corporate social responsibility for supply chain management a literature review and bibliometric analysis corporate social responsibility csr in supply chain management scm has gained an increasing research attention in recent years extant studies have discussed stakeholder interests performance evaluation ethical sourcing and sustainable production the purpose of this paper is to develop a systematic study quantitatively depicting the knowledge structure and the intellectual progress of csr for scm this research adopts bibliometric analysis in conjunction with network analysis to systematically evaluate the csr related publications for scm the analysis involves 628 peer reviewed articles identified with careful selection of influential work data analytic techniques including citation analysis co citation analysis and co word analysis are used key findings for researchers include 1 an analytical discussion of the five sub fields that constitute the intellectual structure of csr for scm 2 theoretical and conceptual research significantly dominate in this field 3 the topics of sustainable development and economic and social effects are more frequently discussed among scholars 4 key research gaps include lacking of practical and normative modeling research and considering from the supplier perspectives in emerging economies the findings suggest that future research would emerge a greater depth of practical and modeling analysis to enrich the theories

an empirical test of a cross national model of corporate social responsibility most models of corporate social responsibility revolve around the controversy as to whether business is a single dimensional entity of profit maximization or a multi dimensional entity serving greater societal interests furthermore the models are mostly descriptive in nature and are based on the experiences of western countries there has been little attempt to develop a model that accounts for corporate social responsibility in diverse environments with differing socio cultural and market settings in this paper an attempt has been made to fill this gap by developing a two dimensional model of corporate social responsibility and empirically testing its validity in the context of two dissimilar cultures australia and bangladesh the two dimensions are the span of corporate responsibility narrow to wider perspective and the range of outcomes of social commitments of businesses cost to benefit driven perspective the test results confirm the validity of the two dimensional model in the two environments the factor analysis revealed two leading dimensions cluster analysis pointed to two distinctive clusters of managers in both australia and bangladesh one consisting of managers with a broad contemporary concept of social responsibility and the other with a limited narrow view the paper concludes that corporate social responsibility is two dimensional and universal in nature and that differing cultural and market settings in which managers operate may have little impact on the ethical perceptions of corporate managers

the effect of immigration along the distribution of wages this paper analyses the effect immigration has on wages of native workers unlike most previous work we estimate wage effects along the distribution of wages we derive a flexible empirical strategy that does not rely on pre allocating immigrants to particular skill groups in our empirical analysis we demonstrate that immigrants downgrade considerably upon arrival as for the effects on native wages we find that immigration depresses wages below the 20th percentile of the wage distribution but leads to slight wage increases in the upper part of the wage distribution the overall wage effect of immigration is slightly positive the positive wage effects we find are although modest too large to be explained by an immigration surplus we suggest alternative explanations based on the idea that immigrants are paid less than the value of what they contribute to production generating therefore a surplus and we assess the magnitude of these effects

is integrated reporting determined by a country s legal system an exploratory study in recent years companies responsibilities towards society have expanded significantly and former business models have been revised in line with a more pluralist approach which takes stakeholders sustainability business ethics and transparency into account these considerations are increasingly reflected in corporate sustainability reporting i e statements reflecting the impact of business practices related to economic environmental and social perspectives however the data contained in such documents are reported independently of the financial aspects implying a disconnection between the three pillars of business strategy in order to avoid this shortcoming some leading companies have developed integrated reporting which expresses the interconnections between a firm s strategy governance performance and prospects as well as the contexts within which it operates the aim of this paper is to examine the influence of one of the most important institutional factors the legal system on the development of integrated reports the analysis of a non balanced sample of 750 international companies for the years 2008 2010 in which a logit methodology is applied to panel data reveals the impact of this institutional factor the results show that companies located in civil law countries and where indices of law and order are high are more likely to create and publish a broad range of integrated reports thus favouring decision taking by the different stakeholders on the basis of these findings two policy recommendations are proposed first it may be necessary to establish national laws and protection mechanisms to promote and ensure holistic transparency second managers must be able to decide on the appropriate disclosure practices in the context of their own legal environment in order to obtain maximum benefits from their decisions the results should be considered as having only preliminary value due to the limited number of firms that disclose this typology of reporting and because of the limitations of the data sample

erratum to how far the tbl concept of sustainable entrepreneurship extends beyond the various sustainability regulations can greek food manufacturing enterprises sustain their hybrid nature over time this study presents the design and selected results of a comprehensive research on measuring the concept of sustainable entrepreneurship we used the methodology of conjoint analysis and developed a hierarchical framework that lists all the multi attributes that exist in the triple bottom line concept in doing so we collected data from 150 greek food companies the multi attributes were categorized and ranked into the following four headings internal social values isv external social values esv environmental values env and economic values ecv specifically we found that the creation of values that improve the safety and hygiene issues of products to consumers is the most important attribute for the isv domain respectively the most important attribute for the esv domain is the creation of values that impact on the local economy accordingly the creation of values for minimizing environmental impacts was found as the most important attribute for the env domain and lastly the establishment of ecv that increase long run profitability was identified as the most important for the ecv dimension finally all the categorized values offer rich feedback for entrepreneurship scholars and parishioners and to that extent our findings are slightly different from those reported in previous researches to other contexts as we have managed to build an aggregated instrument that promotes the hybrid nature of food companies towards international development

responsible entrepreneurship in developing countries understanding the realities and complexities developing countries have recently experienced a burgeoning of small scale individual entrepreneurs sies who range from petty traders to personal service workers like small street vendors barbers and owners of small shops as a result of market based reforms rapid urbanisation unemployment landlessness and poverty while sies form a major part of the informal workforce in developing countries and contribute significantly to economic growth their potential is being undermined when they engage in irresponsible and deceptive business practices such as overpricing sale of underweight or substandard products or attempts to hoard goods to name a few despite the growing interest in corporate social responsibility csr initiatives of small businesses in developing countries the sies have received almost no attention to address this void in the literature we explore the reasons for the less than optimal level of social responsibility demonstrated by some sies in developing countries we do so by drawing upon the existing literature to develop a comprehensive framework of social responsibility of sies highlighting their unique characteristics and the different contextual factors that they encounter in developing countries based on this framework we then present a set of propositions specifying the influence of these contextual factors such as business environment cultural traditions socio economic conditions and both international and domestic pressures on the business practices of sies the framework offers an explanation for the lack of responsible entrepreneurship of sies and has important implications for promoting sustainable business practices in developing countries where businesses are striving hard to survive and compete

can socially responsible investment for cleaner production improve the financial performance of spanish pension plans abstract assets under management involved in socially responsible investing almost trebled from 2007 to 2011 in europe led by pension funds such growth has encouraged the implementation of socially responsible activities by companies which have improved their cleaner production methods in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions total water used energy consumption and waste generated among others integrating environmental social and governance policies for cleaner production into the investment strategy of pension plans could increase their cost deriving from the screening process and or increase the benefits because socially responsible companies in which pension funds invest might achieve a better financial performance than traditional companies which could in turn affect pension plans financial performance for this reason the aim of this paper is two fold firstly to examine the financial performance of spanish pension plans compared to market benchmarks taking into account the category to which they belong and the socially responsible business strategy implemented by the manager and secondly to analyze whether differences in financial performance exist between solidarity pension plans ethical pension plans and traditional pension plans to do this we have a sample of 651 individual system pension plans using these sample data we implement the robust random effects panel data methodology the results show that ethical pension plans which invest in companies that improve their cleaner production methods achieve a similar financial performance to conventional pension plans while solidarity pension plans significantly outperform conventional pension plans

inter linking issues and dimensions in sustainability reporting during the last decade sustainability reporting sr has been increasingly adopted by corporations worldwide this is evidenced by the adoption of several guidelines such as the iso 14000 series the social accountability 8000 standard and the gri sustainability guidelines sr shows promise to help corporate leaders and their employees to contribute towards achieving sustainable societies however most of the guidelines and standards address sustainability issues through comparmentalisation thereby leading to the separation of the economic environmental and social dimensions due to these divisive approaches holistic assessments of the effects of their efforts are seldom properly integrated into coporate decisions and procedures to make improvements for example through cleaner production worker health and safety consumer safety and reductions in the negative short and long term social and environmental impacts this paper analyses sr reports from three companies with the help of grounded theory s constant comparative analysis this analytical framework helped the authors to systematically assess the degree to which the companies addressed economic ecological and social issues separately or in an integrated and inter linked manner from the inter linkages found a new category is proposed to be added to future sr this new category can help corporate sr planners and researchers on sustainability reports to better understand how the company leaders understand their responsibilities with regard to sd these inter connectednesses are highly relevant in many short and long term dimensions of supply chain management global warming ecological disruption and societal equity issues especially with regard to the local national and global energy issues of fuels and oils the central themes of the conference at which this paper was originally presented it also plays a key role in real long term changes towards sustainability where the time dimension plays a key role in human survival on planet earth

determinants of environmental investments testing the structural model abstract the main purpose of this study is to provide the needed additional quantitative evidence regarding the introduction of environmental technologies and to increase the possibility for generalization and thus policy application of conclusions to achieve that purpose a conceptual model is developed and then tested on a large database of firms from various industries with the use of structural equation modeling the results show that policy measures past environmental investments the importance of environmental technologies for customers and the firm performance have a positive effect on environmental investments furthermore the results show that policy measures are a second order three factor construct

exploring the applications of carbon footprinting towards sustainability at a uk university reporting and decision making abstract campus greening is often the first step universities take towards sustainability in order to infer the current level of environmental performance and the progress being made it is imperative that universities measure and report their campus greening efforts this paper shows that sustainability reporting can be a simple task and is of significant value for directing sustainable campus operations to do this environmentally extended input output analysis was used to derive the carbon footprint for the university of leeds being driven by financial data which is readily available to universities the assessment is easy to conduct and maintain through time environmentally extended input output analysis provides complete coverage of the campus system and thus accounts for the majority of emissions sources accordingly it enables comparisons of environmental performance to be made between institutions the reliability of comparisons falters when organisational boundaries vary between carbon footprints and thus in the interest of methodological consistency a framework should be established that defines universal organisational boundaries which universities must adhere to interviews with university procurement staff showed that carbon footprints can provide a screening assessment which identifies emissions hotspots in supply chains such as assessment is currently lacking and provides evidence of win win situations where emissions and costs can be reduced simultaneously although carbon footprinting considers only the environmental dimension of the triple bottom line it is recommended that universities intensify its application for the institutions themselves the results will be of significant practical value for directing initiatives such as sustainable procurement and for enhancing stakeholder engagement with the sustainability agenda whilst an increased application will help build much needed momentum for sustainability reporting overall

when does it pay to be good a contingency perspective on corporate social and financial performance would it work abstract the findings on corporate social and financial performance research has exposed the universal approach as tenuous and questionable so the current approach of corporate social and financial performance research has been subject to severe criticism instead of exploring a universal corporate social and financial performance link scholars have called for a contingency perspective in order to determine the conditions and context that catalyzes positive connections between the constructs this study systematically reviews the literature on the moderators exploited in corporate social and financial performance research and finds by and large that a positive corporate social and financial performance association dominates although the relationship is stronger in advanced economies and institutionalized contexts although research on the contingency perspective has progressed theoretical support for this relationship is thin and the lack of appropriate research design and stereotyped constructs thwart its positive implications a review of the literature shows that although organizational factors seem to moderating the corporate social and financial performance relationship strongly yet industry and country factors also tend to affect this association important consistencies included that a dynamic business environment reinforces the corporate social and financial performance relationship differentiation in social responsibility practices moderates the responsibility performance link but not often positively the effect of r d intensity is equivocal and advertising intensity did not strengthen this relationship across the level avenues for future research conclude our discussion

corporate social responsibility and family business in spain despite the economic relevance and distinctiveness of family firms little attention has been devoted to researching their nature and functioning traditionally family firms have been associated both to positive and negative features in their relationships with the stakeholders this can be linked to different orientations toward corporate social responsibility thus this research aims to identify the approaches that spanish family firms maintain about social responsibility based on the model developed by quazi and o brien journal of business ethics 25 33 51 2000 an empirical study carried out for 112 spanish family firms gives support to our initial assumption about these organizations not being a homogeneous group in terms of their orientation towards corporate social responsibility the differences in perceptions do not seem to be associated to biographical characteristics these results lead to some relevant academic and practical implications that suggest interesting lines for future research

new approaches to cleaner production applying the sasi method to micro tanneries in colombia the literature on micro and small sized enterprises in developing countries shows their existential difficulties this is particularly true for those in marginal areas with multiple challenges including pollution prevention environmental agencies tend to require capital intensive end of pipe solutions or regulatory measures that close down polluting enterprises both knowledge of and interest in how to make poor micro enterprises more sustainable are needed this paper addresses this by a developing a problem driven and context oriented systematic approach to social inclusion sasi method and b applying it successfully in the context of micro tanneries in villapinzon colombia over a period of eight years the concept of cleaner production was systematically integrated into this method that was inspired by lewin s theory of change and insights from negotiation and conflict resolution the results show that cleaner production implementation needs comprehensive systemic policy mechanisms based on participatory approaches taking into account the socio economic constraints of the micro industries that combine supportive capacity building and command and control policies moreover rules encouraging cleaner production need to be sensitive to the regulatory context in which it is applied which in this case concerned land use planning and zoning regulations the sasi approach effectively encouraged micro tanners to make their industries more viable and clean while it simultaneously convinced the environmental agency to recognise and value these industries this paper argues that integrating cleaner production in sasi is a learning and socio technical change process urgently needed for micro industries

sustainable entrepreneurship is entrepreneurial will enough a north south comparison based on an analysis of 44 cases in canada tunisia and cameroon this research attempts to determine the fundaments of sustainable entrepreneurship se in an international perspective and to shed the light on the potential impact of economic institutional and cultural dimensions upon diverse levels of sustainability in small and medium size firms smes neo institutional and entrepreneurship theories were combined in an integrative conceptual model to fully embrace the meanings and practices of se and to question the culture free argument of some prescriptions as well as some international programs the analysis of the rationale behind entrepreneurs committed to sustainability in the three countries compared to less engaged firms shows that entrepreneurs individual values are crucial in all cases socio cultural specificities and institutional realities can however be more or less inductive to the adoption of sustainable practices in smes this study also demonstrates that external stimuli are needed in tunisia and cameroon to reach the same environmental involvement as found in canada moreover support programs to assist smes with the adoption of sustainable practices and communication about the issue have to be tailored to the entrepreneur s motives the firms levels of openness to sustainability the socio cultural practices already embedded and the countries priorities implications for policy management and research are also discussed

an ecosystem service dominant logic integrating the ecosystem service approach and the service dominant logic abstract natural and business ecosystems are complex and dynamic service systems that interact through the utilization of ecosystem service offerings for human well being currently natural and business sciences have not developed a shared and common set of service based terms or concepts for discussing ecosystem service offerings in the process of value co creation in this study the ecosystem service approach was compared with marketing science s service dominant logic the terminology and concepts were harmonized and the two approaches were then integrated into a service dominant value creation svc framework the incorporation of natural ecosystems includes accounting for the flow of positive and negative impacts through associated value networks therefore the term value in impact was proposed to describe these value flows a case study of the global forest based sector was then presented demonstrating how to discuss current research challenges using the proposed framework in conclusion a shared service dominant approach provides an opportunity for deeper inter disciplinary discussion between natural and business sciences this study represents a contribution towards the development of a holistic service science that includes consideration for natural ecosystems the svc framework also addresses many of the multidimensional challenges noted by previous sustainability frameworks

enacting ecological sustainability in the mnc a test of an adapted value belief norm framework undoubtedly multinational corporations must play a significant role in the advancement of global ecological ethics our research offers a glimpse into the process of how goals of ecological sustainability in one multinational corporation can trickle down through the organization via the sustainability support behaviors of supervisors we asked the question how do supervisors in a multinational corporation internalize their corporation s commitment to ecological sustainability and in turn behave in ways that convey this commitment to their subordinates in response we created a theoretical framework for supervisor sustainability support behavior based on stern et al human ecology review 6 2 81 97 1999 value belief norm vbn theory we then tested our framework by performing a survey based field study of supervisors in a multinational pharmaceutical company that has publicly professed a goal of ecological sustainability

on addressing the dual and embedded nature of business and the route towards corporate sustainability abstract this article argues for greater attention to be paid to the dual and embedded nature of business we propose that a more inclusive systemic perspective is needed for the challenge of speeding up the application of inclusive corporate sustainability the key question is how an on going upward dynamic of transformative learning cycles can be achieved in practice the current practice of implementing sustainability management systems identifying key performance indicators reporting on sustainability policies and outcomes has a strong focus on the physical dynamics in companies and in the good cases in their value chain in many cases the three dimensions of issues time and place are only addressed partially we argue that the academic community needs to pay greater retro and prospective attention to the social intervention dynamics introducing checks on the assumed effects of social interventions in order to achieve a more balanced and inclusive corporate sustainability we need to link levels of the achievement of corporate sustainability goals more strongly with self assessment of the social dynamics in firms and their societal system

an introduction to the economics of immigration in oecd countries the share of the foreign born in oecd countries is increasing and this article summarizes economics research on the effects of immigration in those nations four broad topics are addressed labor market issues fiscal questions the political economy of immigration and productivity international trade extreme concerns about deleterious labour market and fiscal impacts following from new immigrants are not found to be warranted however it is also clear that government policies and practices regarding the selection and integration of new migrants affect labour market fiscal and social cultural outcomes policies that are well informed well crafted and well executed beneficially improve population welfare

a resource based perspective on corporate environmental performance and profitability drawing on the resource based view of the firm we posited that environmental performance and economic performance are positively linked and that industry growth moderates the relationship with the returns to environmental performance higher in high growth industries we tested these hypotheses with an analysis of 243 finns over two years using independently developed environmental ratings results indicate that it pays to be green and that this relationship strengthens with industry growth we conclude by highlighting the study s academic and managerial implications making special reference to the social issues in management literature

the emergence of corporate social responsibility in chile the importance of authenticity and social networks little is known about how and why corporate social responsibility csr emerged in lesser developed countries in order to address this knowledge gap we used chile as a test case and conducted a series of in depth interviews with leaders of csr initiatives we also did an internet and literature search to help provide support for the findings that emerged from our data we discovered that while there are similarities in the drivers of csr in developed countries there are distinct differences as well in particular we found that different sectors drive csr in chile in contrast to other geographies where consumer demand and government regulation provided the impetus for csr efforts multinational companies mncs and non governmental organizations ngos are key actors in chile mncs imported their csr beliefs skills and processes into chile their efforts resulted in a virtuous cycle once large domestic firms felt pressured by their mnc rivals they too adopted csr initiatives the ability to manage relationships with multiple stakeholders and perceptions of authenticity were also critical to the success of csr in chile using network theory as a lens we suggest that network density and centrality largely determine whether csr efforts will be authentic based on these contentions we suggest avenues for future research

the development of commercial local area resource and emissions modelling navigating towards new perspectives and applications meeting near future uk greenhouse gas ghg emissions targets will require all parts of the uk economy to contribute and in particular significant changes in business practices are required at the local level from review it was found that there is a lack of detailed business accounting and reporting of ghg emissions at the local level especially concerning supply chain impacts and small and medium sized enterprises this paper presents a framework model to generate detailed benchmark estimates of ghgs both on site and supply chain related for individual businesses and all businesses of a sector within an area the model makes use of available economic and environmental data and with similar datasets existing in other parts of the world such models may be used elsewhere the framework model is applied to an empirical case study estimates from such a framework can be used in a step by step approach to move businesses and local areas towards improved accounting reporting and sustainability including procurement the model makes use of two different accounting perspectives the production perspective on site ghgs and the provision perspective supply chain ghgs attributable to purchased inputs of a business or sectors production the new provision perspective and its consequences are explored and explained

corporate environmental citizenship variation in developing countries an institutional framework this study focuses on why some companies in developing countries go beyond environmental regulations when implementing their corporate environmental social responsibilities or citizenship behavior drawing mainly upon the new institutional theory this study develops a conceptual framework to explain three institutional factors companies market orientations industrial characteristics and corporate identities accordingly we suggest that companies from developing countries that are oriented to markets in developed countries operate in highly concentrated industries and have missionary identities adopt corporate environmental citizenship behavior by going beyond environmental regulations the study also discusses the theoretical policy and managerial implications of the conceptual framework

the enduring impact of the american dust bowl short and long run adjustments to environmental catastrophe the 1930 s american dust bowl was an environmental catastrophe that greatly eroded sections of the plains analyzing new data collected to identify low medium and high erosion counties the dust bowl is estimated to have immediately substantially and persistently reduced agricultural land values and revenues during the depression and through at least the 1950 s there was limited reallocation of farmland from activities that became relatively less productive agricultural adjustments such as reallocating land from crops to livestock recovered only 14 to 28 of the initial agricultural cost the economy adjusted predominately through migration rather than through capital inows and increased industry

trends and determinants of corporate non financial disclosure in greece an increasing number of business organizations around the world engage in the accounting for and reporting on non financial aspects of performance mainly within the domains of social and environmental responsibility using a composite disclosure index this study investigates the status of the non financial disclosure practices of the top 100 companies operating in greece a number of determinants which potentially drive greek firms to publicly disclose such information are examined an investigation of the reporting practices of a subgroup of firms which is on the spotlight regarding their environmental performance is performed while overlapping perspectives for the greek case are outlined the analysis suggests that only a small group of leading greek firms appears to endorse a meaningful business and society dialogue as an instrument for stakeholder communication and the discharging of organizational accountability most other corporations still tend to treat such practices superficially and in an imprecise manner

tipping and the dynamics of segregation schelling dynamic models of segregation journal of mathematical sociology 1 1971 143 186 showed that extreme segregation can arise from social interactions in white preferences once the minority share in a neighborhood exceeds a tipping point all the whites leave we use regression discontinuity methods and census tract data from 1970 through 2000 to test for discontinuities in the dynamics of neighborhood racial composition we find strong evidence that white population flows exhibit tipping like behavior in most cities with a distribution of tipping points ranging from 5 to 20 minority share tipping is prevalent both in the suburbs and near existing minority enclaves in contrast to white population flows there is little evidence of nonlinearities in rents or housing prices around the tipping point tipping points are higher in cities where whites have more tolerant racial attitudes

environmental respect ethics or simply business a study in the small and medium enterprise sme context in recent years there have been ever growing concerns regarding environmental decline causing some companies to focus on the implementation of environmentally friendly supply production and distribution systems such concern may stem either from the set of beliefs and values of the company s management or from certain pressure exerted by the market consumers and institutions in the belief that an environmentally respectful management policy will contribute to the transmission of a positive image of the company and its products sometimes however ethics and market rules are not enough to deal with this situation and specific laws must be considered this is the case when companies base their activity on the ethics of self interest concentrating their efforts on projecting an adequate image e g environmental respect rather than fundamentally behaving in environmentally respectful ways this article taking as reference the sme context discusses the reasons for implementing environmentally friendly systems both ethics and business seem to be relevant and therefore a certain balance between market and interventionism seems to be necessary

wages rents and the quality of life this study focuses on the role of wages and rents in allocating workers to locations with various quantities of amenities the theory demonstrates that if the amenity is also productive then the sign of the wage gradient is unclear while the rent gradient is positive the theory is extended to include the housing market and nontraded goods these extensions require little modification of the conclusion the empirical work on wages shows that the regional wage differences can be explained largely by these local attributes with the use of site price data implicit prices are estimated and quality of life rankings for the cities are computed

attenuation bias in measuring the wage impact of immigration although economic theory predicts an inverse relation between relative wages and immigration induced supply shifts it has been difficult to document such effects the weak evidence may be partly due to sampling error in a commonly used measure of the supply shift the immigrant share of the workforce after controlling for permanent factors that determine wages in specific labor markets little variation remains in the immigrant share we find significant sampling error in this measure of supply shifts in canadian and u s census data correcting for the resulting attenuation bias can substantially increase existing estimates of the wage impact of immigration

this job is getting old measuring changes in job opportunities using occupational age structure high and low wage occupations are expanding rapidly relative to middle wage occupations in both the u s and the e u we study the reallocation of workers from middle skill occupations towards the tails of the occupational skill distribution by analyzing changes in age structure within and across occupations because occupations typically expand by hiring young workers and contract by curtailing such hiring we posit that growing occupations will get younger while shrinking occupations will get old after verifying this proposition we apply this observation to local labor markets in the u s to test whether markets that were specialized in middle skilled occupations in 1980 saw a differential movement of both older and younger workers into occupations at the tails of the skill distribution over the subsequent 25 years consistent with aggregate trends employment in initially middle skill intensive labor markets hollowed out between 1980 and 2005 employment losses among non college workers in the middle of the occupational skill distribution were almost entirely countered by employment growth in lower tail occupations for college workers employment losses at the middle were offset in roughly equal measures by gains in the upper and lower tails of the occupational skill distribution but gains at the upper tail were almost entirely limited to young college workers consequently older college workers are increasingly found in lower skill lower paying occupations this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

the effect of migration on wages evidence from a natural experiment the objective of this paper is to employ the hurricane katrina evacuation into houston tx as a natural experiment to estimate the effect of large scale in migration on regional earnings given the characteristics of the evacuees their influx would have caused the supply of applicants for lower skilled jobs to increase proportionately more than for higher skilled jobs we utilize a differences in differences in differences methodology in which we compare differences in average earnings in the low skill non traded goods industries to the corresponding differences in the set of high skill industries in the houston and dallas fort worth msas before and after the katrina induced migration unlike previous studies we include a measure of the post storm increase in demand for local goods and services on the demand for labor we find evidence that the relative average payroll in the low skill non tradable goods industries in houston decreased by 7 when compared to the relative change for the same group of industries in dallas our findings also suggest that failure to account for demand side influences following the migration results in significant under estimation of wage effects due to the shift in labor supply

timing is everything short run population impacts of immigration in us cities abstract we provide the first analysis of the short run causal impact of immigrant inflows on native populations at the local labor market level using published statistics from the american community surveys of 2000 2010 we examine how immigrant inflow shocks to a metropolitan area affect native populations we find that immigrant inflows are associated with increases in local native populations on an annual basis but that these ols estimates are generally upward biased our iv results are purged of this bias but we still find that an additional immigrant increases the low skill native population by 0 4 0 7 in the concurrent period to explain this result we show that immigrant inflows lead to declines in outflows of low skill natives from affected msas this is most pronounced in msas from which relocation is arguably more costly which may disproportionately affect the low skilled we find short run responses among high skill natives that are consistent with displacement the decline in high skilled native populations is driven by high skilled immigrant inflows and high skilled outflows increase from affected msas we show that these short run changes are obscured in specifications using longer run population changes and conclude that the short run impact of immigrants on native populations differs markedly from their longer run impact

the alaskan labor market during the pipeline era built between 1974 and 1977 the trans alaska pipeline was the largest privately financed construction project in world history the alaskan labor market during the pipeline era provides an ideal opportunity to view labor market responses to a large anticipated and temporary shock to labor demand the paper presents several theoretical models of market responses to temporary demand shocks and then assesses the ability of each model to explain the alaskan data among the findings are that alaskan wages were very flexible labor supply was quite elastic on both the intensive hours per worker and extensive number of workers margins and even a major short run demand shock need not have a long run impact

the sa8000 social certification standard literature review and theory based research agenda social accountability 8000 sa8000 was one of the first auditable social standards aimed at promoting labor rights for workers around the world this certification is currently considered the most important in the field of corporate social responsibility csr after approximately 15 years of research on sa8000 we provide the first literature review on this topic we analyze 56 scientific papers that address key issues concerning sa8000 including the advantages of the adoption of the ethical certification and the obstacles to adoption and management and provide a comparison with iso 9001 and iso 14001 standards and with other csr standards and codes of conduct papers are coded following a deductive inductive approach and classified by year of publication publication outlet research focus methodology underpinning theory if any unit of analysis sample size industry and country building on literature findings we identify various research gaps stemming from the scarcity of empirical research and the weakness of theoretical foundations in particular we highlight the lack of evidence on the impact of organizational level factors on the adoption of the standard on the extent of the trade off if any between positive and negative outcomes of sa8000 and the failure to identify moderators of the relation between antecedents and sa8000 adoption and or between adoption and outcomes finally we propose a theory based research agenda on sa8000 for om scholars based on transaction cost economics agency and neo institutional theories and focused on three classes of relevant problems governance structure under sa8000 risk sharing between buyers and suppliers and effects on operational performance

the marketing challenge towards being profitable and socially responsible this article reviews the history of marketing thought in relation to social responsibility and business ethics the main objective of the article is to show that business can be profitable and socially responsible at the same time by practising the societal marketing concept more specifically it presents the development of a marketing philosophy discusses the influence of consumerism on the marketing concept and deals with ethics and social responsibility in marketing it is argued that organisations who adopt the societal marketing concept will be the ones most likely to make long run profits as well as be beneficial to society as a whole

linking environmental accounting to reward systems the case of the environmental profit and loss account abstract this article aims to analyse how environmental accounting instruments can be linked to corporate reward systems for motivating a company s employees to embrace more environmentally friendly behaviours to this aim the paper focuses on a specific instrument the environmental profit and loss account that grounds on the idea of complementing the traditional profit and loss account by including figurative revenues and costs associated to the environmental impact of business activities based on the empirical evidence derived from a multinational do it yourself retailing chain the paper discusses how key design choices in the process of development of the environmental profit and loss account should be carried out to use this instrument as an input for the reward system and what problems and criticisms this choice implies in so doing the paper contributes to fill a gap in the state of the art literature that so far has given limited attention to the problem of linking environmental accounting instruments to corporate reward systems based on the case analysis the paper concludes with some guidelines concerning the key aspects that should be taken into consideration for this prospect use alignment with the company s strategy definition of quantitative and common objectives integration with other human resource practices and possible connection to monetary rewards then for each aspect the paper discusses the rise of potential trade offs between completeness and controllability of the included items environmental and economic performance cost and precision of the system itself

immigration and wage dynamics evidence from the mexican peso crisis how does the us labor market absorb low skilled immigration i address this question using the 1995 mexican peso crisis an exogenous push factor that raised mexican migration to the us in the short run high immigration states see their low skilled labor force increase and native low skilled wages decrease with an implied local labor demand elasticity of 7 internal relocation dissipates this shock spatially in the long run the only lasting consequences are for low skilled natives who entered the labor force in high immigration years a simple quantitative many region model allows me to obtain the counterfactual local wage evolution absent the immigration shock

performance evaluation and a flow allocation decision model for a sustainable supply chain of an apparel industry abstract there is a growing concern that business enterprises and their supply chains focus primarily on economic activities and ignore their impact on the environment and society this paper aims to help decision makers managers and practitioners to achieve economic growth societal development and environmental protection by developing sustainable supply chain performance measures and proposes a partner selection and flow allocation decision making model survey data from 278 business organizations from the indian apparel industry supply chain network were used and an integrated method of structural equation modeling fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy multi objective linear programming was applied to the proposed model the results of the structural equation modeling analysis indicate that the survey respondents considered sustainable production performance to be of prime importance which thus indicates its significance in developing a sustainable supply chain for the apparel industry to illustrate the use of the proposed model for partner selection and flow allocation decision making real time data from an apparel manufacturer are presented optimal results were obtained for two strategies sustainability and cost saving to show a cost benefit trade off when developing a sustainable supply chain using comparative performance a decision maker can choose an appropriate strategy based on cost benefit analysis of the presented trade offs

the effect of low skilled immigration on u s prices evidence from cpi data i exploit the large variation across u s cities and through time in the relative size of the low skilled immigrant population to estimate the causal effect of immigration on prices of nontraded goods and services using an instrumental variables strategy i find that at current immigration levels a 10 percent increase in the share of low skilled immigrants in the labor force decreases the price of immigrant intensive services such as housekeeping and gardening by 2 percent wage equations suggest that lower wages are a likely channel through which these effects take place however wage effects are significantly larger for low skilled immigrants than for low skilled natives implying that the two are imperfect substitutes

how can responsible family ownership be sustained across generations a family social capital approach responsible family ownership rfo is a combination of the family s commitment to the family firm s ff s stakeholders in the long term and the explicit behaviour of the family members associated with the firm however families are not individuals but rather a system of relationships among family members in such a context misunderstandings in communication anachronistic mentalities and different value systems can block the intergenerational transmission of rfo consequently the responsibility of the family towards the ff s stakeholders may be damaged and the firm s socially responsible behaviour hindered this paper aims to identify how rfo is transferred across generations and to ascertain the role that family social capital fsc plays in preserving the transmission of rfo from generation to generation our research is based on three in depth case studies of mexican family owned small and medium sized enterprises first the paper identifies and contrasts a set of fsc specific factors and problems which play a relevant role in the transmission of rfo while recognizing the influence of the mutually reinforcing dynamics of fsc dimensions secondly the family s honourableness a lander in j bus ethics 116 4 751 767 2013 is identified as a key driver for sustaining the transmission of rfo finally the paper identifies rfo institutionalization required to face the intrinsic problems of transmitting rfo in growing families

the geography of trade and technology shocks in the united states abstract this paper explores the geographic overlap of trade and technology shocks across local labor markets in the united states regional exposure to technological change as measured by specialization in routine task intensive production and clerical occupations is largely uncorrelated with regional exposure to trade competition from china while the impacts of technology are dispersed throughout the united states the impacts of trade tend to be more geographically concentrated owing in part to the spatial agglomeration of labor intensive manufacturing our findings highlight the feasibility of separately identifying the impacts of recent changes in trade and technology on us regional economies

income maximization and the selection and sorting of international migrants abstract two prominent features of international labor movements are that the more educated are more likely to emigrate positive selection and more educated migrants are more likely to settle in destination countries with high rewards to skill positive sorting using data on emigrant stocks by schooling level and source country in oecd destinations we find that a simple model of income maximization can account for both phenomena results on selection show that migrants for a source destination pair are more educated relative to non migrants the larger is the absolute skill related difference in earnings between the destination country and the source results on sorting indicate that the relative stock of more educated migrants in a destination is increasing in the absolute earnings difference between high and low skilled workers we use our framework to compare alternative specifications of international migration estimate the magnitude of migration costs by source destination pair and assess the contribution of wage differences to how migrants sort themselves across destination countries

searching for the effect of immigration on the labor market we compare two approaches to analyzing the effects of immigration on the labor market and find that the estimated effect of immigration on u s native labor outcomes depends critically on the empirical experiment used area analyses contrast the level or change in immigration by area with the level or change in the outcomes of non immigrant workers factor proportions analyses treat immigrants as a source of increased national supply of workers of the relevant skill the different effects of immigration on native outcomes in the area and factor proportions methodologies appear to result from the diluting effect of native migration flows across regions and failure to take adequate account of other regional labor market conditions in area comparisons excerpt

measuring corporate social responsibility for competitive success at a regional level abstract the relevance of corporate social responsibility in the business world is enhanced by its linkage with other variables of strategic nature in the firm s activity for this purpose the objective of the paper is to define an overall scale to cover their different dimensions social economic and environmental by analyzing the cause effect relations with performance and competitive success this under researched topic has been studied in a sample of 67 medium and big firms within a specific regional context a pioneer region in europe which is starting to promote responsible business behaviour by the regional government for that structural equation methodology based on partial least squares path modelling has been applied the results show the positive direct and significant effect of social responsibility orientation of firms to competitive success and the mediating effect of performance the established set of indicators that define corporate social responsibility provides a simple and useful guidance for responsible actions implementation to upgrade regional competitive success

shift share designs theory and inference we study inference in shift share regression designs such as when a regional outcome is regressed on a weighted average of sectoral shocks using regional sector shares as weights we conduct a placebo exercise in which we estimate the effect of a shift share regressor constructed with randomly generated sectoral shocks on actual labor market outcomes across u s commuting zones tests based on commonly used standard errors with 5 nominal significance level reject the null of no effect in up to 55 of the placebo samples we use a stylized economic model to show that this overrejection problem arises because regression residuals are correlated across regions with similar sectoral shares independent of their geographic location we derive novel inference methods that are valid under arbitrary cross regional correlation in the regression residuals we show using popular applications of shift share designs that our methods may lead to substantially wider confidence intervals in practice

sustainability performance for brazilian electricity power industry an assessment integrating social economic and environmental issues the increased pressure on companies to address sustainability issues has resulted in the development of several voluntary corporate sustainability integration approaches the array of existing approaches is large and overwhelming resulting in companies not understanding what corporate sustainability really means for their businesses considering environmental economic and social issues this paper aims at assessing the performance of the brazilian electricity power industry in terms of its sustainability performance an analysis of global reporting initiative gri indicators for the energy sector lead to an assessment of its sustainability performance by applying data envelopment analysis dea specified with a directional distance function ddf five scenarios were created i flexible weights ii triple bottom line iii social issues iv economic issues and v environmental issues with considering i flexibility weights almost all companies are efficient we also found a significant difference when we compared i with the other four scenarios ii iii iv and v taking into account the triple bottom line scenario ii the results indicate that companies were less efficient when compared with the flexible weights scenario i taking into account the last three scenarios iii iv and v only four companies were considered as providing top benchmarks in sustainability performance

money income and causality the japanese case sims 20 provided evidence of a unidirectional causal relationship running from the money supply to nominal income with u s data by a statistical test now called sims s test however williams goodhart and gowland 21 derived an ambiguous result using u k data namely the possibility of a weak unidirectional causal relationship running from income to money to resolve these apparently inconsistent findings putnam and wilford 18 considered the role of the pound and the dollar in the world market that is the u s can control its own money supply since the dollar serves as a reserve currency under a fixed exchange rate regime while the u k cannot since the price level in the u k is determined in the world market and the u k money supply is adjusted accordingly as individuals in the u k seek to maintain their equilibrium money balances thus according to their analysis it is only in the u s that money can cause income while in other countries money and income are simultaneously determined further testing mundell s theoretical implication 12 that monetary policy cannot affect income but rather income fluctuations produce accommodating monetary flows 11 24 mills and wood found a unidirectional causal relationship running from income to money for the u k for the gold standard period 1870 1914 1 on the other hand mehra 9 examined the causal relationship among the variables of the money demand equation while real money demand is exogenously explained by distributed lags of real income and interest rates the results indicate no conclusive relationship among nominal money demand nominal income interest rates and price as a result he reaffirms the usual practice of inferring the causal structure between two variables within the bivariate distributed lag framework 6 228

exploring the effects of social responsibility on coordination and profit division in a supply chain abstract this paper explores channel coordination and profit division in a socially responsible manufacturer retailer chain through sub game perfect equilibrium and extended alternative offer bargaining the channel members jointly intend to swell stakeholder s welfare by exhibiting corporate social responsibility csr in a proportion it is found that i the channel s non profit maximizing motive through csr practice generates higher profit margin than would the profit maximizing objective ii the manufacturer s wholesale price is below its marginal cost or negative above some thresholds of csr and csr sharing fraction iii the csr and csr sharing fractions are key determining factors for the pure profits of the channel members because variations in choosing these two factors can lead to increment or decrement even negative pure profits on the other hand for the csr manufacturer the wholesale price is less than the marginal cost for csr practice above a threshold and is negative for heavy csr practice though always larger than the marginal cost for the csr retailer so the manufacturer s pure profit may be negative moreover a channel member always prefers the other s csr practice thus in cooperative environment equitable share of csr may be a compromise solution

measuring the labor market impacts of hurricane katrina migration evidence from houston texas hurricane katrina made landfall on the us gulf coast as a category three storm on the morning of august 29 2005 with winds reach ing speeds of 130 miles per hour and storm surges as high as 27 feet katrina caused unprec edented damage along the coasts of alabama mississippi and louisiana unofficial estimates suggest that 100 000 to 150 000 evacuees moved to the houston texas metropolitan area repre senting a 3 to 4 percent increase in the population adrian campo flores 2005 some anecdotal evidence suggests that many evacuees expect to stay in the houston metro area indefinitely 2 katrina disproportionately affected minorities and the disadvantaged thomas gabe et al 2005 find that the evacuees who were most acutely affected by the storm were significantly more likely to be black poor and unemployed and were significantly less educated compared to other evacuees and compared to the nation on average in this paper i examine the effect of the migration of katrina evacuees on the houston metropolitan area labor market using current population survey cps data from september 2000 to august 2006 to quantify the effect of hurricane katrina migration i compare wages and employment before and after the storm among nonevacuees residing in houston or native houstonians and in other metro areas that were not directly or indirectly affected by the storm in addition i allow the effects to vary by gender education and race and ethnicity the existing studies of the effect of immigra tion on the labor market outcomes among native born workers provide a good point of comparison for this analysis see rachel m friedberg and jennifer hunt 1995 and david card 2005 for reviews of this literature in a study similar to this one adriana kugler and mutlu yuksel 2006 find negative employment effects among low educated native workers and positive wage effects among highly educated workers in the us border states after hurricane mitch struck central america in october 1998 more gener ally there are numerous studies that examine the impact of an unexpected increase in the local labor supply due to immigration including papers by card 1990 hunt 1995 william carrington and pedro de lima 1996 and friedberg 2001 collectively these studies find small and insig nificant effects of immigration on local labor market outcomes for native workers other studies estimate the effect of immi gration on local labor markets using varia tion across receiving areas and across time in the immigrant share of the labor force and these studies produce conflicting results card 2001 2005 finds that local labor market out comes for unskilled natives are only marginally affected by immigration while george j borjas 2006 shows that the wage effect of immigra tion increases when the labor market is defined at the national level instead of at the local level since workers are more likely to migrate between localities than between countries in response to increased labor market competition due to immigration however gianmarco i p ottaviano and giovanni perri 2006 argue that by ignoring capital mobility and by assuming that immigrant and native workers are perfect substitutes in the labor market borjas overstates the size of the effect industrial relations section firestone library prince ton university princeton nj 08544 e mail mfifer princeton edu i am grateful to henry f rber elizabeth fussell alan krueger michael rothschild jesse rothstein and cecilia rouse for their guidance and leandro carvalho jason deparle matthew ericson jane fortson and participants at the princeton university graduate labor lunch and public finance working group and at the tulane university disaster and migration conference for helpful comments and suggestions i am responsible for the contents and for all remaining errors 1 jason de parle katrina s tide carries many to hope ful shores new york times april 23 2006 2 susan saulny putting down new roots on more solid ground new york times september 7 2005 simon romero shelters grow empty as apartments open up new york times september 8 2005

assessing the degrowth discourse a review and analysis of academic degrowth policy proposals abstract debates on ecological and social limits to economic growth and new ways to deal with resource scarcity without compromising human well being have re emerged in the last few years central to many of these is a call for a degrowth approach in this paper a framework is developed to support a systematic analysis of degrowth in the academic literature this article attempts to present a clearer notion of what the academic degrowth literature explores by identifying organising and analysing a set of proposals for action retrieved from a selection of articles the framework is applied to classify proposals according to their alignment to ecological economics policy objectives sustainable scale fair distribution and efficient allocation type of approach top down versus bottom up and geographical focus local national or international a total of 128 peer reviewed articles focused on degrowth were reviewed and 54 that include proposals for action were analysed the proposals identified align with three broad goals 1 reduce the environmental impact of human activities 2 redistribute income and wealth both within and between countries and 3 promote the transition from a materialistic to a convivial and participatory society the findings indicate that the majority of degrowth proposals are national top down approaches focusing on government as a major driver of change rather than local bottom up approaches as advocated by many degrowth proponents the most emphasised aspects in the degrowth literature are related to social equity closely followed by environmental sustainability topics such as population growth and the implications of degrowth for developing nations are largely neglected and represent an important area for future research moreover there is a need for a deeper analysis of how degrowth proposals would act in combination

are college graduates more responsive to distant labor market opportunities abstract are highly educated workers better at locating in areas with high labor demand to answer this question i use three decades of u s census data to estimate a mcfadden style model of residential location choice i test for education differentials in the likelihood that young workers reside in states experiencing positive labor demand shocks at the time these workers entered the labor market i find effects of changes in state labor demand on college graduate location choice that are several times greater than for high school graduates nevertheless medium run wage effects of entry labor market conditions for college graduates equal or exceed those of less educated workers

start up sustainability an insurmountable cost or a life giving investment abstract an outstanding question in the entrepreneurship literature reigns given recent emphases on sustainable business practices and corporate social responsibility if small start ups are generally stretched for time and resources does it enhance their chances for survival and success to be sustainable and socially responsible new firms can aid in rectifying pressing environmental and social issues by being more sustainable while many entrepreneurs like a sustainable business model and or mission investment may not follow so willingly this paper examines a sample of 300 start ups across thirty cities around the world to consider whether sustainability is rewarded by investors investors signal confidence in start ups when they infuse life extending investments into them this analysis also considers whether a more sustainable national context affects investor confidence and whether a sustainable firm within a sustainable national context gains more investor attention and investment results show that investors avoid sustainable firms particularly those that are environmentally sustainable moreover investors enjoy national contexts that are socially responsible but pay no attention to those that are environmentally conscious in addition firms that are sustainable in a sustainable national context are not better off for attracting investment insights for policy are that mainstream investors are attracted by national social policies but these investors are unlikely to be the main force behind sustainable venture growth under today s conditions

the economic effects of a citywide minimum wage this paper presents the first study of the economic effects of a citywide minimum wage san francisco s adoption of an indexed minimum wage set at 8 50 in 2004 and 9 14 by 2007 compared to earli

revisiting the minimum wage employment debate throwing out the baby with the bathwater we revisit the minimum wage employment debate which is as old as the department of labor in particular we assess new studies claiming that the standard panel data approach used in much of the new minimum wage research is flawed because it fails to account for spatial heterogeneity these new studies use research designs intended to control for this heterogeneity and conclude that minimum wages in the united states have not reduced employment we explore the ability of these research designs to isolate reliable identifying information and test the untested assumptions in this new research about the construction of better control groups our evidence points to serious problems with these research designs we conclude that the evidence still shows that minimum wages pose a tradeoff of higher wages for some against job losses for others and that policymakers need to bear this tradeoff in mind when making decisions about increasing the minimum wage

measuring corporate citizenship in two countries the case of the united states and france based on an extensive review of the literature and field surveys the paper proposes a conceptualization and operationalization of corporate citizenship meaningful in two countries the united states and france a survey of 210 american and 120 french managers provides support for the proposed definition of corporate citizenship as a construct including the four correlated factors of economic legal ethical and discretionary citizenship the managerial implications of the research and directions for future research are discussed

assessing social risks of global supply chains a quantitative analytical approach and its application to supplier selection in the german automotive industry abstract risk management in supply chains has gained increasing attention over the last years at the same time the pressure to consider social issues in global and interconnected supply chains has risen as well these issues pose risk to supply chains since their occurrence may cause adverse stakeholder reaction through e g reputational losses despite the growing importance of supplier management as a key process within supply chains and the frequently articulated demand for a quantitative assessment of associated risks such approaches are missing so far thus the aim of this paper is to develop a model to efficiently estimate and assess social risks along global supply chains for this purpose leontief s input output model is combined with country risks and sector specific labour intensities in addition a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process is used to weigh the various considered social risks thereby the focus is on the upstream supply chain of actors in a supply chain the approach is developed generally opening the possibility of adaption to different types of input output data bases and using different social risks discussed in social life cycle assessment the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process facilitates the operational application in companies where different people with differing preferences are involved e g in procurement decisions the model is applied to a case study of a german premium car manufacturer to demonstrate and validate the approach it is shown how based on the developed model the assessment of supply chains risks can be carried out the approach allows an assessment of the supply chain as a whole i e considering all upstream tiers and of specific tiers furthermore a sensitivity analysis with regard to the obtained weights is conducted to verify the final aggregative risk values the results show that there are huge differences in the social risks associated with different suppliers as well as different risk structures along the n tier chain this helps prioritizing any projects with the aim to improve the living and working conditions in summary the model has a great benefit for practitioners in purchasing functions of focal companies and can be a helpful tool to support the efficient handling of social issues along supply chains at the same time its academic contributions lie in extending the life cycle sustainability analysis through a multi regional socially extended input output model seio for social risk assessment in sustainable supply chain management

assessing inherent model bias an application to native displacement in response to immigration abstract there is a long standing debate among academics about the effect of immigration on native internal migration decisions if immigrants displace natives this may indicate a direct cost of immigration in the form of decreased employment opportunity for native workers moreover displacement would also imply that cross region analyses of wage effects systematically underestimate the consequences of immigration the widespread use of such area studies for the us and other countries makes it especially important to know whether a native internal response to immigration truly occurs this paper introduces a microsimulation methodology to test for inherent bias in regression models that have been used in the literature we show that some specifications have built biases into their models thereby casting doubt on the validity of their results we then provide a brief empirical analysis with a panel of observed us state by skill data together our evidence argues against the existence of native displacement this implies that cross region analyses of immigration s effect on wages are still informative

immigration and inequality immigration is often viewed as a proximate cause of the rising wage gap between highand low skilled workers nevertheless there is controversy over the appropriate theoretical and empirical framework for measuring the presumed effect and over the precise magnitudes involved this paper offers an overview and synthesis of existing knowledge on the relationship between immigration and inequality focusing on evidence from cross city comparisons in the u s while some researchers have claimed that a cross city research design is inherently flawed i argue that the evidence from cross city comparisons is remarkably consistent with recent findings based on aggregate time series data in particular cross city and aggregate time series comparisons provide support for three key conclusions 1 workers with below high school education are perfect substitutes for those with a high school education 2 high school equivalent and college equivalent workers are imperfect substitutes with an elasticity of substitution on the order of 2 3 within education groups immigrants and natives are imperfect substitutes together these results imply that the average impacts of recent immigrant inflows on the relative wages of u s natives are small the effects on overall wage inequality including natives and immigrants are larger reflecting the concentration of immigrants in the tails of the skill distribution and higher residual inequality among immigrants than natives even so immigration accounts for a small share 5 of the increase in u s wage inequality between 1980 and 2000

the contribution of environmental and social standards towards ensuring legitimacy in supply chain governance increasingly companies implement social and environmental standards as instruments towards corporate social responsibility csr in supply chains this is based on the assumption that such standards increase legitimacy among stakeholders yet a wide variety of standards with different requirement levels exist and companies might tend to introduce the ones with low exigencies using them as a legitimacy front this strategy jeopardizes the reputation of social and environmental standards among stakeholders and their long term trust in these instruments of csr meaning that all expenses for their implementation are of no avail for the companies therefore this paper highlights which criteria are important for the selection implementation and improvement in order to achieve a company s aim but also to strengthen the legitimacy of social and environmental standards this research is based on conceptual thought and some existing empirical research comparing four different social and environmental standards revealing weaknesses and strengths it exposes the basic conditions for the success of such standards among stakeholders and identifies the need for more empirical data

the corporate social performance financial performance link strategic managers are consistently faced with the decision of how to allocate scarce corporate resources in an environment that is placing more and more pressures on them recent scholarship in strategic management suggests that many of these pressures come directly from sources associated with social issues in management rather than traditional arenas of strategic management using a greatly improved source of data on corporate social performance this paper reports the results of a rigorous study of the empirical linkages between financial and social performance corporate social performance csp is found to be positively associated with prior financial performance supporting the theory that slack resource availability and csp are positively related csp is also found to be positively associated with future financial performance supporting the theory that good management and csp are positively related 1997 by john wiley sons ltd