co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth in china a panel data analysis this paper examines the causal relationships between carbon dioxide emissions energy consumption and real economic output using panel cointegration and panel vector error correction modeling techniques based on the panel data for 28 provinces in china over the period 1995 2007 our empirical results show that co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth have appeared to be cointegrated moreover there exists bidirectional causality between co2 emissions and energy consumption and also between energy consumption and economic growth it has also been found that energy consumption and economic growth are the long run causes for co2 emissions and co2 emissions and economic growth are the long run causes for energy consumption the results indicate that china s co2 emissions will not decrease in a long period of time and reducing co2 emissions may handicap china s economic growth to some degree some policy implications of the empirical results have finally been proposed

factors determining the location decisions of spanish mnes an analysis based on the investment development path on the basis of theoretical assumptions approached via the investment development path idp this study examines the most important factors for and against the location decisions in foreign direct investment taken by multinational enterprises considering host countries at very different stages of economic development latin american and european union countries we carry out different kinds of analysis on a sample of 103 firms belonging to a medium sized country that has recently achieved the status of developed country the results reveal that the importance that home country firm managers give to diverse location factors depends to a certain extent on the stage that each group of host countries has reached in the idp in line with prior research we find that firm managers consider mainly the group of factors associated with strategic asset seeking when deciding to locate their investments in the group of more developed countries european union in contrast our results show that when these firm managers choose the group of less developed countries latin america social and cultural factors play a more determinant role thus suggesting the importance of historical and cultural ties between the home and host countries

cosmopolitan consumers as a target group for segmentation for international companies the literature recommends directing segmentation efforts at customer characteristics rather than country characteristics consumers degree of cosmopolitan orientation has been suggested as a powerful segmentation base as this characteristic is expected to drive consumers tastes and preferences to advance research on this segmentation base this article offers a conceptualization of the consumer cosmopolitanism construct by 1 delineating its conceptual domain 2 highlighting its key dimensions namely open mindedness diversity appreciation and consumption transcending borders and 3 examining its links with theoretically relevant variables specifically consumer ethnocentrism and global consumption orientation based on the aforementioned conceptualization a consumer research specific and psychometrically sound measurement instrument the c cosmo scale is subsequently developed and tested in a series of complementary studies finally empirically based insights into the characteristics of cosmopolitan consumers are offered by 1 profiling them on consumption relevant variables innovativeness risk aversion susceptibility to normative influence consumer ethnocentrism and demographic characteristics 2 examining the link between consumer cosmopolitanism and willingness to buy foreign products and 3 developing an empirically based typology of cosmopolitan local consumers using a cluster analysis approach from a managerial perspective findings suggest that the identification and subsequent targeting of cosmopolitan consumers may well represent an appropriate strategy for internationally active companies

energy consumption and gdp in developing countries a cointegrated panel analysis in this paper we re investigate the co movement and the causality relationship between energy consumption and gdp in 18 developing countries using data for the period 1975 to 2001 recently developed tests for the panel unit root heterogeneous panel cointegration and panel based error correction models are employed the empirical results provide clear support of a long run cointegration relationship after allowing for the heterogeneous country effect the long run relationship is estimated using a full modified ols the evidence shows that long run and short run causalities run from energy consumption to gdp but not vice versa this result indicates that energy conservation may harm economic growth in developing countries regardless of being transitory or permanent

the influence of parent control structure on parent conflict in vietnamese international joint ventures an organizational justice based contingency approach there has been significant interest in understanding how the distribution of parental control over international joint ventures ijv influences ijv outcomes e g parent conflict survival performance yet the accumulation of research on the relationship between control structure and ijv outcomes has been somewhat inconclusive and even contradictory we contribute to this research stream by developing an organizational justice based contingency model relating parental control structure to parent conflict we suggest that the level of conflict between ijv parents will depend on the consistencies between the control structure and parents contribution of proprietary resources and between control structure and the parents abilities to effectively monitor operations our analysis of vietnamese joint ventures provides some support for our model and suggests that the relationship between parent control structure and ijv outcomes is perhaps more complex than previously thought

why and how does shared language affect subsidiary knowledge inflows a social identity perspective extending existing international business ib research we conceptualize shared social identity as an outcome rather than only an antecedent of multinational enterprise knowledge flows to provide an alternative reason for why such knowledge flows occur we further argue that shared language among subsidiary and headquarters hq managers is an insufficient condition for subsidiary knowledge receipt accordingly we develop a moderated mediation model at the subsidiary level to examine how shared language affects subsidiaries tacit knowledge inflows from hq specifically we study 1 whether this relationship is mediated by the extent to which subsidiary managers share hq goals and vision and the extent to which human resources decisions are centralized at hq and 2 whether subsidiary type greenfields vs acquisitions moderates these mediated relationships such that in both cases the mediation will be stronger in foreign acquisitions compared with foreign greenfields building on a sample of 817 subsidiaries in 9 countries regions and a novel subjective measure of shared language we find support for our model implications for research on hq subsidiary knowledge flows social identity theory and the literature on sociolinguistics and international human resource management are discussed and managerial implications outlined

energy and national income in korea further evidence on the role of omitted variables abstract results of this paper indicate that the real oil price is a major determinant of real national income and energy consumption the combined effects of real money and real government expenditure on real income and energy consumption are also substantial a lack of causality or the causality between energy and real income in prior studies is due to the omitted variables results also confirm that the two oil price shocks combined adversely affected real national income

seeking commonalities or avoiding differences re conceptualizing distance and its effects on internationalization decisions past research established distance s key influence on internationalization however theoretical issues methodological challenges and inconsistent results hinder scholarship on why distance plays such an influential role to address these problems we draw from cognitive research on similarity comparisons to re conceptualize distance and test a model of internationalization decisions analyzing the verbal protocols of executives considering a series of internationalization opportunities we demonstrate that over and above objective distance indicators considerations that reduce distance commonalities and considerations that augment distance differences have distinct effects on decisions of where when and how to internationalize as such our study contributes new insights for understanding the nature and effects of distance across different dimensions of distance and internationalization decisions moreover internationalization theories have come to emphasize different theoretical rationales for explaining the influential role of distance on different decisions by integrating these rationales together with the notion that distance reducing commonalities and distance augmenting differences have distinct implications for internationalization decisions we introduce the notion that it is not only the addition of distance considerations that matters but also the directionality of such changes doing so our study points to new theoretical and methodological insights to help address prior criticisms and advance future research

mnc knowledge transfer subsidiary absorptive capacity and hrm based on a sample of 169 subsidiaries of multinational corporations mncs operating in the usa russia and finland this paper investigates the relationship between mnc subsidiary human resource management hrm practices absorptive capacity and knowledge transfer first we examine the relationship between the application of specific hrm practices and the level of the absorptive capacity second we suggest that absorptive capacity should be conceptualized as being comprised of both employees ability and motivation further results indicate that both ability and motivation absorptive capacity are needed to facilitate the transfer of knowledge from other parts of the mnc

managerial metric use in marketing decisions across 16 countries a cultural perspective research on metrics is consistently designated a priority by academics and practitioners however less is known about how culture and cross national differences can potentially impact metric use which is theoretically and managerially limiting this work develops a model that examines national and organizational cultural antecedents while controlling for the decision setting testing the model on data collected from 4384 managerial decisions from 1637 firms in 16 countries reveals that both levels of culture are associated with metric use but each has varying effects our results enable multinational executives to better understand and increase managerial metric use across different cultures and settings

pollution energy use gdp and trade estimating the long run relationship for vietnam abstractsince the beginning of economic reform in the 1980s and in particular with its openness to international trade accelerating since the 1990s the vietnamese economy has registered significant growth at the same time energy consumption and the level of pollution in vietnam has also increased this article aims to focus on the link between openness to trade and pollution in vietnam due to lack of data very few existing studies have focused on vietnam using annual data from1980 to 2011 and employing the bounds testing approach to cointegration based on an autoregressive distributed lagged ardl model we find that there is a statistically significant long run relationship amongst pollution openness to trade energy consumption and real national income in vietnam this conclusion continues to hold when the possibility of a structural break in the relationship is allowed for using the gregory hansen approach to cointegration analysis of the cointegration relationship suggests that in respons

the choice of a liability regime when there is a regulatory gatekeeper consider a firm planning a project that poses a risk of environmental spillovers such a firm might be deterred by the threat of legal liability or restrained by gatekeeper regulation if regulators would be perfect gatekeepers then negligence based liability combined with regulation is more efficient that strict liability with or without regulation however if the regulator has incomplete information then any of a variety of regimes could be the most efficient harsher regimes regulation rather than laissez faire and strict liability rather than negligence are more appropriate for larger risks the choice of a liability regime is more complicated however if regulators are biased if they are biased against projects then negligence plus regulation is less likely to be the most efficient regime if regulators are biased toward projects then it is possible that apparently soft liability regimes are more desirable when risk is high

do country level institutional frameworks and interfirm governance arrangements substitute or complement in international business relationships interfirm relationships among partners from institutionally distant environments are subject to governance difficulties owing to the paucity of shared cognitive and regulatory frameworks we examine the potential of formal contracting and relational governance developed at the partnership level to overcome the formal and informal institutional gap at the country level empirical results from a sample of 184 international partnerships of large us firms support an overall substitutive relationship between informal institutional frameworks and interorganizational relational arrangements whereby the performance benefits of relational governance are reinforced at higher degrees of informal institutional distance contrastingly formal institutional frameworks and contractual governance are found to have a complementary relationship with performance gains from formal contracting undermined at higher degrees of formal distance

the multinational corporation as a multilingual community language and organization in a global context this paper develops a framework for analyzing the multinational corporation mnc as a multilingual community in which parent functional language and subunit functional languages are concurrently used and recursively linked through an intra corporate communication network the unit breadth and intensity of an mnc s language system are designed to apply global strategies within the context of evolving environmental and organizational realities to the extent that language design is the product of deliberate choice we suggest that headquarters functional language is determined by the mnc s international strategy organizational structure and transnationality while subunit functional language is designed in accordance with organizational form strategic role and expatriate deployment aligning language systems with organizational strategy and dynamics improves mnc communication coordination and knowledge sharing

is china different a meta analysis of export led growth we examine whether china has benefited more from exports than other countries the results show that exports have been more significant for growth in china than in other countries even when china is compared with other transition economies

from the editors common method variance in international business research jibs receives many manuscripts that report findings from analyzing survey data based on same respondent replies this can be problematic since same respondent studies can suffer from common method variance cmv currently authors who submit manuscripts to jibs that appear to suffer from cmv are asked to perform validity checks and resubmit their manuscripts this letter from the editors is designed to outline the current state of best practice for handling cmv in international business research

causal relationship between energy consumption and gdp revisited the case of korea 1970 1999 abstract causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is investigated applying a multivariate model of capital labor energy and gdp usual btu energy aggregate is substituted with a divisia aggregate in an attempt to mitigate aggregation bias to test for granger causality in the presence of cointegration among the variables we employ a vector error correction model rather than a vector autoregressive model empirical results for korea over the period 1970 1999 suggest a long run bidirectional causal relationship between energy and gdp and short run unidirectional causality running from energy to gdp the source of causation in the long run is found to be the error correction terms in both directions

the relationships of carbon dioxide emissions and income in a newly industrialized economy this study investigates the carbon dioxide co2 emissions patterns in coordination with the economic development of taiwan the resulting quadratic relationship between emissions and income are partly due to the structural change of energy supply in taiwan with the introduction of nuclear energy in 1980 to 1986 this relationship is quite unique and different from the n shaped relationships in some developed countries de bruyn and opschoor 1997 friedl and getzner 2003 the co2 emissions in taiwan increase with the increasing imports of raw materials for economic activities and the increasing use of electricity there is no evidence that the substantial increase of taiwan s service sector contributed to slowing its co2 emissions

testing the pollution haven effect does the type of fdi matter many studies have tested the pollution haven effect phe which predicts that the tightening of local environmental regulations would shift foreign direct investment fdi to less regulated jurisdictions however most of them ignored the heterogeneity of fdi this paper studies the phe on local market oriented and export oriented fdi and tests whether the two types have different responsiveness to environmental regulations in a host country a simple model is developed to describe how different types of multinational companies respond in distinct ways to stricter environmental policies in host countries using us outward fdi data for 50 host countries and a survey measure of both the stringency and the enforcement of local environmental regulations i find a significant deterrent effect of local environmental regulations on inward fdi furthermore fdi in a host country is not only affected by local environmental regulations but also by environmental regulations in proximate countries more importantly accounting for the relative stringency of environmental regulations between a host country and the united states is critical for identifying a phe i find a significantly stronger effect of environmental policies on both types of fdi in host countries with environmental regulations that are stricter than those in the united states in these countries export oriented fdi also exhibits a greater sensitivity to local environmental regulations than local market oriented fdi

asset specificity and foreign market entry mode choice of small and medium sized enterprises the moderating influence of knowledge safeguards and institutional safeguards according to transaction cost economics tce reasoning firms choose equity as opposed to non equity foreign market entry modes to safeguard specific assets the present paper contextualizes the well researched relationship between asset specificity and foreign market entry mode choice by introducing knowledge safeguards international experience host country networks and imitation and institutional safeguards property rights protection and cultural proximity as alternative mechanisms for securing a firm s specific assets testing our hypotheses on a sample of 206 small and medium sized enterprises we find that knowledge safeguards and institutional safeguards weaken the effect of asset specificity on the choice of equity foreign market entry modes contextualizing the relationship between asset specificity and foreign market entry mode choice helps to enhance our understanding of the scope conditions of tce based entry mode studies and beyond

managing knowledge transfer in mncs the impact of headquarters control mechanisms in this paper we explore the impact of organisational mechanisms on inter unit knowledge flows in multinational corporations mncs a comprehensive model based on agency theory and socialisation theory is tested on a sample of 134 finnish and chinese mnc subsidiaries our findings indicate that mncs can influence inter unit knowledge transfer by specifying the objectives of the subsidiary and by utilising corporate socialisation mechanisms however we found no support for the hypothesised impact of management compensation systems and the use of expatriate managers on the extent of knowledge transfers from foreign subsidiaries to other parts of the mnc

careers in foreign owned firms in japan this article examines how organizational environments affect labor market processes in japan i hypothesize that labor market inequality is generated through workers being positioned in either domestic or in foreign firms i apply the concept of social versus economic exchange to distinguish the nature of transactions between domestic and foreign firms i argue that foreign firms operate under an institutional context that is conducive to the economic mode of exchange which has enormous consequences for their personnel practices and reward systems using a dataset of japanese workers collected in 2000 i examine the extent to which employment practices in foreign firms deviate from the benchmark features observed in the japanese labor market my results confirm that employment in foreign firms significantly affects career outcomes the highcommitment culture commonly associated with the japanese workforce is an outcome of the organizational environment i find little evidence of japanese employment pra

outside in global demand heterogeneity and dynamic capabilities of multinational enterprises we conceptualize the dynamic capabilities of multinational enterprises mnes as learning and adaptation capabilities that address the pressure of global integration and local responsiveness complementing the extant literature on dynamic capabilities which is focused on the supply side our study draws attention to the demand side influences especially in terms of global demand heterogeneity we propose that global demand heterogeneity provides pressures and opportunities for mnes to learn and adapt and thus positively relates to the development of mne dynamic capabilities however external sources per se may be insufficient firm specific advantages particularly human capital at the managerial and employee levels facilitate the internalization of external knowledge and pressure into the development of dynamic capabilities an empirical study of chinese multinational service firms strongly supports these arguments

from the editors how to write articles that are relevant to practice although the journal of international business studies is not a practice oriented journal thinking deeper about the practical relevance of our articles can only help enrich them and help decision makers implement better decisions however while many academic articles in social sciences go to great lengths to explain their theoretical and empirical impact in many cases their explanation of practical relevance is a paragraph in the conclusion section with a few cursory ideas that appear to be an afterthought rather than an integral part of the article here we provide suggestions for crafting a practical implications section that is relevant for decision makers

on energy consumption and gdp studies a meta analysis of the last two decades abstract the relationship between energy consumption and gdp growth has been intensely examined in multiple frameworks set by various methods and countries this paper is a meta analysis of 51 studies published in the last two decades with worldwide data since 1949 on the relationship between energy consumption and gdp growth the aim is to systemize some of the factors that cause the variation of results in these studies our results yield evidence that the long run elasticity of gdp growth with respect to energy consumption is not independent of the method employed for cointegration the data type and the inclusion of variables such as the price level or capital in the cointegration equation also 1 increase in capital increases the elasticity of gdp with respect to energy consumption by 0 85

energy consumption and gdp in tunisia cointegration and causality analysis abstract in this paper the johansen cointegration technique is used to examine the causal relationship between per capita energy consumption pcec and per capita gross domestic product pcgdp for tunisia during the 1971 2004 period in order to test for granger causality in the presence of cointegration among the variables a vector error correction model vecm is used instead of a vector autoregressive var model our estimation results indicate that the pcgdp and pcec for tunisia are related by one cointegrating vector and that there is a long run bi directional causal relationship between the two series and a short run unidirectional causality from energy to gross domestic product gdp the source of causation in the long run is found to be the error correction terms in both directions hence an important policy implication resulting from this analysis is that energy can be considered as a limiting factor to gdp growth in tunisia conclusions for tunisia may also be relevant for a number of countries that have to go through a similar development path of increasing pressure on already scarce energy resources

mentoring across global boundaries an empirical examination of home and host country mentors on expatriate career outcomes there has long been an interest in the effects of mentors on protege career outcomes and with scholars now beginning to examine mentoring across national boundaries using survey information as well as company records for 299 expatriates 163 men 136 women in 10 countries we examined the impact of home and host country mentors upon expatriate effectiveness we found that having a host country mentor had a significant positive effect on the expatriate s organizational knowledge organizational knowledge sharing job performance promotability and perceptions of teamwork having a home country mentor had a significant positive effect only on organizational knowledge job performance and promotability surprisingly our results revealed that having a home country mentor had a significant but negative effect on the expatriate s organization identification and job satisfaction contrary to the literature neither type of mentoring had a significant effect on job tension implications for practice as well as future research are detailed

foreign direct investment pollution and economic growth evidence from malaysia the bounds test developed by pesaran et al 2001 is applied to examine the existence of a long run relationship between foreign direct investment fdi inflows pollution and output of malaysia granger causality tests are also utilized to test for the presence of the short run and long run causal relationship between these variables both fdi inflows and pollution have short run causal relationship on output output only has long run causal relationship on fdi inflows

causality between energy consumption and economic growth in india a note on conflicting results abstract this note examines the different direction of causal relation between energy consumption and economic growth in india applying engle granger cointegration approach combined with the standard granger causality test on indian data for the period 1950 1996 we find that bi directional causality exists between energy consumption and economic growth further we apply johansen multivariate cointegration technique on the different set of variables the same direction of causality exists between energy consumption and economic growth this is different from the results obtained in earlier studies

knowledge transfer in multinational corporations productive and counterproductive effects of language sensitive recruitment this paper focuses on the multifaceted role of language and language sensitive recruitment in knowledge transfer in multinational corporations mncs in particular we develop a framework that helps to better understand how language sensitive recruitment is related to competence networks identity and power we started by conducting a qualitative interview based study of 101 mnc subsidiaries this analysis elucidates the productive and counterproductive effects of language sensitive recruitment on knowledge transfer related to communication competence networks identity and power to further understand the productive and counterproductive effects we conducted a quantitative study in 285 mnc subsidiaries we found an inverted u shaped relationship between language sensitive recruitment and knowledge transfer together these two studies provide a better understanding of the multifaceted and at times counterintuitive implications of language sensitive recruitment on knowledge transfer in mncs by elucidating these effects this paper contributes to the stream of research examining the role of language in mncs and international business more generally it further adds to research on mnc knowledge transfer that to date has focused little attention on language by elaborating on the potential unintended consequences of language sensitive recruitment this paper also has implications for international human resource management research

a dynamic equilibrium of electricity consumption and gdp in hong kong an empirical investigation abstract public debates on electricity policy in hong kong focus on the regulation regime but seldom discuss the macroeconomic impact in this paper we use the novel dataset on electricity consumption and report the following findings 1 there is a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp and electricity consumption 2 a one way causal effect exists from electricity consumption to real gdp 3 a significant adjustment process occurs when equilibrium is interrupted 4 there exists possible structural change in the relationship between electricity consumption and economic activities in 1990s

dynamics between energy output openness and financial development in sub saharan african countries abstractthis study aims to establish the connection between energy use economic output financial development and trade based on the panel data of 15 sub saharan african ssa countries during the period from 1983 to 2010 one full main panel and two subpanels were created by incorporating low income and middle income countries the panel cointegration test results indicate a long run relationship between the variables the mean group mg estimators show that energy consumption financial development capital and international trade have significant impacts on economic output in the case of middle income countries the granger causality analysis reveals that rising economic output leads to higher energy consumption but this is not true vice versa this means that energy conservation measures are unlikely to have adverse impacts upon economic output on the other hand there is a complementary relationship between financial development and energy consumption in this case energy conservation measures

environment kuznets curve for co2 emissions a cointegration analysis for china abstract this study examines the long run relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of china by employing time series data of 1975 2005 in particular the study aims at testing whether environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship between co 2 emissions and per capita real gdp holds in the long run or not auto regressive distributed lag ardl methodology is employed for empirical analysis a quadratic relationship between income and co 2 emission has been found for the sample period supporting ekc relationship the results of granger causality tests indicate one way causality runs through economic growth to co 2 emissions the results of this study also indicate that the carbon emissions are mainly determined by income and energy consumption in the long run trade has a positive but statistically insignificant impact on co 2 emissions

the asymmetric relationships between pollution energy use and oil prices in vietnam some behavioural implications for energy policy making abstract with rapidly expanding real gdp in vietnam it is anticipated that the vietnamese energy production will increase to meet its rising energy consumption an important corollary is that pollution will also rise since the energy sector is considered a big polluter in the developing world this paper brings two important insights to this literature first and foremost this paper seeks to establish if any behavioural biases of policy makers have clouded the decision to adopt suitable energy technologies and policies in vietnam with far reaching consequences for sustainability in the region secondly in order to detect behavioural biases it considers the asymmetric effects of increases vis a vis decreases in regressors by using the non linear autoregressive distributed lags nardl models to examine how such increases or decreases really impact on pollution in vietnam using annual data from 1982 to 2015 the analysis finds that the long run relationships between pollution energy use and oil prices have been characterised by non linear and asymmetric interlinkages to indicate hidden cointegration we further argue that such hidden cointegration can signal important behavioural biases in energy policy making

trans specialization understanding in international technology alliances the influence of cultural distance in the information age the firm s performance hinges on combining partners specialist knowledge to achieve value co creation combining knowledge from different specialties could be a costly process in the international technology alliances itas context we argue that the combination of different specializations requires the development of trans specialization understanding tsu instead of the internalization of partners specialist knowledge this article examines the extent to which inter firm governance in itas shapes tsu and whether the development of tsu is endangered by cultural distance we hypothesize that relational governance product modularity and cultural distance influence tsu development which in turn influences firm performance we collected data from 110 non equity itas between software and hardware firms participating in the mobile device sector we analyzed the data using partial least squares path modeling our findings suggest that tsu largely depends on product modularity and relational governance in alliances however while cultural distance negatively moderates the path from relational governance to tsu it has no effect on the relationship between product modularity and tsu based on this we conclude that product modularity can substitute for relational governance when strong relational norms are not well developed in international alliances thus cultural distance does not invariably amount to a liability in itas

extending the internationalization process model increases and decreases of mne commitment in emerging economies the internationalization process model suggests that firms internationalize by building positions in foreign markets and networks following iterative cycles of learning and changes in commitment however as subsidiaries evolve commitments may be decreased as well as increased a phenomenon that has rarely been studied moreover it remains an open question why strategic intentions at the outset of an investment project differ from the actual operations established we address these questions by extending the model and combining it with mintzberg and waters framework of strategy formation specifically we suggest that commitment decisions correspond to statements of intended strategy while network positions correspond to realized strategies the processes of learning opportunity creation and trust building triggered by commitment decisions are however moderated by institutional influences that lead to divergences between realized and intended strategies we test propositions derived from this framework on a survey data set of subsidiaries of multinational enterprises in hungary lithuania and poland and find that institutional voids and institutional uncertainty affect subsidiary strategy implementation but in opposing directions under high institutional uncertainty investors prefer low commitment but flexible modes that enable later commitment increases whereas institutional voids increase up front information search and adaptation costs that reduce the likelihood of early post entry adjustments our analysis reinforces the need for more differentiated theoretical analyses of how institutions affect business strategies over time

media choice in multilingual virtual teams this study investigates the impact of language barriers on multilingual virtual teams members choice between different communication media in their inner team interactions through interviewing team leaders and members in both mono and multilingual virtual teams we discover discrepancies in media choice and media performance between these two settings and identify foreign language induced cognitive load as a key reason for these divergences our study advances research on communication and knowledge exchange in multilingual virtual collaboration by showing how language barriers alter the process of converging different viewpoints through team interaction by suggesting language related modifications to the seminal media synchronicity theory and by demonstrating the benefits of new media in multilingual settings it also broadens the disciplinary scope of language research in international business by introducing theories from communication studies and cognitive research in practical terms it highlights the benefits of redundant communication the need for an adequate media infrastructure in multinational corporations and the importance of motivating team members to use new media

structural breaks energy consumption and economic growth revisited evidence from taiwan abstract this paper studies the stability between energy consumption and gdp for taiwan during 1954 2003 we use aggregate as well as various disaggregate data of energy consumption including coal oil gas and electricity to employ the unit root tests and the cointegration tests allowing for structural breaks our main findings are first though gas consumption seems to have structural breaks in the 1960s after considering the structural breaks the series is a stationary variable when taiwan adopted its expansionary export trade policy second we find that different directions of causality exist between gdp and various kinds of energy consumption the empirical result shows unanimously in the long run that energy acts as an engine of economic growth and that energy conservation may harm economic growth third the cointegration between energy consumption and gdp is unstable and some economic events may affect the stability overall we do find the structural breakpoints and they look to match clearly with the corresponding critical economic incidents

energy consumption carbon emissions and economic growth in china abstract this paper investigates the existence and direction of granger causality between economic growth energy consumption and carbon emissions in china applying a multivariate model of economic growth energy use carbon emissions capital and urban population empirical results for china over the period 1960 2007 suggest a unidirectional granger causality running from gdp to energy consumption and a unidirectional granger causality running from energy consumption to carbon emissions in the long run evidence shows that neither carbon emissions nor energy consumption leads economic growth therefore the government of china can purse conservative energy policy and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth

from a distance and generalizable to up close and grounded reclaiming a place for qualitative methods in international business research journal of international business studies 2011 42 573 581 doi 10 1057 jibs 2011 19 it is exhilarating to write the introduction to this special issue as it presents an important opportunity for qualitative research to reclaim its position as an integral part of international business ib research the field of ib was founded on a rich qualitative research legacy e g bartlett 1979 crozier 1965 fayerweather 1969 johanson vahlne 1977 kindleberger 1956 prahalad 1975 wilkins 1970 1974 over time however such methods have been progressively marginalized in our field as quantitative methods have become the norm this shift in emphasis has mirrored the broader trend toward more positivistic empirical methods in the social sciences the field of ib is multidisciplinary in scope and interdisciplinary in content and methodology statement of jibs editorial policy however as our respective home disciplines came under growing pressure to solidify their legitimacy as scientific endeavors that merit scholarly attention it is not surprising that we began to take on the norms propagated within our own academic communities that typically equated quantitative data with hard science while there are clear merits associated with quantitative methods the multi cultural multi dimensional and dynamic nature of the field of ib lends itself to a broad range of research methodologies qualitative methods being one of them in order to understand the complexities of emergent and evolving phenomena scattered over distance and the differentiated contexts typical to many topics under investigation in ib it is often inappropriate to engage in large scale cross sectional studies or reductionist methods in the absence of well developed theory rather thick description exploratory research and comparative case analysis that focus on inductive theory building and hypotheses generation may be more suitable

global delivery models the role of talent speed and time zones in the global outsourcing industry global delivery models gdms are transforming the global it and business process outsourcing industry gdms are a new form of client specific investment promoting service integration with clients by combining client proximity with time zone spread for 24 7 service operations we investigate antecedents and contingencies of setting up gdm structures based on comprehensive data we show that providers are likely to establish gdm location configurations when clients value access to globally distributed talent and speed of service delivery in particular when services are highly commoditized findings imply that coordination across time zones increasingly affects international operations in business to business and born global industries

innovation in multinational corporations control and communication patterns in international r d operations this paper addresses issues of global innovation in multinational corporations by examining the patterns of communication and control in international rd 2 local and international adaptors both focus their communication on their internal corporate network and 3 international creators have strong internally and externally oriented networks of relationships the implications for the management of global innovation are discussed 1998 john wiley sons ltd

product and occupational liability i ncreased liability for risks posed by jobs and products has transformed the cost structure of these markets premiums for general liability insurance which provides protection for injuries and property damage to others mushroomed from 6 5 billion in 1984 to 19 4 billion in 1986 the increase in workers compensation premiums has been slightly less dramatic rising from 11 3 billion in 1978 to 26 1 billion in 1988 in each case these costs are in addition to any legal fees and self insurance costs incurred by the firm insurance information institute 1990 moreover although these institutions have separate functions product liability remedies are for product related injuries and workers compensation is for job injuries their responsibilities have begun to overlap increasingly as workers file product claims for job injuries against the producers of products used in the workplace such as the asbestos manufacturer liability costs used to be an incidental expense now they are a factor of substantial economic consequence some markets such as pharmaceuticals and private aircraft have been hit particularly hard liability costs now account for 17 percent of the fares paid by riders on the philadelphia mass transit system and from 15 25 percent of the purchase price of a new ladder in addition as insurance coverage decreased some products have simply disappeared such as certain amusement park rides and diving boards at many motel swimming pools

product liability and regulation establishing the appropriate institutional division of labor society has several institutional mechanisms that promote the control of product health and safety risks and compensation of the income losses that these risks generated for risks traded in the market economic forces at work foster each of these objectives social insurance programs such as worker s compensation promote the compensation objective directly and influence safety incentives through the meritrating procedure two additional institutional mechanisms which are the focus of this paper are tort liability and regulation each of these institutions has assumed a more active role in the last two decades and has been the focus of considerable academic and policy debate what is most noteworthy about these discussions is that both policymakers and economic analysts generally view each institution as the only societal response to the risk in the field of legal scholarship this narrow approach has been termed the tortcentric perspective by richard stewart 1987a b such a piecemeal approach may be necessary in some cases as an analytic convenience but it neglects potentially important interactions of the two systems in this paper i explore the nature of the institutional interactions in section i and examine the appropriate institutional design in section ii the general conclusion is that risk regulation should play a dominant role in augmenting market incentives for risk reduction and that the scope of product liability remedies should be scaled back to reflect its subsidiary role

language policies and practices in wholly owned foreign subsidiaries a recontextualization perspective this study adopts a recontextualization perspective on language policies and practices in wholly owned foreign subsidiaries drawing on a field study of 101 subsidiaries in japan we develop a contingency model that distinguishes between four different types of recontextualization with characteristic language policies and practices developing locally adaptive developing globally integrated established locally adaptive and established globally integrated our analysis shows how each of these four types is accompanied by specific problems and challenges in particular it elucidates five important aspects of language implementation 1 the emergence of language praxis from the interplay of headquarters strategies and local responses 2 the hybridization of language practices 3 the central role of key actors such as subsidiary presidents in recontextualization 4 the pervasive power implications of language policies and practices and 5 the multifaceted implications for strategic human resource management by so doing our analysis opens up new avenues for context specific and practice oriented studies of language in multinational companies

energy consumption economic growth and carbon emissions challenges faced by an eu candidate member abstract this paper investigates the long run granger causality relationship between economic growth carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in turkey controlling for gross fixed capital formation and labor the most interesting result is that carbon emissions seem to granger cause energy consumption but the reverse is not true the lack of a long run causal link between income and emissions may be implying that to reduce carbon emissions turkey does not have to forgo economic growth

a literature survey on energy growth nexus abstract this paper provides a survey of the recent progress in the literature of energy consumption economic growth and electricity consumption economic growth causality nexus the survey highlights that most empirical studies focus on either testing the role of energy electricity in stimulating economic growth or examining the direction of causality between these two variables although the positive role of energy on growth has become a stylized fact there are some methodological reservations about the results from these empirical studies a general observation from these studies is that the literature produced conflicting results and there is no consensus neither on the existence nor on the direction of causality between energy consumption electricity consumption and economic growth as a policy implication to avoid from conflicting and unreliable results the authors may use the autoregressive distributed lags bounds test two regime threshold co integration models panel data approach and multivariate models including new variables such as real gross fixed capital formation labor force carbon dioxide emissions population exchange rates interest rates etc thus the authors should focus more on the new approaches and perspectives rather than by employing usual methods based on a set of common variables for different countries and different intervals of time

strategic alliance based sourcing and market performance evidence from foreign firms operating in china although foreign multinational firms from the triad regions increasingly use mainland china as both a sourcing and a marketing location no study has directly examined the sourcing strategy performance linkage using resource complementarity and resource dependence theory we extend the sourcing literature and apply these perspectives to an important transitional economy china these two theoretical perspectives suggest that product and uncertainty factors moderate the relationship between strategic alliance based sourcing sa sourcing of major components and market performance we find that at low levels of product innovativeness and technological uncertainty the use of sa sourcing is positively related to market performance however the effects of product differentiation and demand uncertainty on the sourcing performance relationship are insignificant journal of international business studies 2005 36 187 208 doi 10 1057 palgrave jibs 8400120