going the distance the pros and cons of expanding employees global knowledge reach while some scholars have suggested mnes to be superior to markets for managing knowledge across geographically distant boundaries how they actually accomplish this has not been fully considered we address this void by developing and testing a model that highlights the critical role of organizational incentives in enhancing employees internal search and use of knowledge data from 166 knowledge intensive projects support our argument that in contrast to process based incentives that influence more local search outcome based incentives motivate employee teams to reach well beyond their immediate location which in turn enhances performance at the same time we demonstrate that expanded reach also increases the likelihood of accessing more codifiable knowledge which can hurt performance our model examines the contradictory and previously unknown effects of global knowledge reach

efficient mechanisms for bilateral trading we consider bargaining problems between one buyer and one seller for a single object the seller s valuation and the buyer s valuation for the object are assumed to be independent random variables and each individual s valuation is unknown to the other we characterize the set of allocation mechanisms that are bayesian incentive compatible and individually rational and show the general impossibility of ex post efficient mechanisms without outside subsidies for a wide class of problems we show how to compute mechanisms that maximize expected total gains from trade and mechanisms that can maximize a broker s expected profit journal of economic literature classification number 026

pollution and economic growth evidence from central and eastern european countries abstract we investigate the relationships between pollution and growth in eleven central and eastern european cee countries aggregate results robust to different estimators and control variables reveal an increasing nonlinear link between gdp and co2 for the group of cee countries however at a disaggregated country level the relationship between gdp and co2 is characterized by much diversity among cee countries namely n shaped inverted n u shaped inverted u monotonic or no statistical link thus despite an aggregated upward trend some cee countries managed to secure both higher gdp and lower co2 emissions from a policy perspective eu policymakers could pay more attention to these countries and amend the current unique environmental policy to account for country heterogeneities in order to support economic growth without damaging the environment

energy consumption and gdp in developing countries a cointegrated panel analysis in this paper we re investigate the co movement and the causality relationship between energy consumption and gdp in 18 developing countries using data for the period 1975 to 2001 recently developed tests for the panel unit root heterogeneous panel cointegration and panel based error correction models are employed the empirical results provide clear support of a long run cointegration relationship after allowing for the heterogeneous country effect the long run relationship is estimated using a full modified ols the evidence shows that long run and short run causalities run from energy consumption to gdp but not vice versa this result indicates that energy conservation may harm economic growth in developing countries regardless of being transitory or permanent

coal consumption and economic growth evidence from a panel of oecd countries this study examines the relationship between coal consumption and economic growth for 25 oecd countries within a multivariate panel framework over period 1980 2005 the larsson et al 2001 panel cointegration test indicates there is a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp coal consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force the respective coefficients for real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force are positive and statistically significant whereas the coefficient for coal consumption is negative and statistically significant the results of the panel vector error correction model reveal bidirectional causality between coal consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run however the bidirectional causality in the short run is negative

authority and incentives in organizations the paper analyzes the choice of organizational structure as solution to the trade off between controlling behavior based on authority rights and minimizing costs for implementing high efforts the analysis includes the owner of a firm a top manager and two division heads if it is more expensive to incentivize the division heads the owner will prefer full delegation of authority to them to replace their high incentive pay by incentives based on private benefits of control in that situation decentralization is optimal given that selfish behavior is more important than cooperation for maximizing returns but concentrated delegation of full authority to a single division head is optimal for cooperation being crucial if however incentivizing the division heads is clearly less expensive than creating incentives for the top manager the owner will choose centralization given that cooperation is the dominating issue but partial delegation if selfish behavior is crucial

why and how does shared language affect subsidiary knowledge inflows a social identity perspective extending existing international business ib research we conceptualize shared social identity as an outcome rather than only an antecedent of multinational enterprise knowledge flows to provide an alternative reason for why such knowledge flows occur we further argue that shared language among subsidiary and headquarters hq managers is an insufficient condition for subsidiary knowledge receipt accordingly we develop a moderated mediation model at the subsidiary level to examine how shared language affects subsidiaries tacit knowledge inflows from hq specifically we study 1 whether this relationship is mediated by the extent to which subsidiary managers share hq goals and vision and the extent to which human resources decisions are centralized at hq and 2 whether subsidiary type greenfields vs acquisitions moderates these mediated relationships such that in both cases the mediation will be stronger in foreign acquisitions compared with foreign greenfields building on a sample of 817 subsidiaries in 9 countries regions and a novel subjective measure of shared language we find support for our model implications for research on hq subsidiary knowledge flows social identity theory and the literature on sociolinguistics and international human resource management are discussed and managerial implications outlined

an econometric study of co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade in turkey abstract this study attempts to empirically examine the dynamic causal relationships between carbon emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of turkey using the time series data for the period 1960 2005 this research tests the interrelationship between the variables using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure the bounds test results indicate that there exist two forms of long run relationships between the variables in the case of first form of long run relationship carbon emissions are determined by energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of second long run relationship income is determined by carbon emissions energy consumption and foreign trade an augmented form of granger causality analysis is conducted amongst the variables the long run relationship of co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade equation is also checked for the parameter stability the empirical results suggest that income is the most significant variable in explaining the carbon emissions in turkey which is followed by energy consumption and foreign trade moreover there exists a stable carbon emissions function the results also provide important policy recommendations

sources procedures and microeconomic effects of innovation fabio arcangeli paul david frank engelman christopher freeman massimo moggi richard nelson luigi orsenigo nathan rosenberg michele salvati g n von tunzelman two anonymous referees and the participants at the meeting of the committee on distribution growth and technical progress of the italian national research council cnr rome november 16 1985 have helped with various redraftings a particularly grateful acknowledgment is for the insightful and patient help of moses abramovitz this work has been undertaken at the science policy research unit spru university of sussex as part of the research program of the designated research centre sponsored by the economic and social research council esrc earlier support to the research that led to this paper by the italian national research council cnr is also gratefully acknowledged the statistical research has been undertaken with the assistance of stephano brioschi ilaria fornari and giovannu prennushi

mnc knowledge transfer subsidiary absorptive capacity and hrm based on a sample of 169 subsidiaries of multinational corporations mncs operating in the usa russia and finland this paper investigates the relationship between mnc subsidiary human resource management hrm practices absorptive capacity and knowledge transfer first we examine the relationship between the application of specific hrm practices and the level of the absorptive capacity second we suggest that absorptive capacity should be conceptualized as being comprised of both employees ability and motivation further results indicate that both ability and motivation absorptive capacity are needed to facilitate the transfer of knowledge from other parts of the mnc

fishing upstream firm innovation strategy and university research alliances this paper examines how innovation strategy influences firms level of involvement with university based research our results suggest that firms with internal r d strategies more heavily weighted toward exploratory activities allocate a greater share of their r d resources to exploratory university research and develop deeper multifaceted relationships with their university research partners in addition firms with more centralized internal r d organizations spend a greater share of their r d dollars on exploratory research conducted at universities in contrast to other external partners we find evidence suggesting that universities are preferred when the firm perceives potential conflicts over intellectual property 2007 elsevier b v all rights reserved

on the design of hierarchies coordination versus specialization we consider an economy that has to decide how assets are to be used agents have ideas but these ideas conflict we suppose that decision making authority is determined by hierarchy each asset ha

an architectural framework for global talent management a unique characteristic of the multinational corporation is that it comprises a geographically dispersed and culturally differentiated workforce that embodies both firm specific and location specific human capital this article takes an architectural approach to describe how different types of human capital develop from the individual level to the unit level and then to the firm level in order to build a talent portfolio for the multinational corporation depending on the company s strategy multidomestic meganational transnational different configurations of the talent portfolio tend to be emphasized and integrated to achieve competitive advantage implications for theory and practice are discussed and a research agenda is introduced

organizational constraints to adaptation intrafirm asymmetry in the locus of coordination we assemble a panel data set of firms in the u s defense industry between 1996 and 2006 to examine the drivers of heterogeneous incumbent firm adaptation following the industry wide demand shock of september 11 2001 this shock entailed not only an increase in aggregate demand but more importantly a shift in the relative attractiveness of individual product areas resulting in the need for firms to reshuffle their product portfolios in response to changing demand conditions the exogenous nature of the shock allows us to empirically identify the effect of preshock interdependence structures on postshock adaptation outcomes we find that the locus of coordination inside a firm can explain differential postshock adaptation performance because interdependencies spanning organizational boundaries are more difficult to manage than those contained within such boundaries coordination across product areas creates greater adaptation challenges compared with coordination within product areas we further inves

the effect of organizational form on quality the case of franchising abstract the organizational form of franchising has been shown to yield higher profits and faster growth through reducing agency costs why then does anyone not franchise in this paper i argue that the diffuse residual claims of the franchise system reduce overall system quality and that this problem is inherent in the nature of franchising the theory is tested by examining evidence from both the restaurant and the hotel industries including chains that franchise and ones that own all of their units in both industries quality is negatively related to the percent franchising in the chain controlling for size growth in units monitoring costs market segment ownership structure multi chain operation and price the results suggest that the franchise contract increases free riding and decreases quality in decentralized service chains and that quality is not contractible in this setting

technology strategy governance structure and interdivisional coordination abstract this paper studies how various organizational forms compare in their capacities to solve coordination problems created by technological interdependence between firms divisions i contrast the organizational mechanisms used by two firms ibm and general motors to address these problems while it is widely recognized that centralization distorts incentives facing division managers this paper highlights its benefits when there are large potential gains from agreement on technological standards the examples show how a centralized governance structure supported by lower powered incentives facilitates interdivisional coordination this suggests a refinement of the theory of organizational form based on how firms resolve the tensions between strategic planning and the measurement of organizational units performances

co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth in turkey abstract this paper examines the long run and causal relationship issues between economic growth carbon emissions energy consumption and employment ratio in turkey by using autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach of cointegration empirical results for turkey over the period 1968 2005 suggest an evidence of a long run relationship between the variables at 5 significance level in turkey the estimated income elasticity of carbon emissions per capita is 0 606 and the income elasticity of energy consumption per capita is 1 375 results for the existence and direction of granger causality show that neither carbon emissions per capita nor energy consumption per capita cause real gdp per capita but employment ratio causes real gdp per capita in the short run in addition ekc hypothesis at causal framework by using a linear logarithmic model is not valid in turkish case the overall results indicates that energy conservation policies such as rationing energy consumption and controlling carbon dioxide emissions are likely to have no adverse effect on the real output growth of turkey

energy consumption and economic growth evidence from the commonwealth of independent states abstract this study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for eleven countries of the commonwealth of independent states over the period 1991 2005 within a multivariate panel data framework based on pedroni 1999 pedroni 2004 heterogeneous panel cointegration test and corresponding error correction model cointegration is present between real gdp energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and labor force with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the results of the error correction model reveal the presence of unidirectional causality from energy consumption to economic growth in the short run while bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the long run thus the results lend support for the feedback hypothesis associated with the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth

the nexus between carbon emissions energy consumption and economic growth in middle east countries a panel data analysis abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis assumes that there is an inverted u shaped relationship between environmental degradation and income per capita in other words as a country grows it is assumed that its environmental quality improves in this study we aim to test the ekc hypothesis for 12 middle east countries during the period 1990 2008 by employing recently developed panel data methods our results provide evidence contrary to the ekc hypothesis we found evidence favorable to the u shaped ekc for 5 middle east countries whereas an inverted u shaped curve was identified for only 3 middle east countries furthermore there appear to be no causal links between income and co 2 emissions for the other 4 countries regarding the direction of causality there appears to be a unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption in the short run in the long run however the unidirectional causality chain runs from energy consumption and economic growth to co 2 emissions we also suggest some crucial policy implications depending on these results

the role of international assignees social capital in creating inter unit intellectual capital a cross level model we conceptualize international assignees as informational boundary spanners between multinational enterprise units and develop a cross level model that explores how assignees social capital translates into inter unit intellectual capital first as knowledge brokers assignees create inter unit intellectual capital by linking their home and host unit social capital thereby enabling cross unit access to previously unconnected knowledge resources second as knowledge transmitters assignees host unit social capital facilitates their creation of individual intellectual capital which in turn translates into inter unit intellectual capital we conclude that individual social capital needs to be explicitly transferred to the organizational level to have a sustained effect on inter unit intellectual capital

mnc interdependence and local embeddedness influences on perceptions of career benefits from global integration this manuscript examines when global integration is perceived as being beneficial and or detrimental to employee careers study results demonstrate that employees of more interdependent offices generally perceive greater career benefits from global integration while employees of more locally embedded offices perceive negative career consequences hypotheses are guided by a theory of attention focus

causality between income and emission a country group specific econometric analysis abstract empirical studies of the environmental kuznets curve ekc examine the presence or otherwise of an inverted u shaped relationship between the level of pollution and the level of income customarily in the diagram of ekc the level of income is shown on the horizontal axis and that of pollution on the vertical axis thus it is presumed that the relationship between income and pollution is one of unidirectional causality with income causing environmental changes and not vice versa the validity of this presumption is now being questioned it is being asserted that the nature and direction of causality may vary from one country to the other in this paper we present the results of a study of income co 2 emission causality based on a granger causality test to cross country panel data on per capita income and the corresponding per capita co 2 emission data briefly our results indicate three different types of causality relationship holding for different country groups for the developed country groups of north america and western europe and also for eastern europe the causality is found to run from emission to income for the country groups of central and south america oceania and japan causality from income to emission is obtained finally for the country groups of asia and africa the causality is found to be bi directional the regression equations estimated as part of the granger causality test further suggest that for the country groups of north america and western europe the growth rate of emission has become stationary around a zero mean and a shock in the growth rate of emission tends to generate a corresponding shock in the growth rate of income in contrast for the country groups of central and south america oceania and japan a shock in the income growth rate is likely to result in a corresponding shock in the growth rate of emission finally causality being bi directional for the country groups of asia and africa the income and the emission growth rates seemed to reinforce each other

why do international assignees stay an organizational embeddedness perspective we apply an organizational embeddedness perspective to examine international assignees retention with the organization specifically we hypothesize that assignees social ties within and their perceived fit with the host unit positively relate to two sacrifices on leaving the organization their firm specific learning during the assignment and their perceived career prospects in the organization perceived career prospects are expected to predict subsequent retention moderated by firm specific learning these hypotheses are tested using a sample of 143 inpatriates in 10 german multinationals with retention measured 2 and 4 years later we show that inpatriates trusting ties with hq staff and their fit with the hq positively relate to their firm specific learning and their perceived career prospects and that the latter predicts their retention 2 and 4 years later perceived career prospects mediate the direct relationship between inpatriates fit with the hq and inpatriate retention and the indirect relationship between inpatriates trusting ties with hq staff and their retention furthermore inpatriates firm specific learning mitigates the effect of perceived career prospects on retention decisions 2 years later we contribute to the organizational embeddedness careers and international business literatures by explaining when and how facets of organizational embeddedness relate to assignee retention

income and emission a panel data based cointegration analysis this paper presents the results of an investigation of the causality issue of incomeemission relationship based on time series econometric techniques of unit root test cointegration and related error correction model for a panel data set here the nature of causality between per capita co2 emission pcco2 and per capita gdp pcgdp has been examined using a cross country panel data set covering 88 countries for the period 1960 90 using the panel unit root test procedure of im et al 1997 ips we have found that the hypothesis of unit root i e non stationarity of the time series of pcgdp and pcco2 can not be rejected for individual country groups as both the variables are found to follow i 1 process we next have performed the panel data co integration test and finally we have estimated the ecm for these country groups for which significant income emission cointegration was obtained to explore the nature of dynamics implicit in the given panel data set our findings suggest that there is more or less a bi directional causal relationship between income pcgdp and co2 emission pcco2 for africa central america america as a whole eastern europe western europe europe as a whole and the world as a whole that means the movement of the one variable directly affects the other variable through a feedback system thus the policy makers should be cautious to make proper decision about the control of emission level

the entrepreneurial m form strategic integration in global media firms many researchers believe that bounded rationality prevents ceos in large complex multidivisional m form corporations from personally formulating division level strategies instead ceos are seen as guiding a bottom up process whereby division managers propose strategies for review and approval by the corporate office contrary to this view we argue that ceos in global media firms frequently drive strategy in a top down manner especially when their firms seek to expand by integrating the activities of two or more existing divisions we refer to such firms as entrepreneurial m forms and maintain that their reliance on an activist ceo offers benefits 1 in turbulent environments when the use of slow bottom up planning processes risks forfeiting first mover advantages and 2 when expansion entails major capital commitments and division managers may be reluctant to accept the career risks associated with sponsorship of bet the company projects

global estimates of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions abstract the present study examines the long run relationship between energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission for different groups of countries comprising lower middle income upper middle income and heavily indebted countries east asia and pacific east europe and central asia latin america and caribbean middle east and north africa south asia sub saharan africa and for aggregate data of the world the data has been analyzed by using various econometric techniques specifically the johnson cointegration modified version of granger causality and variance decomposition analysis from the period of 1975 to 2011 the results confirm that there is a long run relationship between greenhouse gas emissions i e agricultural methane emission agricultural nitrous oxide emission and carbon dioxide emission and energy consumption the results of granger causality indicate that energy consumption granger causes greenhouse gas emission but not vice versa the important finding is that energy consumption granger causes gdp per unit energy use which confirms the energy led growth hypothesis in the world however the vice versa relationship does not hold the results imply that a policy to cut energy consumption tends to diminish greenhouse gas emission though affecting gdp of countries negatively

the role of global dynamic managerial capability in the pursuit of international strategy and superior performance we develop the construct of global dynamic managerial capability gdmc and identify its underlying sources 1 international human capital 2 international social capital and 3 international managerial cognitions consistent with dynamic capabilities view and upper echelons theory we suggest that gdmc leads to global asset orchestration which in turn results in superior company performance in a two stage process first gdmc leads companies to adopt global strategies that spread the risk of internationalizations across different entry modes and geographic regions second the re configuration of global assets positively influences subsequent firm performance and thus mediates the relationship between gdmc and performance recognizing the triad of factors that form global dynamic managerial capability is crucial when selecting future managers of multinational corporations hence firms with increasing international exposure both domestically via foreign competition and internationally via foreign market presence may seek to compose their upper echelons with a suitable combination of international human and social capital as well as internationally diverse cognitions in the pursuit of sustained competitive advantage

greenhouse gas emissions energy consumption and economic growth a panel cointegration analysis from canadian industrial sector perspective abstract this paper investigates the long run and the causal relationship between greenhouse gas emissions energy consumption and economic growth for canadian industrial sectors over the period 1990 2007 the empirical findings suggest that in the long run equilibrium energy consumption has a positive and statistically significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions whereas a non linear relationship is found between greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth consistent with the environmental kuznets curve the short run dynamics conveys that there is a unidirectional granger causality running from energy consumption to greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth to greenhouse gas emissions and a weak unidirectional causality running from greenhouse gas emissions to energy consumption from economic growth to energy consumption in the long run however there seems to be a weak one way causality flowing from energy consumption and economic growth to greenhouse gas emissions

organizing knowledge processes in the multinational corporation an introduction this introduction discusses the contrast between on the one hand the current popularity of addressing mnc organization in knowledge terms and on the other the lack of adequate understanding of many of the causal mechanisms and contextual factors in relations between knowledge processes and organizational factors a number of the relevant research challenges are identified and it is clarified how the five articles in this focused issue addresses some of these

revisiting the role of tourism and globalization in environmental degradation in china fresh insights from the quantile ardl approach abstract ascertaining sustainable development is a major issue across the globe and the economic growth pattern achieved is a predominant reason behind this the globalization led economic growth achieved by the emerging economies might not be ecologically sustainable as globalization might not have been utilized as a policy tool moreover a sound policy calls for considering the entire data spectrum for the analysis which is largely ignored in the literature this research contributes to the literature by proffering a policy framework for the emerging economies by analyzing the impact of globalization and tourism on environmental degradation by considering the chinese context as a sample following the quantile autoregressive distributed lag model the impact of economic growth globalization and tourism on greenhouse gas emissions carbon dioxide emissions and the ecological footprint in china over 1978q1 2017q4 are analyzed the results demonstrate that economic growth stimulates environmental degradation while the presence of environmental kuznets curve is also validated moreover tourism has been found to exert positive environmental externalities while globalization exerts negative environmental externalities based on the outcomes of the research a comprehensive policy framework has been suggested following which the chinese economy might be able to attain the objectives of sustainable development goals 7 8 and 13

dual values based organizational identification in mnc subsidiaries a multilevel study dual organizational identification with both the whole corporation and the local subsidiary is considered valuable for subsidiary employees international assignees and multinational corporations mncs while extant research has examined antecedents of separate targets of identification it has not fully addressed the challenge of identifying factors capable of supporting both simultaneously this study examines the influence of individual and organizational level factors on the dual values based identification of foreign subsidiary employees drawing on acculturation and organizational socialization theory we test hypotheses on multilevel data from 793 managers and professionals in 90 foreign subsidiaries belonging to 11 nordic mncs the results show that dual values based identification is associated with acculturation and first hand contact at the individual level and a supportive social context for affective learning at the organizational level through its emphasis on higher order elements that connect different parts of the mnc rather than those that lead to the formation of in groups and out groups the values based approach to identification contributes to our understanding of dual identification in mnc subsidiaries and represents a more positive treatment of cultural diversity the findings have heightened practical relevance given the emphasis individuals are placing on values congruence in career choices and mnc efforts at instilling shared values

is knowledge power knowledge flows subsidiary power and rent seeking within mncs in recent years as multinational corporation mnc subsidiaries have become more closely linked to international networks their knowledge intensity has risen and some of their r d has gained a more creative role simultaneously and often connectedly many subsidiaries have acquired considerable strategic independence in all aspects of their operations and therefore are able to exercise considerable intra firm bargaining power to influence the distribution of the firm s resources in this context we suggest that intra mnc knowledge flows are a key determinant of subsidiary bargaining power we argue that subsidiary managers can exploit such power to pursue their own ends such rent seeking behavior is implicit in much of the literature on managerialism but our analysis suggests that such behavior can now occur in headquarters subsidiary and subsidiary subsidiary relations thus subsidiary strategic independence designed to enhance the competitiveness of outputs market knowledge and inputs asset seeking and learning can be corroded when the pursuit of subsidiary objectives encourages rent seeking empirical analysis of a sample of high technology subsidiaries in the uk provides strong support for the theory we examine several avenues whereby the incentives of units within the mnc can be aligned

renewable energy consumption and economic growth evidence from a panel of oecd countries abstract this study examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of twenty oecd countries over the period 1985 2005 within a multivariate framework given the relatively short span of the time series data a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship the heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the granger causality results indicate bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run

electricity consumption growth nexus the case of malaysia abstract the goal of this paper is to model the relationship between electricity consumption and real gross domestic product gdp for malaysia in a bivariate and multivariate framework we use time series data for the period 1971 2003 and apply the bounds testing approach to search for a long run relationship our results reveal that electricity consumption real gdp and price share a long run relationship the results of the autoregressive distributed lag ardl estimates of long run elasticity of electricity consumption on gdp are found to be around 0 7 and statistically significant finally in the short run the results of the causality test show that there is a unidirectional causal flow from electricity consumption to economic growth in malaysia from these findings we conclude that malaysia is an energy dependent country leading us to draw some policy implications this paper adds support and validity thus reducing the policy makers concern on the ambiguity of the electricity and growth nexus in malaysia

a retrospective on mnc knowledge transfer subsidiary absorptive capacity and hrm in this retrospective we revisit the goals of the original paper and we review the studies that have used our paper to discuss the concept and the development of absorptive capacity we also propose directions for future research stressing the need to develop thorough theoretical and empirical models of absorptive capacity as a multi level and dynamic construct that is contingent on the context in which it is embedded

a microfoundations approach to transnational capabilities the role of knowledge search in an ever changing world scholars seeking to understand the origin of dynamic capabilities have struggled to articulate specific capabilities and locate their source of variation within the firm we propose that the transnational imperative and a microfoundations approach to knowledge search can help to develop this topic adopting an engaged scholarship approach hypotheses are tested in a global consulting company counter to traditional capabilities arguments we find that drawing from globally dispersed colleagues will more strongly impact local responsiveness than drawing from locals outside the company though both may still be needed efficiency increases when teams draw upon codified knowledge but decreases when they draw upon embedded tacit knowledge finally through continual learning teams can change and re direct the composition of their responsiveness and efficiency activities in ways sensitive to an ever changing world

internal capital market controls and financial performance in multidivisional firms it is proposed that within the population of m form firms the control systems necessary to realize economic benefits from interrelationships between subunits o f a firm are incompatible with the systems necessary to realize benef its from an m form type internal capital market this hypothesis is t ested on 156 large u k firms questionnaire data are used to classif y the firms according to their internal control characteristics the findings provide tentative support for the hypothesis copyright 1988 by blackwell publishing ltd

information and the coase theorem abstract some economists think the coase theorem implies a lot about the proper scope of government intervention in the economy and about the welfare consequences of laissez faire others see it as a mere tautology that if people negotiate efficiently then every outcome will be efficient the coase theorem is important only if we believe that efficient negotiation is likely of course we can attribute inefficiencies to bargaining imperfection but it may not be useful to do so such attitudes sometimes seem to depend more on ideology than on reason this article gives one economist s reasoned view it discusses the coase theorem as a decentralization result and why decentralization results are interesting it considers mechanism design for revealing private information and describes the problems of centralization should the coase theorem should be viewed as a second best result property rights are more efficient than some reasonable alternative does the coase theorem recommend an institution or make

design complexity vertical disintegration and knowledge organization in the semiconductor industry this article examines the advantages and drawbacks of internal knowledge integration versus collaborative outsourcing as two polar modes of governance in the design of application specific integrated circuits asics increasing technological complexity miniaturization and the generalization of markets for technology have induced higher integration constraints for designers the pace of innovation and frequent changes in design rules require a tightly controlled design process as a consequence knowledge integrators must develop expertise beyond the scope of their domain of activity if they are to ascertain the overall efficiency of systems we find that although internalization of knowledge integration reduces coordination and agency related costs the involvement of partner firms in upstream design phases facilitates knowledge sharing and improves the coordination of innovation in modules the analysis of the evolution of the asics industry shows that while large system integrators remain the dominant players specialist firms are gaining market shares and do not hesitate to embark on the design of leading edge systems this result may simply reveal the increasing value of component knowledge in a disaggregated value chain however relying on a comparative case study of two similar development processes one with each of the knowledge integration approaches we confirm the strength of decentralized modes of governance on the condition that partner firms engage in a long term relationship copyright 2007 oxford university press

internal organization and economic performance an empirical analysis of the profitability of principal firms business historians have long been aware that organizational innovations have had remarkable productivity ramifications a h cole has asserted that if changes in business procedures and practices were patentable the contributions of business change to the economic growth of the nation would be as widely recognized as the influence of mechanical inventions 9 pp 61 62 some economists have come to recognize the role of organizational innovation kenneth arrow noting that truly among man s innovations the use of organization to accomplish his ends is among both his greatest and earliest 2 p 2441 oliver williamson 271 has further championed the study of organizational innovation doing much to provide the theoretical underpinnings necessary to bring the topic into the corpus of economic theory furthermore richard caves has observed that both corporate strategy and organizational structure influence the economic performance of the firm and the market in which it sells 6 p 641 however structural parameters are absent from the neoclassical theory of production which masquerades as the economic theory of the firm developments in the theory of the firm are unlikely to accommodate organizational structure considerations until connections between structure and performance have been demonstrated empirically the purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between a particular kind of decentralized and divisionalized internal hierarchical structure what oliver williamson has called the m form innovation 27 ch 81 and firm profitability in essence the methodology involves examining the differential performance between the m form innovator in an industry and its principal rival application of two non parametric statistical tests the sign test and the wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test is supportive of the hypothesis that the m form structure is associated with superior firm

corporate strategy and the management of innovation and technology this paper explores the evolution of corporate organization with special attention to the organization of r d more specifically the paper addresses the comparative long term organizational dynamics of management of innovation and technology in two different types of technology based industrial companies the related diversifier pursuing synergistic economies and the vertical integrator pursuing vertical economies these types of companies are illustrated by case studies of two large danish manufacturing companies the analysis aligns the strategic management literature on strategy and structure in large companies with the literature on management of innovation and technology it is argued that the organizational design for managing innovation and technology is contingent on both the overall strategy structure profile and dynamics of the companies and on key characteristics of their particular innovation and technology strategies

energy consumption carbon emissions and economic growth in china abstract this paper investigates the existence and direction of granger causality between economic growth energy consumption and carbon emissions in china applying a multivariate model of economic growth energy use carbon emissions capital and urban population empirical results for china over the period 1960 2007 suggest a unidirectional granger causality running from gdp to energy consumption and a unidirectional granger causality running from energy consumption to carbon emissions in the long run evidence shows that neither carbon emissions nor energy consumption leads economic growth therefore the government of china can purse conservative energy policy and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth

boundary work an interpretive ethnographic perspective on negotiating and leveraging cross cultural identity the complexity of global organizations highlights the importance of members ability to span diverse boundaries that may be defined by organization structures national borders and or a variety of cultures associated with organization nation based societal and work cultures industries and or professions based on ethnographic research in a japan us binational firm the paper describes and analyzes the boundary role performance of the firm s japanese members it contributes toward theory on boundary spanning by introducing a cultural identity negotiation conceptual framework we show boundary spanning as a process shaped through the interplay of the contextual issues that make a boundary problematic an individual s multiple repertoires of cultural knowledge and the individual boundary spanner s negotiation through interaction with others of his her cultural identities the sense of who i am as a cultural being that is fundamental to an individual s self concept at the same time we make transparent the epistemological and methodological foundations of an interpretive ethnographic approach demonstrating its value for understanding complex organizational processes research findings have practical implications for the selection and training of an organization s employees particularly of persons who may be considered bicultural

international knowledge brokerage and returnees entrepreneurial decisions based on the knowledge brokerage literature and the international entrepreneurship literature we investigate whether returnees international knowledge transfer affects their entrepreneurial decisions and the extent to which this relationship is contingent on perceived supportive policies for returnee entrepreneurship and returnees difficulties with cross cultural readjustment in their home countries analyzing first hand survey data we find a positive relationship between international knowledge transfer and returnees decisions to become entrepreneurs this positive relationship is strengthened by the perception of the home country s supportive policies for returnee entrepreneurship but is weakened by returnees perceived difficulties in readjusting to the local norms and culture in their home countries

income and co2 emissions evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests abstract this paper re investigates the stationarity properties of per capita carbon dioxide co 2 emissions and real gross domestic product gdp per capita for 109 countries within seven regional panel sets covering 1971 2003 we apply the recent unit root test of the panel seemingly unrelated regressions augmented dickey fuller suradf test developed by breuer et al 2001 misleading inferences from panel unit root tests with an illustration from purchasing power parity review of international economics 9 482 493 2002 series specific unit root tests with panel data oxford bulletin of economics and statistics 64 527 546 the panel suradf test accounts for the presence of cross country correlations in the data and the parameters in the panel specification vary across countries more importantly this test allows us to identify how many and which members of the panel contain a unit root overall our empirical results illustrate that real gdp and co 2 emissions in these countries are a mixture of i 0 and i 1 processes and that the traditional panel unit root tests could lead to misleading inferences as well as the conduct of cointegration analysis being perhaps inappropriate the results of our analysis carry critical implications for the modeling of co 2 emissions and gdp because of the different orders of integration for the two variables

energy income causality in oecd countries revisited the key role of capital stock abstract this paper applies a recent advance in panel analysis to estimate the panel cointegration and panel vector error correction models for a set of 22 oecd countries using annual data covering the period 1960 2001 we investigate the relationship between energy consumption and income using an aggregate production function and controlling for the capital stock as well as by exploring the dynamic directions of the causality among these three variables we firstly obtain solid and convincing evidence of a fairly strong long run equilibrium relationship among them secondly it is found that the capital stock is much more productive than energy consumption third it is observed that neglecting the impact of the capital stock on income tends to overestimate the effect of energy consumption finally the panel causality test shows bi directional causal linkages exist among energy consumption the capital stock and economic growth overall the findings reveal that the capital stock plays a critical role in realizing the dynamic relationship between energy and income

energy consumption pollutant emissions and economic growth in south africa article i nfo article history this paper examines the long run and the causal relationship between economic growth pollutant emissions and energy consumption for south africa for the period 1965 2006 in a multivariate framework which includes labour and capital as additional variables using the bound test approach to cointegration we found a short run as well as a long run relationship among the variables with a positive and a statistically significant relationship between pollutant emissions and economic growth further applying a modified version of the granger causality test we also found a unidirectional causality running from pollutant emissions to economic growth from energy consumption to economic growth and from energy consumption to co2 emissions all without a feedback the econometric evidence suggests that south africa has to sacrifice economic growth or reduce its energy consumption per unit of output or both in order to reduce pollutant emissions in the long run however it is possible to meet the energy needs of the country and at the same time reduce co2 emissions by developing energy alternatives to coal the main source of co2 emissions however the econometric results upon which the policy suggestions are made should be interpreted with care as they may not be sufficiently robust enough to categorically warrant the choice of an unpalatable policy option by south africa

human capital in multinational enterprises does strategic alignment matter this research proposes a strategic human capital alignment framework to examine whether the alignment between subsidiary strategy i e export oriented vs local market oriented strategy and human capital i e parent firm vs local specific human capital is positively related to subsidiary performance in multinational enterprises mnes we further explore two important exogenous i e foreign exchange rate change and endogenous i e mne international experience boundary conditions since they may adjust the positive effect of strategic human capital alignment on performance the analysis based on 5604 subsidiary observations of 423 mnes from 1990 to 2012 confirms the positive synergic effect of aligning subsidiary strategy and human capital and shows the moderating effects of foreign exchange rate change and mne international experience by presenting the importance of subsidiary strategy global staffing alignment and the roles of external economic environments and internal organizational capabilities as boundary conditions the strategic human capital alignment framework suggests that what makes human capital valuable for the firm is its alignment with strategic orientation thus managers should carefully deploy the appropriate type of human capital to fulfill the requisite organizational strategy and take into account changing external and internal contextual conditions in applying the framework

hierarchies and markets abstract whereas previous empirical studies have found performance gains from the adoption of multidivisional organization in u s and u k companies this paper reports a reduction in profitability for german m form firms for several years following reorganization with no sign of an eventual positive gain these results emerge from a cross section analysis of 48 among the top 100 german companies we suggest the constrasting results may flow from certain legal and institutional features not present in the u s and u k attenuating potential gains and enlarging short run transactions costs these include the role of the banks the relative concentration of shareholdings and the dual system of company boards

energy consumption income and carbon emissions in the united states abstract this paper investigates the effect of energy consumption and output on carbon emissions in the united states earlier research focused on testing the existence and or shape of an environmental kuznets curve without taking energy consumption into account we investigate the granger causality relationship between income energy consumption and carbon emissions including labor and gross fixed capital formation in the model we find that income does not granger cause carbon emissions in the us in the long run but energy use does hence income growth by itself may not become a solution to environmental problems

supporting innovation and venture development in established companies abstract accumulated research findings call into question the ability of established corporations to develop and manage new ventures successfully this article argues that the problem comes in large part from failing to differentiate between the requirements of administrative management geared to managing existing activities and holding things in place to ensure continuation of already developed activities and the requirements of entrepreneurial management designed to create change by developing something new the two kinds of management are in tension and may interfere with each other but every established organization needs both in order to get both innovation and efficiency innovations and new ventures have four particular characteristics that account for their special management requirements uncertainty knowledge intensivity competition with alternative courses of action and boundary crossing thus entrepreneurial management to support creation of the new puts a stress on such features as visionary leadership patient money planning flexibility team continuity stability and interfunctional cooperation but the usual requirements of administrative management in established corporations contradict these principles thus some companies try to set their new ventures apart from the old to avoid conflicts in management requirements however this this only partially solves the problem all companies need both to manage ongoing activities and to create new ones with the proportions of each depending on the nature of the business they need to strike a balance between administrative and entrepreneurial management the problem of venture development in established corporations occurs when administrative management comes to dominate and innovation is not valued sufficiently the command system of administrative management needs to be replaced by a mutual adjustment system high innovation companies build mutual adjustment into their design they allow flexibility to move into an entrepreneurial mode they are characterized by broader jobs structures built around small business units or functionally complete project teams cultures stressing the ability of people to contribute more over time and easy access to the key power tools of information support and resources a more entrepreneurial corporation minimizes hard and fast rules and procedures governed by a rigidly defined command structure and emphasizes instead flexibility and broadly skilled sets of employees in flexible units that can be grouped or regrouped as changing circumstances require large corporations must institute deliberate programs to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship including removing the roadblocks of unnecessary administrative requirements encouraging integration across departments and functions changing budgeting and accounting procedures and providing internal venture capital and special project funds discretionary time and new business performance measures

managing valuable knowledge in weak ip protection countries although knowledge assets provide multinational corporations mncs with competitive advantages in foreign markets it can be difficult for firms to protect their knowledge in foreign countries especially countries with weak intellectual property ip protection building on and extending the knowledge management institutional theory and expatriate literatures this article explores whether home country expatriates can substitute for weak ip protection and drive an increase in more and more valuable knowledge transfers to foreign operations located in weak ip protection countries because of their ties to headquarters knowledge of parent firm assets priorities and routines and activities in local operations i argue that home country expatriates can transform the local operation to offer higher protection for parent firm knowledge in weak ip countries in ways that local managers cannot the results from a comprehensive panel of us multinationals suggest that home country expatriates can substitute for weak ip protection but that this effect is contingent on the manufacturing and knowledge capabilities of foreign operations for higher value parent firm knowledge transfers overall this article extends our understanding of the global management and protection of knowledge by mncs by exploring how organizational practices can buffer country level institutional deficiencies for firm knowledge

co2 emissions energy consumption and output in france abstract this paper examines the dynamic causal relationships between pollutant emissions energy consumption and output for france using cointegration and vector error correction modelling techniques we argue that these variables are strongly inter related and therefore their relationship must be examined using an integrated framework the results provide evidence for the existence of a fairly robust long run relationship between these variables for the period 1960 2000 the causality results support the argument that economic growth exerts a causal influence on growth of energy use and growth of pollution in the long run the results also point to a uni directional causality running from growth of energy use to output growth in the short run

energy consumption economic growth and carbon emissions challenges faced by an eu candidate member abstract this paper investigates the long run granger causality relationship between economic growth carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in turkey controlling for gross fixed capital formation and labor the most interesting result is that carbon emissions seem to granger cause energy consumption but the reverse is not true the lack of a long run causal link between income and emissions may be implying that to reduce carbon emissions turkey does not have to forgo economic growth

correlation analysis of co 2 emissions material stocks and economic growth nexus evidence from chinese provinces abstract a better understanding of the economy material emissions nexus is fundamental in order to reveal the interactions between human development and the natural environment and more importantly to design integrated de carbonization and de materialization policies in this paper we conducted a decoupling analysis of fossil fuel induced co2 emissions and in use material stocks in infrastructure to economic growth at the provincial level in china and investigated the trilateral causal relationships among the three indicators the results show that the average elasticity of co2 emissions and material stocks to economic growth was smaller than 1 representing a status of relative decoupling however in many less developed provinces in central and western china we observed increasing trends of elasticity in the past three decades which suggest their economic growth became more tightly linked to co2 emissions and the accumulation of material stocks granger tests suggest that in the long run there existed a unidirectional causality running from co2 emissions economic growth and urbanization to material stocks in the short run a bi directional causality between co2 emissions and economic growth and a unidirectional causality from material stocks to co2 emissions were detected policy implications for the de carbonization and de materialization transition include enhancing renewable energy utilization upgrading industries to less carbon intensive ones developing compact cities prolonging the lifespan of infrastructure and strengthening the life cycle carbon management of infrastructure

energy use and output growth in canada a multivariate cointegration analysis using a neo classical one sector aggregate production technology where capital labor and energy are treated as separate inputs this paper develops a vector error correction vec model to test for the existence and direction of causality between output growth and energy use in canada using the johansen cointegration technique the empirical findings indicate that the long run movements of output labor capital and energy use in canada are related by two cointegrating vectors then using a vec specification the short run dynamics of the variables indicate that granger causality is running in both directions between output growth and energy use hence an important policy implication of the analysis is that energy can be considered as a limiting factor to output growth in canada

a literature survey on energy growth nexus abstract this paper provides a survey of the recent progress in the literature of energy consumption economic growth and electricity consumption economic growth causality nexus the survey highlights that most empirical studies focus on either testing the role of energy electricity in stimulating economic growth or examining the direction of causality between these two variables although the positive role of energy on growth has become a stylized fact there are some methodological reservations about the results from these empirical studies a general observation from these studies is that the literature produced conflicting results and there is no consensus neither on the existence nor on the direction of causality between energy consumption electricity consumption and economic growth as a policy implication to avoid from conflicting and unreliable results the authors may use the autoregressive distributed lags bounds test two regime threshold co integration models panel data approach and multivariate models including new variables such as real gross fixed capital formation labor force carbon dioxide emissions population exchange rates interest rates etc thus the authors should focus more on the new approaches and perspectives rather than by employing usual methods based on a set of common variables for different countries and different intervals of time

the overvaluation of purchasing power parity abstract recent panel studies of purchasing power parity have reported strong evidence of mean reversion in real exchange rates however these studies fail to control for cross sectional dependence in the data this failure has dramatic consequences raising the significance level of tests with a nominal size of 5 percent to as much as 50 percent it is shown in this paper that controlling for cross sectional dependence no evidence against the random walk null can be found in panels of up to 64 real exchange rates this finding cannot be attributed to low power as there is ample power in panels of this size to reject the unit root null