professional achievements and gender differences among academic economists i introduction while the academic labor market for economists attracts a good deal of attention among its participants work on the differences in remuneration for economic research and other professional characteristics between men and women in academic institutions has been limited this paper tests for gender differences using data on grants and grant applications from the national science foundation ault rutman and stevenson 1979 addressing issues of academic placement found that the highest rated institution at which an academic economist will be employed is the institution of first employment willis and pieper 1991 found that women who received doctorates in economics in the 1970s had a somewhat higher rate of placement at doctoral degree granting institutions than men but that there was no difference in the rank of the institutions for these placements lower tier institutions must offer promotions to attract candidates moore et al 1983 reported that the rank of the department at which one earned the doctorate is critically important in determining initial academic placement hamermesh johnson and weisbrod 1982 found that for those at prestigious departments increases in citations lead to salary increases but that the department s rank was not inversely related to salary in his review of work by sociologists youn 1988 reported that the prestige of an academic institution was positively related to the research productivity of its scientists there are two competing hypotheses that might explain this result better departments select better scientists achievement model or better departments foster greater productivity ascription model empirical efforts to distinguish between these hypotheses have been mixed the research on salary differentials in academia has generally found that there are significant gender differences that widen during the careers of men and women 1 barbezat 1991 the most recent evidence suggests that salary differentials in the academic community may have diminished somewhat since the 1960s but still remain weiler 1990 separated the influence of the department s rank on salary by treating it in a separate equation and found that standard formulations underestimate the degree of salary discrimination although important salary is not the only measure of achievement in academe promotion to a higher rank employment in key departments and the production of well placed articles all help determine an economist s influence in the profession but despite the dramatic increase in the percentage of women receiving the ph d during the past two decades the number of senior women at graduate institutions is still very low 2 to what extent does gender bias exist in economics departments as measured not only by salary but also by other achievements such as the likelihood of achieving a senior position or being employed by a top department is there a difference in the experiences of the younger cohorts compared to their more senior counterparts this paper attempts to answer these important questions by 1 taking into account the endogeneity of the variables that are usually treated as exogenous in models of salary determination and thereby broadening the characteristics that traditionally reflect discrimination and 2 using a new detailed data base developed from the national science foundation the results of this more complete model in which salary as well as other measures of professional achievement are explained show significant differences between men and women at the more senior level at the assistant professor level although the signs of the gender coefficients are consistent with a discrimination hypothesis the results are not statistically significant ii the model single equations using the techniques developed by oaxaca 1973 and blinder 1973 have long been used to estimate gender salary differentials in academia with productivity measures such as books and articles published administrative experience etc

time series based tests of the convergence hypothesis some positive results abstract using time series based tests proposed by bernard and durlauf 1996 and annual time series data 1900 1987 on several oecd countries the paper identifies bivariate convergence between belgium and the netherlands france and italy australia and the united kingdom and sweden and denmark

sex and science how professor gender perpetuates the gender gap nber working paper seriessex and science how professor gender perpetuates the gender gapscott e carrellmarianne e pagejames e westworking paper 14959http www nber org papers w14959national bureau of economic research1050 massachusetts avenuecambridge ma 02138may 2009thanks go to usafa personnel j putnam d stockburger r schreiner k carson and p eglestonfor assistance in obtaining the data and to deb west for data entry thanks also go to charlie brown charles clotfelter caroline hoxby deborah niemeier kim shauman catherine weinberger andseminar participants at nber higher education working group ppic sdsu uc davis uc irvine and uc santa cruz for their helpful comments and suggestions the views expressed in this articleare those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the usaf dod the u s government or the national bureau of economic research 2009 by scott e carrell marianne e page and james e west all rights reserved short sectionsof text not to exceed two paragraphs may be quoted without explicit permission provided that fullcredit including notice is given to the source

two to tango gender differences in the decisions to publish and coauthor i introduction there is a well developed mythology regarding the presence of old boy networks and their importance in explaining gender differences in labor market outcomes as articulated by saloner 1985 nonetheless aside from works such as simon and warner 1992 there is relatively little empirical evidence examining the impact of networks on market outcomes how these effects differ by gender and whether gender differences in network access change over time as women become more well represented in a profession the paucity of empirical evidence arises in part from the difficulty of measuring the presence of such networks prior work including that of saint paul 2001 and erickson and jacoby 2003 has found evidence that networks facilitate the adoption of team oriented work practices and information sharing that increase average worker productivity in management and professional jobs on the other hand studies such as that by marmaros and sacerdote 2002 have also found that women have less access to networks than their male counterparts in both private and public sector jobs which has been shown to yield gender differences in job placement and other labor market outcomes this article considers how gender differences in networks are manifested in a specific male dominated profession i e academic economists and in a specific work related outcome i e the decision to coauthor articles in which access to networks is likely to be important the analysis uses uniquely detailed individual and job level data for phd economists included in nearly four decades of american economic association aea membership to examine the role of networks on the joint decision to publish and coauthor the unique matching process of phd economists between academic and nonacademic jobs and within the hierarchy of academic departments along with the relative ease of observing joint research provide a rare opportunity to distinguish differential network access and measure joint production the results demonstrate the importance of networks in the production of research output and that new female entrants into a male dominated profession do not have equal access to these professional networks the results also provide evidence that women are able to plug into networks over time as the profession becomes more gender representative our study contributes to the literature on the role of networks in the labor market in several ways first the profession of academic economist is well suited to this study because it is made up of workers who produce a relatively homogenous output i e scholarly journal articles and that share a common set of job related tasks i e teaching research and service second the incidence of coauthorship is an observable outcome measure of network utilization a phenomenon inherently difficult to measure in the tradition of the business productivity literature as found in sabel 1993 third there is extensive evidence in the literature that journal publications are positively linked to academic salaries as found in siegfried and white 1973 and sauer 1988 that the propensity to coauthor is positively associated with publication output as in as found in durden and perri 1995 and maske et al 2003 that there are gender differences in tendencies to coauthor as shown by ferber and teiman 1980 and mcdowell and smith 1992 and that there are gender differences in professional outcomes such as publications salary and promotion as seen in mcdowell 1982 hansen et al 1978 formby et al 1993 and broder 1993 cumulatively these studies suggest that understanding the determinants of coauthorship is important for evaluating the sources and the extent of gender inequity in the profession prior work on coauthorship behavior has analyzed patterns over time and across disciplines several studies including hudson 1996 mcdowell and melvin 1983 and barnett et al

strike three discrimination incentives and evaluation major league baseball umpires express their racial ethnic preferences when they evaluate pitchers strikes are called less often if the umpire and pitcher do not match race ethnicity but mainly where there is little scrutiny of umpires pitchers understand the incentives and throw pitches that allow umpires less subjective judgment e g fastballs over home plate when they anticipate bias these direct and indirect effects bias performance measures of minorities downward the results suggest how discrimination alters discriminated groups behavior generally they imply that biases in measured productivity must be accounted for in generating measures of wage discrimination

is purchasing power parity overvalued the purpose of this paper is to re examine the hypothesis of long run purchasing power parity among industrial countries under the current float using the panel data approach we propose a new finite sample panel data unit root test procedure that allows for a general serial correlation structure and arbitrary contemporaneous correlation in model innovations across countries this procedure is then applied to the recently developed panel data unit root tests of im pesaran and shin 1996 and of maddala and wu 1999 the test results show sufficient evidence against the unit root null for most samples by comparing our results with the existing ones in the literature we found that the method of assuming a restrictive serial correlation structure tends to weaken evidence against the unit root null

subsidising inequality economic reforms fiscal transfers and convergence across chinese provinces the article investigates per capita income convergence across chinese provinces over the 1978 92 period it confirms previous studies which find a reduction in inter regional income inequality over the course of economic reforms however the rate of convergence has declined since 1985 as a result of two factors first the shift from rural to industrial reforms has disproportionately benefited the relatively wealthier coastal provinces second the system of inter provincial fiscal transfers has prevented convergence among interior provinces as transfers have gone to the richer among them further fiscal decentralisation and an acceleration of reforms in the interior provinces is thus unlikely to increase regional income inequality

can mentoring help female assistant professors interim results from a randomized trial while much has been written about the potential benefits of mentoring in academia very little research documents its effectiveness we present data from a randomized controlled trial of a mentoring program for female economists organized by the committee for the status of women in the economics profession and sponsored by the national science foundation and the american economics association to our knowledge this is the first randomized trial of a mentoring program in academia we evaluate the performance of three cohorts of participants and randomly assigned controls from 2004 2006 and 2008 this paper presents an interim assessment of the program s effects our results suggest that mentoring works after five years the 2004 treatment group averaged 4 more nsf or nih grants and 3 additional publications and were 25 percentage points more likely to have a top tier publication there are significant but smaller effects at three years post treatment for the 2004 and 2006 cohorts combined while it is too early to assess the ultimate effects of mentoring on the academic careers of program participants the results suggest that this type of mentoring may be one way to help women advance in the economics profession and by extension in other male dominated academic fields this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

a panel data model for subjective information on household income growth abstract subjective expectations about future income changes are analyzed using household panel data the models used are extensions of existing binary choice panel data models to the case of ordered response we consider static models with random and fixed individual effects we also look at a dynamic random effects model which includes a measure for permanent and transitory income we find that income change expectations strongly depend on realized income changes in the past those whose income fell are more pessimistic than others while those whose income rose are more optimistic expected income changes are also significantly affected by employment status family composition permanent income and past expectations expectations are then compared to the head of household s ex post perception of the realized income change for the same period the main finding is that rational expectations are rejected and that in particular households whose income has decreased in the past underestimate their future income growth

women in economics moving up or falling off the academic career ladder copyright 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 by the american economic association

unraveling the academic productivity of economists the opportunity costs of teaching and service this study investigates the relationships among research productivity teaching and service on the basis of individual specific information involving approximately 715 academic economists responding to an online survey these economists provided information regarding their teaching and service commitments as well as personal and institutional information the publication record of each respondent was then obtained from econlit together these data constitute a rich field for the systematic study of research productivity results of a tobit analysis reveal much about the nature of research productivity underscoring for instance the importance of gender coauthorship presen tations at conferences and peers who publish among the more important findings from this analysis is that both teaching and service commitments have a significantly negative impact on the research productivity of academic economists these relations hold across types of academic employer though to varying degrees taken together the results provide interesting insights into the roles of academic scholars teachers and colleagues

gender and promotion in the economics profession the authors use unique panel data on american economic association members to test for gender differences in promotion in a profession with a well defined promotion and job hierarchy and in which men and women exhibit similar labor market attachment the results suggest that over the period from the 1960s through the early 1980s female economists had lower levels of professional attainment and career advancement than did their male colleagues with similar attributes these gender differences remain in evidence despite controls for unobserved heterogeneity and self selection between academic and non academic jobs there is evidence however that promotion prospects for female economists significantly improved during the 1980s not only at all ranks but also within both ph d granting institutions and non ph d granting institutions in fact the results reveal no unexplained gender specific differences in promotion by the end of the 1980s

convergence and catching up in asean a comparative analysis the increasing diversity of average growth rates and income levels across countries has generated a large literature on testing the income convergence hypothesis most countries in south east asia particularly the five founding asean member countries asean 5 have experienced substantial economic growth with the pace of growth having varied substantially across countries recent empirical studies have found evidence of several convergence clubs in which per capita incomes have converged for selected groupings of countries and regions this paper applies different time series tests of convergence to determine if there is a convergence club for asean 5 as well as asean 5 and the usa the catching up hypothesis states that the lagging country with low initial income and productivity levels will tend to grow more rapidly by copying the technology of the leader country without having to bear the associated costs of research and development given the important effects of technological change on growth

economics and identity this paper considers how identity a person s sense of self affects economic outcomes we incorporate the psychology and sociology of identity into an economic model of behavior in the utility function we propose identity is associated with different social categories and how people in these categories should behave we then construct a simple game theoretic model showing how identity can affect individual interactions the paper adapts these models to gender discrimination in the workplace the economics of poverty and social exclusion and the household division of labor in each case the inclusion of identity substantively changes conclusions of previous economic analysis

outside offers and the gender pay gap empirical evidence from the uk academic labour market using a unique data source on academic economist labour market experiences we explore gender pay and promotions in addition to earnings and productivity measures we have information on outside offers and perceptions of discrimination we find both a gender promotions gap and a within rank gender pay gap a driving factor may be outside offers men receive more outside offers than women of comparable characteristics and gain higher pay increases in response this may arise due to discrimination we find that perceptions of discrimination and also outside job applications correlate with an individual receiving earnings below that expected given their characteristics

convergence in sub saharan africa a nonstationary panel data approach given the development of time series econometrics and nonstationary data analysis st aubyn empirical economics 24 23 44 1999 demonstrates a new paradigm for testing income convergence or better defined income stability namely testing the stationarity of pair wise income differentials in this paper a panel data set of sub saharan african countries is constructed and panel cointegration and unit root tests are used to investigate the convergence properties of incomes and standards of living within africa overall little evidence is found to substantiate claims of convergence across africa although in some cases smaller convergence clubs within africa may be found in addition the use of nonstationary panel data techniques is proposed for the testing and establishing of coherent convergence clubs

monetary facts revisited abstract this paper uses data from 46 economies over the post war period to revisit two key monetary facts i the link between money growth and inflation and ii the link between credit growth and financial crises the analysis reveals that the former has weakened over time while the latter has become stronger this suggests that there is an inverse relationship between the two monetary facts the money inflation link is weak and the credit crisis nexus is strong when inflation is low and financial systems are liberalised while the reverse holds true in environments of high inflation and less liberalised financial systems

gender biases in student evaluations of teaching abstract this article uses data from a french university to analyze gender biases in student evaluations of teaching sets the results of fixed effects and generalized ordered logit regression analyses show that male students express a bias in favor of male professors also the different teaching dimensions that students value in male and female professors tend to match gender stereotypes men are perceived by both male and female students as being more knowledgeable and having stronger class leadership skills which are stereotypically associated with males despite the fact that students appear to learn as much from women as from men

do faculty serve as role models the impact of instructor gender on female students although women have matched or surpassed men in many educational outcomes such as college access and persistence female students remain much less likely to major in quantitative technical and science related fields while women have made progress in recent years only 20 percent of engineering students are female and the proportion of women receiving degrees in the sciences and engineering in the united states lags that of other industrialized countries national center for education statistics 1995 this underrepresentation of women may have serious implications for women s returns to education and may relate to occupational segregation and earnings inequality by gender linda loury 1997 as the economy shifts to favor these more male dominated fields there is concern that women will not be prepared to succeed moreover the health of the economy depends on the production of certain kinds of degrees and the underrepresentation of women in certain areas may contribute to shortages in critical fields there have been many widely publicized efforts by the government companies and schools to increase female representation in male dominated fields one focus has been to increase mentoring opportunities for female students by hiring more women faculty members theory and evidence suggest that female instructors may be instrumental in encouraging women to enroll and excel in subjects in which they are underrepresented female students may avoid male dominated fields due to biases against women sandra hanson 1996 and the presence of female faculty may mitigate these effects david neumark and rosella gardecki 1998 found that female doctoral students with female mentors were more likely to succeed however similar to student trends women are underrepresented on university faculties particularly in the sciences and quantitative fields and many worry about the lack of potential role models for female undergraduates for example in 2003 princeton university created a 10 million fund to hire and promote women faculty in science and engineering departments while duke s president pledged 1 million per year for the same purpose robin wilson 2003 in addition the national science foundation s advance program continues to push for increased representation and advancement of women in academic careers and engineering careers national science foundation 2004 does the presence of faculty members of the same gender impact student interest in a subject this paper answers this question by estimating how having a female faculty member in an initial course affects the likelihood that a female student will take additional credit hours or major in a particular subject if students choose their courses and major based on their experiences during their initial exposure to a subject then the instructors they face early in a discipline could influence these decisions such an analysis is difficult because few data sets allow researchers to link student outcomes to faculty characteristics however using a comprehensive longitudinal data set of nearly 54 000 students this paper is among the first large scale studies to estimate the impact of faculty on the outcomes of students moreover discussants ronald ehrenberg cornell university brian jacob harvard university richard murnane harvard university

china s regional convergence in panels with multiple structural breaks this study investigates the existence of regional convergence of per capita outputs in china from 1952 to 2004 particularly focusing on considering the presence of multiple structural breaks in the provincial level panel data first the panel based unit root test that allows for the occurrence of multiple breaks at various break dates across provinces is developed this test is based on the p value combination approach suggested by fisher 1932 next the test is applied to china s provincial real per capita outputs to examine the regional convergence in china to obtain the p values of unit root tests for each province which are combined to construct the panel unit root test this study assumes three data generating processes dgps a driftless random walk process an autoregressive moving average arma process and an autoregression ar process with cross sectionally dependent errors in monte carlo simulation the results obtained from this study reveal that the convergence of the provincial per c

the overvaluation of purchasing power parity abstract recent panel studies of purchasing power parity have reported strong evidence of mean reversion in real exchange rates however these studies fail to control for cross sectional dependence in the data this failure has dramatic consequences raising the significance level of tests with a nominal size of 5 percent to as much as 50 percent it is shown in this paper that controlling for cross sectional dependence no evidence against the random walk null can be found in panels of up to 64 real exchange rates this finding cannot be attributed to low power as there is ample power in panels of this size to reject the unit root null