output dynamics in real business cycles models the time series literature reports two stylized facts about output dynamics in the united states gnp growth is positively autocorrelated and gnp appears to have an important trend reverting component this paper investigates whether current real business cycle rbc models are consistent with these stylized facts many rbc models have weak internal propagation mechanisms and must rely on external sources of dynamics to replicate both facts models that incorporate labor adjustment costs are partially successful they endogenously generate positive autocorrelation in output growth but they need implausibly large transitory shocks to match the trend reverting component in output

a multi regional input output analysis of the pollution haven hypothesis from the perspective of global production fragmentation pollution haven hypothesis is an important debate on the environmental effects of international trade the pattern of which has been reshaped obviously by global production fragmentation recently the production process is distributed globally and the pollution haven effect of international trade is becoming more complicated for instance intermediate product trade corresponds to the largest share of embodied emissions and the share of emissions induced by the global value chain related trade is increasing gradually the aim of this paper is to make a comprehensive analysis on the pollution haven hypothesis in carbon emissions embodied in three different trade patterns from global bilateral and national perspectives we propose a method to parcel the pollution haven hypothesis in a multi regional input output analysis and discuss the contribution of production fragmentation for global emissions it is found that international production fragmentation generates global emissions savings the intermediate product trade has a negative balance of avoided emissions the final product trade becomes increasingly less environmentally effective during the period 1995 2009 there are significant differences in the environmental effects of different trade patterns for each country

comparing electricity consumption trends a multilevel index decomposition analysis of the genevan and swiss economy abstract switzerland including the canton of geneva aims to reduce its electricity consumption following its decision to phase out nuclear electricity production to investigate whether national policies and a regional programme both of which aim at improving electricity efficiency may have had an effect we disentangle the effects of changes in economic structure overall economic activity and structure corrected energy intensity scei on the electricity consumption in the canton of geneva and in switzerland on multiple aggregation levels the primary sector being negligibly small we define the economy as the secondary and tertiary sector our analysis shows that changes in electricity consumption in the genevan and swiss economy were mainly caused by changes in activity and scei although structural changes were not negligible specifically we have shown that correcting for structural change may significantly impact comparisons between regional scei trends our analysis shows that economy wide electric energy efficiency improved both in geneva and switzerland this is the case both for the time period 2000 2007 first period before implementation of the energy efficiency programme eep eco21 in geneva and for the period 2008 2014 second period after implementation of the eep excluding 2015 in switzerland the average reductions in scei in the study periods were similar 1 2 per year in the first period and 1 0 per year in the second period the average reduction in scei in geneva was faster in the second period 2 6 per year than in the first period 1 5 per year these findings suggest that national energy efficiency policies that have been in place since 2001 have been effective a strong increase in scei by 4 6 occurred in geneva in 2015 diminishing the gap between the genevan and swiss scei we found that this increase was likely to be caused by weather effects when including the year 2015 the average reduction in scei in the second period was 1 7 for geneva and 1 1 for switzerland moreover we have shown that weather effects were more strongly correlated with scei than with absolute electricity consumption highlighting the importance of correcting for structure and weather effects further weather effects made it difficult to identify contributions from the eep to the reduction of the genevan scei we found that the applicability ida for tracing the effectiveness of eeps needs to be critically assessed in view of data availability confounding influences such as weather effects as well as the maturity and size of the eep

assessing global co2 emission inequality from consumption perspective an index decomposition analysis abstract co2 emission inequality among countries is a key issue in international climate negotiations in view of the growing popularity of the consumption based emission accounting system in climate policy studies analyzing the emission inequality from the consumption perspective can help policymakers design emission abatement scenarios that are fairer to all parties using a new approach based on the theil index and the index decomposition analysis ida technique this paper examines global per capita consumption based emission inequality in 1995 2009 the sources and determinants of both the status and evolution of the emission inequality are quantified the empirical results show that the global emission inequality was sourced mainly from the emerging economies particularly china and india the global inequality decreased at an accelerating rate during the period studied the narrowing disparity among countries in per capita consumption level drove while the expanding disparity in consumption based emission intensity largely hindered the inequality reduction comparing the consumption based emission inequality with that under the production based principle reveals that the latter partly masked the inequality in the distribution of global co2 emissions through production outsourcing more detailed results and discussions are presented

economic growth in a cross section of cities abstract we examine the relationship between urban characteristics in 1960 and urban growth between 1960 and 1990 income and population growth move together and both types of growth are 1 positively related to initial schooling 2 negatively related to initial unemployment and 3 negatively related to the initial share of employment in manufacturing racial composition and segregation are uncorrelated with urban growth across all cities but in cities with large nonwhite communities segregation is positively correlated with population growth government expenditures except for sanitation are uncorrelated with growth government debt is positively correlated with later growth

the energy policy outlets for community acceptance of ecological investment in china abstract policy implication about satisfactions of energy use and housing are much sensitive to social discount rate changes which can increase the dissatisfaction of residential happiness because of an increasing price mechanism when per capita resource faces to decline we thus estimate the private expected rates of return on ecological investment to improve urban and peri urban environmental infrastructures are about to 7 54 and 18 37 respectively the endogeneities of income and saving rise can increase the uncertain part of private discount rate up to a higher estimated subjective social discount rate about 14 46 for urban or 8 86 for peri urban environmental infrastructures improvement the estimated time preference rate can be raised from 1 to 1 72 the prediction of these estimated private discount rate can ease at least 20 of the dissatisfaction to energy use and 10 of the dissatisfaction to housing conditions therefore we suggest opening the landscape rights to individual willingness to invest and providing options to let people pay a part of their pensions for temporal permits to living in some well served villages where are close to the places with advanced environmental amenities and being supported by central planning policy via the crowdfunding operation for improving environmental quality

earnings functions when wages and prices vary by location economists generally assume implicitly that the return to schooling is invariant across local labor markets we demonstrate that this outcome pertains if and only if preferences are homothetic a special case that seems unlikely our theory predicts that returns to education will instead be relatively low in expensive high amenity locations our analysis of u s data provides support for this contention returns to college are especially low in such cities as san francisco and seattle our findings call into question standard empirical exercises in labor economics that treat the returns to education as a single parameter

index decomposition analysis applied to co2 emission studies index decomposition analysis ida was first extended from energy consumption to energy related co2 emission studies in 1991 since then many studies have been reported covering various countries and emission sectors however unlike the case of energy consumption studies a comprehensive literature survey that focuses specifically on emission studies has so far not been reported in this paper we attempt to fill this gap by reviewing 80 papers appearing in peer reviewed journals from 1991 to 2012 in this application area the first part of this paper deals with the developments with regard to the ida approaches used by researchers and the scope and focus of their studies in the second part the empirical results reported in the surveyed studies are analyzed consolidated and presented by emission sector the objective is to reveal the relative contributions of key effects on changes in the aggregate carbon intensity and this is done by emission sector and by country the findings of both parts are useful in understanding the development of ida in the application area of emission study as well as the key drivers of aggregate carbon intensities in the past and their possible future developments

industrial reallocation across us cities 1977 1997 abstract between 1977 and 1997 us employment shifted dramatically in favor of industries that used skilled labor intensively during this same period some cities withered while others prospered this paper examines employment growth in 39 industries across 316 cities to evaluate the importance of learning by doing industry specific location fundamentals human capital externalities and hiring cost explanations in these geographic shifts growth in industries that used skill intensively was particularly sensitive to the presence of local human capital that growth was almost always negatively related to the initial size of the industry within the city implies a limited role for learning by doing and industry specific location fundamentals stories

carbon transfer within china insights from production fragmentation abstract production fragmentation not only reshapes trade patterns but also reallocates trade related emissions this study employs china s multi regional input output tables for 2007 2010 and 2012 to explore the effect of production fragmentation on virtual carbon trade derived from three trade patterns i e final goods trade intermediate goods trade for the final stage of production and value chain related trade results showed that inter provincial trade within china reduced the national carbon emissions by 208 mt and 114 mt in 2007 and 2012 the first two trade patterns contributed to the reduction while value chain related trade resulted in carbon growth the four trillion yuan stimulus package promoted the development of energy intensive industries while inter provincial trade increased national carbon emissions by 247 mt in 2010 moreover this study revealed a list of provinces trade patterns and sectors with the high carbon reduction potential

long term changes in co2 emissions in austria and czechoslovakia identifying the drivers of environmental pressures this study presents fossil fuel related co2 emissions in austria and czechoslovakia current czech republic and slovakia for 1830 2000 the drivers of co2 emissions are discussed by investigating the variables of the standard kaya identity for 1920 2000 and conducting a comparative index decomposition analysis proxy data on industrial production and household consumption are analysed to understand the role of the economic structure co2 emissions increased in both countries in the long run czechoslovakia was a stronger emitter of co2 throughout the time period but per capita emissions significantly differed only after world war i when czechoslovakia and austria became independent the difference in co2 emissions increased until the mid 1980s the period of communism in czechoslovakia explained by the energy intensity and the composition effects and higher industrial production in czechoslovakia counterbalancing factors were the income effect and household consumption after the velvet revolution in 1990 czechoslovak co2 emissions decreased and the energy composition effect and industrial production lost importance despite their different political and economic development austria and czechoslovakia reached similar levels of per capita co2 emissions in the late 20th century neither austrian eco efficiency nor czechoslovak restructuring have been effective in reducing co2 emissions to a sustainable level

embodied energy and intensity in china s normal and processing exports and their driving forces 2005 2015 abstract international trade has important impacts on a country s energy consumption this paper first uses the time series 2005 2015 extended input output database to study china s embodied energy and intensity in both normal and processing exports structural decomposition analysis sda is then applied to analyze the driving forces behind the embodiment changes the empirical results show that china s energy embodied in both normal and processing exports first increased in 2005 2008 dropped in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and then rose again after 2009 and finally dropped in 2014 2015 the embodied energy in trade as a percentage of total energy consumption in china was relatively stable before and after the global financial crisis at around 28 over the 2005 2008 period and 22 over the 2009 2015 period the contribution of the aggregate embodied intensity aei of exports to china s aggregate energy intensity dropped from 30 in 2005 to 21 in 2015 among china s trading partners the united states japan and korea together accounted for around half of china s embodied energy and aei in exports in 2005 but their shares dropped to only one third in 2015 energy efficiency improvement played the key role in reducing the embodied energy and intensity in china s exports similar analysis can be applied to other regions and indicators

demand contributors and driving factors of singapore s aggregate carbon intensities abstract singapore is an island city state it lacks conventional energy resources and is alternative energy disadvantaged yet its aggregate carbon intensity given by the ratio of carbon emissions to gdp dropped by 30 from 2005 to 2014 currently it has a relatively low carbon intensity using i o analysis we study singapore s aggregate carbon intensity and the factors contributing to its changes at different levels i e final demand sector and transmission levels it is found that domestic exports accounted for nearly two thirds of singapore s aggregate carbon intensity followed by private consumption and investment at the sectoral level the top three contributors were the petroleum petrochemical and land transport sectors improvements in emission intensity and final demand structure were major factors contributing to reductions in carbon intensity our study contributes to the literature in two aspects methodologically it deals with embodied emission intensity and analyzes its changes from the demand perspective this differs from most studies in the literature from the production perspective empirically the findings and policy implications are unique as they are applicable to a major city with urbanization taking place in many developing countries cites role in emissions and environmental sustainability are growing in importance but not many in depth analyses similar to our study have been reported

energy intensity and its determinants in china s regional economies abstract this paper contributes to the existing literature as well as policy debates by examining energy intensity and its determinants in china s regional economies the analysis is based on a comprehensive database of china s regional energy balance constructed for this project through its focus on regional china this study extends the existing literature which mainly covers nationwide studies it is found in this paper that energy intensity declined substantially in china the main contributing factor is the improvement in energy efficiency changes in the economic structure have so far affected energy intensity modestly thus there is considerable scope to reduce energy intensity through the structural transformation of the chinese economy in the future

common trends and drivers of co2 emissions and employment a decomposition analysis in the industrial sector of selected european union countries the countries of the european union face the challenge of reversing the declining role of industry and achieving their targets for sustainable development combining industrial growth with fewer environmental repercussions and more jobs this paper uses a decomposition analysis in order to quantify the effect of the driving factors on two indicators of sustainable industrial development co2 emissions and employment in five european union countries during 2000 2011 the decomposition method applied is the log mean divisia index i and the models developed comprise some common or closely related driving factors the parallel investigation of the factors affecting the two indicators offers useful insights into relevant complementary and or antithetical effects the timeframe of the study is divided into two time periods before and after the start of the economic crisis 2000 2007 and 2007 2011 respectively this time division enables the evaluation of the impacts of the economic crisis directly on the drivers and indirectly on the two indicators it was deduced that in both time periods the two main drivers of industrial co2 emissions and employment were economic growth and resource intensity which counterbalance each other structural changes appeared to have a rather marginal effect even if the general tendency was the expansion of less energy labour intensive sectors finally changes in the fuel mix used in industry were beneficial to emissions reduction in all the examined countries especially in the second time period the results obtained show that the examined eu countries have not found a solid path towards sustainable and inclusive industrial development yet the stronger economies seem to move faster to this direction though

learning by doing and aggregate fluctuations does the form of the accumulation technology matter abstract several authors have identified learning by doing as a mechanism capable of generating the endogenous propagation of shocks in rbc models it is shown that this endogenous propagation mechanism depends upon the dynamic structure associated with learning rather than any functional form assumptions on the accumulation technology

carbon emission intensity in electricity production a global analysis we study changes in the aggregate carbon intensity aci for electricity at the global and country levels the aci is defined as the energy related co2 emissions in electricity production divided by the electricity produced it is a performance indicator since a decrease in its value is a desirable outcome from the environmental and climate change viewpoints from 1990 to 2013 the aci computed at the global level decreased only marginally however fairly substantial decreases were observed in many countries this apparent anomaly arises from a geographical shift in global electricity production with countries having a high aci increasingly taking up a larger electricity production share it is found that globally and in most major electricity producing countries reduction in their aci was due mainly to improvements in the thermal efficiency of electricity generation rather than to fuel switching estimates of the above mentioned effects are made using lmdi decomposition analysis our study reveals several challenges in reducing global co2 emissions from the electricity production sector although technically the reduction potential for the sector is known to be great

a multi region structural decomposition analysis of global co2 emission intensity abstract this paper studies changes in global and national co 2 emission intensities using the multi region structural decomposition analysis sda technique emission intensities such as the ratio of co 2 emissions to gdp have lately been widely used to characterize national emission performance meanwhile the impact of international trade has been found to be important in global emission accounting it is therefore important to analyze changes in emission intensities by taking trade into consideration in this study we first propose two sda models one at the global level and the other at the country level to quantify both the domestic and trade related effects on an intensity indicator the models are then used to study changes in global and countries co 2 emission intensities from 2000 to 2009 the results show that sectoral emission efficiency improvement was the main contributor to the slight decrease in global emission intensity during the period while international trade marginally hampered improvement of global emission intensity comparisons of the performance between emerging economies and advanced economies reveal the importance of production structure and final demand structure in emission intensity reduction the policy implications of the findings are presented

wages rents and the quality of life this study focuses on the role of wages and rents in allocating workers to locations with various quantities of amenities the theory demonstrates that if the amenity is also productive then the sign of the wage gradient is unclear while the rent gradient is positive the theory is extended to include the housing market and nontraded goods these extensions require little modification of the conclusion the empirical work on wages shows that the regional wage differences can be explained largely by these local attributes with the use of site price data implicit prices are estimated and quality of life rankings for the cities are computed

measuring human capital divergence in a growing economy abstract the stylized fact that the fraction of workers who are college graduates appears to increase more in us cities where the initial share is larger has attracted significant attention furthermore more educated cities appear to grow faster these two trends could portend the divergence of cities by skill with low skill workers segregated in slow growing or declining cities this paper compares measures of skill divergence and finds that relative measures which have the property of scale invariance show no divergence for the period from 1970 to 2010 in addition the relation between skill intensity and city growth appears to be concave so that differences in the growth rate of skill intensity across cities may diminish over time as the average college share of the country rises

energy intensity developments in 40 major economies structural change or technology improvement this study analyzes energy intensity trends and drivers in 40 major economies using the wiod database a novel harmonized and consistent dataset of input output table time series accompanied by environmental satellite data we use logarithmic mean divisia index decomposition to 1 study trends in global energy intensity between 1995 and 2007 2 attribute efficiency changes to either changes in technology or changes in the structure of the economy and 3 highlight sectoral and regional differences we first show that heterogeneity within each sector across countries is high these general trends within the sectors are dominated by large economies first and foremost the united states in most cases heterogeneity is lower within each country across the different sectors regarding changes of energy intensity at the country level improvements between 1995 and 2007 are largely attributable to technological change while structural change is less important in most countries notable exceptions are japan the united states australia taiwan mexico and brazil where a change in the industry mix was the main driver behind the observed energy intensity reduction

multilevel lmdi decomposition of changes in aggregate energy consumption a cross country analysis in the eu 27 abstract this paper aims at analysing the factors behind the change in aggregate energy consumption in the eu 27 also identifying differences between member states the logarithmic mean divisia index method lmdi is applied to multiplicatively decompose at the country level the variation in aggregate energy consumption in the eu 27 member states for the 2001 2008 period we also analyse the sensitivity of the results when several aggregation levels are considered with energy intensity used as the criterion to aggregate countries this allows us to check robustness of results also enabling an improved understanding of both inter and intra unit effects results indicate that improvements in energy efficiency in the eu 27 were not enough to overcome the pressure of european economic activity on aggregate energy consumption mediterranean countries and especially former communist states increased their energy consumptions most of them favoured by structural change the analysis also reveals that the impact of intra group movements on aggregate energy consumption is partially offset when moving from higher to lower aggregation levels

structural decompositions of energy consumption between 1995 and 2009 evidence from wiod abstract energy is key to achieving sustainable development this paper explicitly distinguishes between the supply side of energy consumption and demand side of energy consumption and investigates the factors that affect the energy consumption across economies using data from the world input output database wiod this paper decomposes the relative changes of energy consumption into intensity effect production structure structural change in final demand total final demand effect and household consumption then it further decomposes production structure into inter industry structural effect and trade effect in intermediate inputs overall energy consumption growth is mainly driven by total final demand 55 04 increase at the world level but can be significantly reduced by intensity effect due to technological change 21 02 decrease at the world level there is heterogeneity of structure related effects across economies and within the same economy in both aspects of energy consumption in addition the trade effect and household effect are relatively small this paper provides an empirical framework for analyzing energy consumption in a globalizing world and suggests tailored and integrated energy policies

a dynamic analysis of investment in process and product innovation with learning by doing this paper investigates the optimal control problem of a monopolist s investments in process and product innovation under learning by doing in a dynamic setting we show that i there exists the saddle stable steady state under monopolist optimum and social optimum ii the learning rates of product and process innovation affect not only the monopolist s process or product innovation investments but also the complementarity substitutability relationship between product and process innovation iii the social incentive towards both product and process innovation is always larger than the private incentive characterizing the profit seeking monopolist these results are valuable complement and development to the results drawn from the standard product and process innovation model

influential factors of carbon emissions intensity in oecd countries evidence from symbolic regression abstract carbon emissions intensity is used as a yardstick to evaluate the relative extent of carbon emissions of a country to reduce carbon emissions intensity it is crucial to find out the dominant factors that enhance it and take actions to manage them this study is an attempt to employ symbolic regression method to explore the most influential factors of carbon emissions intensity in 34 oecd member countries using data from 1995 to 2014 rooted in genetic programming symbolic regression method can explore the inherent functional structures amidst the variables and could discover the influential factors robotically the results confirm that the influential factors of carbon emissions intensity vary from country to country gdp is found as the most frequent and important factor of carbon emissions intensity in 17 countries each of industrialization and technological innovation is the prominent factor in every 4 countries and each of urbanization total population and foreign direct investment plays a pro active role in 3 individual nations based on the empirical results some policy implications are also conferred

cities skills and regional change glaeser e l ponzetto g a m and tobio k cities skills and regional change regional studies one approach to urban areas emphasizes the existence of certain immutable relationships such as zipf s or gibrat s law an alternative view is that urban change reflects individual responses to changing tastes or technologies this paper examines almost 200 years of regional change in the united states and finds that few if any growth relationships remain constant including gibrat s law education does a reasonable job of explaining urban resilience in recent decades but it does not seem to predict county growth a century ago after reviewing this evidence a simple model of regional change is presented and estimated where education increases the level of entrepreneurship human capital spillovers occur at the city level because skilled workers produce more product varieties and thereby increase labour demand it is found that skills are associated with growth in productivity or entrepreneurship not

bigger cakes with fewer ingredients a comparison of material use of the world economy the amount of materials used worldwide in production and consumption increased by 56 from 1995 to 2008 using an index decomposition analysis based on the logarithmic mean divisia index we investigate the drivers of material use both on a global and a country scale we exploit a panel dataset of 40 countries accounting for 75 of worldwide material extraction and 88 of gdp from 1995 to 2008 the results show that economic growth and structural change towards material intensive countries explain most of the growth in global material use slight gains in material efficiency and falling importance of material intensive sectors have decelerating effects the country level analysis reveals substantial heterogeneity some nations exhibit stable or falling material use while it increases notably in most countries improving material efficiency is able to dampen growth of material use in important industrializing nations like china or india

multiplicative structural decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy and emission intensities abstract aggregate intensity indicators such as the ratio of a country s energy and emissions to its gdp are often used by researchers and policymakers to study energy and environmental performance this paper analyzes the relationship between energy or emissions and value added or gdp from a different viewpoint namely from the demand rather than the production perspective using the input output i o framework the aggregate embodied intensity aei defined as the ratio of embodied energy or emissions to embodied value added can be defined at the aggregate final demand category and sectoral levels the total aggregate intensity can be presented as a weighted sum of the aeis at the final demand category or sectoral level changes of the aei at different levels can be decomposed to identify the driving forces using multiplicative sda a study using the latest 2007 and 2012 datasets of china indicates that a its aggregate intensity of co 2 emissions was mainly determined by the aei in investment and b the emission intensity effect generally contributed the most to the aei ratio changes at different levels the proposed framework can be applied to other aggregate intensity indicators and extended to multi country region analysis

the determinants and welfare implications of us workers diverging location choices by skill 1980 2000 abstract from 1980 to 2000 the rise in the us college high school graduate wage gap coincided with increased geographic sorting as college graduates concentrated in high wage high rent cities this paper estimates a structural spatial equilibrium model to determine causes and welfare consequences of this increased skill sorting while local labor demand changes fundamentally caused the increased skill sorting it was further fueled by endogenous increases in amenities within higher skill cities changes in cities wages rents and endogenous amenities increased inequality between high school and college graduates by more than suggested by the increase in the college wage gap alone jel d31 i26 j24 j31 j61 r23

learning by doing and aggregate fluctuations abstract an unresolved issue in business cycle theory is the endogenous propagation of shocks yielding allocations that exhibit the persistence displayed in the data this paper explores the quantitative implications of one propagation mechanism learning by doing whose parameters are estimated using sectoral and plant level observations in the u s which are then integrated into a stochastic growth model with technology shocks we conclude that learning by doing can be a powerful mechanism for generating endogenous persistence moreover learning by doing implies that the employment decision of the representative agent is dynamic which allows a re interpretation of taste shocks or cyclical labor utilization as endogenous labor supply shifts

input output and structural decomposition analysis of singapore s carbon emissions singapore is an island city state it lacks conventional energy resources and is alternative energy disadvantaged in the past decade 2000 2010 its energy related carbon emissions increased from 37 8 to 44 4 million tonnes of co2 this paper analyses the city state s carbon emissions from the demand perspective using the input output i o method and investigate the drivers of emission changes using structural decomposition analysis sda it is the first comprehensive analysis of singapore s emissions using the i o framework the results obtained show that exports accounted for nearly two thirds of its total emissions and growth in its emissions in the last decade was largely export driven emissions increased as export oriented industries and export volume expanded fuel switching and energy efficiency however helped to lower growth in emissions besides exports household related emissions accounted for about a quarter of singapore s total emissions the emissions related to different household groups remained fairly stable as increases in embodied indirect emissions were offset by decreases in direct emissions the high income household group registered the largest increase in direct emissions while the middle income household group registered the largest increase in embodied emissions the policy implications of our findings are discussed

lmdi decomposition approach a guide for implementation since it was first used by researchers to analyze industrial electricity consumption in the early 1980s index decomposition analysis ida has been widely adopted in energy and emission studies lately its use as the analytical component of accounting frameworks for tracking economy wide energy efficiency trends has attracted considerable attention and interest among policy makers the last comprehensive literature review of ida was reported in 2000 which is some years back after giving an update and presenting the key trends in the last 15 years this study focuses on the implementation issues of the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi decomposition methods in view of their dominance in ida in recent years eight lmdi models are presented and their origin decomposition formulae and strengths and weaknesses are summarized guidelines on the choice among these models are provided to assist users in implementation

human capital divergence and the size distribution of cities is gibrat s law obsolete this article studies how the changing geographic distribution of skilled workers in the us affects theoretical models that use gibrat s law to explain the size distribution of cities in the empiri

factor substitution and energy productivity fluctuation in china a parametric decomposition analysis abstract technical research on energy productivity can support government officials as they evaluate practical energy policies for the future this study proposed a parametric method to decompose china s energy productivity rate of change into six factors based on a theoretical stochastic frontier analysis the method was applied to conduct an empirical study using inter provincial panel data in china from 1995 to 2012 the results highlighted three key points first the general rate of change in energy productivity was mainly influenced by a steady positive rate of change in technical progress combined with a steady negative rate of change in technical efficiency the core factors causing fluctuations in energy productivity included a positive rate of change in the substitution of capital and energy and a negative rate of change in the substitution of labor and energy second from a geographic perspective provinces with a high rate of change in technical progress experienced a weaker deterioration in technical efficiency however the rate of change in technical efficiency tends to decline as the rate of change in technical progress increases third there is a similar changing trend between the substitution of capital and energy and the substitution of labor and energy

analysis of co2 emissions in apec countries a time series and a cross sectional decomposition using the log mean divisia method abstract we decompose the changes of co2 emissions in apec countries over time as well as the differences of co2 emissions among three income groups of apec countries at a given period of time based on the logarithmic mean divisia decomposition approach among the major findings of the paper the growth in per capita gdp and population are the two dominant contributors to the increase in co2 emissions in most cases furthermore energy efficiency and fuel switching are found to be the two most promising fields for possible cooperation between apec member countries

a spatial temporal decomposition approach to performance assessment in energy and emissions abstract there has been growing interest among researchers and policymakers in comparing or benchmarking countries on the basis of their performance in energy consumption or energy related co 2 emissions such studies allow variations among countries to be revealed the contributing factors identified and the scope for improvement better understood at the same time tracking changes or quantifying improvements in energy use or emissions over time in a country have long been a focus area of researchers and policy makers to provide a fuller picture on country performance in a multi country study over time it would be of interest to integrate the above mentioned spatial and temporal analyses in a single analysis framework this paper deals with this issue using the technique of index decomposition analysis a spatial temporal approach is introduced and two application cases are presented to illustrate how the approach can be applied the first analyzes variations and changes in the aggregate co 2 intensity of electricity production for ten countries from 1990 to 2010 and the second deals with variations and changes in the aggregate energy intensity for eight economic regions of china from 2002 to 2012 in addition two different ways of presenting the results are introduced our study shows that the proposed approach can supplement studies which are conducted purely on a spatial or temporal basis

towards a sustainable growth in latin america a multiregional spatial decomposition analysis of the driving forces behind co2 emissions changes abstract this paper aims to understand the driving forces behind the growth of co2 emissions in latin america as a region by groups of countries according to their behaviour in terms of growth of income and co2 emissions per capita and by countries during 1990 2013 the main drivers for the latin america region are the activity and the population effects followed by the fossil fuel and the carbonisation effects while the intensity effect is revealed as the only inhibitor the lessons from latin america s group of countries are the following first the necessary decoupling between the growth of co2 emissions and the economic activity has not taken place the population growth also being an important driver effect second the groups of countries with the highest co2 emissions growth show the highest population and fossil fuel effects this latter confirms the scant efforts made to reduce the weight of fossil fuels in the total primary energy supply third the energy intensity has become the most important inhibitor of co2 emissions for those countries that are not able to substitute fossil fuels so easily finally the desirable increase of less pollutant fossil fuels or even the increase of renewable energies has not yet been achieved