overeducation regional labor markets and spatial flexibility for most workers access to suitable employment is severely restricted by the fact that they look for jobs in the regional labor market rather than the global one in this paper we analyze how macrolevel opportunities regional market characteristics and microlevel restrictions the extent to which job searchers are restricted to the regional market can help to explain the phenomenon of overeducation we use a two step procedure to control selective access to employment the results show that the size of the labor market is an important factor in avoiding overeducation

the wage effects of residential location and commuting constraints on employed married women it has been argued that greater spatial constraints are imposed on the job searches of women workers and that these greater constraints account for some of the gender wage gap all researchers agree that women commute shorter distances to work than men in addition some researchers have argued from indirect evidence that two earner households give greater weight to husbands job opportunities when choosing a residential location in this paper we use data on two earner households from the 1980 public use microdata sample pums of the us census for the detroit and philadelphia smsas to quantify the effects of residential location and of gender differences in commuting behaviour on the gender gap in wages first we find that within white households wives encounter relatively greater spatial variation in wages than their husbands but that there is less of a gender difference among black households second we analyse the simultaneous effects of commuting and residential constraints on wages we find for

where are all the self employed women push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions previous research focuses on factors that influence self employment participation in part because entrepreneurship has been associated with economic growth this literature has tended to focus only on men or the comparison of women to men while ignoring substantial heterogeneity in employment decisions among women by investigating the impact of individual household and local economic and cultural characteristics on the labor market outcomes of different groups of women we get a more comprehensive picture of their self employment decision recognizing self employment as one of multiple labor market choices we use multinomial logit and two confidential geocoded micro level datasets to study women s career choices in urban areas we find that the effects of various push and pull factors differ between married and unmarried women in particular more progressive gender attitudes pull married women into self employment while household burdens associated with children push them into self employment for unmarried women the local business climate and individual characteristics have the strongest influence in both cases the motivations for women are quite different than men

marketing margins and price uncertainty the case of the u s wheat market this paper seeks to determine the effect of changes in output price risk on marketing margins a theoretical model of price determination in a marketing channel with risk averse firms is developed this model shows that if marketing firms are competitive and decreasingly absolute risk averse then an increase in output price risk should result in higher expected marketing margins empirical evidence from the wheat marketing channel supports the theoretical model increased price variability significantly increases wheat marketing margins for both the farm mill margin and the mill retail margin these results suggest a potential benefit from price stabilization programs

estimation of dynamic nonlinear rational expectations models of primary commodity markets with stochastic dynamic programming and disequilibrium maximum likelihood methods are combined to estimate a dynamic nonlinear rational expectations model of a market for a storable primary commodity the estimation model captures the inherently nonlinear structure of private stockholding dynamics the disequilibrium effects of government buffer stock intervention and the impact of price expectations and risk on private supply and stockholding decisions copyright 1993 by mit press

a century of research on agricultural markets this article provides a perspective on major innovations in research on agricultural markets over the past century we review research on market structure and performance vertical coordination arrangements and institutions for producer collective action contributions to empirical modeling of agricultural price determination and marketing margins are also evaluated as are innovations in research on spatial market relationships and the role of storage finally we discuss contributions to understanding market information systems and the functioning of market based mechanisms for agri

large high technology firms and the spatial extension of metropolitan labour markets some evidence from israel the role of large high technology firms in fashioning the spatial extent of the labour markets that serve them is examined in this paper it is argued that the demand for highly skilled labour in these firms results in their active role in labour market extension through a strategy of employee transport this makes for employment mobility without a commensurate impact on residential mobility it can also result in the inclusion or exclusion of certain types of labour in this context the free rider phenomenon associated with worker transport is identified and described on the basis of an empirical study of some of the largest high technology firms in metropolitan areas in israel these processes are illustrated the labour markets serving these firms are delimited and characterised for employees of different skill levels in addition the determinants of the probability of the firm utilising spatially extensive labour markets is examined the role of firm size in explaining this behaviour is stre

input and output inventories abstract this paper presents a new stage of fabrication inventory model with delivery usage and stocks of input materials that distinguishes between gross production and value added it extends the linear quadratic model of output inventories by adding the joint determination of input inventories empirically input inventories are more important than output inventories maximum likelihood estimation of the decision rules yields correctly signed and significant parameter estimates using data for nondurable and durable goods industries but the overidentifying restrictions of the model are rejected the value added specification dominates because adjustment costs on materials usage are critical to fitting the data

on the job search behavior the importance of commuting time using search theory we show that job search effort is increasing and under some conditions convex in commuting time we show that the effect of commuting time on job search effort levels may be small in case of uncertainty caused by future job and residential moving behavior thus we provide a microeconomic explanation for the finding that commuters behave as if they are footloose our empirical analysis supports the behavioral implications of the model for the netherlands surprisingly we do not find any evidence that the effect of commuting time on search behavior depends on the commuters socioeconomic characteristics

local underemployment and the discouraged worker effect summary the effect of poor local labour market opportunities on occupational achievement is an important aspect of the spatial mismatch hypothesis much of the research has concentrated on the direct link between geographical access to jobs and employment outcomes in contrast little attention has been given to the discouraging effect of poor chances on job search activities the discouraged worker effect is dee ned as the decision to refrain from job search as a result of poor chances on the labour market discouragement effects can arise from a lack of individual qualie cations from discrimination in the labour market or from a high local level of underemployment the empirical e ndings of this paper based on the netherlands labour force surveys 1994 97 show that discouragement can enter the job search process both at the stage of deciding to enter the labour force and at the stage of deciding to engage actively in a job search gender differentials in discouragement are revealed in the process of self selection into the labour force poor labour market chances lead to less activity in both off the job and on the job search indicating a role of discouragement in the spatial mismatch individual qualie cations and ascribed characteristics turn out to be more decisive than the local level of underemployment

the effect of protest votes on the estimates of wtp for use values of recreational sites contingent valuation studies are often characterized by a considerable number of protest responses which may cause selectivity bias on the final estimates for wtp sample selection models can detect and if necessary correct selectivity bias in economic applications where the relevant dependent variable is continuous sample selection models are generally estimated using heckman s 2 step method rather than the fiml estimator either method has its own drawback computational complexity for the fiml method susceptibility to collinearity problems for the 2 step method using data on valuation of forest resources for recreational use we analyse the performance of the two estimators in this application given the presence of some collinearity the fiml is preferred to the 2 step method a procedure is outlined to deal with selectivity problems in similar settings

the determination of spot and futures prices with storable commodities this paper analyzes the effects of futures trading in a market for a storable commodity in which producers and speculators are assumed to be risk averse and specifications of the aggregate supply and inventory demand functions are derived from explicit optimization a critical aspect is how the parameters of these functions change with the introduction of the future market as it is through these induced parameter changes that the futures market exerts its influence on the spot price the effects of the futures market on both the long run average spot price and its variance are analyzed while we are unable to draw any definitive conclusions on this issue we find that in all cases considered the futures market stabilizes the spot price as well as lowering its long run mean for many years now the question of the effects of futures trading on the stability of spot prices has been extensively debated this topic has been discussed at various levels for example farmers and agricultural interest groups have claimed that futures trading destabilizes spot prices thereby imposing welfare losses on the economy in the united states congress has decided that futures trading can cause price destabilization and has subjected futures trading to the regulation of the commodity futures trading commission at a more analytical level economists have been investigating the issue both empirically and more recently theoretically as well

the effects of commodity price stabilization programs in this paper the authors analyze the effects of commodity programs in which the government attempts to support and stabilize price through open market purchases and sales specifically they as sess the effects of such programs on the u s soybean market using a rational expectations model that allows for private storage expected price responsive production and arbitrary support and release price s a salient feature of the model is that private storage and product ion behavior adjusts to changes in government policy stochastic simu lations of the market model demonstrate that price stabilization prog rams can reduce long run market price and destabilize producer revenu e copyright 1988 by american economic association

using usda forecasts to estimate the price flexibility of demand for agricultural commodities we estimate the general equilibrium price flexibility of demand for corn and soybeans using monthly changes in expected supply published by the usda our estimates reflect the demand response to a one year supply shock and thus correspond to the inverse demand elasticity we derive the conditions under which our estimates are consistent and we show how demand flexibility varies by season inventory time horizon and demand composition at average inventory and without accounting for corn ethanol use we obtain price flexibility estimates of 1 35 and 1 03 for corn and soybeans respectively current corn ethanol production levels are associated with much larger absolute flexibilities for both commodities copyright 2012 oxford university press

the rebound effect gender and social justice a case study in germany abstract energy efficiency increases are essential in reducing energy consumption and co 2 emissions policy is therefore rightly concerned about rebound effects which cause energy and co 2 emission reductions to be less than anticipated a policy dilemma is emerging in that less economically privileged groups tend to show the highest rebound effects some studies suggest policymakers may therefore be reluctant to support energy efficiency upgrades among such groups this paper argues this is based on a misunderstanding of the conceptual structure of the rebound effect firstly a mathematical analysis confirms that the rebound effect is merely a comparison of proportions not a measure of absolute levels of energy consumption which are the real cause of increased co 2 emissions secondly an empirical study of commute distances in north rhine westphalia germany s largest state reveals that female commuters show considerably higher rebound effects than male commuters both in time and cross sectional analyses however male commuters consume the most energy and produce the most co 2 emissions by every measure this resonates with recent studies showing the same disjunction between rebound effects and absolute consumption in home heating among poorer and wealthier households policy needs to focus on absolute consumption levels and be cautious in interpreting rebound effects

default correlation at the sovereign level evidence from some latin american markets using the eruption of argentina debt crisis in 2001 as a natural experiment we investigated the correlated default at the sovereign level for some latin american countries daily closing market quotes for sovereign credit default swaps cds of argentina brazil mexico and venezuela were obtained from credittrade database using copula approach we observed increased dependences among sovereign cds markets during the crisis period their dependence structures were found to be asymmetric moreover the degree of credit contagion was related to the creditworthiness of the country this study also discussed the implications of these findings for policymakers

futures markets a consequence of risk aversion or transactions costs a two period model of an industry of risk neutral processors who have nonlinear production costs and who face transact ions costs in the spot and futures markets is put forth as a countere xample to the models of commodity markets in which processors risk a version plays the major role the model s equilibrium exhibits the sa lient endogenous features of actual commodity markets namely that t he futures price is below the current spot price that processors hol d inventories despite this opportunity cost that those holding inven tories are short in futures and that processors as a group hold an u nbalanced usually net short position in the futures market copyright 1987 by university of chicago press

convenience yield without the convenience a spatial temporal interpretation of storage under backwardation a mathematical programming model of the wheat marketing system of western australia manifests a typical pattern of regionwide stocks held at a negative intertemporal spread measured at the port no stocks are held at a monetary loss in terms of local prices any apparent loss is an illusion from spatial aggregation of stocks and attribution of incentives at one locality to storers at all locations moreover as the premium for immediate delivery at the port rises stocks increase at relatively inaccessible inconvenient locations where prices are low allowing more to be shipped from locations more convenient to the port

unwilling or unable spatial and socio economic restrictions on females labour market access van ham m and buchel f 2006 unwilling or unable spatial and socio economic restrictions on females labour market access regional studies 40 345 357 the effects of regional structures on both females willingness to work and the probability of being employed for those willing to work are analysed special permission was granted to link regional data to individual respondents in the german socio economic panel gsoep results of a bivariate probit model correcting for sample selection show that high regional unemployment discourages women from entering the labour market those willing to work find it easier to do so if they live in regions with low regional female unemployment rates at a short distance from the next agglomeration and for mothers with a high density of childcare provision van ham m et buchel f 2006 peu disposees ou incapables les limites geographiques et socio economiques a l insertion des femmes dans le marche du travail regional studies 40 345 357 on cherche a anal

inventories as factors of production and economic fluctuations this paper presents a theory of inventory investment by stage of processing and uses it to examine the role of inventory investment in economic fluctuations the model in which inventories are treated as factors of production is estimated for four durable goods industries three conclusions emerge from the estimation first the estimates generally satisfy the theoretical restrictions second the elasticity of inventory demand with respect to output is high indicating an important accelerator effect finally the estimates suggest that shifts in the demand for inventories are an important source of economic fluctuations copyright 1989 by american economic association

parametric and semiparametric estimation of sample selection models an empirical application to the female labour force in portugal this paper applies both parametric and semiparametric methods to the estimation of wage and participation equations for married women in portugal the semiparametric estimators considered are the two stage estimators proposed by newey 1991 and andrews and schafgans 1998 the selection equation results are compared using the specification tests proposed by horowitz 1993 horowitz and hardle 1994 and the wage equation results are compared using a hausman test significant differences between the two approaches indicate the inappropriateness of the standard parametric methods to the estimation of the model and for the purpose of policy simulations the greater departure seems to occur in the range of the low values of the index corresponding to a specific group of women copyright 2001 john wiley sons ltd

the planting real option in cash rent valuation after entering into a farmland cash rent contract in the fall a tenant farmer has flexibility over the spring crop choice and the input application level failure to account for these options will bias estimates of what farmers should pay to rent land applying monte carlo simulation methods this study investigates the option values for these choices a multivariate gaussian copula mgc is employed to account for dependence among yields and prices results show that the average cash rent valuation for the real option approach is 33 6 higher than that for the conventional net present value npv method in which the input intensity option is 0 9 crop planting sequence is shown to impact the real option value

the inefficiency of interest rate subsidies in commodity price stabilization interest rate subsidies have been used to stimulate commodity stockholding with the intention of stabilizing prices however reductions in price variability can be achieved at less government cost using a direct storage subsidy and it is possible that an interest rate subsidy will increase price variability even though the interest subsidy increases mean stocks held these results are demonstrated using a stochastic dynamic programming model of optimal private storage with parameter values relevant to agricultural commodity markets and with particular reference to the u s soybean market

limited dependent variables in willingness to pay studies applications in health care the appropriate technique for econometric analysis of wtp willingness to pay data is an issue which has not been addressed in many studies of wtp for health and health care this paper argues that whether an open ended question or a payment scale approach is adopted the way in which wtp is recorded means that limited dependent variable models are more appropriate than standard regression analysis data from an open ended question on wtp for maternity care contain a large proportion of zeros and the evidence suggests that a two part specification performs better than ols or a standard tobit model if the payment scale method is adopted our argument suggests that grouped data regression is an appropriate econometric technique in practice with data from a study in northern norway the results from ols and grouped data regression are broadly similar

pricing and storage of field crops a quarterly model applied to soybeans this paper considers the role of competitive storage in markets for annually harvested field crops a quarterly model is presented that considers the allocative role of storage both within and between crop years rational price expectations are endogenous variables calculated by a recursive method forward stochastic simulations using the model generate data that can be used to characterize the distributions of the variables in the base case the model is assigned parameter values from a quarterly econometric model of the u s soybean market the results shed light on the distributions of the quarterly variables including the rational price expectations and show how these distributions are affected by changes in the carrying charge

inventory dynamics under transaction costs a conceptual model of storage behavior is developed optimal intertemporal pricing is derived to analyze the effects of transaction costs on storage andarbitrage pricing it is shown how transaction costs can rationalize the existence of an inverse carrying charge for inventory the model is applied to u s soybeans stocks for the period 1960 95 the empirical results suggest that transaction costs have a significant influence on storage behavior andintertemporal arbitrage pricing copyright 2000 oxford university press

family proximity childcare and women s labor force attachment we show that close geographical proximity to mothers or mothers in law has a substantial positive effect on the labor supply of married women with young children we argue that the mechanism through which proximity increases labor supply is the availability of childcare we interpret availability broadly enough to include not only regular scheduled childcare during work hours but also an insurance aspect of proximity e g a mother or mother in law who can to provide irregular or unanticipated childcare using two large datasets the national survey of families and households and the public use files of the u s census we find that the predicted probability of employment and labor force participation is 4 10 percentage points higher for married women with young children living in close proximity to their mothers or their mothers in law compared with those living further away

labour supply and commuting abstract we examine the effect of commuting distance on workers labour supply patterns distinguishing between weekly labour supply number of workdays per week and daily labour supply we account for endogeneity of distance by using employer induced changes in distance in germany distance has a slight positive effect on daily and weekly labour supply but no effect on the number of workdays the effect of distance on labour supply patterns is stronger for female workers but it is still small

the working curve and commodity storage under backwardation there remains controversy over whether the empirical curve relating intertemporal commodity price spreads and stocks originally drawn by holbrook working in 1933 i e the working curve is a valid stylized fact in commodity markets the core of the controversy is the portion of the curve representing commodity stocks under backwardation in this article we analyze the original data used by working plus more disaggregated numbers we find that the working curve is indeed valid the diversity of stockholders and different stockholding motives most likely explain the empirical working curve relationship

semiparametric estimation of the intercept of a sample selection model this paper provides a consistent and asymptotically normal estimator for the intercept of a semiparametrically estimated sample selection model the estimator uses a decreasingly small fraction of all observations as the sample size goes to infinity as in heckman 1990 in the semiparametrics literature estimation of the intercept has typically been subsumed in the nonparametric sample selection bias correction term the estimation of the intercept however is important from an economic perspective for instance it permits one to determine the wage gap between unionized and nonunionized workers decompose the wage differential between different socioeconomic groups e g male female and black white and evaluate the net benefits of a social programme

what causes commodity price backwardation a recently proposed explanation for futures price backwardation is examined an equilibrium model with spatial heterogeneity leads to the interpretation of backwardations as mismeasurement by the analyst however the model predicts that backwardations are more affected by the location of stocks than by their aggregate level empirical examination of the united states corn market fails to support this result

the economic role of commodity storage one of the earliest and most successful exainples of economic policy is the oftquoted biblical account of joseph s interpretation of the pharoah s dream joseph foretold that seven years of abundant harvests would precede seven years of drought and recommended that the pharoah accumulate grain during the good years since that time the central role of storage in stabilising the economy in the face of exogenous disturbances has been obvious but our understanding of the nature of that role has not greatly advanced without divine assistance in forecasting stochastic production the storage decision is considerably more complex than the one joseph faced and the role of storage quite different in fact several commonly held impressions about the role of storage of commodities such as grains are incorrect rather than stabilising production storage actually accentuates its variability rather than causing a mean price preserving decrease or a mean output preserving decrease in the dispersion of price storage generally causes a more complex modification of the distribution of price rather than being most effective at eliminating short falls in consumption storage actually is more effective at eliminating the incidence of exceedingly high consumption in this paper we explore the role of storage in a model where production is stochastic and both production and storage are performed by competitive profitmaximisers who form rational expectations about the returns to their activities we derive the subtle but very important interactions among production price expectations and storage which simpler models cannot capture finally we make a comparative statics assessment of the distributional implications of storage these results while confirming the importance of the specification of the demand function and the supply elasticity identified in recent analytical studies e g wright i979 and newbery and stiglitz i979 are surprisingly favourable to consumers considering the asymmetric nature of the effects of storage on consumption and price storage is simply a productive activity one that transfers a commodity from one period to the next like other forms of production it is costly the total cost of storing an amount st from period t to period t i is as of period t i

a theory of commodity price fluctuations this paper studies the price fluctuations of storable commodities that are traded in open markets and are subject to random shocks to demand or more particularly to supply it relaxes the common assumption that the shocks are identically and independently distributed in favor of temporally dependent and periodic disturbances the existence of a unique stationary rational expectations equilibrium is demonstrated for each of the models analyzed and testable implications of the models are derived an illustrative empirical investigation is then undertaken for the model with periodic disturbances using monthly time series observations for seven commodities over the period 1960 93

residential location housing demand and labour supply decisions of one and two earner households the case of bogota colombia this paper is concerned with the simultaneous determination of housing consumption residential location and the labour supply decisions of one earner and two earner households the model is applied to the city of bogota colombia it finds that housing consumption and location as well as labour supply decisions vary across gender and household type the paper suggests that married women who work in the labour market have the burden of a long journey to work and a probable heavy share of household responsibilities their well being is further eroded by lower wages and compensatingly long hours of work

optimal storage and marketing over space and time borrowing from the theory of optimal resource extraction we develop the mechanism guiding efficient commodity storage and marketing over producing regions through the crop year optimal storage occurs at producing areas and time in storage varies directly with distance to market prices grow with interest rates in locations where storage is efficient but more slowly elsewhere which explains why market prices i e prices at the market grow more slowly than interest rates the model is empirically supported by examining storage in the corn belt rates of price growth at various points and quarterly grain marketings

job moving residential moving and commuting a search perspective abstract we address the interrelationships between residential mobility labor market mobility and commuting the paper takes its starting point in recent findings in economic research which emphasise that job and residence relocation decisions imply forward looking decision making we examine job and residential mobility by means of bivariate models and interpret the outcomes in light of the search model

applying the copula approach to sample selection modelling the limited availability of tractable multivariate distributions undermines the validity of the standard parametric approach to sample selection modelling copula distributions can be very useful in situations where the applied researcher has a prior on the distributional form of the margins since the modelling of the latter is separated from that of the dependence structure the present article first presents an application to female work data afterwards the approach is analysed in an application to contingent valuation data on recreational values of forests it is shown that the copula approach is especially beneficial in case of strong departures from the hypothesis of normality

commuting in search of jobs and residences abstract this paper introduces a model which includes residential job moving and commuting behavior when labor and housing markets are characterized by market imperfections imperfect information and moving costs we examine the consequences of these market imperfections on commuting behavior an empirical analysis of commuting behavior indicates that workers commute less if they receive more job offers

competitive storage and commodity price dynamics by buying cheap and selling dear risk neutral commodity speculators can smooth commodity prices and induce serial dependence in price even when none would exist under a simple process of supply and demand commodity prices are variable and strongly positively correlated from one year to the next the variability is often explained by supply factors and the autocorrelation by the activities of speculators we show that this explanation is not consistent with the evidence speculation can substantially increase autocorrelation for prices that are weakly autocorrelated in its absence but not to the high levels that are observed in the data

sex differences in urban commuting patterns this paper takes a new look both theoretical and empirical at the general question of what determines the pattern of urban workers commuting journeys and at the specific question of how women workers commuting journeys differ from those of men commuting journey length for urban workers has proved difficult to model because it stands at the intersection of urban and labor economic theories concerning the spatial location patterns of jobs and housing urban economists view workers as having fixed job locations at the center of the city and being compensated for longer commuting journeys by lower housing prices in the suburbs labor economists in contrast tend

commuting migration housing and labour markets complex interactions commuting migration housing and labour markets are important for the overall economy and for the everyday life of many people commuting makes up a large part of all journeys world wide and many resourcedemanding transport investment projects are initiated to cope with this type of travelling in a range of countries increasing flows of national and international migration are central determinants of demographic developments in industrialised countries the working age population or those aspiring to be part of the economically active population constitute a large proportion of the total population consequently income earned through working represents a major component of total earnings in these economies cahuc and zylberberg 2004 in order to obtain an efficient labour market workers should locate and relocate to where the relevant jobs are to be found from an economic point of view commuting and migration are essential elements for obtaining a well functioning labour market fischer et al 1996 lux and sunega 2012 zabel 2012 finally housing is a basic good and for many people rents or loan repayments make up a relatively large proportion of their overall budget oecd 2011 moreover housing represents a dominating element of homeowners wealth or equity due to its central role during the financial and economic crisis starting around 2007 it has become clear that housing prices are important for the development of the overall economy in many countries for example muellbauer and murphy 2008 zabel 2012 housing and labour markets are linked in many ways when explaining these links it is useful to start with some of the distinguished features of housing markets as already mentioned houses frequently constitute a major part of households wealth moreover earned income from employment is a major

evaluating the effectiveness of inter regional trade and storage in malawi s private sector maize markets abstract this paper evaluates the effectiveness of the private sector maize marketing system in malawi using threshold autoregression models two dimensions of maize market performance are evaluated 1 inter regional trade and spatial price transmission and 2 storage and seasonal price relationships in both cases threshold autoregression models which account for nonlinearities predicted by economic theory are applied results indicate that spatial price transmission and seasonal price patterns in private sector maize markets in malawi are generally consistent with long run competitive inter regional trade and storage behavior and that in most cases shocks to long run equilibrium are arbitraged away quickly this suggests the private sector in malawi is generally doing a good job of transporting maize from surplus to deficit regions and smoothing maize consumption between harvests

modelling zero values and protest responses in contingent valuation surveys in contingent valuation surveys the category of zero bidders refers to individuals that are not willing to pay anything for the programme under analysis specific questions can help to identify true zero values coming from people that are indifferent to the programme separately from protest responses the latter are generally excluded from the analysis this paper introduces a mixture sample selection model that takes into account both zero values and protest responses in the estimates the model is applied to the valuation of a traffic calming scheme aimed at reducing risks for residents in three villages in the north east of england

why women work closer to home this paper analyzes the extent to which differences in labor force status in household composition and in household roles account for sex differences in workplace residence separation modelling work trip length as the outcome of the choice of household residential and individual job locations equilibrium work trip length is estimated empirically as a function of labor market housing and household characteristics for male and female employees in seven different household categories data from the 1976 panel survey of income dynamics are used the study concludes that while sex differences in job tenure work hours and wages are in themselves sufficient to fully account for observed sex differences in workplace residence separation sex differences in household roles i e responses to spouses characteristics are of even greater importance in influencing women to work closer to home

commuting and labour supply revisited according to theory road pricing may reduce welfare when labour supply is negatively distorted by an income tax this effect particularly occurs when commuting costs reduce labour supply we examine the hypothesis that commuting costs reduce labour supply in the short run in particular we estimate the effect of commuting time on labour supply in the uk we account for endogeneity of commuting time by employing exogenous changes in commuting time resulting from firm relocations and changes in infrastructure our results cast doubt on the idea that increases in commuting cost reduce labour supply at least in the short run more precisely we find that females labour supply reacts positively to or is unaffected by increases in commuting time whereas males labour supply is unaffected

do two earner households base their choice of residential location on both incomes this article focuses on the role of individual incomes in the residential location decisions of two earner households conventional studies often treat households as a black box and describe them by a single utility function the article raises the question is the household utility paradigm an adequate framework for understanding the location decisions of two earner households it tests an implication of the household utility paradigm the income pooling hypothesis for location decisions the results provide evidence for rejecting the hypothesis among childless families but fail to provide evidence for rejecting it when children are present the results raise the need to address intrahousehold dynamics in modelling location decisions