optimal ordering and transfer policy for an inventory with stock dependent demand abstract this paper deals with an ordering transfer inventory model to determine the retailer s optimal order quantity and the number of transfers per order from the warehouse to the display area it is assumed that the amount of display space is limited and the demand rate depends on the display stock level the objective is to maximize the average profit per unit time yielded by the retailer the proposed models and algorithms are developed to find the optimal strategy by retailer numerical examples are presented to illustrate the models developed and the sensitivity analysis is also reported

note comment on a generalized quantity discount pricing model to increase supplier s profits lee and rosenblatt lee h l m j rosenblatt 1986 a generalized quantity discount pricing model to increase supplier s profits management sci 32 9 1177 1185 considered the joint problem of ordering and offering discount by a supplier to his sole buyer the objective of the supplier being to induce the buyer to alter his order quantities in order to increase the supplier s yearly profit they determined the optimal ordering and pricing policy for the supplier under the constraint on the amount of discount offered to the purchaser this restriction on the amount of price discount seems unreasonable when the objective of the supplier in all likelihood is to increase his own profits it is possible that higher discounts in purchase price may lead to greater economies for the supplier in this note a much simpler approach is being offered for determining the optimal ordering and pricing policy for the supplier

a generalized quantity discount pricing model to increase supplier s profits in this paper the joint problem of ordering and offering price discount by a supplier to his sole major buyer is analyzed the objective is to induce the buyer to alter his order schedule and size so that the supplier can benefit from lower set up ordering and inventory holding costs we generalize the quantity discount pricing model of monahan monahan j p 1984 a quantity discount pricing model to increase vendor profits management sci 30 6 720 726 to 1 explicitly incorporate constraints imposed on the amount of discount that can be offered and 2 relax the implicit assumption of a lot for lot or order for order policy adopted by the supplier an algorithm is developed to solve the supplier s joint ordering and price discount problem

empty sources of growth accounting and empirical replacements a la kaldor with some beef standard sources of growth accounts are empty of content because they rely on neoclassical production theory rather analysis can be based on productivity growth quations derived either from nipa accounting conventions or algebraic identities these complementary schemes impose valid restrictions on growth rates of the wage rate profit rate capital labor and their respective average productivities a solow type growth model based on proper accounting can be shown to converge detailed results differ markedly from those of the standard model alternative essentially kaldorian supply and demandbased alternatives to sources of growth based on a familiar output growth vs productivity growth diagram with constant employment growth contours added in look like a useful alternative to the mainstream models

a note on integrated single vendor single buyer model with stochastic demand and variable lead time abstract ben daya and hariga 2004 integrated single vendor single buyer model with stochastic demand and variable lead time international journal of production economics 92 75 80 recently proposed the paper about integrated single vendor single buyer model with stochastic demand and variable lead time the lead time is proportional to the lot size produced by the vendor in addition to a fixed delay due to the transportation setup and nonproductive time the end customers accept backorders when the shortage occurs at the buyer side an order to the vendor is placed each time the inventory level reaches the reorder point in this note a modified model is proposed under a different assumption that there are two different reorder points and service levels

a note on lead time reduction strategies in a single vendor single buyer integrated inventory model with lot size dependent lead times and stochastic demand glock 2012 lead time reduction strategies in a single vendor single buyer integrated inventory model with lot size dependent lead times and stochastic demand international journal of production economics 136 37 44 recently presented an integrated inventory model where the lead time can be reduced by crashing the setup and transportation time by increasing the production rate or by decreasing the lot size in this note we introduce a more realistic lead time crashing cost and propose a modified integrated inventory model by adding the transportation time as a decision variable and assuming that there are two different safety stocks furthermore we give some numerical examples to illustrate the advantages of the modified model

sovereign debt and joint liability an economic theory model for amending the treaty of lisbon as the euro area crisis drags on it is evident that a part of the problem lies in the architecture of debt within the euro area this study argues that at least part of the debt problem could be addressed through limited cooperative action entailing appropriately structured contracts generating cross country liability for sovereign debt incurred by individual nations within the european union such agreements are currently proscribed by the treaty of lisbon we construct a game theoretic model demonstrating that there exist self fulfilling equilibria which are pareto superior to the existing outcome and which would come into existence if cross country debt liabilities were permitted

joint economic lot sizing problem for a three layer supply chain with stochastic demand abstract this paper considers the joint economic lot sizing problem jelp for multi layer supply chain with multi retailers and single manufacturer and supplier the paper extends the work of ben daya et al 2013 and relaxes the assumption of deterministic demand and constant holding and ordering costs the paper proposes modifying four computational intelligent algorithms to solve mixed integer problems and compares their performance for solving the problem at hand the paper further compares between adopting a centralized safety stock policy versus a decentralized policy results showed cuckoo search to outperform other tested algorithms and also favored adopting a centralized policy

stagnation or transformation of a dual economy through endogenous productivity growth a growth model is developed for an open dual economy the economy expands owing to a higher growth rate of labour productivity in the modern sector through the kaldor verdoorn channel and higher effective demand through a keynesian channel the model incorporates a retardation mechanism affecting the slopes of productivity and output growth schedules as labour surplus and economies of scale diminish a wage led or profit led regime and initial conditions may give rise to de industrialization in terms of both output and employment a growth trap sustaining a situation of structural heterogeneity or sustainable employment and adequate output and productivity growth

optimal strategy for an integrated system with variable production rate when the freight rate and trade credit are both linked to the order quantity abstract this paper presents an integrated inventory model with variable production rate and price sensitive demand rate the buyer s purchases trade credit linked to the order quantity offered by the supplier in addition the buyer pays the freight charge according to a weight schedule this paper attempts to offer a best policy that aims at maximizing the joint total profit while the trade credit and freight rate are simultaneously linked to the order quantity the same policy also incorporates considerations on the optimal retail price order quantity and delivery decision we provide possible solutions for the buyer and the supplier to collaboratively agree on inventory control warehouse management transportation logistics delivery and billing our study demonstrates that significant profit increase for the entire supply chain can be achieved by linking both trade credit policy and freight rate policy to order quantities an algorithm is furnished to determine the optimal solution in addition numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are presented to illustrate the theoretical results

lot sizing and lead time decisions in production inventory systems traditionally lot sizing decisions in inventory management trade off the cost of placing orders against the cost of holding inventory however when these lot sizes are to be produced in a finite capacity production inventory system the lot size has an important impact on the lead times which in turn determine inventory levels and costs in this paper we study the lot sizing decision in a production inventory setting where lead times are determined by a queueing model that is linked endogenously to the orders placed by the inventory model assuming a continuous review s s inventory policy we develop a procedure to obtain the distribution of lead times and the distribution of inventory levels when lead times are endogenously determined by the inventory model this procedure allows to determine the optimal inventory parameters within the class of s s policies that minimize the expected ordering and inventory related costs over time we numerically show that ignoring the endogeneity of lead times may lead to inappropriate lot sizing decisions and significantly higher costs this cost discrepancy is very outspoken if the lot size based on the economic order quantity deviates significantly from desirable production lot sizes in these cases the endogenous treatment of lead times is of particular importance

integrated single vendor single buyer model with stochastic demand and variable lead time abstract in this paper we consider the single vendor single buyer integrated production inventory problem we relax the assumption of deterministic demand and assume that the lead time is varying lineraly with the lot size the lead time is composed of a lot size dependent run time and constant delay times such as moving waiting and setup times a solution procedure is suggested for solving the proposed model and numerical examples are used to illustrate the benefit of integration a sensitivity analysis is also performed to explore the effect of key parameters on lot size reorder point and expected total cost

optimal strategy for the integrated vendor buyer inventory model this note is concerned with the integrated vendor buyer inventory model two different strategies have been proposed in the literature for the problem one where the delivery quantity to the buyer at each replenishment is identical and another strategy where at each delivery all the inventory available with the vendor is supplied to the buyer we show that there is no one strategy that obtains the best solution for all possible problem parameters we also present the results of a detailed numerical study that analyses the relative performance of the two strategies for various problem parameters

an approach for developing an optimal discount pricing policy this paper addresses the problem of why and how a seller should develop a discount pricing structure even if such a pricing structure does not alter ultimate demand the situation modeled is most appropriate where the seller s product does not represent a major component of the buyer s final product where the demand for the product is derived or where the price is only one of many factors considered in making a purchase decision a model of buyer reaction to any given pricing scheme is developed to show that there exists a unified pricing policy which motivates the buyer to increase its ordering quantity per order thereby reducing the joint buyer and seller ordering and holding costs as a result the seller is able to reduce its costs while leaving the buyer no worse off and often better off the model is extended to handle variable ordering and shipping costs and situations where the seller faces numerous groups of buyers each having different ordering policies finally a case study is presented explicitly showing how the proposed pricing policy can be applied to the situation of a large seller selling to a number of different buyer groups

a bargaining model with asymmetric information for a single supplier single buyer problem abstract banerjee s joint economic lot size jels model represents one approach to minimizing the joint total relevant cost of a buyer and a supplier by using a joint optimal order and production policy the implementation of a jointly optimal policy requires coordination and cooperation should the buyer have the market power to implement his own optimal policy as that one to be used in the exchange process no incentive exists for him to choose a joint optimal policy a joint policy can therefore only be the result of a bargaining process between the parties involved the supplier may make some sort of concession such as a price discount or a side payment in order to influence the buyer s order policy a critical assumption made throughout in supply chain literature is that the supplier has complete knowledge about the buyer s cost structure clearly this assumption will seldom be fulfilled in practice the research presented in this paper provides a bargaining model with asymmetric information about the buyer s cost structure assuming that the buyer has the power to impose its individual optimal policy

a heuristic solution technique to attain the minimal total cost bounds of transporting a homogeneous product with varying demands and supplies abstract transportation of a product from multi source to multi destination with minimal total transportation cost plays an important role in logistics and supply chain management researchers have given considerable attention in minimizing this cost with fixed supply and demand quantities however these quantities may vary within a certain range in a period due to the variation of the global economy so the concerned parties might be more interested in finding the lower and the upper bounds of the minimal total costs with varying supplies and demands within their respective ranges for proper decision making this type of transportation problem has received attention of only one researcher who formulated the problem and solved it by lingo we demonstrate that this method fails to obtain the correct upper bound solution always then we extend this model to include the inventory costs during transportation and at destinations as they are interrelated factors the number of choices of supplies and demands within their respective ranges increases enormously as the number of suppliers and buyers increases in such a situation although the lower bound solution can be obtained methodologically determination of the upper bound solution becomes an np hard problem here we carry out theoretical analyses on developing the lower and the upper bound heuristic solution techniques to the extended model a comparative study on solutions of small size numerical problems shows promising performance of the current upper bound technique another comparative study on results of numerical problems demonstrates the effect of inclusion of the inventory costs

note comments on a quantity discount pricing model to increase vendor profits monahan monahan j p 1984 a quantity discount pricing model to increase vendor profits management sci june 720 726 adapted the quantity discount model of inventory theory to the problem of determining an optimal quantity discount schedule from a vendor s point of view and opened up an important direction of research however his one item one customer one vendor model is based on several implicit assumptions that must be judged unreasonable monahan must account for the vendor s inventory carrying charges and redefine his variable s2 it is shown that a rational vendor s manufacturing frequency would not be identical to the buyer s ordering frequency if the vendor s manufacturing setup costs are substantially larger than the buyer s ordering costs a numerical example presented in this note also questions the practical usefulness of monahan s model even after its theoretical inaccuracies axe corrected monahan s model may explain discounts that are a fraction of 1 of the price of an item but it fails to explain commonly observed magnitudes of quantity discounts such as 10 of the unit price

counterpart funding requirements and the foreign aid procyclicality puzzle official development assistance is a key source of external finance in many developing countries a striking feature of these aid flows is their positive correlation with business cycles in recipient countries this pattern is puzzling in that it reinforces recipients already strong and costly macroeconomic fluctuations we propose a simple model of investment financing and aid provision under asymmetric information that rationalizes such a pattern we assume that donor agencies and recipient governments value projects differently and that donors know less than recipients do about project characteristics we show that donors can make a recipient government identify high return projects by requiring that the latter contribute some of its own funds to projects providing these matching grants or counterpart funds is less affordable for recipients during economic downturns which leads to aid procyclicality our model produces aid contracts consistent with those used by aid agencies rationalizes observed aid patterns and yields a rich set of testable empirical predictions

international credit and welfare a paradoxical theorem and its policy implications abstract this paper considers a developing nation that faces a foreign exchange shortage and hence its demand for foreign goods is limited both by its income and its foreign exchange balance availability of international credit relaxes the second constraint we develop a simple model of strategic interaction between lending institutions and firms and show that the availability of international credit at concessionary rates can leave the borrowing nation worse off than if it had to borrow money at higher market rates this paradox of benevolence is then used to motivate a discussion of policies pertaining to international lending and the southern government s method of rationing out foreign exchange to the importers

aid policies and growth the authors of this paper use a new database on foreign aid to examine the relationships among foreign aid economic policies and growth of per capita gdp in panel growth regressions for 56 developing countries and 6 four year periods 1970 93 they find that the policies that have a great effect on growth are those related to fiscal surplus inflation and trade openness they construct an index for those three policies and have that index interact with foreign aid they have instruments for both aid and aid interacting with policies they find that aid has a positive impact on growth in developing countries with good fiscal monetary and trade policies in the presence of poor policies aid has no positive effect on growth this result is robust in a variety of specifications which include or exclude middle income countries include or exclude outliers and treat policies as exogenous or endogenous they examine the determinants of policy and find no evidence that aid has systematically affected policies either for good or for ill they estimate an aid allocation equation and show that any tendency for aid to reward good policies has been overwhelmed by donors pursuit of their own strategic interests in a counterfactual they reallocate aid reduce the role of donor interests and increasing the importance of policy such a reallocation would have a large positive effect on developing countries growth rates

an operational policy for a three stage distributive supply chain system with retailers backorders abstract this research deals with a production inventory problem consisting of three stage tree type single producer multi distributor and multi retailer supply chain network where a model has been developed for achieving the lowest total cost for operating a supply chain system with allowable shortage in this research the shortage is assumed to occur in a form of backorder the refrigerator manufacturing can suitably be used to illustrate the scenario which makes the situation more rational and realistic by assumptions the customers will not go somewhere else the cost of lost sale is not included in this case the total cost of this tree type distributive supply chain system is comprised of setup costs and holding costs at all echelons and the backorder cost at retailer level only a replenishment policy is sought to operate the system at a minimum cost the problem is formulated as an unconstrained mixed integer programming problem and a newly developed doubly hybrid meta heuristic algorithm is adopted as the solution procedure the solutions which determine the desired replenishment policy for the producer distributors and retailers are obtained to minimize the total system cost a sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate the outcome of the proposed solution procedure presented in this research numerical results are generated to demonstrate the solution procedure and future research is indicated for further study

an optimal vendor buyer cooperative policy under generalized lead time distribution with penalty cost for delivery lateness abstract this paper presents an integrated inventory model for a single vendor and single buyer where lead time is a stochastic variable with general distribution function the vendor delivers goods at a fixed lot size to the buyer who has a constant demand rate storage is permitted on both parties but a penalty cost is assessed when the vendor delivers the shipment late beyond a threshold time the problem is formulated as a nonlinear cost model which needs to be minimized to arrive at an optimal policy for reorder point order quantity and number of shipments from the vendor to buyer to cooperatively operate the joint contract the solution procedure involves both closed form solution and iterative search procedure for this multi dimensional problem numerical examples are presented for uniform exponential and normally distributed lead time s to demonstrate the solution methodology as well as a precursor test for special cases the model presented here are applicable for numerous two stage supply chain systems including retail businesses assembly and production houses where two parties of the supply chain are tied to their common goal of achieving minimum total cost of inventory operation

a foxy hedgehog wynne godley and macroeconomic modelling wynne godley has made enormous contributions to macroeconomic modelling they are reviewed here in connection with his recent book with marc lavoie monetary economics an integrated approach to credit money income production and wealth copyright the author 2008 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

multi buyer discount pricing abstract this article gives an exact optimal solution to the problem of finding the optimal discount price and price break quantity for a seller dealing with one buyer it also gives a method for solving the problem when one seller offers a single quantity discount schedule to many buyers the discount is of the all quantity type and the model of the cost structure was originally proposed by crowther

a model of monopoly with strategic government intervention abstract a formal model of firm government interaction is developed in which the firm chooses the producer price and the government chooses the ad valorem tax rate to maximise revenue collection this game is then embedded as the second stage of a two stage game where in stage 1 the firm gets to choose its technology and therefore its cost function the main results of the paper are i to characterise the nash and stackelberg equilibria of the government firm game ii to demonstrate that strategic inefficiency i e the choice of high cost technologies when lower cost options are available is pervasive in these models whenever the government uses ad valorem taxes and iii to show that if the government s choice between ad valorem tax and specific or per unit tax is endogenised then in a perfect equilibrium the government will in fact choose the ad valorem system

a one vendor multi buyer integrated inventory model abstract we consider a one vendor multi buyer integrated inventory model the vendor seeks to minimize his total annual cost subject to the maximum costs which buyers are prepared to incur in order to implement this model the vendor only needs to know buyer s annual demand and previous order frequency which can be inferred from buyer s past ordering behavior we find the optimal solution for the one vendor one buyer case and present a heuristic approach for the one vendor multi buyer case

an incremental discount pricing schedule with multiple customers and single price break abstract this paper analyzes how a supplier can formulate the terms of a quantity discount pricing schedule assuming a single incremental discount system a model is developed from which an algorithm is derived for an optimal discount schedule the cases are investigated in which both the discount rate and the break point are unknown and either one is prescribed a numerical example is presented to illustrate the algorithm developed

optimal production and shipment models for a single vendor single buyer integrated system abstract this paper develops a more general production inventory model for a single vendor single buyer integrated system unlike the hitherto existing production inventory models for the vendor buyer system the present model neither requires the buyer s unit holding cost greater than the vendor s nor assumes the structure of shipment policy secondly the model is extended to the situation with shortages permitted based on shortages being allowed to occur only for the buyer thirdly the paper also presents a corresponding production inventory model for a deteriorating item for the integrated system the solution procedures are provided for finding the optimal production and shipment policies and illustrated with numerical examples three significant insights are shown 1 no matter whether the buyer s unit holding cost is greater than the vendor s or not the present model always performs best in reducing the average total cost as compared to the hitherto existing models 2 if the buyer s unit holding cost is less than the vendor s the optimal shipment policy for the integrated system will only comprise shipments with successive shipment sizes increasing by a fixed factor it is different from that obtained by hill hill r m 1999 the optimal production and shipment policy for the single vendor single buyer integrated production inventory problem international journal of production research 37 2463 2475 for the opposite case 3 when designing a single vendor single buyer integrated system making the buyer s unit holding cost lower than the vendor s is more beneficial to the system if shortages are not permitted to occur otherwise it just reverses

inventory control in a lost sales setting with information about supply lead times abstract supply chain collaboration using advancements in information technology is on the rise and this includes sharing of information between suppliers and buyers in this paper we study the value of information about the development of supply lead times from a buyer s perspective we consider a periodically reviewed single item inventory system in a lost sales setting where at most one order can be outstanding at a time we compare the performance of an inventory model assuming informed lead times to a model assuming uninformed independent and identically distributed lead times we employ the dynamic programming approach to find the best state dependent ordering policy to minimize the expected average total cost per time unit our numerical results show that acquiring information about the development of supply lead times is of value in general the best policy suggested by the model assuming informed lead times causes lower average cost than the model assuming uninformed lead times

note on a quantity discount pricing model to increase vendor profits monahan monahan james p 1984 a quantity discount pricing model to increase vendor profits management sci 30 june 720 726 develops a model for establishing an optimal quantity discount schedule from a vendor s viewpoint in this note we show that this model is limited to the case where the vendor buys from another supplier incorporating vendor s inventory carrying costs we develop a generalized version of monahan s model and demonstrate its equivalence with the joint economic lot size approach suggested by banerjee banerjee avijit 1986 a joint economic lot size model for purchaser and vendor decision sci 17 summer 292 311

the joint economic lot size problem a review abstract this article reviews lot size models which focus on coordinated inventory replenishment decisions between buyer and vendor and their impact on the performance of the supply chain these so called joint economic lot size jels models determine order production and shipment quantities from the perspective of the supply chain with the objective of minimizing total system costs this paper first describes the problem studied introduces the methodology of the review and presents a descriptive analysis of the selected papers subsequently papers are categorized and analyzed with respect to their contribution to the coordination of different echelons in the supply chain finally the review highlights gaps in the existing literature and suggests interesting areas for future research

a single vendor single manufacturer integrated inventory model with stochastic demand and variable production rate abstract this paper investigates an alternative way to react to demand uncertainty in an integrated inventory model namely the variation of the production rate that enables the manufacturer to reduce lead times and the corresponding demand uncertainty to investigate the impact of variable production rates on the supply chain this paper considers a single vendor single manufacturer integrated inventory model where the vendor ships finished products in multiples of full truckloads to the manufacturer the objective of the model is to coordinate both production and distribution of the product in such a way that the total costs of the supply chain are minimized a solution procedure is suggested and the behaviour of the model is analysed in numerical examples obviously the total supply chain cost is reduced when the manufacturer s production rate is included as a decision variable in the model these savings can generally benefit both the vendor and the manufacturer however in situations where coordinated decision making is initially not beneficial to the vendor the supply chain members can benefit from a revenue sharing contract that supports the sharing of the total savings the model proposed in the paper at hand supports both the determination of an optimal production rate as well as the distribution of coordination benefits among the supply chain members

optimal vendor investment for reducing defect rate in a vendor buyer integrated system with imperfect production process this paper investigates a single vendor single buyer integrated production inventory model with stochastic demand and imperfect production process it is assumed that there is an inspection activity on the part of the buyer with a fixed screening rate greater than the demand rate the vendor invests money in order to improve the production process quality and reduce the number of defectives the expected annual integrated total cost is derived under the n shipment policy and an iterative procedure is suggested to determine the optimal decisions the benefit of investment in reducing the defect rate is illustrated by way of numerical examples it is observed that the higher the defect rate the more beneficial the investment numerical studies further explore that an increased demand requires an increased investment to optimize the total cost

lead time reduction strategies in a single vendor single buyer integrated inventory model with lot size dependent lead times and stochastic demand this paper studies alternative methods for reducing lead time and their impact on the safety stock and the expected total costs of a q s continuous review inventory control system we focus on a single vendor single buyer integrated inventory model with stochastic demand and variable lot size dependent lead time and assume that lead time consists of production and setup and transportation time as a consequence lead time may be reduced by crashing setup and transportation time by increasing the production rate or by reducing the lot size we illustrate the benefits of reducing lead time in numerical examples and show that lead time reduction is especially beneficial in case of high demand uncertainty further our studies indicate that a mixture of setup time and production time reduction is appropriate to lower expected total costs

environmental performance impacts of vendor buyer coordination abstract effective coordination is a hallmark of successful supply chain management without such coordination vendors and buyers will act independently to make decisions that optimize their own objectives e g maximize their respective profits or minimize their costs this non coordinated approach is unlikely to be optimal when one considers the supply chain as a whole most vendor buyer coordination research concentrates only on an objective of minimizing total system costs but with the increasing environmental awareness in business and the general public many organizations acknowledge that strategies and practices which incorporate environmental considerations are essential to acquire a competitive advantage the objectives of this research are concerned not only with the economic impact of vendor buyer coordination on the organizations involved but also with the wider effects on society such as the effects of pollution on the environment this research demonstrates how to effectively incorporate environmental issues into vendor buyer coordination first we study the impacts of cost minimizing vendor buyer coordination models on environmental performance when compared with independent non coordinated optimization second we develop a single vendor multi buyer coordination model that includes both costs and environmental performance measures in its objective function a numerical example and a real case study show how both the total system cost and the environmental performance can be simultaneously improved

a genetic algorithm for optimal operating parameters of vmi system in a two echelon supply chain abstract this paper deals with the operational issues of a two echelon single vendor multiple buyers supply chain tsvmbsc model under vendor managed inventory vmi mode of operation the operational parameters to the above model are sales quantity and sales price that determine the channel profit of the supply chain and contract price between the vendor and the buyer which depends upon the understanding between the partners on their revenue sharing in order to find out the optimal sales quantity for each buyer in tsvmbsc problem a mathematical model is formulated optimal sales price and acceptable contract price at different revenue share are subsequently derived with the optimal sales quantity a genetic algorithm ga based heuristic is proposed to solve this tsvmbsc problem which belongs to nonlinear integer programming problem nip the proposed methodology is evaluated for its solution quality furthermore the robustness of the model with its parameters which fluctuate frequently and are sensitive to operational features is analysed

an optimal solution technique to the single vendor multi buyer integrated inventory supply chain by incorporating some realistic factors abstract this paper develops two generalized integrated inventory models to deliver a single product from a vendor to multiple buyers to minimize the total cost of set up ordering inventory holding and transportation the production flow is synchronized by transferring the lot with equal and or unequal either all are equal or all are unequal or a combination of equal and unequal sized batches sub lots each of which incurs a transportation cost for easy implementation of the models we relax some unrealistic assumptions in the existing models such as unlimited capacities of the transport equipment and buyers storage insignificant set up and transportation times unlimited lead time and batch sizes a common optimal solution technique to the models is derived and their performances are analyzed potential significances of the solution method are highlighted with solutions of some numerical problems the importance of the relaxed factors and limitation of the models are discussed

supply chain coordination perspectives empirical studies and research directions supply chains sc are generally complex and are characterized by numerous activities spread over multiple functions and organizations which pose interesting challenges for effective sc coordination to meet these challenges sc members must work towards a unified system and coordinate with each other a systematic literature review is presented in this paper to throw light on the importance of sc coordination the objectives of this paper are to report and review various perspectives on sc coordination issues understand and appreciate various mechanisms available for coordination and identify the gaps existing in the literature a framework is suggested indicating scope for further research

loan pushing and triadic relations this paper is an attempt to define and explore the phenomenon of loan pushing in international lending in the 1970s the earliest descriptions of loan pushing are anecdotal this paper surveys the various facets that emerge from these anecdotes and suggests a possible definition that serves as the basis for a theoretical model this model inspired by the confessions of a banker explores a triadic relationship between a corporation in the lender country the lender bank and a borrower in a developing country and suggests that a rational profit maximizing commercial bank could end up pushing loans on to the borrower changes in international commercial banking in the 1970s that facilitated this type of loan pushing are discussed next to the extent that the loan pushing doctrine is valid it implies that the commercial banks were at least as responsible for the massive lending boom of the 1970s as the borrowers and should have been made to bear the cost of adjustment as well the process of sovereign lending in the 1970s appears to consist of voluntary and mutually agreeable contracts between the transnational commercial banks and credit seeking developing countries the suggestion that there could be in this process an element of aggressiveness on the part of the commercial banks that actively and systematically pushed loans on to developing country borrowers may at first sight seem inconceivable if a borrower voluntarily enters into a loan contract he is obviously doing so because the contract is beneficial if such is the case then would it be correct to characterize the process as one of loan pushing also the commercial banks are supposed to be rational profit maximizers thus the amount of lending cannot be more than optimal what then is meant by loan pushing these are a few questions that immediately come to mind it has been argued that international credit can contribute to increasing donor exports see for instance winkler 1929 hyson and strout 1968 gwynne 1983 taylor 1985 darity and horn 1988 basu 1991 basu and deshpande 1995 this is indeed one of the arguments used to explain the phenomenon of loan pushing however not the only one the aim of this paper is to explore the idea of loan pushing a little more deeply by first trying to understand the concept along with a brief review of the literature in the area section 2 the confessions of a young banker gwynne 1983 provide the basis of the theoretical model section 3 which considers a triadic relationship between a commercial bank in a creditor country a debtor nation and a corporation in the creditor country and the compulsions of loan pushing arising

do capital importing countries pay higher prices for their imports of goods abstract we examine the effects that a country s net capital flows have on the border prices that a country pays for its imports of goods using data from 2000 to 2009 for 11 euro area countries we utilize a pricing to market specification to study exporters pricing behavior to the rest of the countries in the sample at the industry level for 900 goods disseminated at the 4 digit standard international trade classification level this allows us to construct a panel dataset which contains observations across exporters importers industries and time we find a strong positive influence of the importing country s net capital inflows on the border prices of its imports of goods this result is robust across different specifications of the underlying model as well to different sample dis aggregations across types of capital flows product categories and exporters

aid and growth regressions this paper examines the relationship between foreign aid and growth in real gdp per capita as it emerges from simple augmentations of popular cross country growth specifications it is shown that aid in all likelihood increases the growth rate and this result is not conditional on good policy there are however decreasing returns to aid and the estimated effectiveness of aid is highly sensitive to the choice of estimator and the set of control variables when investment and human capital are controlled for no positive effect of aid is found yet aid continues to impact on growth via investment we conclude by stressing the need for more theoretical work before this kind of cross country regressions are used for policy purposes