coastal regions and there is bidirectional causality between agricultural electricity consumption and output for overall panel and coastal regions findings and policy implications are further discussed

development planning in the gambia the gap between planners and farmers perceptions expectations and objectives abstract this paper challenges the prevalent view that irrigation development largely depends on engineering agricultural and managerial inputs and argues with reference to gambian irrigation projects that new technologies may be adapted by farmers in ways that are incompatible with planners objectives the conclusion is that planners need to give greater attention to the organization and control of production and consumption within the household this would require a change in attitudes among many planners the recruitment of more social scientists into planning teams and greater co operation between planners farmers of all socio economic categories and extension agents

maize is life malawi s delayed green revolution abstract the pattern of maize seed development in malawi demonstrates the importance of farmers capacity to articulate their interests through collective action and institutions despite the vital significance of maize as a wage good in malawi limited effective demand for maize seed research prolonged the period of technical stagnation analysis of the institutional factors shaping the demand for maize seed research complements previous work on malawi s political economy the supply of seed technology and adoption with implications for current political changes in that nation the importance of farmers organizations and state commitment to agricultural research in sub saharan africa

consumption patterns and their effects on land required for food abstract vast amounts of land are required for the production of food but the area suitable for growing crops is limited in this paper attention is paid to the relationship between food consumption patterns and agricultural land requirements land requirements per food item that were determined in a previous study are combined with data on the per capita food consumption of various food packages varying from subsistence to affluent leading to information on land requirements for food large differences could be shown in per capita food consumption and related land requirements while food consumption expenditure and the physical consumption of specific foods change rapidly over time a difference of a factor of two was found between the requirements for existing european food patterns while the land requirement for a hypothetical diet based on wheat was six times less than that for an existing affluent diet with meat it is argued that in the near future changes in consumption patterns rather than population growth will form the most important variable for total land requirements for food trends towards the consumption of foods associated with affluent lifestyles will bring with them a need for more land lifestyle changes changes in consumer behavior on a household level can be considered as powerful options to reduce the use of natural resources such as agricultural land

political foundations of the resource curse in this paper we argue that the political incentives that resource endowments generate are the key to understanding whether or not they are a curse we show 1 politicians tend to over extract natural resources relative to the efficient extraction path because they discount the future too much and 2 resource booms improve the efficiency of the extraction path however 3 resource booms by raising the value of being in power and by providing politicians with more resources which they can use to influence the outcome of elections increase resource misallocation in the rest of the economy 4 the overall impact of resource booms on the economy depends critically on institutions since these determine the extent to which political incentives map into policy outcomes countries with institutions that promote accountability and state competence will tend to benefit from resource booms since these institutions ameliorate the perverse political incentives that such booms create countries without such institutions however may suffer from a resource curse

economic institutions and comparative economic development a post colonial perspective summary existing literature suggests that either colonial settlement conditions or the identity of colonizer were influential in shaping the post colonial institutional environment which in turn has impacted long run economic development these two potential identification strategies have been treated as substitutes we argue that the two factors should instead be treated as complementary and develop an alternative and unified iv approach that simultaneously accounts for both settlement conditions and colonizer identity to estimate the potential causal impact of a broad cluster of economic institutions on log real gdp per capita for a sample of former colonies using population density in 1500 as a proxy for settlement conditions we find that the impact of settlement conditions on institutional development is much stronger among former british colonies than colonies of the other major european colonizers conditioning on several geographic factors and ethno linguistic fractionalization our baseline 2sls estimates suggest that a standard deviation increase in economic institutions is associated with a three fourth standard deviation increase in economic development our results are robust to a number of additional control variables country subsample exclusions and alternative measures of institutions gdp and colonizer classifications we also find evidence that geography exerts both an indirect and direct effect on economic development

shifts from maize to sorghum production nutrition effects in four mexican communities abstract this paper examines how commercialization of agriculture especially the production of sorghum as a cash crop has affected household economic strategies and child nutritional status in four agrarian reform communities in mexico growing sorghum as a cash crop over maize as a semi subsistence crop has not placed the families of these small farmers in nutritional jeopardy nor has it provided them with a significantly better situation access to basic productive resources especially good quality land wage labour opportunities ecological conditions and agrarian and agricultural policy are more important than crop choice in determining the welfare of rural populations

institutions freedom and technical efficiency the impact of institutions on economic performance is currently the subject of much research in this study we use panel data to estimate a stochastic production frontier and the sources of inefficiency for a broad set of countries a maximum likelihood procedure is used to estimate the parameters for the stochastic production frontier and the determinants of inefficiency simultaneously our results show that institutions that promote greater economic freedom in turn promote efficiency

women s income and boy girl anthropometric status in the cote d ivoire abstract this paper examines the effects of the intrahousehold distribution of income on children s anthropometric status in the c te d ivoire we find that increases in the proportion of cash income accruing to women increases boys height for age relative to girls and that this effect is statistically significant we suggest that this result may reflect efficiency and equity concerns which in this case reinforce each other

the economics of wheat research in developing countries the one hundred million dollar puzzle abstract currently 1 150 scientists are carrying out wheat improvement research in developing countries with an annual budget of around 100 million because of the recent reduction in agricultural research budgets this study marshalls evidence from 71 wheat research programs in 35 developing countries to address the following puzzle what is the optimal size type and location of wheat research programs in the developing world the analysis reveals that if research spillins are taken into consideration almost half of the wheat improvement programs in developing countries are inefficient the efficiency of wheat research in many national agricultural research systems can be increased by reducing the size of research programs consolidating state and federal research programs and shifting from wheat breeding research to capturing spillins from other countries and from the international maize and wheat improvement center cimmyt

land allocation in vietnam s agrarian transition while liberalizing key factor markets is a crucial step in the transition from a socialist control economy to a market economy the process can be stalled by imperfect information high transaction costs and covert resistance from entrenched interests the authors study land market adjustment in the wake of vietnam s reforms aiming to establish a free market in land use rights following de collectivization inefficiencies in the initial administrative allocation are measured against an explicit counterfactual market solution the authors tests using a farm household panel data set spanning the reforms suggest that land allocation responded positively but slowly to the inefficiencies of the administrative allocation they find no sign that the transition favored the land rich or that it was thwarted by the continuing power over land held by local officials