do minority white unemployment differences really exist we develop a model of labor force status federal employment nonfederal employment unemployment and out of the labor force that depends on human capital variables local labor market conditions and personal characteristics according to the estimated model for white non hispanic males and females a substantial difference exists between blacks and white non hispanics even after correction for the control variables however the control variables explain almost all of the difference between hispanics and white non hispanics

social influence and mne strategic response to political risk a global network approach abstract according to the conventional view of mne host country relations mnes faced with political risk condition their strategic responses on each party s relative power positions or bargaining influence drawing insight from network theory institutional theory and international relations research i argue that firm sensitivity to political risk is contingent upon a complementary concept social influence social influence arises through the mutual embeddedness of mne and host government in a complex global network of nations to test my hypotheses i construct a global network of trade relations that i combine with a unique transaction level dataset from the global petroleum industry my results demonstrate that social influence as modeled by home host structural equivalence moderates the effects of political risk further my findings provide support for a conceptual and empirical distinction between social influence and the traditional bargaining influence examined in the literature

input demand elasticities for heterogeneous labor firm level estimates and an investigation into the effects of aggregation labor economists have paid increasing attention to the estimation of demand elasticities for heterogeneous labor the majority of these studies investigate the effect on wage rates resulting from exogenous changes in factor quantities i e the measurement of elasticities of complementarity examples of these studies abound borjas for example investigates the impact of differences in labor market representation on the earnings of racial groups 8 in another paper borjas defines immigrants as a separate labor group and is able to determine the impact of immigration on the wages earned by natives 9 berger defines labor inputs along education and gender lines thereby allowing for the investigation of changes in the age education composition of the work force on wage rates 5 and grant and hamermesh study the effect of increasing female labor force participation on the wages earned by youth and adults 17 less attention has been paid to the study of the responsiveness of employment to exogenous changes in wage rates i e the measurement of elasticities of substitution less attention has been focused on this issue because the data requirements are more stringent since in order to presume that wage rates are exogenously determined the unit of observation must be small ideally establishmentor firm level data would be used the relative inaccessibility of these type of data has led researchers to use more aggregated figures such as smsa level or industry level data to address microissues as long as wage rates are determined exogenously the unit of observation chosen is appropriate there are real concerns however about the adequacy of more aggregated units to describe the behavior of firms 2 this study addresses the issue of whether micro level data are in fact needed to accurately measure elasticities of substitution among labor groups a firm level data set that includes input

labor market competition among youths white women and others we estimate substitution possibilities among a set of age race sex groups in the labor force the estimates are based on cross section data from smsas in 1969 and they allow us to consider how substitutable adult women are for young women or young men the estimates are used along with assumptions about the extent of wage rigidity and elasticities of labor supply to simulate the direct and indirect effects of the growth of the female labor force on job opportunities for youth assuming rigid wages for young workers and on the wage rates of adult males assuming these wages are flexible this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

a ranked voting system using a dea ar exclusion model a note abstract this paper addresses ranked voting systems to determine an ordering of candidates in terms of the aggregate vote by rank for each candidate it is shown that specifying nothing arbitrary we can obtain a total ordering of candidates by using a dea ar data envelopment analysis assurance region exclusion model explaining the evaluation criterion used to rank candidates it is concluded that we may consider the system proposed at least as an alternative to determine an ordering of candidates

the impact of immigration on the human capital of natives implications of the quantity number and quality skill of immigration on the destination economy are analyzed including impacts on value added wages quasi rents rates of return and the skill distribution of the native labor force quantity quality trade offs are considered for both immigrant and native workers medium and long run labor supply responses by natives to immigrant induced changes in wage rates are shown to have second order effects which substantively affect the impacts of immigrants the impact of immigration policy depends on the quality as well as quantity of immigrants the time horizon and the speed of factor market adjustment

cultural industries in international business research progress and prospect cultural industries systems of organizations that produce and distribute cultural goods with substantive symbolic aesthetic or artistic value represent an important exciting and complex context that receives growing scholarly attention as the first review of management research on cultural industries this paper aims to provide a systematic synthesis of current research summarizing distinctive characteristics of cultural industries and highlighting research gaps we also illustrate how the unique nature dynamics and evolution of cultural industries provide opportunities to broaden international business theories in four research themes i e internationalization strategy cross border innovation social inclusion in the global economy and emerging market research

the voting analytic hierarchy process method for selecting supplier abstract supplier selection has received extensive attention in supply chain management yahya et al j oper res soc 50 1999 916 930 integrate a collaborative purchasing programme where one of the aims is to select suppliers they illustrate a new approach based on the use of saaty s analytic hierarchy process ahp method that was developed to assist in multi criteria decision making problems in order to decide the total ranking of the suppliers we compare the weighted sum of the selection number of rank vote after determining the weights in a selected rank this investigation presents a novel weighting procedure in place of ahp s paired comparison for selecting suppliers it provides a simpler method than ahp that is called voting analytic hierarchy process but which does not lose the systematic approach of deriving the weights to be used and for scoring the performance of suppliers

labor market effects of language enclaves hispanic men in the united states in a model of a labor market with enclaves of spanish speakers a large enclave provides better jobs for persons lacking skills in english consequently the larger enclave lowers earnings returns to english returns to english also vary with the distribution of english skills among spanish speaking workers returns to english rise if the distribution becomes skewed toward less proficiency in english and fall if it becomes skewed toward more proficiency in english the model has broad implications for the consequences of enclaves the model is tested with an application to hispanic men in the united states using the 1980 census of population empirical results are consistent with theoretical predictions enclaves do reduce the earnings losses associated with limited english skills for hispanic men and increasing the fraction of hispanic men who speak english only does lower the returns to english

how to measure labour market effects of immigration a review abstract this paper surveys available empirical evidence on labour market effects of immigration many different approaches have been used already to try to find out whether immigration hurts the labour market opportunities of natives no doubt new approaches will follow in the future as globalization will keep the migration issue on the agenda this literature review discusses the different approaches concentrating on both the methodology and the results at the end it tries to summarize available evidence

the substitutability of black hispanic and white labor this paper analyzes the extent of labor market competition among blacks hispanics and whites in the united states the specification of a generalized leontief production function leads to an empirically tractable system of input demand functions the estimation of the demand system using the 1976 survey of income and education reveals that a blacks and hispanics are complementary inputs b hispanics and whites may also be complements and c blacks and whites are not complements and may be substitutes

an alternative approach to monetary aggregation in dea this paper proposes a set of alternative dea based money indices that are proved to be both theoretically and empirically competing monetary aggregates since they perform as good as the divisia aggregates based on all the results concerning causality forecasting and money demand we conclude that dea money aggregates prove to be at least competing alternatives to the divisia aggregates and hence suggest that these new aggregates may be considered along with the existing weighted monetary aggregates like the divisia ones given the inherent benefit of the doubt weighting mechanism underlying the dea models where the optimal weight assigned by dea to each monetary asset reflects the ongoing financial innovation and the reserve bank of india s policy priority in the distribution of total liquidity we feel that the dea money indices can truly capture the liquidity better with ongoing financial innovations in the economy

immigrants minorities and labor market competition this paper investigates the extent of labor market competition among immigrants minorities and the native population an analysis of 1980 u s census data reveals that immigrants tend to be substitutes for some labor market groups and complements for others the effects of shifts in immigrant supply on the earnings of native born men are however very small on the other hand increases in the supply of immigrants do have a sizable impact on the earnings of immigrants themselves an increase of 10 percent in the supply of immigrants for example reduces the immigrant wage by about 10 percent

country level institutions and management earnings forecasts using a comprehensive sample hand collected from the original texts of management earnings forecasts from 27 countries we provide descriptive evidence on the country level institutional determinants and economic consequences of forecast characteristics using principal component factors constructed from a number of country level institutional variables we find that forecast disaggregation frequency precision and attribution vary significantly with the business and accounting environment of a country we further document that better quality management forecasts are generally associated with stronger stock market reactions and higher investment efficiency together our findings suggest that country level institutions play a vital role in voluntary disclosure characteristics

impact of informal institutions on the prevalence strategy and performance of family firms a meta analysis family controlled firms fcfs prevalence strategies and performance differ across countries we explain these differences through the lens of informal institutions suggesting that different countries have different levels of appreciation for family business to capture this effect we introduce the construct of family business legitimacy fbl and an associated index fbli we empirically measure fbli scores for 83 countries spanning both developed and emerging economies by combining meta analytic and archival data we show that fcfs prevail follow unique strategies and outperform non fcfs in countries with high fbli scores as a new contingency variable fbl advances the literature on the informal institutional embeddedness of organizations and family business

fixed cost and resource allocation based on dea cross efficiency abstract in many managerial applications situations frequently occur when a fixed cost is used in constructing the common platform of an organization and needs to be shared by all related entities or decision making units dmus it is of vital importance to allocate such a cost across dmus where there is competition for resources data envelopment analysis dea has been successfully used in cost and resource allocation problems whether it is a cost or resource allocation issue one needs to consider both the competitive and cooperative situation existing among dmus in addition to maintaining or improving efficiency the current paper uses the cross efficiency concept in dea to approach cost and resource allocation problems because dea cross efficiency uses the concept of peer appraisal it is a very reasonable and appropriate mechanism for allocating a shared resource cost it is shown that our proposed iterative approach is always feasible and ensures that all dmus become efficient after the fixed cost is allocated as an additional input measure the cross efficiency dea based iterative method is further extended into a resource allocation setting to achieve maximization in the aggregated output change by distributing available resources such allocations for fixed costs and resources are more acceptable to the players involved because the allocation results are jointly determined by all dmus rather than a specific one the proposed approaches are demonstrated using an existing data set that has been applied in similar studies

understanding the structural characteristics of a firm s whole buyer supplier network and its impact on international business performance building on the network theory and the concept of organizational ambidexterity we investigate the impact of structural characteristics of a firm s whole buyer supplier network network density betweenness centralization and average clustering coefficient on its international business ib performance we also explore the moderating roles of average path length and pagerank centrality using a manually collected dataset and a robust empirical methodology we find that while network density is negatively related betweenness centralization and average clustering coefficient have an inverted u shape and a u shaped relationship with ib performance respectively we also find significant moderation effects and in the process we show the economic importance of firms whole buyer supplier network to their ib performance we contribute to the international business and whole buyer supplier network literature

a data envelopment model for aggregating preference rankings this paper presents a general model for aggregating votes from a preferential ballot the thrust of the model is to accord each candidate a fair assessment in terms of his overall standing vis a vis first place second place kth place votes the form of the model is a combined index j 1kwjvij where vij is the number of the jth place votes received by the ith candidate the weights wj are assumed to form a monotonically decreasing sequence with wj wj 1 dj e these constraints correspond to the assurance region ar side constraints in the dea framework the properties of the model are examined in terms of this discrimination intensity function d and in the special case that dj e e our model is shown to be equivalent to the consensus models of borda and kendall

adapting and sustaining operations in weak institutional environments a business ecosystem assessment of a chinese mne in central africa multinational enterprises mnes sometimes pursue opportunities in largely uncharted distinctive institutional environments how do these firms sustain operations in such settings we explore how mnes tailor and maintain operations in institutionally weak precarious and challenging host country environments such as those devastated by conflicts we draw on the business ecosystem framework and analyze a qualitative longitudinal case study of a chinese state owned mne that entered and developed its operations in the democratic republic of congo drc in central africa our findings indicate that after entry the mne sustained its operations in the drc by engaging in collective actions and coevolving with key stakeholders within its business ecosystem these stakeholders included the home and host governments state owned enterprises privately owned enterprises and local communities our qualitative data further suggest that the mne s business ecosystem evolved through three stages exploring establishing and embedding and that within this ecosystem the key stakeholders also coevolved with the mne by adopting new roles over time

the rise of the digital economy rethinking the taxation of multinational enterprises the international tax regime in relation to multinational enterprises mnes is ineffective and a rethink is required we illustrate that the tax avoidance motive of mnes can incentivize managers to locate profits in low tax jurisdictions without affecting the locations of their real operations we also argue that proposals to tax shareholders and consumers rather than corporate profits face significant theoretical and practical obstacles finally we extend a recently proposed model to tax mnes using a sales based allocation of consolidated worldwide profits this aims to prevent mnes shifting profits to low tax jurisdictions and reduces incentives for tax competition between countries

the substitutability of occupational groups using firm level data abstract labor demand elasticity estimates are presented for a model in which labor groups are defined by occupation while most studies construct labor groups according to non productive characteristics such as race or gender the results corroborate much of the existing research

immigration wages and education a labour market equilibrium structural model recent literature analysing wage effects of immigration assumes labour supply is fixed across education experience cells this article departs from this assumption estimating a labour market equilibrium dynamic discrete choice model on u s micro data for 1967 2007 individuals adjust to immigration by changing education participation and or occupation adjustments are heterogeneous 4 2 26 2 of prime aged native males change their careers of them some switch to white collar careers and increase education by about three years others reduce labour market attachment and reduce education also by about three years these adjustments mitigate initial effects on wages and inequality natives that are more similar to immigrants are the most affected on impact but also have a larger margin to adjust and differentiate adjustments also produce a self selection bias in the estimation of wage effects at the lower tail of the distribution which the model corrects