exit from the meatpacking industry a microdata analysis we model the determinants of plant exit from the cattle slaughter industry using probit to distinguish between plant level e g age scale and scope and market level e g market share concentration and competitive fringe factors market variables are shown to be less important determinants of exit than plant level factors though a significant tendency for very small plants to exit already highly concentrated markets is apparent government actions to stem the industry s consolidation must consider the trade off between welfare gains from the reduction of market power and welfare losses from foregone technological efficiency improvements

subcontracting and the survival of plants in the road construction industry a panel quantile regression analysis this paper investigates how subcontracting parts of contracted work shapes entrants success and survival we find that newly developed quantile regression approaches can be adapted to study survival of firms competing for government contracts in road construction the method is applied on a data set that includes patterns of firm entry exit and auction related information we find an apparent increase in the business life of firms who subcontract out part of their projects in texas these subcontracting effects appear to be more pronounced for firms with few or no options outside the industry and among firms who contract out part of their work to disadvantaged business enterprises

size and productivity in the u s milling and baking industries from the late 1950s through mid 1990s productivity growth in u s grain milling and feed manufacturing has been consistently strong and positive in grain milling approximately 15 of the growth is due to size economies technical change has been capital using increasingly material saving and in recent years decreasingly labor saving or increasingly labor using the quality of capital has risen relative to that of labor and materials in all but the baking industry capital intensification and incentives for plant size growth remain unabated copyright 2000 oxford university press

equilibrium in auctions with entry the authors model entry incentives in auctions with risk neutral bidders and characterize a symmetric equilibrium in which the number of entrants is stochastic the presence of too many potential bidders raises coordination costs that detract from welfare the authors show that the seller and society can benefit from policies that reduce market thickness i e the relative abundance of buyers their analysis extends well known revenue equivalence and ranking theorems but also demonstrates that variations in the auction environment affect optimal policies e g reservation prices in ways not anticipated by models that ignore entry copyright 1994 by american economic association

did unilateral divorce laws raise divorce rates a reconciliation and new results application of the coase theorem to marital bargaining suggests that shifting from a consent divorce regime to no fault unilateral divorce laws should not affect divorce rates each iteration of the empirical literature examining the evolution of divorce rates across us states has yielded different conclusions about the effects of divorce law liberalization i show that these results reflect a failure to jointly consider both the political endogeneity of these divorce laws and the dynamic response of divorce rates to a shock to the political regime taking explicit account of the dynamic response of divorce rates to the policy shock i find that liberalized divorce laws caused a discernible rise in divorce rates for about a decade but that this increase was substantially reversed over the next decade that said this increase explains very little of the rise in the divorce rate over the past half century both administrative data on the flow of new divorces and measures of the stock of divorcees from the census support this conclusion these results are suggestive of spouses bargaining within marriage with an eye to their partner s divorce threat

first price auctions with resale abstract we present a simple model of first price auction with two bidders whose valuations are not identically distributed and where resale is possible between the bidders and given an explicit expression for the equilibrium strategies

a status based model of market competition this article explores the significance of status processes for generating and reproducing hierarchy among producers in a market it develops a conception of a market as a status order in which each

structural change capital investment and productivity in the food processing industry investment in new technology affects structural change and economic performance through its effect on capital and input composition this is particularly important for capital intensive industries such as food processing which lack short run flexibility due to adjustment costs this study considers the impacts of capital quasi fixity on capital and noncapital input decisions made in the u s food and kindred products industry from 1965 to 1991 a cost based production theory model is used to evaluate investment motivations for three capital components productivity growth accompanying changing input patterns is then discussed focusing on capital and farm input demand

competition and substitutability in the swedish pharmaceuticals market substitution possibilities between brand name pharmaceuticals are analysed the analysis is based on data from three different markets the prescription drug market for beta blocking agents the over the counter market for purgatives and the hospital market for two pharmaceutical treatments for gastric ulcers the results indicate that there exist some substitution possibilities among the brand name drugs included in the study

measuring market power in multi product oligopolies the us meat industry this paper develops and estimates an economic model for measuring market power in a quantity setting oligopoly engaged in the joint production of demand related goods the model which allows for firms conjectures about both same and cross market responses to own output variation is applied to the us meat beef and pork industry he hypothesis that the industry s equilibrium reflects price taking behaviour is rejected the hypothesis of no cross effects cannot be rejected roughly half of the farm to retail price spreads for beef and pork appear to be attributable to market power

technological change and economies of scale in u s poultry processing this article uses a unique data set provided by the census bureau and a translog cost function to empirically examine technological change in the u s poultry industry results reveal substantial scale economies that show no evidence of diminishing with plant size and that are much greater than those realized in cattle and hog slaughter findings suggest that consolidation is likely to continue particularly if demand growth diminishes and that controlling for plant product mix is critical to accurate cost estimates

entry and subcontracting in public procurement auctions we empirically study how the interplay between entry and subcontracting choices is affected by the use of different auction formats in public procurement the difference in differences strategy used exploits a data set of auctions for public works run alternately under first price and average bid auctions we find that the use of first price auctions causes a marked decline in both entry and subcontracting we also find that the type of firms entering first price auctions changes with firms becoming more likely to bid jointly with other firms in ad hoc joint ventures data as supplemental material are available at http dx doi org 10 1287 mnsc 2014 2071 this paper was accepted by teck hua ho behavioral economics

in search of excellence fads success stories and adaptive emulation1 the faddishness of the business community is often noted and lamented but not well understood by standard models of innovation and diffusion we combine arguments about organizational cognition and institutional mimicry to develop a model of adaptive emulation where firms respond to perceived failure by imitating their most successful peers computational experiments show that this process generates empirically plausible cascades of adoption even if innovations are entirely worthless faddish cycles are most robust across alternative treatments of managerial decision making where innovations have modest positive effects on outcomes these results have broad implications for the faddishness of a business community increasingly marked by media driven accounts of success and for the properties of organizational practices that are hot one day and cold the next

the linkage between oil price shocks and economic growth with inflation in the presence of technological advances a cge model abstract this study examines whether oil price shocks are inflationary in the us we increase the price of oil in the year 2000 in a manner consistent with the oil price shock of 1973 74 and let the economy experience a hicksian technological change then using a dynamic computable general equilibrium cge model we conduct our analyses under two separate cases 1 regular economic growth and 2 low economic growth we also run three technological scenarios 1 no technology change 2 technological advances in the manufacturing and refining sectors and 3 technological advances in the manufacturing refining chemical and service sectors the effects of these changes are analyzed over the next 20 years until the year 2020 our results suggest that while a shock of the magnitude experienced in the 1970s will have a fairly severe effect on such things as gasoline and refinery prices the aggregate price changes will be largely dissipated over time at the aggregate level furthermore the aggregate level of prices cpi and ppi will fall over time as the level of technological advances rise under both growth scenarios there are several reasons why we would obtain such results first of all the structure of the us economy has changed remarkably since the early 1970s rather than being a manufacturing based economy the us is largely a service based economy today and hence it is more protected form raw materials shortages second the economy has had a steady history of strong growth and the faster an economy grows the quicker disruptions to that economy are dissipated finally our economy is experiencing rapid technological advances in information systems which have served to reduce costs and maintain output in a wide number of economic sectors

the elasticity of scale and the shape of average costs different concepts of returns to scale the first which is most widely used for defining returns to scale is the relative increase in output as all input quantities are increased proportionally along a ray through the origin the second which is the more relevant concept for micro economic analysis is the increase in output relative to costs for variations along the expansion path where input prices are constant and costs are minimized at every output 2 as it turns out these two concepts yield equal measures for the elasticity of scale3 e at every minimum cost point in the input space however the change in e with output is generally different for the two concepts 4 since expansion paths do not coincide with rays unless the production function is homothetic 5 but it is the change of e along the expansion path and not along the raywhich determines the shape of the average cost curve ac and which is therefore relevant for the analysis of firms and industry behavior under competition 6 these relations are stated and analyzed below it is shown that assumptions made in the literature7 which are related to the behavior of e along rays or to the slope of the technically optimal surface where returns to scale are locally constant are irrelevantbeing neither necessary nor sufficient for implying classical u shaped average cost curves the following definitions and results are used here

bid preference programs and participation in highway procurement auctions we use data from highway procurement auctions subject to california s small business preference program to study the effect of bid preferences on auction outcomes our analysis is based on an estimated model of firms bidding and participation decisions which allows us to evaluate the effects of current and alternative policy designs we show that incorporating participation responses significantly alters the assessment of preferential treatment policies

input substitution economies of scale and productivity growth in the us upholstered furniture industry cost factor demand and productivity growth are considered in the upholstered furniture industry over 1958 87 factors are divided into labour capital and materials it is found that all inputs are substitutes in production although substitution elasticities are small factor demand is price inelastic for all inputs the industry operates around minimum average cost productivity growth is small but significant the results indicate that labour will continue to be important in the industry however regional comparative advantage is not related to labour alone the results suggest that policies to attract or retain the industry must consider the low degree of factor substitution

input substitution and the distribution of surplus gains from lower u s beef processing costs the impact on consumers and input suppliers of allowing substitution between farm and nonfarm inputs in food processing is a controversial issue freebairn davis and edwards 1982 assumed that no substitution between these inputs was possible and concluded that the distribution of surplus gains between producers and consumers is independent of the source of supply shift alston and scobie pointed out that this conclusion depends on the assumption of no input substitution once input substitution is possible farmers can no longer be indifferent about the supply shift since their share of total surplus gains is greater for shifts in farm supply than for marketing input supply furthermore as the degree of input substitution increases the farmers share of surplus gains from a downward shift in the supply of marketing inputs decreases freebairn davis and edwards 1983 replied that while we tend to agree with alston and scobie that the elasticity of substitution in the case of pork is likely to be nonzero we doubt that it is very large and at this stage no satisfactory estimate is available p 357 in this study we obtain a lower bound estimate of the elasticity of substitution and show

another look at pesticide productivity and pest damage using the lichtenberg zilberman fox weersink damage specification we develop a short run supply response framework based on rational producer behavior in the presence of damage agents we show how representation can be used to measure and decompose the economic damage associated with the presence of pests how to measure the shadow prices of damage control agents how to measure the manner in which pesticide application biases variable input use and how pesticide application affects the relative returns to quasi fixed factors of production an econometric version of the model is estimated using a panel data set on greek olive producers both our theoretical and our empirical results suggest that the most traditional measure of pest damage understates actual economic losses and revenue losses due to pests

returns to scale in the long run the dynamic theory of cost the concept of scale economies is muddled by the problem specific nature of determining the length of run the distinction between the short and long run becomes a prime consideration in determining the appropriate time scale of economic decision making strategies these strategies center on the choice of factors of production that are assumed to be fixed when factor allocation decisions are to be made

asymmetric auctions with resale we study first and second price auctions with resale in a model with indepen dent private values with asymmetric bidders the resulting inefficiencies create a motive for post auction trade which in our model takes place via monopoly pricing the winner makes a take it or leave it offer to the loser we show a a first price auction with resale has a unique monotonic equilibrium and b with resale the expected revenue from a first price auction exceeds that from a second price auction the inclusion of resale possibilities thus permits a gen eral revenue ranking of the two auctions that is not available when these are excluded jel d44

publicity requirements in public procurement evidence from a regression discontinuity design abstract we document whether and how publicizing a public procurement auction causally affects entry and the costs of procurement we run a regression discontinuity design analysis on a large database of italian procurement auctions auctions with a value above the threshold must be publicized in the regional official gazette and two provincial newspapers we find that the increased publicity requirement induces more entry and higher winning rebates which reduces the costs of procurement and rationalizes public spending the evidence suggests that the number of bidders is the channel through which publicity affects rebates increased publicity also selects different winners it increases the likelihood that the winner hails from outside the region of the public administration and that the winner is a large company such companies tend to win repeated auctions gaining market share publicity seems to have no adverse effect on the ex post renegotiations of the works as measured by the percent of works delivered with delay or that are subcontracted estimates are robust to alternative measures of publicity alternative model specifications different sample selections to a falsification analysis at simulated thresholds and to the possibility that firms learn about auctions from a web based for profit information provider

technology labor wars and producer dynamics explaining consolidation in beefpacking beefpacking underwent a dramatic transformation in the 1970s and 1980s as plants got much larger and industry concentration rose dramatically we use individual census bureau plant records to analyze the sources of the transformation we find that there were modest but extensive scale economies in packing plants covering the full range of plant sizes and that such economies became more important throughout the period of the study as production shifted to larger plants we estimate that the industry s aggregate processing costs fell by 35 3 by 2002 compared to what they would have been without consolidation

two sided markets a progress report the paper provides a road map to the burgeoning literature on two sided markets and presents new results it identifies two sided markets with markets in which the structure and not only the level of prices charged by platforms matters the failure of the coase theorem is necessary but not sufficient for two sidedness the paper builds a model integrating usage and membership externalities that unifies two hitherto disparate strands of the literature emphasizing either form of externality and obtains new results on the mix of membership and usage charges when price setting or bargaining determine payments between end users

an investigation of the average bid mechanism for procurement auctions in a procurement context it can be quite costly for a buyer when the winning seller underestimates the cost of a project and then defaults on the project midway through completion the average bid auction is one mechanism intended to help address this problem this format involves awarding the contract to the bidder who has bid closest to the average of the bids submitted we compare the performance of this mechanism with the standard low price mechanism to determine how successful the average bid format is in preventing bidder losses as well as its impact on the price paid by the buyer we find the average bid mechanism to be more successful than expected because surprisingly bidding behavior remains similar between the average bid and low price auctions we provide an explanation for the bidding behavior in the average bid auction that is based on subjects having problems processing signals near the extremes of the distribution this paper was accepted by teck hua ho behavioral economics

anticipatory sorting and gender segregation in temporary employment we examine the roots of gender segregation in the screening process by using a longitudinal data set of candidates considered for temporary projects at a staffing firm and following their progress through the hiring pipeline theories invoked to explain gender segregation across jobs traditionally rely on firm specific human capital and expectations of future commitment to explain this phenomenon these do not apply in this setting yet we find that the staffing firm is more likely to shortlist women for low paid projects and less likely to do so for high paid ones these effects are due to women being considered for different projects than men and associated at least partially to the level of competition within vacancies although client companies also exhibit some gender sorting behavior in the later steps of the hiring process they are more likely to prefer women and less likely to sort them into lower paid projects our findings are consistent with anticipatory gender sorting mechanisms by which first screeners generate segregation when narrowing down the pool of candidates for later decision makers we discuss the implications of this case for theories of gender stratification and workplace inequality especially in mediated labor markets this paper was accepted by jesper sorensen organizations

auctions with resale markets an application to u s forest service timber sales when bidders anticipate an opportunity for resale trade the value of winning an auction is determined in part by the option values of buying and selling in the secondary market one implication is that a bidder s willingness to pay at an auction increases with the expected level of competition between resale buyers empirical evidence from auctions of timber contracts supports this prediction and rejects standard models that ignore resale the estimated effect is smaller after policy changes expected to diminish the prevalence of resale additional evidence supports the predicted presence of a common value element introduced by the resale opportunity

brokerage professions and implementing reform in an age of experts in this comparative ethnographic case study of the implementation of a reform related to the affordable care act in two community health centers i find that professionals may not compete to claim new tasks and thereby not implement reform if these tasks require them to acquire information unrelated to their professional expertise use work practices that conflict with their professional identity or do impure or low value tasks that threaten their professional interests in such cases reform may be implemented if lower status workers fill in the gaps in the division of labor between the professions targeted by the reform playing a brokerage role by protecting each profession s information meanings and tasks in everyday work when the new tasks represent professionally ill defined problems brokers can be more effective if they use buffering practices rather than connecting practices managing information rather than transferring it matching meanings rather than translating them and maintaining int

decentralization and public procurement performance new evidence from italy we exploit a new dataset based on european union eu procurement award notices to investigate the relationship between the degree of centralization of public procurement and its performance we focus on the case of italy where all levels of government along with a number of other public institutions are involved in procurement and are subject to the same eu regulation we find that a municipalities and utilities which currently award among the largest shares of contracts achieve lower rebates than other institutional categories and b decentralization implies lower rebates only when it comes with weak competences of procurement officials the evidence seems to suggest that a reorganization of the procurement system both in terms of partial centralization and increased professionalization of procurement officials would help improve award stage procurement performance jel h11 h57 h71 h77

material productivity in food manufacturing material prices have risen in food manufacturing resulting in material productivity growth this study estimates material productivity indexes for new jersey s foodmanufacturing sector a 21 material productivity growth is indicated for the 1964 84 period the mechanism of material productivity growth is also investigated results suggest that greater material efficiency is encouraged by rising material prices wage rates and regulation and by declining food prices short run impacts on material productivity are caused by input substitution beyond the short run impacts are caused by material saving technological change in some food manufacturing subsectors higher material prices may bring lower revenues to material suppliers

substitutability for farm commodities the demand for u s tobacco in cigarette manufacturing a generalized leontief cost function and system of factor demand functions for the domestic cigarette industry is estimated we strongly rejected fixed proportions both imported tobacco and other inputs are substitutes for u s tobacco the estimated output constant price elasticities are combined with the output effect calculated from cost shares and time series estimates of the cigarette demand elasticity and an export demand elasticity from previous studies to consider the effects of reducing the u s price support competition from foreign tobacco implies that a u s price decline would increase significantly the quantity of u s tobacco demanded

an economic analysis of technology in the meat products industry the meat products industry underwent significant structural change during the last two decades the relocation and expansion of commercial cattle feeding stimulated development of new single species slaughtering facilities to replace older multi species plants an essentially new processing industry arose specializing in breaking and packaging carcasses this forward integration has significantly changed distribution methods of slaughtering and fabricating firms increased emphasis on coordination of inputs led to interest in backward integration from packing into cattle feeding the steer and heifer slaughtering sector which was decentralized and competitive in the 1950s has turned toward centralization and concentration although the largest firm accounted for only 13 of total u s steer and heifer slaughter in 1977 it had more than doubled its share since 1970 in 1978 this firm slaughtered more than twice as many steers and heifers as its nearest competitor in addi

asymmetric substitutability between energy and capital evidence from the manufacturing sectors in 10 oecd countries abstract this paper investigates the substitutability between energy and capital in the manufacturing sectors of ten oecd countries since 1980 by applying a cost function approach that has been widely used to analyze industrial energy demand first we attempt to determine the source of the disagreement in the literature on the substitutability between energy and capital and reach a conclusion regarding the substitutability between energy and capital dividing energy and capital into sub inputs we analyze their substitutability the empirical results indicate that fuel tends to complement capital in most countries whereas electricity and capital are substitutes thus this study confirms that heterogeneity in energy sources is a primary component of the systematic variation in the substitutability between energy and capital second we examine asymmetric substitutability between energy and capital by estimating the morishima elasticity of substitution the estimates of the morishima elasticity of substitution demonstrate that the substitution of energy for capital has dominated the substitution of capital for energy this asymmetric substitutability is natural from the producer perspective because capital costs are much greater than energy costs in most countries these results imply that the adoption of energy saving technologies has not been induced in response to increased energy prices

are bid preferences benign the effect of small business subsidies in highway procurement auctions abstract bid preferences in procurement auctions allow firms from an identifiable group an advantage in bidding against unfavored firms while economic efficiency is expected to fall as a result of bid preferences government procurement costs may either increase or decrease depending on the competitive response of favored and unfavored firms this paper uses data from california auctions for road construction contracts where small businesses receive a 5 percent bid preference in auctions for projects using only state funds and no preferential treatment on projects using federal aid i show that while firms bidding behavior matches theoretical predictions procurement costs are 3 8 percent higher on auctions using preferences the higher procurement cost in preference auctions is attributed to reduced participation by lower cost large firms structural estimates of latent firm costs are then used to evaluate how efficiency and the division of surplus between firms and the government are impacted by bid preferences firm profits are 3 1 percent lower under bid preferences however this is overwhelmed by the efficiency loss due to reduced large firm participation the efficiency loss conditional on firm participation is estimated to represent around 0 1 percent of overall procurement costs including the adverse effect of preferences on the participation of large firms increases the estimated efficiency loss to 3 6 percent which represents 27 cents for each additional dollar awarded to small businesses through the program counterfactual simulations indicate that if participation were instead inelastic to bid preferences the 5 percent bid preference would be close to the optimal level

constrained output maximization and us agriculture this paper presents a framework for estimating an indirect production function and then applies it to aggregate us agriculture issues addressed include tests of standard hypotheses about the underlying technology homotheticity neutral technical change etc as well as examination of consistency in aggregation and the effects of changes in the level of aggregate expenditure on farm output since there already exist several studies empirically describing agricultural production technologies with indirect objective functions one might fairly ask whether this paper really breaks any new ground we feel that it does one reason is that existing studies e g binswanger 1974 lopez 1980 ball and chambers 1982 ray 1982 and weaver 1983 all rely on either profit or cost functions to date there appears to be only one study using an indirect production appelbaum 1979 and it is not in agriculture this seems unfortunate because there are many instances in agriculture for which an indirect productio

how costly is affirmative action government contracting and california s proposition 209 abstract this paper investigates the effect of disadvantaged business enterprise subcontractor goals on the winning bids for highway construction contracts using california s proposition 209 which prohibited the consideration of race or gender in awarding state funded contracts after proposition 209 prices on state funded contracts fell by 5 6 relative to federally funded projects for which preferences still applied most of the price decline after proposition 209 resulted from the mix of subcontractors employed which seems to arise from the higher costs of firms located in high minority areas finally short run barriers to entry and expansion may increase the cost of affirmative action

the limits of media effects field positions and cultural change in a mutual fund market our paper examines how field structures moderate the effect of the business press on organizational outcomes prior research suggests that the business press shapes organizational outcomes but the question of how these effects depend on organizations positions in a field has attracted limited attention we address this theoretical limitation in an analysis of how mutual funds in sweden were affected by periods when the business press increased its negative coverage of mutual fund fees first we expect that negative coverage influences the way customers evaluate mutual funds second banks have long occupied a dominant position in this market and we thus expect banks to be less affected by the negative coverage of fees than other mutual fund managers we find support for our argument in a longitudinal quantitative analysis of financial net flows into mutual funds the findings indicate the value of contextualizing media effects and considering how field positions moderate the effects of cultural processes

price adjustment policies and firm size i introduction by the fall of 2009 several state departments of transportation in the united states adopted price adjustment policies to mitigate significant fluctuations in the cost of oil based inputs in government procurement price escalation in oil based materials such as asphalt binder or fuel was the main cause behind the trend firms increased bids to offset higher input prices adversely affecting procurement costs damnjanovic et al 2008 because inputs like asphalt experienced significant cost increases e g the price of alphalt increased by 31 in 2005 alone it is not surprising that contractors in general and small firms in particular struggled with construction budgets in response to the growing uncertainty many states introduced price adjustment policies for related inputs effectively dampening losses and profits at times of unanticipated cost fluctuations 1 while the latter part of last decade saw notable oil price price deviates beyond a certain range of the baseline index increases in the recent months firms enjoyed cost savings a percentage of which can be passed on to departments of transportation with the establishment of this policy going beyond industries directly impacted by uncertainty in oil prices the provisions investigated in this paper are common in defense contracting and were added to the health care law in what came to be known as risk corridors 2 as an example the department of defense has embedded such provisions in fixed price contracts with economic price adjustment fpepa these measures are designed to limit contractors exposure to economic uncertainty and market volatility prevalent in long term fixed price arrangements 3 in the same spirit the regional greenhouse gas initiative an emission permit trading program involving nine northeastern states in the united states held down price escalations by placing a price collar on allowances that limits variability we investigate the effect of the price adjustment policy on firm bidding behavior and competition intensity in road construction in oklahoma which can offer insights on the effectiveness of implementing such policies across industries we use data on public construction auctions to study the effect of this policy on firms of different sizes where size heterogeneity is a defining characteristic of the market cho 1986 the construction industry displays market concentration featuring a small number of strong contenders from the pool of over 150 participants in our sample the 11 firms that won most frequently were awarded over a quarter of auctioned projects and more than 38 of contracted value compared with the manufacturing sector surveyed in audretsch and mahmood 1995 a notably higher percentage of new construction companies end up failing many undersized and startup builders compete on the margin and have a low chance of making it to the list of long term players the literature has identified a strong correlation between firm size and financial solvency in association with firm survival and growth see brito and mello 1995 and hubbard 1998 in what follows we frame our empirical analysis with a theoretical model highlighting this connection as noted by gertler and gilchrist 1994 and martinelli 1997 there are asymmetric changes in firms borrowing costs when financial constraints are tightening in the face of uncertainty and they depend on the level of capital accumulation as a result high volatility in input prices is likely to reinforce the imbalance among competitors of different sizes 4 price adjustment policies help to level the playing field between small and large firms without invoking differential treatment toward a group finally there has been considerable interest in the literature in various policies that departments of transportation around the country use to help small businesses such as bid preference policies and setasides see for instance the work of denes 1997 marion 2009 krasnokutskaya and seim 2011 and athey coey and levin 2013

the relative demand for inputs a decomposition analysis of us agriculatural production 1988 the relative demand for inputs a decomposition analysis of us agriculatural production applied economics vol 20 no 5 pp 665 678