does tourism influence economic growth a dynamic panel data approach on average tourism specialized countries grow more than others this is not consistent with the core of modern economic growth theory that suggests that economic growth is linked to sectors with high tech intensity and large scale in this article we use appropriate panel data methods to study the relationship between tourism and economic growth in general we show that tourism is a positive determinant of economic growth both in a broad sample of countries and in a sample of poor countries however contrary to previous contributions tourism is not more relevant in small countries than in a general sample this is a fully modified version of a working paper co authored by one of the authors

modelling the domestic and foreign tourist arrivals to tamil nadu india in recent years due to the indian federal government s and tamil nadu state government s various initiatives and promotional activities foreign and domestic tourist arrivals in tamil nadu are on the increase this article aims to model the monthly tourist arrivals foreign as well as domestic in tamil nadu for monthly time series data during the period 1998 to 2002 using univariate time series models as both time series show strong seasonal patterns we also investigate the possibility of seasonal unit roots in the domestic and foreign tourist arrivals series the results show that significant growth in domestic and foreign arrivals takes place during the months december to january growth rate for domestic tourist arrivals is positive during april and may but is negative for the foreign tourist arrivals during april and insignificant during may such information would be very useful to the tamil nadu government and the tourism industry in maximizing the usage of available tourist spot infrastructure

the environmental economic impact of woodland a two stage hedonic price model of the amenity value of forestry in britain woodland is an important part of the environment providing economic benefits through its use in commercial timber production and through its value as an amenity as well as providing recreation for visitors woodland is also important to local residents for whom it provides leisure opportunities and a source of aesthetic enjoyment it is well known that the price of a house may reflect a household s willingness to pay to live near an environmental amenity such as a forest and to gain access to it the nature of this relationship may be examined by applying the hedonic price technique an econometric method which investigates house prices and the variation in structural and environment characteristics over space this study uses a two stage hedonic price model to explore the impact of forest type on house price and to estimate the demand for broadleaved woodland for a sample of houses adjacent to forestry commission land

tourism welfare and de industrialization in a small open economy this paper investigates the effects of an expansion of tourism on welfare output and factor prices in the host country using a general equilibrium international trade model in the absence of taxes foreign ownership and distortions an increase in foreign visitors will increase welfare only if the price of nontradables increases factor mobility and foreign ownership tend to reduce the gains from tourism while commodity taxes tend to increase them conditions under which an increase in tourism can lead to deindustrialization are also discussed copyright 1991 by the london school of economics and political science

a micro analysis of business travel demand this study tests two hypothesis 1 that tax deductibility and the dual benefit nature of goods on the business pleasure borderline increases the demand for business travel and 2 that this dual benefit decreases price elasticity the study uses expenditure microdata and contrasts the behaviour of business travellers and pleasure travellers both groups are assumed to have indentical tastes but the expenditure behaviour of business travellers is modified by the role of the business trip as a factor of production the linear expenditure system les allocation model is applied to expenditures on individual goods at a particular tourist destination business travellers are shown to have higher expenditures than pleasure travellers for food lodging and local transportation minimum quantities estimated by the les are also higher for business travellers uncompensated price elasticities of business travellers are significantly smaller than that of pleasure travellers for local transportation clothing a

the economic theory of agrarian institutions introduction alternative approaches to the theory of institutions in economic development pranab bardhan rational peasants efficient institutions and a theory of rural organization methodological remarks for development economics joseph e stiglitz part 1 land and labour theories of sharecropping nirvikar singh a comparison of principal agent and bargaining solutions the case of tenancy contracts clive bell contracts with eviction in infinitely repeated principal agent relationships bhaskar dutta et al production relations in semi arid african agriculture hans binswanger et al part 2 credit and interlinked transactions rural credit markets the structure of interest rates exploitation and efficiency kaushik basu credit and agrarian class structure mukesh eswaran and ashok kotwal credit rationing tenancy productivity and the dynamics of inequality avishay braverman and joseph e stiglitz on choice among creditors and bonded labour contracts t n srinivasan some aspects of linked product and credit market contracts among risk neutral agents clive bell and t n srinivasan a note on interlinked rural economic arrangements pranab bardhan interlinkages and the pattern of competition debraj ray and kunal sengupta part 3 marketing and insurance agricultural institutions for insurance and stabilization david m newbery peasants risk aversion and the choice of marketing intermediaries and contracts a bargaining theory of equilibrium marketing contracts pinhas zusman part 4 co operatives technology and the state agricultural producer co operatives louis putterman institutional analysis of credit co operatives avishay braverman and j luis guasch agrarian structure technological innovations and the state alain de janvry et al

a theory of interlinked rural transactions this paper argues that the interlinking of labor output and credit contracts often observed in rural economies can be regarded as an attempt to improve allocative efficiency in the face of moral hazard it advances an economic explanation of the phenomenon which is rooted in the view that prevalent modes of transaction of which interlinked contracts are an example are shaped by technological considerations interlinking is shown to be an efficient economic response to unequally distributed information arising from the uncertainty which characterizes subsistence agriculture all pareto efficient allocations require a combination of wage cum output sharing with consumption credit contracts the analytical framework set up to demonstrate the results is used to examine the response of the contractual parameters to changes in i the returns to alternative occupations available to tenant laborers ii the cost of credit to the village economy and iii the riskiness of cultivation the analysis concludes that public policy to alleviate rural poverty must recognize the relationships between technological considerations and modes of transaction in the absence of a complete set of markets

efficiency and equity tradeoffs incentive compatible contracts revisited abstract while the efficiency of certain contractual choices has been well established less attention has been given to the distributional outcomes of contracting in natural resource based industries data from a case study of seed gatherers in honduras demonstrates that workers paid under a relative payment system receive an earnings premium of about 25 of which 40 cannot be explained by observed differences in worker productivity a theoretical agency model is outlined in the appendix to explain why workers under tournaments necessarily enjoy a higher return than those under piece rates implying a more skewed income distribution as suggested in the efficiency wage literature

seasonal concentration of tourism demand decomposition analysis and marketing implications abstract this paper analyzes seasonality in the united kingdom specifically the english regions in relation to tourists place of origin and main travel motivation the method used is a decomposition of the gini index which provides relative marginal effects that facilitate the identification of market segments open to counter seasonal marketing efforts this method has been combined with a graphical multivariate technique biplot which groups segments according to their seasonality characteristics seasonal patterns associated with particular segments differ significantly when studied on a disaggregated basis therefore an adequate level of disaggregation is essential in the design of counter seasonal strategies although this study focuses on british destinations this methodology could be used as a control and monitoring measure in the regional analysis of any destination facilitating regular adjustment of regional tourism marketing campaigns to minimize seasonality effects specifically by targeting the types of tourists less prone to seasonality

how resilient is la reunion in terms of international tourism attractiveness an assessment from unit root tests with structural breaks from 1981 2015 even if local policymakers increasingly claim that tourism is one of the key factors of future economic development for the french small island la reunion international tourist arrivals are observed to be locked in a stagnation phase since the beginning of the 2000s starting from this stylised fact this article aims to study if this phenomenon results from major external events hurting this economy regularly next by using univariate unit root procedures with structural breaks we test for evidence of permanent or transitory effects of external shocks on international tourist inflows total by source markets and by category over the period 1981 2015 finally the empirical analysis allow us to reject the null of a unit root then stagnation of tourism arrivals to la reunion is not due to exogenous shocks but probably results from endogenous impediments within the domestic tourism industry and unsuitable public policies

tourism in the gambia some issues in development policy abstract the paper deals with a number of issues arising from the design and implementation of tourism policies and programs in the gambia it gives a description of tourism in the gambian economy and discusses the reasons for success in this sector a number of recommendations are put forward related to the need to increase earnings from tourism and to reduce the incidence of black markets the overall conclusion of the paper is that a shift toward more cautious and flexible policies would benefit the tourism sector in the gambia and thus make the programs intended to assist this sector more effective it is on that basis that the country will attract more foreign tourists and improve the standards and quality of products the programs must also be executed in a careful sensitive and planned manner that ensures the cooperation of the local communities

economies of scale in the australian tourism industry the measurement of economies of scale in the tourism industry has not been done to this point as tourism is not a specific industry according to international statistical standards among many industries related to tourism four sectors accommodation transport retail trade and recreational services across six states and two territories from 1997 to 2007 are studied as they contribute nearly 70 of tourism output in australia by comparing regression results from the cobb douglas c d production function and the translog production function we find that there is evidence of increasing returns in transport retail trade and recreational services at the industry level however accommodation is characterized by constant returns to scale at the industry level as accommodation is responsible for the biggest share of tourism output this suggests that overall the tourism sector is not characterized by increasing returns we also find that the degrees of returns to scale from the c d and translog product

rural electrification its future in the usa abstract the us government has been involved in providing financial support for rural electrification for nearly 50 years this support combined with the creation of member owned electric cooperatives in 46 states led to a dramatic growth in the number of rural households receiving central station service through organizations such as the agency for international development and the world bank rural electric cooperatives have become established world wide this article provides a review of the political and economic climate which currently faces us cooperatives and compares this position with the rural electric systems in other countries the implications of the forecasts of the us cooperatives load growth developed from the oak ridge national laboratory rural electric energy demand ornl reed model are evaluated a short description of the econometric model which is estimated for five us regions using state level annual data from 1969 to 1979 is included the article concludes with an outline of the probable impact of several policy options on the growth of us cooperatives

demand elasticities of tourism in singapore abstract in 1983 the un economic and social commission for asia and the pacific set up a study to investigate the relationship between prices of tourist goods and tourist inflow in singapore the analysis was carried out on a world level using amalgamated data for 15 nations also individually for each of the five major tourist generating countries determinants of demand considered were income exchange rates shopping and hotel prices and local disturbances tourism demand is found to be highly income elastic whereas effects of prices and exchange rate movements vary between countries two out of three disturbance factors significantly reduced demand

tourism and income distribution evidence from a developed regional economy abstract the ways in which tourism consumption affects income distribution involves three channels changes in prices earnings of households and government revenues in this paper we focus our analysis on the latter two channels through a social accounting matrix sam model of galicia for the year 2008 this sam which is elaborated with a special design for the evaluation of tourism policies incorporates data for a wide variety of households eight different types disaggregated by level of income two governments regional and central four types of taxes four wage earners classified by education skill and 29 sectors among other figures furthermore with the purpose of going deeper into the distributive effects the traditional multiplicative and additive sam multiplier decompositions are presented results show that the positive effects on all income groups are significant however high income households benefit more than low income ones contributing to a slight increase in income inequality within the region

interlocking transactions obstacles precursors or instruments of agrarian capitalism abstract rural labor arrangements often change rapidly and in ways that prevailing theories cannot explain explicit understanding of the exercise of power in rural society sheds considerable light on how and why rural labor arrangements change in the course of economic development this paper shows how different labor tying arrangements embody exclusionary mechanisms that can serve as instruments of both labor management and social control macro political and economic conditions shape the ways in which these mechanisms operate and are in turn influenced by them viewing labor arrangements in this way helps resolve problems confronted by the prevailing theories and allows for a broader understanding of dynamic processes

choice of contracts in turkish agriculture sharecropping and fixed rent tenancy have coexisted under extremely diverse settings for centuries from labor abundant south and east asia to land abundant west africa and the americas this fact has intrigued generations of economists since adam smith marshall s lucid exposition of the productive inefficiencies of sharecropping in the principles paved the way for a major effort to reconcile neoclassical theory with the reality of coexistence 1 another substantial segment of the literature condemned sharecropping as an exploitative mechanism in semifeudal societies and predicted its downfall 2 more recent theoretical treatments however hail the share contract as a simple yet ingenious arrangement that guarantees the second best outcome in environments characterized by risk input market imperfections and moral hazard 3 the intuition underlying this argument is widely accepted but has yet to yield a general explanation of the real world coexistence phenomenon nor should we expect such an explanation each country and historical episode has its unique climatic technological and institutional characteristics and different motives for the adoption of share contracts may dominate in different settings 4 it is troublesome in fact that our empirical knowledge is so thin given that our theory of agricultural contracts is so rich 5 one reason of course is that appropriate data are costly and difficult to collectfor contractual choice is stubbornly complex and is best observed at the individual agent or household level there has been empirical work but much of it has examined the well worn marshallian theme is sharecropping less efficient than self cultivation 6 our knowledge of the conditions under which different contracts are likely to arise is limited to a handful of studies on the indian subcontinent or the united states in this article i examine the determinants of contractual choice during the 1970s for samples of individual turkish landlords and tenants the data were drawn from a 1973 survey that was national in

tourism development and economic growth a closer look at panels abstract this paper applies the new heterogeneous panel cointegration technique to re investigate the long run comovements and causal relationships between tourism development and economic growth for oecd and nonoecd countries including those in asia latin america and sub sahara africa for the 1990 2002 period on the global scale after allowing for the heterogeneous country effect a cointegrated relationship between gdp and tourism development is substantiated it is also determined that tourism development has a greater impact on gdp in nonoecd countries than in oecd countries and when the variable is tourism receipts the greatest impact is in sub sahara african countries additionally the real effective exchange rate has significant effects on economic growth finally in the long run the panel causality test shows unidirectional causality relationships from tourism development to economic growth in oecd countries bidirectional relationships in nonoecd countries but only weak relationships in asia our empirical findings have major policy implications

labour in paradise gender class and social mobility in the informal tourism economy of urban bali indonesia bali s recent socio economic transformation is mainly a result of rapid growth in mass tourism which as a capitalist labour intensive industry represents a new regime of labour that reorganises dislocates and multiplies wage labour opportunities localising globalisation through labour in tourism alters conditions for gaining a living wage yet it also produces new contestations of gender caste and class this article argues that the labour regime shift has produced a large informal economy that provides new paths for social mobility for low caste bali hindus whilst at the same time class gender and caste inequalities interlock in the shaping of different labour trajectories

consumer behaviour theory and empirical evidence a survey this survey is designed to emphasize the relationship between empirical a nd theoretical considerations in the analysis of consumer behavior a lthough it focuses primarily on analysis at the individual or micro l evel it tries where possible to draw implications for the estimati on of aggregate relationships the importance of micro level analysis stems from the rapid expansion in available panel and survey data se ts this development has generated its own theoretical and empirical issues many of which are raised in this survey copyright 1988 by royal economic society

rural residential demand for electricity a simulateous equation partial adjustment model of rural electric cooperatives recs residential demand for electricity highlights the characteristics of rural energy demand and the tendency of rural customers to make greater short term adjustments to price changes the differences between rural and urban use patterns however are not consistent throughout the country the model also points to how changes in the number of households and per capita income can affect rural demand in planning for the future the cooperatives must identify and be aware of the unique features of their service areas not only in respect to regional characteristics but also in terms of the distinctive patterns or rural demand 17 references

concentration potential entry and performance in the airline industry airline markets do not satisfy the theoretical conditions for perfect contestability and theory does not indicate which deviations from perfect contestibilty significantly affect performance thus the effect of potential entry on performance in airline markets is explored empirically the best model for explaining fares is found to be one in which the measure of market concentration takes into account not only the number and size distribution of incumbents but also the number of potential entrants not significantly disadvantaged due to economies of scale and scope the hypothesis that all city pair markets are perfectly contestable is rejected coauthors are richard l johnson andrew s joskow gregory j werden and michael a williams copyright 1989 by blackwell publishing ltd

permanent labour and land tenancy contracts in agrarian economies an integrated analysis extending the existing models of land and labour contracts this study attempts to build a general model of long term agrarian contracts the model implies that where tenancy is an available option the fixed wage permanent labour contract will not be chosen if it is chosen under institutional constraints on tenancy contracts resulting resource allocations will be inefficient empirical relevance of the model is tested on data from the philippines

experience as a barrier to contestability in airline markets contrary to one of the predictions of the contestability hypothesis price in deregulated u s passenger airline markets is related to actual competition from diversifying former intrastates and newly established carriers more important former intrastates have a larger impact on price than do newly established firms a result consistent with these markets being imperfectly competitive because of an industry experience barrier to entry unlike actual competition a measure of potential competition has no effect in constraining price copyright 1989 by mit press

capitalism and kinship do institutions matter in the labor market this study examines the determination of employment and pay on capitalist and kinship vessels in the new england fishing industry capitalist vessels resemble standard competitive firms in the way that employment and pay respond to changing market conditions kinship vessels operate under work guarantees and income sharing rules these differences in institutional rules lead to different patterns of income employment growth and labor adjustment the study shows how an understanding of the institutional structure of labor markets can contribute to the design of public policies to facilitate adjustment to change and to promote industrial growth

potential competition in the deregulated airlines using a new and unique data set this paper applies a systems approach to the study of potential competition prices and entry relations in airline city pair markets consistent with limit pricing models future entry is directly influenced by current prices current prices thus appear to provide an important signal to potential entrants about the probability of profitable entry while results indicate the existence of barriers to entry these barriers appear to have no independent effects on price beyond there effect on actual competition through increases in concentration copyright 1990 by mit press

the ubiquity of room taxes abstract this article examines the case for the imposition of room taxes and attempts to explain their ubiquity the room tax is analysed using the main criteria for assessing taxes and is compared to property tax the extent of room tax imposition is surveyed and the possibilities of evasion are discussed

a ricardian excursion to bermuda an estimation of mixed strategy equilibrium while there is a rich theoretical literature on mixed strategy equilibria there has long been doubt with regard to the actual prevalence of scuh equilibria the objective of this paper is to empirically demonstrate a mixed strategy equilibrum in a model of ricardian rent generation the oligopolistic resort hotel industry in bermuda is used as the illustrative case

determinants of demand for international tourist flows to turkey abstract this article describes the development and findings of a set of models used to identify the most important of the following selected variables influencing international tourist flows to turkey per capita income relative prices relative exchange rate promotional expenditure the turkish government has invested a substantial amount in promoting foreign tourism and special events eg political unrest the demand for travel was measured both by the number of tourists and by the total tourist expenditure data were obtained from secondary sources and analysis was by least squares multiple regression income price and exchange rate were found to be important factors but the impact of promotional expenditure was minimal

sphere of flying the politics of international aviation international civil aviation appears to be a pertinent yet largely overlooked issuearea to study in the light of recent discussions about the changing international system in this article the evolution of the international aviation system from its inception early in this century is analyzed in terms of regime changes three different regime periods are delineated and possible explanations of the observed regime changes are discussed on the face of it the development of international aviation seems to conform with the overall global trend toward complex interdependence yet it also raises a number of questions concerning interdependence that might be addressed in the study of other issue areas these concern the links between politico economic issue areas and military security the degree of harmony or conflict associated with interdependence and the role of states generally and the united states in particular under conditions of complex interdependence

tourism and economic development a survey this article surveys the literature on tourism and economic development identifying the contribution that tourism can make to development including foreign currency income and employment and the costs that it entails single equation and system of equations models for estimating tourism demand are provided indicating developing countries potential to benefit from increasing expenditure on tourism but their susceptibility to deterioration in price competitiveness the main sectors of tourism supply transportation tour operators travel agents and accommodation are examined and the importance of cross country integration between firms is highlighted the article argues that many of the problems associated with the use of environmental resources for tourism stem from market failure and it considers methods for increasing sustainably the returns from them

foreign informational lobbying can enhance tourism evidence from the caribbean there exist legal channels for informational lobbying of u s policymakers by foreign principals foreign governments and private sector principals frequently and intensively use this institutional channel to lobby on trade and tourism issues this paper empirically studies whether such lobbying effectively achieves its goal of trade promotion in the context of caribbean tourism and suggests the potential for using foreign lobbying as a vehicle for development panel data are used to explore and quantify the association between foreign lobbying by caribbean principals and u s tourist arrivals to caribbean destinations a variety of sensitivity analyses support the finding of a strong association the policy implications are obvious and potentially important for developing countries

assessing indirect tax reform in a tourism dependent developing country summary the paper investigates the effects of reform of the current structure of indirect taxes in mauritius a relatively tourism dependent economy it uses a computable general equilibrium model to explore the relative efficiency of changing sales tax rates on tourism and nontourism related sectors and allowing for equity considerations the efficiency of tax reforms are also distinguished for cases where tourist arrivals are exogenously set and where they endogenously adjust to changes in relative prices the simulation results show that the tourism sectors are currently undertaxed additionally taxing tourism sectors is found to be the most socially efficient means of raising tax revenue

limited liability contracts between principal and agent abstract the optimal strategy of the principal is examined in an environment where there are ex post limitations on the maximum penalty that can be imposed on a riskneutral agent contrary to the case in which such limitations are not imposed it is in the principal s interest to deliberately forego the opportunity to induce socially efficient behavior and to instead design a contract that induces the agent to realize an efficient outcome only in the most productive state of nature and perhaps in certain very unproductive states the properties of the contract are examined in detail

taxing tourism in developing countries abstract although tourism is an important industry in many developing countries where tax revenues are often in short supply surprisingly little attention has been paid to the taxation of the tourist industry this paper argues that in principle there is a strong economic case in many but not all countries for taxing tourism more than at present but that the nature of the industry and administrative difficulties severely limit what can be done in practice this analysis and a review of the fiscal instruments available to most developing countries suggest three main conclusions first more attention should be paid to introducing adequate charging policies where possible second special taxes on hotel accommodation are generally the key to tourist taxation and third there is little reason to provide special incentives for investment in the tourist industry

is tourism an engine for economic recovery theory and empirical evidence abstract the purpose of this study is to examine the causal relationships between tourism development and economic growth for this purpose the dumitrescu and hurlin 2012 technique was employed to analyze the casual link between tourism development and economic growth in seven european countries the results showed that there is bidirectional causality between growth in tourism receipts and economic growth suggesting that economic growth and tourism development are interdependent and that tourism development stimulates economic growth and vice versa in these countries theoretical and practical implications are discussed within the realms of growth conservation feedback and neutrality hypotheses

attached farm labor limited horizons and servility abstract two facets of attached farm labor arrangements the servility often required of attached laborers and employers interest in maintaining such workers limited horizons are described and incorporated into an otherwise standard model of attached and temporary agricultural employment substantially modifying the model s predictions the dependence of workers preferences on reference group behavior which underlies employers interest in limiting horizons may enable employers to drive even freely mobile workers wellbeing below competitive levels may imply that abolishing servility arrangements would benefit all workers gives rise to multiple equilibria in community layout and culture and sheds light on some characteristics of agrarian revolts

residential electricity consumption in seattle abstract recent empirical research for different regions of the united states indicates that residential electricity may be an inferior good whose consumption is negatively correlated with income that is a provocative result that runs counter to what many earlier econometric studies indicate given that it makes sense to examine how electricity consumption behaves in different regional service areas even if residential electricity is an inferior good whose usage declines as income rises there is no guarantee that this will be the case across all service areas this study examines residential electricity consumption for seattle washington the largest metropolitan economy in the northwestern region of the united states results from a dynamic error correction modeling approach indicate that residential electricity consumption reacts in statistically significant manners to changes in real price real income and cold weather in the short run residential electricity is a normal good in this metropolitan economy in the long run residential electricity appears to be an inferior good in seattle all else equal whenever real per capita income growth exceeds 1 2 per capita residential electricity usage declines in seattle

international tourism and export instability export diversification has been suggested as a strategy for decreasing the level of export earnings instability which is experienced by many developing countries in recent years the international tourism sector has made an increasingly important contribution to the economies of many low income countries this article examines whether diversification into the non traditional tourism sector has succeeded in decreasing the instability of export earnings it was found that although tourism has the advantage of high growth rates and is a major source of foreign currency receipts earnings from international tourism did not bring about a significant decrease in the instability of export earnings of most of the developing and industrialised countries considered furthermore a net increase in the instability of earnings from tourism and merchandise exports occurred in a number of countries and may be a particular problem in small open developing economies

tourism as a factor in development cooperation abstract where there is little or no industrial or agricultural base and no exploitable resource tourism may make a significant contribution to the economy of a developing country the eec provides aid to developing countries in three areas the southern mediterranean asia and latin america and africa the caribbean and the pacific the commission has produced guidelines for drawing up proposals and a typical example is presented in this article the eec also supplies high quality expertise to help define policy options and strategic plans and carry out agreed programmes long term success is more likely for specialized high income projects

modelling us tourism demand for european destinations abstract an almost ideal demand system model is used to examine us demand for tourism in european destinations the model provides policy makers with useful information concerning the sensitivity of tourism demand to changes in relative prices exchange rates and expenditure the results show that price competitiveness is important for us demand for france italy and spain but is relatively unimportant for the uk france and italy are regarded as substitutes by us tourists as are spain and italy as us expenditure rises the market shares of spain and the uk decline while france and italy benefit the demand modelling and forecasting indicate that in the absence of a tourism price index the choice between alternative price indices does not have a significant effect on the results

does tourism promote cross border trade we estimate a simultaneous bivariate qualitative choice model of arizona agribusiness firms propensity to trade and visit as a tourist the cross border state of sonora mexico venture business visits quantified through the tourism equation were found to have the largest impact on a firm s propensity to trade tourist visits have a greater impact on trade when combined with other firm attributes such as age perceived need for geographic diversity foreign language fluency and firm size than if considered alone our results suggest that there is a role for government agencies to play in overcoming imperfect information related to trade opportunities through facilitating exploratory business venture and tourist visits

wages and involuntary unemployment in the slack season of a village economy abstract we model slack season wages in a village economy in the presence of involuntary unemployment our model draws its inspiration from sociological notions of everyday peasant resistance in particular labourers can react to employers who pay low slack wages by refusing to work for them in the relatively tight peak season such refusals however are not automatic and are modelled endogenously a continuum of equilibrium wage configurations is obtained these configurations barring one involve wages exceeding reservation wages despite the presence of involuntary unemployment several qualitative observations follow these are examined with respect to available empirical data in particular the village survey of palanpur

combining farrell frontier and hedonic travel cost models for valuing estuarine quality a 1992 survey of tennessee anglers was used to determine who is fishing and how often the species they fish for and how anglers perceive the regulatory structure the results are based on telephone interviews with 450 active licensed an glers nearly 81 of the anglers visited a tennessee reservoir in 1992 while 41 fished warm water streams 28 farm ponds and 22 trout streams over 60 pre ferred separate regulations for reservoirs active reservoir fishermen were more likely to support individual regulations the participants were evenly split on whether a proposed regulation which has public support should be imposed even if the manage ment agency does not feel the fishery would benefit eighty percent of the anglers indicated that existing fishing regulations were not complicated proc annu conf southeast assoc fish and wildl agencies 47 767 774 proper administration of fishery resources requires management authorities to have knowledge of the angler population served by the management agency specifically authorities should be aware of the type and intensity of angler activi ties and understand angler preferences concerning existing and proposed management alternatives to the degree that certain types of fishermen are less likely to support management policies authorities should target educational pro grams specifically at non supportiv e anglers to gain greater public support for biologically viable management strategies this study uses data gathered from a survey of tennessee anglers to deter mine who is fishing and how often the species they are targeting and how anglers perceive the regulatory structure we report the demographic factors of anglers which exhibit statistically significant relationships to angler support for the current

hubs and high fares dominance and market power in the u s airline industry this article estimates the importance of route and airport dominance in determining the degree of market power exercised by an airline the results indicate that an airline s share of passengers on a route and at the endpoint airports significantly influences its ability to mark up price above cost the high markups of a dominant airline however do not create much of an umbrella effect from which carriers with smaller operations in the same markets can benefit the article suggests a number of possible explanations for this asymmetry

conservationist government policies and intergenerational equity in an overlapping generations model with renewable resources abstract this paper shows that in overlapping generations models incorporating renewable natural resources competition may lead to perpetually declining living standards in environments in which it is technically feasible to achieve intergenerationally equitable distributions of consumption first and second best conservationist government policies are examined these include forced nationalization of the entire stock of natural capital government open market purchases and sales of natural capital taxation of industrial use of resources and subsidies to private investments in natural capital

life cycle of agrotouristic firms in sardinia this paper analyses the supply of an important form of rural tourism agrotourism at a level of each of the four provinces on the island of sardinia italy importantly an analysis is undertaken on the impact that legislation has had on the life cycle the analysis is framed into three main sections firstly the main legislative interventions introduced in sardinia by the local government that were aimed at regulating the supply of agrotourism are presented secondly a life cycle description is given based upon a literature review and a methodology presented thirdly the life cycle analysis and legislative impacts are combined using an econometric approach in terms of trend factors of the sardinian businesses over an extended period from 1986 to 2003 the analysis identifies that regional legislative actions have indeed had a significant impact in the evolution and dynamics of the supply of agrotourism on the island the quantitative methodology identifies some heterogeneity in modelling the trend for each of the four sardinian provinces and evidence exists indicating that agrotourism is entering a stagnation stage on the basis of the economic results obtained suggestions are given to both the private sector and public policy makers in agrotourism

on the decomposition of wage differentials the often used method for decomposing wage differentials into human capital and discrimination components is reformulated so that both t he disadvantage or cost discrimination it imposes on a black or minority wage earner and the advantage or benefit it bestows on a white or majority wage earner can be estimated copyright 1988 by mit press

war terror and the tourism market in israel a supply and demand model of the israeli hotel industry is developed distinguishing between its domestic and foreign sectors model simulations are employed to examine the impacts of war and terrorist incidents on tourist activity and hotel revenues foreign demand for israeli hotel stays is highly price elastic and income inelastic and moderately sensitive to terrorist events domestic demand is price inelastic income elastic and terror insensitive in the wake of terror attacks hotels supply or minimum prices to israeli tourists shift downward reducing local market prices and encouraging more local tourism however the magnitude of these shifts is minor and the local market thus provides little buffer for dropoffs in foreign tourism by permitting excess capacity in such fashion hotels respond rationally to the price inelasticity of local demand

estimation of tourism demand by multivariable regression analysis evidence from kenya abstract between 1963 and 1982 tourism was one of the top three domestic exports of kenya knowledge of the variables which significantly influence kenyan tourism demand could help tourism policy makers in planning growth strategies the results of this study indicate that multivariable regression analysis has limited usefulness in identifying the significant factors which influence tourists decisions data problems and resulting multicollinearity cause unsuitable results in one case while model specification appears to be a problem in another the author concludes that quantitative studies should be supplemented by qualitative analysis in order for kenyan policymakers to make optimal decisions

tourism agglomeration and its impact on social welfare an empirical approach to the spanish case abstract this paper measures two descriptors of tourism namely its scale and agglomeration level and subsequently evaluates both descriptors according to their direct and joint impacts on the host communities quality of life the key constructs for this research are the following 1 a tourism evaluation function that incorporates the scale and agglomeration of tourism which is constructed for each one of the 50 spanish provinces and 2 a measure of the host communities quality of life that comprises 12 objective partial indicators and an overall indicator that integrates them all results show the existence of carrying capacity frontiers or maximum thresholds that tourist destinations can sustain without damaging the economic socio cultural or environmental systems of the communities they belong

an econometric study of tourism demand the aids model of us and european tourism in mediterranean countries the almost ideal demand system aids model was used to estimate tourism expenditure allocation by us and west european countries among a range of mediterranean destinations the approach has the advantage of an explicit basis in consumer expenditure theory and by modelling the changes in the budget shares of expenditure among destinations provides new information relative to that provided by the traditional single equation approach the estimated model was econometrically satisfactory although symmetry and homogeneity were rejected in line with the findings of past studies of consumer demand the expenditure elasticities demonstrated considerable differences in tourism demand preferences between origin countries and between traditional and newly developing destinations the own and cross price elasticities indicated the importance of effective prices in determining the allocation of expenditure among destinations

the estimation of keynesian income multipliers at the sub national level 1988 the estimation of keynesian income multipliers at the sub national level applied economics vol 20 no 11 pp 1435 1444

a comparison of the moderating effect of tourism reliance on the economic development for islands and other countries abstract tourism is usually one of the top industries in most countries especially islands however there is some question as to whether there is a negative potential impact if a country relies too much on tourism as a means of economic development to the detriment of other industries such as manufacturing and agriculture the purpose of this paper is to examine the moderating effect of tourism reliance on the relationship between tourism development and economic development for regular countries and island economies including small island developing states sids this study uses quantile regression on panel data from the wdi database from 1995 through 2014 for all of the countries that report tourism and economic data the findings demonstrate that tourism reliance does have a moderating effect on the relationship between tourism development and economic development for all countries but mainly at higher levels of economic development

comparing benefit estimates from travel cost and contingent valuation using confidence intervals for hicksian welfare measures an approach to determining whether benefit estimates derived from the travel cost method and contingent valuation method are statistically different is presented unlike past comparisons compensating variation is estimated for both methods benefit comparisons are made more rigorous by use of confidence intervals which are developed using the same krinsky and robb simulation technique for both valution mothods the techniques are applied to deer hunting in california while point estimates of benefits from both truncated and untruncated adjusted travel cost methods are lower than the contingent valuation method the confidence intervals on the untruncated travel cost method do overlap the contingent valution method benefit estimates

an applied general equilibrium analysis of the economic effects of tourism in a quite small quite open economy a computable general equilibrium model is used to project the effects of tourism on the industrial and regional structures of the australian economy the most striking conclusion is that queensland usually thought to be the most tourism oriented of the australian states would be a net loser from an economy wide expansion of tourism as well as having a relatively large share of its gsp accounted for by tourist oriented activities queensland is also relatively heavily dependent on agriculture and mining traditional export sectors which are crowded out by the expansion of international tourism

philippine electric demand and equivalence scales the literature on residential electricity demand in developing countries is small based principally on latin american experience and with the exception of westley 24 25 employs highly aggregated data price elasticities are generally found to be less than u s elasticities 26 39 one explanation by westley is that energy substitution possibilites may be more limited in latin american countries he further suggests that since the household budget share of electricity is smaller in these countries the slutsky equation would imply an own price elasticity closer to the compensated elasticity and less influenced by income elasticity as a refinement westley also suggests that substitute fuels are more available in rural versus urban settings and that as a result price elasticity may be larger empirically however he found no difference 25 257 261 26 125 income elasticity findings on the other hand are varied pindyck s 17 evidence and inferences are that these elasticities are larger in developing than developed countries and in both cases decline with per capita income bemdt and samaniego 3 find results for mexico that agree in the first part with pindyck in fact when electric system connection rates are considered they suggest that their findings show an income elasticity greater than one 2