the action mechanism analysis of environmental pressures on the development of environmentally friendly technologies using a neo schumperian model in order to analyze the action mechanism of environmental pressures on the development of environmentally friendly technologies efts this paper constructs a neo schumpeterian simulation model containing firms production pricing pollution abatement investment environmental r d entry exit decision making and consumer choice behavior the objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of consumer demand preferences and environmental policies on firms environmental investment decision making as well as the development of eft results showed that consumers prefer product price a market based instrument mbi combined with an information oriented instrument ioi can promote the development of eft while mbi applied alone will reduce environmental investment under scenarios that consumers prefer product quality a command and control environmental policy cac can promote the development of eft to a greater extent but it inhibits environmental investment and damages the average profit rate of profit of the industry if consumers prefer environmental performance of firms cac or ioi is advantageous to the change of eft however in such a case environmental investment and consumer utility are reduced

labor market discrimination in a poor urban economy labor market discrimination by sex and by race in a poor urban economy is analyzed using a survey of manufacturing employees in tanzania there are large differences in mean wages by both sex and race using techniques previously applied to developed countries it is found that whereas the sex difference in mean wages can be explained mainly in terms of sex differences in personal characteristics the race difference is mainly the result of wage and job discrimination an attempt is made to explain the results which run counter to common presuppositions about discrimination

identifying roles of international institutions in clean energy technology innovation and diffusion in the developing countries matching barriers with roles of the institutions abstract the development of clean energy technologies is a central issue in climate change negotiation the signatory countries to the united nations convention on climate change agreed to organize the technology executive committee and the climate technology centre and network the objectives of this paper are twofold the first objective is to show a broad landscape of barriers in technology development the paper summarizes the results of key case studies that were conducted to uncover technology specific barriers in technology development these case studies include both technologies for industrial use such as wind bio energy and building energy efficiency and technologies for individual use such as light emitting diodes and photovoltaic panels the case studies also contain technologies at the innovation stage such as integrated gasification combined cycle and carbon capture and storage the second objective of this paper is to highlight and define roles of international institutions in overcoming identified barriers in clean energy technology development in this paper four areas of focus for international institutions are discussed including 1 increasing r d cooperation at the innovation stage 2 facilitation of intellectual property rights 3 supporting finance and 4 enhancing the enabling environment at the diffusion stage

the public private wage differential in a poor urban economy the occupational structure of wages is generally more compressed in high than in low income countries the role of non market forces in determining the structure of wages is of interest for reasons of allocative efficiency as well as for distributional concerns this paper considers how wage differentials may be generated between the public and private sectors of a developing economy data from a 1971 household survey of the tanzanian urban wage labor force are used to determine the pattern of wage differences across employer groups after standardizing by worker characteristics public sector employees are found to have earned a substantial wage premium over workers employed in the private sector the non market character of these differentials is examined in light of a number of hypotheses on public sector wage determination

parastatal pay policy in africa abstract public enterprises have grown to represent a significant share of modern sector employment in many african economies with wage and employment issues near the top of the policy agenda in africa attention should be given to public enterprise compensation and employment policies after describing the institutions which govern public enterprise pay in a number of sub saharan countries the paper considers the policy dilemma in choosing between the two basic alternative pay setting regimes for public enterprise enterprise wage autonomy versus unified salary scales with the civil service

the role of transnational dimensions in emerging economy technological innovation systems for clean tech the technological innovation system tis framework and its system functions have become a popular analytical tool for the study of clean tech innovation there is increasing attention for the role of emerging economies in global clean tech innovation but the applicability of tis to emerging economies cases is not entirely straightforward a key issue is the limited geographical considerations in particular transnational dimensions in tis whereas earlier perspectives on innovation in emerging economies have stressed the role of such transnational dimensions this paper elaborates transnational tis actor networks and institutions categorizes these in relation to tis functions and describes their potential to induce or block tis development in emerging economies we draw on insights from the perspectives of national learning systems international technology transfer and global production networks for this purpose we conclude that the potential effects of these transnational dimensions may be accurately grasped by the existing list of system functions lending credence to its further application of the tis framework on emerging economy case studies policy makers in emerging economies should recognize these transnational dimensions and seek to optimize their potential effect on domestic tis development taking in to consideration a realistic assessment of its role in the global tis

employment and structural impacts of material efficiency strategies results from five case studies abstract in order to come up with a sound assessment of the effects of material efficiency innovations on growth employment and competitiveness different economic mechanisms have to be considered from a methodological point of view the analysis must be able to account for technology specific aspects the employment impacts of five innovations are analyzed plastic and paper recycling increased life span of automobiles car sharing and bio based products time horizons for all strategies are scenarios until 2020 the economic impacts are context specific with regard to innovation technology and country the economic impacts highlight substantial structural adjustments the overall economic net impact on employment tends to be neutral to positive stronger positive economic impacts result if first mover advantages can be established

a comprehensive review for green product term from definition to evaluation nowadays interest in corporate environmental strategies shifts from cleaner processes to the holistic nature of green products the relevant literature argues that firms have the opportunity to pioneer through green product innovation allowing them to differentiate and thus gain competitive advantage environmental burden of products during their entire life cycle is undeniable due to the weakness of the existing literature that inadequately addresses a commonly accepted green product definition as well as the thereby caused inconclusive academic empirical results on firms competitiveness there are many cases of businesses greenwashing behavior the overall contribution of this exploratory paper on determining and evaluating the degree of greenness of a product is twofold first starting with a systematic literature review authors further contribute by proposing an integrative definition that addresses the so far existing terminological gap next after reviewing the existing environmental assessment tools authors based on the developed definition and in accordance to its dynamic dimension contribute to the existing methodology as the paper reveals issues that need to be considered in the evaluation of green products

a switching regression model for wage determinants in the public and private sectors of a developing country governments in less developed countries face severe budgetary constraints given that public sector employment is a large part of modern sector employment the government wage bill h as come under increased scrutiny the central question is how do gove rnment wages compare with those in the private sector in this paper the authors develop and estimate a model to answer this question an important aspect of this model is the endogenous treatment of sector choice the estimation results full information maximum likelihood sound a strong warning against the use of ordinary least squares est imates that are based on sector specific samples data are from the i vory coast copyright 1988 by mit press

the impact of legitimacy pressure and corporate profitability on green innovation evidence from china top 100 abstract green innovation is an important approach for achieving sustainable development most research on determinants of corporate green innovation has focused on either external or internal drivers combining institutional theory and resource based view the scientific value of this study lies in simultaneously exploring the influence of external legitimacy pressure and internal corporate profitability and their interaction on green innovation samples of the top 100 listed companies in china from 2008 to 2012 were used and the results demonstrated that legitimacy pressure from stakeholders has a significantly positive influence on both corporate green product innovation and process innovation the results also revealed that corporate profitability positively affects green product innovation while there was found to be no significant influence on green process innovation moreover corporate profitability positively moderates the relationship between legitimacy pressure and green product innovation the results show that not only the single factor of external legitimacy pressure and internal profitability but also their interaction affects corporate green innovation practices this offers an integrating perspective on how corporations can be more innovative in sustainability

second order sustainability conditions for the development of sustainable innovations in a dynamic environment abstract in particular radical innovations can be important means to achieving improved sustainability due to the existence of path dependency and lock in however the transition from one technological trajectory to another more sustainable one is often impeded by significant barriers fortunately these barriers are by their nature subject to substantial changes in time so it makes sense to carefully distinguish between periods of stability showing high barriers in which the given trajectory can hardly be left and periods of instability characterized by low barriers where a new trajectory can be reached more easily the latter distinction matters since sustainable innovations often rely on governmental regulation and the economic burden arising from this regulation will be much lower in periods of instability moreover due to the complexity and dynamics of change in their respective environments innovations are generally associated with fundamental uncertainty such that it becomes impossible to predict the degree of sustainability yielded by specific innovations in the longer run under these circumstances it is essential to facilitate the change between trajectories and to allow for the possibility to select between a variety of alternative trajectories within a process of trial and error sustainability as viewed from this evolutionary perspective is therefore better understood as the general capability to adapt that is to readily change from less to more sustainable technological trajectories since the latter kind of sustainability determines the conditions under which the former kind i e sustainability related to a specific technology can be achieved the two kinds are respectively called second order and first order sustainability finally a series of determinants and corresponding indicators from the techno economic political and socio cultural sphere is identified which after proper measurement and weighting allow for making an assessment whether and when the incumbent industry is sufficiently destabilized and the political system rendered sufficiently favorable to the new more sustainable technology such that a transition to the preferred trajectory is possible without too much effort

motivators for adoption of photovoltaic systems at grid parity a case study from southern germany in some countries photovoltaic pv technology is at a stage of development at which it can compete with conventional electricity sources in terms of electricity generation costs i e grid parity a case in point is germany where the pv market has reached a mature stage the policy support has scaled down and the diffusion rate of pv systems has declined this development raises a fundamental question what are the motives to adopt pv systems at grid parity the point of departure for the relevant literature has been on the impact of policy support adopters and recently local solar companies however less attention has been paid to the motivators for adoption at grid parity this paper presents an in depth analysis of the diffusion of pv systems explaining the impact of policy measures adopters and system suppliers anchored in an extensive and exploratory case study in germany we provide a context specific explanation to the motivations to adopt pv systems at grid parity

towards green growth how does green innovation affect employment abstract we examine the relationship between green innovation and employment from data taken from the spanish technological innovation panel pitec for period 2007 2011 the increasing relevance of environmental issues for the spanish economy its unemployment problem and the uniqueness in its innovation structure make it a proper and interesting context to investigate green innovation dynamics we find a positive relationship between green innovation and employment and the relationship is stronger for firms in the so called dirty industries in addition we show that the relationship is positive for firms that introduce green innovation voluntarily as compared to firms that introduce green innovation merely to comply with regulations a positive and significant relationship is also found between employment and firms that report an increase in the degree of importance paid to green innovation

exploring the dynamics of water innovation foundations for water innovation studies the urgent need for innovation to address multifaceted and intertwined water related challenges is becoming increasingly clear acknowledged and responded to with cumulating sources and amounts of funding nevertheless the water sector has been claimed to be less innovative than other sectors this special volume on the dynamics of water innovation is based on the realization that in general there is a striking absence of academic studies on the dynamics of water innovation this sv is therefore designed to lay the foundations for the field of water innovation studies in an effort to integrate the emerging insights together the contributions in this sv capture the current understanding of the dynamics of water innovation and provide insights into how the water innovation process can be fostered the purpose of this introductory article is threefold namely to frame the discussion on water innovation dynamics in order to contextualise the contributions of this sv to provide systematic guidance for studying water innovation dynamics and to suggest the way forward for water innovation studies it captures the extent of the field of water innovation studies with a review of the literature of the last three decades and frames water innovations based on five decades of innovation research and drawing on three areas management strategy and policy we provide an innovation studies taxonomy that consists of four organising dimensions type of innovation stage of innovation level of analysis and measurement this taxonomy enables researchers to study the dynamics of water innovation from different combinations of conceptual and thematic angles drawing on the field of innovation studies in a systematic fashion finally we reflect on the way forward for water innovation studies with suggestions for future research 2017 the authors

analysing future trends of renewable electricity in the eu in a low carbon context the aim of this paper is to analyse the situation and trends of electricity from renewable energy sources res e in the eu up to 2030 taking into account several drivers and barriers and different maturity levels for the renewable energy technologies the methodology is based on the results of simulation models providing insights on future outlooks complemented with an analysis of regulations and other drivers and barriers regarding the most mature renewable electricity technologies the main drivers will be public policies carbon prices and support schemes and the expected up ward trend in fossil fuel prices and the main barriers are related to grid access administrative procedures and the exhaustion of places with the best wind resource for those already commercial but expensive technologies the main driver is support schemes but not carbon prices allowing the exploitation of the large potential for investment cost reductions barriers are mostly related to their high investment costs finally for those technologies which are emerging and immature further technical improvements as a result of r d efforts will be needed and they cannot be expected to significantly penetrate the european electricity market until 2030

the role of finance in environmental innovation diffusion an evolutionary modeling approach abstract the implementation of climate adaptation and mitigation policies depend on the development of green technologies whose diffusion is constrained by a number of barriers which prevent them to spread broadly and at a fast pace by means of an agent based computational model the paper investigates the macro and micro economic dynamics considering the role of a traditional commercial bank and a state investment bank that explicitly supports green investments simulation results emphasize that green finance matter and that the market diffusion of environmental innovation is more pronounced when the presence of the public investment bank is combined with strong consumers preferences oriented towards environmental quality the relevance of the paper is twofold besides contributing to the literature on the finance innovation nexus by considering the role of climate finance within a complex systems framework it provides a model that can be used as a tool to explore policies to foster environmental innovation diffusion

towards a green economy through innovations the role of trade union involvement abstract in this paper we address the overlooked issue of whether and how industrial relations might play a role in the process of greening the economy primarily through the levers of innovation adoption and organisational change we address our objective econometrically assessing the quality of industrial relations as a driver of environmental innovation adoption through the use of micro data on manufacturing firms the results yield two interesting main findings being a unionised firm is not associated with the adoption of environmental innovation however when we consider the industrial relations climate we observe a positive relationship between a cooperative industrial relations climate union involvement and the propensity to introduce environmental innovation two models are relevant a managerially oriented model unions are informed and a participatory model unions bargain on innovation adoption the contents of environmental innovations are also important union involvement is more relevant for adopting more complex and radical innovations to abate co2 and ems and iso practices

blue carbon knowledge gaps critical issues and novel approaches blue carbon the carbon stored and sequestered in mangrove forests seagrass meadows and tidal salt marshes is considered a cost effective means to achieve positive climate change mitigation and adaptation outcomes blue carbon is therefore of considerable interest to the scientific and policy communities and is frequently discussed in relation to carbon markets and climate finance opportunities this paper identifies peer reviewed and gray literature documents that discuss blue carbon in the context of finance and market mechanisms the document set is analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively and the principal scientific economic regulatory social and management issues that emerge are discussed the study reveals that 1 the blue carbon literature is dominated by technical and policy commentary with a dearth of research into practical social considerations and a stark absence of private sector perspectives 2 there is confusion over the nature and role of important concepts including private and public sector finance and instruments and 3 understanding of the important issues of investment priorities and risk considerations is also limited this paper therefore identifies gaps in the blue carbon literature clarifies critical concepts and issues and proposes novel pathways for blue carbon research and project development

sectoral patterns of technical change towards a taxonomy and a theory abstract the purpose of the paper is to describe and explain sectoral patterns of technical change as revealed by data on about 2000 significant innovations in britain since 1945 most technological knowledge turns out not to be information that is generally applicable and easily reproducible but specific to firms and applications cumulative in development and varied amongst sectors in source and direction innovating firms principally in electronics and chemicals are relatively big and they develop innovations over a wide range of specific product groups within their principal sector but relatively few outside firms principally in mechanical and instrument engineering are relatively small and specialised and they exist in symbiosis with large firms in scale intensive sectors like metal manufacture and vehicles who make a significant contribution to their own process technology in textile firms on the other hand most process innovations come from suppliers these characteristics and variations can be classified in a three part taxonomy based on firms 1 supplier dominated 2 production intensive 3 science based they can be explained by sources of technology requirements of users and possibilities for appropriation this explanation has implications for our understanding of the sources and directions of technical change firms diversification behaviour the dynamic relationship between technology and industrial structure and the formation of technological skills and advantages at the level of the firm the region and the country

what has 20 years of public private pay gap literature told us eastern european transitioning vs developed economies this paper surveys the literature on public private sector pay differentials based on 20 years of research in transitioning countries of eastern europe ee and compares the results with estimates obtained from developed market economies the majority of empirical studies from ee economies found evidence of public sector pay penalties during the period of economic transition from a communist to market based economy in developed economies however the average differential is usually around zero or positive the public sector pay inequality reducing effect relative to the private sector is greater in transitioning economies than in developed economies nevertheless there is evidence that the sign of the public sector pay gap as well as the relative public sector pay distribution change with the progress of economic transition towards those usually observed in developed economies different pay setting arrangements between private and public sectors and competition for workers seem to be major arguments for the existence of systematic pay differences between the two sectors

corporate social performance and innovation with high social benefits a quantitative analysis this article analyses the link between innovation with high social benefits and corporate social performance csp and the role that family firms play in this this theme is particularly relevant given the large number of firms that are family owned also the implicit potential of innovation to reconcile corporate sustainability aspects with profitability justifies an extended analysis of this link governments often support socially beneficial innovation with various policy instruments with the intention of increasing international competitiveness and simultaneously supporting sustainable development in parallel firms pursue corporate social responsibility csr and environmental management activities partly in the hope that this will foster such innovation in their organisation alongside their main aim of improving csp hence the main research question of this article is about the association of csp with innovation with high social benefits and the determinants of the potential moderation of this association based on panel data the article analyses the link between csp and innovation and the effect of being a family firm using panel estimation techniques the results point to a moderating role of family firms on the link between innovation with high social benefits and csp the article concludes by assessing the policy implications of this insight

eco innovation in the transition to a circular economy an analytical literature review abstract in the ongoing sustainability debate the circular economy ce has been steadily gaining ground as a new paradigm at the same time eco innovation ei has been recognised as a key element in carrying out the transition from a linear to a circular system of production and consumption however little information can be found concerning whether and how ei can actually facilitate the change to a ce while extensive literature on ei and a growing body of research exploring the ce already exist there is as yet no comprehensive understanding concerning the connections between these two concepts drawing on academic contributions from the fields of ei and ce this analysis seeks to clarify and synthesise findings at the intersection of these two fields the aim is threefold derive literature based working definitions of ce and ei review the role of ei at ce s macro meso and micro levels and characterise ce inducing ei in terms of targets mechanisms and impacts our literature review shows that an ei driven techno economic transition to a ce requires specific solutions i e different forms of ei driven clean congruence at distinct levels of operation generally speaking movement toward a ce is found to be contingent on systemic ei that is not only intense in technology but also involving dynamic and holistic combinations of service innovations and novel organisational set ups

comparing earnings profiles in urban areas of an ldc rural to urban migrants vs native workers abstract we use tanzanian data to test a recently proposed hypothesis that rural to urban migrants have an incentive to supply greater work effort than native urban workers because of the migrants positive probability of returning to the low wage rural areas we treat the choice between public and private sector employment as endogenous and for theoretical and empirical reasons distinguish migrants with access to rural land from those without access our results show that migrants in both sectors face lower initial wage offers than native urban workers but the wage gap is eliminated within a decade or less and thereafter migrants surpass the wage offers of native workers

toward a new conception of the environment competitiveness relationship accepting a fixed trade off between environmental regulation and competitiveness unnecessarily raises costs and slows down environmental progress studies finding high environmental compliance costs have traditionally focused on static cost impacts ignoring any offsetting productivity benefits from innovation they typically overestimated compliance costs neglected innovation offsets and disregarded the affected industry s initial competitiveness rather than simply adding to cost properly crafted environmental standards can trigger innovation offsets allowing companies to improve their resource productivity shifting the debate from pollution control to pollution prevention was a step forward it is now necessary to make the next step and focus on resource productivity

lead markets and regulation a framework for analyzing the international diffusion of environmental innovations abstract environmental regulations are often intended to stimulate the generation and adoption of eco efficient innovations an important argument in the public debate is also the creation of new markets for environmentally benign products processes and services in other countries and the generation as a result of export opportunities for the pioneering country lead markets research on lead markets has not however focused on environmental innovations to date we therefore extend the lead market model to environmental innovations and take particular account of the peculiarities of such innovations in particular the public good character of environmental benefits and the role of regulations this approach is applied to two case studies wind energy and fuel efficient passenger cars in both cases the innovation was initially adopted in one country other countries subsequently adopted the same innovation design favored by the lead market which in turn developed into a large exporter in the wind generation and car industries respectively we discuss the regulations employed and the reasons for the international success of the innovations induced by them our findings demonstrate that when supported by global demand or regulatory trends strict regulation results in the creation of lead markets finally we provide recommendations on how our model could be used for further research and in the development of a coordinated environmental and innovation policy

the effects of factor market distortion and technical innovation on china s electricity consumption abstract this study integrates neoclassical economics and institutional theory to examine the relationship between market factor distortion technical innovation and china s electricity consumption using business data from china 2008 2014 first we provide evidence that factor market distortion promotes electricity consumption of industrial enterprises in china secondly we divide technical innovation into traditional technical innovation and green innovation finding that the level of technical innovation has an inverted u shaped effect on the electricity consumption of industrial enterprises further we also provide evidence that factor market distortion amplifies the inverted u shaped effect of the technical innovation plot the results show that accelerating the reform of the market and promoting green innovation should be regarded as important strategies for national energy saving and emission reduction

decarbonising the power sector via technological change differing contributions from heterogeneous firms abstract in the power sector technological change is a key lever to address the decarbonisation needed to avoid dangerous climate change policy makers aim to accelerate and redirect technological change by targeting relevant firms via climate policy e g the european union emissions trading system eu ets and climate relevant technology policies e g feed in tariffs changes in firm s behaviour i e their research and development r d as well as diffusion activities are at the heart of technological change however firms are heterogeneous actors with varying attributes which perceive policy differently hence they can be expected to react very heterogeneously to these new policies based on an original dataset of 201 firms we perform a cluster analysis grouping firms along their r d and diffusion activity changes we then compare these clusters with regards to the characteristics of the contained firms our analysis results in seven clusters showing very diverse contributions to low carbon technological change suggesting potential for policy to become more effective a comparison of the firms characteristics allows us to derive indicative recommendations on how to adjust the policy mix in order to induce contributions from most firms in the power sector

wage differentials in brazil theory and evidence the investigation of wage determination and wage differentials in developing countries has concentrated on the effects of human capital and different sources of segmentation associated with institutional arrangements and structural characteristics on earnings in this article we use micro data for brazil for the 1980s and 1990s to test several competitive theories and models with segmentation explained by efficiency wages we find that unmeasured abilities and efficiency wage models seem to play a role in wage determination while compensating differentials and transitory difference theories were found to be irrelevant to wages formation

sustainable maize production and consumption in china practices and politics in transition china provides a stark and globally significant illustration of how changing patterns of food production and consumption especially related to increased intake of animal protein are creating negative impacts on biodiversity climate nitrogen and phosphorous cycles and the use of freshwater however china s rapidly growing innovation capabilities and dynamic pattern of development also offer a unique opportunity for transitions towards more sustainable and resilient agri food systems applying a food practices in transition framework spaargaren et al 2012 this paper discusses the technological political and socio cultural factors central to such systemic changes with a focus on maize as a core case study in particular it presents and discusses two contending but not mutually exclusive pathways towards more sustainable maize production and consumption one which we call the indigenous innovation pathway is framed by systemic rationalities and characterised by a focus on r d intensive technologies for agricultural intensification including the controversial use of transgenic phytase maize the second which we term the alternative pathway is framed by lifeworld rationalities and focusses on improved management practices shorter supply chains agro ecological and participatory research the two pathways claim different environmental benefits and present different risks and political implications this paper analyses the food practices in transition in each pathway identifying links with shifting political conditions and pointing to the increasingly significant role of consumer agency in steering patterns of maize production and consumption in china

effects of policies on patenting in wind power technologies abstract this paper explores the effects of policies and other factors driving innovation in wind power technologies in twelve oecd countries over more than two decades patent counts are used as an indicator for innovation the factors considered are generally derived from the systems of innovation literature count data econometric model were used for the estimations the suggest that patenting in wind power technology is positively related to public r d in wind power reflecting supply side policy the stock of wind capacity reflecting learning effects the number of patents per capita reflecting a country s innovative capacity and the share of green party voters reflecting the legitimacy of the technology in particular the presence of production or capacity targets for wind power or renewable energy sources and a stable policy environment reflecting policy process appear to be favourable for patenting wind power technologies these results are robust to various model specifications distributional assumptions and alternative classifications of wind power technologies in the patent search

interest rate management in ldc s the mckinnon argument that higher time deposit rates raise output and lower inflation in the short run and increase medium term growth by raising the savings rate are shown to depend crucially on the assumption that portfolio shifts into td s come out of an asset providing less intermediation than the banking system we show that if instead the shift is out of an asset providing more intermediation e g loans on a curbmarket raising td rates is contractionary in the short run may have negative impacts on growth and can lead to more rather than less inflation in the short run

the dynamics of technological substitution the case of eco innovation diffusion of surface cleaning products some eco innovations have already reached a mature state but they diffuse slowly there is little known about the importance of various factors on the diffusion process of eco innovations the aim of this research is to propose a conceptual model for eco innovation diffusion where particular case study of eco innovation micro fibre cloth mfc for surface cleaning purposes is given the work will study the relative importance of various motivations on diffusion processes as well as the influence of information campaigns this novel methodology has been developed under the system dynamics framework and is coupled with the logistic regression model structural validation tests were done for the proposed model the methodology is proposed then the integrated empirical study and system dynamics model are completed the results of the logistic regression models show that the overall attitudes and social influence has the most dominant impact on intention to use the studied eco innovation products the most sensitive parameters in the system dynamics model were found to be the adoption faction of information received by word of mouth households adopting micro fibre cloth at the beginning of the simulation and the contact rate per household the proposed methodology and developed mathematical model can also be used as the basis for other studies of other diffusion processes since system dynamics modelling is a white box modelling approach and the structure of the model can be enhanced with the latest results from other studies

eco innovations in developing countries the case of manaus free trade zone brazil innovations focused on sustainability are called in academic papers sustainable innovations environmental innovations eco innovations or green innovations this is an emerging subject whose terms and concepts are still not fully consolidated in addition literature review indicates the need to identify the challenges to the implementation of eco innovations in developing countries especially in resource rich regions such is the case of the manaus free trade zone mftz in brazil this research aims to identify factors that promote or inhibit eco innovations in this context by analyzing the impact of these drivers and companies orientation to innovation this is a case study that aimed at assessing industries of the mftz data was collected through in depth interviews direct observation and analyses of formal documentation data collected was analysed through content analysis the results obtained demonstrated despite the region s vocation for environmental issues initiatives on eco innovations are still scarce the companies studied were also dependent on their headquarters which means that there is little concern over local issues and investment in eco innovations is low in conclusion this study makes a theoretical and practical contribution to research on eco innovation firstly it analyses drivers of eco innovation in developing countries especially in free trade zones new drivers have been identified and those presented in previous researches demonstrated that their impact on eco innovations is less significant secondly it provides a panoramic understanding of the main eco innovation processes as local condition to develop eco innovation finally it offers significant insights for researchers and experts who are challenged by the need to perform sustainability from an eco innovation point of view difficulties and hindrances to eco innovate

focal organisations and eco innovation in consumption and production systems this paper explores the role of focal organisations in stimulating eco innovation at the locus of greatest environmental impacts within a consumption and production system cps focal organisations by definition have considerable power in these systems we combine insights from the innovation studies literature with the sustainable green supply chain literature to explore how focal organisations exercise this power in pursuit of system wide sustainability through a case study of the milk cps in the uk we illustrate different strategies of the focal organisations to stimulate incremental eco innovation along existing trajectories we also show how despite focal organisation support radical eco innovation is inhibited by inherent path dependencies and other institutional dimensions of the cps by demonstrating the complementarities of positioning the case study findings within two synergistic literatures this paper contributes theoretically by extending and elaborating eco innovation studies it also has a practical utility for policy makers seeking to chart a path to more sustainable cps by relying on focal organisations

the central government private sector wage differential since ehrenberg and schwarz 1986 there has been a plethora of articles investigating the relationship between public and private sector wages this article examines part of this post 1986 literature by reviewing articles that examine central government private sector wage differentials in sum most articles find that there is a premium paid to central government workers although the premium has declined in recent years in developing countries however the differential is usually negative women and minorities tend to do better in the public sector relative to their private sector counterparts the evidence on union premiums between sectors is mixed although the premium tends to be higher in the private sector however public sector union workers do not do much better than private sector union members the magnitude of all of the wage differentials discussed are sensitive to the estimation technique and data source used the most common explanation for the public sector wage premium is economic rent accruing to government workers although the public sector wage determination literature suggests that the differential is due to returns to political and vote producing activities not relevant in the private sector

what triggers environmental management and innovation empirical evidence for germany abstract it is frequently hypothesized that environmental management systems emss may improve firms environmental innovation performance whether this hypothesis is true is as critical for environmental policy as questions pertaining to the relevant incentives for 1 a firm s voluntary adoption of an ems and 2 its environmental innovation behavior based on ample empirical evidence for german manufacturing this paper addresses the simultaneity of these issues on the basis of a recursive bivariate probit model that explores the hypothesis that a facility s decision on innovation activities is correlated with the decision on ems adoption our empirical results indicating that environmental innovation activities are not associated with ems implementation nor any other single policy instrument reflect the perceptions of the survey respondents and hence should be interpreted as correlations rather than causal relationships according to these perceptions innovation behavior seems to be mainly correlated with the stringency of environmental policy

the role of social processes for sustainable consumption abstract rethinking the role consumption plays in individual well being and societal development is key for addressing pressing environmental problems we perceive the need to envision consumption as a social activity which requires the active engagement of consumers in order to better enhance their quality of life the paper focuses on the framework of product service systems one particular programme for more sustainable consumption after reviewing the potential benefits and limitations of this programme we explore the opportunities to learn from participatory and community based strategies like lets

i don t want to be green prosocial motivation effects on firm environmental innovation rejection decisions although the political and consumer consciousness has turned increasingly green many firms continue to resist the adoption of environment friendly technological innovations even in the face of higher costs negative health effects and stricter government oversight this article examines how business owners weigh the trade offs associated with environment friendly innovations by examining the role of prosocial motivation in their decision making process we use primary data to overcome a common restriction in studying environmental innovations the scarcity of relevant data to analyze how business owners expectations perceptions and motivations affect innovation in organizational processes and consequently the level of environmental friendliness of their products or services we found that prosocial motivation had a significant negative impact on innovation adoption and that it is expressed differently under high and low levels of customer compatibility possibly because business owners have a larger number of competing social objectives and priorities our results further showed that the innovation s ability to satisfy downstream customer demands has the greatest impact on environment friendly innovation adoption decisions by business owners this study enhances our understanding of how business owners make innovation decisions based on competing business environmental and social objectives and provides a foundation for future research in this area

environmental innovations and profitability how does it pay to be green an empirical analysis on the german innovation survey much of the empirical literature analysing the relation between environmental innovation and competitiveness has focused on the question whether it pays to be green we differentiate between different types of environmental innovations which will be disentangled in those aiming at reducing the negative externalities and those allowing for efficiency increases and cost savings what we analyze is at first the extent to which these two typologies have impacts on firms profitability with opposite signs and secondly whether the motivations driving the adoption of those innovations make the difference in terms of economic gains we find empirical evidence that both the typology of environmental innovation and the driver of their adoption affect the sign of the relationship between competitiveness and environmental performance the empirical strategy is based on a sample of german firms and makes use of a merge of two waves of the mannheim innovation panel in 2011 and 2009 that allow overcoming some endogeneity issues which may arise in a cross section setting

the effects of public sector hiring and compensation policies on the egyptian labor market this article examines the combined impact of the employment guarantee for graduates and public sector compensation policies on the egyptian labor market besides contributing to an unsustainable rate of growth in the government labor force these policies have encouraged queuing for government jobs contributed to high graduate unemployment rates and reduced the employment of graduates in the private sector despite substantial wage erosion in the public sector in recent years government wages when appropriately corrected for observed heterogeneity and sample selection are on a par with or higher than private sector wages especially for graduates when combined with the more desirable nonwage aspects of government jobs these compensation levels explain the attractiveness of public sector employment to graduates government pay scales are especially advantageous to female secondary school graduates who appear to face considerable discrimination in the private sector

entry growth and survival in the green industry abstractentry growth and survival in the green industry regional studies economists are interested in the factors that induce firm entry lead to growth and help firms succeed in various markets such information can be helpful to policy makers but unfortunately such patterns have not been considered for green industries this paper takes advantage of a recent definition of green industries proposed by the us bureau of labor statistics bls to investigate patterns characterizing these industries within the state of texas

public private employment choice wage differentials and gender in turkey abstract the main objective of this article is to examine the factors that explain the employment choice and the wage differentials in public administration state owned enterprises and the formal private wage sector in turkey selectivity corrected wage equations are estimated for each sector for men and women separately oaxaca blinder decomposition of the wage differentials between sectors by gender and between men and women by sector are carried out results indicate that when controlled for observed characteristics and sample selection for men public administration wages are higher than private sector wages except at the university level where the wages are at par state owned enterprise wages for men are higher than private sector wages similar results are obtained for women further while the wages of men and women are at parity in the public administration there is a large gender wage gap in the private sector in favor of men private returns to schooling are found to be lower in the noncompe

firm technological trajectory as a driver of eco innovation in young small and medium sized enterprises abstract few studies have focused on green innovation in young small and medium sized enterprises instead research tends to focus on large companies with formal research and development departments studying the influence of the firm s current technological strategy as well as the regulatory framework as a key driver of eco innovation this paper proposes that the combination of a firm s technological trajectory and its current research and development strategy are key determinants of eco innovation the authors investigate these relationships with panel data on 212 young firms in spain analysing their innovation strategy and behaviour during their first 10 years of activity the results show that the firms cluster into four technological trajectories but only market oriented innovators engage significantly more in eco innovation these firms are characterized by a high use of formal appropriability mechanisms market opportunity recognition arising from cooperation and high knowledge cumulativeness this paper sheds light on whether and the extent to which a firm s technological trajectory is a driver of eco innovation it confirms that firms that search for opportunities and have a continuous collaboration with market players are more prone to develop eco innovations additionally it shows that path dependence occurs in the development of eco innovations in that a highly developed innovation capacity leads to additional green innovation in the future the findings indicate that young small firms need to develop innovation capabilities that also enable them to adopt advanced technology before striving to become greener the paper concludes that policies designed to stimulate cooperative networking with other market players an upgrading of technological capabilities and the adoption of new technologies are all desirable because they contribute to improving the environmental impact of firms innovations

investigating policy and r d effects on environmental innovation a meta analysis in the last decades a wide research effort has been devoted at the analysis of the determinants of environmental innovation ei whereas agreement seemed to emerge around a cluster of determinants mainly technology push market pull policy push pull and firm specific factors empirical analyses have failed to provide strong confirmation on the relevance of some core variables after a qualitative discussion of this literature we empirically assess it by exploiting meta regression analysis techniques to test the effectiveness of two determinants policy and r d our findings are clear as for the first we show that only certain types of policy have proven to affect ei in particular regulatory stringency as for r d we show that the use of estimation methods is not neutral to the outcome of the primary studies

environmental technological change and governance in sustainable development policy abstract an evolutionary economics perspective between technological innovation and public policy is applied to analyse the relationships between technological change sustainable development and industrial competitiveness this leads us to emphasise the fundamental role that firm s strategies vis a vis the endogenisation of technological change can play for giving effect to win win strategies however allowing industrial competition to become the only factor determining win win strategies could lead to locked technological and social options being chosen which do not contribute to overall goals of ecological social and economic sustainability for this reason we introduce as complements to competitiveness the requirement of new forms of governance in pursuit of ecological economic sustainability

environmental efficiency and labour productivity trade off or joint dynamics a theoretical investigation and empirical evidence from italy using namea in this paper we test an adapted ekc hypothesis to verify the relationship between environmental efficiency namely emissions per unit of value added and labour productivity value added per employee we exploit namea data on italy for 29 sector branches and 6 categories of air emissions for the period 1991 2001 we employ data on capital stock and trade openness to test the robustness of our results on the basis of the theoretical and empirical analyses focusing on innovation firm performances and environmental externalities we would expect a positive correlation between environmental efficiency and labour productivity a negative correlation between the emissions intensity of value added and labour productivity which departs from the conventional mainstream view the hypothesis tested is a critical one within the longstanding debate on the potential trade off or complementarity between environmental preservation and economic performance which is strictly associated with the role of technological innovation we find that for most air emission categories there is a positive relationship between labour productivity and environmental efficiency labour productivity dynamics then seem to be complementary to a decreasing emissions intensity in the production process taking a disaggregate sector perspective we show that the macro aggregate evidence is driven by sector dynamics in a non homogenous way across pollutants services tend always to show a complementary relationship while industry seems to be associated with inverted u shape dynamics for greenhouse gases and nitrogen oxides this is in line with our expectations in any case ekc shapes appear to drive such productivity links towards complementarity the extent to which this evidence derives from endogenous market forces industrial and structural change and policy effects is discussed by taking an evolutionary perspective to innovation and by referring to impure public goods arguments

eco innovation and regulatory push pull effect in the case of reach regulation empirical evidence based on survey data abstractnumerous theoretical and empirical studies provide evidence of a positive correlation between eco innovation and environmental regulation however few analyses explain how environmental policies drive eco innovation this article studies eco innovation friendly mechanisms in the design of european reach registration evaluation authorization of chemicals regulation the aim of reach which became effective in 2007 is to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment while improving competitiveness and innovation which makes it appropriate and original for analysing the relationship between environmental regulation and eco innovation the primary contribution of this article is to provide a new theoretical and empirical perspective on eco innovation by showing how design regulation is able to push and pull the environment innovation based on an original survey related to reach regulation the econometric model shows that 1 regulatory push mechanisms seem to be more

does the development of environmental innovation require different resources evidence from spanish manufacturing firms in recent years environmental innovations are getting increasingly at the center both of the scientific debate and of the policy maker agenda adopting the resource based view this paper provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the specific role of internal external and hybrid resources in the environmental innovation development using a dataset of 4829 spanish manufacturing firms and estimating probit models it is found that internal resources have greater importance for environmental innovations moreover green innovators seem to be characterized by more intensive external relationships for hybrid resources acquisition of equipment but not of patents is more relevant finally evidence suggest the relevance of complementing the analysis of the external factors triggering environmental innovations with those of the internal resources the firm has access to in order to fully understand and support the development of environmental innovations

steps towards indicators of sustainable development linking economic and ecological concepts abstract conceptions of defining and measuring sustainable development can broadly be placed in two categories weak and strong sustainability the concept of weak sustainability is based on neo classical economic theory and assumes that manufactured and natural capital are close substitutes this means that costs of environmental deterioration e g forest damage can be compensated by benefits from manufactured capital e g income thus environmental damages are valued in monetary units the concept of strong sustainability denies the degree of substitution that weak sustainability assumes at least for some critical elements of natural capital this paper pledges for strong sustainability indicators especially for critical loads and critical levels since the costs and benefits of avoiding critical impacts have to be taken into account a combination of strong and weak sustainability indicators means a linkage of ecological physical and economic monetary approaches should be suggested

empirical generalizations in eco innovation a meta analytic approach abstract although discussions on eco innovation are ongoing and the concept is evolving its central idea is highly stimulating thus a great number of studies has been conducted in recent years around the world based on different perspectives contexts and outcomes therefore the identification and analysis of factors related to eco innovation are essential if knowledge in this field is to be improved and consolidated this research aimed to advance our understanding of the different dimensions of eco innovation through a meta analytical review of its antecedents or drivers consequents and moderators thus a total of 71 studies was analysed generating 818 effect sizes and 220 582 cumulative samples the main findings revealed that barriers company capabilities environmental regulation market turbulence information sources r d and company size were significant antecedents to eco innovation it was also noted that a significance relationship exists between eco innovation and firm performance regarding the moderating effect it was observed that culture the economic situation of the country and context influence the relationship between eco innovation and performance the results revealed that countries with a lower hdi presented stronger effects between eco innovation and firm performance than countries with a higher hdi these findings were interesting because they could demonstrate that eco innovation tends to promote more competitive advantage in countries with environmental problems and consequently a lower hdi

environmental compliance and economic and environmental performance evidence from handicrafts small businesses in mexico this research aims to fill a major gap in the relevant literature on small businesses in developing countries specifically concerning the development of models to better explain economic and environmental performance as a result of environmental compliance thus moving toward an explanation of the sustainable behavior of these businesses data from 186 pottery craft businesses located in three mexican states oaxaca puebla and tlaxcala reveal that environmental compliance significantly influences economic and environmental performance with the mediating role of environmental innovation confirming the porter hypothesis in the context of small businesses in an emerging economy environmental compliance is an important factor in improving the economic and environmental performance of small businesses in emerging economies

educational expansion government policy and wage compression abstract the main objective is to measure the elasticity in the response of relative wages by education to relative supplies of educated labour using rigorously comparable urban wage labour market surveys an econometric comparison is made of kenya and tanzania countries which constitute a natural experiment having different secondary education policies but being similar in other relevant respects post primary educational expansion as kenya is an effective means of compressing wages however the tanzanian scarcity premium on post primary education is held down by the alternative means of public sector pay policy the analysis suggests an important role for occupation in the wage adjustment process

public private sector wage gap by gender in egypt evidence from quantile regression on panel data 1998 2018 abstract this paper estimates the public formal private wage gap in egypt using egypt labor market panel survey for the 20 year period of 1998 2018 for men and women separately we estimate the public formal private sector wage gap with wage equations including a public sector indicator both at the mean and at different quantiles of the conditional wage distribution using the panel feature of the data we also address the endogenous employment and the sector of employment selection issue and find a persistent public wage penalty for the males and public wage premium for the females except at the top even after controlling for the observable and the time invariant unobservable characteristics we further examine the public wage gap over time and in different sub samples by potential experience skill levels and regions generally the results are consistent with a decrease in the public wage gap for both men and women over the period considered we further provide evidence on the quality of workers we find that the public sector fails to attract better quality men throughout the conditional wage distribution while it manages to attract better quality women in the lower parts of the conditional wage distribution but not at the top all on the basis of time invariant unobservable attributes these results indicate concern for the efficient provision of public services

redefining innovation eco innovation research and the contribution from ecological economics while innovation processes toward sustainable development eco innovations have received increasing attention during the past years theoretical and methodological approaches to analyze these processes are poorly developed against this background the term eco innovation is introduced in this paper addressing explicitly three kinds of changes towards sustainable development technological social and institutional innovation secondly the potential contribution of neoclassical and co evolutionary approaches from environmental and innovation economics to eco innovation research is discussed three peculiarities of eco innovation are identified the double externality problem the regulatory push pull effect and the increasing importance of social and institutional innovation while the first two are widely ignored in innovation economics the third is at the least not elaborated appropriately the consideration of these peculiarities may help to overcome market failure by establishing a specific eco innovation policy and to avoid a technology bias through a broader understanding of innovation finally perspectives for a specific contribution of ecological economics to eco innovation research are drawn it is argued that methodological pluralism as established in ecological economics would be very beneficial for eco innovation research a theoretical framework integrating elements from both neoclassical and evolutionary approaches should be pursued in order to consider the complexity of factors influencing innovation decisions as well as the specific role of regulatory instruments and the experience gathered in ecological economics integrating ecological social and economic aspects of sustainable development is highly useful for opening up innovation research to social and institutional changes 2000 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

renewable energy and employment in germany abstract the positive impacts of an increasing share of renewable energy on the mitigation of climate change as well as on the decrease of the dependency of energy imports are indisputable however one persistent problem for the german economy has been its high level of unemployment in the recent past therefore any policy strategy will be measured also by its net impact on the labor market the paper describes the results of a study that models this impact and is novel within three respects firstly an input output vector for the renewable energy sector was developed based on the results of more than 1000 interviews with an extensive questionnaire secondly gross and net effect of two different policy scenarios for germany until 2030 were calculated and thirdly the approach varies from earlier studies by its explicit modeling of export and foreign trade effects

policy mixes for sustainability transitions an extended concept and framework for analysis reaching a better understanding of the policies and politics of transitions presents a main agenda item in the emerging field of sustainability transitions one important requirement for these transitions such as the move towards a decarbonized energy system is the redirection and acceleration of technological change for which policies play a key role in this regard several studies have argued for the need to combine different policy instruments in so called policy mixes however existing policy mix studies often fall short of reflecting the complexity and dynamics of actual policy mixes the underlying politics and the evaluation of their impacts in this paper we take a first step towards an extended interdisciplinary policy mix concept based on a review of the bodies of literature on innovation studies environmental economics and policy analysis the concept introduces a clear terminology and consists of the three building blocks elements policy processes and characteristics which can be delineated by several dimensions based on this we discuss its application as analytical framework for empirical studies analyzing the impact of the policy mix on technological change throughout the paper we illustrate the proposed concept by using the example of the policy mix for fostering the transition of the german energy system to renewable power generation technologies finally we derive policy implications and suggest avenues for future research

a regulatory framework for a policy of sustainability lessons from the neo liberal school abstract in this paper targets institutions and policy measures for describing and implementing sustainable development are evaluated in terms of their conformity with the economic framework of a market system from the viewpoint of neo liberal economic thinking as conceived by the german freiburg school of economists a general set of criteria is developed it includes issues of operationalization and legitimation of goals as well as institutional and instrumental issues on this basis general rules for designing an ecological framework guaranteeing the greatest possible degree of conformity with a market system are derived the concrete application of these rules leads to recommendations for a policy of sustainability with respect to the setting of goals the establishment of institutions as well as the use of appropriate instruments

innovation enabling policy and regime transformation towards increased energy efficiency the case of the circulator pump industry in europe abstract when new energy efficient products are struggling with their commercialisation and diffusion into widespread applications you would typically expect policy makers and green lead users to guide the way this paper examines the case of the hot water circulator pump industry in europe where parts of the industry envisioned and worked for a voluntary energy label bringing technological innovation new business and energy savings of approx 85 for each new circulator pump the case study explores the complexities of innovation processes where technology market actors and policy co evolve over time to transform an existing socio technical regime the paper highlights the importance of policies to reduce barriers towards innovation and energy efficiency and shows that it is not always policy makers that establish the crucial policies that change the innovation dynamics for the benefit of the environment and the industry

wage differentials and moonlighting by civil servants evidence from cote d ivoire and peru as part of their efforts to reduce fiscal deficits many governments have allowed public sector salaries to erode often on the assumption that government workers are overpaid vis a vis those in the private sector that assumption is tested by analyzing public private pay differentials in cote d ivoire and peru switching regressions models are estimated using full information maximum likelihood fiml and the results are compared to those obtained using ordinary least squares ols techniques the ols yields seriously biased estimates of the pay structure suggesting that public wages are higher than private wages the fiml estimates show the opposite our probit analysis also shows that the wage disadvantage of civil servants is a determinant of the greater prevalence of moonlighting among public than private employees the evidence suggests that reductions in employment rather than pay while being less palatable in the short term will be more effective in the long run

influence of perceived value on purchasing decisions of green products in brazil abstract research on behavioral motivation for green product consumption has greatly advanced in recent years but many unknowns remain particularly regarding consumers willingness to pay premium prices for products with ecological appeal in this context this paper reports an experimental research that investigates the relationship between consumer perceived value for green products and price elasticity the research was performed using an adaptation of the model proposed by zeithaml 1988 and it was applied in the automotive and furniture sectors it was found that perceived value of green products increases willingness to pay in the purchasing decision it was also observed that demographical variables such as gender age and revenue positively impact perceived quality and the consequent purchase intention considering the population sampled results indicate that the effect of ecological appeal is similar to a 10 price reduction it means that according to the declared preference respondents were willing to pay on average a 10 premium for green products in the studied product categories the main theoretical contribution of our paper lies in furthering the understanding of how key dimensions that constitute perceived value relate to each other and to demographic and personal influence variables as well as its impact in willingness to pay premium prices for green products

the two faces of market support how deployment policies affect technological exploration and exploitation in the solar photovoltaic industry the recent years have seen a strong rise in policies aiming to increase the diffusion of clean energy technologies while there is general agreement that such deployment policies have been very effective in bringing technologies to the market it is less understood how these policies affect technological innovation to shed more light on this important question we conducted comparative case studies with a global sample of 9 firms producing solar photovoltaic pv modules complemented by in depth interviews with 16 leading pv industry experts we propose that on the one hand policy induced market growth serves as an important catalyst for innovative activity as it raises the absolute level of firm investments in technological exploration on the other hand however deployment policies create an incentive for firms pursuing more mature technologies to shift their balance between exploitation and exploration toward exploitation firms focusing on less mature technologies cannot tap the potentials of exploitative learning to the same extent as those with more mature technologies therefore stimulating strong market growth may raise the barrier to market entry for less mature technologies we conclude that when designing deployment policies great care should be taken to avoid adverse effects on technological diversity and a premature lock in into more established technologies

the interaction of factor and product market distortions in developing countries this essay will examine distortions in product and factor markets in developing countries and the interaction of these distortions in respect to the development strategies applied the analysis will concentrate on policy imposed distortions where departures from efficient resource allocation result from policy actions these contrast with distortions resulting from market imperfections 1

mobilizing private finance for low carbon innovation a systematic review of barriers and solutions this paper analyses the field of innovation studies regarding barriers to low carbon innovation and consequences for finance investment and divestment and contributes to a more holistic understanding of the underlying mechanisms a combination of technological barriers combined with economic barriers institutional and political barriers contribute to sub optimal low carbon investment all along the innovation cycle policy makers need to take a systemic approach to enable the redirection of diverse private financial sources instruments range from cutting dirty r d subsidies and support for clean technology innovation and diffusion levelling the institutional playing field and making risks of high carbon and low carbon technologies transparent to providing a consistent but adaptive long term transition strategy this would allow financiers to gradually shift their investments away from high carbon mainstream markets and scale low carbon technology niche markets however financiers also need to sharpen their competencies with regard to new clean technologies and markets

taxes and bribery the role of wage incentives this paper presents a simple model to evaluate alternative payment schemes for tax inspectors in the presence of corruption we consider problems of both moral hazard which arises because taking bribes cannot be observed without costly monitoring and adverse selection since not all potential tax inspectors can be identified as being honest or dishonest we identify three wage regimes first one could pay the same wage that a tax inspector could earn elsewhere his reservation wage second one could pay a wage which solves the moral hazard problem i e deters bribery this we call an efficiency wage by analogy with recent models examined i n macro economics third the government could pay a wage below the reservation wage at which only the dishonest become tax inspectors the capitulation wage we make precise the conditions under which each yields the greatest amount o f tax revenues net o f administrative costs many countries in the developing world are undergoing structural adjustment programmes which require fundamental fiscal changes outside agencies advise restoration of budget balance a task which involves expenditure cuts and tax increases the treatment of public employee pay scales often poses a particular dilemma i n this process wages and salaries are a significant component of government expenditures and one important question concerns the extent to which wages rather than employment cuts should be used to save money there is sometimes a reluctance to advocate wage cuts stemming in part from a feeling that this might impair the performance of the public sector hence tanzi 1990 argues that a policy of wage cutting is likely to increase the inefficiency of public sector employees especially at a time when the public sector is expected to play a larger role in restructuring the economy p 16 in the context of tax collection the issue is particularly pressing given the need to raise more tax revenues a reduction in efficiency in this branch of the government i s likely t o mean that fewer returns are processed and when individuals living standards are squeezed their incentive to accept bribes in lieu o f collecting taxes i s increased o n this count i t i s even sometimes suggested that wages of tax inspectors should be increased to aid the effort to the comments of henry bienen john hey and two anonymous referees have been helpful in revising this paper the authors are also grateful t o the john m olin program for the study o f economic organization and public policy at princeton university and the pew charitable trusts for financial support mclaren also acknowledges support from the international finance section of princeton university none of the above should be implicated in any way see for example goode 1984 chapter 1 3 and gould and amaro reyes 1983

justifying the incorporation of the materials balance principle into frontier based eco efficiency models frontier based models are an alternative to traditional eco efficiency ratio indicators this paper considers two different types environmentally adjusted production efficiency models and frontier eco efficiency models and tries to find justification for incorporating the materials balance principle mbp in them similar importance is attached to the economic and environmental outcomes of a production process like economic outcomes can be derived from inputs and outputs and respective prices some cases allow for deriving environmental outcomes from the production function with the mbp after an overview of attempts to incorporate environmental issues in production efficiency models and some reflections why mbp has been neglected in environmental economics and production efficiency analysis the paper gives basic principles to incorporate the mbp in conventional production efficiency methods and shows how this adjustment leads to a more diversified diagnosis of eco efficiency finally potentialities and bottlenecks are discussed exploiting the mbp in production efficiency and eco efficiency analysis will facilitate more pro active eco efficiency research

public private wage differentials in haiti do public servants earn a rent abstract this study uses a newly collected data set on haiti where data are very limited to assess how individuals are selected into the public vs private sectors and to estimate public private sector wage differentials the central question is whether or not public servants are earning a rent the estimation procedure is an extension of heckman s 1979 sample selection technique to the case where two selection rules generate the sample the procedure first estimates by bivariate probit analysis the probability of employment in the public or private sector and then for those in the public sector the probability of employment in the state owned enterprises soes vs public administration wage functions are then estimated for all three sectors using the inverse mills ratios from reduced form probits selectivity bias is found to exist in one sector soes correction for this bias in the wage equations lowers the wage differentials between the soe and the private sector and the soe and public administration as is clearly demonstrated by the oaxaca decomposition of these estimated mean differentials nevertheless the corrected findings still indicate that the public sector especially the soes earn a sizable rent

is environmental innovation embedded within high performance organisational changes the role of human resource management and complementarity in green business strategies abstract this paper investigates whether firms joint implementation of organisational innovation and training may foster their adoption of environmental innovation ei and if this correlation falls within porter hypothesis ph framework we study the relationship of complementarity between strategies of high performance work practices hpwp and human resource management hrm when ei adoption is the firms objective using an original dataset on 555 italian industrial firms regarding ei hpwp and hrm coherent with the last cis2006 2008 survey results show that sector specificity matter the only case in which strict complementarity is observed in organisational change concerns co 2 abatement a relatively complex type of ei but this is true only when the sample is restricted to more polluting and regulated sectors this evidence is coherent with the porter hypothesis complementarity related adoption of ei is an element of organisational change in firms that are subject to more stringent environmental regulations nevertheless the fact that strict complementarity is not a diffuse factor behind the adoption of all environmental innovation indeed does not come as a surprise at this stage in the development of green strategies the share of eco firms is still limited even in advanced countries that are seeking tools for a new competitiveness the full integration of eis within the internal capabilities and firm s own assets is far from being reached even in advanced and competitive industrial settings

elections exchange rates and reform in latin america abstract in this paper we study the link between real exchange rate rer depreciation and elections in latin america our contribution is threefold first we employ a statistical model that takes into account the pervasive conditional heteroskedasticity found in financial data and includes a wide range of macroeconomic variables as regressors second we test whether the wave of central bank reform that swept the region has had any effect on the existence or strength of the electoral cycle in exchange rates third we test an additional hypothesis namely that financial liberalization may also be an important variable explaining changes in electoral effects on the real exchange rate in a panel of 9 latin american countries with available macroeconomic data and a history of exogenous election dates we confirm the previous findings that real depreciation intensifies after elections even when modeling the significant conditional heteroskedasticity in these data we also show for the first time in the literature that post election exchange rates are significantly less predictable we go on to test whether central bank reform has influenced the way in which elections affect the rer in latin america if reform has been effective at reducing political manipulation of the exchange rate then any relationship we see between elections and the rer before central bank reform should be mitigated in the post reform era we find that the relationship disappears after reform and that post reform real exchange rates are also significantly less volatile finally we show that financial liberalization seems to have a stronger effect on the conditional variance of the rer than does central bank reform but reform has a stronger impact on the conditional mean

inventor networks in renewable energies the influence of the policy mix in germany technological change and gains in efficiency of renewable power generation technologies are to a large extent driven by governmental support various policy instruments that can broadly be categorized as technology push demand pull or systemic constitute part of the policy mix for renewable energies our goal is to gain insights into the influence of this policy mix on the intensity and organization of inventive activities for wind power and photovoltaics in germany since the 1980s we examine the effect of different instruments on the size and structure of co inventor networks based on patent data our results indicate notable differences between the technologies the network size for wind power is driven by technology push and systemic instruments while in photovoltaics demand pull is decisive for network growth by and large the instruments complement each other and form a consistent mix of policy instruments the structure of the networks is driven by demand pull for both technologies systemic instruments increase interaction especially in the wind power network and are complementary to demand pull in fostering collaboration

policy design and technological substitution investigating the reach regulation in an agent based model this article proposes an agent based model to study the impact of the european regulation reach on industrial dynamics this new regulation was adopted in 2006 and establishes a new philosophy of how to design environmental protection and health especially through the authorization process and the extended producer responsibility the main contribution of this article is to investigate how different combinations of flexible and stringent mechanisms create the incentives and constraints to shape market selection and innovation the model outcomes stress that 1 stringency is the most determining feature of policy design timing is also decisive but it appears to be of secondary importance 2 technology substitution that brings radical technological change and significant pollution reduction is possible only if regulation is stringent enough but after many sacrifices especially in terms of market concentration and number of failures and 3 soft regulation does not lead to technology transition because of weak incentive and selection effects