unskilled migration a burden or a boon for the welfare state as relatively low earners migrants are net beneficiaries of the welfare state therefore in a static setup migration may be resisted by the entire native born population however it is shown that in a dynamic setup with a pension system which is an important pillar of any welfare state migration is beneficial to all income high and low and all age old and young groups when the economy has good access to international capital markets the pro migration feature of the dynamic model is weakened and possibly overturned when the economy does not have good access to such markets in this case to the extent that factor prices are significantly affected by migration because of low substitution between labour and capital low skill native born and possibly also high skill native born may lose

immigrant participation in the welfare system this paper presents a systematic analysis of immigrant participation in the us welfare system using the 1970 and 1980 us censuses in contrast to the previous studies the researchers focused on changes in welfare use across immigrant cohorts over time for a single immigrant cohort as it assimilates to the us furthermore it develops a theoretical model of the migration decision that explicitly incorporates the income insurance aspect of the us welfare system the analysis revealed that recent immigrant cohorts use the welfare system more intensively than earlier immigrant waves also the immigrant welfare participation was greater the longer an immigrant household had resided in the us and those characteristics of the immigrants country of origin were important determinants of welfare participation in addition the theoretical model of the migration decision which explicitly incorporated the presence of a welfare system in the destination country and this model could account for some of the ways in which source country characteristics were found to affect immigrant welfare participation

trends in female labor force participation in sweden labor force participation of married women increased from 49 1 to 83 5 during the past 2 decades by cross section estimates on micro data of the probability of labor force participation in 1967 1973 and 1980 and by using these estimates for predicting changes in labor force participation we have found that increases in own wage has been by far the most important explanatory factor women s real wages have increased relative to husband s after tax earnings both as an effect of the introduction of compulsory separate taxation in 1971 and as an effect of dramatically decreased sex differentials in pay partly associated with increased female education

search theoretic models of the labor market a survey we survey the literature on search theoretic models of the labor market we show how this approach addresses many issues including the following why do workers sometimes choose to remain unemployed what determines the lengths of employment and unemployment spells how can there simultaneously exist unemployed workers and unfilled vacancies what determines aggregate unemployment and vacancies how can homogeneous workers earn different wages what are the tradeoffs firms face from different wages how do wages and turnover interact what determines efficient turnover we discuss various modeling choices concerning wage determination and the meeting process including recent models of directed search

social security and migration with endogenous skill upgrading abstract the aim of the paper is to investigate the joint redistributive effects of migration and pensions and to reassess the sustainability issue raised in the existing economic literature the paper first develops a theoretical framework to analyse the impact of international migration on the labour market the model allows for heterogeneity across native born individuals and for migrants to affect both the wages and the education decision in the recipient country it then explicitly focuses on pensions under alternative migration scenarios the analysis shows that migration causes redistributive effects which increase across group wage inequality however the endogenous educational response by residents partially offsets the redistributive impact of migration while creating additional interest groups migration helps the financial sustainability of the pension scheme but the interaction between migration and pensions causes complex inter and intragenerational redistributive conflicts which are analysed in the paper

female income and the divorce decision evidence from micro data escalating divorce rates during the 1960s and 1970s led to large numbers of academic investigations into the causes of divorce most of these studies concentrated on a significant increase in female income that resulted from rising female labour force participation rates the difficulty with quantifying these arguments is that it is possible to observe the income of married females or it is possible to observe the income of divorced females but it is not possible to observe both outcomes simultaneously this research attempts to resolve these difficulties by using sample selection techniques to correct for possible bias from simple observation of the income of married and divorced females

winners and losers among a refugee hosting population abstractthe impact of a sudden mass influx of forced migrants on the hosting economy is understudied and not well understood using a household panel data set for the kagera region in tanzania we test the impact of the mass refugee presence on the welfare of the local population our identification strategy exploits variations in the timing of arrival as well as the spatial distribution of rwandese and burundi refugees we find a positive and aggregate effect but households are affected differently depending on their main initial occupation

public pensions and return migration in a median voter framework with pensions and immigration we show that only few unskilled immigrants are allowed into the country because the unskilled native median voter is concerned with negative effects on his or her wage but not with the positive effects to other groups in society when return migration is allowed for the median voter is more willing to accept immigration because he or she can shift some of the burden to future generations

the trend in the male female wage gap in the united states despite the rise in the feminist movement the enactment of equal opportunity legislation and the rapid increase in women s labor force participation a substantial sex differential in wages has persisted in the united states for at least 4 decades measured by hourly earnings of year round workers this wage gap was 31 in 1955 widened to a 35 37 range by the 1960s and early 1970s and then narrowed to 33 by 1982 this paper examines the extent to which changes in the characteristics of men and women in the labor force and other factors can account for the observed pattern the main finding is that increases in women s labor force participation were initially associated with a declining skill level of employed women relative to employed men where skill is measured by years of schooling and job tenure more recently the work experience of employed women has been increasing which helps account for the recent narrowing trend in the wage gap during the 1970s the wage gap probably woul have narrowed m

taxing family size and subsidizing child specific commodities abstract the effects and optimal choice of policy instruments directly affecting the welfare of parents and children are examined within the context of a household economics model if fertility were exogenous and households differed in number of children only a first best could be implement through a grant conditional on family size outside this very special case public intervention is either not justifiable on distributional grounds or involves taxing child specific commodities less than adult specific commodities if fertility is endogenous family size must be taxed or subsidized according to whether household expenditure on children is decreasing or increasing in the mother s wage rate

an analysis of women s labor force participation in france cross section estimates and time series evidence this paper examines labor force participation of women in france and its evolution over time cross section estimates of a logit model measure the effects on participation of wives wages husbands earnings families unearned income and number of children they are found to be in accordance with theory applied to historical data these estimates overpredict actual changes a new specification of the participation model using as endogenous variable the fraction of lifetime after leaving school spent in the labor force shows that the effect of the main explanatory variable education changed over time this model gives accurate predictions

can immigrant employment alleviate the demographic burden the role of union centralization this paper investigates the effect of labor immigration on public pensions when wage setting by a centralized trade union leads to unemployment it is shown that immigration improves the financial soundness of pay as you go pensions if and only if it diminishes total employment this occurs if the absolute value of the elasticity of labor demand exceeds the unemployment rate

from mill town to board room the rise of women s paid labor the widespread participation of women in paid labor outside of the home and in the highest echelons of society would have been unheard of a century ago this paper documents this dramatic change in women s social and economic status and argues that it was determined both by contemporaneous demand factors and by the characteristics expectations and social norms regarding work and family of different cohorts of women history suggests that change in women s labor force experiences may be slow because it must await the entry of new cohorts of women and also of men into the labor market

inflation and other aggregate determinants of the trend in us divorce rates since the 1960s this article extends empirical research on the determinants of divorce in two ways first i examine the effect of inflation on divorce second the use of a structural time series modelling approach attributes unobservables and omitted variables to an unobserved component which allows for the model s parameters to be estimated consistently inflation is statistically significant positive and persistent i show that the effects of inflation are robust to the inclusion of additional explanatory variables and various trend specifications the long run implications of inflation are also substantial i conclude that price stability has the potential to reduce divorce rates

does the welfare state affect individual attitudes toward immigrants evidence across countries abstract this paper analyzes welfare state determinants of individual attitudes toward immigrants within and across countries and their interaction with labor market drivers of preferences we consider two mechanisms through which a redistributive welfare system might adjust as a result of immigration under the first model immigration has a larger impact on high income individuals while under the second one low income individuals are those most affected individual attitudes are consistent with the first welfare state model and with labor market determinants in countries where immigration is unskilled income is negatively correlated with pro immigration preferences while skill is positively correlated with them these relationships are reversed in economies characterized by skilled migration

changes in labor force participation in the united states the labor force participation rate in the united states increased almost continuously for two and a half decades after the mid 1960s pausing only briefly during economic downturns the pace of growth slowed considerably during the 1990s however and after reaching a record high of 67 3 percent in the first quarter of 2000 participation had declined by 1 5 percentage points by 2005 this paper reviews the social and demographic trends that contributed to the movements in the labor force participation rate in the second half of the twentieth century it also examines the manner in which developments in the 2000s reflect a break from past trends and considers implications for the future

intercountry comparisons of labor force trends and of related developments an overview this paper is a survey of analyses of women s labor force growth in 12 industrialized countries originally presented at a conference in sussex england in june 1983 the main focus of the conference papers and of the current survey is on growth of the labor force of married women in the years 1960 80 trends in fertility wages and family instability also receive attention as related developments married women s labor force growth is observed in all countries except for the ussr after 1970 where labor force rates of women reached the level of men growth rates differ among countries they apparently respond to growth in real wages and to growth in education but response elasticities differ among countries estimates of these elasticities contained in the country papers were helpful in predicting the trends other findings include ubiquitous declines in fertility and growth of divorce in the 1970s both developments are related to long run labor force growth in all countries wages of women were lo

bridging trade theory and labour econometrics the effects of international migration this paper surveys current theoretical and empirical research on international migration with a particular emphasis on the links between trade theory and labour empirics

an analysis of trends in female labor force participation in japan until recently the aggregate female labor force participation rate in japan has shown a secular declining trend throughout the postwar period of economic development participation of paid female employees alone exhibits a steadily rising trend more or less comparable to that in the united states and european countries although the fertility rate dropped drastically shortly after world war ii in the subsequent period increases in female education and a relative improvement of female wages appear to have promoted a substantial increase in paid female employment labor supply equations for paid employees estimated from time series data provide negative income and positive wage elasticities cross sectional analysis gives reasonable results particularly for middle age wives absolute values of estimated wage elasticity notably have almost always been smaller than income elasticity unlike many research findings in the united states

participation and hours of work two stages in the life cycle of married women abstract a 1979 cross section of dutch households is used to estimate an integrated labor force participation and hours of work labor supply model for women young women and older women are found to behave differently wage and income elasticities are always higher for older than for younger women in absolute terms and the relative importance of participation and hours elasticities is reversed as the average woman grows older thereby implying that younger women tend to be more preoccupied with the participation decision whereas older women are more concerned with the hours decision econometrically the paper builds on heckman s 1974 participation cum hours model by adapting the estimation method to allow for the fact that hours worked are only observed in intervals a maximum likelihood model in which we integrate over parts of the hours distribution is used this technique though computationally involved gave satisfying results we compare the results with estimates of a similar but much simpler probit model to identify the possible biases in the simpler approach

path shifting of the welfare state electoral competition and the expansion of work family policies in western europe what explains the surprising growth of work family policies in several west european countries much research on the welfare state emphasizes its institutional stickiness and immunity to major change yet over the past two decades governments in germany the netherlands and the united kingdom have introduced important reforms to their welfare regimes enacting paid leave schemes expanded rights to part time work and greater investments in child care a comparison of these countries reveals a similar sequence of political and policy change faced with growing electoral instability and the decline of core constituencies party leaders sought to attract dealigning voter groups such as women this led them to introduce feminizing reforms of their party structures and adopt policies to support mothers employment in all three cases women working within the parties played an important role in hatching or lobbying for these reforms after comparing three countries that moved in a path shifting direction this article engages in a brief traveling exercise examining whether a similar set of dynamics are lacking in two countries austria and italy that have moved more slowly in reforming these policies against the prevailing scholarly literature that emphasizes path dependence and slow moving change this article reveals the continued power of electoral politics in shaping redistributive policies

the price forecasting performance of futures markets for live cattle and hogs a disaggregated analysis four hypotheses about the price forecasting performance of live cattle and hog futures are tested using disaggregated data live cattle futures are found to have inadequate forecasting performance for each hypothesis and do not provide better forecasts than lagged cash prices live hog futures perform well for three hypotheses but not when economic conditions are unstable hog futures provide better forecasts than lagged cash prices the analysis does not support the contention that these futures markets are agencies for rational price formation

why is the labour force participation of women declining in india summary this paper explores the recent fall in female labour force participation and its socio economic determinants in india the major contribution of this paper is to explore both micro and macro level factors which determine female labour force participation rate lfpr to examine the u shape female lfpr by examining the likely income and substitution effects of the real wage increase to identify the sub sectors within manufacturing and service sectors that could create jobs for new female job aspirants and those older women displaced from agriculture in recent years and thus to understand the conditions under which female lfpr could be raised using both macro level and household survey nss data we find that the recent fillip in the process of structural transformation has pushed a large number of females out of agriculture the growing mechanization in agriculture and rising capital intensity in manufacturing sectors together have limited the opportunity for females because of their low education and skill and due to other cultural constraints we also found that the rise in real wages in rural areas and the consequent improvement in the standard of living has produced a strong negative income effect which outweighs the positive substitution effect and as a result female lfpr has declined substantially however with the massive increase in female enrollment in secondary and higher levels of education it could be expected that the substitution effect of the increase in real wage would become stronger if appropriate measures are taken by the government which are suggested

ocupational segregation labour force participation and the relative earnings of men and women a model of the labour market is developed in which particiaption rates of men and women wages rates of men and women and occupational segregation are determined simultaneously the model is estimated using cross sectional data from australia the most important empirical results are that a particiaption rates wage rates and occupational segregation should be viewed as being simultaneously determined b differences in male and female labour force attactment and human capital attainment are important determinants of the gender composition of occupations and c there is little direct evidence in this study to support discrimination based theories of occupational segregation

investments in the schooling and health of women and men quantities and returns this paper surveys the evidence on recent trends in the growth of human capital investments in women that raised womens productivity in thus century in most countries patterns in school investments in men and women across regions and across birth cohorts within countries indicate that expected years of school enrollment is converging between low and high income countries to where the gaps have closed from about seven years in 1950 to five years in 1985 women today are receiving nearly as many years of education as men in industrially advanced high income countries latin america south east and east asia are relatively similar to the high income countries at the other extreme in most of the countries of south and west asia and north and sub saharan africa women receive about two fifths to three fourths the number of years of schooling as men do in every region however the ratio of female to male expected years of enrollment increased from 1950 to 1985 gender differences in mortality and nutritional status reveal that there has been a dramatic but largely unexplained advance in female longevity relative to male in the 20th century in most countries with the exception of certain countries in south asia this development is associated with the shift of populations from dependence on agriculture to working in urban areas these changes are a major source of decreasing inequality within and between countries in this century market failure could be responsible for families investing less than the socially efficient amount in girls than boys there are problems in measuring without bias these private and social return empirical patterns across countries in estimated returns to schooling illustrate that private returns at the primary secondary and higher education levels can vary for women and men

are national pension systems efficient if labor is im perfectly mobile abstract in this paper we analyze the effects of labor market integration on national unfunded public pension systems that are organized according to a place of residence principle with this principle labor might migrate for purely fiscal reasons thus some kind of coordination becomes necessary we first show that for the case of unrestricted labor mobility the equalization of contributions is necessary and sufficient for efficiency if the pension systems remain decentralized however national decision makers do not in general have an incentive to voluntarily stick to equalized contributions with a segmented labor market where one segment is costlessly mobile whereas the other segment is completely immobile the coordination requirements are far more complicated if migration cannot compensate for differences in national fertilities if it can the efficiency of equalization turns out to be robust finally we show that replacing the principle of residence with the principle of nationality does not eliminate the risk of fiscal externalities

work and family roles of soviet women historical trends and cross section analysis over the last two generations women in soviet russia reached the highest labor force participation rate in the world as everywhere else the process was accompanied by a sharp rise in their educational attainment and a similarly sharp decline in fertility on the basis of data about families of soviet emigrants during the early 1970s it is shown that soviet women respond to the same economic variables that create similar trends in market economies socialist ideology and soviet growth strategy help on the one hand to expedite the process but on the other amplify the contradiction between women s family and labor market roles and result in relatively low wages for women

marital status and fertility in the united states welfare and labor market effects the incidence of marriage and the proportion of childbearing that occurs within marriage have decreased sharply in the united states in the last several decades this paper examines whether the probability that a woman is currently married and the number of children she has borne as reported in the 1980 u s census are related to two identifiable factors the variation in welfare programs across states specifically afdc and medicaid benefits and afdc up expenditures or the variation in the market wage opportunities available to women and to their potential husbands afdc and medicaid benefit levels are associated with fewer women being currently married medicaid benefits are related to lower fertility levels for both black and white women whereas afdc benefits in cash and food are associated with lower fertility among white women ages 15 24 those states that extend afdc benefits to families with unemployed parents in other words fathers in intact poor families do not have significantly more women married or higher fertility rates contrary to what might be expected from economic incentives men s market wages are associated with more frequent marriage and higher fertility whereas higher market wage opportunities for women have substantial effects in the opposite direction all of which are consistent with standard models of gender specialization and the demand for marriage and fertility

equal employment opportunity in japan a view from the west the japanese equal employment opportunity law of 1985 effective in april 1986 prohibits gender discrimination with respect to recruitment hiring promotion training and job assignment the author describes the law and assesses its probable impact on the economic opportunities of japanese women she argues that two aspects of japan s socioeconomic environment the lifetime employment system used by large japanese private firms and the labor supply pattern of japanese women make it unlikely that the law will have a large impact on the economic status of women in japan

immigration and payg pension systems in the presence of increasing life expectancy abstract according to lacomba and lagos 2010 considering the effect of immigration on pension benefits of native individuals despite immigrants having low average productivity an open borders policy would be always implemented since most of current domestic cohorts gain from immigration in this paper we change the demographic assumptions at the bases of the model of lacomba and lagos 2010 assuming increasing life expectancy over time as a consequence we find that in the presence of pay as you go pension systems there are cases in which an open borders policy would not be implemented and that retirement age and immigrants skill play an important role in determining the effect of immigration on the welfare of native population

she works hard for the money household responsibilities and the allocation of work effort recent developments in human capital theory suggest that men and women differ in how they allocate effort to work activities this paper uses the 1973 and 1977 quality of employment surveys to test the assumtion that women allocate less effort to work because of their family and household responsibilities regression and ordered probit analyses show that on average women allocate more effort to work than do men further the sex difference is substantial when men and women with comparable family situations and market human capital are compared the paper discusses how experiments on sex differences in standards of personal entitlement and research on sex segregated workplaces provide an alternative to the economists perspective finally the paper argues for an integration of human capital models research on social equity and structural theories of work organization in order to provide a more complete explanation of men s and women s orientations toward work and family

tax burden and migration a political economy theory and evidence abstract the extent of taxation and redistribution policy is generally determined as a political economy equilibrium by a balance between those who gain from higher taxes transfers and those who lose the standard theory of the size of government in a representative democracy links the tax burden to measures of the pre tax income inequality we develop in this paper a theory which encompasses the existing literature and provides a complementary channel linking the tax burden in the presence of migration to the fiscal leakage from native born to the migrants in a stylized model of migration and human capital formation we show somewhat against the conventional wisdom that low skill immigration can lead to a lower tax burden and less redistribution than would be the case with no immigration even though migrants naturally join the pro tax transfer coalition data on 11 european countries over the period 1974 1992 are consistent with the implications of the theory a higher share of low education immigrants in the population leads to a lower tax rate on labor income and less generous social transfers

male female wage differentials and policy responses without implicating them for any of the contents of the paper i am grateful to the following for helpful discussions or comments andrea beller university of illinois david bloom harvard and columnbia glen cain university of wisconsin ron ehrenberg cornell victor fuchs stanford bob gregory australian national university jonathan leonard university of california berkeley roberta robb brock university and paul weiler harvard financial support of the humanities and social sciences committee of the research board of the universitu of toronto is eratefullu acknowlede ed

migration and pension with international capital mobility abstract being relatively low earners migrants are net beneficiaries of the welfare state therefore in a static set up migration may be resisted by the entire native born population however it is shown that in a dynamic set up with a pension system which is an important pillar of any welfare state migration is beneficial to all income high and low and all age old and young groups

children and household economic behavior this paper looks at some of the methodological issues that arise in modeling the effects of children on household behavior and presents some estimates for selected areas for our purposes household behavior will be taken to refer to household decisions on labor supply the allocation of expenditure to different periods and the decision as to what to do with the difference between income and expenditure i shall be concerned mainly with the effects of dependent children and i restrict attention largely to western societies excerpt

who is against a common market this paper develops a theory of the endogenous formation of a common market in a three country two factor political economy model in the status quo home and foreign implement nondiscriminatory policies toward international factor flows in order to maximize the domestic median voter s welfare then the two countries simultaneously hold referenda on a common market initiative leading to the removal of the pre existing policies for factor flows between the member countries while no coordination is imposed on policies vis a vis the rest of the world several interesting results emerge in a common market the returns on factors moving between the members are more likely to increase the larger is the import demand of one country relative to the factor supply of the exporting partner factors that do not relocate are more likely to see their returns decrease when flows are large and import demands are inelastic importantly for the common market to emerge as an equilibrium some factors must continue to experience enhanced protection when the integration process is completed this result highlights the potential tension between social desirability and the political feasibility of the integration process jel f1 f2 p16

internet job search and unemployment durations after decades of stability the technologies used by workers to locate new jobs began to change rapidly with the diffusion of internet access in the late 1990 s which types of persons incorporated the internet into their job search strategy and did searching for work on line help these workers find new jobs faster we address these questions using measures of internet job search derived from the december 1998 and august 2000 cps computer and internet supplements matched with job search outcomes from subsequent cps files we find that internet searchers are positively selected on observables but negatively selected on unobservables a beneficial unemployment duration reducing causal effect of internet job search is consistent with our estimates only if negative selection on unobservables is especially strong in other words only if the population of on line resumes is strongly adversely selected

the effect of remittances on labour supply in the republic of haiti we examine the labour supply effect of remittances in the republic of haiti the prime international remittances recipient country in the latin american and caribbean lac region relative to its gdp unlike previous empirical literature we address three econometric issues that may bias the estimates we account for endogeneity of the remittances with respect to labour supply for the zero inflated nature of our dependent variable hours of work and for the self selection of the migrant sample our results are in line with previous literature and point to a decline of labour supply in the presence of remittances however contrary to previous findings the labour market response to remittances of female household heads is not as sensitive as male s

female labour supply in australia another example of a backward bending labour supply curve abstract hours worked by employed married females in australia are analysed using techniques to correct for sample selection bias consistent with the conclusions of the study of female labour supply in the u s and canada by nakamura and nakamura 1981 working wives work fewer hours per week when paid higher hourly wage rates

for love or money or both this paper explores the implications for economic analysis societal well being and public policy of the movement of care services such as child and elder care from home to market a broad empirical overview sets the stage for the argument that this process cannot be properly evaluated using only a priori judgments about the suitability of marketization the context in which markets operate is crucial and while the growth of market provision poses some risks it also offers some potential benefits

the political economy of international trade and factor mobility abstract free trade in goods and factors is efficient when we move away from economic theory and consider the policies actually followed by governments we observe distortions being implemented both on goods and factors trades it is natural then to question the relative merits of the two types of intervention and the normative literature has provided only partial answers we ask then why is the international flow of goods and factors not free and the political economy literature has looked at the two issues only separately in studying the determination of trade policy a theoretical paradigm has emerged focusing on the role of influence driven contributions this approach has also found strong empirical support the literature on the political economy of factor mobility on the other hand is fragmented distortions in labor and capital flows are typically the subject of different studies and only recently a unified framework has been proposed more work has to be done in this area as well as in integrating the political economy of trade and factor movements

the effect of immigration on public finances the impact of immigration on the public finances is an important influence on public opinion this study aims to provide a thorough conceptual survey pointing out the complexities of a full understanding and the relevance of indirect effects and covering both static perspectives and longer run dynamic issues it considers simple accounting approaches which are relatively neglectful of behavioural responses but also tries to bring out the complexities in the nature of the relationship between immigration and the public exchequer that come with more sophisticated modelling of its economic effects

population dynamics and regional social security sustainability in italy bonasia m and de siano r population dynamics and regional social security sustainability in italy regional studies making due allowances for differences in demographics the labour market and internal migration dynamics this study analyses the sustainability of the italian pension balance at a regional level a worsening of the elderly dependency ratio and a decline in birth and employment rates have generated a negative trend particularly for regions in southern italy characterized by early retirement and an increase in migration outflows the suggestion is that a decentralized pension policy is not a pareto efficient solution because it would favour the sustainability of the pension balance in northern regions over those in the south

time series growth in the female labor force in this paper we investigate the reasons for the growth in the female labor force in america during the twentieth century in our research we study the longer term trends since 1900 and conduct a more intensive examination of developments after the second world war on the basis of our work we conclude that rising real wages accounted for 60 of the total growth in the female labor force half of this wage effect in expanding labor supply was the fertility reducing consequence of a higher female wage

women in the australian labor force trends causes and consequences since 1964 all the increase in female labor force participation in australia can be attributed to married women about 90 of the increase can be attributed to women employed part time the paper argues that aggregate female participation rate equations cannot be regarded as labor supply curves the female wage rate relative to that of males is exogenously determined by wage fixing authorities above market clearing rates and the excess supply of labor is not adequately measured by the unemployment rate married women and part time workers have a high propensity to bypass the unemployment pool when leaving or seeking a job participation equations are dominated by employment demand for sex segregated jobs

family structure home time demands and the employment patterns of japanese married women a recent 1990 national survey is used in an econometric analysis of japanese women s hourly pay and employment patterns it confirms many results from western industrial countries but also indicates the important influence of japan s unique family structure the persistence of multigenerational households on married women s employment patterns younger married women are more likely to take paid employment in such households particularly on a full time basis than in nuclear family households this appears to reflect in part the child care role played by the woman s parents or parents in law

social security and endogenous fertility pensions and child allowances as siamese twins abstract this paper analyses public pensions and child support in a model with endogenous fertility we show that the individual fertility choice may not coincide with the social optimum due to the existence of external effects of children on society as a whole the market outcome without government intervention is efficient however as the externalities exactly cancel out in that case if the government wants to redistribute towards the old it cannot replicate the command optimum by merely applying lump sum transfers but rather needs a child allowance scheme to effectively alter the number of offspring finally we analyse whether a pareto improving social security reform is possible it is shown that merely reducing the payg scheme cannot be pareto improving but the introduction of a child allowance scheme can be

consequences of the rise in female labor force participation rates questions and probes this paper discusses three independent inquiries into consequences of the rise in women s labor force participation rate lfpr in the united states since 1946 1 the growth in women s lfpr is decomposed by decade age marital status presence of age specific children and years of schooling 2 evidence on the impact of the growth on the inequality in income among husband wife families is summarized and the impact on income inequality in other family structures is discussed the effect on the level of family real income is considered and money illusion in measuring the change in income is noted 3 bivariate autoregressive time series are estimated with annual data from 1950 to 1980 indicating that lagged values of women s lfpr are systematically correlated with measures of flow fertility marriage schooling and men s income while only fertility has a strong persistent lagged correlation with lfpr

ageing migration and endogenous public pensions abstract this paper analyses migration behaviour of mobile workers in reaction to population ageing we show that the conventional wisdom that a decrease in fertility will lead to a rise in wages and thus to an inflow of immigrants that mitigates the adverse effects of ageing on public pensions may not hold if labour is heterogeneous moreover we demonstrate that if public pensions are endogenous i e if ageing leads the elderly to successfully lobby for higher taxes it may take several generations before a steady state is reached and the initial migration flow may be opposite to the steady state migration

immigration and pension benefits in the host country this paper examines the role that low skilled immigration plays in determining pension benefits of the host population with an overlapping generations model which allows identifying which groups of native population are in favour or against immigration we find that despite immigrants having low average productivity an open borders policy would be implemented since most of current domestic cohorts gain from immigration only younger workers might be against immigration since they will coincide with immigrants in their retirement periods moreover we show how a larger immigrant quota would increase the probability of a pareto improvement for the current domestic population