from shadow to green linking environmental fiscal reforms and the informal economy in the past few decades many papers have analysed in some depth different environmental tax reforms and the double dividend hypothesis i e the possibility of improving not only the environment but also the economy through the reduction of distortions in the tax system recently more stress has been placed on testing empirically what effects a reduction in labour taxes may have on unemployment when accompanied by a carbon or other environmental tax however such studies have not modelled the effects of the presence of a shadow economy even though informal markets account for a significant and growing part of gdp in many developed economies this paper analyses this link using an applied general equilibrium model for the case of spain which has one of the highest unemployment rates in the world and one of the biggest informal economies of any wealthy country we conclude that our analysis strengthens the case for an environmental tax reform in spain if revenues from a co2 tax are recycled via a labour tax reduction

renewable energy non renewable energy and economic growth in brazil this study employs brazil s yearly statistics from 1980 to 2010 to explore the causal relationships between the real gdp and four types of energy consumption non hydroelectric renewable energy consumption nhrec total renewable energy consumption trec non renewable energy consumption nrec and the total primary energy consumption tec the cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium among brazil s real gdp labour capital and each of the four types of consumption the development of the brazilian economy has close ties with capital formation and labour force the influence of nhrec trec on real output is positive and significant while the impacts by nrec tec are insignificant the results from the vector error correction models reveal a unidirectional causality from nhrec to economic growth a bidirectional causality between economic growth and trec and a unidirectional causality from economic growth to nrec or tec without feedback in the long run these findings suggest that brazil is an energy independent economy and that economic growth is crucial in providing the necessary resources for sustainable development expanding renewable energy would not only enhance brazil s economic growth and curb the deterioration of the environment but also create an opportunity for a leadership role in the international system and improve brazil s competition with more developed countries

the impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth a panel data application internationally the importance of renewable energy in the energy mix has been increasingly appreciated the advantages of the renewable energy usage for the world s energy security and the environment are indisputable and much discussed in the literature however its effects on the economic welfare of the countries are yet to be examined fully and described quantitatively the purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of the renewable energy consumption to economic welfare by employing panel data techniques the results show that the influence of renewable energy consumption or its share to the total energy mix to economic growth is positive and statistically significant from a policy point of view promoting renewable energies bears benefits not only for the environment but also for the economic conditions of the countries

have regulatory reforms improved the efficiency levels of the japanese electricity distribution sector a cost metafrontier based analysis abstract in order to identify the kinds of impacts that japanese regulatory reforms in the electric power industry have had on the efficiency levels of the electrical distribution sector the present study assembles a dataset which spans both pre and post regulation periods further to make the estimated efficiency scores from the two sub periods comparable the study applies metafrontier frameworks proposed by o donnell et al 2008 and huang et al 2014 to the cost function in the longitudinal setting estimates from both methods show that the average efficiency score of the electrical distribution sector during the whole sample period is relatively low further findings also demonstrate that the efficiency levels after the regulatory reforms are lower than those before the regulatory reforms to this surprising and unexpected phenomenon we argue that cross subsidization may be one reason for this kind of changing pattern in efficiency levels in order to deal with the relatively low efficiency problem we also suggest that japanese regulators should introduce more incentive based regulatory tools to replace the current rate of return regulation

effects of renewable energy sector development on electricity consumption growth nexus in the european union abstract the aim of this study is to assess the effect of renewable energy sector development on the relationships between electricity consumption and economic growth in the european union countries in the period between 1995 and 2015 a panel vector autoregressive model is used for testing granger causality and estimating impulse response functions the results indicate that the relationships between economic growth and electricity consumption depend on the level of renewable energy sector development the greater the share of the renewable energy sector in the economy is the more noticeable the mutual dependence between the economic growth and renewable electricity consumption is in countries with relatively well developed renewable energy sectors renewable electricity consumption boosts the economy and vice versa in the remaining countries economic growth and electricity consumption are independent empirical findings suggest that policymakers should develop strategies to implement clean energy policy aimed at stimulating the development of the renewable energy sector to support economic growth

the relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption from renewable and non renewable sources a study of turkey abstract the main objective of this study is to analyze the short and long run estimates as well as the causality relationships between economic growth gr electricity consumption from renewable sources relc and electricity consumption from non renewable sources nrelc for turkey in a multivariate model wherein capital k and labor l are included as additional variables using the autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach to cointegration the johansen cointegration test and the gregory hansen cointegration test with structural break we show that gr relc nrelc k and l are cointegrated although nrelc has a long run positive effect on gr the long run estimate of relc is negative but insignificant at 5 level of significance the granger causality test based on the vector error correction model reveals the evidence of neutrality hypothesis between relc and gr and between nrelc and gr in turkey in the short run in addition the granger causality runs from relc nrelc k and l to gr as well as from gr relc k and l to nrelc in the long run which supports the existence of growth hypothesis between relc and gr and feedback hypothesis between nrelc and gr in the long run it is advised that policy makers in the turkish government should continue to reduce the share of electricity consumption from renewable sources and encourage the usage of electricity from non renewable sources to have sustainable long run growth rates it is also essential to promote the investment projects to increase the efficiency of electricity generation from non renewable sources

growth and renewable energy in europe a random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis this is an empirical study on the causal relationship between economic growth and renewable energy for 27 european countries in a multivariate panel framework over the period 1997 2007 using a random effect model and including final energy consumption greenhouse gas emissions and employment as additional independent variables in the model empirical results do not confirm causality between renewable energy consumption and gdp although panel causality tests unfold short run relationships between renewable energy and greenhouse gas emissions and employment the estimated cointegration factor refrains from unity indicating only a weak if any relationship between economic growth and renewable energy consumption in europe suggesting evidence of the neutrality hypothesis which can partly be explained by the uneven and insufficient exploitation of renewable energy sources across europe

domestic energy efficiency in ireland correcting market failure if the bene ts of domestic energy e ciency are so great why are they not reaped in actuality and what can be done about it this paper deals with these crucial questions it is based on the ndings of a recent comprehensive study evaluating the costs labour and materials and bene ts energy cost savings environmental bene ts including reductions in emissions of co 2 n o x s o 2 and pm 10 comfort gains and mortality and morbidity impacts to irish society of bringing the entire housing stock up to the latest building regulations the reasons for the lack of take up of energy conservation measures are discussed the paper formulates policy proposals to address the impediments to e ective action in the market for domestic energy e ciency the various policy instruments available to overcome these barriers are outlined past performance citing speci c exemplars both from abroad and from experience in ireland is reported the nal section suggests a mix of policy instruments to assist the realisation of the potential bene ts of the energy conservation programme the principal initiatives recommended include the provision of a combination of grants to low income households and a clear state led information campaign explaining the bene ts of conserving energy to the householder 2000 elsevier science ltd all rights reserved

decomposing the luenberger hicks moorsteen total factor productivity indicator an application to u s agriculture abstract this paper introduces a decomposition of the additively complete luenberger hicks moorsteen total factor productivity indicator into the usual components technical change technical inefficiency change and scale inefficiency change our approach is general in that it does not require differentiability or convexity of the production technology using a nonparametric framework the empirical application focuses on the agricultural sector at the state level in the u s over the period 1960 2004 the results show that luenberger hicks moorsteen productivity increased substantially in the considered period this productivity growth is due to output growth rather than input decline although the extent depends on the convexity assumption of the technology technical change is the main driver while the role of technical inefficiency change and scale inefficiency change also depends on the convexity assumption of the technology

considering the effect of biomass energy consumption on economic growth fresh evidence from brics region abstract this paper investigates the relationship between biomass energy consumption and economic growth by incorporating capital and trade openness in production function for the case of brics countries in doing so unit root and cointegration tests have been used in order to examine unit root properties and long run relationship between the series for the period of 1991q1 2015q4 the results confirm the presence of long run equilibrium relationship between the variables moreover biomass energy consumption stimulates economic growth capital increments economic growth and trade openness spurs economic growth the feedback effect exists between biomass energy consumption and economic growth trade openness granger causes economic growth capital and biomass energy consumption the policy to adopt biomass as the primary source of renewable energy helps brics countries to achieve sustainable development goal in both short run and long run however the key innovative point of this study is to establish the sign for granger causality test

the control of co2 emissions and its economic impact an age model for a german state since it is believed that co2 is responsible for 55 of the greenhouse effect a co2 levy is now under consideration in several countries for an assessment of the macroeconomic implications of an integrated energy and environmental policy we employ an applied general equilibrium model age since all sectors of an economy and all private households contribute to co2 emission our model is a temporary equilibrium model with capacity extension under adjustment costs and with abatement activities for so2 and nox emissions

the dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on co2 emissions a revisited environmental kuznets curve approach this paper considers a revisited environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis with potential impact of renewable energy consumption on environmental quality to this end paper aims at investigating the validity of the ekc hypothesis employing the dependent variable of co2 emissions and regressors of gdp quadratic gdp and renewable energy consumption this paper hence analyzes this revisited ekc hypothesis to observe if i there exists an inverted u shaped relationship between environmental quality in terms of co2 emissions per capita income and per capita income squared and ii there exists a negative causality from renewables to co2 emissions within ekc model paper employs a panel data set of 17 oecd countries over the period 1977 2010 and launches panel fmols and panel dols estimations the findings support the ekc hypothesis for the panel and indicate that gdp per capita and gdp per capita squared have the impacts on co2 emissions positively and negatively respectively and that renewable energy consumption yields negative impact on co2 emissions another remark of this paper is that the validity of ekc does not depend on income level of individual countries of panel in which ekc hypothesis holds eventually paper argues that if countries carry out i policies i e for fair and easy access to the electricity from renewable sources and ii policies to increase renewables supply through i e improved renewable energy technologies they will be able to contribute to combating global warming problem as they increase their gdp s

does diversity matter a fresh inquiry into the energy economy and environment nexus the article extends the literature on the nexus among economy environment and energy by incorporating an index of electricity generation diversity in production and emission functions the index i

impact of energy efficiency policy to productive efficiency of electricity distribution industry in the philippines abstract the study analyzes the productive efficiency and simulates the effect of the energy efficiency policy on the productive efficiency of the electricity distribution industry in the philippines using data envelopment analysis dea the study finds that the main source of technical inefficiency in the distribution utilities is scale inefficiency moreover the study finds that with dsm electricity savings targets the technical efficiency of the industry would slightly improve significant improvement of technical efficiency is furthermore found with system loss reduction targets the paper concludes that the energy efficiency policy which benefits the overall economy and whole electricity supply industry results also in productive efficiency improvement in the distribution sector of the industry

fossil fuel subsidies and environmental constraints fossil fuel subsidies are applied in many countries for different policy reasons such as maintaining jobs in fossil fuel sectors securing national energy supply or lowering the energy costs of selected industries to strengthen competitiveness the current economic costs of fossil fuel subsidy policies can be substantially increased by future environmental constraints we illustrate this point in the framework of a general equilibrium analysis for germany where we quantify the economic costs of alternative hard coal subsidy policies at different co2 reduction levels our calculations show that german hard coal subsidies as a means of retaining jobs can get very expensive with additional specific costs of up to annual 70 000 dm per job for a given co2 reduction target of 35 though the empirical analysis is focused on germany the general conclusion that current subsidy policies of fossil fuels must be fundamentally reconsidered in view of forthcoming environmental constraints is also relevant for other countries

energy taxes in the netherlands what are the dividends in this paper the environmental and economic effects of the introduction of a unilateral energy tax in the netherlands are analysed using an applied general equilibrium age model the effects of a small user energy tax and a general energy tax are compared while taking into account different tax recycling mechanisms the model contains a great level of detail with respect to emissions and environmental indicators greenhouse effect acidification eutrophication and waste which is helpful for assessing environmental quality the results show that the introduction of a small environmental tax reform not only improves the environment but also raises non environmental welfare which is due to an improvement of the efficiency of the tax structure

heterogeneous impacts of regulatory policy stringency on the eu electricity industry a bayesian shrinkage dynamic analysis abstract environmental and technical efficiency in the electricity sector is a major focus of regulatory policies aimed at hastening greenhouse gas reduction and lowering energy prices for final consumers understanding the impact of market and environmental regulations on efficiency is crucial for the design and choice of policy packages at the national level the productivity response to regulations depends on unobserved country specific factors that current empirical analyses have not modelled in this framework we analyse the regulation effects on efficiency in the electricity sector for a panel of european union countries we explicitly consider the effects of the environmental regulation along with the market regulation our estimation strategy uses the bayesian shrinkage estimator which can deal with the bias aggregation problem and cross country heterogeneity it allows us to identify the different transmission channels through which regulatory policy is implemented the results highlight divergent behaviours at the country level the direct impacts of the market and environmental regulatory policies on productivity are negative around 2 7 and 2 3 respectively but the countries vary in the degree to which they are able to compensate these negative effects

productivity growth technical progress and efficiency change in industrialized countries this paper analyzes productivity growth in 17 oecd countries over the period 1979 1988 a nonparametric programming method activity analysis is used to compute malmquist productivity indexes these are decomposed into two component measures namely technical change and efficiency change we find that u s productivity growth is slightly higher than average all of which is due to technical change japan s productivity growth is the highest in the sample with almost half due to efficiency change jel c43 d24 in this paper we apply recently developed

a literature survey on energy growth nexus abstract this paper provides a survey of the recent progress in the literature of energy consumption economic growth and electricity consumption economic growth causality nexus the survey highlights that most empirical studies focus on either testing the role of energy electricity in stimulating economic growth or examining the direction of causality between these two variables although the positive role of energy on growth has become a stylized fact there are some methodological reservations about the results from these empirical studies a general observation from these studies is that the literature produced conflicting results and there is no consensus neither on the existence nor on the direction of causality between energy consumption electricity consumption and economic growth as a policy implication to avoid from conflicting and unreliable results the authors may use the autoregressive distributed lags bounds test two regime threshold co integration models panel data approach and multivariate models including new variables such as real gross fixed capital formation labor force carbon dioxide emissions population exchange rates interest rates etc thus the authors should focus more on the new approaches and perspectives rather than by employing usual methods based on a set of common variables for different countries and different intervals of time

renewable energy consumption and industrial production a disaggregated time frequency analysis for the u s abstract this paper aims to analyze the interaction between renewable energy consumption and industrial production for the u s over the 1981 2018 period we contribute to the existing literature by the disaggregation of renewable energy sources hydropower geothermal and biomass by the consideration of time and frequency through wavelet techniques and the time varying granger causality test recently proposed by shi et al 2018 based on monthly data wavelet results show a positive co movement between industrial production and biomass energy consumption at low frequencies meaning in the long term only the bootstrap rolling window granger causality test indicates a bi directional predictability between renewable energy consumption and industrial production in crisis and turmoil periods only these results are found to be robust to the inclusion of control variables non renewable energy consumption and crude oil prices and to the selection of the lag length for the corresponding var model

productivity growth and biased technological change in hydroelectric dams abstract this paper analyses productivity growth and the nature of technical change in a sample of portuguese hydroelectric generating plants over the period 2001 to 2008 in a first step we employ the luenberger productivity indicator to estimate and decompose productivity change a malmquist productivity index is also used for a comparative purpose the results paint a picture of mixed productivity performance in the portuguese energy sector the first decomposition underlines that in average the productivity variation is explained by the technological change then in a second step we analyse the nature of this technical change by using the recent concept of parallel neutrality briec et al 2006 we observe a global shift in the best practice frontier as well as in the evidence of input bias in technical change

some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis in management contexts mathematical programming is usually used to evaluate a collection of possible alternative courses of action en route to selecting one which is best in this capacity mathematical programming serves as a planning aid to management data envelopment analysis reverses this role and employs mathematical programming to obtain ex post facto evaluations of the relative efficiency of management accomplishments however they may have been planned or executed mathematical programming is thereby extended for use as a tool for control and evaluation of past accomplishments as well as a tool to aid in planning future activities the ccr ratio form introduced by charnes cooper and rhodes as part of their data envelopment analysis approach comprehends both technical and scale inefficiencies via the optimal value of the ratio form as obtained directly from the data without requiring a priori specification of weights and or explicit delineation of assumed functional forms of relations between inputs and outputs a separation into technical and scale efficiencies is accomplished by the methods developed in this paper without altering the latter conditions for use of dea directly on observational data technical inefficiencies are identified with failures to achieve best possible output levels and or usage of excessive amounts of inputs methods for identifying and correcting the magnitudes of these inefficiencies as supplied in prior work are illustrated in the present paper a new separate variable is introduced which makes it possible to determine whether operations were conducted in regions of increasing constant or decreasing returns to scale in multiple input and multiple output situations the results are discussed and related not only to classical single output economics but also to more modern versions of economics which are identified with contestable market theories

how robust is the uniform emissions pricing rule to social equity concerns abstract this paper examines pollution tax differentiation across industries in light of social equity concerns using theoretical and numerical general equilibrium analyses in an optimal tax framework we characterize the drivers for non uniform optimal taxes stemming from the interaction of household heterogeneity with social preferences quantitatively assessing the case of price based co2 emissions control in the u s economy we find that uniform emissions pricing is approximately optimal when social concerns are defined over inequity induced by the environmental tax the deviation from uniform emissions pricing however becomes non negligible when pollution tax rebates deviate much from optimal transfer schemes or when social concerns are defined over both policy induced impacts and inequity unrelated to environmental policy our results are robust to a number of model extensions including the stringency of the environmental target downstream vs upstream taxation pre existing distortionary taxes and parametric uncertainty in firms and households equilibrium tax responses

tariff structure of japanese electric power companies an empirical analysis using dea this research explores a marginal cost mc based pricing system using data envelopment analysis dea this dea technique is widely applied for performance analysis and efficiency measurement in public and private sectors this article does not follow such a previous research direction rather directing itself towards the new measurement of mc and ramsey prices of multiple electric power services as an important case study this research applies the proposed dea approach to examine how much the current tariffs of japanese electric power services deviate from these mc and ramsey prices this type of research has never been explored in japan even though such a research effort is needed by many policy makers and consumers it is hoped that our empirical findings can serve as a policy making basis for guiding the japanese electric power industry this study believes that this japanese experience is useful for other nations such as asia pacific countries where many public industries are regulated by their governments

designing development planning charges settlement patterns cost recovery and public facilities there is a large body of literature that discusses the control of settlement patterns using traditional planning instruments whilst there is some theoretical literature discussing the use of development charges to influence settlement patterns by addressing market failure there is limited literature examining how such charging is implemented in practice this paper presents the theoretical basis for development charging based on the pigouvian tradition and discusses how these charges can be calibrated it identifies the potential for second best approaches including hypothecation of revenues this approach is distinguished from infrastructure charging which is a cost recovery instrument the irish system of infrastructure charging is assessed as a means of exploring how current instrument design could be improved to align with policy aspirations using the lessons that theory provides

a metafrontier approach for measuring an environmentally sensitive productivity growth index this paper presents an alternative environmentally sensitive productivity growth index to incorporate group heterogeneities into a conventional malmquist luenberger productivity growth index the p

renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies abstract increased economic growth and demand for energy in emerging economies is creating an opportunity for these countries to increase their usage of renewable energy this paper presents and estimates two empirical models of renewable energy consumption and income for a panel of emerging economies panel cointegration estimates show that increases in real per capita income have a positive and statistically significant impact on per capita renewable energy consumption in the long term a 1 increase in real income per capita increases the consumption of renewable energy per capita in emerging economies by approximately 3 5 long term renewable energy per capita consumption price elasticity estimates are approximately equal to 0 70

toward a new conception of the environment competitiveness relationship accepting a fixed trade off between environmental regulation and competitiveness unnecessarily raises costs and slows down environmental progress studies finding high environmental compliance costs have traditionally focused on static cost impacts ignoring any offsetting productivity benefits from innovation they typically overestimated compliance costs neglected innovation offsets and disregarded the affected industry s initial competitiveness rather than simply adding to cost properly crafted environmental standards can trigger innovation offsets allowing companies to improve their resource productivity shifting the debate from pollution control to pollution prevention was a step forward it is now necessary to make the next step and focus on resource productivity

renewable energy consumption economic growth and human development index in pakistan evidence form simultaneous equation model abstract the major consumption of energy around the globe is related to human activities however it may be essential to quantify how renewable energy consumption influence process of human development this particular area of research still needs to be explored thus this paper explores the relationship between renewable energy consumption economic growth and human development index for 1990 2014 in pakistan by using two stage least square 2sls method empirical results reveal that renewable energy consumption does not improve the situation of the human development process in pakistan more interestingly higher the income of the country the lower is level of human development in addition the co2 emission is helpful to improve human development index furthermore trade openness discourages human development process in pakistan furthermore causality analysis confirms feedback hypothesis between environmental factor and human development process in the long run path these novel findings would help policymaker and government officials to better understand the role of renewable energy and economic growth in the human development process in pakistan

co2 emissions reduction of chinese light manufacturing industries a novel ram based global malmquist luenberger productivity index climate change has become one of the most challenging issues facing the world chinese government has realized the importance of energy conservation and prevention of the climate changes for sustainable development of china s economy and set targets for co2 emissions reduction in china in china industry contributes 84 2 of the total co2 emissions especially manufacturing industries data envelopment analysis dea and malmquist productivity mp index are the widely used mathematical techniques to address the relative efficiency and productivity of a group of homogenous decision making units e g industries or countries however in many real applications especially those related to energy efficiency there are often undesirable outputs e g the pollutions waste and co2 emissions which are produced inevitably with desirable outputs in the production this paper introduces a novel malmquist luenberger productivity mlp index based on directional distance function ddf to address the issue of productivity evolution of dmus in the presence of undesirable outputs the new ram range adjusted measure based global mlp index has been applied to evaluate co2 emissions reduction in chinese light manufacturing industries recommendations for policy makers have been discussed

use renewables to be cleaner meta analysis of the renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus abstract the renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus is a growing area of research over the last few years emanating to mixed results the aim of the current study is to quantitatively synthesise the empirical literature on the subject using the meta analysis approach in particular a meta multinomial regression is employed to investigate the sources of variation in the direction of causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth this causal relationship takes the form of four hypotheses namely the feedback conservation growth and neutrality hypotheses to the best of author s knowledge this study constitutes the first meta analysis undertaken on the renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus the empirical results reveal that the variation in the supported hypotheses is due to a number of characteristics including model specification data characteristics estimation techniques cointegration methods and causality tests and development level of the country on which a study was conducted

a deterministic parametric metafrontier luenberger indicator for measuring environmentally sensitive productivity growth a korean fossil fuel power case abstract this paper contributes to the current literature by proposing an alternative parametric metafrontier productivity approach called the deterministic parametric metafrontier luenberger productivity indicator dpmlpi for measuring environmentally sensitive productivity growth incorporating technological heterogeneities the luenberger productivity indicator is constructed based on a quadratic output directional distance function with undesirable outputs and then combined with the deterministic metafrontier to develop dpmlpi the dpmlpi can be decomposed into efficiency change technological change and productivity growth gap the productivity growth gap can be further divided into efficiency change gap and technological change gap the parametric linear programming technique is used to estimate parameters and construct the metafrontier an empirical study for the korean fossil fuel power industry at the plant level is conducted for the 2003 2011 period the results show a 0 15 increase in environmentally sensitive productivity growth which is mainly driven by environmental technological change the oil fired power plants show higher levels than the coal fired ones of environmentally sensitive productivity growth and technological change performance some related policy implications are also proposed for the korean fossil fuel power sector

deregulation market competition and innovation of utilities evidence from japanese electric sector this paper explores the determinants of electric utility innovation and examines the impact of electric sector deregulation and market competition on it using a balanced panel database of nine japanese utilities from 1978 to 2014 both input r d expenditure and output patent application number and patent quality aspects of innovations are examined the empirical results indicate that deregulation and market competition decrease the former but increase the latter these results are followed by a discussion on why this scenario occurs the results also suggest that after deregulation utilities focus more on short term business oriented r d projects hence we call for governments to support long term public oriented and environmental research in the electric sector

examining the bi directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and gdp growth abstract the bi directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and gdp growth has been investigated in high income upper middle income lower middle income and high income countries to achieve this goal the fully modified ols was utilized the results revealed that 79 of the countries have a positive bi directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and gdp growth this represents the feedback hypothesis on the other hand 19 of the countries showed no long run relationship between the variables this represents the neutrality hypothesis besides 2 of the countries showed a one way long run relationship from gdp growth to renewable energy consumption confirming the conservation hypothesis and from renewable energy consumption and gdp growth representing the growth hypothesis despite the mixed results across countries it has been proved that the more persistent and significant the bi directional long run relationship between the variables is the higher the income countries are

a future for carbon taxes abstract carbon taxes have been frequently advocated as a cost effective instrument for reducing emissions however in the practice of environmental policies only six countries have implemented taxes based on the carbon content of the energy products in this paper we evaluate carbon taxes with regard to their competitiveness distributional and environmental impacts the evidence shows that carbon taxes may be an interesting policy option and that their main negative impacts may be compensated through the design of the tax and the use of the generated fiscal revenues

how to promote the growth of new energy industry at different stages abstract china is currently the world s largest emitter of carbon dioxide co2 vigorously developing new energy sources has become an important way to reduce co2 emissions therefore more and more scholars have studied effective ways to promote the development of new energy industry however most of the existing research use single equation linear models or static models to study the driving forces of the new energy industry this not only ignores the large number of dynamic relationships between economic variables but also produces endogeneity problems in order to overcome the shortcomings of existing research this paper uses vector autoregressive model to study the new energy industry the results show that energy consumption structure has a positive effect on the new energy industry in the short run but the effect is limited in the long run the impact of the agriculture industry is gradually narrowing over time due to the gradual reduction of crop acreage however the influence of economic growth is positive both in the short and long run this is due to the gradual optimization of industrial structure technological progress produces a similar impact owing to continued investment in research and development funding as well as research and development personnel

heterogeneous effects of regulation on the efficiency of the electricity industry across european union countries abstract this paper focuses on the relationship between the stringency of regulation oecd indicators and total factor productivity tfp growth in the electricity sectors of 19 european union countries for the period 1994 2007 both the oecd regulatory indicator and the tfp growth index have been decomposed in order to bring to light a complex picture of interrelations in which the negative impact of the overall regulation on productivity is the result of opposite forces estimation results tell us that only the stringency of entry regulation significantly reduces technological change whereas vertical integration exhibits a negative and significant impact only on the catching up process pure efficiency change lastly we found an interesting result concerning the explanatory variables of the scale efficiency change in this case only public ownership matters in other terms high levels of public in the structure ownership of electric companies guarantee improvements in reaching the optimal scale of production these heterogeneous effects are also confirmed when we use a different measure of efficiency that is the distance of the actual from the optimal reserve margin

is energy security a driver for economic growth evidence from a global sample abstract this study examines whether energy security contributes to economic growth for a global sample of 74 countries covering the period from 2002 to 2013 the benchmark model is built based on an extended version of the cobb douglas production function ten measures of energy security are employed to capture five aspects of energy security including availability accessibility acceptability affordability and develop ability besides the whole sample we also conduct the panel data analysis on subsamples of countries based on different income levels using panel corrected standard errors pcse and feasible generalized least squares fgls techniques that correct for heterogeneity and autocorrelation and produce robust standard errors the empirical results appear to be relatively robust to these two estimation techniques overall we find that energy security enhances economic growth for both the whole sample and subsamples of countries meanwhile energy insecurity measured by energy intensity and carbon intensity variables has a negative impact on economic growth the results vary across subsamples for several cases the findings imply that at the global level energy for economic development energy security and climate change mitigation should be pursued as integrated themes since there are linkages among these three agendas

decoupling strategies co2 emissions energy resources and economic growth in the group of twenty abstract this study uses the group of twenty g20 as a representative sample of global economic development within a panel emissions energy output eeo framework over the period 1991 2016 to estimate the carbon kuznets curve ckc the clean fossil fuels energy consumption ce ff elasticity of demand for carbon emissions the causalities between emissions energy and economy and thus to propose strategy for decoupling environmental pressure from economic growth eg the results of the descriptive statistical analysis suggest an absolute decoupling effect seems to have occurred with the drop in related environmental pressure and the continuation of economic growth the panel cointegration test results show that there is a long run equilibrium relationship between carbon emissions ff real gdp and different types of ce i e new renewable ren hydropower hydro nuclear nuc the estimation results show that the ckc exists and emissions are positively elastic to ff and negatively inelastic to ren hydro nuc although ren s average per capita compound annual growth rate reached 14 the results of panel vector error correction models reveal that 1 the use of nuclear energy is a key means for dealing with carbon emissions 2 the substitutability symbiosis exists between ren hydro and ff 3 the feedback hypothesis between eg and ff ren and the hydro nuc led growth hypothesis are confirmed therefore energy saving policies may hurt eg a broad strategy for emissions energy consumption and economy decoupling are to support diversified sustainable energy consumption mix including shp ren and nuc and maintain stable economic growth thereby improving energy efficiency and safety reducing carbon dioxide intensity and thus leading the world to absolute decoupling absolute decoupling is the only way to achieve a truly sustainable future

does renewable energy consumption add in economic growth an application of auto regressive distributed lag model in pakistan abstract the objective of the study is to examine the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth by incorporating capital and labour as potential determinants of production function in case of pakistan this study used auto regressive distributed lag ardl model and rolling window approach rwa for cointegration in context of pakistan the study used quarterly data over the period of 1972q1 2011q4 the causality analysis applied through vecm granger causality and innovative accounting approaches the results reveal that all the variables in the study are cointegrated that shows the long run relationship between the variables furthermore renewable energy consumption capital and labour boost economic growth the causality analysis shows the feedback effect between economic growth and renewable energy consumption

renewable energy consumption and economic growth evidence from a panel of oecd countries abstract this study examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of twenty oecd countries over the period 1985 2005 within a multivariate framework given the relatively short span of the time series data a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship the heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the granger causality results indicate bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run

from nonrenewable to renewable energy and its impact on economic growth the role of research development expenditures in asia pacific economic cooperation countries abstract this study disaggregates energy i e non renewable and renewable energy consumption and investigates its effect on economic growth the period of 1990 2015 is used to examine asia pacific economic cooperation apec countries this paper determines the cross sectional dependence and employs a second generation panel unit root test for precise estimation westerlund cointegration test is used to examine the long run equilibrium relationship between the variables and confirm the presence of cointegration in the long run the continuously updated fully modified ordinary least square cup fm approaches are applied to investigate long term output elasticities between the variables the results show the stimulating role of energy renewable and nonrenewable consumption in economic growth research and development expenditures and trade openness have a positive effect on economic growth moreover the time series individual country analysis also confirms that renewable energy has a positive impact on economic growth the heterogenous causality analysis reveals the feedback effect i e bidirectional causal associations among economic growth renewable energy consumption and nonrenewable energy consumption this empirical evidence suggests that countries should increase investment in renewable energy sectors and plan for development in renewable energy for sustainable energy growth

productivity growth environmental regulation and win win opportunities the case of chemical industry in italy and germany abstract this paper analyzes the environmental and economic efficiency of a sample of firms located in italy and germany operating in the chemical sector and included in the european pollution release and transfer register e prtr the directional distance function ddf approach in a conditional setting has been applied to obtain efficiency score and total factor productivity tfp growth indexes considering pollution in computations emissions increase in absolute term between 2004 and 2007 with a worse performance of italian firms but efficiency indicators show a reduction of inefficiency over time with similar performance of firms from the two countries the formal test for the porter s hypothesis suggests that chemical firms suffering higher compliance costs in the first period react with investment increasing productivity in the following years the empirical evidence robust to different specifications and estimation methods supports the presence of win win opportunities

the role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth evidence from asymmetric causality abstract this paper investigates the causality among economic growth renewable energy consumption capital and labor for new eu member countries for the period of 1990 2009 by using asymmetric causality test approach and autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach the empirical results support that renewable energy consumption has positive impacts on economic growth for all investigated countries but only for bulgaria estonia poland and slovenia there is statistically significant impact on economic growth has found and also supports neutrality hypothesis for cyprus estonia hungary poland and slovenia while the conservation hypothesis is present for czech republic the fact that there is a causal relationship from economic growth to renewable energy consumption and the growth hypothesis is supported for bulgaria referring to causality from energy consumption to economic growth

total factor carbon emission performance of fossil fuel power plants in china a metafrontier non radial malmquist index analysis article i nfo this paper proposes the metafrontier non radial malmquist co2 emission performance index mnmcpi for measuring dynamic changes in total factor co2 emission performance over time the mnmcpi method allows for the incorporation of group heterogeneity and non radial slack into the previously introduced malmquist co2 emission performance index mcpi we derive the mnmcpi by solving several non radial data envelop ment analysis dea models we decompose the mnmcpi into an efficiency change ec index a best practice gap change bpc index and a technology gap change tgc index and based on the proposed indices we examine the dynamic changes in co2 emission performance and its decomposition of fossil fuel power plants in china for the 2005 2010 period the empirical results show a 0 38 increase in total factor co2 emission performance as a whole and a u shaped mnmcpi curve for the sample period because companies owned by the central government lack innovation and technological leadership the results suggest a missing link in the role of the central government in promoting co2 emission performance

carbon taxes with exemptions in an open economy a general equilibrium analysis of the german tax initiative abstract sectoral exemptions from environmental regulation are applied in many countries to avoid adverse adjustment effects in specific industries the problem with exemptions is that they can make environmental policy more costly our paper analyzes the welfare costs of exemptions in environmental policy together with the issue of unilateral carbon taxes in an open economy several countries within the eu have introduced or contemplated unilateral taxes to reduce anthropogenic co2emissions taxes which are unilaterally imposed in an open economy can have significant impacts on production and employment of energy and export intensive industries to save jobs by maintaining international competitiveness most co2taxation schemes include exemptions for energy and export intensive industries as a compromise between environmental objectives and employment in these sectors this paper shows that such compromises are costly as the tax base narrows the dead weight loss increases our calculations illustrate this point in the framework of a static general equilibrium model for west germany calibrated to 1990 data we evaluate the excess costs of exemptions as a means of saving jobs in specific industries relative to an alternative instrument a uniform carbon tax cum wage subsidy which achieves an identical level of national emissions and employment at a fraction of the cost

examining the cost efficiency of chinese hydroelectric companies using a finite mixture model this paper evaluates the operational activities of chinese hydroelectric power companies over the period 2000 2010 using a finite mixture model that controls for unobserved heterogeneity in so doing a stochastic frontier latent class model which allows for the existence of different technologies is adopted to estimate cost frontiers this procedure not only enables us to identify different groups among the hydro power companies analysed but also permits the analysis of their cost efficiency the main result is that three groups are identified in the sample each equipped with different technologies suggesting that distinct business strategies need to be adapted to the characteristics of china s hydro power companies some managerial implications are developed

technical efficiency of french nuclear energy plants this article analyses the efficiency of french nuclear energy plants belonging to edf electricity of france from 2004 to 2008 with a dea data envelopment analysis model the convexity model is used to investigate the technical efficiency of a representative sample of nuclear plants the results indicated that some plants have undergone an improvement in technical efficiency while others have regressed in terms of technical efficiency policy implications related to the results are discussed

carbon footprint taxes we analyze whether a carbon consumption tax is logistically feasible we consider a carbon footprint tax cft which would be modeled after a credit method value added tax the basis for the tax would be a product s carbon footprint which includes all of the emissions released during production of the good and its inputs as well as any greenhouse gases latent in the product our analysis suggests that a pure cft requiring the calculation of the carbon footprint of every individual product may be prohibitively costly however a hybrid cft seems economically feasible the hybrid cft would give firms the option to either calculate the carbon footprint of their outputs and have their products taxed based on those footprints or use product class specific default carbon footprints as the tax basis thereby saving on calculation costs because the cft would be levied on all goods consumed domestically the cft would keep domestic firms on an even footing with those producing in countries without active climate policy protecting competitiveness and reducing leakage

renewable energy oil prices and economic activity a granger causality in quantiles analysis this paper analyzes the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption oil prices and economic activity in the united states from july 1989 to july 2016 considering all quantiles of the distribution although the concept of granger causality is defined for the conditional distribution the majority of papers have tested granger causality using conditional mean regression models in which the causal relations are linear we apply a granger causality in quantiles analysis that evaluates causal relations in each quantile of the distribution under this approach we can discriminate between causality affecting the median and the tails of the conditional distribution we find evidence of bi directional causality between changes in renewable energy consumption and economic growth at the lowest tail of the distribution besides changes in renewable energy consumption lead economic growth at the highest tail of the distribution our results also support the unidirectional causality from fluctuations in oil prices to economic growth at the extreme quantiles of the distribution finally we find evidence of lower tail dependence from changes in oil prices to changes in renewable energy consumption our findings call for government policies aimed at developing renewable energy markets to increase energy efficiency in the u s

renewable and non renewable energy consumption growth nexus evidence from a panel error correction model abstract unlike previous renewable energy consumption growth studies this study examines the relationship between renewable and non renewable energy consumption and economic growth for 80 countries within a multivariate panel framework over the period 1990 2007 the pedroni 1999 2004 heterogeneous panel cointegration test show a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp renewable energy consumption non renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force with the respective coefficient estimates positive and statistically significant there is little difference in the elasticity estimates with respect to renewable and non renewable energy consumption the results from the panel error correction model reveal bidirectional causality between renewable and non renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run also there is bidirectional short run causality between renewable and non renewable energy consumption indicative of substitutability between the two energy sources

demographic effects on residential electricity and city gas consumption in the aging society of japan abstract japan has been confronted with two demographic forces declining fertility rates and lengthening life spans which give rise to the increasing ratio of the elderly aging society the decline in population and the prevalence of nuclear families this study empirically analyzes the demographic effects on residential electricity and city gas consumption in japan our analysis presents the following main results first the aging of the society decreases the electricity demand but does not affect the city gas demand significantly second the decrease in population with the prevalence of nuclear families increases the electricity demand but decreases the city gas demand the direction of the demand for each alternative depends on the balancing of the first and second effects third the analysis also shows clear results about the own and cross price effects ongoing energy market reforms for price suppression would increase energy demand with possible substitutability between the two energy sources our case study of japan is also applicable to other countries that will have just started to experience the similar demographic pattern of an aging society with energy market deregulation

regulatory reforms and productivity an empirical analysis of the japanese electricity industry the japanese electricity industry has experienced regulatory reforms since the mid 1990s this article measures productivity in japan s steam power generation sector and examines the effect of reforms on the productivity of this industry over the period 1978 2003 we estimate the luenberger productivity indicator which is a generalization of the commonly used malmquist productivity index using a data envelopment analysis approach factors associated with productivity change are investigated through dynamic generalized method of moments gmm estimation of panel data our empirical analysis shows that the regulatory reforms have contributed to productivity growth in the steam power generation sector in japan

renewable energy in turkey great potential low but increasing utilization and an empirical analysis on renewable energy growth nexus abstract concerns about the exhaustion of fossil energy sources energy security problems and increasing environmental problems have led policy makers to pay greater attention to renewable energy sources all over the world additionally high current account deficits stemming from energy import dependency make substitution of fossil energy with renewable energy a necessity for turkey although turkey has a great potential in terms of renewable energy it has not begun to utilize this great potential until recent years however turkey has many motives to utilize renewable energy further this paper aims to investigate whether renewable energy consumption raises gdp in turkey for this purpose the paper uses data spanning the period 1990 2015 and employs cointegration and causality tests which can present efficient output in small samples the findings indicate that gdp is not related to renewable energy consumption and there is no causality between gdp and renewable energy consumption in turkey in conclusion the paper argues that these findings may stem from the low share of renewable energy in total energy and turkey needs to utilize renewable energy sources further to i meet energy needs for economic activities ii mitigate environmental problems and iii reduce energy import dependency and current account imbalances

clean energy growth nexus in sub saharan africa evidence from cross sectionally dependent heterogeneous panel with structural breaks abstract this paper examines the existence and nature of a causality relationship between clean energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of eleven sub saharan african countries over the period 1971 2007 we apply the panel unit root test that accounts for the presence of multiple structural breaks 13 and the newly developed panel cointegration methodology which allows for cross section dependence and multiple structural breaks 38 as well as a bootstrap corrected granger causality test the estimation results show that there is cointegration between clean energy consumption and economic growth further the results from the panel causality tests indicate that there is indeed a unidirectional granger causal flow from clean energy consumption to economic growth

electricity consumption from renewable and non renewable sources and economic growth evidence from latin american countries abstract this study explores the effect of renewable and non renewable electricity consumption on economic growth in 18 latin american countries to achieve the goal of this study a panel gross domestic product gdp model was constructed taking the period 1980 2010 into account from the pedroni cointegration test results it was found that renewable electricity consumption non renewable electricity consumption labor gross fixed capital formation and total trade are cointegrated moreover the panel dynamic ordinary least squares dols test results revealed that all above the mentioned variables have a long run positive effect on gdp growth in the investigated countries the vector error correction vec granger causality model results revealed the existence of feedback causality between the variables the results of the study indicated that renewable electricity consumption is more significant than non renewable electricity consumption in promoting economic growth in the investigated countries in the long run and the short run based on the results of this study it is recommended that the investigated countries should increase their investment on renewable energy projects to increase the role of electricity consumption from renewable sources in addition it is essential that these countries should reduce their non renewable electricity consumption by increasing their energy efficiency and implementing energy saving projects by applying these recommendations these countries would be able to mitigate global warming and reduce their dependency on fossil fuel to increase their energy security

renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus for china abstract the aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in china for the period 1977 2011 autoregressive distributed lag approach ardl to cointegration and johansen cointegration techniques are employed by including intermittent variables namely carbon dioxide emissions and labor we also employed granger causality test in order to determine the direction of the causality among the variables the results show that there is a bi directional long term causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth this finding implies that growing economy in china is propitious for the development of renewable energy sector which in turn helps to boost economic growth we also find that labor influences renewable energy consumption in the short term however there is no evidence of long or short run causality between carbon emissions and renewable energy consumption this implies that actual level of renewable energy in china is still insignificant and not considerably exploited in order to contribute to the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions

productivity growth technical change and economies of scale of korean fossil fuel generation companies 2001 2012 a dual approach abstract this paper examines total factor productivity tfp growth technical change and economies of scale measure of korean fossil fuel power generation companies gencos between 2001 and 2012 for the empirical investigation we estimated the cost function along with specification tests in order to find the most appropriate empirical model empirical results show tfp deterioration technical regress and economies of scale for the study period the optimal size of the korean gencos was also found which is employed in developing policies regarding tfp growth and technical advance

performance and efficiency in colombia s power distribution system effects of the 1994 reform we assess evolution in performance efficiency and productivity of colombia s power distribution utilities before and after the 1994 regulatory reform that introduced electricity market activities for the power sector in 12 distribution companies from 1985 to 2001 performance is evaluated contrasting changes in mean and median by wilcoxon rank sum and pearson tests on financial and other performance indicators technical efficiency is measured by means of data envelopment analysis dea the nature of the dataset allows the estimation of malmquist productivity index and its evolution in time results show a recovery after the reform in the main performance indicators of profitability partial input productivity and output plant efficiency and productivity increased after the reform mainly in the largest utilities used as benchmarks in the dea efficiency scores measures meanwhile the less efficient power distribution companies did not improved after the reform and were not able to undertake plant restructuring to catch up in plant efficiency with respect to the pareto efficient input allocations econometric results on dea efficiency scores suggest a positive effect of policy reform

industrial and residential electricity demand dynamics in japan how did price and income elasticities evolve from 1989 to 2014 abstract this study estimates the price and income elasticities of industrial and residential electricity demand in japan with the annual data from 1989 to 2014 a time varying parameter tvp model with the kalman filter is applied to monitor the evolution of consumer behaviors in the post bubble period given the exogenous shock financial crisis in 2008 and the structural breaks electricity deregulation and fukushima daiichi crisis the tvp model can provide a robust estimation of elasticities and can detect the outliers and the structural breaks the results suggest that both industrial and residential consumers become less sensitive to price after the electricity deregulation and the financial crisis and more sensitive to price after the fukushima daiichi crisis especially the industrial sector is less sensitive to price after the retail deregulation by contrast the income elasticities of industrial and residential sector consumers are stable during the examined period results also indicate that a negative relationship exists between the price elasticity of electricity demand and the price level of electricity after the electric sector deregulation some insights on the further electric sector reform and the environmental taxation in japan are also provided

environmental efficiency and economic growth of china a ray slack based model analysis abstract the chinese economy has been experiencing rapid growth since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy however at the same time it faces issues regarding resource savings and environmental protection which are important aspects of the new industrialization therefore this study conducts data envelopment analysis dea to evaluate the environmental efficiency of chinese regions certain existing dea models account for undesirable outputs and do not elucidate the weak disposable relationship between undesirable and desirable outputs thus polar theory is introduced among the dea modeling in this study first drawing on stochastic frontier analysis ray stochastic frontier analysis and dea we propose a ray slack based model rsbm to evaluate provincial environmental efficiencies in china from 2004 to 2012 subsequently an rsbm malmquist luenberger total factor productivity index is structured finally economic growth environmental efficiency and energy consumption are analyzed using spatial panel econometrics as this study treats industrial waste as undesirable outputs the rsbm results show that the environmental efficiencies in the east are the highest while those in the central regions are the lowest the spatial econometric analysis reveals that the ratios of direct to total elasticity and those of direct to total effect for capital labor and energy input variables are fixed furthermore the study provides policy implications and suggestions for future research

new evidence of energy growth nexus from inclusive wealth abstract gross domestic product gdp has been inappropriately used as the main indicator for assessing the sustainability of economic development for a long time inclusive wealth iw offers a new approach to assess sustainability by comprehensively measuring the productive base of the economy that involves three types of capital assets of nations produced human and natural capital and aggregates them into a single measure of wealth this study proposes an alternative to the literature on the conventional energy growth nexus that widely uses gdp as a proxy of the growth this study aims to investigate the impact of energy consumption on wealth in the iw framework and forecast the growth of iw over the next three decades for this purpose this study uses both parametric and non parametric analyses on 104 countries for 1993 2014 our results indicate that there is a negative and significant impact of energy consumption on iw growth suggesting an unsustainable pattern of world energy consumption using a machine learning technique it is forecasted that increasing the efficiency of energy consumption leads to a higher growth in average per capita iw this study also suggests that a shift to renewables is a precondition for sustainable development

why do some emerging economies proactively accelerate the adoption of renewable energy abstract this article analyses the determinants of renewable energy consumption in a panel of six major emerging economies namely brazil china india indonesia philippines and turkey that are proactively accelerating the adoption of renewable energy using fully modified ordinary least square fmols dynamic ordinary least square dols and granger causality methods this paper finds that in the long run renewable energy consumption is significantly determined by income and pollutant emission in brazil china india and indonesia while mainly by income in philippines and turkey causal link between renewable energy and income and between renewable energy and pollutant emission are found to be bidirectional in the short run these results suggest that the appropriateness of the efforts undertaken by emerging countries to reduce the carbon intensity by increasing the energy efficiency and substantially increasing the share of renewable in the overall energy mix

causal independence between energy consumption and economic growth in liberia evidence from a non parametric bootstrapped causality test abstract this contribution investigates causal interdependence between energy consumption and economic growth in liberia and proposes application of a bootstrap methodology to better reflect causality employment is incorporated as additional variable the study demonstrates evidence of distinct bidirectional granger causality between energy consumption and economic growth additionally the results show that employment in liberia granger causes economic growth and apply irrespective of the short run or long run evidence from a monte carlo experiment reveals that the asymptotic granger causality test suffers size distortion problem for liberian data suggesting that the bootstrap technique employed in this study is more appropriate given the empirical results implications are that energy expansion policies like energy subsidy or low energy tariff for instance would be necessary to cope with demand exerted as a result of economic growth in liberia furthermore liberia might have the performance of its employment generation on the economy partly determined by adequate energy therefore it seems fully justified that a quick shift towards energy production based on clean energy sources may significantly slow down economic growth in liberia hence the government s target to implement a long term strategy to make liberia a carbon neutral country and eventually less carbon dependent by 2050 is understandable

the feasibility of the double dividend hypothesis in a democratic economy the two dividends in the double dividend hypothesis are assumed to be independent this assumption can be misleading when it comes to formulating policy i construct a model where the pollution tax rate is voted for by heterogeneous people in addition to the revenue recycling effect the equilibrium pollution tax rate depends on two opposite forces the tax cutting effect and the profit effect the two forces show that an instrument that exploits a greater revenue recycling effect can cause a more severe environmental deterioration thereby resulting in the infeasibility of the hypothesis the introduction of the interdependence between the two dividends can also mean that non revenue raising instruments are more efficient than revenue raising instruments

the relationship amongst energy consumption renewable and non renewable and gdp in algeria abstract this study aims to explore economic growth energy consumption nexus in algeria between 1980 and 2012 with cointegration tests we demonstrate the existence of long run link between real gross domestic product real capital and the two categories of energy consumption i e renewable energy per capita and non renewable energy the long run and the short run autoregressive distributed lag ardl estimates indicate that only the non renewable energy sort and capital can contribute to enhancing economic growth whereas renewable energy does not show any significant effect the outcome of causality tests proves a feedback link among non renewable energy consumption and gross domestic product among capital and gross domestic product and among non renewable energy and capital in both short run and long run terms moreover the results reveal a unidirectional link going from renewable energy to economic growth capital and non renewable energy respectively in the long run furthermore the results illustrate the presence of a unidirectional link going from non renewable energy to renewable energy in the short term our outcome suggests that policy makers in algeria should enhance the renewable energy share together with controlling the non renewable one

ordinary and special regimes of electricity generation in spain how they interact with economic activity abstract the purpose of this paper is to review the literature focused on the energy electricity growth nexus highlighting how the focus has shifted from aggregated energy electricity consumption towards specific energy sources moreover it aims to shed light on the relationships between different energy electricity sources and economic growth empirically the paper focuses on the analysis of interactions between electricity generation in spain under both the special regime sr and the ordinary regime or and their relationship with economic activity data for spain is studied for a time span from january 2003 to january 2016 the toda yamamoto causality test is carried out to check for causality relationships additionally both short and long run effects are assessed by using the ardl bounds test approach overall the results reveal high internal consistency when comparing the ardl results with the causality analysis the substitution effect was detected between or and sr however the negative effect of the sr on economic activity deserves special attention by energy policymakers this paper argues that the main challenge of renewable sources for policymakers is their cost effectiveness

renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus in turkey abstract this paper examines the renewable energy consumption economic growth causality nexus in turkey studies in the literature can be grouped as country specific and multi country studies the results of these studies are inconsistent and there is no agreement on the existence or the direction of causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth the results of this country specific study support conservation hypothesis the results of empirical tests from ardl approach show that renewable energy consumption has a negative impact on economic growth and the ones of toda yamamoto causality tests show that there is a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to renewable energy consumption

the renewable energy and economic growth nexus in black sea and balkan countries the aim of this study is to explore the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth within the framework of traditional production function for the period of 1990 2012 in 9 black sea and balkan countries for this purpose we use pedroni 1999 2004 panel cointegration pedroni 2000 2001 co integration estimate methods and dumitrescu and hurlin 2012 heterogeneous panel causality estimation techniques the study has concluded that there is a long term balance relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth and renewable energy consumption has a positive impact on economic growth heterogeneous panel causality analysis results support growth hypothesis in bulgaria greece macedonia russia and ukraine feedback hypothesis in albania georgia and romania neutrality hypothesis in turkey and according to the panel data set including all nine countries the results support feedback hypothesis with the findings it was concluded that there is a significant impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in balkan and black sea countries

environmental and wider implications of political impediments to environmental tax reform abstract the most common notion of environmental tax reform etr is the use of the revenue from environmental taxes to reduce distortionary labour taxes the petras project 1 has shown that there are a number of social and political impediments to implementing such reform this paper firstly outlines some of the environmental and economic implications of environmental taxes generally it goes on to explore three broad approaches to etr based on the allocation of the tax revenues and explores the environmental and economic implications of each approach and the likelihood of political and social acceptance particular attention is paid to reducing regressive impacts and impacts on competitiveness it is concluded that some combination of earmarking a proportion of revenues to environmental projects and diverting rest to reduce labour taxes is probably the best approach in light of the results of the project the balance should depend upon local labour market and macroeconomic conditions the extent to which environmental projects are already funded and the extent of government failure i e the problems of resource allocation that occur as a result of government intervention in markets funding should only be provided to environmental projects if it can be shown that in themselves they are economically efficient in addition it is most important that a proportion of the funds be used to ameliorate any regressive impacts it is also important to bear in mind that hypothecation or recycling of revenue is not the same as a tax shift which is a reform of the entire system so some of these approaches may take away from the integrity of etr the paper concludes with some of the initiatives that are likely to be necessary to facilitate social and political acceptance of this approach to etr

renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus evidence from a threshold model abstract the existing literature on renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus produces mixed results as the effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth can be either positive negative or not significant this paper examines the causal link between renewable energy use and economic growth by employing a threshold model using a 103 country sample in the 1995 to 2015 period we find that the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth depends on the amount of renewable energy used our results demonstrate that the effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth is positive and significant if and only if developing countries or non oecd countries surpass a certain threshold of renewable energy consumption however if developing countries use renewable energy below a given threshold level the effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth is negative however we also find that renewable energy consumption has no significant effect on economic growth in developed countries and a positive and significant effect on economic growth in oecd countries the findings of this paper suggest that for developing countries to realize positive economic growth from their investment to renewable energy they need to surpass a certain threshold of renewable energy consumption

energy consumption and economic growth nexus for 17 highly developed oecd countries further evidence based on bootstrap corrected causality tests abstract unlike previous energy consumption economic growth studies this study examines the relationship among energy consumption economic growth employment and gross fixed capital formation for 17 highly developed oecd countries by employing both the toda yamamoto procedure which based on asymptotic critical values and the bootstrap corrected causality test since non normality of the error term harms the validity of the toda yamamoto procedure this study finds that there is very small bias due to the assumption of normality furthermore using different information criterions importance of lag length is tested findings indicate that selection of lag length is important for denmark ireland norway and spain it is concluded that while there exists uni directional causality running from energy consumption to real gdp for japan bi directional causality is found for italy new zealand norway and spain on the other hand uni directional causality from gdp to energy is found for australia canada and ireland whereas no causal nexus is found for all of other nine countries our analyses covering the sample periods imply that japan italy new zealand norway and spain should not follow energy conservation policy at the aggregated level since the reduction of energy damages the economic growth

measurement of environmentally sensitive productivity growth in korean industries this study measures productivity growth using the metafrontier malmquist luenberger productivity growth index mml index method and decomposes the index the results are compared with those obtained from the conventional malmquist luenberger ml productivity growth index mml has two advantages compared with the ml index the former is able to consider undesirable output as a by product of production which accounts for producer group heterogeneities as a result it enables separation and estimation of changes in the technological gap between regional and global frontier technologies the proposed index is employed to measure productivity growth and decompose its components in 14 korean industrial sectors during the period between 1981 and 2007 for the purpose of detailed analysis of policy effects the study period was divided into three decades the results show that technology innovation can be regarded as a more important factor of productivity growth rather than efficiency change the chemical and petrochemical machinery and transport equipment industries are treated as global innovators in the whole period however the result differs according to decades it is found that the groups with higher energy efficient technology and profitability obtain a higher productivity growth rate in comparison with their low energy efficient technology industry counterparts policy implications of the empirical results are discussed

exemption versus zero rating a hidden problem of vat abstract we examine the difference between exemptions and zero rating under a consumption based vat in a numerical general equilibrium model to allow for a better understanding of the accruing efficiency effects we first develop a method to convert the nominal vat rates into effective tax rates on categories of final demand then we show how these effective tax rates can be used to perform a gradual transition from exemption to zero rating

a sequential malmquist luenberger productivity index environmentally sensitive productivity growth considering the progressive nature of technology this study proposes an index for measuring environmentally sensitive productivity growth which appropriately considers the nature of technical change the rationale of this methodology is to exclud

slack adjusted dea for time series analysis performance measurement of japanese electric power generation industry in 1984 1993 abstract using a new slack adjusted data envelopment analysis sa dea model which explicitly incorporates an influence of slacks into its efficiency measurement this study discusses a use of various efficiencies and index measures for dea dynamic analysis an analytical formulation to determine the type of return to scale rts is proposed for the new dea model this paper mathematically discusses when multiple solutions occur on rts and how to deal with such a difficulty as an important case study this paper applies the proposed dea approach to examine the performance of japanese electric power generation companies from 1984 to 1993 two policy implications are suggested for guiding the japanese electric power industry

do you not like pigou or do you not understand him tax aversion and revenue recycling in the lab tax aversion reduces the likelihood that price rationing can be a politically viable tool for environmental protection we examine the case of the classic pigouvian tax to control a negative externality and consider how recycling the revenues labeling of the tax and information about its purpose affects the support for taxation we test the support for taxation within a single price market experiment in which purchases by some buyers impose external costs on others observing behavior consistent with tax aversion we also find that recycling the revenues to more narrowly targeted groups seems to increase support for taxation in the absence of narrow revenue recycling labeling a pigouvian instrument as a tax may significantly lower the likelihood of voter support

efficiency assessment and benchmarking of thermal power plants in india abstract per capita consumption 1 of electricity in india is many folds lesser than canada usa australia japan chaina and world average even though total energy shortage 2 and peaking shortage 3 were recorded as 11 2 and 11 85 respectively in 2008 09 reflecting non availability of sufficient supply of electricity performance improvement of very small amount can lead to large contribution in financial terms which can be utilized for capacity addition to reduce demand supply gap coal fired thermal power plants are main sources of electricity in india in this paper relative technical efficiency of 60 coal fired power plants has been evaluated and compared using ccr and bcc models of data envelopment analysis target benchmark of input variables has also been evaluated performance comparison includes small versus medium versus large power plants and also state owned versus central owned versus private owned result indicates poor performance of few power plants due to over use of input resources finding reveals that efficiency of small power plants is lower in comparison to medium and large category and also performance of state owned power plants is comparatively lower than central and privately owned study also suggests different measures to improve technical efficiency of the plants