nature reserves as a bioeconomic management tool a simplified modelling approach this paper demonstrates analytically how a nature reserve may protect the total population realize maximum sustainable yield msy and economic yield ey and how this depends on biological growth migration reserve size and economic parameters the pre reserve population is assumed to follow the logistic growth law and two post reserve growth models are discussed to explore the importance of model assumptions for assessment of reserves the post reserve growth has either a common carrying capacity as in the pre reserve case or each sub population has its own carrying capacity proportionate to its distribution area a combined model as a continuum of the two models is also formulated and briefly discussed population protection against extinction is assured against low cost harvesting including zero cost when relative reserve size is greater than relative migration reserve size may be tuned to realize msy in one model but not in the other economic yield is generally greater in the former but maximum ey cannot be realized in any one

consumer environmental concern and green product purchase in malaysia structural effects of consumption values this study examines the effects of consumption values i e functional value social value emotional value conditional value and epistemic value on malaysian consumers environmental concern as expressed in their purchase of green products it also investigates the differences between three usage groups light average and heavy users and the signi cant factors that promote those differences the study applies a quantitative method in which a structured self administered questionnaire is used data is analysed using the structural equation modelling sem technique via the analysis of moment structure amos computer programme version 21 and one way analysis of variance anova using the statistical package for social sciences spss computer programme version 21 empirical results confirm that social value has the paramount impact on consumers environmental concern as expressed by their purchase of green products and that epistemic value and functional value quality rank behind functional value price emotional value and conditional value have no significant effects statistically significant differences were observed when comparing the light users with average users and with heavy users p 0 05 the findings of this study introduce a new momentum for the preceding discoveries on consumer environmental concern as shown in the purchase of green products which is inadequately covered in the malaysian context they also provide important information for companies and encourage them to place more emphasis on social value epistemic value and functional value quality in their manufacturing in order both to boost environmental concern among consumers in their purchasing decision making and to produce green goods that will be readily liked by consumers

institutional arrangements for rural poverty reduction and resource conservation summary this paper introduces a special issue featuring a set of papers on institutional arrangements for reconciling rural poverty reduction with renewable natural resources conservation in the low income tropics collectively these papers make four core points first synergies do not naturally emerge just because rural poverty reduction and renewable natural resources conservation are each appealing goals with common drivers and some intrinsic interlinkage second it matters less which rules a community or country adopts than how well they monitor and enforce the rules they set third flexibility and adaptability in design are critical to establishing cooperative partnerships that can advance both conservation and development goals fourth multiscalar approaches are commonly desirable

alfred marshall lecture social capital as good culture to explain the extremely long term persistence more than 500 years of positive historical experiences of cooperation putnam 1993 we model the intergenerational transmission of priors about the trustworthiness of others we show that this transmission tends to be biased toward excessively conservative priors as a result societies can be trapped in a low trust equilibrium in this context a temporary shock to the return to trusting can have a permanent effect on the level of trust we validate the model by testing its predictions on the world values survey data and the german socio economic panel we also present some anecdotal evidence that these priors are reflected in novels that originate in different parts of the country jel 04 016 043 p16

pricing and green level decisions of a green supply chain with governmental interventions under fuzzy uncertainties abstract environmental issues make green manufacturing become inevitable and fuzzy uncertainty prevails in supply chain management in order to further promote the development of green supply chain according to channel leadership scenario we develop three game models of a green supply chain with governmental interventions under fuzzy uncertainties of both manufacturing cost and consumer demand we study how prices green levels and expected profits are influenced by channel leadership and governmental interventions green level sensitivity and fuzzy degree of parameters are considered analytical results indicate that manufacturer stackelberg scenario is the inferior structure than other scenarios and retailer stackelberg scenario is superior to other scenarios for all players under the strong governmental interventions then when governmental interventions increase the green level will increase but the tendency of retail price depends on channel leadership governmental interventions are not always beneficial to the green supply chain and the manufacturer further although the government s subsidy is offered to the manufacturer the retailer benefits from it ultimately and further becomes the main puller of the development of green products in addition a relatively high green level floor for subsidy results in the manufacturer s first mover disadvantage

charitable giving by married couples who decides and why does it matter we examine how charitable giving is influenced by who in the household is primarily responsible for giving decisions looking first at single person households we find men and women to have significantly different tastes for giving setting up a potential conflict for married couples we find that with respect to total giving married households tend to resolve these conflicts largely in favor of the husband s preferences bargaining over charitable giving rather than letting one spouse take charge reduces giving by about six percent when the woman is the decision maker she will still make a significantly different allocation of those charity dollars preferring to give to more charities but to give less to each our results give new insights into both the demographics of charitable giving and the costliness of household bargaining

types and patterns an experimental east west german comparison of cooperation and solidarity abstract in a study of public good and solidarity experiments conducted in eastern and western germany we found in both games that eastern subjects behave in a significantly more selfish manner than do western subjects besides that we found that many qualitative results of both data sets are similar since our experiments were conducted in two parts of one nation we present an unusually well controlled cross cultural study by avoiding difficulties that usually arise in multinational settings we conclude that cooperation and solidarity behavior seem to depend strongly on different culture specific norms resulting from opposing economic and social histories in the two parts of germany

residential consumers in the cape peninsula s willingness to pay for premium priced green electricity a number of studies have explored the willingness i e stated willingness as opposed to actual willingness of consumers to pay a premium for green electricity in developed countries however little is known about how this translates into an emerging economy context this study investigates the level of willingness of residential households in south africa s cape peninsula to pay a premium for electricity from renewable energy it methodologically drew on recent contributions in the literature on norm motivated behaviour used to identify testable factors that could influence residential consumers willingness to pay wtp interestingly the study found a significant positive link between household income and wtp for green electricity contrary to the findings of some previous studies not only are higher income households more likely to pay a premium but typically they are also willing to pay a bigger premium it was also further established that the view that green electricity is reliable involvement in the recycling of waste and the belief that everyone should contribute to green electricity generation drive the wtp

the influence factors on choice behavior regarding green products based on the theory of consumption values abstract this study applies the theory of consumption values to determine the influence factors on consumer choice behavior regarding green products and examines whether there are significant differences in consumption values and choice behavior between consumers with different outlooks on environmental concerns one way analysis of variance and multiple regression is used to assess data collected by a questionnaire survey the results indicate that consumers with high environmental concern support green products more and show greater readiness to choose them this study concludes that the main influence factors on consumer choice behavior regarding green products include psychological benefit desire for knowledge novelty seeking and specific conditions and do not include functional values price and quality this study contributes to preliminary but vital insights in effective promotion of green products

a duopoly game with heterogeneous green supply chains in optimal price and market stability with consumer green preference abstract as environmental problems exponentially rising the necessity of environmental protection and green purchase behavior is addressed by the increasing consumers this paper aims to analyze the effects of consumer green preference on members optimal decisions and the speed of the adjustment of the optimal price strategies for heterogeneous green supply chains the results elaborate that consumer green preference significantly influences the product green level of the manufacturer and the supplier and has intricate effects on the speed of the adjustment of the boundedly rational supply chain which directly affects the social stability the vicious competition and the unbalance market are caused by the overreaction of the boundedly rational and naive supply chain to consumer green preference

determining factors of curtailment and purchasing energy related behaviours changing people s behaviour in relation to energy consumption will be one of the most important challenges in the near future we analyzed the determinants behind individuals decisions to adopt curtailment behaviour or to purchase energy saving products using data from 213 university students we explored the influence of personal capabilities and moral norms along with trust in information on energy saving actions provided by different entities on two energy saving behaviours the results of the statistical model emphasise how personal norms and trust in information provided by private companies on the one hand and family and friends on the other strongly influence the adoption of energy saving actions and curtailment behaviours the paper reveals the pivotal role of private companies in developing the market demand for energy saving products by providing credible and scientifically based information on environmental performance the paper also contributes to strengthening the reliability of value belief norm theory and emphasizes the role of trust in information as a contextual factor that influences the adoption of a pro environmental behaviour

environmental depletion governance and conflict t he link between natural resource dependence and internal conflict has been approached from a variety of angles in a large and growing interdisciplinary literature while there is an expanding consensus as to what matters the most for such intra state violence episodes the feasibility discontent dichotomy still appears to characterize a disciplinary divide between economists and political scientists this paper attempts to help bridge the gap by allowing for both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of potential rebels simple non cooperative bargaining yields a nonlinear impact of regulatory quality on the likelihood of conflict and shows that corruption and resource depletion jointly affect the outcome the empirical analysis that follows looks at the effect of environmental depletion and government corruption on the emergence of civil conflicts using a large panel dataset resource depletion the quality of governance and their interaction are found to be significant determinants of civil conflict incidence results are robust to several steps taken to address potential endogeneity concerns

migrations risks and uncertainty a field experiment in china abstract we report data from the first incentivized artefactual field experiment conducted in china to understand whether chinese migrants differ from non migrants in terms of preferences regarding risk and uncertainty in various contexts we find that compared to non migrants migrants are significantly more likely to enter competitions when they expect competitive entries from others however migrants are not different from non migrants in risk and ambiguity preferences where strategic uncertainty is absent our results suggest that migration may be driven more by a stronger belief in one s chance of succeeding in an uncertain competitive environment than by differences risk attitudes related to state uncertainty

forest owner perceptions of institutions and voluntary contracting for biodiversity conservation not crowding out but staying out although the concepts of institutions in economics and institutional analysis have been integrated in recent writings about payments for ecosystem services pes their joint operationalization and testing have been limited to tackle this integration challenge we empirically explore how finnish non industrial private forest owners perceptions about voluntary biodiversity conservation contracting correspond with the institutional theories about pes further we test whether the perceptions are related to pes contracting in the past or in the future the results of the explorative factor analyses corresponded with the theoretical considerations of both economics and institutional analysis the logistic regression analyses showed that the factors that related to past contracting differed notably from those that explained future intentions to contract most consistently perceptions about positive ecological impacts were positively related to past contracting while social and moral normative perceptions had a negative effect in other words those who would conserve nature for altruistic reasons tended not to have entered a contract but rather stayed out local and social welfare expectations increased the willingness to contract in the future our analysis highlights the importance of normative conservation justifications as well as the expectations regarding non economic benefits and welfare impacts for pes design and analysis

narrowing the gap factors driving organic food consumption in the recent years organic food has gained a great attention from researchers yet the consumption amount and growth in the market share is relatively low compared to conventional food the most consistent findings from previous studies have been the inconsistency between consumers claims and their actual behavior the so called intention behavior or attitude behavior gap the majority of past studies focused on investigating the motivational factors to purchase organic food as a proxy to foster organic food consumption however it is argued that preceding studies focus does not readily embrace the consumption itself where purchasing may come secondary to consumption decision motivation the objective of this paper is to propose a new approach to determine factors influencing organic food consumption by focusing on those who are consuming and not those considering purchasing organic food indeed consumption is a more appropriate measure not confounded with shopping habits consumption also reflects high involvement with the product and the barriers and motivations are as real as the product itself which makes it an ideal moment to examine the motivation a model that was developed was tested using the partial least square statistical analysis of an empirical sample of 133 consumers the results indicated that product specific attitude psa sensory appeal sa and health orientation ho had a significant positive influence on individuals organic food consumption the moderating role of future orientation between psa ho and consumption were examined and found to be significant the result suggests that psa and ho are stronger when future orientation is high the research provides a significant insight and better understanding of narrowing the attitude behavior gap it also adds a new momentum to the growing literature and prior findings on consumer behavior towards organic foods

factors influencing buying behaviour of green energy consumer green energy has gained significant research attention across the globe due to its ability to reduce environmental damage however for complete acceptance of green energy only government regulations are not enough the willingness to use green energy and contribute to the wellbeing of the environment should spring from within consumers such willingness may be developed by enhancing consumers perceived value of green energy however in order to do so it is necessary to assess existing levels of consumers perceived value towards green energy the present study develops a multidimensional green perceived value scale to measure existing levels of consumers perceived value the scale considers green perceived value as a multidimensional second order construct comprising functional value social value conditional value and emotional value dimensions such an attempt has not been made before which highlights the originality value of the present study the scale can be used to assess consumers perception towards green energy such information would help in formulating strategies that encourage consumers to voluntarily adopt green energy the study also reveals that it is not only the financial aspects that lead consumers to decide on adoption of green energy consumers are also driven by emotional and social considerations thus policy makers could formulate pro green energy programmes and mass messages that appeal to consumers sense of responsibility to voluntarily adopt green energy without having to rely on financial incentives researchers could examine the considered dimensions of the scale further with respect to other constructs related to consumer behaviour

does agricultural extension pay a case study for a new crop lupins in western australia abstract compared to studies evaluating the benefits from agricultural research there are relatively few empirical studies of the net economic benefits of agricultural extension and even fewer that consider both public and private sector extension effort in this study we examine regional differences in the adoption of lupins in western australia wa in order to estimate the net economic benefits of public and private sector extension impacts of extension and other variables on adoption were analysed for 40 shires using multivariate regression analysis the results suggest that both public and private extension activities influenced farmer uptake of lupins particularly by bringing forward the start time of the diffusion curve economic benefits of extension based on the statistical analysis were combined with costs of extension estimated from public sector records and surveys of private sector extension agents and used to estimate the net present value of extension investments by the public and private sectors in the study area

optimal advertising and pricing for new green products in the circular economy abstract in the circular economy era environmental sustainability is critical and both green and non green products with similar functions co exist in practice there is little doubt that these two types of products are competing and may substitute one another even though one is more environmental friendly than the other in this paper we build analytical models to explore the optimal advertising and pricing decisions for a green product in the presence of a non green product substitute we investigate both simultaneous and sequential pricing strategies under which there are three possible pricing scenarios namely 1 both prices of green and non green products are determined simultaneously strategy ip 2 the green product s price is decided first and then the non green product s price is determined strategy gl and 3 the non green product s price is decided first and then the green product s price is determined strategy nl we find that the sequential pricing strategy is more profitable than the simultaneous pricing strategy for both green and non green supply chains it is interesting to prove the existence of second mover advantage in the pricing game moreover we identify that if the green supply chain uses strategy nl it could achieve a better performance in profit and minimize the corresponding environmental impact if the green supply chain is truly socially responsible it should design a product with low substitutability so that the environmental impact can be enhanced furthermore our numerical results indicate that strategy ip never performs the best in terms of consumer surplus and social welfare when the product substitution level is sufficiently high findings of this paper contribute to the literature on cleaner production systems in the circular economy era

self serving bias and tax morale abstract in a real effort laboratory experiment we find that moral evaluation of tax evasion is subject to a self serving bias subjects with the opportunity to evade taxes judge tax evasion as less unethical as opposed to those who cannot evade

common property institutions and sustainable governance of resources abstract the literature on common property based resource management comprises many important studies that seek to specify the conditions under which groups of users will self organize and sustainably govern resources upon which they depend using three of the more comprehensive such studies and with an extensive review of writings on the commons this paper demonstrates that the enterprise of generating lists of conditions under which commons are governed sustainably is a flawed and impossibly costly research task for a way out the paper examines the relative merits of statistical comparative and case study approaches to studying the commons it ends with a plea for careful research design and sample selection construction of causal mechanisms and a shift toward comparative and statistical rather than single case analyses such steps are necessary for a coherent empirically relevant theory of the commons

willingness to pay and price elasticities of demand for energy efficient appliances combining the hedonic approach and demand systems abstract this article proposes a combined approach for estimating willingness to pay for the attributes represented by energy efficiency labels and providing reliable price elasticities of demand own and cross for close substitutes e g those with low energy efficiency and those with higher energy efficiency this is done by using the results of the hedonic approach together with the quantity based demand system qbds model the elasticity results obtained with the latter are then compared with those simulated using the linear almost ideal demand system la aids the methodology is applied to the dishwasher market in spain it is found that 15 6 of the final price is actually paid for the energy efficiency attribute this accounts for about 80 of the average market price the elasticity results confirm that energy efficient appliances are more price elastic than regular ones

an econometric analysis of charitable giving with interdependent preferences in practice we are in a situation where one s own contribution is expected to influence the contributions of others a will expect that b and c may also be induced by his gifts to the same or similar objectives vickrey 1962 p 40 the estimates provide no support for the view that the total amount that an individual contributes is a function of the amount that is given by others although these results are clearly not definitive evidence against the notion of such interdependence among individuals we believe that the burden of proof now rests with those who support a theory of interdependent giving feldstein and clotfelter 1976 p 19 i introduction it is widely believed that one person s charitable contributions can be significantly influenced by the contributions of others the national survey of philanthropy for instance indicates that a sizable fraction of the population believes that people pay attention to what others give when determining their own contribution 1 fundraisers also feel that large leadership contributions by wealthy individuals can be influential in encouraging more and larger contributions by others bakal 1979 moreover interdependence among givers is central to social scientists outside of economics who study altruistic or charitable behavior psychologists for instance have learned that those who have recently witnessed an altruistic act are more likely to be altruistic and that people will be more altruistic the more others contribute 2 sociologists studying reference groups have shown that choices individuals make often depend on the choices of others who are similar in age education social status and other characteristics and that such reference groups appear to be important in determining altruistic and charitable activity 3 economic theorists have also made interdependent preferences the focus of their theoretical models of giving in some of the earliest writing on philanthropy vickrey 1962 gives an extensive discussion of the role of neighborhood effects on contributions formal models of altruism beginning with becker 1974 also assume any one contributor s choice depends on the contributions of all others largely because of the public goods aspect of charity 4 other models have generalized becker s approach to include impurely altruistic motives for giving such as a desire for acclaim status or simply a warm glow from giving where the impure altruism also depends on the contributions of others andreoni 1989 1990 outside of the literature on charity there is a long history beginning with duesenberry 1949 of economic models that assume the consumption choices of one agent are directly affected by the choices and characteristics of other agents 5 yitzhaki 1982 stark 1990 and stark and yitzhaki 1988 have shown the importance of relative deprivation in understanding economic phenomena and in related reasoning frank 1984 1985a b has shown that there is a theoretical and empirical basis for assuming that individuals care about how their consumption ranks relative to some group of peers in addition manski 1993a has shown the importance of role models and reference groups in the study of dynamic choice despite this emphasis on interdependent preferences elsewhere the empirical literature on charitable giving has been unsuccessful at finding any empirical relevance of interdependence feldstein and clotfelter 1976 are the only economists who have attempted to include variables to capture the interdependence of preferences their effort was unsuccessful as a result a large literature has developed in which equations for charitable contributions have been estimated without accounting for interdependence this method has led to a consensus that the tax price of charitable contributions and donor s income are both important in determining gifts

private eco brands and green market development towards new forms of sustainable governance in food retailing abstract this study seeks to analyze the role of retail eco brands in the development of markets for sustainability certified food products building on insights from the new institutional economics nie paradigm but also broader literature in the supply chain management and marketing research we suggest that private eco branding and third party certification can be explained as private institutional arrangements that motivate and enable sustainability governance by retailers both upstream and downstream in the value chain based on semi structured interviews with western european retailers this study reveals critical functions of retailers sustainability oriented brands these functions address a number of inefficiencies pertained to the third party certification making eco branding a private product policy tool to proactively set and implement sustainability in food production and consumption practices at the same time limitations associated with the development and use of private eco brands are identified based on these limitations we suggest that while retailer s eco brands are likely to play an important role in transforming food markets towards higher levels of sustainability in the future the continuous value of third party certification schemes in implementing sustainability in the food supply chain should not be underestimated the role of the latter will be to reduce transaction costs and liability risks associated with retail efforts to govern product sustainability issues upstream in the supply chain

the effects of race gender and survey methodologies on giving in the us this study examines the effects of race and gender on philanthropy and interaction effects between race or gender and survey methodologies results indicate differences in philanthropic behaviors by gender but not by race we also find significant interaction effects between survey methodologies and race and gender which may have important implications for social science research in which race and or gender explain or predict behaviors d 2004 elsevier b v all rights reserved

the effect of democracy on corruption income is key summary this paper provides an explanation for the ambiguous relationship between democracy and corruption using rich panel data with annual observations from 1998 to 2012 allows us to control not only for country and time invariant factors but also for potential reverse causality between corruption and income levels in a 3sls framework democracy reduces corruption but only in economies that have already crossed a gdp capita level of approximately us 2 000 in 2005 us for poorer nations democratization is suggested to increase corruption other institutional characteristics are unlikely to drive this result and findings are robust to a variety of robustness checks and quantile regressions

transaction costs and environmental policy design abstract this article synthesizes the growing empirical literature on transaction costs to identify pragmatic design recommendations for environmental and natural resource policies the new institutional economics literature recognizes that appropriate policy choice and design will be a function of the specific characteristics of the problem the physical and institutional determinants of both transaction costs and abatement costs should be considered in the policy design process due to potential interactions between them analysts also need to incorporate the extent to which the technologies institutional environment governance structures or policy designs can be changed some factors can only be adjusted to or designed around while others can be designed differently this framework highlights the importance of property rights since transaction costs will be incurred to obtain or retain property rights and since the rights assignment may affect both the magnitudes and distribution of costs another implication is that education and extension programs or use of behavioral economics concepts to affect choices can be cost effective in some circumstances policy design should take advantage of economies of scale and foster technical change appropriate sequencing of policy instruments may decrease transaction costs particularly if there is potential for technical change

prices versus quantities in fisheries models this paper discusses the conditions for generalizing the analysis in weitzman 1974 to fisheries it is shown that it is straightforward to generalize the analysis if the cost function is direct additively separable in stock size and catches this leads to the conclusion that the analysis holds for a schooling fishery with and without search costs but it might not hold for a search fishery a further result is that for a schooling fishery without search costs where the marginal cost function is steeper than the marginal benefit function taxes are likely to be preferred over individual transferable quotas

trust under the prospect theory and quasi hyperbolic preferences a field experiment in vietnam abstractwe conduct a field experiment in vietnamese villages to explore the effect of the prospect theory and of quasi hyperbolic time preferences parameters on trust and trustworthiness we find that risk aversion loss aversion and present bias do not influence trustors decisions but higher time discounting increases the amount sent to trustees in the south of vietnam and probability weighting decreases it in the north if time discounting and loss aversion do not influence trustworthiness we show that more risk averse and less present biased trustees return a higher share of their wealth to the trustors these results suggest that adopting a perspective other than the expected utility theory and the exponential discounting approach of time preferences enables one to uncover some channels by which risk and intertemporal time preferences influence trusting behavior in societies

good bye lenin or not the effect of communism on people s preferences preferences for redistribution as well as the generosities of welfare states differ significantly across countries in this paper we test whether there exists a feedback process of the economic regime on individual preferences we exploit the experiment of german separation and reunification to establish exogeneity of the economic system from 1945 to 1990 east germans lived under a communist regime with heavy state intervention and extensive redistribution we find that after german reunification east germans are more in favor of redistribution and state intervention than west germans even after controlling for economic incentives this effect is especially strong for older cohorts who lived under communism for a longer time period we further find that east germans preferences converge towards those of west germans we calculate that it will take one to two generations for preferences to converge completely

eco efficiency in micro enterprises and small firms a case study in the automotive services sector abstract a significant number of small and micro enterprises worldwide make important contributions to global the economy however research studies that deal with this kind of enterprise especially regarding their environmental issues are limited this paper aims to demonstrate the viability of eco efficient practices among small firms and micro enterprises as a competitive advantage tool eco efficient practices were applied in a micro sized auto parts and electrical automotive services enterprise in brazil the procedures were applied based on the brazilian business council for sustainable development and the brazilian support for micro and small enterprises eco efficiency model the outcomes were evaluated and then measured again three years later to provide more consistent results the approach was carried out using qualitative action research followed by a statistical analysis of variance anova and an f test to compare the averages of the entire studied period together with a post hoc tukey statistical test to identify which averages among the studied years were driving significant differences levene s test was also performed to verify the homogeneity of the variance between all of the studied years in order to corroborate the analysis as important findings from this approach the micro sized enterprise attained better financial environmental and social performance and has purchased new financial incomings an important aspect was the engagement of the staff and owner during the implementation and evaluation of the new eco efficient practices eco efficient practices had positive and enduring results as verified by statistical analysis among the five studied years this provides evidence that eco efficient practices could provide low cost benefit for both environmental and small and micro enterprises

on the endogeneity of resource comanagement theory and evidence from indonesia we examine theoretically the emergence of participatory comanagement agreements that share between state and user the management of resources and the benefits from use going beyond user user interactions our state user model addresses a critical question when will comanagement arise in order to consider the right baseline for evaluating comanagement s forest and welfare impacts we then compare our model s hypotheses concerning de facto rights negotiated agreements and transfers all endogenous with community level data including observed agreements in a protected indonesian forest these unique data could refute the model despite being limited but instead offer support

green products an exploratory study on the consumer behaviour in emerging economies of the east abstract the recent years have witnessed a phenomenal change in quantum and pattern of consumption in the developing nations of the east ever increasing consumption is putting a strain on the environment the present work delves into understanding the relationship between environmental concerns and consumer choice behaviour in purchasing green products in the context of india being a large emerging economy in south east asia attempt has been made to examine the influence of consumption values on sustainable consumer behaviour across consumer segments with preferential green choice approach difference multiple linear regression analysis one way analysis of variance and other standard statistical analysis of the data collected through questionnaire survey have been done results indicate that price sensitivity is high regardless of their choice preference social value parameter being the dominant factor influences sustainable consumption behaviour adoption among the green preferential cluster consumption values differ significantly across consumers exhibiting different preference for products with and without green credentials being higher for those with green purchase or consumption experience or notion

technology change as a policy response to promote changes in land management for environmental benefits a previous study developed a framework for choosing among groups of policy mechanisms for encouraging environmentally beneficial land use change the framework highlights that these choices should depend on the relative levels of private or internal net benefits and public or external net benefits incentive based mechanisms polluter pays and or beneficiary pays and extension need to be targeted carefully to appropriate projects where private net benefits are close to zero and or public net benefits are more extremely positive or negative this article focuses on policy mechanisms that alter the net benefits of changing land management including r d to develop new technologies and training to improve the skill of landholders at using existing technologies these policy options are now treated more comprehensively within the public benefits private benefits framework benefits of technology change projects can include reductions in the opportunity cost of compliance with environmental programs increases in the public benefits of a particular type of land use change or improvements in private net benefits resulting in public benefits through greater or more rapid adoption by private landholders from an environmental management perspective technology development is most relevant where public net benefits of land use change are positive and private net benefits are negative but not highly negative there is a set of projects for which technology change is the only viable alternative to no action highlighting the importance of technology change in these cases

conspicuous consumption and political regimes evidence from east and west germany abstract this paper investigates the influence of political regimes on the relative importance of conspicuous consumption we use the division of germany into the communist gdr and the democratic frg and its reunification in 1990 as a natural experiment relying on household data that are representative for germany our empirical results strongly indicate that conspicuous consumption is relatively more important in east germany significantly although we find some convergence a considerable gap in conspicuous consumption expenditures remains even 18 years after the german reunification

resource scarcity and antisocial behavior abstract this paper examines whether exposure to persistent resource scarcity on the commons affects pastoralists readiness to engage in antisocial behavior towards their fellow commons users the region under study is divided into two areas according to exogenous variations in biomass production stemming from geological peculiarities we conducted a joy of destruction game with pastoralists from both areas and provide evidence for a positive relationship between antisocial behavior and long term exposure to scarcity antisocial behavior among villagers occurs twice as often in an area where resources are scarcer and competitive pressure is higher our results remain robust to the inclusion of various controls including beliefs socio demographics absolute and relative income and within group inequality if one interprets decreasing another participant s payoff below one s own as a tendency towards conflict behavior our results suggest a higher risk of conflict among resource users in areas of greater scarcity

beyond ecolabels what green marketing can learn from conventional marketing ecolabels have emerged as one of the main tools of green marketing although a great deal of effort has been invested in making them more effective and efficient the market share of ecolabelled products is still low partly because they have been addressed mainly to green consumers in a theoretical exposition of marketing theory we find that green marketing could learn from conventional marketing in discovering other means than labelling to promote green products examples include addressing a wider range of consumers working with the positioning strategies of price place and promotion and actively engaging in market creation

context dependent biodiversity conservation management regimes theory and simulations ecosystem degradation hasmotivated a search for successful conservation approaches the perceived failure of state directed protected areas in the tropics has prompted experimentation with community management and co management strategies numerous case studies suggest that none of these are effective universally there exists however little analytical or empirical work to identify under what conditions one arrangement will be more effective than another this paper develops a model of statedependent equilibrium conservation management design that identifies the comparative advantage of different managers in the interest of appropriately locating authority for conservation tasks as a function of prevailing biophysical economic and sociopolitical conditions

multinational oil companies and the adoption of sustainable development a resource based and institutional theory interpretation of adoption heterogeneity sustainable development is often framed as a social issue to which corporations should pay attention because it offers both opportunities and challenges through the use of institutional theory and the resource based view of the firm we shed some light on why more than 20 years after sustainable development was first introduced we see neither the adoption of this business model as dominant nor its converse that is the total abandonment of the model as unworkable and unprofitable we focus on multinational corporations mncs because they were among the organizations first called to take action in order to illustrate the institutional pressures mncs face and their strategic response to these pressures we analysed four major oil and gas multinationals subject to similar sustainable development pressures climate change biodiversity renewable energy development and social investment we argue that normative and coercive isomorphism does not occur at the global level because sustainable development is largely a stakeholder driven rather than a broad social pressure that is host country interpretation of sustainable development pressures varies across an mnc s subsidiary network based on the analysis of the four major mncs annual reports from 2000 to 2005 we argue that mimetic isomorphism may occur but since it implies the use of complex and intangible resources mimetic processes are slow rare and discretionary

design principles for managing coastal fisheries commons in present day japan abstract ostrom 1990 challenged the traditional belief that commons management inevitably requires state ownership or privatization and instead established the notion of user self governance this notion a third policy option for managing the commons entails little or no state involvement under this notion ostrom developed eight design principles to which self governing institutional arrangements adhere while the role of the state is minimal this article seeks to establish whether design principles characterize such institutional arrangements when the role of the state is accommodated explicitly within the principles drawing on a case study of present day management of japan s community based coastal fisheries commons our study shows that the design principles can better characterize self governing institutional arrangements when the state adopts a pro user self governance role that provides strategic support for users but neither takes ownership of the commons nor participates in engineering the institutional arrangements

eco labels as a multidimensional research topic trends and opportunities abstract this study analyzes the importance of ecolabels as an eco innovation tool that can contribute to the sustainable design production and consumption of products our research has a dual objective the first is to build a theoretical framework that explains the relationship between ecolabels and eco innovation their determinants demand supply and institutional and political influences and the dimensions that arise from them second according to this framework a systematic literature review was carried out to identify the trends and opportunities in ecolabeling as a multidimensional topic from empirical geographical and sectorial perspective the main contributions of this paper are a proposal for cyclical ecolabeling innovation process an understanding of the ecolabeling dimensions according to the studies analyzed and ecolabel performance in the market additionally the systematic literature review revealed that ecolabels have been mainly explored in food sectors and developed countries and researchers tend to assess their performance from the dimension of market dynamics

public benefits private benefits and policy mechanism choice for land use change for environmental benefits the choice of policy mechanisms for encouraging environmentally beneficial land use change should depend on the relative levels of private or internal net benefits and public or external net benefits a map of recommended policy mechanisms is developed depending on the relative levels of these variables positive incentives negative incentives and extension need to be targeted carefully to appropriate projects where private net benefits are closer to zero and or public net benefits are more extremely positive or negative technology development is suggested where private net costs outweigh public net benefits no action is recommended for many potential projects

price premium for high efficiency refrigerators and calculation of price elasticities for close substitutes a methodology using hedonic pricing and demand systems this article uses the hedonic pricing method to estimate the price premium paid for the highest energy efficiency label a in the refrigerators market of the basque autonomous community spain the estimated figure is 8 9 of the final price or about 60 euro which represents one third of the energy savings that a consumer gets during the lifetime of a refrigerator with the highest energy efficiency label this figure is then combined with the linear version of the almost ideal demand system la aids to obtain own and cross price elasticities of demand the information presented here is useful for policy design and analysis the results indicate that the demand for refrigerators with the highest energy efficiency label is highly sensitive to price variations

internalizing sustainable practices a configurational approach on sustainable forest management of the dutch wood trade and timber industry a number of environmental labels and certificates have been developed to inform consumers of the environmental impacts this paper explored different configurations of institutional and organizational conditions for the internalization of sustainable practices for the institutional conditions the level of institutional pressures were considered for the organizational conditions the following elements were taken into account 1 the timing of adoption 2 the willingness to cannibalize existing capabilities and routines to incorporate institutional demands for sustainability 3 the degree of implementation of these demands 4 the internal representation of environmental concerns and 5 the type of organization the paper analyzed sustainable forestry practices in wood trade and timber factories in the netherlands using a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis from the analysis three configurations were found 1 concerned internalization for early adopting wood trade companies 2 forced internalization for late adopting wood trade companies and 3 lagged internalization for late adopting timber factories the configurations revealed that important conditions for explaining internalization of sustainable practices are high levels of implementation and high levels of willingness to cannibalize the findings reaffirm the relevance of institutional and organizational conditions in explaining the internalization of environmental friendly practices they also showed that the interplay between a firm s internal and external environments influence the internalization of environmental practices the results imply that practice internalization is more subtle than previously understood in the literature

propensity of green consumption behaviors in representative cities in china abstract green consumption behaviors are based on consumers attitude however there is a gap between them improving green consumption attitude will to a large extent affect the acceptance of green consumption the study interviewed consumers in four representative cities in china through questionnaires which was to search for a solution that affect consumers willingness to pay for green products by employing a multivariate logistic regression furthermore an empirical analysis was made to study their green consumption behaviors it is shown that chinese consumers have already been aware of green consumption to a certain extent and that green consumption willingness is influenced by age location sources of information and a host of other factors at present nearly half of the consumers are willing to pay an extra of no more than 5 for green products which is lower than the premium price for green products relative to non green ones however the actual premium price of green products in china exceeds this level in general rendering green products a less advantageous position in markets approaches including multiple marketing channels trade in services and green branding can effectively raise consumers reserve price for green products

making the commons work conservation and cooperation in ireland commonage represents land held under common property that incorporates a system of local cooperative arrangements and rules to conserve and manage the irish uplands we analyze the institutional and economic factors that influence the behavior of commonage farmers under a common property regime using a recursive bivariate probit model results show that 1 cooperation has a positive and important impact on commonage conservation 2 agricultural policies by way of livestock premia increase the level of degradation while 3 farm financial support through agrienvironment measures positively affects commonage conservation and encourages cooperation between farmers

examining green consumerism motivational drivers does premium price and demographics matter to green purchasing environmental deterioration caused by consumers non sustainable consumption pattern is putting a strain on the environment and is hindering sustainable development in order to impede this effect and promote a more sustainable economy one solution is to reduce or shift consumption from conventional products to green products the unfortunate reality indicates that inadequate information on how to promote consumers green behavioral intention is slowing the growth of green markets such inadequacy appears as a prevailing obstacle facing firms while developing segments and communicating strategies for effectively promoting green products the mentioned impact is more prevailing and most experienced in countries like malaysia hence consumers behavioral intentions must be better understood in order to strengthen knowledge about fostering green purchases this study aims to determine the motivational factors that influence green purchasing intention and simultaneously assess the moderator roles of the premium price and demographic characteristics given that consumers degree of greenness varies a survey was administered and a total of 405 usable questionnaires were obtained structural equation modeling sem was applied to test the hypotheses results indicate that environmental attitude eco label and cultural value man nature orientation significantly influence the green purchase intention the result also indicates that the premium price has no moderating effect denying its role as one of the main barriers for consumers to walk their talk as it has previously been reported by studies and opinion polls in addition the findings revealed that education level and gender have a significant positive moderation effect this suggests that green purchase intentions motivational factors are greater among highly educated individuals especially with female consumers in particular this study contributes to the understanding of the main factors that motivate consumers intention to purchase green products in malaysia it also offers insights and discusses implementations for manufacturers marketers and policy makers concerned with the drivers that motivate consumers green purchasing intentions which require different marketing plan and strategy than conventional products

entrepreneurship and the intergenerational transmission of values there is mounting empirical evidence that there is intergenerational transmission of parental preferences for entrepreneurship however much of the work on this topic is not explicit about the role of values in this transmission process furthermore nearly all studies neglect potential heterogeneity of values among entrepreneurial parents this paper contributes to the literature by making use of a natural experiment that allows 1 identifying a group of entrepreneurial parents who have a distinct priority of challenging existing conditions mastery and 2 detecting whether this value orientation is transmitted comparing german entrepreneurs two decades after reunification reveals that the children of self employed parents who encountered a great deal of resistance in the socialist german democratic republic due to their self employment are much more likely to give mastery as the reason for running their own venture compared to entrepreneurs whose parents did not have to overcome this sort of challenge

an accurate measurement of the crowd out effect income effect and price effect for charitable contributions in the past empirical research on charitable contributions has focused on two issues estimating the income and price elasticities of contributions and estimating the extent to which government funding crowded out private contributions the two fundamental problems in all these studies are the differences in the underlying conceptual models and the use of imperfect data for empirical analysis this paper addresses both of these problems

leveraging factors for sustained green consumption behavior based on consumption value perceptions testing the structural model changing lifestyle and consumption pattern being the aftermath of growth and urbanization is putting a strain on environment and sustainable development the consumption value perceptions are identified in the study as the drivers of sustained green product consumption and intention to pay the green price premium using the theory of consumption values these value perceptions are certain parameters measuring consumer utilities along multiple value dimensions impacting choice behavior environmental attitude contextual factors and consumer innovativeness were included as the first order constructs data was collected through survey based method using structured questionnaires structural equation modeling was applied for testing the hypothesized model results confirmed consumers price and knowledge perceptions to be the major determinants of the behavioral outcome of sustained green consumption and behavioral intention to pay the green price premium is the outcome of sustained green consumption implications of the research were discussed

residential electricity consumption behavior influencing factors related theories and intervention strategies abstract the proportion of residential electricity consumption in the total energy consumption has increased rapidly in the past decades all over the world it is becoming increasingly important to promote household energy conservation for the sustainable development of a country in the case of resource constraints this paper reviews and evaluates the existing research works which are related to the residential electricity consumption behavior particular attention is given to the following aspects 1 factors influencing residential electricity consumption in social psychology 2 theories of social psychology in understanding residential electricity consumption behavior 3 different interventions aiming at encouraging households to reduce electricity consumption finally we discuss the challenges and opportunities of research on residential electricity consumption behavior in the big data era

adoption of green electricity by german small and medium sized enterprises smes a qualitative analysis abstract the german government aims at generating 80 percent of the country s electricity from renewable sources by 2050 in the german liberalized electricity market customers can support this target by purchasing green electricity ge i e electricity produced from renewable energy sources yet the demand for ge has remained low among small and medium sized enterprises smes which represent the country s biggest electricity customer group based on a review of the relevant literature this article investigates factors that determine smes decisions whether to adopt ge for this purpose thematic interviews with ge providers and representatives of smes are performed and qualitatively analyzed the results of the interview analysis form the basis for a conceptual framework that reflects the ge adoption decisions of german smes and lay the groundwork for future analysis in this area

improving environmental decisions a transaction costs story abstract a multidisciplinary team of researchers made efforts to influence the design and implementation of environmental policy in australia a focus of these efforts was the development of the investment framework for environmental resources inffer in addition the team undertook a range of communication activities training user support and participation in committees and enquiries transaction costs were relevant to these efforts in a variety of ways environmental managers perceived inffer to involve relatively high transaction costs a balance was struck between the system having simplicity and low transaction costs and delivering environmental benefits transaction costs were factored into the planning and prioritisation processes developed for example public and private transaction costs are accounted for in the calculation of benefit cost ratios and in the choice of policy mechanisms there are diverse roles that transaction costs play in the processes of developing implementing and influencing environmental policy programmes a key observation is that appropriate strategic investment in transaction costs can improve decisions and increase net benefits from an environmental programme a well designed decision process can involve incurring transaction costs at one stage in order to save transaction costs at a later stage

economics and identity this paper considers how identity a person s sense of self affects economic outcomes we incorporate the psychology and sociology of identity into an economic model of behavior in the utility function we propose identity is associated with different social categories and how people in these categories should behave we then construct a simple game theoretic model showing how identity can affect individual interactions the paper adapts these models to gender discrimination in the workplace the economics of poverty and social exclusion and the household division of labor in each case the inclusion of identity substantively changes conclusions of previous economic analysis

exploring the gap between consumers green rhetoric and purchasing behaviour why do consumers who profess to be concerned about the environment choose not to buy greener products more regularly or even at all this study explores how consumers perceptions towards green products consumers and consumption practices termed green perceptions contribute to our understanding of the discrepancy between green attitudes and behaviour this study identified several barriers to ethical consumption behaviour within a green consumption context three key themes emerged from the study it is too hard to be green green stigma and green reservations there is currently a perception based on a number of factors that it is too hard to be green which creates a barrier to purchasing green products furthermore some consumers were reluctant or resistant to participate in green consumption practices due to their unfavourable perceptions of green consumers and green messages this article suggests that green perceptions may influence consumers intention to purchase green products accordingly it discusses the implications and suggests avenues for future research

property rights and natural resource conservation a bio economic model with numerical illustrations from the serengeti mara ecosystem this study develops a model for wildlifemigrating seasonally between a conservationarea and a neighbouring area when beingoutside the conservation area harvesting takesplace by a group of small scale farmers thelocal people have two motives for harvesting to get rid of problem animals as roamingwildlife destroys crops and agriculturalproducts and hunting for meat and trophies depending on the specification of the propertyrights the harvesting is legal or illegal itis demonstrated that it is far from clear whichof the two property rights regimes that givesthe highest wildlife abundance hence contraryto what is argued for in the literature handing the property rights over to the localpeople means not automatically more wildlifeand a more sustainable resource utilization the reason lies in the nuisance motive forharvesting the exploitation under the twodifferent property rights regimes areillustrated by numerical calculations with datathat fits reasonable well with the exploitationof the wildebeest population in theserengeti mara ecosystem

ossified materialism introduction to the special volume on absolute reductions in materials throughput and emissions drawing from papers in this special volume sv this introductory paper on absolute reductions argues that the magnitude scope and urgency of the sustainability challenge require a drastic change in global civilisation including a radical transformation of the institutional arrangements and socio technical systems that facilitate the pursuit of wellbeing the authors of this paper identify four main challenges to absolute reductions including the resource intensive conventional template for development macroeconomic structures and trade policies creating burden shifting and inequality a resourceefficiency improvements fallacy and the dominant consumerist culture and lifestyles the paper demonstrates

policy mechanism choice for environmental management by non commercial lifestyle rural landholders abstract for some environmental assets in rural areas the landholders who are having the biggest impact are people with small holdings and an emphasis on lifestyle rather than commercial gains from their land this paper aims to better understand the motivations and likely responses to policy for lifestyle landholders in australia in order to assess which policy mechanisms if any are likely to be most efficiently used to influence their land management through face to face interviews we find that lifestyle landholders have important differences from commercial farmers including much smaller properties a stronger interest in environmental outcomes a lack of land management skills and a lack of time for land management activities from the perspective of environmental policy programs engaging with lifestyle landholders is likely to involve higher transaction costs and there are likely to be higher learning and transition costs per unit area a framework for selection of policy tools is modified to take account of these findings it is concluded that the prospects for worthwhile public investments in land use changes by lifestyle landholders are lower than for commercial landholders

the power of emotional value exploring the effects of values on green product consumer choice behavior using the theory of consumption values this research proposes to explore the consumer choice behavior for green products in pakistan functional value price and quality social value conditional value epistemic value and emotional value and environmental value were used to study the consumer choice behavior for green products it also gauges the extent to which emotional value moderates the impact of other consumption values on green product consumer choice behavior based on a sample of 260 respondents the results indicate that functional value price social value and environmental value have a positive impact on green product consumer choice behavior while conditional value and epistemic value have a negative effect functional value quality and emotional value do not influence green product consumer choice behavior as a moderator emotional value has a significant effect on the role of functional value social value conditional value epistemic value and environmental value this confirms and significantly adds to the literature of green product consumer choice behavior in a developing market

still different after all these years solidarity behavior in east and west germany abstract using data from laboratory experiments we find that east germans show consistently less solidarity than west germans there has been no convergence in the 20 years after the reunification while it has recently been estimated that political values converge 20 to 40 years after the reunification alesina and fuchs schundeln 2007 we conclude from our findings that social behavior changes more slowly than political values we hypothesize that this is due to complementarities involved in individual social behavior and the necessity to coordinate on social norms on the society level

sorting through global corruption determinants institutions and education matter not culture abstract identifying the robust determinants of corruption among cultural economic institutional and geographical factors has proven difficult from a policy perspective it is important to know whether inherent largely unchangeable attributes are responsible or if institutional and economic attributes are at work accounting for model uncertainty we use bayesian model averaging bma to analyze a comprehensive list of 36 potential corruption determinants across 123 countries covering 87 percent of the world population the bma methodology sorts through all 68 719 476 736 possible model combinations 2 36 in order to carve out the robust correlates we then take a step toward alleviating endogeneity concerns in an instrumental variable bma framework our results indicate that cultural factors are largely irrelevant whereas particular economic and institutional characteristics matter the rule of law emerges as the most persistent predictor with a posterior inclusion probability pip in the true model of 1 00 whereas we find strong evidence for government effectiveness pip of 0 88 urbanization 0 85 and the share of women in parliament 0 80 as meaningful determinants of lower corruption levels in developing countries the extent of primary schooling enters as a powerful factor with a pip of 1 00

the political economy of wildlife exploitation in this paper we analyze the exploitation of wildlife in a third world context in the model there are two agents an agency managing a habitat area of fixed size and a group of peasants the agency managing the habitat area has the legal right to exploit the wildlife while the local people hunt illegally introducing the concept of relative harvesting dominance we demonstrate that the stock utilization depends crucially on the prevailing economic and ecological conditions it is also shown that the existing property rights regime appears in different forms depending on these conditions

the value of environment across efficiency quantiles a conditional regression quantiles analysis of rangelands beef production in north eastern australia in agricultural systems the value of environmental inputs can be measured using the production function approach whereby the marginal contributions of factors are associated with a shadow value under perfect competition and rationality assumptions however empirical studies show that inefficiency in production is common indicating that the rationality assumption is not met furthermore substantial evidence exists to suggest that the contributions of environmental inputs in particular may be differentiated across the efficiency distribution this means that the frontier technology may not be an appropriate reflection of the technology in use by inefficient enterprises this article presents the use of conditional regression quantiles to consider how the value of environmental inputs measured by their contributions to production vary across efficiency quantiles we employed a case study of rangelands beef production in australia to consider how environmental health differentially contributes to production values across efficiency quantiles our approach generates detailed insights into the nature of environmentally sourced technical inefficiency and suggests that conditional quantile regression approaches are ideal for consideration of issues wherein substantial heterogeneity exists limiting the information content of conditional mean based analyses

influences of transaction costs in environmental policy abstract there is a growing literature reporting the extent of transaction costs for environmental policies however understanding why transaction costs occur and why they are small or large is also important for efficient policy selection and evaluation following an analysis of the organisational economics literature and reports of the extent of transaction costs for a number of environmental policies three key influences to transaction costs in environmental policies are identified these are the following 1 the characteristics of the transaction for the environmental good 2 the nature of the transactors and 3 the current institutional environment and arrangements these affect transaction costs to the government and all other parties influenced by a policy transaction costs occur due to actions of information collection and policy design policy enactment and establishment implementation and contracting administration and monitoring and enforcement an interrogation of transaction cost influences reveals that 1 the influence varies between parties and is affected by the actions and interactions of and between all parties to a policy 2 how transaction costs are experienced varies across time and 3 who experiences transaction costs depends on the policy itself future policy selection and refinement will benefit from empirical analysis of the causes of transaction costs

a model proposal for green supply chain network design based on consumer segmentation the consumption based economy has created enormous ecological footprint of product and service life cycles therefore the environmental sustainability has become one of the major concerns of today s society and sparked tremendous amount of research according to the related literature analysis there is no specific study to design the green supply chain network based on consumers green expectations this study aims to contribute to the fulfillment of this research gap by proposing a goal programming model considering three consumer segments i e green inconsistent and red consumers a hypothetical real life like example problem is solved to demonstrate clearly the value and applicability of the proposed model a set of scenarios is also studied to offer an insight on how the consumer determination level of greenness affects the green supply network the findings of the study present a way to measure the relations between green supply chains and consumer behavior

non separable time preferences novelty consumption and body weight theory and evidence from the east german transition to capitalism abstract this paper develops a dynamic model to illustrate how diet and body weight change when novel food products become available to consumers we propose a microfounded test to empirically discriminate between habit and taste formation in intertemporal preferences moreover we show that novelty consumption and endogenous preferences can explain the persistent correlation between economic development and obesity by empirically studying the german reunification we find that east germans consumed more novel western food and gained more weight than west germans when a larger variety of food products became readily accessible after the fall of the wall the observed consumption patterns suggest that food consumption features habit formation

a note on permits standards and technological innovation abstract montero j environ econom manage 44 2002 23 contrasts the incentives to invest in new abatement technologies under different regulatory instruments and argues that one needs to consider the induced output effects that derive from lower abatement costs montero shows that once one takes into account these effects on output command and control instruments can generate stronger incentives to innovate than market based instruments this result rests on strategic output effects under command and control however he maintains that under perfectly competitive conditions market based instruments will continue to weakly dominate command and control regulation this note clarifies two issues raised by montero first i use montero s approach to show that in fact performance concentration standards will generate greater incentives to innovate than market based instruments in perfectly competitive markets one does not require strategic effects to get this result second montero abstracts from production costs and concentrates solely on abatement costs he implicitly assumes that marginal production costs are constant i show that some of montero s results change once increasing marginal production costs are considered when marginal costs are increasing the benefit of additional output is tempered and market based instruments again look more favorable

unveiling ethical product features the importance of an elaborated information presentation abstract despite growing consumer awareness of ethical consumption market sales are not growing accordingly because the presentation of appropriate ethical product information may influence consumers to choose ethical products this paper analyses the requirements necessary for the successful communication of ethical product features based on mcguire s 1976 information processing model and a review of current literature the information s comprehensibility meaningfulness and credibility are investigated in an online survey of us american citizens n 595 for two product categories representing fast moving consumer goods and durable goods a generalized mixed logit model revealed that all three communication factors affect consumers choices the more concerns about or expertise in organic production and fair trade purchase the consumers expressed the less important their price sensibility and the more they preferred a comprehensive addendum and credible sources e g government certificate or traceability the results strongly suggest that advertisers and marketers can customize product communications in order to better engage both the mass market and ethically oriented consumers

transitional politics emerging incentive based instruments in environmental regulation abstract this paper proposes a positive theory of environmental instrument choice we study a democratic society that seeks to lower the level of pollution from industrial sources to a pre specified target the target can be implemented by one of three instruments s uniform emission standards p tradeable permits and t emission taxes the conflict of interest between special interests representing polluters and the electorate is resolved by an elected politician we characterize when each of the three policy instruments is chosen in political equilibrium and show that the transition observed in many countries from s to either p or t can be understood as a natural consequence of increasingly ambitious environmental targets

landing fees vs harvest quotas with uncertain fish stocks a revised version of this paper was published in the journal of environmental economics and management volume 43 issue 2 march 2002 pages 325 338

incentives for promoting agricultural clean production technologies in china abstract since the start of this century chinese agricultural priorities have greatly changed food security is no longer the sole target of agricultural development and increased attention is now focused on environmental protection and stable growth of farmers incomes however implementation of agricultural clean production practices has been slow despite their official promotion at least partly because of farmers hesitancy to adopt them due to fears that they would lose income in various countries subsidies have successfully countered such hesitation therefore we have surveyed chinese farmers willingness to pay for environmental protection and accept compensation for potential losses of net income in relation to identified characteristics subsidies and other incentives to encourage agricultural clean production in china the results indicate that financial support from government at all levels is essential for its effective promotion in the long term although farmers are willing to adopt environmental protection measures and make some contribution to their costs as responsible citizens subsidizing farmers who voluntarily participate in agricultural insurance and adopt cleaner production practices is regarded as fair and equitable to avoid unacceptable reductions in their profits and life quality the results also show that reasonable and targeted incentives could make broad contributions to cleaner agricultural production in china

do conservation auctions crowd out voluntary environmentally friendly activities research has shown that introducing external incentives to encourage pro social behavior such as monetary rewards or regulation may crowd out voluntary pro social activity this has implications for the appropriate design and use of such incentive based programs this study investigates motivational crowding out in the case of conservation auctions a relatively new tool that provides monetary incentives to encourage landowners to adopt environmentally friendly management practices our experimental evidence shows that the introduction and subsequent removal of a conservation auction significantly reduces voluntary provision of environmental quality via monetary donations to an environmental charity compared to a control group that does not experience an auction we also attempt to examine some economic theories of behavior that explain this effect according to either individual motivations or social interactions and our initial exploration finds that crowding out occurs regardless of whether or not participants have opportunities to interact with one another during the experiment

a fresh look at understanding green consumer behavior among young urban indian consumers through the lens of theory of planned behavior abstract rapid economic growth and resulting overconsumption have accelerated environmental deterioration worldwide prompting escalated consumption related environmental concerns this study attempts to explore the antecedents of ecologically conscious consumer behavior eccb among young urban consumers in india an emerging market experiencing rapid economic growth with increased urbanization and changes in consumption patterns that are contributing to environmental hazard the empirical study including a literature review uses theory of planned behavior integrating environmental attitudes subjective norms perceived consumer effectiveness and behavioral intention in the model to investigate their influence on eccb the results suggest that attitudes and perceived consumer effectiveness both have a significant direct and indirect positive influence on eccb in addition it would appear that the subjective norm a measure of social demand does not have any significant influence on behavioral intention leading to eccb contrary to established findings in a collective society considered in this study this paper concludes with policy implications of the findings for marketers and policymakers as well as potential directions for further research

gender differences in customer expectations and perceptions of corporate social responsibility abstract the literature on business ethics corporate social responsibility and sustainability includes many studies on gender differences however the results are often contrasting in particular there has not yet been full agreement on the role and significance of gender differences in customer expectations and perceptions of responsible corporate conduct an extensive review of the research on the subject reveals that the published studies have not dealt with the substantive significance of gender differences and as a result the size of such differences is unknown the current study analyses both the statistical and the substantive significance of gender differences in customer expectations and perceptions of corporate responsibility also examining the influence of age and education the analysis is carried out on a remarkably large sample of 908 clients pertaining to 12 of the largest italian banks the overall results show that there is a small substantive difference between women s and men s average expectations with women showing higher average values than men this result holds generally true with variation of education levels and age groups young females show the highest average values of expectations and the significance of gender differences decreases with age in contrast the perception of corporate social responsibility does not show significant gender differences either at the general level or when the analyses are repeated by education levels and age groups the paper introduces the use of a standardized measure of effect size for analysing the substantive significance of gender differences in customer expectations and perceptions of corporate social responsibility this novel approach increases results reliability and accordingly the effectiveness of company or policy maker strategies in designing planning implementing and assessing sustainability initiatives

aligning public good environmental stewardship with the landscape scale adapting mbis for private land conservation policy market based instruments mbis are rapidly becoming a dominant characteristic of the policy landscape for private land conservation in australia and elsewhere price based mbis are considered attractive to landholders who are provided with financial payments for the delivery of defined ecological outcomes on their land and for policy making where ecological return on investment can be measured quantitatively consequently mbis are commonly used to promote competitive individualized approaches to improve ecological values framed around the property scale we are concerned that there is a tension between the property centric focus of price based mbi programs and the need for environmental management policy and practice to reflect landscape scale social ecological processes targeting mbi programs at individual properties could risk generating insufficient public good conservation benefits if those programs fail to reflect the relationship between landscape scale processes and property scale conservation efforts to remedy the neglect of the landscape scale in private land conservation mbi policy we develop a definition of stewardship that directly connects landscape scale ecological function to the public good dimension of stewardship we apply this over arching definition to demonstrate how mbi programs can deliver on the goal of landscape scale conservation and to suggest when mbis might not be well suited to achieving private land conservation objectives