government capital and the production function for u s private output abstract theoretical and policy discussions make unsupported assumptions about the productivity of capital which governments own estimates of an aggregate production function for u s private business 1949 1973 show government capital to be significant statistically and in economic terms

the effectiveness of child care subsidies in encouraging the welfare to work transition of low income single mothers in recent years public attitudes toward single mothers have changed dramatically and policymakers are being pressed to devise reforms that will reduce their welfare dependency in the summer of 1994 at least 11 separate welfare reform proposals were being debated by congressional committees because child care is relatively expensive compared to potential earnings for single mothers extensions to current child care assistance programs will be an integral component of any welfare reform package very little evidence exists regarding child care utilization patterns and links to employment for low income mothers exceptions include mark berger and dan black 1992 and the recent congressional testimony given by jane ross 1994 of the gao contributing to the changing attitudes toward welfare recipients is the change in the demographic makeup of the labor force overall female labor force participation rates have grown dramatically in the past 30 years from 45 percent in the mid 1960 s to 75 percent in the early 1990 s as a result subsidizing poor single mothers so that they can stay at home with their children while more and more married mothers are working for pay has become less popular this has led to the encouragement of work particularly full time work as a means of poverty reduction for single mothers unfortunately child care costs represent a significant employment barrier on average child care costs 63 per week overall and 44 per week for care by a relative for the typical single mother child care costs range between 15 percent and 30 percent of earned income depending on the mode of care and hourly wage 2

public capital and long run costs in u k manufacturing a model of u k manufacturing production that incorporates the inputs of public as well as private capital is specified and estimated the model is then used to measure the contribution of public capital to productivity growth over the period 1966 to 1990 it is found that before 1980 the public and private capital contributions were of comparable magnitude after 1980 the contribution of public capital declined significantly copyright 1993 by royal economic society

evaluating generic milk promotion effectiveness with an imperfect competition model a framework is proposed for incorporating the degree of market competition in evaluating milk promotion effectiveness the imperfect competition model allows simultaneity in price and quantity with an endogenous fluid milk premium the model s usefulness is demonstrated with japanese generic milk promotion data results show a conventional exogenous price or exogenous premium model will underestimate returns to milk promotion

optimal taxation in models of endogenous growth we study the problem of optimal taxation in three infinite horizon representative agent endogenous growth models the first model is a convex model in which physical and human capital are perfectly symmetric our second model incorporates elastic labor supply through a lucas style technology analysis of these two models points out the danger of assuming that government expenditures are exogenous in our third model we include government expenditures as a productive input in capital formation showing that the limiting tax rate on capital is no longer zero in numerical simulations we find similar effects on growth and welfare in all three models

food scandals media attention and habit persistence among desensitised meat consumers abstract consumer reactions to food scandals and their resulting economic implication are well documented however studies have typically neglected the roles that consumption habits and media usage behaviours may play in explaining household s response to food safety incidences in this study we develop a model of heterogeneous media usage intensity information impacts and decay over time to estimate household s behavioural responses to the 2011 german dioxin scandal we are specifically interested in determining the degree of heterogeneity in household s short term adjustments demand patterns versus persisting long term consumption habits of meat products chicken and pork directly affected by the incident the empirical analysis employs detailed household level retail scanner and media usage data collected by the gfk consumer scan panel for a total of 16 023 households over a period of 104 calendar weeks results of dynamic correlated random effect tobit models indicate an important role of unobserved heterogeneity in explaining household responses during the food scandal we find strong empirical evidence supporting our hypothesis that short term marginal adjustments in demand and propensity to buy affected products triggered by the negative impact of household media exposure were over compensated by habit persistence the question of how consumption patterns evolve over time in the presence of food scandals is expected to be of interest for both policy makers and the food industry the potential biases in the projection of economic impacts resulting from simplifying assumptions of household s response patterns to a proliferating numbers of food safety incidences has implications for risk management and public policy

child care and the labor supply of married women reduced form evidence this paper empirically analyzes family demands for market and nonmarket child care services and the impact of these demands on the work effort of married women the paperfirst develops a general model of child care and labor force participation the model predicts that higher wages increase the likelihood of labor force participation and that higher costs decrease the likelihood of child care utilization the paper then develops a threeequation reduced form econometric specification of the general model the equations in the specification are estimated simultaneously using 1985 data from the survey of income program participation the estimates reveal that the cost of market child care has a strong negative effect on the labor supply of married women

generic fluid milk advertising demand expansion and supply response the case of new york city a transfer function was used to estimate the fluid milk demand equation of new york city the consumption effect of a generic fluid milk advertising program in the city was found to be positive and statistically significant the resulting higher blend price of milk was found to have a negligible effect on the subsequent supply of milk though being successful in generating positive returns on advertising it was found that a 35 reduction in the advertising expenditures would have been optimal in the marginal sense

accounting for urban china s rising income inequality the roles of labor market human capital and marriage market factors this paper analyzes china s rising family income inequality since the early 1990s when the urban labor market started its transformation from a centrally controlled to a market driven one we document the trends in income inequality over the period of 1992 2009 using the urban household survey data and adopt the approach recently proposed by eika et al 2014 to decompose changes in income inequality we find that labor market factors accounted for about three quarters of the overall increases in income inequality while falling marriage rate contributed the other quarter changes in human capital levels and marital assortativeness have not contributed to the rising inequality jel d31 i26 j12

unpacked and packed fluid milk consumption patterns and preferences in turkey the objective of this study is to investigate unpacked and packed fluid milk consumption patterns and preferences among turkish households by using cross sectional survey data from 18 278 households based on the data 47 8 of the households consume unpacked milk 29 3 consume sterilized milk and 7 9 consume pasteurized fluid milk at least once a month results of the multinomial logit model for fluid milk consumption behavior suggest that unpacked fluid milk preference is related positively to household size income and age of the household head and negatively to education level of the household head and status of the household wife similarly pasteurized and sterilized fluid milk preferences are related positively to income and the education level of the household head and negatively to household size and age of the household head results from these analyses are used to suggest techniques for marketing fluid milk products to specific segments of the consumer population

seasonality in the consumer response to milk advertising with implications for milk promotion policy permitting seasonal variation in the goodwill effect in measuring the impact of fluid milk advertising on milk sales in new york city improved the statistical significance of the estimating equation the allocation of generic advertising dollars according to optimization rules during the period 1979 81 would have resulted in a 9 percent increase in returns to dairymen supplying the new york city market harmonic variables are used to account for seasonality a pascal distribution is used to account for the decay structure and goodwill elasticities are estimated to indicate the impact of generic advertising on sales

consumer promotion and purchase timing the case of cheese the dynamics of cheese purchases is analysed by estimating a series of econometric models of duration based on a 170 week household panel besides purchase quantity and price data information with respect to coupon use and household demographic characteristics are used in a variety of models which build upon each other in terms of assumed distribution of interpurchase time effect of previous purchases role of demographic characteristics and effect of unobserved interpurchase time heterogeneity likelihoodratio tests clearly reject the null hypothesis that coupon use has no impact on cheese purchase timing

productive government expenditures and long run growth the purpose of this paper is to review some of the recent developments in endogenous growth models specifically our focus is on the growth effects of productive government spending in dynamic general equilibrium models we use a simple overlapping generations model as our basic framework and illustrate the role of taxes and spending we then examine several related issues nonrivalry in publicly provided goods existence and uniqueness of competitive equilibrium endogenous public policy ways of financing public expenditures composition of publicly provided goods and services and private alternatives finally we review some empirical results related to output elasticity of public capital and educational expenditures

maquiladoras and market mamas women s work and childcare in guatemala city and accra abstract this paper analyses work childcare and earnings of mothers in the slums of guatemala city and accra similar factors affect decisions to work and to use formal daycare but the importance of childcare varies with the role of the formal labour sector in guatemala where formal sector work is important higher prices for informal care increase formal daycare use however daycare prices and proximity to daycare centers do not significantly affect earnings in guatemala city and accra respectively providing formal daycare may be more important to mothers decision to work in cities where formal sector work dominates

women s labour force participation and child care in romania abstract this paper models household demand for childcare and mothers labour force participation in romania the model estimates the effects of the price of childcare mothers wages and household characteristics on household behaviour with respect to childcare and maternal employment we find that both the maternal decision to become employed and the decision to use out of home care are sensitive to the price of childcare a decrease in the price of care can increase the number of working mothers and thus can reduce poverty in some households we also find that the potential market wage of the mother has a significant positive effect on the decision to purchase market care and on the decision to engage in paid employment the level of household non wage income has little effect on maternal employment and on the demand for childcare

public capital and total factor productivity this paper examines the impact of the stock of public capital on output levels and productivity growth rates in the united states the analysis is based on the estimation of parameters in a translog profit function prices of intermediate goods are introduced into a quasiproduction function for value added recently developed econometric techniques for dealing with nonstationary time series are used in the estimation the authors find that the services of public capital are an important part of the production process and that about 40 percent of the productivity decline is explained by a fall in the public capital labor ratio copyright 1993 by economics department of the university of pennsylvania and the osaka university institute of social and economic research association

public investment in infrastructure in a simple growth model abstract in this paper we examine the implications for capital accumulation when infrastructure enters as an external input into private production functions in our model infrastructure is nonexclusive but may exhibit varying degrees of nonrivalry revenues from uniform taxes on capital and labor income are used to finance public investment in infrastructure we show that the optimal tax rate is independent of the degree of nonrivalry when production exhibits constant returns to augmentable factors the equilibrium displays constant growth for most parameters the growth rate depends on the population size under decreasing returns the optimal trajectory exhibits monotonic convergence to a steady state level

the effect of household structure on women s economic activity and fertility evidence from recent mothers in urban mexico this study examines the effect of the presence of a mother substitute in the household on urban womens participation in the labor force and fertility in mexico in 1982 data were obtained from the 1982 mexican national demographic survey on reproductive history educational status employment status and household structure for a subsample of 2746 urban women who were married 90 or in a consensual union 10 and had had a child within the prior 5 years theoretically women with higher value of market time lower household income and lower value of nonmarket time will more likely be working women women had 3 4 surviving children 83 used contraceptives and 15 were employed analysis involved use of reduced form equations to model the joint determination of labor force participation and fertility justification of this method is given husbands education was a proxy for income level cost of child rearing is figured as the mothers number of children 5 years and household structure mother substitute was an additional unemployed female aged 13 years an imputed wage for all women in the sample is used to measure the value of time in the labor force probit regression estimation methods revealed that mothers were more likely to be working when their wage offers were higher those with a caretaker in the household and with a less well educated husband are also more likely to work those more likely to be employed also had few children 6 12 years and more children 13 years in the fully reduced form of the equation determinants of the wage offer education age region were substituted for the instrumental variable the results were consistent an additional woman in the household was significantly positively related to the likelihood of women working in the reduced form fertility equation women who were younger better educated with more children and with better educated partners were less likely to have more than 1 child born within the last 5 years the implication from the negative coefficient of the household structure variable is that women with additional caretakers are less likely to have more than 1 young child the causes are explained mother substitutes increase the likelihood of working women and do not increase the likelihood of having more children particularly among nonemployed mothers which differs from us results future research should refine the measure of mother substitute and account for her presence in the household

the economics of schooling production and efficiency in public schools n recent years public and professional interest in schools has been heightened by a spate of reports many of them critical of current school policy these policy documents have added to persistent and long standing concerns about the cost effectiveness and fairness of the current school structure and have made schooling once again a serious public issue as in the past however any renewed interest in education is likely to be short lived doomed to dissipate as frustration over the inability of policy to improve school practice sets in this frustration about school policy relates directly to knowledge about the educational production process and in turn to underlying research on schools although the educational process has been extensively researched clear policy prescriptions flowing from this research have been difficult to derive 2 there exists however a consistency to the research findings that does have an immediate application to school policy schools differ dramatically in quality

the effect of child care costs on married women s labor force participation the effect of child care costs on the probability that married women with children will participate in the labor market is examined child care costs are estimated using a generalized tobit specification corrected for selection estimates of a structural probit model of labor force participation provide evidence to support the prediction that increased child care costs lower the probability of participation it is also shown that the lower rate of labor force participation among mothers of preschoolers is entirely the result of the higher child care costs faced by these women and endogeneity of the number of young children in the participation equation copyright 1992 by mit press

economic transition and the motherhood wage penalty in urban china investigation using panel data china s economic transition has fundamentally changed the mechanisms for allocating and compensating labour this paper investigates how the economic transition has affected the wage gap between mothers and childless women in urban china using panel data for the period 1990 2005 the results show that overall mothers earned considerably less than childless women additionally the wage penalties for motherhood went up substantially from the gradualist reform period 1990 96 to the radical reform period 1999 2005 the results also show that that although motherhood does not appear to have a significant wage effect for the state sector it imposes substantial wage losses for mothers in the non state sector these findings suggest that the economic transition has shifted part of the cost of childbearing and rearing from the state and employers back to women in the form of lower earnings for working mothers copyright oxford university press

joint labor supply and childcare choice decisions of married mothers this paper examines the impact of childcare prices and wage rates on the joint employment and childcare mode center sitter relative and husband choice decisions of married mothers by estimating both a mixed logit and universal logit choice model data are drawn from the 1988 canadian national child care survey and the 1988 labour market activity survey the estimation results show that wages have a positive impact on the probability of choosing any of the working states and that childcare prices for center sitter and relative care reduce the probability of working and using each respective mode of care sensitivity analyses reveal that the wage elasticity for employment is fairly robust across model specifications while the own price elasticity of childcare is sensitive to model specification differing identifying assumptions in the estimation of childcare price equations and sample selection the simulation results show that differences exist in the degree to which government subsidies in the form of wage subsidies targeted childcare subsidies or unconditional childcare subsidies impact on labor supply decisions and decisions to substitute across different modes of care by those mothers already in the labor market

wholesale and farm level impacts of generic advertising the case of catfish a four equation econometric model of the us catfish industry is estimated to determine the impacts of industry funded advertising on the wholesale and farm levels of the market results suggest that despite the market power held by middlemen the compaign has increased quasi rents to producers the relatively large benefit cost ratios about 13 1 however are attributed primarily to the price effects of the campaign this highlights the importance of supply response in evaluating the economic effects of industry generic advertising programmes elasticity estimates based on 1980 89 monthly data are farm level supply 0 15 wholesale level demand 1 01 farm wholsale price transmission 0 68 and advertising 0 0075

the demand for salmon in france the effects of marketing and structural change two aspects of change in the market for salmon in france during the 1980s are the subject of econometric analysis first an hypothesis that a change in the distribution pattern for salmon with a larger share of the product traded further down the distribution channel has lead to more elastic demand is tested via demand analysis second the effects of advertising in expanding the salmon market is tested

women s employment and child care choices in urban china during the economic transition abstractchina s transition from a centrally planned to a market economy has substantially eroded governmental support for child care raising the concern about how the change of child care provision may affect women s labor market participation this article examines the impact of child care availability and affordability on the employment and child care choices of urban chinese women with preschool children during the transition the analysis shows that the presence of day care in the community is positively associated with a mother s labor force participation and labor hour supply and that the rising costs of hired caregivers reduce the mother s labor hour supply the analysis also finds that both the costs of hired caregivers and family income have important effects on the use of out of home care services simulations indicate that the decline in day care presence would account for 46 of the decrease in mothers labor force participation during the public sector restructuring between 1997 and 2000

food scare crises and developing countries the impact of avian influenza on vertical price transmission in the egyptian poultry sector abstract a bivariate smooth transition vector error correction model is applied to monthly poultry price data to analyze the effects that avian influenza has had on price transmission along the egyptian poultry marketing chain in order to reflect consumer awareness of the crisis an avian influenza food scare information index is developed and used within the model as a transition variable our results suggest that price adjustments to deviations from the market equilibrium parity depend on the magnitude of the avian influenza crisis further these adjustments are found to have very different implications for market equilibrium during the crisis retailers use their market power to increase marketing margins in contrast wholesaler margins are found to decline results also suggest that food safety information indices contribute to understanding the economic effects of food scare crises in developing countries

optimal control of generic fluid milk advertising expenditures optimal expenditures of the new york state milk promotion program are determined for three markets spending level in new york city and albany should be reduced by about 10 while that for syracuse should be increased three times further there exists an optimal seasonal advertising pattern which reflects the seasonal pattern of the class 1 differential in addition the optimal spending level and seasonal pattern of the state promotion program depends on those of the national program thus coordination between the two promotional units is essential to achieve optimality generic dairy promotion is big business dairy farmers now invest over 200 million annually in promoting the consumption of milk and dairy products nonoptimum allocations of funds miss opportunity to achieve high returns the possibility of potential losses emphasizes the importance of understanding the economics of dairy promotion the continuing effect of advertising on sales after the original period of expenditure is aptly summarized by waugh s statement that old advertisements never die they just fade away the lingering impact of advertising suggests the use of a dynamnic setting in which to explore promotion issues thus far most of the atten

public spending endogenous growth and endogenous fluctuations abstract this article studies indeterminacy and endogenous growth in a simple one sector model of capital accumulation endowed with inelastic labor supply in which the presence of public goods creates positive externalities both in the production and the consumption sectors because of increasing returns in the utility function the economy exhibits not only perpetual growth but also indeterminacy and therefore endogenous stochastic growth fluctuations the possibility of sunspot equilibrium growth paths is shown to be consistent with plausible parameter values journal of economic literatureclassification numbers e32 o41 h40

why do women have longer durations of unemployment than men in post restructuring urban china this paper provides the first systematic analysis of the reasons why women endure longer unemployment durations than men in post restructuring urban china this analysis is based upon data obtained from a national representative household survey rejecting the view that women are less earnest than men in their desire for re employment this analysis shows that women s job search efforts are handicapped by a lack of access to social networks unequal entitlement to social re employment services higher earnings losses from job separations for women and unfair treatment of women with respect to mandatory retirement

the demand for quality in child care we estimate a model of demand for quality related attributes of child care group size staff child ratio and provider training the model is estimated jointly with equations for mode expenditure on and hours of care and the mother s labor supply the results show that a lower price of child care in a particular mode leads to substitution toward that mode and an increase in the use of paid child care a decrease in the price of care causes an increase in hours of care demanded and a decrease in the demand for qualityrelated attributes income effects on demand for quality are small

child care costs and the employment decision of women canadian evidence the authors estimate the joint decision for women with preschool children to engage in paid employment and to purchase market forms of child care the results confirm those found in most u s studies indicating that child care costs exert a significant negative effect on the labor supply of women with children and on their decision to purchase child care as well the expected wage of the mother exerts a significant positive impact on both the decision to purchase market forms of child care and the decision to engage in paid unemployment

cooperative advertising models in supply chain management a review this paper reviews articles on cooperative advertising a topic which has gained substantial interest in recent years thereby we first briefly distinguish five different definitions of cooperative advertising which can be found in operations research literature after that we concentrate on vertical cooperative advertising which is the most common object of investigation it is understood as a financial agreement where a manufacturer offers to pay a certain share of his retailer s advertising expenditures in total we identified 58 scientific papers considering mathematical modeling of vertical cooperative advertising these articles are then analyzed with regard to their general model setting e g the underlying supply chain structure and design of the cooperative advertising program after that we explain the different demand and cost functions that are employed whereupon we distinguish between static and dynamic models the last dimension of our review is dedicated to the game theoretic concepts which are mostly used to reflect different forms of distribution of power within the channel

an investigation of the labor market earnings of panamanian males evaluating sources of inequality this paper presents empirical evidence on the determinants of labor market earnings and inequality for males in panama using newly available microdata we estimate earnings equations based on the measurement framework of mincer 1974 and compare them with those for other countries at various stages of economic development we present evidence on two aspects of inequality in less developed economies labor market segmentation and social stratification we present tests of the segmentation hypothesis including several of the dual labor market hypotheses and discuss their inherent ambiguity we also present evidence on the importance of family background for earnings determination and educational attainment

effectiveness of fluid milk advertising since the dairy and tobacco adjustment act of 1983 an econometric model pooling monthly cross sectional and time series data is estimated to measure the impact of national and regional generic fluid milk advertising the estimated model shows that the effectiveness of advertising has increased since the implementation of the dairy adjustment act gains in fluid milk sales attributed to milk advertising are estimated sales gains for both the pre and post act periods are shown along with the gains associated with parameter changes in the post act periods marginal advertising responses are derived

health issue commodity promotion impacts on us edible vegetable oil demand abstract analysis of monthly data for january 1980 through december 1990 provides evidence that an american soybean association asa promotional campaign focusing negative attention on the health issue of tropical oils induced structural change in us domestic consumption of edible palm and coconut oils evidence strongly suggests that the decline in tropical oil imports and consumption can be attributed to processor changes in inputs resulting from perceived consumer responses to the asa health issues campaign the study found prices of tropical oils to be insignificant in determining short run soybean and cottonseed oil demand conversely such domestic commodity promotion campaigns may have devastating s hort term impacts on imports which in turn are significant to the exports of a small number of producing countries if the perceived negative attributes are less serious than implied counter promotion may diminish consumers concerns over time or create new product markets and declining tropical oil imports might be only temporarily affected

estimating threshold effects of u s generic fluid milk advertising this paper addresses the issues of threshold effects pertaining to u s generic fluid milk advertising a threshold delineates the level of advertising intensity that has to be met to generate a specific level of sales effect given that promotional organizations face budget constraints it is of particular interest to ascertain if there exists a minimum threshold that an advertising campaign has to cross to yield a non trivial sales effect despite strong beliefs among market practitioners the existence of advertising threshold effects has rarely been studied by researchers interested in agricultural commodity promotions adopting a spline threshold estimation procedure this paper represents the first attempt to identify thresholds in the sales effect of generic advertising and the impacts the thresholds may have on consumers reactions to changes in important economic variables such as own price and income using quarterly u s generic fluid milk advertising data from 1975 to 2004 a regime dependent fluid milk demand equation is estimated the results support the existence of advertising thresholds and show that generic advertising has the effect of rendering fluid milk demand less elastic with respect to own price and more elastic with respect to income the results of policy simulation further highlight the importance of accounting for the threshold effects of advertising in evaluating promotion program effectiveness

child care subsidies and labor supply in sweden this paper utilizes data from a swedish household survey for 1984 the hus data in combination with data on public child care fees and spaces per child by community we argue that the subsidy rate and availability of spaces determined by the political leaders of the community is to a large extent exogenous to the household the joint out of home child care and labor supply decision is analyzed by logit and ordered probit choice models we find that the high quality public child care in sweden encourages labor market activity of women with preschoolers even when the spouse s income is high and that when spaces are not rationed a lower price encourages use

a structural model of child care and the labor supply of married women this article empirically examines married women s labor supply and child care expenditures the article uses winter 1984 85 data from the survey of income and program participation to estimate a fu

child care costs and family labor supply this paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the effects of child care costs on family labor supply and the demand for market child care the model is a framework for cross section estimation of the effects of child care costs on labor supply and child care use it applies to households having young children requiring continuous care and in which both the mother and 1 other potential child care provider are present the 3 potential sources of child care are the mother the potential informal provider and the market using data from the 1980 baseline household survey of the employment opportunity pilot projects this empirical analysis uses a subsample of 6170 households in which there is a married woman under age 45 with her spouse present at the time of the survey at least 1 child under age 14 and nonmissing data on key variables results show that 1 higher market child care costs discourage women from working even when an informal source of care is available indicating that such informal care is an imperfect substitute for market care 2 a higher wage rate for the mother encourages her to work thus a higher wage rate increases the probability of using market child care 3 the number of children requiring care has a negative impact on the probability of the women working with the largest impact caused by younger children 4 nonwage income has a negative impact on the probability of the woman working and 5 black women are more likely to work than whites and are statistically more likely than whites to use market child care if they do work this family labor supply model predicts that the cost of market child care will affect household decisions on labor supply and child care use estimates of a qualitative choice model provide strong confirmation that child care costs affect such decisions the responsiveness of the labor supply of mothers to child care costs demonstrated in this study indicate that such subsidies do have their intended effect of encouraging labor supply the fact that a large proportion of current child care subsidies benefit primarily middle and upper income families via the income tax credit suggests that the labor supply effets of such subsidies may in practice be stronger for less needy families than for low income families employer subsidized child care may become an increasingly popular tool for attracting mothers into the labor force

public infrastructure and regional economic development a simultaneous equations approach an analysis of how central bank exchange market intervention can affect both the level of exchange rates and the risk premium in asset returns showing how the risk premium is related to the conditional variances of intervention and other exogenous processes

dynamic externalities multiple equilibria and growth abstract i consider an olg model with production and a single commodity i show that in such an environment unbounded growth of income per capita is not possible if the aggregate technology is of the constant returns to scale type i introduce an external effect in the aggregate production function and derive conditions under which persistent growth is an equilibrium outcome the introduction of an external effect also creates poverty traps and open sets of initial conditions for which there exists an infinite multiplicity of equilibria when such a multiplicity exists equilibria with the same initial position will display different asymptotic behaviors finally i show that by introducing appropriate tax schemes a unique equilibrium path can be selected

household childcare choices and women s work behavior in russia the author models mothers participation in the labor force their working hours and household demand for childcare in russia the model estimates the effects of the price of childcare mothers wages and household income on household behavior and well being the theoretical model yields several predictions to test these reduced form equations of the discrete and continuous household choices are estimated jointly using the method of semi parametric full information maximum likelihood this method controls for the correlation of error terms across outcomes and the correlation of error terms that can result when panel data are used the results of this analysis indicate that the extent to which mothers participate in the labor force and for how many hours depends on the costs of childcare and on what level of hourly wage is available to them and to other members of the household the author s simulations show that family allowances intended to reduce poverty do not significantly affect the household choice of childcare arrangements replacing family allowances with childcare subsidies might have a strong positive effect on women s participation in the labor force and thus could be effective in reducing poverty