accession of the czech republic hungary and poland to the european union impacts on agricultural markets we analyse the consequences on agricultural markets of enlargement of the european union eu to include the czech republic hungary and poland we produce a market outlook up to 2010 for two enlargement scenarios assuming different policy restrictions on grain and dairy production in the acceding countries accession of the three central and eastern european countries ceecs leads to a permanent but moderate decrease in eu prices for most commodities in the three acceding ceecs domestic prices increase drastically final consumption of agricultural products decreases in most instances while production increases higher domestic prices in the ceecs reduce exports of most commodities to non union countries consequently excess supplies are placed in stocks or exported to the original 15 member countries supply management mechanisms in the dairy and grain sectors would reduce the build up of surpluses in the new member states but limit their ability to take advantage of the expanded market accession of the three ceecs would increase the cap budget over its proposed maximum if area payments are extended to incoming crop producers

estimates of the returns to quality and coauthorship in economic academia salaries of academic economists are studied to determine if individuals receive differential returns to publishing articles of varying quality and to coauthored versus single authored articles estimates based on detailed data and a flexible nonlinear least squares procedure indicate that substantial returns to quality exist and that an individual s return from a coauthored paper with n authors is approximately 1 n times that of a single authored paper

black agricultural economists in the labor market theoretical and empirical issues the american economic association aea and the american agricultural economics association aaea have had a long tradition of monitoring the labor market characteristics for economists and agricultural economists evaluations of labor market conditions for economists are represented by the works of breneman and kleinman clague and levine tolles jones and clague and tolles and melichar labor market characteristics for agricultural economists have been evaluated by helmberger melichar schotzko lee broder and ziemer and strauss and tarr it is somewhat surprising however given the emphasis on resource allocation efficiency and equity among economists that no comprehensive research has been conducted on the labor market characteristics of black economists and agricultural economists despite the failure of economists to apply their analytical tools to the issues of participation by blacks in the economists labor market it is significant that the aea demonstrated awareness of the problem and issues in this area in 1969 when it sponsored a session entitled increasing the supply of black economists at its annual meeting at this session boulding argued cogently that the cultureboundness of economists was an obvious factor associated with the profession s neglect of problems of particular interest to disadvantaged racial and cultural groups concurrently chandler addressed the status of blacks in the economics profession and presented an affirmative action plan for the profession

interrupted work careers depreciation and restoration of human capital the quantitative effects and even the existence of a human capital depreciation phenomenon have been a subject of controversy in the recent literature prior work however was largely cross sectional and the longitudinal dimension if any was retrospective using longitudinal panel data on married women in nls we have now established that real wages at reentry are indeed lower than at the point of labor force withdrawal and the decline in wages is greater the longer the interruption another striking finding is a relatively rapid growth in wages after the return to work this rapid growth appears to reflect the restoration or repair of previously eroded human capital the phenomenon of depreciation and restoration is also visible in data for immigrants to the united states however while immigrants eventually catch up with and often surpass natives returnees from the nonmarket do not fully restore their earnings potential

obsolescence of knowledge and career publication profiles some evidence of differences among fields in costs of interrupted careers in recent years women have received about 45 percent of all baccalaureate degrees but only approximately 20 percent of all ph d s does this imply that academic careers as compared with careers of the wider market for college graduates are less conducive to dual career family objectives evidence suggesting the relative tradeoff of these objectives is shown by the fact that over the last thirty years the zero order correlation between average cohort fertility and the proportion of ph d recipients who are women is 0 939 a female recipient of a doctorate is twice as likely as a male recipient to have specialized in the humanities and only one third as likely to have specialized in a physical science field furthermore of those who receive a doctorate in physical science a male is 60 percent more likely than a female to pursue research as a primary work activity in the humanities on the other hand a woman is at least as likely as a man to have research as an initial postdoctoral work activity obviously many factors affect opportunities and resultant decisions to enter particular careers and to select specific occupational specialties this study considers only onethe rate of obsolescence or depreciation of knowledge as reflected in the age profile of cited works this measure of the obsolescence of knowledge refers to the rate of decay in the relative frequency at which citations are made to a particular vintage of research communications as the communications age in other words the usefulness of older published research papers as an input to current research depreciates over time the rate at which this depreciation occurs is interpreted as measuring the durability of a professor s accumulated stock of knowledge evidence presented in section ii indicates that the durability of knowledge varies considerably from discipline to discipline this information raises a number of questions concerning how the durability of knowledge influences career decisions one influence considered here is that of a temporary career interruption for example if a woman experiences a break in her academic career such as for the purpose of raising children she will incur an opportunity cost in the sense that her research knowledge will to some extent become obsolete consequently her accumulated stock of knowledge will decline relative to those professors who have continuous careers the relative cost imposed on a woman who pursues dual family career objectives is higher the less durable the jobrelated knowledge this difference in relative costs is expected to alter career incentives the results presented here suggest that women who pursue academic careers have responded to these incentives before discussing the evidence on female careers i consider a more general model in which a professor is assumed to have a continuous career profile this model which is more appropriately viewed as a male model of investment behavior is used to analyze how the durability of a professor s knowledge affects his research productivity over a career interestingly the evidence suggests that a professor s response to less durable knowledge is not to compact all learning early in his career but rather to smooth learning over the career perhaps the most assistant professor arizona state university i would like to thank an anonymous referee and many friends for helpful comments on earlier drafts i am especially indebted to finis welch for valuable suggestions throughout the development of this paper the views expressed are my own and i am responsible for any possible errors

an integrated approach to climate change income distribution employment and economic growth a demand driven growth model involving capital accumulation and the dynamics of greenhouse gas ghg concentration is set up to examine macroeconomic issues raised by global warming e g effects on output and employment of rising levels of ghg offsets by mitigation relationships among energy use and labor productivity income distribution and growth the economic significance of the jevons and other paradoxes sustainable consumption and possible reductions in employment and sources of instability and cyclicality implicit in the two dimensional dynamical system the emphasis is on the combination of biophysical limits and post keynesian growth theory and the qualitative patterns of system adjustment and the dynamics that emerge

determinants of agricultural economics faculty salaries in the spring of 1980 500 randomly selected agricultural economists at land grant universities were asked to complete a pretested mailed questionnaire the questionnaire was designed to secure individual information and preserve respondent anonymity the 311 returned questionnaires represented a response rate of nearly 60 two hundred and forty one of the respondents held ph d degrees these individuals formed the sample for the following analysis 2

human and nature dynamics handy modeling inequality and use of resources in the collapse or sustainability of societies abstract there are widespread concerns that current trends in resource use are unsustainable but possibilities of overshoot collapse remain controversial collapses have occurred frequently in history often followed by centuries of economic intellectual and population decline many different natural and social phenomena have been invoked to explain specific collapses but a general explanation remains elusive in this paper we build a human population dynamics model by adding accumulated wealth and economic inequality to a predator prey model of humans and nature the model structure and simulated scenarios that offer significant implications are explained four equations describe the evolution of elites commoners nature and wealth the model shows economic stratification or ecological strain can independently lead to collapse in agreement with the historical record the measure carrying capacity is developed and its estimation is shown to be a practical means for early detection of a collapse mechanisms leading to two types of collapses are discussed the new dynamics of this model can also reproduce the irreversible collapses found in history collapse can be avoided and population can reach a steady state at maximum carrying capacity if the rate of depletion of nature is reduced to a sustainable level and if resources are distributed equitably

a note on the role of energy in production abstract energy plays no role in the standard cobb douglas production function cdpf and a trivial role in a three factor cdpf where it is treated as a third input independent of labour and capital starting from an epistemological perspective we treat energy as an input to both labour and capital without which production is impossible we then derive an energy based cpdf ebcdpf in which energy plays a critical role we argue for the redefinition and measurement of real gdp in terms of exergy we conclude that the solow residual measures the contribution of exergy to growth and that the exponents in the ebcdpf should be based on cross country comparative data as suggested by mankiw 1995 rather than the cost share theorem

useful exergy is key in obtaining plausible aggregate production functions and recognizing the role of energy in economic growth portugal 1960 2009 abstract the role of energy in economic growth is controversial models based on aggregate production functions apf range from the neoclassical which downplay energy due to a cost share theorem but typically rely on exogenous total factor productivity tfp to the ecological economic which acknowledge energy s importance the validity of the apf concept itself is questioned here we apply cointegration analysis to identify apfs between output capital labor and possibly energy measured as primary energy or useful exergy we test for tfp growth by including a time trend we require that plausible apfs verify cointegration non negative output elasticities and granger causality linking inputs to output our method recognizes cases where a plausible apfs do not exist thereby addressing the apf critique b energy impacts growth directly c energy impacts growth indirectly through capital and labor we apply the method to portugal 1960 2009 considering standard and quality adjusted capital labor measures with a time trend or disregarding energy plausible apfs are never found without a trend plausible apfs are found only when considering capital energy labor combinations within these with quality adjusted capital and labor and useful exergy results are consistent with the cost share theorem but energy plays a central role through a constraint on all factors of production

useful work and information as drivers of economic growth abstract a semi empirical endogenous growth theory was proposed by the authors in 2005 it is based on a model of the economy as a two stage materials energy processing system growth is simulated by a two parameter production function with two traditional factors labor and capital and a non traditional factor namely useful work the non traditional factor is calculated from primary energy inputs multiplied by an empirically estimated average energy conversion efficiency which is a function of changing technology over time this model explains past us growth from 1900 through 1973 74 with satisfactory accuracy but it slightly underestimates subsequent growth i e it leaves a small unexplained but increasing residual for the period after 1975 however by subdividing capital stock into traditional and ict components we are able to extend the theory to explain us economic growth accurately in this paper we also extend the results to japan the revised production function has only three independent parameters the new model also has implications for future economic growth energy and environmental policy that differ significantly from the traditional growth theory these implications are discussed briefly

an integrated biophysical and economic modeling framework for long term sustainability analysis the harmoney model abstract this paper derives a long term dynamic growth model that endogenously links biophysical and economic variables in a stock flow consistent manner the two industrial sector harmoney human and resources with money model enables exploration of interdependencies among resource extraction rate and depletion the accumulation of population capital and debt and the distribution of money flows within the economy using a post keynesian economic framework we find that wage share declines after the model reaches a constant per capita resource extraction rate with the level of investment and markup on costs determining the rate of decline this pattern is consistent with data for the united states thus the model framework enables realistic investigation of trade offs between economic distribution size and resources consumption between sectors as well as between labor and capital these trade offs are core to the debates regarding environmental and socioeconomic sustainability this model serves as a platform upon which to add features to explore long term sustainability questions such as a transition to low carbon energy

negative returns to seniority new evidence in academic markets recent research has suggested that the long observed negative association between seniority and pay among college faculty largely reflects below average research productivity of senior faculty a possibility that most earlier studies did not examine overlooked in both waves of studies however is match quality because the higher quality of the faculty institutional match implied by higher seniority should all else equal result in higher salaries failure to account for match quality inflates the estimated returns to seniority indeed that positive bias the authors find is roughly equal in magnitude to the negative bias caused by failure to account for research quantity and quality when they account for both match quality and faculty research productivity in an analysis of data on economics faculty at five research universities over a 21 year period the authors estimate that holding experience and other factors constant the penalty for twenty years of seniority is 16 of salary

a monetary minsky model of the great moderation and the great recession abstract steve keen s model of minsky s financial instability hypothesis keen 1995 displayed qualitative characteristics that matched the real macroeconomic and income distributional outcomes of the preceding and subsequent fifteen years a period of economic volatility followed by a period of moderation leading to a rise of instability once more and a serious economic crisis this paper extends that model to build a strictly monetary macroeconomic model which can generate the monetary as well as the real phenomena manifested by both the great recession and the great moderation

monetary returns to bachelors and masters degrees in agricultural economics characteristics of agricultural economics alumni from the university of georgia were discussed and a general linear model was developed to explain differences in bachelors and masters alumni salaries graduate education work experience resource mobility gender family background and high school size were found to influence alumni salaries returns to a masters degree were computed along with capital recovery periods assistantship levels cost of borrowed and human capital and nonmonetary benefits were relevant in decisions to attend graduate school some costs and benefits of graduate education were found to be subjective to vary across individuals and to be influenced by prevailing economic conditions

labor market segmentation to what paradigm does it belong the dictionary defines a paradigm as a model or pattern in grammar an example of a conjugation or declension showing a word in all its inflectional forms a paradigm is thus a practical example which perfectly illustrates an abstract principle its hallmark in this dictionary definition is the complete correspondence between the abstract and the applied between theory and praxis the term was adapted to the discussion of scientific theory by thomas kuhn and its current vogue in economics is attributable directly to his book as kuhn used the term paradigm retains its double meaning of theory and of praxis but the relationship between the two becomes ambiguous scientists believe kuhn seems to argue that their inquiry is based upon a theory of how the world operates and how the investigation of its operation ought to proceed but normal science is in fact largely a set of practices in which members of a given scientific community customarily engage students seeking to follow their professors in careers in which the latter will judge them and ultimately determine their fate are not encouraged to andertake projects which depart radically from those which their professors conceive for them when suggestions for such projects trise either from students or competing nembers of the community they are as often reated by sarcasm and ridicule as the subect of seasoned discourse and debate in this rocess what students acquire is less an abtract understanding of what they are doing han a set of habits or instincts about what constitutes a legitimate mode of inquiry or a plausible explanation the disjuncture between theory and practice which arises in this way creates the potential for a scientific revolution to ask in this context about the paradigm to which notions of labor market segmentation belong is thus to ask a question about the relationship between that mode of research and the theory and practice of normal economics i never considered myself a revolutionary indeed quite the contrary but as an exponent of labor market segmentation in the community of normal economics i can assure you that labor market segmentation does not fit the paradigm the sentiments and reactions which kuhn tells us greet the abnormal and aparadigmatic in a discipline that is fury disdain resentment sarcasm and condescension have definitely greeted labor market segmentation this is a matter of fact an observation about praxis the question is then what aspect of the conceptual structure of the discipline accounts for this practical result in most discussions labor market segmentation is contrasted with human capital theory but this does not account for the hostile reception it has received it fails first because the treatment accorded market segmentation by the profession is not that different from the treatment accorded human capital when it first appeared gary becker describes his personal experience on this score in the introduction to his book of essays the economic approach to human behavior and the disdain and antagonism which he attributes to his colleagues are at least as great as anything experienced by the proponents of segmentation but perhaps more fundamentally the two views are not as we shall see shortly necessarily in conflict professor of economics mitsui professor for probems of contemporary technology massachusetts intitute of technology

scholarships citations and salaries economic rewards in economics while substantial attention has been paid to the determinants of academics earnings 5 7 8 14 15 this literature has by implication suggested that the mere fact of having spent more time in the profession and the publication of more scholarly articles and books are the major determinants of salary differences our purpose here is to introduce a new determinant the quality of one s scholarly research measured by the frequency of references to that work as an additional objective measure of productivity we expect that this proxy for the extent of a scholar s influence on the work of other researchers is rewarded by the market in addition to giving a more complete picture of the determination of salaries in academic labor markets our approach should be useful in establishing a better framework for the evaluation of issues of discrimination in such markets than has been presented before 2 9

welfare impacts of indian apple trade policies in april 2000 india eliminated the quantitative import restriction of apples and instituted a trade barrier in the form of lower ad valorem tariffs this study examines the impacts of indian trade policies on the apple market by reviewing the government policies discussing mathematical and graphical analyses of trade policies presenting estimated equations of demand supply and excess supply and providing solutions of prices quantities and welfare impacts under autarky free trade and tariff regimes given the total population of more than one billion and a vast middle income population and economic reforms and resulting income growth india has a considerable potential to increase its apple consumption our study shows that under free trade india will consume 3008 thousand metric tonnes tmt of apples of which 2237 tmt will be imported also free trade will increase the total welfare by rs 29 512 million these large gains suggest that india should liberalize apple import barriers and move to

does raiding explain the negative returns to faculty seniority i introduction economists have studied various aspects of faculty mobility research shows that turnover is greater among nonunion faculty rees 1994 female faculty average slightly more employers than male faculty barbezat and hughes 2001 ginther and kahn 2004 1 the responsiveness of turnover to relative pay diminishes with rank ehrenberg kasper and rees 1991 and research productivity enhances prospects for upward mobility ault rutman and stevenson 1979 1982 coupe smeets and warzynski 2005 still questions remain unanswered where do faculty go when they leave a university how does faculty turnover vary with time at a university what percentage of faculty move upward and what percentage move downward because of tenure denials or the prospect of being turned down for tenure the present article contributes to our understanding of these issues but its primary objective was to use data on faculty mobility to provide insights on another issue returns to academic seniority the negative returns to seniority that many studies find are commonly attributed to one of two factors 2 the first view is that negative returns reflect monopsony power on the part of universities faculty with high mobility costs acquire high seniority and because they are unlikely to move they are paid less than equally productive faculty that employers view as more likely to leave a competing explanation is that highly productive faculty are raided according to this story returns to seniority are biased negatively because faculty with high seniority tend to have low unmeasured productivity the best faculty are bid away moving on to better jobs those who remain are the faculty without outside offers and the negative returns estimated for senior faculty actually reflect a penalty for low unmeasured productivity rather than a true penalty for seniority the raiding story has several implications first estimated returns to seniority should become less negative the more fully the productivity is measured second estimated returns should be less negative once we control for faculty who are bid away finally and of particular importance estimated returns to seniority should not be negative for faculty who are bid away the faculty for whom unmeasured productivity is presumably high with the right data set these hypotheses can be tested rejection of the raiding hypothesis would provide tacit evidence of monoposony in academic markets 3 this article contributes to the literature in several ways it is the first research to directly test the raiding hypothesis it provides a detailed look at faculty mobility in one segment of the academic labor market it extends and improves bratsberg ragan and warren 2003 in the following ways it expands the sample to cover three decades of faculty pay records it includes additional controls for productivity number and types of books recent and prospective articles and so forth resulting in the most complete specification of research productivity to date and it allows for heterogeneity in the seniority penalty via phd pedigree and direction of move finally it tests for the possibility that the academic job market does a better job of matching faculty and universities in recent years as might be expected because of the information revolution the sample consists of five public phd granting universities in the midwest we track all tenure track economics faculty employed in these universities over a 30 yr period we measure their productivity their pay and their mobility as such the study provides a rich and detailed investigation of one subset of economics programs it is possible that mobility may be greater in urban areas where faculty can more readily obtain alternative employment without relocating and prior research indicates that pay structures depend on the university s stature and its relative emphasis on research and teaching

the effects of mfa quota elimination on indian fibre markets this article examines the effects of multi fibre arrangement mfa quota elimination on indian fibre market the partial equilibrium indian fibre model was developed using a theoretically consistent framework and incorporated regional supply response substitutability between cotton and man made fibres and appropriate linkage between cotton and textile sectors baseline projections were developed for supply demand and prices of cotton man made fibres and textiles under a set of exogenous assumptions the effects of mfa textile quota eliminations were introduced into the model by conducting three scenarios i e increasing textile exports by 10 20 and 30 from the baseline level the results suggest that on an average cotton imports rise by 4 8 annually while the man made fibre exports from india decline with the opening of textile markets in the developed countries the higher domestic cotton prices encourage acreage expansion in cotton in all the three regions in india but not enough to meet risi

china s role in world cotton and textile markets a joint computable general equilibrium partial equilibrium approach under the uruguay round s agreement on textiles and clothing atc the quotas inherited from the multifibre arrangement were gradually phased out between january 1995 and 31 december 2004 this study estimates the impact of the atc s implementation on china s textile industry and china s cotton sector the study finds that assuming equilibrium levels of income and exchange rates the adoption of atc are expected to increase china s net apparel exports textile production cotton consumption cotton production and cotton imports however this study fails to support the hypothesis that the adoption of the atc results in china supplanting the textile industries of the rest of the developing world the impacts on cotton are also smaller than indicated by previous studies these outcomes are somewhat sensitive to estimates of expected efficiency gains around the world

energy use and economic development a comparative analysis of useful work supply in austria japan the united kingdom and the us during 100 years of economic growth this paper presents a societal level exergy analysis approach developed to analyse transitions in the way that energy is supplied and contributes to economic growth in the uk the us austria and japan throughout the last century we assess changes in exergy and useful work consumption energy efficiency and related gdp intensity measures of each economy the novel data provided elucidate certain characteristics of divergence and commonality in the energy transitions studied the results indicate that in each country the processes of industrialization urbanisation and electrification are characterised by a marked increase in exergy and useful work supplies and per capita intensities there is a common and continuous decrease in the exergy intensity of gdp moreover for each country studied the trend of increasing useful work intensity of gdp reversed in the early 1970s coincident with the first oil crisis

coping with collapse a stock flow consistent monetary macrodynamics of global warming abstract this paper presents a macroeconomic model that combines the economic impact of climate change with the pivotal role of private debt using a stock flow consistent approach based on the lotka volterra logic we couple its nonlinear monetary dynamics of underemployment and income distribution with abatement costs a calibration of our model at the scale of the world economy enables us to simulate various planetary scenarios our findings are threefold 1 the 2 c target is already out of reach absent negative emissions 2 the long term resp short term results of climate change on economic fundamentals may lead to severe economic consequences without the implementation resp in case of too rapid an application of proactive climate policies global warming resp too fast transition forces the private sector to leverage in order to compensate for output and capital losses resp to lower carbon emissions thus endangering financial stability 3 implementing an adequate carbon price trajectory as well as increasing the wage share fostering employment and reducing private debt make it easier to avoid unintended degrowth and to reach a 2 5 c target

earnings profiles of department heads comparing cross section and panel models academics who become department heads suffer declining research skills because of time spent performing administrative tasks and this skill depreciation slows future wage growth this study examines kansas state university faculty who served as department heads during the period 1965 92 cross section estimates of the compensation for serving as department head are biased upward because of a correlation between unmeasured productivity characteristics and selection as department head to correct for this bias the authors reestimate earnings equations using a panel model that incorporates personal fixed effects although the average department head in the sample received a wage premium of 12 the premium for past administrative service had completely disappeared for the typical former head another finding is that skill depreciation was most severe and wage growth most adversely affected in the sciences as compensation department heads in the sciences received a larger initial administrative premium th

black agricultural economists discussion the authors of these three papers have performed a valuable service by reviewing and analyzing the status of blacks who have chosen agricultural economics as their profession occupation the estimated number of black agricultural economists continues to be small relative to the total number 32 in 1970 41 in 1981 and 56 in 1983 during this period the estimated number of blacks holding ph d degrees has risen slightly from 17 54 in 1970 to 18 44 in 1981 and then to 25 45 in 1983 however the percentage of blacks with ph d degrees remains lower than the percentage for all agricultural economists which has exceeded 60 since 1976 strauss and tarr apparently data on the number of black female economists were not tabulated

trends and characteristics of ph d degrees in agricultural economics in the united states the purpose of this paper is to discuss the trends that have occurred in the number of and some of the characteristics of recipients of ph d degrees in agricultural economics in the united states in recent years it includes an updating of work i initiated five years ago schrimper 1981a b c 1982 the latest information used in the previous work included degrees awarded through 1980 this paper is based on an additional three years of information this allows a detailed examination of changes over the last nine years as well as comparison with the earlier tabulations also information for three more institutions arizona rhode island and yale has been included as previously the major source of information is listings of ph d recipients for the previous year in the may issues of this journal the cooperation of several individuals contacted to obtain missing information and answer questions about data for various years is gratefully acknowledged without their help the information would have been incomplete and comparisons over time would have been meaningless the latest data available for developing this paper was the list of 1983 graduates even this information is somewhat dated however since it reflects admission financial assistance and enrollment decisions made at least five years ago the first part of this paper summarizes changes that have occurred in total output of ph d degrees in agricultural economics as well as distributional adjustments among regions individual institutions and between domestic and foreign students the second part focuses on some characteristics of domestic students who received ph d degrees in agricultural economics it contains information about where individuals received their undergraduate training and geographical and institutional migration for graduate training similar types of information about foreign ph d students is included in the third section of the paper finally a short summary and conclusions section is provided

salary patterns of agricultural economists in the early 1980s systematic explanation of wages in the service sector typically has been hampered by the absence of information on physical productivity of service workers frequently the analyst must rely on input information and make strong assumptions about the transformation of inputs and cost into outputs to model the long run pattern of wages in the service sector it may be sufficient to look primarily at relative wages and long term demand factors such as income and population a number of professions in the service sector have been successfully modeled using the familiar cobweb formulation for example hansen et al report the results of estimating a multiequation model of the long run supply and demand for economists generally and conclude among other things that the real salary of new ph d s will fall throughout this decade short run analysis of academic wages usually focuses on various sorts of earnings functions in which the natural log of earnings is regressed against a variety of human capital variables there is an extensive literature on the determinants of general economists salaries and on the determinants of salaries for agricultural economists on salary determinants see for example boddy hansen weisbrod and strauss strauss tolles and melichar and tuckman gapinski and hagemann among others which have examined various aspects of the general market for economists for agricultural economists salaries see for example broder and ziemer 1980 1982 fuller helmberger lane lee lundeen and clausen melichar peck and babb schotzko schrimper ziemer broder and spurlock and redman the more recent literature has emphasized the importance of using actual productivity measures such as publications in explaining variations in earnings along with human capital variables a deficiency in some of this second type of research involves the absence of a welldefined theoretical justification for particular statistical specifications and the reliance on single equation models the objective of this study is to take advantage of a new relatively underutilized data source on agricultural economists in order to examine the general characteristics of agricultural economists and to examine the determinants of their salaries in the early 1980s in particular we examine the 1981 registry of agricultural economists maintained by the american agricultural economics association and the illinois department of labor the registry when examined in conjunction with melichar and unpublished 1976 tabulations of the association s membership list indicate that it is broadly representative of the profession the plan of the paper is as follows the next section describes the data base and provides some general characteristics of agricultural economists in the early 1980s then we examine salary patterns of agricultural economists in various types of employment and focus in more detail on the salaries of academicians especially those who are from and at educational institutions with doctoral programs which have been ranked in terms of the quality of their faculty and in terms of the quality of their graduate programs special attention is paid to the salaries of female agricultural economists and differences in salaries attributable to the race ethnicity of agricultural economists we conclude with a prospectus on outstanding research issues robert p strauss is a professor of economics and public policy school of urban and public affairs carnegie mellon university michael j tarr is a student at cornell university the authors wish to express their gratitude to the aaea and dr emanuel melichar for making unpublished data available for this study and to farm foundation for financial support responsibility for the views and any errors in this paper rests solely with the authors

identifying price linkages a review of the literature and an application to the world market of cotton this paper reviews the literature of price linkages and examines the degree to which cotton prices are linked it also tests whether such linkages have improved over the last decade it concludes that the degree of linkage has improved over the last decade while the main source of this improvement appears to be a result of short run price transmission and to a lesser extent long run co movement

elasticities in aids models in the literature a variety of approaches have been used to calculate demand elasticities in almost ideal demand system aids models of demand it is common to estimate the linear approximate almost ideal demand system la aids instead of the aids when the la aids is estimated all of the previously reported approaches to compute elasticities are theoretically incorrect this paper presents correct formulas for la aids elasticities and illustrates the potential errors from using incorrect computing the almost ideal demand system aids of deaton and muellbauer 1980a b has become popular in recent years anderson and blundell blanciforti and green 1983a b blanciforti green and king chalfant eales and unnevehr fujii khaled and mak fulponi heien and willett murray parsons ray a variety of approaches to computing elasticities has been used and some of the approaches may lead to significant errors this paper clarifies the differences between alternative approaches to estimating demand elasticities in aids models

projected replacement needs for agricultural economists comment in the august 1980 issue of this journal schotzko reported that the number of ph d s in agricultural economics required to offset anticipated retirements and deaths would increase during the next decade this finding is in contrast to recent concerns about overproduction and overeducation in the united states considering the rapid expansion of graduate enrollments in most fields cartter freeman implications of growth in the number of ph d s in agricultural economics during the 1970s were noted by helmberger boddy warned however that the scare talk about the current and prospective general ph d glut is greatly overdrawn in economics and agricultural economics the prospects are far less discouraging than in most other fields p 724 the primary purpose of this comment is to note some problems with schotzko s analysis a second purpose is to discuss some changes in the characteristics and aggregate number of ph d s granted in agricultural economics in the united states during the last two decades

evidence on barriers to the parallel advancement of male and female agricultural economists barriers to parallel advancement of male and female economists and managers but not agricultural economists have been studied in some detail reagan strober epstein gordon and strober reagan wrote on the supply side barriers to full career development for women are likely to be those common to all professional occupations plus the effect of women s perceptions of the intensity of the demand side barriers of the particular profession i e any lack of support of male colleagues professional isolation and lack of access to information network or employers lack of perception of the women s career potential one group of supply side barriers in

on and off the hot seat an analysis of entry into and out of university administration the authors investigate economists decisions to enter and exit department chair positions in research intensive economics departments of elite universities during the postwar era 1948 1989 they use the american economic association survey of members as well as phone surveys to determine which and at what point in their careers faculty assume administrative positions the theoretical model predicts and empirical results confirm that a faster rate of knowledge depreciation in an economist s field of study reduces the entry and exit rates for the chair position moreover among those who have exited the position of chair longer terms of past chair service and faster knowledge depreciation accelerate the timing of movements into upper level administration the findings suggest that administrators are to some extent made and not born and that the growing specialization and technical nature of many professions could affect who chooses administrative careers and at what point in their careers they choose

demand and supply factors of black agricultural economists a review of the economics and agricultural economics literature over the past twenty years reveals that considerable attention has been given to the demand supply and market for economists and agricultural economists boddy 1962 1973 harmon clague and levine helmberger and strauss and tarr however much of the work until fairly recently has focused on the demand supply and market for all economists and agricultural economics with very little attention given to how sex and or race may differentiate the produce that is the majority of these studies tend to treat economists and agricultural economists as homogenous products and the market as perfectly competitive recent studies on the role and status of women in the two

connecting net energy with the price of energy and other goods and services net energy is intuitively compelling and useful in calculating total impacts e g primary energy greenhouse gases land use and water requirements of delivering useful energy to the larger economy however it has little policy impact unless connected quantitatively to the price of energy and other goods and services i present an input output io based method to do this the method is illustrated by a two sector model fitted to u s io economic data in an io characterized system the energy returned on energy invested eroi and the energy intensity of energy are directly related however eroi and prices are not uniquely related because they depend differently on four independent io coefficients representing internal structure of and the relationship between the energy sector and the rest of the economy if only one of these coefficients varies then eroi does uniquely determine prices uncertainties in the io coefficients as well as persistent issues of choosing system boundary and aggregating diverse energy types further complicate the eroi price connection in this context i review two recent empirical comparisons of u s oil and gas prices and eroi for 1954 2007