multi product newsboy problem with limited capacity and outsourcing this paper considers a multi product newsboy system that produces multiple products for fulfilling independently uncertain demands which share the same production capacity to deal with possible shortage of limited capacity productions can be outsourced we consider two outsourcing strategies zero lead time outsourcing and nonzero lead time outsourcing the structural properties and solution procedures for the profit maximization models are developed numerical results are provided for obtaining some managerial insights

decomposition analysis of co2 emission intensity between oil producing and non oil producing sub saharan african countries abstract the need to decompose co2 emission intensity is predicated upon the need for effective climate change mitigation and adaptation policies such analysis enables key variables that instigate co2 emission intensity to be identified while at the same time providing opportunities to verify the mitigation and adaptation capacities of countries however most co2 decomposition analysis has been conducted for the developed economies and little attention has been paid to sub saharan africa the need for such an analysis for ssa is overwhelming for several reasons firstly the region is amongst the most vulnerable to climate change secondly there are disparities in the amount and composition of energy consumption and the levels of economic growth and development in the region thus a decomposition analysis of co2 emission intensity for ssa affords the opportunity to identify key influencing variables and to see how they compare among countries in the region also attempts have been made to distinguish between oil and non oil producing ssa countries to this effect a comparative static analysis of co2 emission intensity for oil producing and non oil producing ssa countries for the periods 1971 1998 has been undertaken using the refined laspeyres decomposition model our analysis confirms the findings for other regions that co2 emission intensity is attributable to energy consumption intensity co2 emission coefficient of energy types and economic structure particularly co2 emission coefficient of energy use was found to exercise the most influence on co2 emission intensity for both oil and non oil producing sub saharan african countries in the first sub interval period of our investigation from 1971 1981 in the second subinterval of 1981 1991 energy intensity and structural effect were the two major influencing factors on emission intensity for the two groups of countries however energy intensity effect had the most pronounced impact on co2 emission intensity in non oil producing sub saharan african countries while the structural effect explained most of the increase in co2 emission intensity among the oil producing countries finally for the period 1991 1998 structural effect accounted for much of the decrease in intensity among non oil producers while co2 emission coefficient of energy use was the major force driving the decrease among oil producing countries the dynamic changes in the co2 emission intensity and energy intensity effects for the two groups of countries suggest that fuel switching had been predominantly towards more carbon intensive production in oil producing countries and less carbon intensive production in non oil producing ssa countries in addition to the decomposition analysis the article discusses policy implications of the results we hope that the information and analyses provided here would help inform national energy and climate policy makers in ssa of the relative weaknesses and possible areas of strategic emphasis in their planning processes for mitigating the effects of climate change

a semi parametric panel data analysis on the urbanization carbon emissions nexus for oecd countries abstract this study takes a fresh look at the presence of an urbanization carbon emissions environmental kuznets curve for a panel of the organization for economic co operation and development oecd countries from 1960 to 2010 using a recently developed semi parametric panel fixed effects regression model through incorporating a quadratic term for the urbanization variable into the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology model our analysis represents one of the first oecd studies aimed at determining the effect of urbanization on carbon emissions and identifying the relationship between these two variables compared with parametric panel fixed effects regression more robust results from the recently developed method revealed that energy intensity and per capita gdp had clear effects on per capita carbon emissions urbanization also significantly contributed to changes in per capita carbon emissions we also found strong evidence for an inverse u shaped curve relationship between urbanization and carbon emissions verifying the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis these findings advance the emerging consensus on the urbanization carbon emissions nexus also the novel model used combined with our estimation method can be readily extended to cover other regions for investigating the relationship between development and environmental pollution

optimal acquisition and remanufacturing policies for multi product remanufacturing systems abstract this paper studies an acquisition and remanufacturing problem in a market driven multi product remanufacturing system where the remanufacturer acquires multiple used products cores of highly variable quality under independently uncertain demand and carbon emissions regulation in order to balance between the environmental and economic benefit the problem is formulated as a nonlinear programming model in presence of the quality variability of cores and carbon tax scheme subject to budget and risk constraints since the average cost of the remanufactured products is independent of the remanufacturing quantity the model is then decomposed into two separated sub problems namely the remanufacturing problem and the acquisition problem in the remanufacturing problem the optimal remanufacturing policies including the optimal remanufacturing cost thresholds and the optimal remanufacturing rate are derived in the acquisition problem the optimal policies of core portfolio acquisition quantities and remanufacturing quantities can be derived the acquisition problem viewed as an extended multi product newsvendor problem mpnp is a convex optimization problem furthermore a two tier bisection method with polynomial computational complexity can be developed to obtain the optimal policies based on the karush kuhn tucker kkt conditions finally numerical experiments are provided to show the application of the model and the effect of the quality variability

multi item quick response system with budget constraint quick response mechanisms based on effective use of up to date demand information help retailers to reduce their inventory management costs we formulate a single period inventory model for multiple products with dependent multivariate normal demand distributions and a given overall procurement budget after placing orders based on an initial demand forecast new market information is gathered and demand forecast is updated using this more accurate second forecast the retailer decides the total stocking level for the selling season the second order is based on an improved demand forecast but it also involves a higher unit supply cost to determine the optimal ordering policy we use a computational procedure that entails solving capacitated multi item newsboy problems embedded within a dynamic programming model various numerical examples illustrate the effects of demand variability and financial constraint on the optimal policy it is found that existence of a budget constraint may lead to an increase in the initial order size it is also observed that as the budget available decreases the products with more predictable demand make up a larger share of the procurement expenditure

changes in energy requirements of the residential sector in india between 1993 94 and 2006 07 abstract a substantial amount of primary and secondary energy is consumed by the residential sector residential energy consumption includes energy required for construction activity and household consumption hence there is a need to quantify energy consumption its significance and causes calculating energy intensity of goods and services is the first step towards quantifying the causes this research is based on the 115 sector classification input output tables for india for 1993 94 1998 99 and 130 sector classification input output tables for 2003 04 and 2006 07 energy intensity of sectors related to household consumption has been calculated to analyze the trend between 1993 94 and 2006 07 indirect energy requirements of indian households have been assessed in this study from calculations of total primary energy intensity along with private final consumption expenditure results indicate that energy consumption has increased for all categories except medical care and hygiene percentage increase in indirect primary energy consumed by households is maximum for house building and recreation categories finally a complete decomposition analysis of indirect primary energy consumed by households has been carried out based on changing structural composition of the private final consumption expenditure energy intensity patterns per capita expenditures on energy and population

the role of consumption patterns demand and technological factors on the recent evolution of co2 emissions in a group of advanced economies changes in production structures and modifications of patterns of consumption are key factors in the fight against environmental harm initiatives such as agenda 21 promoted by the un highlight the need to evaluate the relationships among factors of production and consumption innovation and demographics and the environment in the attainment of sustainable development in this context our work studies in depth those factors underlying the economic activity of households in a representative group of european union countries and the us within the framework of an input output model a structural decomposition analysis is considered in order to identify the weight that growth in demand changes in patterns of consumption changes in the distribution of income the substitution of inputs and changes in energy intensity have all had on the evolution of co2 emissions the work specifically seeks to identify common patterns and differential behaviors among productive sectors in the european social environment the results show that growth in demand and therefore in production largely absorbs the limited effect of technological and efficiency improvements and the incipient changes observed in consumption patterns

the energy and environmental impacts of italian households consumptions an input output approach abstract promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns is a key challenge for the future in order to use the earth resources efficiently to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and to decouple the economic growth from the environmental degradation new or customized methods have to be applied to support decisions makers in the choice of environmental friendly products and to select policy priorities and sustainable strategies a modified input output model can aid to analyse the relationships among economic growth energy consumptions and pollutants in order to assess the energy and environmental impacts due to the actual production and consumption patterns the following paper introduces an energy and environmental extended input output model and combines it with the life cycle assessment lca methodology the authors apply this model to the italian context in order to assess the energy and environmental impacts related to the consumptions of the italian households in the period 1999 2006 and to identify the economic sectors involving the highest impacts the paper represents one of the first italian studies aimed at identifying those national economic sectors and final goods and services to be assumed prior in the definition of sustainable production and consumption strategies results show that about the 70 of the total energy needed to meet the household final demand of products is consumed by the productive sectors in particular tertiary electricity gas and vapour road transports and food and beverage sectors are the most contributors accounting for about 75 further the environmental impact analysis associated to italian households consumptions is carried out starting from three different data sources the results point out that to include emissions arising both from energy and non energy sources in the assessment of environmental impacts is of paramount importance to obtain reliable simulations of the link between households consumptions and energy and environmental performances

co2 emissions from household consumption in india between 1993 94 and 2006 07 a decomposition analysis abstract co 2 emission from anthropogenic activities is one of the major causes of global warming india being an agriculture dependent country global warming would mean monsoon instability and consequent food scarcity natural disasters and economic concerns however with proper policy interventions co 2 emissions can be controlled input output analysis has been used to estimate direct and indirect co 2 emissions by households for 1993 94 1998 99 2003 04 and 2006 07 complete decomposition analysis of the changes in co 2 emissions between 1993 94 and 2006 07 has been done to identify the causes into pollution energy intensity structure activity and population effects according to broad household consumption categories results indicate that activity structure and population effects are the main causes of increase in co 2 emission from household fuel consumption to identify the causes at the sectoral level a second decomposition has been done for changes between 2003 04 and 2006 07 to identify the causes in the next stage finally alternative energy policy options have been examined for each consumption category to reduce emissions combined strategies of technology upgradation fuel switching and market management in order to reduce co 2 emissions for sectors like batteries other non electrical machinery construction and electronic equipments including television for which all the effects are positive need to be adopted

application of the structural decomposition analysis to assess the indirect energy consumption and air emission changes related to italian households consumption abstract the design of sustainable production and consumption strategies and the assessment of implemented actions require to identify the driving forces that influence the trend of energy consumption and environmental impacts for this purpose the structural decomposition analysis sda was developed as a suitable methodology to analyse the driving forces of the changes in economic energy and environmental indicators the paper presents one of the first italian studies that apply an energy and environmental extended input output model opportunely shaped to the examined context combined with sda in detail it aims at 1 investigating the energy use and the air emissions arisen from the productive sectors to meet the household final demand in the period 1999 2006 2 identifying the sources of variations in energy and environmental indicators and 3 identifying which economic sectors are the most relevant sources of variation and must to be taken into account in the definition of sustainable production and consumption strategies as sources of changes the authors investigate energy and emission intensity effects leontief effect and final demand effect outcomes point out that the increase of the final consumptions often nullifies the energy and environmental benefits due to the improvement of the eco efficiency and to the introduction of innovative technologies of production the sector level analysis shows that tertiary and electricity gas and vapour result the highest italian consuming sectors of energy thus they should be focused for energy saving strategies agriculture hunting and sylviculture and road transports that are primarily sectors affecting air emissions should be taken into account for the reduction of environmental impacts results highlight that the current dichotomy of final demand growth and improvement of eco efficiency represents a key problem that needs to be addressed therefore the presented study can aid to define suitable oriented strategies for the energy and environmental impact reduction

a multi item newsvendor problem with preseason production and capacitated reactive production abstract given items with short life cycles or seasonal demands one can potentially improve profits by producing during the selling season especially when its production capacity is substantial we develop a two stage multi item model incorporating reactive production that employs a firm s internal capacity production occurs in an uncapacitated preseason stage and a capacitated reactive stage demands occur in the reactive stage reactive capacities are pre allocated to each item in the preseason stage and cannot be changed during the reactive stage reactive production occurs during the selling season with full knowledge of demands the objective is expected profit maximization unsatisfied demand is lost the revenue salvage value and production and lost sales costs are proportional assuming no fixed costs we present a simple algorithm for computing optimal policies for a model with fixed costs for allocating preseason stage production and reactive stage capacity to product families we characterize optimal policies and develop optimal and heuristic algorithms

china s changing energy intensity trend a decomposition analysis china experienced a dramatic decline in energy intensity from the onset of economic reform in the late 1970s until 2000 but since then the rate of decline slowed and energy intensity actually increased in 2003 most previous studies found that most of the decline was due to technological change but disagreed on the role of structural change to the best of our knowledge no decomposition study has investigated the role of inter fuel substitution in the decline in energy intensity or the causes of the rise in energy intensity since 2000 in this paper we use logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi techniques to decompose changes in energy intensity in the period 1980 2003 we find that 1 technological change is confirmed as the dominant contributor to the decline in energy intensity 2 structural change at the industry and sector sub industry level actually increased energy intensity over the period of 1980 2003 although the structural change at the industry level was very different in the 1980s and in the post 1990 period 3 structural change involving shifts of production between sub sectors however decreased overall energy intensity 4 the increase in energy intensity since 2000 is explained by negative technological progress 5 inter fuel substitution is found to contribute little to the changes in energy intensity

comparing structural decomposition analysis and index to analyze and understand historical changes in economic environmental employment or other socio economic indicators it is useful to assess the driving forces or determinants that underlie these changes two techniques for decomposing indicator changes at the sector level are structural decomposition analysis sda and index decomposition analysis ida for example sda and ida have been used to analyze changes in indicators such as energy use co2 emissions labor demand and value added the changes in these variables are decomposed into determinants such as technological demand and structural effects sda uses information from input output tables while ida uses aggregate data at the sector level the two methods have developed quite independently which has resulted in each method being characterized by specific unique techniques and approaches this paper has three aims first the similarities and differences between the two approaches are summarized second the possibility of transferring specific techniques and indices is explored finally a numerical example is used to illustrate differences between the two approaches

comparison of energy intensities in european union countries results of a structural decomposition analysis abstract this work proposes an input output structural decomposition analysis model to identify the sources of the differences in the energetic intensities of the european union countries given an economic structure a determined composition of the final demand and determined direct energy intensities by countries the work studies to what extent these factors explain the difference in aggregate energy intensities that are observed for different european union countries on the basis of this information indicators are constructed by sectors and countries that allow us to identify the role that each sector or country plays as an energy consumer the results show that the aggregate total energy differences in europe are strongly influenced by the direct energy intensity effect and by the demand effect without the different economic structures of the countries being an important factor in the explanation of these differences the metallurgical and manufacturing products sectors are identified as the most intensive in the aggregate energy intensity

speculative production and anticipative reservation of reactive capacity by a multi product newsvendor in this paper the optimal sourcing decisions of a multi product newsvendor prior to the selling season of the products are studied to satisfy the uncertain demands the newsvendor can either utilize speculative production or anticipatively reserve capacity during the selling season when demand has become known the newsvendor can utilize its reserved capacity and reactively satisfy demand uncovered by its speculative production for the case where capacity for speculative production may be limited but potential reservation of reactive capacity is unlimited two capacity reservation settings are analyzed and compared in the first one capacity for each product has to be reserved separately while in the second setting one joint capacity reservation for all products is permitted which can then be allocated to the different products optimally during the selling season for the case of separate individual reservations the optimal strategies are analytically derived and structural insights concerning their existence are presented as the model allowing for joint reservation can not be tackled analytically in general an approximation based on an lp formulation is used through a numerical example insights on the value of the increased flexibility induced by joint reservation the cost premium acceptable for joint reservation and the relative levels of capacity reservation in the two settings are given

material implication of chile s economic growth combining material flow accounting mfa and structural decomposition analysis sda abstract over the last three decades the economic integration of the chilean economy into global markets has been taking place at a rapid pace for example in 1986 exports represented 29 of gdp while in 1996 they had increased to 38 of gdp this period of time was characterized by strong economic growth with an average annual growth rate of about 10 from a physical perspective material requirements more than doubled from 220 to 500 million tons of direct material inputs dmi during the same decade the rate of material growth requirements was around 13 per year the main objective of this study is to explain the changes in dmi by using a structural decomposition analysis sda the changes in material flow accounting mfa were broken down into the effects caused by changes in resource use per unit of output material intensity effect changes between and within sectors structural change effect changes in the composition of final demand mix effect changes due to shifting shares of domestic final demand and export categories category effect and finally changes in the overall level of economic activities level effects the results as a percentage of the total level of dmi used in 1986 indicate that economic growth was the major source of material changes 109 the material intensity and category effects explained 31 and 14 of the increase respectively the increase in the material intensity is mainly due to a declining quality of ores in copper production however these components were partly compensated by the structure 14 and mix 13 effects therefore for a southern american country such as chile the main causes of these changes in material consumption have been a combination of the nature of economic growth along with an increase in export production and material intensity of production

measuring structural change and energy use decomposition of the us economy from 1997 to 2002 abstract the steadily increasing focus on energy production and consumption has led to growing research attention to patterns of energy use within economies of particular interest has been comparing the driving forces of increasing efficiency and economic structural change input output analysis ioa and decomposition analysis have become critical tools for performing such analyses this study analyzes aggregate energy use in the united states in 1997 and 2002 to discover the causes of changing energy usage and flows results show that rising population and household consumption acted to drive up energy demand but this driving force was offset by considerable structural change within the economy particularly related to a quickly increasing trade deficit in manufacturing goods thus while total energy intensity the ratio of energy use to economic output declined by approximately 12 between 1997 and 2002 changes in the structure of the economy explain this drop more than increased energy efficiency the level of aggregation at which decomposition analyses are run was identified as a crucially sensitive parameter for the determination of structural change and future studies should specifically address the amount of detail necessary to adequately measure changes in economic structure

estimation of multicrop production functions this paper considers whether separability or nonjointness is the better approach for attaining tractability for multicrop production function estimation characteristics of agricultural production associated with allocated inputs physical constraints and output determination imply sufficient nonjointness for estimation whereas separability is less plausible the paper also addresses estimation of production functions with allocated inputs where allocations are not observed and demonstrates a proposed approach by way of example

the newsstand problem a capacitated multiple product single period inventory problem abstract practically all of the many earlier papers on the newsboy problem consider a single newsboy product with no capacity constraint this paper presents formulations and solution procedures for handling multiple newsboy type products under two cases a one resource capacity constraint and b multiple resource constraints for case a we present a necessary extension to the classical hadley whitin result for handling general demand distributions for case b we present a solution procedure that can efficiently handle the common situation where a very large number of products are involved

offshore outsourcing decision making a policy maker s perspective this research aims at finding the best governing policy for offshore outsourcing of business activities we use analytical network process a multicriteria decision making methodology to create the evaluation framework from the perspective of decision makers stakeholders and influence groups four policy options are evaluated with respect to approximately 50 economic political technological and other factors the model provides both long term and short term views of the outsourcing issue concerned to all parties the all inclusive approach helps policy makers to decide on the best policy and has the potential to ease tension between proponents and opponents of offshore outsourcing

will the aggregation approach affect energy efficiency performance assessment abstract aggregate energy is usually measured in the linear weighted summation of various energy types based on thermal dynamics laws this measurement is scientific and acceptable in the physics or energy engineering world however it implicitly assumes that all energy types are perfectly substitutable and thus may result in distorted conclusions in energy economy research in economics world production factors are usually non linearly aggregated using divisia approach which is derived from microeconomic theory and considers the heterogeneity and imperfect substitutability among various energies using which ruler to measure the aggregate energy the linear one or the others will certainly affect the conclusions and energy saving incentives of the economic agents inequitable energy aggregations may bring out speculations or discouraged behaviors according to china s current provincial energy efficiency performance assessment policy the central government assigned the target of reducing the national aggregate energy intensity by 20 in 2006 2010 to provincial authorities in 2006 and in july 2011 the central government formally released the provincial assessment results based on conventional linear aggregation approach coal equivalent our re examination review this policy and show that the official results are quite different to that based on divisia approach from the perspective of economics some local performances are overestimated and others are underestimated to raise the equity and incentive compatibility of the assessment we suggest the central take the imperfect substitutability or energy structure changes into consideration we also discuss the difficulties and deficiencies when using divisia aggregate approach

salesforce incentives market information and production inventory planning salespeople are the eyes and ears of the firms they serve they possess market knowledge that is critical for a wide range of decisions a key question is how a firm can provide incentives to its salesforce so that it is in their interest to truthfully disclose their information about the market and to work hard many people have considered this question and provided solutions perhaps the most well known solution is due to gonik 1978 who proposed and implemented a clever scheme designed to elicit market information and encourage hard work the purpose of this paper is to study gonik s scheme and compare it with a menu of linear contracts a solution often used in the agency literature in a model where the market information possessed by the salesforce is important for the firm s production and inventory planning decisions

performance measures and metrics in outsourcing decisions a review for research and applications outsourcing an operations strategy that influences the performance of a supply chain has become an important component of global operations management an effective global sourcing strategy helps companies to manage the flow of parts and finished products in meeting the needs of overseas and domestic markets outsourcing reduces the cost of assets facilitates core competencies to reduce production costs leads to strategic flexibility and reduces administrative and overhead costs some of the reasons why companies are against outsourcing include integration challenges sacrificing their competitive base opportunistic behaviour rising transaction and coordination costs limited innovation and higher procurement costs despite these shortcomings outsourcing will continue to play an important role in enhancing organizational competitiveness therefore an attempt has been made to review the literature on outsourcing with particular reference to performance measures and metrics pmms used in arriving at outsourcing decisions the main objective of this paper is to present a taxonomy classification of pmms in outsourcing decisions at the pre outsourcing during outsourcing and post outsourcing stages also based on the literature review and analysis an attempt is made to determine a list of specific tools and techniques for pmms in outsourcing finally the limitations of the paper and future research directions are presented

industrial co2 emissions from energy use in korea a structural decomposition analysis abstract this paper attempts to quantify energy consumption and co 2 emissions in the industrial sectors of korea the sources of the changes in co 2 emissions for the years 1990 2003 are investigated in terms of a total of eight factors through input output structural decomposition analysis changes in emission coefficient caused by shifts in energy intensity and carbon intensity changes in economic growth and structural changes in terms of shifts in domestic final demand exports imports of final and intermediate goods and production technology the results show that the rate of growth of industrial co 2 emissions has drastically decreased since the 1998 financial crisis in korea the effect on emission reductions due to changes in energy intensity and domestic final demand surged in the second period 1995 2000 while the impact of exports steeply rose in the third period 2000 2003 of all the individual factors economic growth accounted for the largest increase in co 2 emissions the results of this analysis can be used to infer the potential for emission reduction in korea

robust multi item newsboy models with a budget constraint abstract in this paper we present robust newsboy models with uncertain demand the traditional approach to describing uncertainty is by means of probability density functions in this paper we present an alternative approach using deterministic optimization models we describe uncertainty using two types of demand scenarios namely interval and discrete scenarios for interval demand scenarios we only require a lower and an upper bound for the uncertain demand of each item while for discrete demand scenarios we require a set of likely demand outcomes for each item using the above scenarios to describe demand uncertainty we develop several minimax regret formulations for the multi item newsboy problem with a budget constraint for the problems involving interval demand scenarios we develop linear time optimal algorithms we show that the corresponding models with discrete demand scenarios are np hard and that they are solvable by dynamic programming finally we extend the above results to the case of mixed scenarios where the demand of some of the items is described by interval scenarios and the demand of the remaining items is described by discrete scenarios

stocking and pricing decisions under endogenous demand and reference point effects abstract in this paper we study the newsvendor s pricing and stocking decisions under reference point effects the demand faced by the newsvendor is endogenous and the customers may also decide to procure the product from an outside option we characterize the firm s optimal pricing and stocking decisions our analysis reveals a threshold policy on the firm s ordering and pricing decisions while considering the impact of reference point effects we also find that as the level of optimism increases the firm s optimal ordering level decreases and optimal price increases we further study the impact of loss aversion on the firm s ordering and pricing decisions

multi item production planning with carbon cap and trade mechanism abstract carbon emission control becomes a challenge in recent years and carbon emission trading is an effective way to curb carbon emission this paper investigates the multi item production planning problem with carbon cap and trade mechanism in which a firm uses a common capacity and carbon emission quota to produce multiple products for fulfilling independent stochastic demands and the firm can buy or sell the right to emit carbon on a trading market of carbon emission a profit maximization model is proposed to characterize the optimization problem the optimal policy of production and carbon trading decisions is analyzed and an efficient solution method with linear computational complexity is presented for solving the optimal solution the impacts of carbon price carbon cap on the shadow price of the common capacity production decisions carbon emission and the total profit are investigated the comparisons of the carbon cap and trade policy and the taxation policy are given to show the effectiveness of the policies numerical analyses are presented for illustrating our findings and obtaining some managerial insights and policy implication

assessment of reasonably achievable ghg emission reduction target in lithuanian households abstract lithuania has developed several important climate change mitigation policy documents however there are no attempts in lithuania to develop local climate change mitigation policies or to decentralize climate change mitigation policy the aim of the paper is to analyse climate change mitigation policies in households the paper presents the framework for the assessment of reasonably achievable ghg emission reduction raer potential in households based on behavioral changes related to energy consumption the paper presents the results of empirical application of developed framework in lithuanian households community based social marketing approach was implemented and ghg emission reduction potential was assessed in focus groups of kaunas region county during preparation of sustainable development strategy and long term strategic development plan for kaunas region county