a two echelon sustainable supply chain coordination under cap and trade regulation this paper analyses the decision behaviour and coordination mechanisms for a two echelon sustainable supply chain under a cap and trade regulation in a make to order setting carbon emissions are generated primarily by the downstream manufacturing process and the market demand of the supply chain is affected by two decision variables the sustainability level and the selling price the impact of the unit emissions trading price on the optimal decision variables in both centralized and decentralized systems is revealed the comparison of decentralized and centralized systems shows that the increase in total profit in centralized system is at most 1 3 that in decentralized system to achieve the same profit as the centralized system we consider two contracts to coordinate the sustainable supply chain revenue sharing and two part tariff contracts by analysing the conditions for a win win outcome we prove that only the two part tariff contract can lead to perfect coordination finally sensitivity analysis of the key parameters is undertaken as part of a numerical example illustrating the theoretical results

an examination of the structure of governance in california school districts before and after proposition 13 this paper explores the structure of governance in california school districts two alter native models are considered the decisive voter benevolent dictator model and a model that al lows for rent seeking behavior on the part of district decision makers a formal test between these two models is proposed and implemented the decisive voter model is found wanting as an expla nation of school district decision making both before and after the passage of proposition 13 there is however some evidence that the constraints imposed on some districts by proposition 13 have forced decision makers to act in a manner more consistent with the preferences of their constituents

on inventory control of product recovery systems subject to environmental mechanisms abstract the aim of this paper is to study the impact of inventory control in reducing the carbon footprint of an organization through a stochastic inventory model our research extends the traditional minimization cost problem by incorporating environmental legislation we consider a finite horizon closed loop system whereby decisions are subject to an emissions trading scheme and to random demand and returns demand can be satisfied by two sources the primary source is environmentally friendly but expensive whereas the second is cost effective but with negative environmental consequences the problem is formulated as a stochastic dynamic problem where replenishment and carbon management decisions must be made at each period the objective is to describe how replenishment and carbon management strategies are affected by environmental constraints in particular considering the computation restriction of dynamic programming in order to extend the results we propose a genetic algorithm to find near optimal solutions for larger instances a sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the impact of carbon allowance prices emission cap and other environmental factors in the decision making process the results indicate that environmental strategies and their factors have an impact on replenishment decisions there is an emission cap from which a company must focus on strategic decisions rather than on tactical and operational decisions in addition if the carbon allowance price is such that the environmental benefit absorbs the cost of less polluting technology a change in the inventory policy must be made

optimization of manufacturing systems under environmental considerations for a greenness dependent demand abstract in this work we show that the optimization models for manufacturing systems should evolve to consider the environmental impacts of manufacturing activities and to integrate the environmental performance of finished products in particular the selection of manufacturing processes technologies and input items components should be revised with environmental consideration with this scope in mind we develop two optimization models where we consider the selection of production processes and the choice of input products in the first model a single product is offered by the firm and the demand of this product depends on its greenness in the second model the market is segmented between ordinary and green customers and the firm offers a different variety of the output product to each segment in this case both the demand and the price depend on the product greenness in both models the greenness of the output product is a decision variable that is simultaneously determined along with the other decisions in addition the models integrate environmental legislations we conduct numerical experiments on a case study from the textile sector in order to show how the integration of the product greenness impacts on the system profit and decisions

a test for efficiency in the supply of public education this paper devises and applies a statistical test for efficient provision of local public education the test is based on the samuelson condition of equality between the sum of marginal rates of substitution and marginal cost the econometric method is a micro based approach to the estimation of the marginal rate of substitution function this method accounts for possible tiebout bias caused by the fact that individuals may choose their school districts in accordance with their tastes for education

dynamic responses to changing demand a model of the reallocation process in small and large municipalities in norway local government priorities between local services are analysed in a community preference model emphasizing income effects and demographic factors the model is built into a partia adjustment framework with endogenous speed of adjustment to study the dynamic responses of local governments to shifting demand the empirical analysis of the reallocation process separates between small and large municipalities in terms of population size serious sluggishness of the adjustment is documented with large municipalities experiencing stronger inertia than the small the small authorities have been able to respond more effectively to the restructuring pressure from demographic shift

preference disaggregation 20 years of mcda experience abstract the philosophy of preference disaggregation in multicriteria decision aid systems mcda is to assess infer global preference models from the given preferential structures and to address decision aiding activities this paper presents a panorama of preference disaggregation methods and summarises the most important results and applications over the last 20 years

environmental resource planning under cap and trade models for optimization abstract under the conditions of a cap and trade c t program manufacturers are restricted in total greenhouse gas emissions but allowed with options to acquire and dispose environmental resource e g certified emission quota ceq or commercialized permit for emission of certain pollutant via a market system or conduct self purification sp to reduce emission level to satisfy their overall emission needs due to production or service activities this paper analyzes the operational decisions of production systems under cap and trade conditions in which the problem is modeled as a multi stage dynamic optimization problem for each planning period the model specifically addresses the decisions on purchasing ceq reducing emission via sp and carrying over surplus emission quota seq to meet the required emission level driven by production demand for the period it also makes sure that the sum of reduced emission over the whole planning horizon meets exactly a goal of emission reduction specified at the manufacturers discretion other important problem characteristics addressed include the unit cost for reducing emission level via sp to reflect the fact that the cost increases as accumulated emission reduction increases i e the more reduced the more difficult to reduce and time related cost associated with green investment for emission reduction e g interest cost of short term loans these characteristics make the model and related analysis useful for both practitioners and researchers in this area numerical experiments were designed and carried out to verify and validate the proposed concepts

reducing emissions in transportation and inventory management r q policy with considerations of carbon reduction abstract in this study we examine three approaches on the effects of controlling carbon emissions in transportation and inventory management a business as usual scenario model bausm which delineates how carbon footprints from inventory storage and related transportation are captured is firstly developed as the benchmark model based on bausm we then develop three models with different carbon reduction approaches the first one is constructed by adding a constraint to represent the percentage target of emission reduction the second one integrates carbon taxes or cap and trade scheme into inventory management and the last one takes both reduction target and carbon offset opportunities into account our work provides new analytical models which integrate cost and emissions in transportation and storage under the framework of continuous inventory review r q policy for stochastic demand optimization algorithms are developed for solving models and related properties are investigated to examine the effects of carbon reduction and associated costs of three models the policy implications of the models are examined and discussed to provide insights for reference of the practitioners and the policy makers

bargaining and the determinants of teacher salaries this study examines the impact of collective bargaining on salary setting in public school districts using a 1969 82 sample of oregon school districts the author focuses particularly on the roles

multi product inventory model for cold items with cost and emission consideration while sharing storage and transportation units is common for many product types cold items usually have different temperature requirements and as a result not all items can share a holding transportation unit consequently the type of products and their compatibility with other products needs to be considered in the inventory model in this paper we propose multi product inventory models for cold items the models determine the inventory levels that minimize either the cost or carbon equivalent emissions we model the compatibility of items as a constraint in the inventory model to solve the model we first find an appropriate family of products that can share a storage transportation unit then for each family of products we develop an approximate solution method to determine the order quantity of each product within a family numerical experiments demonstrate the solution procedure and provide managerial insights into cold item inventory policies

non stationary stochastic inventory lot sizing with emission and service level constraints in a carbon cap and trade system firms worldwide are taking major initiatives to reduce the carbon footprint of their supply chains in response to the growing governmental and consumer pressures in real life these supply chains face stochastic and non stationary demand but most of the studies on inventory lot sizing problem with emission concerns consider deterministic demand in this paper we study the inventory lot sizing problem under non stationary stochastic demand condition with emission and cycle service level constraints considering carbon cap and trade regulatory mechanism using a mixed integer linear programming model this paper aims to investigate the effects of emission parameters product and system related features on the supply chain performance through extensive computational experiments to cover general type business settings and not a specific scenario results show that cycle service level and demand coefficient of variation have significant impacts on total cost and emission irrespective of level of demand variability while the impact of product s demand pattern is significant only at lower level of demand variability finally results also show that increasing value of carbon price reduces total cost total emission and total inventory and the scope of emission reduction by increasing carbon price is greater at higher levels of cycle service level and demand coefficient of variation the analysis of results helps supply chain managers to take right decision in different demand and service level situations

responsible production policies with substitution and carbon emissions trading abstract this paper considers a production model involving a manufacturer that uses two different technologies the green technology and the standard technology the green product produced by the green technology can be used as a substitute for the traditional product produced by the standard technology but not vice versa three models are considered the first model concerns with product substitution only and serves as a benchmark model for the next two models the carbon emission allowance model and the carbon emission trading model the second model extends the product substitution model by imposing an upper limit on the total carbon emission allowance for each firm the third model extends the second model to cater for carbon emission trading for the carbon emission allowance model analytical result shows that the optimal production quantity of any product depends on both its total carbon emission allowance quota and its unit carbon emission profit and the effect of substitution improves the service level the expected profit of the manufacturer and the green of product mix for the carbon emission trading model analytical result shows that whenever the production quantity of any product is optimal the marginal profit of production i e the additional profit obtained by producing an extra item should be equal to the unit price of carbon emission trading within the market moreover the optimal policy of either model reduces the total amount of carbon emission thus producing less pollution to the environment lastly the optimal profits obtained by using the carbon emission trading model are larger than the corresponding optimal profits obtained by using the carbon emission allowance model

impact of efficiency investment and competition on low carbon manufacturing abstract low carbon economy has become a top agenda for many countries following the agreement in the paris meeting on climate change in this article we take price and emission sensitive demand into account and incorporate competition between the two rival manufacturers in the demand function this research takes more proactive actions incorporating carbon emissions in the strategic and operational decisions which complements the existing literature on low carbon manufacturing in which the carbon emissions attribute is often used as a constraint or only the single manufacturer s demand is considered based on game theory the pricing and carbon emissions reduction decisions are investigated our study contributes to the existing literature on low carbon manufacturing by specifically examining the impact of production efficiency carbon emissions reduction efficiency and market power structure on achieving low carbon manufacturing through the systematic analysis of optimal pricing and green technology investment decisions to improve the economic and environmental performance under different market power structures our findings provide valuable managerial implications which will help many manufacturing firms to make important strategic and operational decisions regarding low carbon manufacturing

sustainable economic production quantity models for inventory systems with shortage abstract recently new economic order production quantity models have shifted away from focusing only on economic issues and towards combined economic environmental concerns because of sustainable development goals despite this shift only a few works have addressed sustainable economic production quantity epq the theoretical sustainable eoq and epq models are basic models that ignore many real life conditions such as the possibility of stock out in inventory systems in this paper we develop four new sustainable economic production quantity models that consider different shortage situations to find optimal values of inventory system variables we solve four independent profit maximization problems for four different situations these proposed models include a basic model in which shortages are not allowed and when shortages are allowed the lost sale full backordering and partial backordering models can be selected by operations managers depending on the manufacturer s motivation to improve service levels we have also proposed an algorithm for determining optimum values of the decision variables for these sustainable economic production quantity models finally the formulated models are explained with some different examples and the obtained results have been analyzed and discussed these results show that the sustainable economic production quantity with partial backordering model is a general and more realistic model that can be used in many real cases with a reasonable profit amount compared with the three other proposed models

voluntary provision of a pure public good as the game of chicken abstract the voluntary exchange model where the amount of a public good and contributions to its cost are simultaneously determined is treated as a 2 2 non cooperative non constant sum game three conceptually different types of games emerge one of them is chicken each player can gain by pre emptively threatening to pay nothing unless the other player acts likewise zero public goods is thus a possible outcome of voluntary exchange even though it is pareto inferior

inventory management under joint product recovery and cap and trade constraints abstract the influence of environmental legislation in inventory control policies is explored previous work on product recovery is extended using the introduction of a cap and trade mechanism in an infinite horizon inventory system in which demand and returns are uncertain demand is met through two different sources namely manufacturing and remanufacturing which differ in cost and greenhouse gas emissions the main contributions of this paper are 1 comparison of system operation in terms of cost and environmental performance under conventional and green inventory policies and 2 managerial insights into the structure of green inventory policies to illustrate the impact of a cap and trade scheme a numerical example is used we solved the problem as a markov decision process and characterized the inventory policies based on the optimal replenishment strategy we also conducted a sensitivity analysis to examine the effect of underlying environmental parameters such as the emission cap and the allowance price in the policy structures the results indicate that decisions are sensitive to carbon prices the inventory policy could play an important role in compliance with environmental legislation although there is threshold carbon price beyond which the company must focus on strategic decisions rather than tactical decisions

the impacts of public sustainability concerns on length of product line abstract this paper studies how the public sustainability concerns affect a firm s decisions of product line design under different channel structures both centralized distribution channel and decentralized distribution channel are taken into consideration our research shows that the public sustainability concerns can make the centralized firm shorten its product line when the coefficient of consumer mismatching disutility is moderate in addition when the centralized firm makes the decision of product line extension from the aspect of maximizing social welfare a relative low level of the public sustainability concerns can incent it to extend the product line the public sustainability concerns are shown to be able to weaken the positive impact of channel decentralization that has on product line extension when the coefficient of consumer mismatching disutility is moderate as well

the role of co opetition in low carbon manufacturing abstract low carbon manufacturing has become a strategic objective for many developed and developing economies this study examines the role of co opetition in achieving this objective we investigate the pricing and emissions reduction policies for two rival manufacturers with different emission reduction efficiencies under the cap and trade policy we assume that the product demand is price and emission sensitive based on non cooperative and cooperative games the optimal solutions for the two manufacturers are derived in the purely competitive and co opetitive market environments respectively through the discussion and numerical analysis we uncovered that in both pure competition and co opetition models the two manufacturers optimal prices depend on the unit price of carbon emission trading in addition higher emission reduction efficiency leads to lower optimal unit carbon emissions and higher profit in both the pure competition and co petition models interestingly compared to pure competition co opetition will lead to more profit and less total carbon emissions however the improvement in economic and environmental performance is based on higher product prices and unit carbon emissions

delay in payments a strategy to reduce carbon emissions from supply chains abstract the purpose of this paper is to study the effects of various scenarios of delay in payments a form of trade credit by a buyer after receiving items while including various costs such as fuel cost the costs of carbon emissions from manufacturing and transportation activities order cost and setup cost in a two echelon coordinated supply chain the model developed optimizes the environmental and economic performance of a supply chain the study presents a comparison of different scenarios through numerical examples and sensitivity analyses the main contribution of this paper is the joint consideration of delays in payments and the costs of transportation cost and carbon emissions the model has been tested with numerical examples and sensitivity analyses the findings showed that adopting delays in payments improves both environmental and economic performance of a supply chain the analyses also showed that optimizing one of the parameters from the production rate the length of delay in payments or the lot size provides the optimal solution for carbon emissions and the system cost of a supply chain this flexibility makes the model easy to use by practitioners

estimating a public school expenditure model under binding spending limitations abstract a model explaining desired expenditure on education is estimated for a sample of new jersey school districts because the limit on annual increases in school spending is binding for a subsample of jurisdictions the tobit estimation procedure is used we test for equality of the pre and postlimitation structures and find substantial similarity the cap on expenditure increases was part of a court ordered reform of new jersey school finance law the results can be used to explain the failure of the existing school finance laws in lessening expenditure disparities at the lower end of the distribution

modeling government behavior in collective bargaining a test for self interested bureaucrats this paper tests for self interested behavior by local government bureaucrats engaged in collective bargaining with public employee unions a theoretical model is developed that shows the effect of niskanen style bureaucratic self interest in the two standard bargaining models the demand constrained model and the efficient bargain model these predictions are then tested using national cross section data on unionized police fire and sanitation workers

the carbon constrained eoq model with carbon emission dependent demand abstract currently companies are looking for solutions to reduce carbon emissions associated with their operations operational adjustments such as modifications in batch sizes or order quantities have proven to be an effective way to decrease emissions in this paper a novel model is proposed that takes into account the link between an inventory policy eoq total carbon emissions and both price and environmental dependent demands in the case of an exogenous price two optimal quantities are determined which maximize a retailer s profit and which minimize carbon emissions conditions that allow a company to maximize profit while minimizing emissions and mechanisms that allow a firm to maximize its profit and to decrease its carbon emissions are determined in the case of an endogenous price some empirical results are also discussed when a firm optimizes its profit through both its selling price and its order quantity some experiments match empirical observations on the one hand an environmental strategy is more significant for cheaper and green labeled products on the other hand a public mechanism such as a carbon tax will decrease total and marginal emissions

98 effective integer ratio lot sizing for one warehouse multi retailer systems a warehouse supplies n retailers constant external demand occurs at each retailer and shortages are not allowed there are linear holding costs and fixed costs for ordering at the warehouse and at each retailer the goal is to minimize the long run average cost over an infinite time horizon we define a new class of policies for this problem whose simple structure facilitates both computation and implementation the cost of a policy that is optimal within this class is shown to be within 2 of the cost of an optimal policy for the original problem in the worst case such a policy can be computed in on log n time

how many parts to make at once reprinted from factory the magazine of management volume 10 number 2 february 1913 pp 135 136 152 interest on capital tied up in wages material and overhead sets a maximum limit to the quantity of parts which can be profitably manufactured at one time set up costs on the job fix the minimum experience has shown one manager a way to determine the economical size of lots

the power to tax analytical foundations of a fiscal constitution preface 1 taxation in constitutional perspective 2 natural government a model of leviathan 3 constraints on base and rate structure 4 the taxation of commodities 5 taxation through time income taxes capital taxes and public debt 6 money creation and taxation 7 the disposition of public revenues 8 the domain of politics 9 open economy federalism and taxing authority 10 toward authentic tax reform prospects and prescriptions epilogue notes selected bibliography index

including sustainability criteria into inventory models research on sustainability performance has considerably enriched operations management literature in recent years however work with quantitative models is still scarce this paper contributes by revisiting classical inventory methods taking sustainability concerns into account we believe that reducing all aspects of sustainable development to a single objective is not desirable we thus reformulate the classical economic order quantity model as a multiobjective problem we refer to this model as the sustainable order quantity model then a multi echelon extension of the sustainable order quantity model is studied for both models the set of efficient solutions pareto optimal solutions is analytically characterized these results are used to provide some insights about the effectiveness of different regulatory policies to control carbon emissions we also use an interactive procedure that allows the decision maker to quickly identify the best option among these solutions the proposed interactive procedure is a new combination of multi criteria decision analysis techniques

other people s taxes nonresident voters and statewide limitation of local government abstract why would voters resort to a statewide tax limitation to force change in their own local government this paper develops and tests the hypothesis that property tax limitations succeeded because they allowed voters to lower tax rates in other communities statewide limitations effectively extend the voting franchise to individuals who have no standing in local elections voters may have preferences for tax and expenditure levels in other jurisdictions because they receive rents from employment in those jurisdictions because they directly own taxable assets in those jurisdictions or because changes in other jurisdictions might influence their own residential location choice empirical tests of this hypothesis focus on the massachusetts experience with proposition 2 documentclass aastex usepackage amsbsy usepackage amsfonts usepackage amssymb usepackage bm usepackage mathrsfs usepackage pifont usepackage stmaryrd usepackage textcomp usepackage portland xspace usepackage amsmat

a century of evolution from harris s basic lot size model survey and research agenda abstract determining the economic lot size has always represented one of the most important issues in production planning this problem has long attracted the attention of researchers and several models have been developed to meet requirements at minimum cost in this paper we explore and discuss the evolution of these models during one hundred years of history starting from the basic model developed by harris in 1913 up to today following harris s work a number of researchers have devised extensions that incorporate additional considerations the evolution of eoq theory strongly reflects the development of industrial systems over the past century here we outline all the research areas faced in the past by conducting a holistic analysis of 219 selected journal papers and trying to give a comprehensive view of past work on the eoq problem finally a new research agenda is proposed and discussed

a sustainable production inventory model for a controllable carbon emissions rate under shortages abstract carbon emissions are the key factor of global warming nowadays some countries have focused on reducing carbon emission carbon tax and cap policies are the key mechanism utilized in many countries to achieve this keeping this issue in mind a sustainable economic production quantity sepq carbon tax and cap model has considered for a controllable carbon emissions rate by investing in green technology gt efforts under different with and without shortage situations this study has three models a a sustainable economic production quantity carbon tax and cap model with no shortages b a sustainable economic production quantity carbon tax and cap with partial backordering and c a sustainable economic production quantity carbon tax and cap with full backordering with and without green technology investment a solution methodology has been proposed for determining the optimal strategies of cycle time green technology investment and the fraction period length in positive inventory level several numerical examples have studied to validate the sustainable economic production quantity models the results of this paper are a sustainable economic production quantity carbon tax and cap partial backlogging case has a better justifiable profit with the highest cycle time and the lowest value of the fraction length period as well as the lower green technology investment cost compared with other models finally sensitivity analysis has provided with the managerial implication of the optimal feasible solution with respect to some key parameters

managing carbon footprints in inventory management abstract there is a broad consensus that mankind must reduce carbon emissions to mitigate global warming it is generally accepted that carbon emission trading is one of the most effective market based mechanisms to curb the amount of carbon emissions this paper investigates how firms manage carbon footprints in inventory management under the carbon emission trading mechanism we derive the optimal order quantity and analytically and numerically examine the impacts of carbon trade carbon price and carbon cap on order decisions carbon emissions and total cost we make interesting observations from the numerical examples and provide managerial insights from the analytical results

design for the environment impact of regulatory policies on product development abstract globally automakers are facing pressure from their stakeholders to follow sustainable business practices and produce products that are less harmful to the environment the introduction of gas guzzling automobiles in the us market despite the increasingly stringent emission norms highlights the widening gap between the goals of the regulators and the automakers demanding a fresh outlook at the regulatory framework in this paper we therefore propose a composite regulatory standard that not only allows the regulators to control various environmental standards but also provides automakers with an opportunity to exploit scale economies and synergies in product development our results show that under composite regulations sufficiently high economies of scale will ensure higher traditional and environmental qualities as well as higher profits for the automaker while operating in two markets as opposed to a single market we also find under the composite regulations that when more demanding norms are in place despite positive synergies between traditional and environmental quality attributes higher environmental quality is not guaranteed unless the scale economies are sufficiently high our work has implications for regulatory authorities in evaluating alternative policy design under heterogeneous market characteristics and technological synergies

you can take it with you proposition 13 tax benefits residential mobility and willingness to pay for housing amenities abstract the endogeneity of prices has long been recognized as the main identification problem in the estimation of marginal willingness to pay mwtp for the characteristics of a given product this issue is particularly important in the housing market since a number of housing and neighborhood features are unobserved by the econometrician this paper proposes the use of a well defined type of transaction costs moving costs generated by property tax laws to deal with this type of omitted variable bias california s proposition 13 property tax law is the source of variation in transaction costs used in the empirical analysis beyond its fiscal consequences proposition 13 created a lock in effect on housing choice because of the implicit tax break enjoyed by homeowners living in the same house for a long time its importance to homeowners is estimated from a natural experiment created by two amendments that allow households headed by an individual over the age of 55 to transfer the implicit tax benefit to a new home indeed 55 year old homeowners have 25 higher moving rates than those of comparable 54 year olds these transaction costs from the property tax laws are then incorporated into a household sorting model the key insight is that because of the property tax laws different potential buyers may have different user costs for the same house the exogenous property tax component of this user cost is then used as an instrumental variable i find that mwtp estimates for housing characteristics are approximately 100 upward biased when the choice model does not account for the price endogeneity

environmentally responsible inventory models non classical models for a non classical era abstract mathematical models of inventory typically include the three inventory associated costs of surplus shortage and ordering these classic inventory models are then analysed so as to choose inventory parameters that usually minimise the total cost of operating the inventory system being investigated unfortunately classic inventory models do not provide a meaningful basis for analysing many real and increasingly important practical inventory problems and situations it is therefore not surprising that over recent years several authors have discussed these issues in broad terms and suggested that a new paradigm needs to be developed this paper develops some specific aspects of this discussion in particular the paper identifies a range of inventory problems that are not covered appropriately by traditional inventory analysis one of these is to design responsible inventory systems i e systems that reflect the needs of the environment the paper then examines the importance of inventory planning to the environment in greater detail for example packaging is important not only because of its costs and the protection that it provides to the inventory items but also because of its eventual effects on the environment in terms of the use of resources and potential landfill for similar reasons waste which can result from poor inventory management is highly important the location of stores is important because location affects transport costs thus the influence of the secondary aspects of most inventory models packaging waste and location are important but even more important are the inter relations with the total system in particular the location of the manufacturing plants and the effect that inventory planning has on the logistics chain potentially have considerable environmental implications inventory is part of a wider system however until the cost charged for an activity reflects the true environmental cost of that activity it is likely that decisions will be made on the basis of erroneous data in that situation we are faced with either determining the environmental cost of specific actions or to use environmental costs that are somewhat contrived in which case it may be more sensible to use very different performance measures and models the paper discusses these ideas and ways in which inventory policies may reassure us with our environmental concerns

sustainable trade credit and replenishment decisions with credit linked demand under carbon emission constraints abstract in this paper we consider issues of sustainability in the context of joint trade credit and inventory management in which the demand depends on the length of the credit period offered by the retailer to its customers we quantify the impacts of the credit period and environmental regulations on the inventory model starting with some mild assumptions we first analyze the model with generalized demand and default risk rates under the carbon cap and trade policy and then we make some extensions to the model with the carbon offset policy we further analytically examine the effects of carbon emission parameters on the retailer s trade credit and replenishment strategies finally a couple of numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are given to illustrate the features of the proposed model which is followed by concluding remarks

the single period inventory model under dual sourcing and product carbon footprint constraint abstract important drivers for environmental sustainability efforts in purchasing and supply management are top management initiatives and compliance with laws and regulations on the other hand market forces are largely ignored although it is shown that the product carbon footprint contained on the product s eco label influences the purchasing decisions of consumers if it is disclosed by several companies in an industry then the product carbon footprint turns out to be a relevant competitive differentiator i e the company with lower emissions can increase its market share in this paper we consider the single period inventory model with product carbon footprint constraint an upper bound for the carbon footprint is specified as a benchmark derived either from the company s environmental target or from an industry standard in the case of one supply option the optimal order quantity is characterized by a one sided control limit policy especially for high profit products the environmental constraint is binding thus has a negative impact on the economic performance i e expected profit if a second supply option exists in the resulting dual sourcing framework with quick response two scenarios with different additional costs and emissions for the second emergency order are considered in the first scenario for both options the same supplier is used it applies to an offshore supplier because a fast transportation mode is considered here the structure of the optimal first order quantity is a two sided control limit policy in scenario two the second order comes from a different onshore supplier by comparing the fast and the onshore scenario the trade off between economic expected profit and environmental expected emissions performances is discussed

analyzing the impacts of carbon regulatory mechanisms on supplier and mode selection decisions an application to a biofuel supply chain this paper analyzes the impacts of carbon regulatory mechanisms on replenishment decisions in a biofuel supply chain we employ mathematical models for operations which integrate replenishment and supplier transportation mode selection decisions these models explicitly account for carbon emissions that may result from transportation and inventory storage activities this research is motivated by observations indicating that nearly 19 of the energy consumption and 25 of the energy related carbon dioxide emissions worldwide arise from transportation because freight transportation is expected to continue to grow we consider the impacts of different carbon regulatory mechanisms on transportation and inventory replenishment decisions in a biofuel supply chain a set of extensive numerical experiments uses the biofuel supply chain context to analyze the impacts of different regulatory mechanisms including carbon cap carbon tax carbon cap and trade and carbon offset on performance we use existing methodologies to calculate emissions as a function of distance traveled load weight and transportation mode used we also use publicly available data to derive representative biomass transportation costs as a consequence our numerical results are meaningful and give a realistic representation of the relationships between emissions from different transportation modes and the resulting costs the results of our computational experiments indicate that carbon regulatory mechanisms have a non trivial impact on replenishment schedules and as a consequence costs and emissions in the supply chain

economic and political determinants of fee income in norwegian local governments this paper presents an empirical analysis of the determinants of fee income in norweigan local governments the point of departure is a representative voter model emphasizing the effects of pure economic variables the benchmark model is extended by including two aspects of the political system ideology and strength it is evident that increased socialist influence increases the size of the local public sector while a strong political leadership has an advantage in opposing pressure to increase spending

integrated economic and environmental models for a multi stage cold supply chain under carbon tax regulation abstract the elevated level of public and organizations awareness concerning sustainability has necessitated the adoption of environmentally conscious practices in the management of supply chains as such classical inventory models wherein the sole measure of performance is cost minimization are no longer appropriate to handle such emerging and pressing issue this paper assesses the impact of accounting for carbon emissions resulting from transportation and storage activities of a cold item in the context of a multi stage supply chain comprised of a plant warehouse a distribution center dc and a retailer we present an operational cost minimization model a carbon footprint minimization model and a hybrid economic and environmental minimization model where all models seek to determine the optimal lot sizing and shipping quantities alongside the number of trucks to be used in the upstream and downstream directions of the supply chain as well as the number of freezer units utilized at the dc which is owned by a third party logistics provider the structural properties for the optimal solution of the three models are identified and solution algorithms are also proposed upon conducting computational experiments it turns out that the incorporation of carbon related costs through carbon tax regulation may call for adjusting the adopted operational policy which results in a minor increase in the operational cost however this increase is outweighed by the savings resulting from the carbon related costs numerical results of the sensitivity analysis on the carbon tax policy indicate that as the tax rate increases substantial reductions in the amount of carbon footprint emitted are realized and cost savings are also achieved when adopting the lot sizing and shipping policy of the third integrated model over the operational cost minimization model