optimization of india s power sector strategies using weight restricted stochastic data envelopment analysis abstract india s power sector has a significant impact on the country s development and climate change mitigation efforts optimization of energy planning is therefore key to achieving the overall planning goals the hierarchical multi objective policy optimization is a policy centric multi level bottom up iterative approach designed from a developing country perspective utilizing the optimality principle of dynamic programming it is applied to the indian power sector by grouping the strategies into three portfolios namely power generation mix demand side efficiency group and supply side efficiency group each portfolio is optimized taking into account the objectives of cost minimization and comprehensive risk and barrier reduction the portfolios are further combined and optimized at a higher level with respect to higher level objectives namely economic growth energy equity energy security and climate sustainability this paper focuses on the second level optimization utilizing data envelopment analysis dea both the deterministic and stochastic variations have been analysed and the results compared in respect of unrestricted as well as restricted weight models the analysis shows that weight restricted stochastic dea model is most appropriate for efficiency optimization of power sector strategies the methodology can be effectively used for energy planning in developing countries

efficiency of the medical care industry evidence from the italian regional system abstract what might be the relation between clinical research and efficiency of medical care suppliers is the hypothesis of a positive relation consistent considering efficiency as the supplier s ability to maximize the number of patients hospitalized in a mobility process among regions i e mobility balance this work aims at highlighting the existence of a positive externality of pharmaceutical clinical research on that kind of efficiency in other words an externality is able to affect the patients perception of good bad quality of outputs supplied by the medical care industry leading their mobility process taking italy and the mobility of patients among regions into account an operational research study will be performed in order to support this assumption the goal of this work is to show an alternative way to increase the efficiency of medical care suppliers on the market of health care that is to say through their competitiveness on the market of human experimentation

incorporating contextual information in public sector efficiency analyses a comparative study of nsw local government using the planning and regulatory function of 173 nsw local governments several approaches for incorporating contextual or non discretionary inputs in data envelopment analysis dea are compared non discretionary inputs or factors beyond managerial control in this context include the population growth rate and distribution the level of development and non residential building activity and the proportion of the population from a non english speaking background the approaches selected to incorporate these variables include discretionary inputs only non discretionary and discretionary inputs treated alike and differently categorical inputs adjusted dea and endogenous dea the results indicate that the efficiency scores of the five approaches that incorporated non discretionary factors were significantly positively correlated however it was also established that the distributions of the efficiency scores and the number of councils assessed as perfectly technically efficient in the six approa

weak disposability in nonparametric production analysis reply to fare and grosskopf fare and grosskopf this issue claim that a single abatement factor suffices for modeling weak disposability in nonparametric production models and that the kuosmanen 2005 technology that uses multiple abatement factors is larger than necessary this article demonstrates by a numerical example that a single abatement factor does not suffice to capture all feasible production plans and that its use leads to the violation of convexity one of the maintained assumptions of the model we also prove that the kuosmanen technology is the correct minimum extrapolation technology under the stated axioms

measuring technical efficiency abstract the theoretical consideration of technical efficiency has existed since koopmans koopmans t c 1951 an analysis of production as an efficient combination of activities in koopmans t c ed activity analysis of production and allocation cowles commission for research in economics monograph no 13 wiley new york defined it as production possibilities for which it is not possible to increase any output without simultaneously increasing any input ceteris paribus the non parametric approach to efficiency calculation known as data envelopment analysis is not based on this definition but rather on the radial index of farrell farrell m j 1957 the measurement of productive efficiency journal of the royal statistic society ser a 120 253 281 even after farrell efficiency is achieved there may exist additional slack in individual inputs and or outputs implying that farrell s index does not necessarily measure koopmans inefficiency various measures have been proposed to solve this problem this paper discusses shortcomings of these alternative measures and introduces a new relative measure of technical efficiency using simulated data it is shown that the new measure outperforms existing measures in the majority of cases

an equilibrium efficiency frontier data envelopment analysis approach for evaluating decision making units with fixed sum outputs abstract based on the minimal reduction strategy yang et al 2011 developed a fixed sum output data envelopment analysis fsodea approach to evaluate the performance of decision making units dmus with fixed sum outputs however in terms of such a strategy all dmus compete over fixed sum outputs with no memory that will result in differing efficient frontiers evaluations to address the problem in this study we propose an equilibrium efficiency frontier data envelopment analysis eefdea approach by which all dmus with fixed sum outputs can be evaluated based on a common platform or equilibrium efficient frontier the proposed approach can be divided into two stages stage 1 constructs a common evaluation platform via two strategies an extended minimal adjustment strategy and an equilibrium competition strategy the former ensures that original efficient dmus are still efficient guaranteeing the existence of a common evaluation platform the latter makes all dmus achieve a common equilibrium efficient frontier then based on the common equilibrium efficient frontier stage 2 evaluates all dmus with their original inputs and outputs finally we illustrate the proposed approach by using two numerical examples

local simple games in public choice mechanisms this paperinitiates an investigation of processes in wlhiclh cooperative games determine at each moment the directioni of motion of the social state attentioln is focused upoin simple games i e uponl games in which a coalitioni cani prevenit either every direction orno direction from beinig choseni as motivation conisider the problem of coinstlructinlg a planning pr ocedule to allocate goods existing procedures as surveyed in tulkenis 1978 specify a local instantaneous game that determnines the direction of change of the allocation vector for example the mdp procedure of malinvaud 1970 1 and dreze and de la valee poussin 1971 specifies the direction of change at each moment as a function of reported marginal rates of substitution assuming that individuals are concerned only with mnaximizing thleir rates of utility increase local games can be constructed so that their diiectionial equilibria will lead the allocation vector to the pareto set various equiilibriuml concepts have been used in mdp local games for exanmple maxmiin equilibria dreze and de la valee poussin 1971 nashi equilibria roberts 1979 scholumaker 1979 and certain cooperative equilibria tulkens and zamir 1979 have been shown to cause convergence to the pareto set whenever a procedure is actually to be implemented account should be taken of the fact that it will be constrained by rules that are effective in the society for example in a dictatorship the social state must move in a direction that is most preferred by the dictator the dictator will simply not abide by the equilibrium direction of a local game unless it is one of his most preferred directions less trivially whenever unanimous disapproval of a motion can prevent its occurrence the society will only agree to a procedure whose equilibrium direction of motion cannot be feasibly changed to a direction that increases everybody s utility at a greater rate these two examples of constrainits on motion are not of the type that is usually imposed in the literature on allocation procedures and furthermore in areas like tax reform e g guesnerie 1977 and majority rule dynamics e g mckelvey 1976 schofield 1978a the constraints oni motion in these studies call be viewed as resulting from a requirement that any motioni must increase the utility

some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis in management contexts mathematical programming is usually used to evaluate a collection of possible alternative courses of action en route to selecting one which is best in this capacity mathematical programming serves as a planning aid to management data envelopment analysis reverses this role and employs mathematical programming to obtain ex post facto evaluations of the relative efficiency of management accomplishments however they may have been planned or executed mathematical programming is thereby extended for use as a tool for control and evaluation of past accomplishments as well as a tool to aid in planning future activities the ccr ratio form introduced by charnes cooper and rhodes as part of their data envelopment analysis approach comprehends both technical and scale inefficiencies via the optimal value of the ratio form as obtained directly from the data without requiring a priori specification of weights and or explicit delineation of assumed functional forms of relations between inputs and outputs a separation into technical and scale efficiencies is accomplished by the methods developed in this paper without altering the latter conditions for use of dea directly on observational data technical inefficiencies are identified with failures to achieve best possible output levels and or usage of excessive amounts of inputs methods for identifying and correcting the magnitudes of these inefficiencies as supplied in prior work are illustrated in the present paper a new separate variable is introduced which makes it possible to determine whether operations were conducted in regions of increasing constant or decreasing returns to scale in multiple input and multiple output situations the results are discussed and related not only to classical single output economics but also to more modern versions of economics which are identified with contestable market theories

technical efficiency shadow price and substitutability of chinese industrial so2 emissions a parametric approach abstract in china s transition process towards sustainable development fighting against the rising so2 emission has become a great and urgent challenge based on a parametric quadratic directional distance function this paper investigates the inefficiency level shadow price and substitution elasticity of chinese industrial so2 emission from 1998 to 2011 the results show a u shape for the technical inefficiency indicating an efficiency improvement before 2005 but it getting worse since then which is that the east area displays a declining trend while the west goes up and the middle follows the national pattern at the east middle west region level as of the shadow price and morishima elasticity both the national and regional levels hold an increasing trajectory the shadow price is continuously increased a lot during the whole period implying to control additional so2 emission become more costly the positive morishima substitution elasticity suggests there may exist the win win opportunities for so2 regulation moreover the large regional disparity highlights the needs to adopt a differentiated regional policy

industrial eco efficiency in china a provincial quantification using three stage data envelopment analysis abstract the coordinated development of industrialization and the ecological environment is vital to achieve ecological civilization in china integratively considering the economy energy and resources and environment this study aims to measure the industrial eco efficiency of 30 provinces autonomous regions and municipalities in china between 2005 and 2013 a three stage data envelopment analysis dea modeling approach is adopted to eliminate interference of the external environment and statistical noise with industrial eco efficiency measurement the results show that regional industrial eco efficiency in china is affected by the factors of the environmental regulation technological innovation level of economic development and industrial structure after eliminating the impacts of external environment and statistical noise china s national average industrial eco efficiency declines by 30 between 2005 and 2013 the industrial eco efficiency of the 30 provinces increases but at different rates of growth the variation of overall regional industrial eco efficiency is primarily caused by scale efficiency furthermore all the 30 provinces are classified into four groups to interpret the causes of variation and differences of regional industrial eco efficiency in general the management and technology level and the economy of scale of industries should be improved simultaneously even though specific opportunities for industrial eco efficiency improvement vary across provinces in china

a generalized equilibrium efficient frontier data envelopment analysis approach for evaluating dmus with fixed sum outputs the recently published equilibrium efficient frontier data envelopment analysis eefdea approach yang et al 2014 represents a step forward in evaluating decision making units dmus with fixed sum outputs when compared to prior approaches such as fsodea fixed sum outputs dea approach yang et al 2011 and zsg dea zero sum gains dea approach lins et al 2003 and so on based on the eefdea approach in this paper we proposed a generalized equilibrium efficient frontier data envelopment analysis approach geefdea which improves and strengthens the eefdea approach compared to eefdea approach this approach makes several improvements in evaluation namely that 1 it is not necessary to determine the evaluation order in advance which overcomes the limitation that different evaluation orders will lead to different results 2 the equilibrium efficient frontier can be achieved in only one step no matter how many dmus they are which greatly simplifies the procedure to reach the equilibrium efficient frontier especially when the number of dmus is large and 3 the constraint that signs of outputs adjustment of each dmu must be same all non positive or all non negative in prior approaches has been relaxed in this sense the result obtained by the proposed approach is more consistent with the demand of practical applications finally the proposed approach combined with assurance regions ar is applied to the data set of 2012 london olympic games

are football managers as efficient as coaches performance analysis with ex ante and ex post inputs in the premier league there is a controversy on sport performance literature about what type of inputs might explain more deeply the performance of sports clubs inputs specification controversy by one side several p

rational expectations in agricultural economics research and policy analysis despite recognition by agricultural economists that price expectations are important in agricultural decision making few changes in the way price expectations appear in economic models of agriculture have been made during the past two decades for example in the major proportion of existing supply response studies it has been assumed that price expectations are formed adaptively for an illustration of the extent that this assumption has been used see askari and cummings that is expected price is assumed to be a weighted average of past prices with the weights declining geometrically over time in other supply response studies it is assumed that a polynomial distributed lag on product prices provides an adequate representation of the system s dynamic structure see for example meilke zwart martin or fisher however as muth p 315 noted there is little evidence to suggest that the presumed relations bear a resemblance to the way the economy works although data on anticipations are collected in many ways only a few studies have tried to determine how individual decision makers actually form expectations heady and kaldor turnovsky and fisher and tanner katona in calling for more research of this kind also identifies some difficulties in studying the psychology of individuals learning processes until psychologists make more progress in this area economists who incorporate anticipations in their models will have to use another approach however there are few choices the popular adaptive expectations hypothesis is inadequate not because it implies that the forecast of a particular variable is a distributed lag of its own past values but because it implies that the distributed lag parameters are restricted in an ad hoc way in general assuming that price expectations are formed adaptively is ad hoc because the parameter restrictions in the distributed lag are not the result of an optimization process alternative formulations such as the assumption that expectations are naive or generated by some other simple autoregressive form are inadequate for similar reasons the rational expectations hypothesis

marginal values and returns to scale for nonparametric production frontiers we present a unifying linear programming approach to the calculation of various directional derivatives for a very large class of production frontiers of data envelopment analysis dea special cases of this include different marginal rates the scale elasticity and a spectrum of partial and mixed elasticity measures our development applies to any polyhedral production technology including to name a few the conventional variable and constant returns to scale dea technologies their extensions with weight restrictions technologies with weakly disposable undesirable outputs and network dea models furthermore our development provides a general method for characterization of returns to scale rts in any polyhedral technology the new approach effectively removes the need to develop bespoke models for the rts characterization and calculation of marginal rates and elasticity measures for each particular technology

majority rule directions of income tax reform and second best optimality two kinds of directional reforms of a linear income tax system are studied in this article first income tax reform is studied from the perspective of a planner interested in obtaining a second best optimum necessary and sufficient conditions for the existing tax parameters to be a local second best optimum are obtained in addition for nonoptimal tax schedules the set of pareto improving production efficiency preserving directions of tax reform are characterized second majority rule directions of income tax reform are considered a complete characterization of the changes in the values of the tax parameters that would be predicted to result from a majority vote over directions of tax reform is provided

financial sustainability and poverty outreach within a network of village banks in cameroon a multi dea approach abstract microfinance institutions face a double bottom line they perform financial tasks by giving microcredits to their customers and support projects aiming at reducing poverty in doing so they have to be financially self sufficient and to target poor people excluded from the traditional financial systems however a trade off may exist between financial sustainability and poverty outreach for these institutions by using a multi dea approach this paper shows that even if a trade off exists for 15 of the mc 2 mutuelles communautaires de croissance in cameroon there is no trade off for 46 of them in order to increase without trade off financial and social performance of inefficient mc 2 a benchmarking approach combing dea and performance indicators has been developed dea is used for identifying best practices and setting benchmarking goals performance indicators are used for characterizing areas needing improvements and following the evolution of mc 2 toward their goals i e for implementing benchmarking complementarity of both approaches provides a tool box for improving financial and social efficiency and reducing the trade off between financial sustainability and poverty outreach of microfinance institutions

style of practice and assortative mating a recursive probit analysis of cesarean section scheduling in italy we study practice variation in scheduling of caesarean section cs delivery across public and private hospitals in italy adopting a novel perspective we look at the role played by patients preferences for the treatment the recursive probit model is revisited as a useful tool to assess the presence of assortative mating of patients and provider driven by style of practice according to our evidence the propensity to schedule a cs is codetermined with patient self sorting into hospital types we measure a significantly higher inclination to practice cs scheduling in private hospitals and conclude that assortative mating is of minor relevance in our case even if we cannot exclude it to be present

on adjustment costs and the stability of equilibria in practice one does not expect conflicting agents to move instantaneously to an equilibrium instead the final equilibrium is often the consequence of disequilibrium dynamics this paper through the use of local game theory introduces a general framework for disequilibrium dynamics based on the existence of adjustment costs the analysis is presented within the context of oligopoly theory and shows that the existence of adjustment costs will in many cases result in a unique equilibrium at which market shares are inversely proportional to these costs this paper also introduces two new solution concepts for n person normal form games

advanced x efficiencies for ccr and bcc models towards peer based dea controlling abstract classical ccr and bcc dea models follow a general concept they allow each dmu to evaluate its in efficiency in the most favorable way and then propose input reduction and or output raise so as to follow its best practice units a first step beyond this self appraisal is the consideration of x efficiencies thus evaluating dmus with optimal weights of a peer doing this for all possible peers yields a cross efficiency matrix either for ccr or for bcc models this matrix might help to find a fair peer for the remaining dmus in a second step recent contributions analyze for ccr models how such x evaluated dmus might improve their efficiency with respect to a peer s weight system in these models even free variation of inputs outputs is possible rather than reduction and or raise such models will be portrayed here and generalized for variable returns to scale the remaining discomfort which a dmu might feel with the choice for peer among business rivals leads to the concept of a virtual peer vp this paper proposes such a peer as a consensual option for all dmus now for either return to scale ccr and bcc for an input or output oriented focus and by free variation of inputs and outputs they can meet the requirements of vp the dmus pay a heavy price however the peer controls their respective weights and even their activities he is a dictator

productivity and efficiency change and shareholder value evidence from the spanish banking sector productivity change and shareholder value have been analysed in the banking sector in the last few years although it should be noted that these two important aspects have been studied separately in this regard the main contribution of our study is to link these two lines of research by verifying whether those banks characterized by higher levels of efficiency and productivity change have a higher shareholder value to measure changes in efficiency and productivity we use the malmquist nonparametric technique which is calculated from data envelopment analysis dea linear programming approach the malmquist total factor productivity index enables separation of the catching up effect i e changes over time in technical efficiency from technological change i e the shift of best practice frontier over time due to technological progress our results for a sample of listed spanish banks in the period 2000 to 2004 confirm that those banks with higher efficiency and productivity changes have a higher

the impact of environmental expenditures on performance in the u s chemical industry abstract this study analyzes chemical industry companies with environmental expenditures to determine which ones have better financial performance in addition this study uses data envelopment analysis to evaluate the efficiency of firms with and without environmental expenditures this study also utilizes the malmquist productivity index mpi to analyze firms productivity change and a bootstrap method to test whether the indexes are statistically significant finally this study divides chemical industry companies into three main categories based on their products the results of this study provide significant evidence of a relationship between environmental expenditures and financial performance the findings suggest that firms with environmental expenditures have better efficiency and productivity hence the study encourages companies in the industry to put more effort into protecting the environment that can be through practicing cleaner production to create higher benefits

strategic corporate social responsibility and economic performance this article proposes a novel corporate social responsibility csr index based on a data envelopment analysis dea model acknowledging the argument that companies might favour those csr dimensions that provide strategic competitive advantages we argue that the index can capture companies strategic approach to csr furthermore our findings reveal a neutral relationship between this strategic csr index and economic performance as measured by return on assets roa and tobin s q when controlling for firm unobserved heterogeneity and past economic performance by contrast an equally weighted index of the same csr indicators is found to be negatively related with roa which reinforces our claim that this specific dea based index is a measure of strategic csr

majority rule and election models abstract this paper surveys the theoretical work that has been done on majority rule and economic models of elections section i provides an overview of the topic section 2 reviews the most important results that have been obtained about majority rule as an abstract collective choice rule section 3 identifies some alternative inferences that can be made from those results section 4 covers some models that include additional features that are present in political institutions where majority rule is used section 5 concentrates on some alternative election models and equilibrium concepts section 6 focuses on election models with abstentions and or candidate uncertainty about voter behaviour section 7 compares and contrasts models where candidates are certain about what the voters choices will be contingent upon about the choices made by the candidates and models where they are uncertain about those choices section 8 closes the survey by identifying some emerging areas of research

estimating most productive scale size using data envelopment analysis abstract the relation between the most productive scale size mpss for paparticular input and output mixes and returns to scale for multiple inputs multiple outputs situations is explicitly developed this relation is then employed to extend the applications of data envelopment analysis dea introduced by charnes cooper and rhodes ccr to the estimation of most productive scale sizes for convex production possibility sets it is then shown that in addition to productive inefficiencies at the actual scale size the ccr efficiency measure also reflects any inefficiencies due to divergence from the most productive scale size two illustrations of the practical applications of these results to the estimation of most productive scale sizes and returns to scale for hospitals and stem electric generation plants are also provided emphasize the advantage of this method in examining specific segments of the efficient production surface

cost efficiency of french rugby clubs this article analyses the cost efficiency of french first league rugby clubs using a stochastic frontier model the frontier estimation confirmed that the model fits the data well with all coefficients correctly signed and in line with the theoretical requirements the results show that one of the clubs is operating efficiently with the majority of clubs clustered around 20 inefficiency policy implications are derived

radial and non radial decompositions of profit change with an application to indian banking abstract grifell tatje and lovell grifell tatje e lovell c a k 1999 profits and productivity management science 45 1177 1193 made significant contributions to the literature on the extended radial dea framework by decomposing profit change into six mutually exclusive components their approach however poses two basic problems first the radial estimates on these components might give conflicting signals about the direction of profit change after the full radial efficiencies are achieved when slacks are present second evaluations of these components using base period prices as weights can be potentially misleading to address these concerns we first introduce non radial dea models and then provide a few strong theoretical arguments in favor of using as weights either current period prices or an average price covering both periods to value the contributions of each of these components the indian banking sector is taken as a case study to illustrate the radial and non radial decompositions of profit change so as to empirically examine the role of competition on profit change and its drivers our broad empirical results are as follows first radial and non radial models yield diametrically opposite results on the contributions of various components second the increasing efficiency change trends in all ownership groups after 2002 indicate that the government reform process instituted on the banking industry has had a favorable effect on the performance of the indian banking sector third despite the fact that nationalized banks are the oldest banks their output and resource allocation behaviors do not reflect their learning experience

hospital costs and excess bed capacity a statistical analysis this paper develops and estimates a cost model for u s hospitals analyzing the cost of excess bed capacity a new estimate is worth making for at least two reasons recent changes in the economic environment of hospitals have caused their utilization rates to fall sharply making previous estimates inaccurate second we employ econometric techniques not previously applied to this problem with estimation based on all short term community hospitals from 1979 89 our results based on conservative estimates of the average optimal occupancy rate indicate an annual cost of excess bed capacity of 17 2 billion in 1989 24 1 billion in 1991 and over 25 billion in 1993 copyright 1996 by mit press

regulatory reforms and productivity an empirical analysis of the japanese electricity industry the japanese electricity industry has experienced regulatory reforms since the mid 1990s this article measures productivity in japan s steam power generation sector and examines the effect of reforms on the productivity of this industry over the period 1978 2003 we estimate the luenberger productivity indicator which is a generalization of the commonly used malmquist productivity index using a data envelopment analysis approach factors associated with productivity change are investigated through dynamic generalized method of moments gmm estimation of panel data our empirical analysis shows that the regulatory reforms have contributed to productivity growth in the steam power generation sector in japan

non elective c sections in public hospitals capacity constraints and doctor incentives abstractusing administrative records of births from the perinatal surveillance system of the peruvian social security system essalud we test whether high admissions of pregnant women affected non elective caesarean section c section rates in the essalud public hospitals during 2005 2006 we present a basic theoretical model that considers physician preferences for leisure and hospital capacity constraints and test the model predictions we find that physician demand for leisure increases the probability of c sections in small and medium size hospitals while hospital capacity constraints set a limit on them we discuss the policy implications as well as the policies implemented to avoid unnecessary c sections

energy efficiency measurement in agriculture with imprecise energy content information abstract measuring energy efficiency is crucial when planning energy reduction policies however decision makers are understandably reluctant to act in the absence of solid data and results supporting a policy position this paper proposes a methodology to measure the energy efficiency of farms based on the data envelopment analysis dea approach in a manner similar to the cost framework we decompose energy efficiency measurements into technical and allocative efficiencies in energy contents of inputs in this study we replace input prices used in traditional economic efficiency measurements by their energy content we use the energy efficiency model to explore the optimal input mix that produces the current outputs at minimum energy consumption we demonstrate that this decomposition can help policy makers design accurate energy policies however the uncertainty of the data and more particularly the energy content of the inputs leads us to recommend using the methodologies to calculate the bounds of efficiency to obtain more plausible and robust results based on our analysis energy efficiency is not a fixed value and policy makers should consider it with caution we use a 2007 database of french farms specialised in field crops for empirical illustration

influencing factors on hydrogen energy r d projects an ex post performance evaluation abstract to enhance its energy security korea made a significant r d investment in developing hydrogen energy technology over a period of 10 years the hydrogen energy r d center was established in 2003 with a 100 billion korean won krw government investment that would fund the initiative through 2012 this paper is a meaningful attempt to evaluate the ex post performance of completed hydrogen energy r d projects using data envelopment analysis dea through empirical analysis we focus mainly on measuring ex post performance and uncovering the influencing factors on that performance the results of our empirical analysis reveal several interesting findings first overall the ex post performance of completed projects is relatively low however there are major performance gaps among projects second r d type technology type and private sector investment are factors influencing project performance more specifically projects identified as basic research storage technology or without private sector investment had the highest performance with an acceptable level of statistical significance third dea can provide unique information such as results of returns to scale and slack analysis which cannot be gleaned from parametric methods as time went on the decreasing returns to scale drs ratio increased and the increasing returns to scale irs ratio decreased this means that the r d budget was used less and less effectively as time passed moreover among the three year project period the second year s r d budget was used most efficiently in each r d project this study can provide meaningful information to policy makers to enhance the performance of future r d projects and to promote hydrogen r d projects as well as advance the hydrogen economy

hypercongestion in production correspondences an empirical exploration this empirical contribution reviews the rather limited existing literature measuring congestion in production it first compares current ways to measure congestion using nonparametric specifications of technologies in particular it focuses on the magnitude and incidence of the congestion detected in empirical studies using traditional radial efficiency measures thereafter it shows the limitations of this radial measurement and how alternative measurement schemes may reveal higher amounts of congestion then the new more general methodology of measuring s congestion is presented in particular we first present a numerical example to illustrate the way the s disposable technologies allow to capture more extreme forms of congestion by setting empirically determined upper bounds to the wasting of inputs then an empirical illustration is presented based on an existing sample of data a final section concludes

contestable markets an uprising in the theory of industry structure presents a transcript of the presidential address delivered at the 94th meeting of the american economic association on december 29 1981 discussion of developments in the theory of industry structure welfare attributes of contestable markets behavior characteristics of oligopoly equilibrium intertemporal vulnerability to inefficient entry ebsco

cost efficiency of electric grid utilities in china a comparison of estimates from sfa mle sfa bayes and stoned cnls with the purpose of estimating the range of cost efficiency levels of the power grid sector in china we assembled a data set including 23 provincial power grid companies spanning from 2005 to 2009 and conducted an empirical study based on the sfa mle sfa bayes and stoned cnls methodologies empirical results show that the average values of efficiency from different models vary from 0 85 to 0 92 depending especially on the assumptions underlying inefficiency content further results demonstrate that there is exogenous technical progress during the sample period and per capita gdp of the province is negatively related to the costs of the electric grid company located in the corresponding province we hope this empirical study will contribute to the debate on an efficiency based regulation scheme which was introduced to the chinese electric grid sector on a pilot base in 2014

a dynamic multi stage data envelopment analysis model with application to energy consumption in the cotton industry abstract data envelopment analysis dea is a non parametric method for evaluating the relative efficiency of homogenous decision making units dmus with multiple inputs and outputs in this paper we present a dynamic multi stage dea dms dea approach to evaluate the efficiency of cotton production energy consumption in the proposed model the farms which consume resources i e fertilizers seeds and pesticides to produce cotton are assumed to be the dmus inputs not consumed during a planning period are carried over to the next period in the planning horizon initially a dms dea model is used to determine the overall efficiency of the dmus with dynamic inputs next the efficiency score of each dmu is calculated for each time period in the planning horizon we demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method and exhibit the efficacy of the procedures and algorithms with a real life case study of energy consumption in the cotton industry

the adjusted spherical frontier model with weight restrictions abstract this paper presents the asfm lp model a parametric data envelopment analysis dea model for allocating resources commonly called inputs this model considers that a fair allocation of inputs is one that maximizes the dea ccr efficiencies of the decision making units dmus the main assumption of the asfm lp is the predefined spherical shape of the efficiency frontier we have demonstrated that our method extends the existing parametric model asfm to allow the introduction of weight restrictions which has great importance in practical applications of dea numeric examples are presented to show the application of the method

measuring efficiency with quasiconcave production frontiers abstract comparing with the frontiers derived from the data envelopment analysis dea and banker charnes cooper bcc methods the frontier derived from the free disposal hull fdh method is the closest to observed decision making units dmus and hence it can give each dmu the highest efficiency score however the frontier from the fdh method may not be a quasiconcave production frontier the production frontiers derived by petersen on the other hand may overstate inefficiency for some quasiconcave production frontiers this paper has used the minimum convex input requirement set and maximum convex output possible set to construct the closest quasiconcave production frontier for dmus by ordering dmus by input output level the dea method can be employed to estimate input based and output based efficiency scores

investment age and dynamic productivity growth in the spanish food processing industry this article analyzes the relation between investment age measured as the number of years since investment spike and dynamic productivity growth and its components which include dynamic technical change dynamic inefficiency change and dynamic scale inefficiency change the empirical application focuses on firm level data for the spanish food processing industry covering the period from 1996 to 2011 this investigation of the impact of firms investment decisions on productivity growth employs a dynamic production framework and analyzes the impact of these decisions on the components of dynamic productivity growth our findings show that dynamic productivity growth is negatively affected by investment spikes in both the meat processing and oils and fats industries and that dynamic inefficiency change initially falls just after the infusion of large investment for oils and fats firms but then grows as the firms acquire experience with this investment we further find that investment spikes lead to improvements in dynamic technical change and worsening in dynamic technical inefficiency change in the meat processing industry while dynamic scale inefficiency change was negatively impacted in both industries

performance evaluation of the english premier football league with data envelopment analysis this paper uses data envelopment analysis dea to evaluate the performance of english premier league football clubs from 1998 99 to 2002 03 combining sport and financial variables the paper evaluates how close the clubs are relative to the frontier of best practices analysing how they manage sport as well as financial results managerial implications of the research are devised

decomposition of structural and exogenous changes 1989 decomposition of structural and exogenous changes applied economics vol 21 no 1 pp 125 137

a scale elasticity measure for directional distance function and its dual theory and dea estimation abstract in this paper we focus on scale elasticity measure based on directional distance function for multi output multi input technologies explore its fundamental properties and show its equivalence with the input oriented and output oriented scale elasticity measures we also establish duality relationship between the scale elasticity measure based on the directional distance function with scale elasticity measure based on the profit function finally we discuss the estimation issues of the scale elasticity based on the directional distance function via the dea estimator

the effects of changing input costs on food prices the relationships between changes in food sector input costs and retail food prices are examined results indicate that increases in factor prices pass quickly to consumers within two quarters for most foods in addition rising farm level prices and substantial increases in nonfarm resource prices appear to explain why food prices rose more rapidly than nonfood prices in the 1970s the analysis is based on a twenty equation econometric model of the food price determination process specified following popkin s stage of processing approach causality and validation test statistics for the model are presented

using dea to evaluate 29 canadian textile companies considering returns to scale in this research we use data envelopment analysis dea to evaluate the performance of 29 canadian textile companies in 1994 using the charnes cooper and rodes ccr model in dea we first obtain the results of efficiency scores and returns to scale of 29 canadian textile companies we then focus on the returns to scale to examine the possibility of utilizing the inefficient inputs by either further expansion or vertical integration we develop a mathematical model to consider the trade off between reducing and not reducing the input surplus we use the cone ratio model to find the optimal level of vertical utilization the computational results are based on real data from the canadian textile companies

productivity and efficiency analysis software an exploratory bibliographical survey of the options the software available to implement and carry out efficiency analysis is crucial for the diffusion of efficiency frontier techniques among applied researchers and policy makers the implementation of up to date productivity and efficiency analysis is indeed important to advance our knowledge in many fields ranging from the public and regulated sectors to the private ones this contribution fills a gap in the existing literature and surveys the currently available options to estimate a variety of frontier methodologies using either general or dedicated programs we outline directions for future research

assessing eco efficiency through the dea analysis and decoupling index in the latin america countries abstract this study was developed according to a two step approach in the first step we provide an investigation of the changes in eco efficiency under constant and variable return to scale while on a second step the evaluation of the decoupling elasticity will be given the impacts of energy economic and environmental determinants inputs on the performance indicators of eco efficiency were calculated as the inverse of the carbon intensity ratio of the gdp over the co2 emissions both from the world development indicators database the changes in eco efficiency and the decoupling elasticity between co2 emissions and economic growth changes data was used for 16 latin america countries according to five year periods from 1994 to 2013 for all the five time span considered it is worth noting that the degree of technical efficiency for the latin america countries is lower than the degree of technological efficiency thus indicating that a portion of the overall inefficiency is due to the fact that these countries are producing below the production frontier rather than to an inefficient use of technology on average the results have confirmed that the technological scale change in energy production is the dominant factor influencing the optimal production frontier in the sample of countries under analysis complementarily according to the mixed results from the decoupling analysis we may conclude that the increase decrease of the co2 per capita emissions was due to other economic and environmental factors rather than to a negative positive effect of the gdp growth rate

the measurement of productive efficiency a reconsideration the purpose of this paper is to generalize the farrell indexes of productive efficiency to nonhomothetic production technologies and at the same time maintain the cost interpretation of the farrell measures since the generalized indexes rely heavily on recent developments in the estimation of frontier cost and production functions several frontier models are reviewed in addition to generalized indexes of technical allocative and overall productive efficiency a variety of single factor efficiency measures are discussed the applicability of the proposed efficiency measures is illustrated with a numerical example of electric power generation

exploring the existence of kuznets curve in countries environmental efficiency using dea window analysis abstract this paper using data envelopment dea window analysis and generalized method of moments gmm estimators examines the existence of a kuznets type relationship between countries environmental efficiency and national income specifically it measures the environmental efficiency of 17 oecd countries by constructing environmental efficiency ratios for the time period 1980 2002 the analysis with the application of dynamic panel data reveals that there isn t a kuznets type relationship between environmental efficiency and income allowing for dynamic effects we find that the adjustment to the target ratio is instantaneous we also find that increased economic activity does not always ensure environmental protection and thus the path of growth is important in addition to the growth itself

efficiency subsidies and environmental adaptation of animal farming under cap the purpose of this article is to model the interaction between the targets of the current cap environmental adaptation subsidies and efficiency q1 of animal farming to this end we first have to identify the production frontier and relative efficiency level for each animal oriented farm in the sample the production frontier and efficiency index for each type of farm assuming no specific production functions are identified using data envelope analysis dea techniques we then address the relationship between relative efficiency farm size and environmentally friendly behavior by carrying out a nonparametric regression of efficiency on economic size a proxy for the degree of environmental appropriateness and regional dummies calculations of the efficiency of the farms including direct subsidies are compared with the counterfactual exercise in the case in which direct subsidies are not considered finally we look for relations between subsidies and factors such as farm size efficiency and environmentally friendly behavior one key result shows that on average direct payments generally tend to increase efficiency however in most of the cases the mean efficiency decreases as the percentage of direct payments rises direct payments are found to be positively related to environmentally friendly production at least in germany however in general the direct payment system is not sufficient to offset the fact that the less environmentally friendly farms as well as the larger farms are more efficient

strategic planning of optimal resource allocation in response to global financial crisis a study of international tourist hotels this study is principally designed to examine the changes in the efficiency effective resource allocation and future operation strategies of taiwan s international tourist hotel in global economic downturn at first we set up critical input and output factors and construct an assessment model using data envelopment analysis dea for analysis of relative efficiency further we apply an allocative efficiency model for additional considerations of each input cost and analyse proper and effective resource allocation finally there are significant changes in overall efficiency of international tourist hotels under global financial crisis we can also reach an effective allocation of the overall resources in such cases lowering cost has become a key issue for sustainable operation of international tourist hotel finally the greatest contribution of this study is to further classify the competitiveness and optimal cost allocation of taiwan s international tourist hotels into seven categories based on the

a simple derivation of scale elasticity in data envelopment analysis in this paper we suggest a simple derivation of the formulae for the scale elasticity in the variable returns to scale technology as used in data envelopment analysis our development is consistent with the existing literature but the proof is much shorter and applies to the general case without any simplifying conditions

impact of input substitution and output transformation on data envelopment analysis decisions abstractdata envelopment analysis dea can aid managerial decision making because it offers an opportunity to measure organizational performance in a holistic manner aggregating data from partial indicators into a single comprehensive measure however there are some methodological hazards associated with the use of dea that are especially relevant to managerial decisions but which have been largely ignored in the literature herein we identify and show the impact of a ubiquitous methodological hazard in dea modelling the economic assumptions regarding input substitutions and output transformations

measuring technical efficiency and productivity growth a comparison of sfa and dea on norwegian grain production data this article compares data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier analysis to assess efficiency and productivity growth of norwegian grain producers previous studies have dealt with either one of them and less of both for the assessment of productivity growth or regress malmquist productivity indices are derived from both approaches the data cover a 10 year period we find consistency between the approaches to the extent that 1 there are potentials for efficiency improvements but the magnitudes depends on the model applied and by segmentation of the data set 2 there has been a productivity improvement in the sector on average in the interval 30 38 in the period studied and 3 technical change has had the greatest impact on productivity indicating that producers have a tendency to catch up with the front runners in general policy makers are warned not to be indifferent with respect to the approach used for efficiency and productivity measurement as these may give different results

measuring efficiency in the public sector using nonparametric frontier estimators a study of transit agencies in the usa transit agencies in the usa must provide service under increasing operating constraints using data from 1989 1993 technical efficiency among these firms is estimated and characteristics indicative of differential efficiency in transit agencies are identified this paper verifies the robustness of the second step regression results to the choice of efficiency measure by comparing results of the two step regressions using a pair of non parametric efficiency estimators it is discovered that the structure of government subsidy to this industry negatively affects not just cost efficiency but technical efficiency as well furthermore maintenance appears to be an important component of operational efficiency in this industry

data envelopment analysis models of investment funds abstract this paper develops theory missing in the sizable literature that uses data envelopment analysis to construct return risk ratios for investment funds it explores the production possibility set of the investment funds to identify an appropriate form of returns to scale it discusses what risk and return measures can justifiably be combined and how to deal with negative risks and identifies suitable sets of measures it identifies the problems of failing to deal with diversification and develops an iterative approximation procedure to deal with it it identifies relationships between diversification coherent measures of risk and stochastic dominance it shows how the iterative procedure makes a practical difference using monthly returns of 30 hedge funds over the same time period it discusses possible shortcomings of the procedure and offers directions for future research

performance and efficiency in colombia s power distribution system effects of the 1994 reform we assess evolution in performance efficiency and productivity of colombia s power distribution utilities before and after the 1994 regulatory reform that introduced electricity market activities for the power sector in 12 distribution companies from 1985 to 2001 performance is evaluated contrasting changes in mean and median by wilcoxon rank sum and pearson tests on financial and other performance indicators technical efficiency is measured by means of data envelopment analysis dea the nature of the dataset allows the estimation of malmquist productivity index and its evolution in time results show a recovery after the reform in the main performance indicators of profitability partial input productivity and output plant efficiency and productivity increased after the reform mainly in the largest utilities used as benchmarks in the dea efficiency scores measures meanwhile the less efficient power distribution companies did not improved after the reform and were not able to undertake plant restructuring to catch up in plant efficiency with respect to the pareto efficient input allocations econometric results on dea efficiency scores suggest a positive effect of policy reform

structural change in the demand for meat economists have long thought that shocks in the economy sometimes lead to permanent changes in behavioral relationships hence supply or demand elasticities estimated from econometric models may change over time the source of such structural change may be technological adoption a shift in consumer preferences or an institutional change one way to handle this problem in linear models is to allow the parameters to change as the situation changes so that the model provides a local approximation of the behavioral relationship this approach is an attractive way to deal with structural change problems econometricians have extended the classical