unequal vulnerability to climate change and the transmission of adverse effects through international trade in this paper we consider the unequal distribution of climate change damages in the world and we examine how the underlying costs can spread from a vulnerable to a non vulnerable country through international trade to focus on such indirect effects we treat this topic in a north south trade overlapping generations model in which the south is vulnerable to the damages entailed by global pollution while the north is not we show that the impact of climate change in the south can be a source of welfare loss for northern consumers in both the short and the long run in the long run an increase in the south s vulnerability can reduce the welfare in the north economy even in the case in which it improves its terms of trade in the short run the south s vulnerability can also represent a source of intergenerational inequity in the north therefore we emphasize the strong economic incentives for non vulnerable and a fortiori less vulnerable economies to reduce the climate change damages on more vulnerable countries

employer search and employment subsidies in this paper insights into the literature on employment subsidy evaluation and that on employer search are merged to explore uncharted territory the firm and job characteristics leading to deadweight loss in employment subsidy schemes a model is developed which integrates various arguments found in the existing employer search literature using a survey of dutch firms for 1999 the model predictions are confirmed the richness of the data set enables one to construct some measures of deadweight loss which are new to the existing literature it turns out that firms which experience low screening costs large firms firms that forego substantial production due to unfilled jobs vacancies for full time jobs and firms operating in slack labour market conditions cause significantly more deadweight loss

environmental tax policy and intergenerational distribution abstract we study the effects of environmental taxation within the context of an overlapping generations model the quality of the environment is modelled as a durable consumption good introduction of the environmental tax harms old existing generations and benefits young existing generations as well as all future generations increasing the tax in a pareto improving manner is easier the higher the pre existing tax the reverse holds if tax policy is decided by majority rule a suitably designed bond policy can be used to redistribute the efficiency gains due to the internalisation of environmental externalities across the generations

welfare cost of fluctuations when labor market search interacts with financial frictions we provide a quantitative assessment of welfare costs of fluctuations in a search model with financial frictions the matching process in the labor market leads positive shocks to reduce unemployment less than negative shocks increase it we show that the magnitude of this non linearity is magnified frictions this asymmetric effect of the business cycle leads to sizable welfare costs the model also accounts for the responsiveness of the job finding rate to the business cycle as financial frictions endogenously generate counter cyclical opportunity costs of opening a vacancy and wage sluggishness

job matching and on the job training conventional analysis predicts that workers pay part of their on the job training costs by accepting a lower starting wage and subsequently realize a return to this investment in the form of greater wage growth missing from the conventional treatment of on the job training is a discussion of the process by which heterogeneous workers are matched to jobs requiring varying amounts of training this matching process constitutes a key feature of the on the job training model presented in this article and tested with a unique data set containing extensive information concerning on the job training employer search wages and wage and productivity growth

a dynamic model of investment in the u s beef cattle industry reproduction constraints lead to some a priori information that may prove valuable in econo metrically modeling inventory dynamics within the u s cattle herd the distributed lag models estimated for animal inventories suggest an implicit incorporation of the age distribution of the herd that is crucial to understanding the retention culling investment decisions the estimated equations are validated using post sample observations that were withheld prior to estimation the final form dynamic equations have complex roots and protracted price and investment effects the parameter estimates are used to calculate intermediate and long run elasticities at the means of relevant variables

on the intergenerational allocation of natural resources it is known hartwick and others that under standard assumptions a society that invests in reproducible capital the competitive rents on its current extraction of exhaustible resources will enjoy a consumption stream constant in time it is shown here that this result can be interpreted as saying that an appropriately defined stock of capital including the initial endowment of resources is being maintained intact and that consumption can be interpreted as the interest on that patrimony this seems like a useful rule of thumb for policy

employer search training and vacancy duration we develop a model of optimal employer search strategy when information about match quality is endogenous the model is tested using four data sets two of which have not previously been used as theory predicts we find that when filling positions requiring more training employers search more intensively and extensively employers also search more extensively when hiring workers with more education and with prior experience these findings provide strong evidence of systematic variation in search strategies based on the characteristics of the positions and job applicants factors that influence employer search also affect the duration of a vacancy

minimum wages on the job training and wage growth using data from the employment opportunities pilot project we examine the relationships between minimum wages wage growth and on the job training we find that minimum wage jobs exhibit less wage growth than other jobs particularly for men we find no evidence however of a unique minimum wage effect on training opportunities we conclude that indirect methods of proxying training with wage growth can be misleading as they fail to distinguish whether the reduced wage growth of workers on minimum wage jobs results from their receiving less training than other workers or whether it is strictly a result of the wage determination process

agricultural supply response a survey abstract this paper surveys the literature on agricultural supply response to prices in developing countries empirical estimates of elasticities depend both on the methodology adopted and on country specific factors relating to technology economic structure and macro constraints the paper seeks to establish some general conclusions on supply responsiveness within these limitations supply response to output prices at the aggregate and at the crop levels is considered first crop specific acreage elasticities range between zero and 0 8 in the short run while long run elasticities tend to be higher between 0 3 and 1 2 yield elasticities are smaller and less stable than acreage elasticities clearly inter crop pricing can be relied upon to effect shifts in the commodity composition of agricultural output evidence also suggests that supply elasticities vary systematically with such factors as price and yield risks multiple cropping the importance of the crop farm incomes farm size tenancy and literacy the most controversial and important aspect of supply response is the effect on aggregate agricultural output of agriculture s terms of trade conventional time series estimates range from 0 1 to 0 3 a major cross country study reports an aggregate elasticity as high as 1 66 it is argued that cross country estimates are apt to exaggerate aggregate responsiveness while time series studies underestimate it somewhat for ldcs a tentative range of 0 4 to 0 5 seems plausible hence the distributive effects of the terms of trade are likely to be more significant than the allocative effects asian evidence shows that only a third of the inter country differences in fertilizer use can be attributed to fertilizer price policies provided new technologies and infrastructure are in place fertilizer subsidies can help in technology diffusion and in over coming credit constraints the choice between price supports and input subsidies will depend on a variety of country or situation specific factors nevertheless a significant general factor favoring price supports is that they can more easily be coupled with price stabilization goals than input subsidies though sparse the available evidence on the response of marketed surplus suggests that price policy is not a reliable instrument for regulating inter sectoral trade

unemployment insurance job queues and systematic job search an equilibrium approach the labor market effects of unemployment insurance ui have been viewed in several contexts by economists on the one hand the ui system of jobless benefits and experiencerated taxation of firms is seen as influencing firms decisions to lay off workers 9 10 24 2 key in such analyses is the degree to which firms layoffs are subsidized by an imperfect experience rating a tax system in which employers ui taxes increase by less than their workers benefits increase on the other hand many other studies of ui place primary focus on the worker although employer concern for worker well being plays a role even in the work on the impact of ui on firm layoff decisions each of these worker based studies is concerned with one of two issues 1 ui and compensating wage differentials 14 24 or 2 u i and the job search process first hutchens assumes that workers face a choice in the labor market between high wage high layoff probability firms and low wage low layoff probability firms 14 by reducing the cost of being laid off ui increases one s likelihood of choosing the former kind of job along these lines topel finds evidence that ui generosity substitutes for wages and therefore lowers the compensating differential associated with a high layoff job 23 second several authors have studied the effect of ui on job search this work recognizes that ui lowers the cost of searching and therefore raises the reservation wage expected unemployment duration and expected post unemployment wages 2 previous work on the impact of ui on firm layoff decisions has assumed either a layoff subsidy 9 or demand uncertainty 2 in order to generate layoffs and therefore a u i impact on layoffs in contrast to such work this paper views layoffs in an equilibrium context they occur in our model even with no layoff subsidy and or with no demand uncertainty layoffs are of value to the firm in our model since they correspond to workers rejected from a queue of potential trainees from the firm s point of view a queue of applicants may be desirable in order to lower

do friends and relatives really help in getting a good job informal contacts are extensively used by both firms and workers to find jobs and fill vacancies the common wisdom in the economic literature is that jobs created through this channel are of better quality and pay higher wages than jobs created through formal methods this paper explores the empirical evidence for european countries using the european community household panel echp and discovers a large cross country as well as cross industry variation in the wage differentials between jobs found through informal and formal methods across countries and industries wage premiums and wage penalties to finding jobs through personal contacts are equally frequent this paper argues that such variation can be explained by looking at firms recruitment strategies in labour markets where employers invest largely in formal recruitment activities matches created through this channel are likely to be of average better quality than those created through informal networks a simple theoretical model is used to show that employers invest more in recruitment for high productivity jobs and for positions that require considerable training the empirical predictions of the theory are successfully tested using industry level data on recruitment costs

double dividend with involuntary unemployment efficiency and intergenerational equity this paper analyzes the double dividend and distributional issues within an overlapping generations model framework with involuntary unemployment we characterize the necessary conditions needed to obtain a double dividend when the revenue of the environmental tax is recycled by a variation of the labor tax rate we show that an employment dividend may occur without any efficiency dividend and that the young generation is not always harmed by the fiscal reform even without any intergenerational transfers therefore three dividends environmental efficiency and intergenerational equity can occur simultaneously

the relative effects of employed and unemployed job search a lthough many early models of job search assumed that job seekers were unemployed economists have come to recognize the importance of on the job search mattila 1974 for example found that roughly 60 of quitters experienced no unemployment between jobs implying that the majority of voluntary job changers engaged in on the job search the choice of search mode i e employed vs unemployed search has been modelled in the theoretical search literature barron and mccafferty 1977 burdett 1978 however there have been no attempts to estimate empirically the determinants of this choice 2 some researchers have however examined the resulting wages associated with these two types of search and found a greater wage return to employed than to unemployed search mattila 1969 black 1980 however because voluntarily unemployed search involves forgoing income burdett 1978 while employed search does not abstracting from voluntary reductions in hours incomemaximizing job seekers would never quit to search unless the expected net return to unemployed search exceeded that for employed search thus the previously mentioned empirical findings at first glance might appear to contradict the assumption of income maximization by job seekers because some workers do quit into unemployment 3 in this paper it is argued that previous attempts to compare the returns of employed and unemployed job search suffer from a selectivity problem specifically searchers who accept offers without experiencing any unemployment are likely to have unobservable variables such as informal job contacts and ability which will raise the relative return to employed search compared to that of voluntarily unemployed job seekers 4 providing an explanation for higher wages for on the job searchers than for unemployed searchers this paper estimates the relative wage effects of employed and unemployed search and the determinants of the choice of search mode i e employed vs unemployed search unlike earlier work mattila 1969 black 1980 the previously mentioned selectivity problems are accounted for this is the first attempt to estimate the determinants of choice of search mode 5 without adjusting for selectivity bias as regards employed vs unemployed search it is found that employed search is associated with greater expected wage offers than unemployed search controlling for measurable personal characteristics however accounting for selectivity the expected wage offer given unemployed search is greater than that given employed search finally the greater is the difference between the expected offer given unemployed and that given employed search the more likely one is to choose unemployed search these findings suggest that quitting to search unemployed may be a wealth maximizing decision received for publication november 5 1980 revision accepted for publication august 17 1981 university of illinois at urbana champaign and arizona state university respectively professor low is partially supported by a faculty grant from the graduate college at arizona state university the authors thank francine blau wallace hendricks and two anonymous referees for comments and suggestions i for a summary of this literature see lippman and mccall 1976 2 barron and mccafferty 1977 do estimate an aggregate time series model of the log of the proportion of quits entering unemployment as a function of the vacancy rate proxied by the help wanted advertising index however such a model ignores search that does not lead to quits and does not include variables beyond the vacancy rate that influence an individual s choice of search mode i it is also possible that the forgone earnings due to unemployed search could in principle be less than the possible savings in direct search costs due to unemployed search relative to employed search see burdett 1978 in this case a lower wage return to unemployed search could imply that quitting was based on income considerations further individuals may have quit for nonwage reasons 4 black 1980 found that other things equal those who planned to seek new employment but did not quit had significantly lower wage growth than those who did not plan to search and did not quit this finding strongly suggests the likelihood of a selectivity bias black 1980 p 227 black s 1976 1980 data the michigan panel study of income dynamics psid for his work on employed search did not allow him to distinguish employed and unemployed search

a selectivity model of employer size wage differentials this article investigates wage differentials for employees of different size firms utilizing an econometric methodology that allows the size of employer to be treated as endogenous in the context of discrete ordered employer size data as a result we are able to estimate i employer size wage gaps which are corrected for selectivity bias and ii the magnitude and direction of the selection bias decompositions of the resulting wage differentials are computed with comparisons of the conditional on sorting across employer size and unconditional wage gaps

systematic and random search a synthesis this paper synthesizes two models of search in the labor market systematic and random we construct and test a theoretical model in which the searcher is endowed with information on some possibly zero or all individual firms in the labor market as well as the overall wage offer distribution we test the model using a special wave of the 1976 current population survey the major theoretical results of our model are as follows searchers with lower stocks of knowledge about individual firms higher discount rates or having lower coverage by unemployment insurance are more likely to engage in random search activities

economic analysis of the climate pledges of the copenhagen accord for the eu and other major countries abstract this article uses the world gem e3 computable general equilibrium model to assess the economic consequences of the climate copenhagen accord the model allows analyzing the macroeconomic costs in terms of gdp the change in employment as well as the impacts on production of specific energy intensive sectors various 2020 climate scenarios are evaluated depending on the ghg mitigation pledges we find that the cost for the developed countries is around 0 5 of gdp in 2020 for the more ambitious pledges whereas the gdp effects are more heterogeneous across developing countries and russia reflecting the different pledges and the assumptions in the reference scenario across these countries further the article explores whether there is a form of double dividend in the eu when the revenues from auctioning or taxation of ghg emissions are used to reduce the social security contributions of employees we conclude that gdp and employment perform better compared to the free allocation of permits when more sectors are subject to auctioning or ghg taxes and the additional government revenues are used to reduce the cost of labour

equilibrium unemployment and the efficient job finding rate a model of the labor market is constructed in which unemployment is generated by labor turnover and the process of selecting new recruits firms recruitment policies affect workers job finding probabilities and are known to job seekers by reputation the value of visiting a firm thus depends on the probability of being hired as well as on the terms of employment and in equilibrium is equal at all firms the principal results obtained are that the equilibrium unemployment rate is efficient and that there are no external effects of search by workers or recruitment by firms

statistical discrimination and duration dependence in the job finding rate this article models a frictional labour market where employers endogenously discriminate against the long term unemployed the estimated model replicates recent experimental evidence which documents that interview invitations for observationally equivalent workers fall sharply as unemployment duration progresses we use the model to quantitatively assess the consequences of such employer behaviour for job finding rates and long term unemployment and find only modest effects given the large decline in callbacks interviews lost to duration impact individual job finding rates solely if they would have led to jobs we show that such instances are rare when firms discriminate in anticipation of an ultimately unsuccessful application discrimination in callbacks is thus largely a response to dynamic selection with limited consequences for structural duration dependence and long term unemployment

extensive search intensive search and hiring costs new evidence on employer hiring activity this paper presents recent evidence on employer search to fill a position a 1982 employer survey sponsored by the national institute of education and the national center for research in vocational education provides the basis for analyzing employer search and hiring costs the paper examines the effects of such factors as employer size dismissal costs unionization on the job training adjustment costs capital and labor market conditions on intensive employer search extensive employer search and hiring costs intensive employer search is measured by the average number of hours the employer spends recruiting screening and interviewing per applicant extensive search is measured by the number of applicants seen per applicant interviewed and the number interviewed per employment

peasant household modelling farming systems evolution and sustainability in northern zambia chitemene slash and burn cultivation continues to be a dominating cropping system in northern zambia even after the introduction of modern technologies such as hybrid maize and fertilizer the rationale of farming systems evolution in northern zambia where labour markets have been absent or highly imperfect has been analyzed by goal programming based on the theories of chayanov 1966 and nakajima 1986 carrying capacity estimation is incorporated in the models and discussed in relation to the sustainability of land use systems in the area the major changes in agricultural technologies in northern zambia during this century has been the introduction of cassava maize and fertilizer technologies cassava has had the most significant impact since the land could support much higher population densities and since the dependence on the chitemene system no longer was critical for the survival of peasants by switching from finger millet to cassava as the main staple the peasants could reduce their total labour requirement to meet their basic food needs by as much as 40 the results also show that the maize fertilizer technology has been unable to replace the chitemene system because economic incentives to continue the system exist as long as there is suitable woodland available nevertheless the introduction of the maize fertilizer technology may have resulted in reduced chitemene cultivation the rapid expansion of maize production in northern zambia from the late 70s to the late 80s depended critically on the government policy of equity pricing and input subsidisation the models predicted that the removal of fertilizer subsidies would result in a dramatic reduction in maize production

establishment size job satisfaction and the structure of work this paper empirically investigates a the relationship between establishment size and the degree of flexibility in the work environment and b the extent to which establishment size differences in workers satisfaction with their jobs can be accounted for by differences in their work environment the main findings are that large establishments do organize production in a less flexible fashion than do smaller establishments and that observed lower levels of job satisfaction in larger establishments net of wage and fringe benefit effects can largely be explained by the inflexibility in the work environment

unemployment fluctuations over the life cycle abstract in this paper we show that i the volatility of worker flows increases with age in us cps data and ii a search and matching model with life cycle features endogenous separation and search effort is well suited to explain this fact with a shorter horizon on the labor market older workers outside options become less responsive to new employment opportunities thereby making their wages less sensitive to the business cycle their job finding and separation rates are then more volatile along the business cycle the horizon effect cannot explain the significant differences between prime age and young workers as both age groups are far away from retirement a lower bargaining power on the youth labor market brings the model closer to the data

international and intergenerational environmental externalities we examine a world in which policymakers actions in a given country at a given time have long lived effects on a common resource the global environment we consider the first best in which long lived planners behave cooperatively then examine the allocation of resources when there is non cooperation across countries across time or both finally we analyze the dynamic behavior of the economy along balanced growth paths it is found that while long lived international institutions are necessary to internalize all externalities cooperation at a point in time may be harmful to future generations

information bilateral negotiations and worker recruitment this paper studies experimentally how firms choose between using a centralized market and bilateral negotiations to recruit new personnel in the market firms interact with several workers but do not have information about workers behavior in the past in the bilateral negotiations firms negotiate bilaterally with prospective workers and learn about workers performance in previous jobs we show that the interaction between social preferences the incompleteness of contracts and the existence of information about a worker s past performance provides an explanation for firms forgoing market opportunities and bilaterally negotiating with a worker we observe that approximately 30 of all job contracts were bilaterally negotiated when these contracts are incomplete as opposed to only 10 when contracts were complete the surplus from trade is higher when incomplete contracts can be bilaterally negotiated which can be attributed to the presence of information

fertilizer demand in greece abstract limiting fertilizer use is becoming an important policy objective world wide however the debate on appropriate policy measures is far from settled and evidence on fertilizer demand elasticities is still insufficient past studies on fertilizer demand leave several methodological and empirical issues open this paper aims to contribute to the debate on the methodology of estimating fertilizer demand using single equation methods dynamic aspects are also considered using error correction modelling methodology and cointegration techniques the model is applied using data from greece short run and long run price elasticities of fertilizer demand with respect to own price and to output prices show significant response to price changes and the adjustment coefficient of fertilizer use to the error correction term was found to be fairly rapid the main policy conclusion of the paper is that reducing agricultural support may be an alternative and perhaps more effective way of reducing fertilizer demand than increasing fertilizer prices

search hiring strategies and labor market intermediaries labor market intermediaries play an important role in turnover in many labor markets this paper analyzes one class of such intermediaries namely search firms we first model the hiring decision of the firm in both succession and replacement planning we show that employers will in equilibrium use search firms to find new hires even where the search firms have no technological advantage in search this can be interpreted as being due to the search firms ability to diversify away sampling risk

econometric modeling of the capitalization formula for farmland prices an econometric model is formulated to explain the dynamic behavior in farmland prices a second order rational distributed lag on net crop share rents received by landlords captures the dynamic movements of prices and performs well in conditional post sample forecasts the adjustment path of land prices in response to a perturbation in rents is a protracted dampened cycle the implicitly estimated tax free capitalization rate on rent associated with equilibrium land price is 4 0 neither the expected rate of inflation nor an exponential trend on rent expectations has a significant effect on land prices

ranking unemployment duration and wages it explores the implication of one central assumption when firms receive multiple acceptable applications they hire the worker who has been unemployed for the least amount of time this assumption ranking is contrasted with the assumption of random hiring no ranking by embodying this assumption in a model of the labour market with job creation destruction and matching the joint behaviour of unemployment the distribution of unemployment durations and wages are characterized the implication that the re employment prospects of employed workers were they to become unemployed are better than those of the currently unemployed appears to have been an important feature of european unemployment experience in the 1980 s this paper examines the effects of the composition of unemployment on wage determination it explores one central assumption when firms receive multiple acceptable applications they hire the worker who has been unemployed for the least amount of time we refer to this assumption as ranking and contrast it throughout to the assumption of random hiring or no ranking by embodying this assumption in a model of the labour market with job creation destruction and matching we characterize the joint behaviour of unemployment the distribution of unemployment durations and wages ranking has a number of important implications first in addition to the obvious result that the exit rate from unemployment is a decreasing function of duration we show that the effect of duration is stronger the higher the rate of unemployment second with the wage depending on the distributions of prospective unemployment durations the presence of long term unemployed per se has little effect on wages third looking at the relation between the wage and the aggregate level of unemployment and comparing ranking to the case of no ranking the wage moves less with the level of unemployment but more with the change in unemployment put simply ranking and no ranking models show exactly the same aggregate unemployment slightly different long run responses of wages to unemployment and sharply different wage dynamics the paper is organized as follows section i characterizes the matching process and derives a matching function based on an urn ball process with vacancies as urns and applications by unemployed workers as balls thus the distribution of applications per vacancy depends on aggregate unemployment and vacancies vacancies with at least one acceptable application are filled when a vacancy receives more than one acceptable application firms use a rule to choose among applicants thus the rule determines who is hired but does not affect the number of hires section ii uses this matching function in a model of the labour market with continual job creation and destruction and characterizes the equilibrium values of unemployment vacancies and hires

an overlapping generations model of growth and the environment this article analyzes the potential conflict between economic growth and the maintenance of environmental quality in an overlapping generations model short lived individuals make decisions which have long lasting effects on both factor productivity and the environment the model provides a theoretical explanation of observed correlations between environmental quality and income whereby economic growth is associated first with declines then improvements in environmental quality it suggests circumstances in which multiple pareto ranked steady state equilibria may arise and in which sustained growth of both capital and environmental quality may occur overmaintenance of the environment analogous to dynamically inefficient overaccumulation of capital may emerge copyright 1994 by royal economic society

tax reform structural unemployment and the environment the effects of environmental tax reform i e using the proceeds of a higher energy tax rate to lower the labour tax rate on wage formation employment and environmental quality are analysed in the context of a small open economy with structural unemployment caused by hiring costs we find that such a reform may boost employment if it shifts the tax burden away from workers towards those without employment in the formal sector environmental tax reform succeeds in shifting the tax burden away from workers in the formal sector if higher energy taxes reduce earnings in the informal sector by reducing labour productivity

estimation of dynamic maize supply response in zambia abstract increased attention on government pricing policies among african nations leads directly to a need for information about producer responses to price adjustments this is especially true in the case of zambian maize production maize is the most important crop grown in zambia it accounts for more than 80 of the value of marketed food crops is heavily relied on for subsistence consumption and is a staple food in the diet of all zambian citizens this paper analyzes the aggregate price response of maize supply in zambia using a dynamic regression analysis as a result short intermediate and long run multipliers elasticities are measured which can be used to analyze the effect of future price policy changes it was found that a second order rational distributed lag model best fits the available data estimates of short run elasticities of supply for maize and fertilizer prices are 0 54 and 0 48 respectively the corresponding estimated long run elasticities are 1 57 and 1 44

from regressive pollution taxes to progressive environmental tax reforms european countries have increased their use of environmental tax instruments by designing new tax bases but many countries face opposition from public opinion for fear of the distributive consequences of these environmental tax reforms this paper sheds light on the distributive consequences of environmental tax policies when households are heterogeneous the objective is to assess whether an environmental tax reform could be pareto improving when the revenue of the pollution tax is recycled by a change in labor tax properties we show that whatever the degree of regressivity of the environmental tax alone it is possible to design a recycling mechanism that renders the tax reform more pareto efficient by simultaneously decreasing the wage tax and increasing its progressivity

gender discrimination in job ads evidence from china we study explicit gender discrimination in a population of ads on a chinese internet job board gender targeted job ads are common favor women as often as men and are much less common in jobs requiring higher levels of skill employers relative preferences for female versus male workers on the other hand are more strongly related to the preferred age height and beauty of the worker than to job skill levels almost two thirds of the variation in advertised gender preferences occurs within firms and one third occurs within firmoccupation cells overall these patterns are not well explained by a firm level animus model by a glass ceiling model or by models in which broad occupational categories are consistently gendered across firms instead the patterns suggest a model in which firms have idiosyncratic preferences for particular job gender matches which are overridden in skilled positions by factors such as thinner labor markets or a greater incentive to search broadly for the most qualified candidate jel codes j16 j63 j71 copyright 2013 oxford university press

cyclical variation in vacancy durations and vacancy flows an empirical analysis abstract this paper presents an empirical analysis of vacancy durations and vacancy flows in the netherlands over the years 1980 1988 we distinguish vacancies according to required occupation and educational levels we derive estimates of average vacancy durations and we use these to derive estimates of vacancy flows we find that vacancy durations generally increase with the required educational level moreover vacancy flows tend to be more responsive to the business cycle at lower educational levels while vacancy durations are more responsive at higher educational levels the number of vacancies generated by employers has not decreased during the recession in the early 80s which points to a dominant role of the supply of applicants in explaining the cyclical pattern of vacancy durations

reevaluating the first and the second dividends of environmental tax reforms abstract there is increasing global interest in market based climate change policies following the last elections in the united states in this context an exxon mobil chief executive came out in favour of a carbon tax this paper is concerned with the welfare analysis of environmental tax reforms etr and takes up the claims for the need of an unambiguous and operative definition of the double dividend both for empirical purposes and political advisement in this paper we contest the usual definition of the second dividend and its assimilation to an efficiency dividend we propose alternative definitions by suggesting a different splitting of the total welfare variation between the first and the second dividend in order to isolate the efficiency effects of the etr the new definitions become clearly understandable and easy for economic and policy interpretation concepts like weak and strong double dividend turn out to be unnecessary finally we analyze etr for the us economy to illustrate the advantages of the proposed definitions for policy implementation

matchmaker matchmaker the effect of old boy networks on job match quality earnings and tenure firms often view job applicant referrals from current employees as more informative than direct applications or referrals through formal labor market intermediaries such as placement firms we argue that old boy networks reduce employers uncertainty about worker productivity using jovanovic s job matching model we show that workers hired through the old boy network should 1 earn higher initial salaries 2 experience lower subsequent wage growth on the job and 3 stay on the job longer than otherwise comparable workers hired from outside the network we find considerable support for this theory using data from the 1972 survey of natural and social scientists and engineers