regional innovation systems theory empirics and policy asheim b t lawton smith h and oughton c regional innovation systems theory empirics and policy regional studies interest in regional innovation systems has grown significantly over the past three decades driven partly by advances in theoretical analysis partly by the growing interest in innovation as a source of competitive advantage and partly by the need for new policies to address regional inequalities and divergence this article explores the elements and characteristics that exemplify the regional innovation systems approach it provides an appraisal and synthesis of the regional innovation systems paradigm and aims to shed light on a number of areas where theoretical empirical and policy based questions remain unanswered it outlines and assesses the major strands in recent theoretical and empirical debates and discusses how they might be developed to contribute to the further advancement of the regional innovation systems literature three interrelated questions form the key themes arou

capabilities and industrial policy lessons from the new zealand movie industry this article examines the new zealand government s creation of an internationally successful industry the activities of the new zealand film commission are examined with regard to the effect they had on the entrepreneurs they nurtured factors that contributed to success include the market driven nature of the policy and an emphasis on capability building support is found for the suggestion that government agencies should act like venture capitalists negative aspects of government intervention included political capture and smoke stake chasing

agglomeration advantages and capability building in industrial clusters the missing link accumulation of technological capability is crucial for industrial growth and competitiveness of firms particularly in the context of liberalisation and increasing international economic integration the article sheds new light on the forces driving capability building by complementing the micro economic perspective on learning with a meso economic perspective that takes account of interaction effects arising from firms embeddedness in regional networks the missing link at the interface between the two levels is explored by means of a taxonomy linking various agglomeration advantages to investments in technological effort the framework results in new policy relevant insights about the factors underpinning the acquisition of capabilities in comparison to conventional studies a case study about farm equipment manufacturing in pakistan s punjab province is used as an empirical illustration

localised production of technology for global markets given the trends towards increasing globalization of markets and of production the globalization of technology remains a subject of considerable interest to analysts and policymakers in the 1990s the main conclusion of this paper is that there is no systematic evidence to suggest that widespread globalization of technological activities occurred in the 1980s the evidence based on the u s patenting activities of 569 of the world s largest firms based in 13 countries and covering 17 product groups shows that for an overwhelming majority of them technology production remains close to the home base the analysis also shows the dangers of generalizing on the basis of anecdotal evidence from a small sample of firms from a particular country or sector c 1995 academic press inc copyright 1995 by oxford university press

the origins and dynamics of production networks in silicon valley abstract computer systems firms in silicon valley are responding to rising costs of product development shorter product cycles and rapid technological change by focusing and building partnerships with suppliers both within and outside of the region well known firms like hewlett packard and apple computers and lesser known ones like silicon graphics and pyramid technology are organized to combine the components and sub systems made by specialist suppliers into new computer systems as these firms collaborate to both define and manufacture new systems they are institutionalizing their capacity to learn from one another three cases a contract manufacturer a silicon foundry and the joint development of a microprocessor illustrate how inter firm networks help account for the sustained technological dynamism of the regional economy

innovation systems and technological specialization in latin america and the caribbean abstract this paper examines the national systems of innovation nsi of latin american and caribbean lac countries and attempts to assess their performances although it points out at a number of specific successes overall the region s nsi have evolved since their inception in the 1950s into weak entities science and technology institutions and organisations are not fully performing an enabling role links and interactions between government support organisations businesses and academia are tenuous investment in intangibles and human capital is low and public policy is only partially effective the main result of such weakness is that lac countries innovative performance has as measured by the index of the technological specialisation its which relates the world s normalised shares of high to low tech exports with the only exception perhaps of mexico remained stagnant or has fallen and has lost relatively to many countries that started at similar levels twenty years ago

who says it s the economy cross national and cross individual variation in the salience of economic performance theories of government approval usually assume that voters care about economic outcomes this assumption frequently does not hold data from the comparative study of electoral systems demonstrate that although the economy is often the most important issue in an election its place on the issue agenda varies across individuals and electoral contexts the economy is more likely to dominate other issue concerns under conditions of economic recession volatility and economic underdevelopment moreover at the individual level the salience of economic performance rises with unemployment and economic vulnerability governance crises related to corruption and human rights reduce attention to the economy as do large scale terrorist attacks if the economy is not perceived as important its effect on government approval is strongly mitigated thus variations in the economy s salience need to be further incorporated into studies linking economic and political outcomes

the impact of international trade on wages since the early 1980s the us economy has experienced a growing wage differential high skilled workers have claimed an increasing share of available income while low skilled workers have seen an absolute decline in real wages how and why this disparity has arisen is a matter of ongoing debate among policymakers and economists two competing theories have emerged to explain this phenomenon one focusing on international trade and labour market globalization as the driving force behind the devaluation of low skill jobs and the other focusing on the role of technological change as a catalyst for the escalation of high skill wages this collection brings together innovative new ideas and data sources in order to provide more satisfying alternatives to the trade versus technology debate and to assess directly the specific impact of international trade on us wages this volume offers a thorough appraisal of the wage distribution predicament examining the continued effects of technology and globalization on the labour market

evolution roots and influence of the literature on national systems of innovation a bibliometric account the literature on the national systems of innovation nsi is a relatively new field of research that has spread remarkably in the past 20 years this article offers a complementary quantitative description of the state of the art of the literature based on bibliometric methods by explicitly addressing the roots evolution and influence of nsi literature the exercise shows that over time the rate of published articles was quite irregular and that contributions on nsi have not yet converged to an integrated analytical framework although historically detailed descriptions on nsi showed a noticeable increase in the more recent period 2006 2010 analyses using more formal and diversified quantitative methodologies for assessing the performance of nsi remained lacking reflecting its persisting methodological weaknesses the roots of the nsi literature can be found at the core of innovation studies by certain well known scholars in the area of economics of innovation and science policy research even though publications on nsi are falling in relative importance and are highly concentrated on a small set of countries united kingdom denmark and the united states their influence is global they are cited by authors affiliated in organisations around the world notably in latin america and asia such an influence goes far beyond the area of innovation studies and has resonated in fields such as economic geography environmental studies international business and managerial sciences this demonstrates that the nsi literature is not self referential

universities in emerging economies bridging local industry with international science evidence from chile and south africa emerging economies are now becoming more central in global competition to achieve this many countries have invested to develop into knowledge economies universities have a role to play in this transformation both as generators of new knowledge as well as actors that can interact with the local industry and contribute to its innovativeness this paper explores using two case studies in the chilean and south african wine industry how universities connect international science to domestic industry it finds that this connection occurs through a few bridging researchers who display particular characteristics compared with their colleagues bridging researchers are more talented than average researchers both because they publish more in international journals and or because they have received awards for their academic work this finding may have significant policy implications as policies aimed at strengthening the skills of these researchers should be welcomed in catching up industries copyright the author 2012 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

from lagging to leading technological innovation systems in emerging economies and the case of chinese wind power there is increasing attention for the contribution of emerging economies to global innovation including innovation of renewable energy technologies the technological innovation systems tis framework presents a list of system functions for the analysis of the development of a technology it has often been applied to renewable energy technologies but with a strong focus on advanced economies in this paper we elaborate on emerging economy innovation system formation structured according to tis functions rather than analysing development of the technology we analyse the development of the chinese tis vis a vis the global forefront key to this notion is that tis especially for clean tech are transnational phenomena lagging tis depend on the global tis whereas leading tis contribute to its formation it is concluded that china has reduced its dependence on foreign knowledge and investment but the outward contribution remains limited the main challenge to foreign market expansion lies in reforming the domestic tis to focus on turbine quality rather than cost reduction demonstration projects are needed especially for large capacity and offshore turbine models in order to build up operational history and get quality certification

technological revolutions and techno economic paradigms this paper locates the notion of technological revolutions in the neo schumpeterian effort to understand innovation and to identify the regularities continuities and discontinuities in the process of innovation it looks at the micro and meso foundations of the patterns observed in the evolution of technical change and at the interrelations with the context that shape the rhythm and direction of innovation on this basis it defines technological revolutions examines their structure and the role that they play in rejuvenating the whole economy through the application of the accompanying techno economic paradigm this over arching meta paradigm or shared best practice common sense is in turn defined and analysed in its components and its impact including its influence on institutional and social change

mr keynes and the neo schumpeterians contributions to the analysis of the determinants of innovation from a post keynesian perspective abstract the purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of knowledge both tacit and codified in the formation of the state of long term expectations that drive firms decisions to search for innovation and to investment in r d the paper takes the post keynesian theory as reference associating it with the neo schumpeterian analysis of innovation dynamics first it is argued that knowledge plays a crucial role in building agents confidence emphasizing that radical innovations are more dependent on the accumulation of codified knowledge given the higher degree of uncertainty associated with this type of innovation while incremental innovations are more dependent on tacit knowledge about the current market conditions and technological trajectory second it is argued that the accumulation of knowledge and the constant introduction of innovations foster the creation of a convention to innovate which facilitates the decision to pursue innovations by influencing long term expectations

public sector entrepreneurship and the creation of a sustainable innovative economy economic growth requires innovation that can only occur through entrepreneurial action attempts to stimulate such action through central direction and explicit planning such as embodied in a national systems of innovation approach are inherently limiting because of an inability to anticipate future actions and consequences a more fruitful approach is the one embodied in a national systems of entrepreneurship nse approach one that recognizes the uncertainty of the entrepreneurial process and focuses instead on the promulgation of policies through public sector entrepreneurship to create a more nurturing environment within which entrepreneurial action can spontaneously arise in both the private and the public sectors this paper develops an nse based theoretical model of the entrepreneurial environment that integrates into a functional whole the various subsets of that environment that others have studied and explores the role that nse guided public policy can play in improving the entrepreneurial environment for both private sector and public sector entrepreneurs in the private sector such public policies would focus on enhancing the creative environment the exchange environment the incentive and feedback structures and the access to resources it is also possible to enhance the entrepreneurial environment in the public sector though the competing demands of democratic norms make that enhancement more difficult

the political economy of international trade enduring puzzles and an agenda for inquiry a similar set of concepts has been central to the literatures on the formation of trade policy coalitions and the new economics of institutions the political and economic consequences of the degree to which assets are specific to a particular economic activity in this survey the authors take the necessary first step of summarizing the main findings of these two literatures and then suggest ways in which the issue might be joined in addition to providing a more coherent understanding of the findings of these two literatures and some new directions for them the authors show that many puzzles remain in the field of trade politics puzzles for which there are no appealing answers or where there are answers no strong evidence in support of them this essay then in addition to being a theoretical review of the literature puts forward an agenda for future study of international trade politics

liberalisation and protection under overlapping free trade agreements dynamic interplay between free trade agreements and investment two decades into the most recent wave of regionalism many of its implications remain to be fully understood a vast literature has explored the impacts of free trade agreements ftas on investment flows but less attention has been given to how existing patterns of investment alter fta liberalisation it is contended here that the dynamic interplay between overlapping fta areas and the investment sunk in them shapes governments and firms positions regarding further fta liberalisation during trade negotiations a country may decide to exclude a sector from fta liberalisation to prevent concession prevention future fta partners from making similar demands concession prevention could also occur when a foreign firm holding a dominant market position in a host country relinquishes liberalisation demands in an fta between host and home countries to prevent its current position being eroded if the host country grants similar or better concessions to competing firms from other countries in future ftas conversely investment sunk into a country s sensitive sector in the territory of partners from previous ftas could pre empt concession pre emption the protectionist position of that country when it subsequently negotiates ftas with the investment source countries these arguments were tested in the negotiations around the liberalisation of the automotive industry that thailand and malaysia had with japan in their respective bilateral ftas the distinct interaction between investment and the ftas in which these countries participate resulted either in entrenchment of protectionism in the sector or its liberalisation across subsequent ftas

patent statistics in the age of globalisation new legal procedures new analytical methods new economic interpretation abstract patent analysis seems to become more difficult in the age of globalisation starting from microlevel observations it is evident that multinational enterprises pursue different technological marketing and strategic aims in effect they cover world markets in a distinctly different manner with patent intellectual property this article in good economic tradition starts with consideration of recent microlevel patent behaviour in telecommunications before new macroeconomic procedures to measure technical change are outlined the new challenges to patent statistics comprise the assignment of countries to patent documents of multinational firms the appropriate use of economic filters in comparing patent statistics from various patent offices the fitting of the new international patent procedures offered by the amended patent cooperation treaty pct to national statistics the assignment of patent applications in case of withdrawn country destinations and the estimation of time series if most recent data sets are incomplete we propose consistent workable adjustments to patent statistics that overcome the above mentioned biases which we denote the triad patent model for measuring technical progress in the proper economic sense first applications deal with the assessment of the pace of technical change in major countries up until 1995 in conclusion we discuss problems for future research the main policy implication is that macroeconomic patent statistics can correct for the effects of global knowledge production indeed as these are not disruptive but rather limited and well accountable

technical change growth and trade new departures in institutional economics this article analyses the main theoretical and policy issues emerging from the literature on the evolutionary institutional economics of technical change the four distinguishing characteristics of which are that technology is often proprietary in nature only a part of knowledge is codifiable in handbooks blueprints patents and so on there are fundamental variations in the above two points across different technological fields and the evolution of knowledge is highly path dependent

neither crowding in nor out public direct investment mobilising private investment into renewable electricity projects abstract rapid structural change towards a low carbon energy supply requires significant additional investments into innovative but high risk low carbon technologies mobilising greater private investments requires applying the right policy instruments but while fiscal measures and regulation have been well researched systematic quantitative evidence about the effect of public direct investment is lacking absent empirical evidence contradictory theoretical arguments claim that such public co investments either crowd out or crowd in private investors in this paper we show that the macroeconomic concept of crowding out in is inapplicable to sectoral studies such as of renewable electricity instead both neoclassical microeconomics and evolutionary economics suggest public direct investment to have a positive effect due to either externalities or market creation effects we also provide the first quantitative estimate of the effect of public direct investment on private investment into renewable electricity technologies for 17 countries in the period 2004 2014 using fgls and static and dynamic gmm estimators we find that public investments not only have a positive but also consistently the largest effect on private investment flows relative to feed in tariffs taxes and renewable portfolio standards in general and for wind and solar technologies separately implications for policy aimed at accelerating the low carbon transition are discussed

technology structural change and bop constrained growth a structuralist toolbox the latin american structuralism las is a significant part of the heterodox tradition in the theory of long run growth with a focus on the problems of developing economies which started their industrialization process when other regions had already accumulated substantial technological capabilities the emergence of a centre periphery system posed specific problems to growth and distribution in laggard economies which las discusses in a systematic way in this paper we presented a simple model which firstly captures key insights of the las school such as the persistency of technological asymmetries and structural heterogeneity secondly it can be used to analyze the impacts of shocks and policies based on how they affect supply side and demand side parameters of the model thirdly it links more closely post keynesian macroeconomics based on the bop constraint with the evolutionary microeconomics concerned with the dynamics of learning lastly it can be used as a toolbox and a teachable model in the analysis of the interactions between structural change technological catching up and long run growth

economists capitalists and the making of globalization north american free trade in comparative historical perspective why did globalization happen current explanations point to a variety of conditions under which states have made the free market policy changes driving international economic integration since the 1980s such accounts disagree however about the key actors involved this article provides a reconciliation showing how two different combinations of actors and two different political economic pathways have led to globalization in recent decades in developed countries mobilization by business has been central elsewhere technocrats both constrained and empowered by international finance have pursued globalization more independently of business in both contexts economists technical authority has helped legitimate liberalization despite the limited diffusion of their ideas the article validates and elaborates this model using a comparative historical study of how the united states canada and mexico proposed negotiated and ratified agreements for free trade in north america

accounting for change in national systems of innovation a friendly critique based on the u s case abstract this paper advances a friendly critique of the national systems of innovation approach and offers some suggestions for its future development i argue that the approach has difficulty accounting for bounded change in national systems i review three recent changes in the u s innovation system the internet boom and bust of the late 1990s and early 2000s the response to the terrorist attacks of september 11 2001 and the acceleration of productivity growth since the mid 1990s in order to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the framework in this respect future research might be enriched at least in the case of large national innovation systems by absorbing concepts developed in other strands of institutionalist literature such as intercurrence and embeddedness

agglomeration economies interregional commuting and innovation in the peripheries regional development and innovation are often studied in the context of agglomeration economies leading to a perception bias regarding the virtues of cities recent work on interregional connectiv

when do industries cluster a proposal on how to assess an industry s propensity to concentrate at a single region or nation abstract often the literature on clustering implicitly assumes national or regional sectoral agglomeration to be a general phenomenon applying to all or most businesses we argue that not all industries are equally affected by the process of clustering therefore the question on how to assess the relevance of clustering for a particular company or industry becomes important it is deduced that those industries with a divisible production process and a transportable product or service fulfil the necessary conditions for clustering a long value chain including multiple distinct competencies innovation intensity characterised by network innovations and the volatility of markets further increase the potential for an industry to cluster besides providing a heuristic for strategic management this paper alerts regional planners that only in those regions whose economic structure is characterised by industries subject to clustering the promotion of local network building is relevant

the vp function revisited a survey of the literature on vote and popularity functions after over 40 years nannestad and paldam public choice 79 213 245 1994 published herein an extremely influential review of the literature linking economics and elections what they called the vp functions in that work they offered a number of conclusions in proposition form about the state of the evidence in this field we present the key ones 16 in all and assess the extent to which they continue to hold in light of the new evidence about what has come to be known as economic voting as shall be shown nannestad and paldam were prescient in their early establishment of many of the principal results explaining how the economy moves the vote choice

managing innovation the pursuit of competitive advantage and the design of innovation intense environments abstract since the 1970s the field of innovation management has become the dominant policy discourse on the management of technological change specifically servicing the needs of government and business despite its rapid expansion in the 1980s discussion in this discourse has actually narrowed and key implicit assumptions about the nature of innovation and its appropriate management have remained relatively unquestioned in recent years attempts have been made to once again widen discussion this paper contributes to this widening of discussion through an examination of the way in which the pursuit of competitive advantage has shaped the discourse and policy instruments various policy instruments have been presented as bolstering national performance in global economic and technological positioning one of the newest is the innovation intense environment innovation intense environments iies are defined here as special spaces which purportedly increase the rate of innovation and proliferation of new high technology industries iies are referred to in the literature in a variety of ways including science or technology parks science cities or technopolises while there is substantial variation in iie design globally most examples are implicitly shaped by the overall drive for competitive advantage and rely on a very limited definition of innovation this shaping is clearly revealed when two very different kinds of iie designs are examined this paper examines fundamental assumptions made about the nature of innovation and its appropriate management as expressed in contemporary iie design the drive for competitive advantage has come to dominate public sector management of technological change and it is time that other issues were reintroduced into the dominant discourse on innovation management and iie design

mapping the institutional capital of high tech firms a fuzzy set analysis of capitalist variety and export performance we examine how institutional configurations not single institutions provide companies with institutional capital building on the varieties of capitalism approach it is argued that competitive advantage in high tech industries with radical innovation may be supported by combinations of certain institutional conditions lax employment protection weak collective bargaining coverage extensive university training little occupational training and a large stock market furthermore multinational enterprises engage in institutional arbitrage they allocate their activities so as to benefit from available institutional capital these hypotheses are tested on country level data for 19 oecd economies in the period 1990 to 2003 a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis yields several interesting findings a high share of university graduates and a large stock market are complementary institutions leading to strong export performance in high tech employment protection is neither conducive nor harmful to export performance in high tech a high volume of cross border mergers and acquisitions as a form of institutional arbitrage leading to knowledge flows acts as a functional equivalent to institutions that support knowledge production in the home economy implications of these findings for theory policy and the analysis of firm level behavior are developed

economic performance voting and political support a unified approach a presidential vote function and a presidential approval ratings function are jointly estimated for u s postwar observations the estimation technique treats the two equations as seemingly unrelated regressions with unequal numbers of observations cross equation restrictions implying that voters and poll respondents use identical standards in judging the economic performance of incumbents are imposed and tested estimates show that both votes and approval ratings are influenced by gnp growth and inflation the results suggest that poll respondents are more inflation averse than voters however tests of this hypothesis are not conclusive copyright 1990 by mit press

an evolutionary approach to understanding international business activity the co evolution of mnes and the institutional environment this paper examines the co evolution of mne activities and institutions external and internal to the firm we develop a theoretical framework for this analysis that draws on the more recent writings of douglass north on institutions as a response to complex forms of uncertainty associated with the rise in global economic interconnectedness and of richard nelson on the co evolution of technology and institutions we link historical changes in the character of mne activities to changes in the institutional environment and highlight the scope for firm level creativity and institutional entrepreneurship that may lead to co evolution with the environment we argue that the main drivers for institutional entrepreneurship are now found in the increasing autonomy of mne subsidiaries thus mne agency derives from more decentralized forms of experimentation in international corporate networks which competence creating nodes of new initiatives can co evolve with local institutions unlike most other streams of related literature our approach connects patterns of institutional change in wider business systems with more micro processes of variety generation and experimentation within and across individual firms this form of co evolutionary analysis is increasingly important to understanding the interrelationships between mne activities and public policy

inadequacy of technology and innovation systems at the periphery inadequacy of technology is a child of structuralism the concept of a national system of innovation nsi is a child of evolutionary theory a dialogue between these concepts can enrich our understanding of the problems involved in building nsis at the periphery celso furtado explains the structural roots of modernisation marginalisation polarisation and how the orientation of technology of underdeveloped countries is embedded in income concentration the formation of welfare states at the periphery provides nsis with a new focusing device helping to break the marginalisation side of the process the combined formation of nsis and welfare systems is an institutional response to modernisation marginalisation polarisation

economic interests and regional trading arrangements the case of nafta this article examines lobbying in the united states on the north american free trade agreement nafta i argue that economies of scale and production sharing across borders create incentives for firms to seek regional trade liberalization statistical analysis demonstrates that sectors with these characteristics were more likely to lobby for free trade in north america these sectors were also exposed to free trade more rapidly under the tariff phasing schedule in the nafta treaty however corporate restructuring to rescale production for the regional market and to increase offshore assembly presented adjustment costs for u s workers which created divisions between labor unions and their employers i conclude that regional arrangements are an attractive mechanism to liberalize trade for firms in need of larger than national markets to take advantage of economies of scale or to develop production sharing networks

exploring utopia limited with a companion for economic development the central importance of commercial law private enterprise and public infrastructure are undeniable yet trying to transplant such in situations when they are foreign can add political turmoil to economic stagnation drawing on the elgar companion to development studies 2006 this dilemma is explored with implications for the appropriate definition of institutions the meaning of property rights and the mechanisms of conflict resolution

ownership and firm innovation in a transition economy evidence from china we examine innovation performance of firms in a transition economy from an ownership perspective we focus specifically on the relationship between ownership structures and firm innovation performance drawing on data from 548 chinese firms we find volume of patent registration to be most strongly influenced by foreign ownership in the firm along with firm affiliation within a business group the influence of state and institutional ownership on innovation performance is positive but lagged contrary to expectations insider ownership leads to lower innovation performance and concentrated ownership has no significant impact our study has two principal contributions firstly we utilize a comprehensive treatment of ownership characteristics overcoming weakness in previous studies that have used a more narrow focus on ownership type secondly we contribute to understanding of how firms in transition economies build indigenous capabilities for innovation by drawing attention to the interplay of foreign and domestic control of agents innovation

leaders and followers perspectives on the nordic model and the economics of innovation abstract what kinds of social and economic systems are most conducive to innovation we formulate a simple model in which countries can close the gap with the technological leader but where the cost of doing so may be so high that the country chooses to remain laggards observed disparities in productivity may be the result of a recognition that the cost of closing the gap exceeds benefit and there may therefore exist an international equilibrium in which there are leaders and followers even if it is granted that the united states is the leader and scandinavia are followers there are theoretical grounds for arguing that the nordic model may in fact be better for innovation suggesting that if the us adopted some of the nordic institutions innovations would be higher and societal welfare would be improved even more

a technology gap interpretation of growth paths in asia and latin america abstract this paper presents a north south technology gap model which combines the schumpeterian approach to technical and structural change with the keynesian perspective on effective demand and the balance of payments bop constraint as drivers of growth three are the contributions of the paper first it develops a model in which the technology gap relative productivity and relative wages co evolve and may generate different paths of convergence or divergence between south and north depending on the parameters of the model second the parameters of the model are associated with different types of policies which allows for discussing how these policies may change the growth path finally the model is used to discuss the contrasting experiences of asia and latin america since 1970 convergence in asia and divergence in latin america have been extensively debated topics in the literature on comparative economic development which highlights the crucial role of industrial policy it is argued that the results of the technology gap model are consistent with the findings of this literature and helps understand the forces behind convergence and divergence

do patent rights matter 40 years of innovation complexity and productivity abstract does the rigorous protection of patents advance or retard economic development two decades ago a new global standard of intellectual property swept across developing and industrialized nations through the implementation of the wto s trips agreement many years later the issue of patent rights remains contentious in this paper we focus on the effects of patent rights systems on total factor productivity growth using dynamic panel regression analysis for 70 countries from 1965 to 2009 we show that the effects of stronger or more rigorous patent systems are insignificant for productivity growth in both developing and industrialized countries why does the strength of patents appear to have no impact on productivity classic economic theory suggests that stronger patent systems incentive innovative output with important spill over effects for productivity and growth we offer an alternative explanation using data from the economic complexity index we find that while patents rights are increasingly irrelevant to productivity the relationship between economic complexity and productivity is highly positive and significant our results are consistent with the contributions of the absorptive capacity theory in that they suggest it is not the discovery and ownership of novel products and processes at the innovative frontier that induces productive growth but the ability to adapt replicate and diffuse along the international productive chain

class versus industry cleavages inter industry factor mobility and the politics of trade domestic political conflict has been a constant companion to international trade but the nature of that conflict has varied greatly in western democracies over the last two centuries political battles over trade policy appear to have sometimes divided societies along broad class lines and at other times split them into narrow industry based coalitions i argue that this diversity stems from historical and cross national variation in inter industry factor mobility class coalitions are more likely where factor mobility is high whereas narrow industry based coalitions are more likely where mobility is low evidence from six western economies for the last two centuries indicates that levels of factor mobility have varied historically and cross nationally in accord with industrialization and regulation this variation corresponds broadly with observable differences in the formation of trade policy coalitions

the economics of technical change this paper reviews the recent rapidly growing literature on technical change in the economy it concentrates on innovations and their diffusion at firm and industry level since this was the area designated as relatively weak in earlier literature surveys the review argues that the extensive empirical evidence and theoretical analysis now available presents a basic challenge to neoclassical theory after indicating some weaknesses in the neo schumpeterian literature the paper concludes by advocating an experiment with a new form of assessment by neighboring disciplines to economics itself which would take full account of the fundamental issues at stake in this modern methodenstreit c 1994 academic press inc copyright 1994 by oxford university press

universities technology and innovation centres and regional development the case of the north east of england the paper examines the role of technology and innovation centres tics in bridging the gap between the university research base and industry in order to foster economic development in a lagging industrial region the context is provided by an academic literature on the role of universities in regional innovation systems some of which casts doubt on the capacity of universities to operate in this domain particularly within a lagging region the empirical case reports on a bold experiment initiated by the regional development agency in the older industrial region of the north east of england to create and support new tics in the fields of process innovation in high value manufacturing and new and renewable energy and on the engagement of a regionally committed university with these centres the evidence presented suggests that while there are links between the university and the centres both are principally operating in a national science and technology system in which contributing to addressing uneven regional economic development is a secondary concern copyright the author 2012 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

identifying roles of international institutions in clean energy technology innovation and diffusion in the developing countries matching barriers with roles of the institutions abstract the development of clean energy technologies is a central issue in climate change negotiation the signatory countries to the united nations convention on climate change agreed to organize the technology executive committee and the climate technology centre and network the objectives of this paper are twofold the first objective is to show a broad landscape of barriers in technology development the paper summarizes the results of key case studies that were conducted to uncover technology specific barriers in technology development these case studies include both technologies for industrial use such as wind bio energy and building energy efficiency and technologies for individual use such as light emitting diodes and photovoltaic panels the case studies also contain technologies at the innovation stage such as integrated gasification combined cycle and carbon capture and storage the second objective of this paper is to highlight and define roles of international institutions in overcoming identified barriers in clean energy technology development in this paper four areas of focus for international institutions are discussed including 1 increasing r d cooperation at the innovation stage 2 facilitation of intellectual property rights 3 supporting finance and 4 enhancing the enabling environment at the diffusion stage

global growth and international cooperation a structuralist perspective this paper revisits the structuralist ideas on trade and growth and suggests based on the prebisch s principle of implicit reciprocity that policies for promoting structural change in the periphery may lead to higher global growth and a better income distribution across countries the paper discusses the inter relations and complementarities that exist between autonomous expenditure and industrial and technology policies in the long run with this objective we develop a structuralist growth model in which the technology gap and the growth rate of the domestic autonomous expenditure are endogenously determined in a two country centre and periphery international economy copyright the author 2010 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

it for green and green it a proposed typology of eco innovation this article is in support of the development of an ecological economic framework it discusses from an interdisciplinary perspective the increasing use of green it and their applications it for green it and sustainable development have had a concomitant rise and reach the future world emerging from their respective interpretations enables in both cases a shift from today s questionable industrial capitalism towards post industrial capitalism this paper addresses the following questions what is known about green it and it for green are smart solutions buildings energy grids transport always beneficial to an ecological economy and if so in what ways in the first part of this article we analyse the economic social and environmental impact of it and argue for the need for green applications of green it in order to achieve sustainable outcomes the second part focuses on the managerial dimension of eco innovation theory and presents one of the distinctive features of green applications of green it the collective organisation of innovation a typology of eco innovation aimed at reconciling it development and green growth is then proposed explicitly addressing four kinds of changes towards sustainable development technological social institutional and organisational innovation

real exchange rate technological catching up and spillovers in a balance of payments constrained growth model abstract the main objective of this work is to investigate the theoretical interrelationships between economic growth the national innovation system nis and the real exchange rate rer in an export led growth model formally this work presents new changes in the kaldor dixon thirlwal s model by the introduction of the rer the nis and a function that captures the endogeneity of productivity in the industrial sector in the short term the equilibrium growth rate depends on the real exchange rate level and of the nis development which responds to the size of the technological gap the public and private investments in r d in relation to the output growth rate ratio and the absorption capacity for technological spillovers in the long run assuming the constancy of all exogenous variables the convergence of the growth process depends on the output growth elasticity in relation to exports the price elasticity of exports and the elasticity of productivity growth relative to output growth of the economy in general and to industry in particular

labor market regulation the diversity of knowledge and skill and national innovation performance abstract the diversity of knowledge and skill is an important element of a national system of innovation we propose a theory of how certain labor market institutions affect diversity and through that route affect levels of innovation specifically unemployment protection up encourages diversity by reducing the risk burden of a broad range of learning or human capital investment for that reason up fosters innovation employment protection ep reduces the risk burden of a much narrower range of learning for this reason it will not enhance diversity to the extent up does and it may actually depress overall diversity and innovation our approach differs from previous research on labor market insurance and skill formation much of which has dealt with a distinction between general and specific skills and which has treated the effects of up and ep as similar estimating the effects of up and ep on patenting for 25 oecd countries over 24 years we find a positive effect from up a negative effect from ep and evidence that the up effect is mediated by diversity of skill

constructive consumer choice processes consumer decision making has been a focal interest in consumer research and consideration of current marketplace trends e g technological change an information explosion indicates that this topic will continue to be critically important we argue that consumer choice is inherently constructive due to limited processing capacity consumers often do not have well defined existing preferences but construct them using a variety of strategies contingent on task demands after describing constructive choice consumer decision tasks and decision strategies we provide an integrative framework for understanding constructive choice review evidence for constructive consumer choice in light of that framework and identify knowledge gaps that suggest opportunities for additional research

intraindustry trade sources and effects on protection this paper provides an empirical analysis of the determinants of intraindustry trade we demonstrate that two way trade flows occur where conditions are favorable to international specialization consistent with the stigler williamson analysis of the division of labor the results are inconsistent with the prevailing product differentiationcum scale economies model of intraindustry trade in addition we show that intraindustry trade has a significant impact on protectionist pressures exports of closely related products have the effect of mitigating the tariff raising effects that imports would otherwise exert

firms governments and innovation in the chukyo region of japan the study of innovation mechanisms in one of japan s major industrial regions chukyo based around nagoya is explored using a four part model this identifies the role of core assembly firms and their sub contractors national and local government agencies local chambers of commerce and private sector lobby groups the chukyo region innovation system cris was found to exhibit long term stability and appears to have weathered the economic challenges of the late 1980s and early 1990s the chukyo region s emphasis on continuous upgrading and kaizen has given it particular competitive advantages in downstream innovation activities however it now faces the challenge of moving further upstream into areas of basic research

tariff concessions in production sourcing in this paper we study a multi stage production sourcing problem where tariff concessions can be exploited at the firm level using free trade agreements between countries to solve the problem an algorithm which embeds a very large scale neighborhood vsln search into a simulated annealing framework is developed a numerical study is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the solution approach

determinants of biotechnology utilization by the canadian industry abstract the research reported in this paper uses data from statistics canada s biotechnology firm survey 1997 to look into the factors that cause the canadian industry to use biotechnology the descriptive results show that the health sector leads the way in biotechnology utilization followed in decreasing order by the agriculture and food processing sector and the environment sector furthermore biochemistry and immunology based biotechnologies are the most used with 76 of the 282 firms surveyed firms using them as compared to 74 for bioprocessing based biotechnologies and 52 5 for dna based biotechnologies analytical results from multivariate analyses show that biotechnology development is fairly more industry specific than firm specific in fact the extent to which a firm s absorptive capacity ac its learning capability and its stock of relational capital affects its utilization of biotechnology depends largely on the industrial sector to which the firms belongs firm s characteristics namely age and size are found to have no effect on the utilization of biotechnology

the triple helix model as a motor for the creative use of telematics abstract this paper opposes the view which points to the declining importance of nation states and the elimination of space and territory as an effect of the increased trends towards globalisation the argument has its foundations in the evolutionary approach of economic development and argues that the importance of the national level grows within a globalised world which is becoming increasingly complex disorganised and simultaneously monotonous monotony can be reduced through the emergence of national diversity based on specific development paths of spatially defined regional economic systems in which creativeness and selective capacity generate innovation and replication processes national and regional productive systems must be organised according to a triple helix model of institutional networking this model can be applied to the particular case of developing economies based on traditional and mature sectors these economies can start a catching up process by becoming creative users of technology and advanced users of telematics the theoretical framework is used to discuss the innovative capacity of the portuguese economy and to point out some solutions to overcome barriers to innovation

high growth firms in changing competitive environments the us pharmaceutical industry 1963 to 2002 firms across sectors and regions are highly skewed in their ability to engage with innovation and even more skewed in their ability to translate investments in innovation into higher growth recent attention has been placed on the importance of high growth firms hgf for innovation policy our paper explores under what conditions hgf matter for translating r d investments into economic growth and how this depends on firm specific and industry specific factors we use quantile regression techniques to study the r d growth relationship in hgf compared to low growth firms unlike previous studies we pay particular attention to whether this relationship depends on the particular period in the industry s life cycle we focus on the us pharmaceutical industry from 1963 to 2002 and find that the r d growth relationship is sensitive to the changing competitive environment over the industry s history which suggests that innovation policy must focus not only on firm attributes but also competitive structures

the national system of innovation in historical perspective contrary to some recent work on so called globalisation this paper argues that national and regional systems of innovation remain an essential domain of economic analysis their importance derives from the networks of relationships which are necessary for any firm to innovate whilst external international connections are certainly of growing importance the influence of the national education system industrial relations technical and scientific institutions government policies cul tural traditions and many other national institutions is fundamental the historical examples of germany japan and the former ussr illustrate this point as well as the more recent contrast between east asian and latin american countries introduction the national system of friedrich list according to this author s recollections the first person to use the expression national system of innovation was bengt ake lundvall and he is also the editor of a highly original and thought provoking book 1992 on this subject however as he and his colleagues would be the first to agree and as lundvall himself points out the idea actually goes back at least to friedrich list s conception of the national system of political economy 1841 which might just as well have been called the national system of innovation the main concern of list was with the problem of germany overtaking england and for underdeveloped countries as germany then was in relation to england he advocated not only protection of infant industries but a broad range of policies designed to accelerate or to make possible industrialisation and economic growth most of these policies were concerned with learning about new technology and applying it the racialist and colonialist overtones of the book were in strong contrast to the inter nationalist cosmopolitan approach of the classical free trade economists and list s belief that holland and denmark should join the german bund and acquire german nationality because of their descent and whole character reads somewhat strangely in the european community of today nevertheless despite these unattractive features of his outlook he clearly anticipated many contemporary theories after reviewing the changing ideas of economists about development in the years since the second world war the world bank 1991 concludes that it is intangible investment in knowledge accumulation which is decisive rather than physical capital investment as was at one time believed pages 33 35 the report cites the new growth theory

the varying political toll of concerns about corruption in good versus bad economic times under what conditions do citizens connect concerns about corruption to their evaluations of sitting executives in contrast to conventional scholarship positing a direct negative relationship between corruption and political support we build on a small but suggestive body of research to argue that this relationship is conditional on economic context we test this claim with national survey data collected in 19 presidential systems as part of the americasbarometer 2010 study using both fixed effects ordinary least squares and hierarchical linear regression analyses we show that individuals facing bad good collective economic conditions apply a higher lower penalty to presidential approval for perceived political corruption this result holds across both an individual level indicator of national economic assessment and a regional economic measure we further test and find less substantial results for the moderating influence of personal economic conditions on the political toll of corruption perce

unsuccessful success failed no confidence motions competence signals and electoral support if no confidence motions are primarily motivated by bringing down governments why do only approximately 5 of no confidence motions in advanced parliamentary democracies from 1960 result in the termination of government in this project the author addresses this puzzle by developing a formal model of the electoral benefits of no confidence motions and tests these hypotheses with the use of an original data set no confidence motions represent highly visible opportunities for opposition parties to highlight their strength or ability compared to the government in the hopes of improving their vote shares the author finds support for the signal based theory on a sample of 20 advanced parliamentary democracies from 1960 to 2008 although no confidence motions result in decreases for the government parties the opposition parties that propose the motion experience boosts in vote share this relationship is even stronger when the proposing party is an alternative governing possibility illustrated by the condit

large firms in the production of the world s technology an important case of non globalisation us patenting by 686 of the world s largest manufacturing firms shows that their share of the world s production of technology is less than their share of r d activities and varies greatly amongst sectors in most cases the technological activities of these large firms are concentrated in their home country the characteristics of which influence the volume and trends in their technological activities much more strongly then the international component of these activities at the same time these large firms are major elements in the volume and the pattern of sectoral specializations in their home countries technological activities

between free trade and protectionism strategic trade policy and a theory of corporate trade demands conventional theories of the political economy of trade argue that industries in import competing businesses favor protectionism while multinational firms and export dependent corporations advocate unconditional free trade however many multinational industries have recently advocated strategic trade policies that is they are willing to support free trade at home only if foreign markets are opened or foreign governments reduce subsidies to their firms if demands for strategic trade policy were adopted by the united states they could represent a threat to the general agreement on tariffs and trade gatt and the multilateral trading system this article seeks to explain the emergence of these new corporate trade demands and thereby broaden theories of the political economy of trade the article begins with the widely supported position that multinational and export oriented firms prefer unconditional free trade building on concepts from theories of industrial organization and international trade the article then hypothesizes that rising economies of scale and steep learning curves will necessitate that these firms have access to global markets via exports if growing dependence on world markets is combined with foreign government subsidies or protection the trade preferences of firms will shift from unconditional free trade to demands that openness at home be contingent on openness overseas the manner in which firm demands then get translated into industry demands will vary with the industry s structure if the industry consists of firms with symmetric strategies it will seek strategic trade policy but if the industry is highly segmented it will turn toward protectionism the article concludes with a preliminary test of these hypotheses in four brief studies of the politics of trade in the semiconductor commercial aircraft telecommunications equipment and machine tool industries

technological systems and economic policy the diffusion of factory automation in sweden abstract this paper argues that technological systems defined as networks of agents interacting in each specific area of technology under a particular institutional infrastructure constitute a useful unit of analysis for not only innovation and diffusion studies but also work related to technology policy in the case of sweden s technological system for factory automation e g robots it is suggested that three features are central to explaining the extensive diffusion of new technology in the swedish engineering industry namely bridging institutions user supplier linkages and critical mass coupled to advanced economic competence among a key set of users as regards public policy it is argued that its role is to facilitate the formation of new technological systems and to enhance the functioning of existing systems rather than to rectify individual market failures this can be done by creating or strengthening bridging institutions and centers of excellence promoting speedy and wide diffusion of engineering competence and strengthening compensating mechanisms when important nodes in the networks fail given the difficulty of identifying future technological opportunities the simultaneous pursuit of alternative strategies early identification of important developments and increasing the absorptive capacity of the economy become important aspects of public policy

breakthrough china s and india s transition from production to innovation summary china and india have become major producers of products and services for global markets this article explores to what extent they are also building up innovation capabilities it draws on a combination of approaches innovation systems global value chains and professional networks to analyze four of the most dynamic industries we find that mounting innovation efforts only rarely materialized in cutting edge innovations but suggest that if capital accumulation proceeds at the current pace innovation capabilities will rapidly be built up in china and with a time lag india we conclude by setting out the implications for both the developed and the developing world

the role of transnational dimensions in emerging economy technological innovation systems for clean tech the technological innovation system tis framework and its system functions have become a popular analytical tool for the study of clean tech innovation there is increasing attention for the role of emerging economies in global clean tech innovation but the applicability of tis to emerging economies cases is not entirely straightforward a key issue is the limited geographical considerations in particular transnational dimensions in tis whereas earlier perspectives on innovation in emerging economies have stressed the role of such transnational dimensions this paper elaborates transnational tis actor networks and institutions categorizes these in relation to tis functions and describes their potential to induce or block tis development in emerging economies we draw on insights from the perspectives of national learning systems international technology transfer and global production networks for this purpose we conclude that the potential effects of these transnational dimensions may be accurately grasped by the existing list of system functions lending credence to its further application of the tis framework on emerging economy case studies policy makers in emerging economies should recognize these transnational dimensions and seek to optimize their potential effect on domestic tis development taking in to consideration a realistic assessment of its role in the global tis

innovation and employment a reinvestigation using revised pavitt classes the relationship between innovation and employment is addressed in this article through a model and empirical test at industry level for eight european countries in 1994 2004 we investigate this relationship for manufacturing and services and propose a revised pavitt taxonomy covering both of them in order to identify specific patterns of technological change and job creation and loss the contrasting effects of strategies of technological or cost competitiveness are investigated using innovation variables from cis2 and cis3 together with demand wages and industry dynamics they account for changes in employees and hours worked the diversity in these relations across industries is also explored when the model is applied to each revised pavitt class different mechanisms of technological change and effects on jobs emerge

black hole tariffs and endogenous policy theory political economy in general equilibrium preface acknowledgments list of results 1 a preview of the results 2 endogenous policy theory a diagrammatic approach part i endogenous policy theory with specific factors the theory of industry tariffs in partial equilibrium 3 the probabilistic voting model of political efficiency and powerless politicians 4 endogenous lobbying theory and the contribution specialization theorem 5 endogenous tariff theory 6 the power function model of endogenous industry lobbying 7 three simple tests of the stolper samuelson theorem 8 the invisible foot and the waste of nations lawyers as negative externalities part ii endogenous policy theory in general equilibrium a long run theory of national tariff levels 9 the 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 model of endogenous redistribution theory 10 a prisoner s dilemma theory of endogenous protection the leontief model 11 the compensation effect and the multiple equilibrium trap 12 increasing returns to politics and factor endowments economic development and brazilian vitality versus the indian disease 13 endogenous protection in the united states 1900 88 14 a cobb douglas model 15 black hole tariffs 16 the endowment effect cross national evidence on endogenous tariffs part ii postscript 17 the senile industry argument for protection 18 optimal obfuscation and the theory of the second worst the politically efficient policy mathematical appendices references author index subject index

the evolution of the industrial organisation of the production of knowledge this work elaborates the notion of localised technological knowledge based upon the distinction between information competence and knowledge and analyses the emergence of the new knowledge industry the evolution of the organisation of knowledge production is analysed through four stylised modes scientific entrepreneurship institutional variety vertical integration and technological cooperation the new trends towards the growth of knowledge intensive business service industries are detected and underlined they are considered as the outcome of the institutional formation of a market for knowledge based upon a process of increasing appropriability of localised knowledge based on the blending of generic scientific information and competence and growing scope of applicability via computercommunication systems deverticalisation of research activities from the boundaries of corporations the specification of a demand for technological competence and the specialising of independent firms in the production of technological competence and knowledge

protecting free trade the political economy of rules of origin the design of rules of origin in free trade agreements ftas arouses spirited lobbying campaigns that mostly escape public attention this article argues that the domestic groups generally most favorable to ftas differ in their preferences over rules of origin industries with large returns to scale favor strict rules of origin to gain scale economies in an fta while industries with multinational supply chains prefer lenient rules of origin to accommodate offshore procurement an econometric analysis of rules of origin in the north american free trade agreement nafta finds tougher rules of origin the higher the external trade protection and the larger the returns to scale and more permissive rules of origin the greater the involvement in foreign sourcing the results suggest that rules of origin may be critical to building domestic coalitions for ftas industry preferences toward rules of origin therefore have important implications for the politics of fta ratification

the reductionist gamble open economy politics in the global economy international political economy ipe should transition to third wave scholarship because open economy politics oep which dominates current american ipe scholarship can generate inaccurate knowledge oep can produce inaccurate knowledge because it studies domestic politics in isolation from international or macro processes this methodological reductionism is often inappropriate for the phenomena ipe studies because governments inhabit a complex social system as a result the political choices that oep strives to explain are typically a product of the interplay between domestic politics and macro processes when oep omits causally significant macro processes from empirical models the models yield biased inferences about the domestic political relationships under investigation although scholars tolerated such errors when the gains from oep were large these errors are less tolerable now that oep has matured consequently the field should transition toward research that is nonreductionist problem driven and pluralistic

increasing returns to scale and international diffusion of technology an empirical study for brazil 1976 2000 summary the aim of this paper is to explore and analyze empirical evidence regarding the effects of increasing returns to scale and international diffusion of technology on the brazilian manufacturing industry we will start from a kaldorian type theoretical model that provides not only the positive effects of scale but also of diffusion on industrial performance we use vector auto regressive var to test the model a var estimates the coefficients related to industrial output labor productivity exports and the technological gap between the united states and brazil this technique also provides simulations for the short term and long term trajectories under exogenous shocks the observations were conducted over a quarterly basis and the sampling period runs from the second half of 1976 to the second half of 2000 the conclusion highlights evidence of increasing returns on the brazilian industry albeit with some structural limitations furthermore the model also reveals the difficulties brazil has had in catching up

public research institutions and economic catch up abstract public research institutions often but not always connected with universities have been in the past important elements of the structures supporting economic catch up recent changes in the international economic environment and the growing scientific basis for contemporary technologies will make those institutions even more important in the future universities and public labs have contributed to the development of technological capabilities in different forms across countries and economic sectors in contrast with current emphasis on university based embryonic inventions and fundamental research effective research programs have predominantly occurred in the application oriented sciences and engineering and have been oriented towards problem solving and the advancement of technologies of interest to a well defined user community

national systems of innovations are x efficient and x effective why some are slow learners the growing literature on national systems of innovations nsis are creating a crucial new perspective on the institutional infrastructure of the knowledge based economy however this literature tends to be somewhat optimistic it often takes for granted that nsis are sets of institutions facilitating learning particularly about technology and organization this paper reconsiders the efficiency of nsis it suggests that nsis are x inefficient and x effective it develops some of the major factors explaining inefficiencies and proposes methods to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of nsis it offers some examples of inefficiencies from a comparison between selected nsis and suggests indicators of efficiency and effectiveness 2002 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

explaining divergence in catching up in pharma between india and brazil using the nsi framework since the mid twentieth century the national objective of india and brazil has been to develop industrial capabilities in essential sectors such as pharmaceuticals at the outset they shared some common features a considerable period of lax intellectual property rights regimes a large internal market and a reasonably strong cadre of scientists and engineers however over sixty years india has had much more success in building indigenous capabilities in pharmaceuticals than brazil at least to date why in exploring the answer to this question we show that in both countries the design of state policy played a crucial role and the endogenous responses in the national system of innovation consisted of two parts on the one hand most of the time the predicted and desired outcome was partially realized and on the other hand there were invariably other unpredicted responses that emerged the latter unexpected elements which were specific to the two countries pushed them along distinctive trajectories

connecting demand and supply the role of intermediation in public procurement of innovation intermediation in innovation serves to establish or improve the link between different actors with complementary skill sets or interests in order to support the generation and diffusion of innovation this article conceptualises and analyses intermediation between supply and demand using the example of public procurement of innovation it defines specific intermediation needs and functions in different procurement situations and outlines the pre condition for effective intermediation the paper combines and contributes to the growing literature on innovation intermediation and public procurement of innovation as the paper looks at the demand for innovation it adopts a broad understanding of innovation defined as a product service or process that is novel to the buying organisation in order to develop the conceptualisation of intermediation in the process of demanding innovation it builds on the existing rather rudimentary conceptualisation of intermediation in the innovation and management literature it presents an in depth analysis of two very different procurement processes in two cases in a complex public sector setting the english nhs case of a public buying organisation triggering the generation of an innovation and another in which an organisation sought to respond to an innovation offered in the marketplace in both cases the solution bought necessitated strong adaptation processes with considerable learning costs within the buying organisation the paper shows how intelligent and tailored intermediation can tackle some of the well known procedural and capability failures in the process of public procurement of innovation in terms of policy implications the article makes the claim for an increased effort to build up effective intermediation across procurement systems to support agencies in concrete procurement and in doing so to build up capacity for more intelligent public buying while the focus on intermediation responds to an existing gap in the literature on public procurement of innovation the paper has implication for demand supply intermediation more generally

vertical trade specialization and the formation of north south ptas during the last two decades the number of preferential trade agreements pta s grew almost exponentially to over 270 by 2010 a majority of these are agreements between developed and developing countries existing models provide little economic rationale for these agreements but the existing literature lumps north south pta s together with other types of trade pacts this article offers an explanation focused on the movement of less capital intensive manufacturing from north to south which in turn stimulates the exchange of similar goods differentiated by unit value also referred to as vertical intra industry trade the north exports more capital intensive goods while more labor intensive goods are produced and traded by the south this kind of specialization creates incentives for governments to support pta s the author tests this model using a new measure of vertical trade specialization and finds strong evidence that such specialization promotes pta formation north south pta s should therefore be seen as part of a broader shift of manufacturing from high to middle income countries

public policies and the art of catching up matching the historical evidence with a multicountry agent based model in this paper we study the effects of industrial policies on international convergence using a multi country agent based model which builds upon dosi et al 2019b the model features a group of microfounded economies with evolving industries populated by heterogeneous firms that compete in international markets in each country technological change is driven by firms activities of search and innovation while aggregate demand formation and distribution follows keynesian dynamics interactions among countries take place via trade flows and international technological imitation we employ the model to assess the different strategies that laggard countries can adopt to catch up with leaders market friendly policies industrial policies targeting the development of firms capabilities and rd protectionist policies focusing on tariffs only we find that markets cannot do the magic in absence of government interventions laggards will continue to fall behind on the contrary industrial policies can successfully drive international convergence among leaders and laggards while protectionism alone is not necessary to support catching up and countries get stuck in a sort of middle income trap finally in a global trade war where developed economies impose retaliatory tariffs both laggards and leaders are worse off and world productivity growth slows down

policy making in science policy the oecd model unveiled abstract this article addresses the issue of the development of national science policies in oecd countries in the 1960s it argues that the organisation for economic and co operation and development oecd acted as a policy innovator playing a central role in the development and adoption of what we call the oecd model of science policy making through a detailed analysis of the oecd country reviews we reveal the oecd model and its seven key functions horizontal coordination and advice planning and budgeting priority setting resources allocation and administration through analysis of oecd archives we extract the reasons why oecd changed its role in the absence of a reference point against which to benchmark national situations it highlights the ways the pre existing mode of operation of oecd centred on country reviews and peer pressure was modified and how effective these changes have been in the diffusion of the model among oecd members

the secrets of industry are in the air industrial cooperation and the organizational dynamics of the innovative firm abstract the purpose of this exploratory work is to contribute to the elaboration of an analytical framework appropriate to the study of the organizational forms involved in technological cooperation the approach used herein is one of formulating those properties of the process of integration and association of resources that are not based on the economics of transaction costs these properties suggest that the integration and the association of resources are necessary for the creation of technology but are also a source of irreversibility after having defined the concept of organizational balance of innovative firms which corresponds to the possibility of reconciling specific resources with the reversibility of technological capacity i will attempt to show that the forms of cooperation as much intra as inter firm constitute the basic principle of organization and functioning of innovative firms i shall be able thus to give a positive reading of technological cooperation on the basis of an economic analysis of organization

the roles of science in technological innovation abstract one of the central issues in science policy during the past decade has been the extent to which the national levels of expenditure on scientific education and research influence the standard of living this paper provides empirical evidence to show that the pay off from this investment in science is more complex and indirect than previously supposed

severed linkages distorted accountability in uneven regimes though a general consensus exists regarding the significance of perceived performance in voters evaluations of incumbent governments much of the research underlying this consensus has been carrie

employment insecurity incumbent partisanship and voting behavior in comparative perspective we argue that occupational unemployment rates by informing perceptions of economic insecurity serve as a salient and powerful heuristic for aggregate economic performance consequently high and

regional clustering of high technology based firms opto electronics in three countries hendry c brown j and defillippi r 2000 regional clustering of high technology based firms opto electronics in three countries reg studies 34 129 144 industrial districts are seen as generating significant advantages in production and innovation however the way concentrations of firms actually relate to one another is often assumed this paper draws on an international study into the opto electronics industry to examine the extent and significance of localized inter company trading and network relationships in six regions national and international relationships are found to be much stronger than local ones this is a function of customer and supplier markets which derive from the technological characteristics of the industry and the way its markets have been created such factors are important for understanding the potential for the development of industrial districts in high technology sectors hendry c brown j et defillippi r 2000 grappes regionales d entreprises a la pointe de la