the political economy of rural property rights and the persistence of the dual economy abstract rural areas often have more than one regime of property rights and production large private property farms owned by powerful landowners coexist with subsistence peasants who farm small plots with limited property rights at the same time there is broad consensus that individual well specified and secure property rights over land improve economic outcomes if property rights in land are so beneficial why are they not adopted more widely i put forward a theory according to which politically powerful landowners choose weak property rights to impoverish peasants and force them to work for low wages moreover because weak property rights force peasants to stay in the rural sector protecting their property the incentives to establish poor property rights are especially salient when peasants can migrate to an alternative sector such as when urban wages increase with industrialization

women s access to credit does it matter for household efficiency studies that assess the impact of credit constraints on farm households efficiency have largely used the household as the unit of analysis this can be problematic when there are gender based market imperfections and asymmetries in how rights resources and responsibilities are distributed within the household constraints on women matter in addition to the efficiency loss associated with the husbands credit constraints when women are unable to meet their needs for capital their households experienced an additional 11 drop in efficiency this suggests that there are efficiency based arguments for enhancing women s access to capital and that studies based only on the household s head may significantly underestimate the true economic impact of credit constraints copyright 2008 oxford university press

tenure security and land related investment evidence from ethiopia the authors use a large data set from ethiopia that differentiates tenure security and transferability to explore determinants of different types of land related investment and its possible impact on productivity while they find some support for endogeneity of investment in trees this is not the case for terraces transfer rights are unambiguously investment enhancing the large productivity effect of terracing implies that even where households undertake investments to increase their tenure security this may not be socially efficient in ethiopia government action to increase tenure security and transferability of land rights can significantly enhance rural investment and productivity

modeling the co movements between crude oil and refined petroleum markets abstract in this paper we investigate two types of asymmetries i e the asymmetry in the lower and upper tail dependences and the asymmetry in the propagation of crisis bubble between crude oil market and refined petroleum markets based on copula models thirteen copula models with different types of dependence structures and time varying dependence parameters are considered we find that in general the malm copula fits our sample data best based on aic criterion we find that lower and upper tail dependences are both positive indicating that crude oil and refined product markets tend to move together using the asymmetric copulas we find asymmetry in tail dependence between crude oil and heating oil returns and that between crude oil and jet fuel returns interestingly upper tail dependence is significantly greater than the lower tail dependence for the pre crisis period while the result is reversed for the post crisis period finally although our data prefers the nonexchangeable malm copula the asymmetry in the propagation of crisis bubble between crude oil and refined product returns is very weak

land tenure security and investment does strength of land right really matter in rural burkina faso abstract the causal relationship between land tenure security and agricultural investment plays a crucial role in the process of rural development land property rights are key determinants for reducing poverty through agricultural productivity natural resource management and socio economic inequalities growing competition for land access increases the sensitivity in land socio economic stakes and related policies in developing countries this paper analyzes the impacts of land rights on land related investment in rural burkina faso we use rural representative panel data and appropriate methods the two stage conditional maximum likelihood approach is used for dealing with endogeneity while the generalized structural equation model allows us to control for random effects we show that stronger land rights increase land attached investment and land investment has positive and negative effect on stronger and weaker land rights respectively in rural burkina faso our study also finds that women and immigrants have less land rights than men and natives respectively our contribution to related literature includes the use of rigorous process of hierarchy in land rights the close link of the results with land right strength is of great interest for cautious practitioners in land tenure and investment moreover our results imply that a gain of efficiency can be achieved from combining practices in land tenure and investment

measuring contagion between energy market and stock market during financial crisis a copula approach abstract in this paper we apply time varying copulas to investigate whether a contagion effect existed between energy and stock markets during the recent financial crisis using the wti oil spot price the s p500 index the shanghai stock market composite index and the shenzhen stock market component index returns evidence was found for a significantly increasing dependence between crude oil and stock markets after the failure of lehman brothers thus supporting the existence of contagion in the sense of forbes and rigobon s 2002 definition moreover increased tail dependence and symmetry characterize all the paired markets this indicates that significant increases in tail dependence are an actual dimension of the contagion phenomenon and that crude oil and stock prices are linked to the same degree regardless of whether markets are booming or crashing during the sample period finally the contagion effect is found to be much weaker for china than the us the empirical results have potentially important implications for risk management

crop prices and the demand for titled land evidence from uganda abstract i investigate how agricultural prices affect demand for titled land using panel data on ugandan farmers and a price index that weighs international crop prices by the structure of land use at the sub county level higher prices increase farmers share of titled land i also present evidence of a positive impact of prices on agricultural incomes the effect of prices on land tenure is stronger when farmers have access to roads and markets when they have undertaken investment on the land and when households fear land grabbing

l etranger status property rights and investment incentives in cote d ivoire this study uses data from cote d ivoire to show that outsider households have relatively small land holdings and less complete rights over land than locals it then demonstrates a link between property rights and investment incentives by looking at the decision to leave land fallow outsiders fallow a smaller proportion of their land indicating that their farms are left uncultivated for shorter periods this is only partly explained by their incomplete property rights and relative land poverty these differences in investment patterns lead to lower yields per hectare jel o12 q15

the forgotten property rights evidence on land use rights in vietnam summary studies of land property rights usually focus on tenure security and transfer rights rights to determine how to use the land are regularly ignored however user rights are often limited relying on a unique vietnamese panel data set at both household and plot levels we show that crop choice restrictions are widespread and prevent crop diversification restrictions do not decrease household income but restricted households work harder and there are indications that they are supplied with higher quality inputs our findings are consistent with the view that it is possible to intervene effectively in agricultural production to promote output and food security nevertheless potential benefits of a more diversified crop pattern must be carefully considered in a period where global food markets are in turmoil

is land titling in sub saharan africa cost effective is land titling in sub saharan africa cost effective a cost benefit analysis suggests that the current system of formal titling should not be extended in rural madagascar and that any new system of land registration would have to be quite inexpensive to be worthwhile indeed establishing a modern property rights system without legally recognizing informal rights may expand the scope for rent seeking thus creating additional insecurity atwood 1990 purchasing a titled plot without easily being able to update the name on the document exposes the buyer to the risk that a relative of the seller sharing the family name might subsequently claim the plot or challenge the transfer analyses omitted here for brevity indicate that there is no significant advantage to owning titled land in terms of a household s access to formal credit after controlling for the household s landholdings within the mailles such land being much more likely to be titled and titled plots are no more likely to be used as collat

do overlapping property rights reduce agricultural investment evidence from uganda the need for land related investment to ensure sustainable land management and increase productivity of land use is widely recognized however there is little rigorous evidence on the effects of property rights for increasing agricultural productivity and contributing toward poverty reduction in africa whether and by how much overlapping property rights reduce investment incentives and the scope for policies to counter such disincentives are thus important policy issues using information on parcels under ownership and usufruct by the same household from a nationally representative survey in uganda the authors find significant disincentives associated with overlapping property rights on short and long term investments the paper combines this result with information on crop productivity to obtain a rough estimate of the magnitudes involved the authors make suggestions on ways to eliminate such inefficiencies

partial land rights and agricultural outcomes evidence from thailand to disentangle the issue concerning which dimensions of land rights among security tradability and pledgeability affect agricultural outcomes this paper exploits a unique partial land rights entitlement program in thailand that guarantees only security allows a limited access to credit and prohibits any land sale based on an instrumental variables strategy i find that the entitlement increases 1 second rice but not major rice productivity 2 land use intensity and 3 land related investment and leads to 4 better soil quality this suggests that the security dimension alone can play an important role in improving farm activities

inter generational effects of titling programmes physical vs human capital abstractprogrammes aimed at giving legal ownership titles to the occupants of land titling programmes are associated with an income or wealth effect that induce higher expenditure on normal goods like education and health services there is also a substitution effect the elimination of expropriation risk makes home investment more attractive and increases the opportunity cost of other forms of spending the net effect on human capital is ambiguous using data from a natural experiment in uruguay we find that titling favours home investment to the detriment of some dimensions of human capital investment for children of 16 and under

communal land and agricultural productivity this paper quantifies the aggregate impact of communal land tenure ar rangements that prevail in sub saharan africa such tenure regimes limit land transfer ability by prohibiting sales subjecting rented out land to the risk of expropriation and redistributing it to existing farmers in a progressive fashion we use a general equilibrium two sector selection model featuring agents heterogeneous in skills to compute the result ing occupational and operational choices as well as land allocations the quantification of the model is based on policies deduced from ethiopia in the sub saharan african context we find that such policies substantially dampen nominal agricultural relative to non agricultural productivity by 25 real relative agricultural productivity however only falls by 4 since cross sectoral terms of trade adjust strongly with excess agricul tural employment only amounting to some 1 5 percentage points the loss in gdp is small about 2 that serves as a reminder that ostensibly highly distortionary policies need not have substantial bite when individuals strategically adjust to them and equilib rium prices adapt for example the model predicts that at given prices 62 of farmers in an economy such as ethiopia would leave farming if tenure were secured casting land insecurity as a major obstacle yet only 9 would actually switch sectors after price adjustments are factored in

migration and income diversification evidence from burkina faso this paper uses limited dependent variable methods and new data from burkina faso to test the impact of inter continental and continental migration on activity choice and incomes in rural households econometric evidence supports our theoretical expectation that the impact of emigration varies both by migrant destination and production activity we find no evidence of either positive or negative effects of continental migration on agricultural or livestock activities and only a small negative impact on non farm activities however inter continental migration which tends to be long term and generates significantly larger remittances stimulates livestock production while being negatively associated with both staple and non farm activities

environmental and gender impacts of land tenure regularization in africa pilot evidence from rwanda although increased global demand for land has led to renewed interest in african land tenure few models to address these issues quickly and at the required scale have been identified or evaluated the case of rwanda s nation wide and relatively low cost land tenure regularization program is thus of great interest this paper evaluates the short term impact some 2 5 years after completion of the pilots undertaken to fine tune the approach using a geographic discontinuity design with spatial fixed effects three key findings emerge from the analysis first the program improved land access for legally married women about 76 percent of married couples and prompted better recordation of inheritance rights without gender bias second the analysis finds a very large impact on investment and maintenance of soil conservation measures this effect was particularly pronounced for female headed households suggesting that this group had suffered from high levels of tenure insecurity which the program managed to reduce third land market activity declined allowing rejection of the hypothesis that the program caused a wave of distress sales or widespread landlessness by vulnerable people implications for program design and policy are discussed

tenure insecurity gender low cost land certification and land rental market participation in ethiopia abstract there is a renewed interest in whether land reforms can contribute to market development and poverty reduction in africa this paper assesses effects on the allocative efficiency of the land rental market of the low cost approach to land registration and certification of restricted property rights that was implemented in ethiopia in the late 1990s four rounds of a balanced household panel from 16 villages in northern ethiopia are analysed showing that land certification initially enhanced land rental market participation of potential tenant and landlord households especially those that are headed by females

tenure security human capital and soil conservation in an overlapping generation rural economy we develop an overlapping generation model of rural agricultural households to examine whether tenure security and subsistence needs influence the choice between unexploited topsoil and investment in children s human capital as the mode of transfer of wealth a unique dataset from bangladesh finds that tenure security is associated with greater topsoil conservation and lower human capital investment therefore there exists a tradeoff between these two modes of transfer we suggest that increased public expenditure on schooling which substitutes private expenditure may lower the pressure on land and soil resources

investment and equity effects of land regularisation the case of nicaragua we use data from nicaragua to examine the impact of award of registered and non registered title on land values and changes in land attached investment registration acquisition through purchase and agrarian reform title all are associated with significant increases in the value of plots receipt of registered title is found to increase land values by 30 and at the same time greatly increase the propensity to invest bringing such investment closer to the optimum in line with descriptive statistics indicating great demand for land right regularisation especially from the poor this suggests that titling can have a positive distributional effect at the same time the legal validity and official recognition of the titles issued appears to be of great importance

how much expropriation hazard is too much the effect of land reallocation on organic fertilizer usage in rural china in china land is reallocated on either a full scale or a partial basis by employing a unique farm survey that deliberately draws a distinction between full scale and partial land reallocations and by decomposing their respective expropriation risk effects we find that the significantly negative effect of expropriation risk on organic fertilizer usage is driven solely by full scale reallocation consistent with this finding a reduction in the predicted expropriation hazard rate by half leads to a sizable increase of 491 in organic fertilizer usage in villages with a history of full scale reallocation and has an estimated productivity effect of 19 1

the diversity of land markets and regulations in europe and some of its causes abstractthe creation of optimal land institutions attracted renewed attention in the 1990s because of its central role in the transition process in former communist countries in the former soviet union and eastern europe and more recently because of large scale land investments in developing countries this article documents the existence of large variations in land institutions markets and regulation using current and historical data from western and eastern europe it then offers explanations for these differences and draws implications for the role and optimality of land institutions in development with special reference to the current debate on large scale land acquisitions

indigenous land rights in sub saharan africa appropriation security and investment demand abstract we discuss the links between rights appropriation tenure security and investment demand in sub saharan africa common assertions regarding indigenous tenure are 1 a insecurity of tenure leads to suboptimal investment incentives and 2 b appropriation of land rights in the public domain is rent dissipating we argue that land use and investment decisions among african farmers often have two motives productivity and rights appropriation the usual assertions thus seem contradictory we offer a conceptual model to show that indigenous tenure may provide equal or higher investment incentives than private rights and may promote modes of rights appropriation that are productive rather than wasteful

specificity of control the case of mexico s ejido reform abstract an important aspect of property rights is specificity the ability of a third party to enforce rights the empirical literature rarely isolates the effect of specificity because exogenous changes due to land reforms either simultaneously change both control and specificity or exclusively change control we investigate the effect of specificity in the context of the 1992 salinas land reforms in mexico which constitutionally changed individual control rights for all communal landholders but reserved changes to specificity for a subsequent voluntary land certification program we are able to address selection into the program by taking advantage of the peculiarities in the certification process using agricultural production data from before and after the reform we demonstrate that land certification significantly increases agricultural investments but only for investments directly affected by the changes in control we explain the results using a simple model that shows how specificity can better coordinate landholders beliefs about the implementation of changes in control

legal institutions political economy and development this article reviews some of the recent literature on the relationship between the legal system and economic development we also look at the historical socio cultural and political factors that explain the differences in the characteristics of legal systems across countries and thus affect the link between the legal environment and economic outcomes although the field of law and economics of developing countries is still in its youth it is growing rapidly and is a fertile ground for exciting new findings both theoretical and empirical further progress in this field is likely to come from the studies of the elements of the legal system other than the substantive law enforcement and dispute resolution and should move beyond specific analyses of the impact of particular success or failure stories towards more general analyses of the determinants and outcomes of successful legal institutions

go west young man self selection and endogenous property rights if as hume argues property is a self referring custom of a group of people then property rights depend on how that group forms and orders itself in this article we investigate how people construct a convention for property in an experiment in which groups of self selected individuals can migrate between three geographically separate regions to test a hypothesis of demsetz s we vary across two treatments the external benefits of migrating we find that self selection has a powerful effect on establishing conventions of property and begetting increases in wealth through exchange and specialization we also find support for the demsetz hypothesis

property rights and natural resource management incentives do transferability and formality matter this article examines how property rights expectations affect resource management incentives it utilizes expected property rights over different timespans and of different strengths corresponding to a investments of different intensities and b farmers sense of security regarding their often de facto property rights the results suggest that property rights and their alienability in ten year time matter to intensive infrastructural investments although not to lighter investments formality of property rights is shown to be insignificant to investment incentives indicating that there is no functional difference between formal rights and customary rights at present in indigenous communities of the philippines copyright 2008 oxford university press

insecurity of property rights and matching in the tenancy market this paper analyzes the functioning of land rental markets in the dominican republic using a new data set collected specifically to characterize the entire market we analyze the choice of the landlords and the tenants in the search for the optimal partner we show how insecure property rights leads to segmentation in the tenancy markets along socio economic group and hence severely limits access to land for the rural poor

tenure security investment and productivity in gambian agriculture a generalized probit analysis the determinants of investment input use and productivity are investigated under customary tenure in peri urban areas of the gambia a structural model is specified to investigate the role of tenure security on farm investments and input use and thereby on yield testing of the structural form hypotheses requires simultaneous equation estimation containing both continuous and discrete endogenous variables the model is estimated as a feasible generalized least squares amemiya s generalized probit some of the positive relationships hypothesized between tenure security investment and yields are corroborated in particular tenure security is found to enhance long term investments which in turn enhance yields

property rights productivity and common property resources insights from rural cambodia summary this paper uses data from the 2003 04 cambodia household socioeconomic survey to investigate the effects of property rights to land plots held with a paper documenting ownership in rural cambodia are found to have higher productivity and land values than other plots while property rights have weak effects on access to credit the paper also investigates whether the introduction of private property rights leads to decreased availability of common property resources the data offers only weak support for this hypothesis the general insight is that policies to strengthen land property rights can have important positive effects on the rural economy even in an environment of low state capacity

political connections and land related investment in rural vietnam abstract this paper uses household panel data from rural vietnam to explore the effects of having a relative in a position of political or bureaucratic power our results suggest that households increase their investment in land improvements due to such ties likely explanations are that connections to office holders strengthen de facto land property rights and access to both credit and transfers results also indicate that officials prefer to use informal rather than formal channels of redistribution to relatives

can the west save africa in the new millennium the western aid effort toward africa has surged due to writ ings by well known economists a celebrity mass advocacy campaign and decisions by western leaders to make africa a major foreign policy priority this survey contrasts the predominant transformational approach west comprehensively saves africa to occasional swings to a marginal approach west takes one small step at a time to help individual africans evaluation of one step at a time initiatives is generally easier than that of transformational ones either through controlled experiments although these have been oversold or simple case studies where it is easier to attribute outcomes to actions we see two themes emerge from the literature survey 1 escalation as each successive western transformational effort has yielded disappointing results as judged at least by stylized facts since again the econometrics are shaky the response has been to try an even more ambitious effort and 2 the cycle of ideas rather than a progressive testing and discarding of failed ideas we see a cycle in aid ideas in many areas in africa with ideas going out of fashion only to come back again later after some lapse long enough to forget the previous disappointing experience both escalation and cyclicality of ideas are symptomatic of the lack of learning that seems to be characteristic of the transfor mational approach in contrast the marginal approach has had some successes in improving the well being of individual africans such as the dramatic fall in mortality

barbed wire property rights and agricultural development this paper examines the impact on agricultural development of the introduction of barbed wire fencing to the american plains in the late nineteenth century without a fence farmers risked uncompensated damage by others livestock from 1880 to 1900 the introduction and near universal adoption of barbed wire greatly reduced the cost of fences relative to the predominant wooden fences especially in counties with the least woodland over that period counties with the least woodland experienced substantial relative increases in settlement land improvement land values and the productivity and production share of crops most in need of protection this increase in agricultural development appears partly to reflect farmers increased ability to protect their land from encroachment states inability to protect this full bundle of property rights on the frontier beyond providing formal land titles might have otherwise restricted agricultural development

impacts of low cost land certification on investment and productivity new land reforms are again high on the policy agenda and low cost propoor reforms are being tested in poor countries this article assesses the investment and productivity impacts of the recent low cost land certification implemented in the tigray region of ethiopia using a unique household and farm plot level panel data set with data from before and up to eight years after the reform alternative econometric methods were used to test and control for endogeneity of certification and for unobserved household heterogeneity significant positive impacts were found including effects on the maintenance of soil conservation structures investment in trees and land productivity copyright 2007 oxford university press

forest tenure reform in china a choice experiment on farmers property rights preferences decentralization experiments are currently underway in the chinese forestry sector however researchers and policy makers tend to ignore a key question what do forest farmers really want from reform this paper addresses this question using a survey based choice experiment to investigate farmers preferences for various property rights attributes of a forestland contract we found that farmers are highly concerned with the types of rights provided by a contract reducing perceived risks of contract termination and introducing a priority right for the renewal of an existing contract significantly increases farmers marginal willingness to pay for a forest contract

land transfer in rural china incentives influencing factors and income effects land transfer incentives and their effect on farmers income in developing countries have been widely examined in the literate but little is known about the driving mechanism of rural household in

water security and irrigation investment evidence from a field experiment in rural pakistan this study examines the relationship between water security features and irrigation investment using data from a field survey with a choice experiment conducted in rural pakistan our results gener

the profits of power land rights and agricultural investment in ghana we examine the impact of ambiguous and contested land rights on investment and productivity in agriculture in akwapim ghana we show that individuals who hold powerful positions in a local political hierarchy have more secure tenure rights and that as a consequence they invest more in land fertility and have substantially higher output the intensity of investments on different plots cultivated by a given individual corresponds to that individual s security of tenure over those specific plots and in turn to the individual s position in the political hierarchy relevant to those specific plots

do food and oil prices co move abstract this paper studies co movements between world oil prices and global prices for corn soybean and wheat using copulas several copula models with different conditional dependence structures and time varying dependence parameters were considered empirical results for weekly data from january 1998 to april 2011 showed weak oil food dependence and no extreme market dependence between oil and food prices these results support the neutrality of agricultural commodity markets to the effects of changes in oil prices and non contagion between the crude oil and agricultural markets however dependence increased significantly in the last three years of the sampling period even though upper tail dependence remained insignificant indicating that food price spikes are not caused by positive extreme oil price changes these results have implications for policy design risk management and hedging strategies

land tenure and property rights theory and implications for development policy this article explores the nature of property rights systems their evolution and their effect on resource allocation it is argued that certain institutional arrangements for land rights have evolved in order to reduce uncertainty and increase efficiency in credit as well as in land markets of particular relevance to developing countries the article emphasizes the contribution of public sector infrastructure to effective land rights systems an appendix to the article presents a formal model analyzing the effects of security of land rights on land prices the intensity of cultivation and the use of credit empirical evidence from thailand supports several of the propositions derived from the model

remittances poverty inequality and welfare evidence from the central plateau of burkina faso abstract this paper applies gini and concentration coefficient decomposition as well as the foster greer thorbecke poverty index and the stark yitzhaki welfare index to new data from four villages in burkina faso to compare the marginal effects of remittances from intercontinental and intra african migration on inequality poverty and social welfare evidence is found that intra african remittances reduce inequality while intercontinental remittances have the opposite effect also it is found that although remittances from intercontinental migration are associated with much lower incidence depth and severity of poverty the marginal impact of remittances from this form of migration on social welfare is limited because recipients do not include the rural poor

land tenure and agricultural productivity in africa a comparative analysis of the economics literature and recent policy strategies and reforms summary this paper examines the convergence and divergence of results from economic studies of the relationships between land tenure security and agricultural productivity in africa and how these results have been incorporated into recent agricultural poverty alleviation and land policy documents the paper finds that there are both areas of convergence and divergence in the economics literature similarly the attention given to land tenure and its perceived effects on productivity varies considerably in the policy literature the significant heterogeneity in findings itself suggests that policy responses must pay attention to local context and the overarching macro and sectoral conditions within which tenure systems operate

do land markets improve land use efficiency evidence from jiangsu china inefficient use of scarce and fragmented land challenges the sustainability of agriculture land markets may improve land use efficiency in recent years china has employed various instruments to

is land titling in sub saharan africa cost effective evidence from madagascar formalizing land rights has been promoted as a way to encourage agricultural investment and stimulate land markets yet little is known about the benefits of such policies in sub saharan africa where the preconditions for success are less favorable the analysis uses a large sample of plots from an intensively titled rice growing area of madagascar and compares land specific investments land productivity and land values for titled and untitled plots cultivated by the same household having a title has no significant effect on plot specific investment and correspondingly little effect on land productivity and land values these results are broadly consistent with a simulation of a theoretical model of investment under expropriation risk calibrated to the same data a cost benefit analysis suggests that the current system of formal titling should not be extended in rural madagascar and that any new system of land registration will have to be quite inexpensive to be worthwhile

moral hazard experimental evidence from tenancy contracts agricultural productivity is particularly low in developing countries output sharing rules that make farmers less than full residual claimants are seen as a potentially important driver of low agr

tenure security resource poverty public programs and household plot level conservation investments in the highlands of northern ethiopia land degradation poses a serious problem for the livelihoods of rural producers furthermore there is rarely enough private investment taking place to commensurate the scale of the problem this article examines the role of tenure insecurity resource poverty risk and time preferences and community led land conservation on differentiated patterns of household investment in land conservation in northern ethiopia we control for biophysical household characteristics market access conditions and village level factors investments in soil bunds and stone terraces are specifically studied so as to capture the link between these various factors and the durability of conservation investments we introduce the distinction between the determinants of the decision to invest and how much to invest in conservation regression results show that publicly led conservation programs seem to significantly stimulate private investment a host of plot level variables and household perceptions of returns on conservation investments expressed in terms of perceived improvements in land quality and increased crop yields were found to be critical to the decision to invest and intensify soil conservation the evidence on the significance of households attitudes toward risk aversion suggests the important role of risk and the household s risk bearing capacity in the decision to intensify conservation measures at the same time tenure security indicators and households resource endowments resource poverty had weaker effects in increasing willingness to invest and the level of investment made the policy implications of these results point to the importance of agricultural research and extension efforts that target technologies which reduce household risk and poverty while enabling sustainable investments in conservation measures by individual households

selecting the state or choosing the chief the political determinants of smallholder land titling summary this article examines the effect of customary institutions on smallholder land titling in sub saharan africa it argues that the individual s status within the customary institution conditions his or her demand for land titles individuals with greater customary privilege gain advantages from maintaining customary property rights including stronger tenure security for households with lower privilege within the customary institution the benefits of adopting state land titles are higher analysis of an original survey of smallholder farmers in senegal and an existing survey in zambia demonstrates that households with greater customary privilege are less likely to adopt state land titles independent of ethnicity wealth and land values i find additional support for the argument in measures of increased tenure security for those with greater customary privilege qualitative interviews with customary authorities and smallholder farmers help establish the mechanism these findings update the dominant wisdom that land values and material transaction costs drive smallholder land titling demonstrating the important effect of status within the customary institution on demand for land titles by examining the political underpinnings of customary property rights this article contributes to our understandings of which farmers benefit most from land titling this has implications for the improved design of land governance programs

the productivity impacts of formal and informal land rights evidence from madagascar this paper studies the relationship between land rights and agricultural productivity whereas previous studies used proxies for soil quality and instrumental variables to control for the endogeneity of land titles the data used here include precise soil quality measurements which in principle allow controlling for the unobserved heterogeneity between plots empirical results suggest that formal land rights i e land titles have no impact on productivity but that informal land rights i e landowners subjective perceptions of what they can and cannot do with their plots have heterogeneous impacts on productivity

peasants against private property rights a review of the literature land is the main if not the only asset for a majority of people in developing countries the definition and allocation of rights over land are thus naturally essential aspects of individuals daily lives as well as critical determinants of social and economic development the privatization of land rights has long been seen as a necessary process enhancing both efficiency and equity however privatized land rights have not always emerged endogenously while exogenously driven programs of land privatization have not always been successful nor popular this has raised questions about the expected benefits of land rights privatization this paper aims at summarizing the main arguments and studies both theoretical and empirical on this issue with a specific focus on the factors that can make privatization inefficient or detrimental for the most concerned individuals

tenure insecurity and investment in soil conservation evidence from malawi tenure insecurity can have important consequences for the conservation of natural resources this paper focuses on two main sources of tenure insecurity informal short term tenancy contracts and customary gender biased inheritance practices using a large plot level dataset from malawi the analysis employs a linear probability model with household fixed effects and finds that both sources of insecurity have a negative effect on soil conservation investments these findings suggest that future land reforms should deal with the informality of the land rental market and address the gap between users and owners of land created by existing customary practices

land property rights and resource allocation abstractin this paper we review the most significant empirical literature on the causal effects of land property rights the literature indicates that secure property rights boost investment in both rural and urban areas these effects however do not appear to be the result of improved credit conditions in rural areas clear land rights also lead to increases in productivity and farm earnings in contrast for urban areas the evidence for an effect on earnings is mixed we find little empirical evidence to suggest that land titling programs enhance the development of land markets finally some evidence suggests that land titling induces changes in household structure that foster human capital accumulation and may help to increase the incomes of future generations

property rights for the poor effects of land titling secure property rights are considered a key determinant of economic development the evaluation of the causal effects of property rights however is a difficult task as their allocation is typically endogenous to overcome this identification problem we exploit a natural experiment in the allocation of land titles in 1981 squatters occupied a piece of land in a poor suburban area of buenos aires in 1984 a law was passed expropriating the former owners land to entitle the occupants some original owners accepted the government compensation while others disputed the compensation payment in the slow argentine courts these different decisions by the former owners generated an exogenous allocation of property rights across squatters using data from two surveys performed in 2003 and 2007 we find that entitled families substantially increased housing investment reduced household size and enhanced the education of their children relative to the control group these effects however did not take place through improvements in access to credit our results suggest that land titling can be an important tool for poverty reduction albeit not through the shortcut of credit access but through the slow channel of increased physical and human capital investment which should help to reduce poverty in future generations

the demand for tenure security in developing countries abstract we use survey data for manila the philippines to estimate hedonic functions for formal and squatter housing values we show that on average a rented squatter unit in manila would rent for 15 percent more if it were a formal sector unit an owned squatter unit would sell for 25 percent more if it were a formal sector unit these percentages are interpreted as eviction risk discount for squatter dwellings we conclude that assistance projects that provide secure tenure over a wide area will bestow comparatively greater benefits on lower income households and to those in newer less established settlements since the risks that they bear initially are greater

land titling and rural transition in vietnam abstract we examine the impact of the 1993 land law of vietnam which gave households the power to exchange transfer lease inherit and mortgage their land use rights we use household surveys before and after the law was passed together with the considerable variation across provinces in the speed of implementation of the reform to identify the impact of the law we find that the additional land rights led to statistically significant increases in the share of total area devoted to long term crops and in labor devoted to nonfarm activities however these changes are not large in magnitude and appear to be driven mainly by the increased security of tenure provided by the law rather than by increased access to credit markets or greater land market participation

land tenure security and investment incentives puzzling evidence from burkina faso abstract the commonsense logic associating higher land security and higher incentives to invest has been recently called into question in the case of african agriculture to be meaningful empirical tests have to be carefully designed so as to take account of the possible endogeneity of the land rights variable this is done in this paper by applying suitable econometric methods to the original data collected in burkina faso the results obtained cast doubt on the existence of a systematic influence of land tenure security on investment by reviewing the justifications for scepticism in the recent literature we are able to conclude that the traditional village order where it exists provides the basic land rights required to stimulate small scale investment

debt poverty and resource management in a rural smallholder economy this paper develops a model to capture the key features of poverty credit constraints and resource management faced by poor rural households we assume that due to the existence of asymmetric information and moral hazard the household faces an increasing cost of credit as its debt equity ratio rises a household exploiting a natural resource may fall into a poverty trap but only if it is unable to afford the increasing borrowing costs implied by increasing debt to allow it to avoid such a trap or if it discounts future utility so much that a balanced growth path cannot be financed at any level of long run borrowing in contrast along an optimal balanced growth path the household s asset wealth purchased inputs resource stock and consumption increase at the same constant rate however over the long run there may be carrying capacity limits that prevent the resource from improving further the household may then direct its savings to accumulating financial assets and eventually under certain conditions may become a net creditor with resource exploitation becoming a less and less important source of its income

optimal management of soil quality stocks and long term consequences of land degradation for smallholder farmers in malawi while soil degradation has long term consequences static models which form the bulk of studies on this topic in africa do not account for the inter temporal dimensions of optimal resource management this paper used an inter temporal optimisation framework which considered soil in a time dependent resource extraction perspective we have demonstrated that soil degradation is causing an enormous reduction in productive value of smallholder land in malawi current user cost of soil quality among smallholder farmers which represents annual loss in productive value of land was estimated to be us 21 per hectare based on this value and land area under smallholder agriculture in malawi economic costs of soil degradation among smallholder farmers were estimated to amount to 14 of the agricultural gdp for malawi although smallholder farmers current practices are sub optimal to steady state solutions they are above static solutions this demonstrates that smallholder farmers have some private incentives to invest in the soil quality stock smallholder farmers internalise some of the dynamic costs of soil degradation under the current practices however a sensitivity analysis on a slightly higher discount rate indicates that ss solutions closely resemble the prevailing smallholder farming practices this suggests that smallholder farmers may be overexploiting soil quality stock because they have a high time preference that is they value the current consumption more than their future consumption and wellbeing high levels of poverty in malawi and serious lack of viable alternatives to subsistence farming may be influencing such behaviour promoting more viable land use alternatives than subsistence farming and formuling policies that help transform smallholder agriculture into a profitable enterprise will not only increase the cost of degrading the soil but also encourage farmers to invest in the soil quality stock

a century long perspective on agricultural development this article strategically surveys the past century s literature on agricultural development we organize the discussion around three grand themes that reveal the richness of agricultural development as an intellectual endeavor first we explore the role of agriculture in the broader development process from a macroeconomic and political economy perspective we then examine the role of technological and institutional change in successful agricultural development finally the focus turns to a microeconomic perspective on agricultural household decision making and the problems of imperfect and missing markets asymmetric information and transactions costs that lead to widespread apparent inefficiency and disequilibrium

some notes on how land title affects child labor secure property rights are considered a key determinant of economic development however evaluation of the causal effects of land titling is a difficult task since 2004 a program called papel passado has issued titles to more than over 85 000 families and has the goal to reach 750 000 this paper examines the direct impact of securing a property title on child labor force participation this study uses a comparison between two close and similar communities in the city of osasco case the key point of this case is that some units participate in the program and others do not estimates generated using difference in difference econometric technique suggest that titling results in a substantial decrease in child labor force participation for the families that received the title compared with the others this findings are relevant for future policy tools for dealing with informality and how it affects economic growth

land tenure differences and investment in land improvement measures theoretical and empirical analyses this article develops a theoretical framework to examine the relationship between land tenure arrangements and households investment in soil improving and conservation measures it then analyzes this relationship with a multivariate probit model based on detailed plot level data from villages in the brong ahafo region of ghana a major hypothesis tested is that investment in productivity enhancing and conservation techniques are influenced by land tenure arrangements the theoretical analysis and empirical results generally reveal that land tenure differences significantly influence farmers decisions to invest in land improving and conservation measures the findings also show that tenure security does affect farm productivity

the roles of land tenure reforms and land markets in the context of population growth and land use intensification in africa this article reviews the past and potential future roles of land tenure reforms and land markets in sub saharan africa ssa as responses to population growth in the process of land use intensification and livelihood transformation the farm size distribution and the existence of an inverse relationship ir between farm size and land productivity in ssa and the implications of this relationship for efficiency and equity are investigated more secure property rights and removal of restrictions on land markets have the potential to create both efficiency and equity benefits but there are high risks of elite capture of large land areas with inefficient and inequitable outcomes this situation is the case not only in land abundant areas but also in urban and peri urban areas where increasingly larger proportions of people will make their living increasing population pressure in densely populated rural areas contributes to more rapid rural urban migration and creating alternative livelihood opportunities for the migrating youth population is essential to achieving economic development with social stability

land tenure and investment incentives evidence from west africa abstract the existing literature on the relationship between property rights in land and agricultural investment in africa has given results that are often confusing and contradictory i make two clarifying contributions to this literature first i pull together existing studies and investigate whether the results they find have been affected by research methods or local contexts studies with small sample sizes those that use binary investment measures and those that control for household fixed effects are less likely to find a statistically significant link between land tenure and investment self reported tenure security has been a poor predictor of investment outcomes second i test for a relationship between land tenure and agricultural investment in nine data sets from west africa while the link between tenure and investment is significant for fallow and tree planting it is less robust for labor use and other inputs such as manure or chemical fertilizer

village political economy land tenure insecurity and the rural to urban migration decision evidence from china this paper investigates the impact of land tenure insecurity on the migration decisions of china s rural residents a simple model first frames the relationship among these variables and the probability that a reallocation of land will occur in the following year after first demonstrating that a village leader s support for administrative land reallocation carries with it the risk of losing a future election the paper exploits election timing and village heterogeneity in lineage group composition and demographic change to identify the effect of land security in response to an expected land reallocation in the following year the probability that a rural resident migrates out of the county declines by 2 8 percentage points which accounts for 17 5 percent of the annual share of village residents aged 16 to 50 who worked as migrants during the period this finding underscores the potential importance of secure property rights for facilitating labor market integration and the movement of labor out of agriculture

insecure land rights and share tenancy evidence from madagascar most studies of tenurial insecurity focus on its effects on investment this paper studies the hitherto unexplored relationship between tenurial insecurity and land tenancy contracts based on distinct features of formal law and customary rights in madagascar this paper augments the canonical model of sharecropping by making the strength of the landlord s property right increasing in the amount of risk she bears within the contract using data on landlords subjective perceptions in rural madagascar empirical tests support the hypothesis that insecure property rights drive contract choice but offer little support in favor of the canonical risk sharing hypothesis

how do crude oil prices co move a copula approach abstract this paper examines the dependence structure between crude oil benchmark prices using copulas by considering several copula models with different conditional dependence structures and time varying dependence parameters we find evidence of significant symmetric upper and lower tail dependence between crude oil prices these findings suggest that crude oil prices are linked with the same intensity during bull and bear markets thus supporting the hypothesis that the oil market is one great pool in contrast with the hypothesis that states that the oil market is regionalized our findings on crude oil price co movements also have implications for risk management hedging strategies and asset pricing

the local aggregate effects of minimum wage increases using variation in minimum wages across cities and controlling for differences in business cycle factors and long run local economic trends we find that following minimum wage increases both prices and nominal spending rise modestly these gains are larger for certain subcategories of goods such as food away from home and in locations where low wage workers account for a larger share of employment further minimum wage increases are associated with reduced total debt among households with low credit scores higher auto debt and increased access to credit

property rights and productivity the case of joint land titling in vietnam this paper explores the effect of land titling on agricultural productivity in vietnam and the productivity effects of single versus joint titling for husband and wife using a plot fixed effects approach our results show that obtaining a land title is associated with higher yields for both individually and jointly held titles we conclude that there is no tradeoff between joint titling and productivity and so joint titles are potentially an effective way to improve women s bargaining power within the household with no associated efficiency losses

tenure constraints and carbon forestry in africa our analysis shows that landowners with customary tenure in africa can be efficient providers of carbon forestry if tree planting helps secure their permanent claims to the land if the farmer s tree planting can reduce the threat of eviction the amount of land allocated to carbon forestry may be greater or lesser than under private ownership but it is always more than if tenure security is completely absent our results support the view that carbon forestry schemes should accommodate traditional african customary tenure systems and if designed successfully can both promote carbon forestry and benefit the poor

tenure security resource endowments and tree growing evidence from the amhara region of ethiopia we analyze roles of tenure insecurity and household endowments in explaining tree growing in ethiopia where farmers cannot sell or mortgage land and factor markets are imperfect unlike most other studies we use panel data and examine determinants of the decision and intensity of tree growing unlike other studies we compare the decision to keep trees and the decision to plant in the recent past the results suggest that land tenure insecurity influences the decision to grow trees but not the number of trees households grow household endowments time and location also explain tree growing by farmers

land accumulation dynamics in developing country agriculture abstractunderstanding land accumulation dynamics is relevant for policy makers interested in the economic effects of land inequality in developing country agriculture we thus explore and simultaneously test the leading theories of micro level land accumulation dynamics using unique panel data from paraguay the results suggest that farm growth varies systematically with farm size a formal rejection of stochastic growth theories that is gibrat s law and that titled land area may have considerable influence on land accumulation furthermore our estimates indicate that a dualistic agrarian structure is the likely product of the unfettered operation of land markets

land ownership security and farm productivity evidence from thailand the article discusses the impact of land ownership security on farmers input use and output value economic theory suggests that farmers with secure legal ownership will have more incentives and better ability to invest due to a lower perceived risk and a favourable access to institutional credit this leads to higher variable inputs use and higher output per unit of land the article uses farm level data from three provinces in thailand to test the above propositions the data pertain to samples of squatters who lack secure legal ownership as contrasted with legally titled farmers the results confirm that the provision of secure ownership in ldcs can increase productivity significantly

institutions top down or bottom up a large research program in economics has established a persuasive link between institutions and economic development but what does this imply for development policymaking can a political leader or aid agency seeking to promote development readily change institutions this article starts off wildly general and then moves to specifics