estimating griliches k shifts griliches k shift a crucial parameter in the welfare evaluation of technological change is shown to be equal to the radial rate of technological change plus a vector of commodity bias parameters obtained from the distance function the analysis permits decomposition of sectoral productivity growth into productivity growth by commodity the k shifts estimated for wheat corn soybeans and beef in u s agriculture indicate a decrease in the marginal cost of production of corn soybeans and wheat during the 1950 1993 years

determinants of united states trade balance with australia this study explores the determinants of the usa s trade balance ne with australia and tests for long run relationships regression results suggest the most important determinant of ne is the price ratio usa relative to australia followed by the lending rate ratio gdp ratio money supply ratio and the real exchange rate which together explain 93 of the variation in ne f tests suggest ne responds to rising and falling exchange rate regimes symmetrically johansen s cointegration test suggests a significant at 1 long run relationship between ne and its determinants based on engle granger import share is and output growth q are cointegrated at 10 if q shocks precede is shocks suggesting a weak long run relationship between them there is a positive long run relationship between ne and the exchange rate er at 5 if er shocks precede ne shocks results based on the error correction model suggest a positive relationship between expected er and ne and reinforce the cointegration results

factor inputs and japanese manufacturing trade structure the japanese international trade structure in manufactured goods has been analyzed using cross section regression analysis in which labor capital human capital and energy are regressed on japanese net exports exports and imports with the world oecd and developing countries for 1967 and 1975 skill and wage differential measures have been utilized for the measuring of human capital contrary to the dualism found in earlier studies the estimated results show that in 1967 japan exported unskilled labor intensive goods with respect to the developing countries as well as the oecd countries in 1975 japan exported capital intensive goods to all regions and imported unskilled labor intensive goods from the world and the developing countries skilled labor intensive goods were imported from the oecd countries in both years drastic changes between 1967 and 1975 are noted japanese exports shifted from unskilled labor intensive goods to capital intensive goods while imports did the opposite this result conforms to the changes in unskilled labor and capital usage in japan and her major trading partners

a new method of estimating risk aversion i show existing evidence on labor supply behavior places an upper bound on risk aversion in the expected utility model i derive a formula for the coefficient of relative risk aversion in terms of the ratio of the income elasticity of labor supply to wage elasticity and degree of complementarity between consumption and labor i bound the degree of complementarity using data on consumption choices when labor supply varies across states using labor supply elasticity estimates i find a mean estimate of 1 then show generating 2 requires that wage increases cause sharper labor supply reductions jel d81 j22

output input and productivity measurement in u s agriculture 1948 79 tornqvist theil indexes of outputs and inputs are constructed these data are used to construct indexes of productivity growth over the postwar period the productivity indexes can be derived from a flexible multioutput multifactor representation of the structure of production constrained to constant returns to scale total factor productivity grew at an average annual rate of 1 75 compared with 1 70 per year estimated by the u s department of agriculture the similar estimates of productivity growth overshadow some important differences in measurement of individual inputs the major effort in measuring agricultural productivity is undertaken by the u s department of agriculture usda an american agricultural economics association task force on measuring productivity has examined the sources and procedures used in constructing the official statistics see loomis and barton lambert barton and durost the task force recommended that the usda adopt a series of specific improvements for constructing certain inputs and use an indexing procedure that does not impose a priori restrictions on the structure of production 1 this paper presents revised indexes of outputs and inputs the data are used to construct indexes of productivity growth over the postwar period the productivity indexes can be derived from a flexible multioutput multifactor representation of the structure of production the translog transformation function constrained to constant returns to scale 2 the indexes of outputs and inputs have the same form and their ratio coincides with the estimate of productivity growth

determinants of the structure of u s foreign trade 1958 1976 abstract the heckscher ohlin model with three direct factor inputs is borne out for u s net exports of manufactures in annual cross section regressions for 1958 1976 the coefficient on unskilled labor became significantly more negative over the period and there is evidence that the negative sign on physical capital may reflect the inclusion of natural resource industries further analysis based upon 1960 and 1970 census years suggests the importance as well of skill and technological variables calculations of the total factor requirements of u s trade uphold the leontief paradox for 1958 but not for 1972

causal relationships between public sector agricultural research expenditures and output allocative decisions concerning public sector agricultural research appear to be driven by both supply and politically mediated demand forces in sample granger tests along with post sample predictive tests suggest that simultaneity issues should not be ignored when modeling the research expenditure output relationship the results also provide strong evidence that the impact of research expenditures on agricultural output may persist for as long as thirty years these lags are substantially longer than those commonly used for agricultural research to date the lagged effect of output on research appears to be shorter though still between ten and twelve years in this article we analyze the empirical relationship between public sector agricultural research and agricultural output our interest in this question was spurred on two fronts first emphasis of the contemporary economic literature has shifted from an analysis of the consequences of technical change to an explanation of the observed rate and direction of inventive activity a substantial proportion of this literature has focused on appropriable technologies originating in the private sector and remained largely silent on related issues in the public sector here we analyze the dynamics of public sector research in particular publicly sponsored agricultural research in the

exchange rate volatility and aggregate export growth in bangladesh the long and short run determinants of bangladeshi export growth are examined these are modelled as depending on world trade volume bangladeshi and world export prices and exchange rate volatility several techniques are used to estimate and test hypotheses about the cointegration space of these variables we find that there are two plausible restricted cointegrating vectors one appears to be an export demand while the other is suggestive of an export supply these are then imposed on an error correction model estimates suggest that in the long run bangladeshi export growth is driven by the volume of world trade and is negatively and inelastically related to the volatility of bangladeshi exchange rates once these long run effects are accounted for it is found that none of the variables significantly explains any short run changes in export growth

the creation and spread of technology and total factor productivity in china s agriculture the overall goal of this study is to create a framework for assessing the trends of china s national and international investment in agricultural research and to measure its impact on total factor productivity the main methodological contribution is to provide more convincing measures of crop specific technologies from china s national research program and of those imported from the international agricultural research system our results find that from 1980 to 1995 china s total factor productivity for rice wheat and maize grew rapidly and new technology accounts for most of the productivity growth

market based systems for reducing chemical use in agriculture in the united states this study uses a computable general equilibrium cge model of the u s economy to estimate the economic effects of agricultural fertilizer and pesticide input reductions on individual farm sectors and on the economy as a whole the costs of reducing agricultural chemicals using a market based approach and a command and control approach are compared the real cost to society of restrictng fertilizer and pesticide use by 20 percent across all uses is estimated to be 2 3 billion a market based approach that would provide incentives to reduce chemical use in the most cost efficient manner would be about 10 percent less costly

how important are dual economy effects for aggregate productivity this paper brings together development accounting techniques and the dual economy model to address the role that factor markets have in creating variation in aggregate total factor productivity tfp development accounting research has shown that much of the variation in income across countries can be attributed to differences in tfp the dual economy model suggests that aggregate productivity is depressed by having too many factors allocated to low productivity work in agriculture data show large differences in marginal products of similar factors within many developing countries offering prima facie evidence of this misallocation using a simple two sector decomposition of the economy this article estimates the role of these misallocations in accounting for the cross country income distribution a key contribution is the ability to bring sector specific data on human and physical capital stocks to the analysis variation across countries in the degree of misallocation is shown to account for 30 40 of the variation in income per capita and up to 80 of the variation in aggregate tfp

estimating ex ante cost functions for stochastic technologies this paper revisits the problem of estimating ex ante cost functions previously studied by pope and just in 1996 as well as moschini in 2001 an ex ante cost function that generalizes their ex ante cost functions is introduced and an econometric procedure for estimating a flexible approximation to it is developed that generalized cost function is economically relevant not only for the pope and just 1996 choice setting but for general producer risk preferences general stochastic technologies and general forms of price uncertainty an econometric strategy for estimating the resulting cost structure that adapts moschini s 2001 full information approach is developed followed by an econometric application to u s agriculture

intellectual property rights and the welfare effects of agricultural r d the profound changes that have affected agriculture in modern times are perhaps best illustrated by the evolution of production techniques due to mechanization new chemical inputs such as herbicides pesticides and fertilizers genetic selection of crops and animals new crop varieties and countless other technical and organizational improvements these innovations have allowed a generalized increase in physical output while at the same time agriculture has suffered a massive exodus of labor forces towards the non farm sectors indeed a stylized fact of developed countries post war growth is that productivity in agriculture has grown faster than in other sectors jorgenson and gollop 1992 this remarkable record naturally begs the question of what is at its root and a view that commands considerable consensus is that agricultural productivity growth is due to past investments in scientific research and development r d

ldc agriculture nonparametric malmquist productivity indexes abstract this paper examines changes in agricultural productivity in 18 developing countries over the period 1961 1985 we use the nonparametric output based malmquist index to examine whether the results from such an approach confirm results from other methods that have indicated declining agricultural productivity in less developed countries ldcs the results confirm previous findings indicating that at least half of these countries have experienced productivity declines in agriculture we also found that those countries that tax agriculture most heavily had the most negative rates of productivity change

how reliable is duality theory in empirical work the neoclassical theory of production establishes a dual relationship between the profit value function of a competitive firm and its underlying production technology this relationship commonly referred to as duality theory has been widely used in empirical work to estimate production parameters such as elasticities and returns to scale we generate a pseudo dataset by monte carlo simulations which starting from known production parameters yield a dataset with the main characteristics of u s agriculture in terms of unobserved firm heterogeneity decisions under uncertainty unexpected production and price shocks endogenous prices output and input aggregation measurement error in variables and omitted variables production parameters are not precisely recovered when performing econometric estimation based on the duality approach and the elasticity estimates are inaccurate deviations of own and cross price elasticities from initial median values given our parameter calibration range between 6 and 690 with an average of 90 also own price elasticities are as imprecisely recovered as cross price elasticities sensitivity analysis shows that results still hold for different sources and levels of noise and sample size used in estimation

productivity growth in u s agriculture under dynamic adjustment a dynamic measure of productivity growth adjusted for deviations from the long run equilibrium is established within an adjustment cost framework an empirical application to u s agriculture is presented which permits identifying the dynamic linkages between technical change and productivity growth in u s agriculture total factor productivity as dynamically measured grew at 1 50 per annum the combined effect of scale quality adjusted input growth and long run disequilibrium input use contributes only 3 44 of the growth while technical change dominates the growth of total factor productivity

post war productivity patterns in u s agriculture influences of aggregation procedures in a state level analysis annual data for forty eight states are used to account for changes in the composition of input and output aggregates over space and time and thereby to obtain new evidence on changes in inputs outputs and productivity in u s agriculture the measures change significantly when we use state specific rather than national prices and when we allow for changes in the composition of the aggregates especially of labor and capital inputs we compare our estimates and those reported by ball et al american journal of agricultural economics 81 1999 164 79 the national estimates are similar but substantial differences are found in state level productivity growth

habit formation and demand for sugar sweetened beverages using scanner data we estimated demand for nine nonalcoholic beverages under habit formation we found strong evidence for habit formation although demand for sugar sweetened beverages by low income households is less elastic to own price changes compared with high income households there is evidence that high income households consider beverages to be more substitutable than low income households do a half cent per ounce tax on store purchased sugar sweetened beverages will result in a moderate reduction in consumption of sugar sweetened beverages for both income strata because of habit formation long run national tax revenue from a sugar sweetened beverage tax is about 15 to 20 lower than short run revenue

tax reform and land using sectors in the u s economy a general equilibrium analysis a computable general equilibrium model of the u s economy is used to assess the effects of the tax reform act of 1986 on land using sectors forestry and three classes of agriculture the model s components include twelve production sectors six consumer groups a balanced budget government sector and a zero surplus foreign sector in relative terms tax reform reduces total value added output in land using sectors to a greater extent than other sectors in the economy experiments are also performed comparing partial and general equilibrium specifications of the economy and the impact of choice of input substitution elasticities

long run price and income elasticities of demand for hong kong exports a structural cointegrating var approach this article revisits a system of export volume and price equations to estimate the long run price and income effects in the demand for hong kong s exports using a recently developed restricted cointegrating var approach it tests theorybased restrictions and obtains estimates of the long run structural coefficients the estimation results provide supporting evidence for the theory based restrictions and suggest that the demand for hong kong s exports is both price and income elastic this article is therefore able to present a long run model of hong kong s exports that is both theory and data consistent and long run elasticities that are economically interpretable the short run properties of the model are illustrated by means of persistence profiles which confirm the cointegrating vectors tendency of convergence

decomposing growth in revenues and costs into price quantity and total factor productivity contributions this article employs the superlative fisher and tornqvist indexes for exact decomposition of growth in nominal revenues and costs the findings confirm the well known result that these indexes very closely approximate each other implying that the mathematically simpler and computationally easier tornqvist is the more practicable index moreover this article s nominal growth decomposition yields all the results from the more common real growth decomposition and is also more informative for policy purposes application to the us agricultural sector during 1948 2001 shows that of the 3 31 average annual growth in revenues tfp growth contributed 1 90 percentage points pct pts growth in output prices added 1 43 pct pts while growth in input quantities contributed 0 02 pct pts i e fewer inputs therefore real output growth or revenue growth less output price growth was 1 88 pct pts revealing that tfp s 1 90 pct pts growth contribution was fully responsible for real output growth with

export performance in china s regional economies china enjoyed unprecedented economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s associated with this growth was the rapid expansion of exports from the chinese regions this study aims to provide an empirical assessment of export performance in the chinese regions during 1992 2001 it has shown that on an average china s regional economies have only achieved 70 of their export potential leaving substantial scope for improvement there is also considerable variation in export performance among the chinese regions with the noncoastal areas lagging behind in addition this article also shows that several region specific factors e g foreign direct investment government spending infrastructure development and the nonstate sector have affected regional export performance positively furthermore it is found that the development of china s western regions has boosted and will continue to improve the export sectors in these regions

relationships between economic growth foreign direct investment and trade evidence from china this study investigates the causal links between trade economic growth and inward foreign direct investment fdi in china at the aggregate level the integration and cointegration properties of quarterly data are analysed long run relationships between growth exports imports and fdi are identified in a cointegration framework in which this paper finds bi directional causality between economic growth fdi and exports economic development exports and fdi appear to be mutually reinforcing under the open door policy

short and long run returns to agricultural r d in south africa or will the real rate of return please stand up abstract this paper briefly presents the results of a total factor productivity tfp study of south african commercial agriculture for 1947 1997 and illustrates some potential pitfalls in rate of return to research ror calculations the lag between r d and tfp is analyzed and found to be only 9 years with a pronounced negative skew reflecting the adaptive focus of the south african system the two stage approach gives a massive ror of 170 the predetermined lag parameters are then used in modeling the knowledge stock to refine the estimates of the ror from short and long run dual profit functions in the short run with the capital inputs treated as fixed the ror is a more reasonable 44 in the long run with adjustment of the capital stocks it rises to 113 which would reflect the fact that new technology is embodied in the capital items however the long run model raises a new problem since capital stock adjustment takes 11 years 2 years longer than the lag between r d and tfp if this is assumed to be the correct lag the ror falls to 58 a best estimate the paper draws attention to the possible sensitivity of rate of return calculations to assumed lag structure particularly when the lag between changes in r d and tfp is skewed

agricultural productivity and sources of growth in south asia estimates of partial factor productivity growth for rice and wheat in india bangladesh and pakistan show relatively rapid growth in yields per hectare since adoption of modern rice and wheat varieties began in the mid to late 1960s byerlee rosegrant while partial factor productivity growth for rice and wheat in south asia has been extensively analyzed there is relatively little understanding of total factor productivity growth and the sources of productivity growth in the crops sector or of the relative contribution to output growth from productivity growth compared to increased factor use this paper assesses total factor productivity tfp growth in india examines the sources of productivity growth and estimates the rates of return to public investments in research and extension a comparison is made with results for bangladesh dey and evenson and pakistan azam bloom and evenson the paper describes the methodology for estimation of tfp decomposition of tfp and estimation of rates of return to public investments describes the data and presents results and policy implications

long run income and price elasticities of demand for colombian nontraditional exports a multivariate cointegration framework a long run income and price elasticities of demand is estimated for colombian nontraditional exports through a multivariate cointegration analysis based on the combination of cointegration and exogeneity concepts and the inclusion of the complete dynamic system the paper shows the existence of a long run relationship among nontraditional exports relative price and foreign demand and higher long run elasticities than those provided by the long run cointegration vector coefficients that are usually reported in the trade literature

productivity growth in world agriculture sources and constraints during the last half century advances in crop production came from expansion in areas irrigated from more intensive application of fertilizers and crop protection chemicals and from crop varieties that were more responsive to technical inputs and management advances in animal production came from genetic improvements and advances in animal nutrition differences among developed and developing countries in output per hectare and per worker have widened if these gaps are to be narrowed agricultural research capacity in developing countries will have to be substantially strengthened

productivity growth in u s agriculture a postwar perspective there has been a long standing fascination with productivity trends in u s agriculture in part this stems from the historical importance of agriculture to the economy but it also reflects economists early and continued interest in quantifying the rate of return to society s sizable investment in agricultural r d the sum of government sponsored and private sector r d investment in agriculture is estimated to have been 268 million in 1953 in that year total r d investment in the economy from all sources amounted to 5 1 billion 2 excluding defense and space related r d which accounted for approximately half of the u s total in the early fifties 3 r d expenditures dedicated to agriculture equaled approximately 10 of total u s investment in r d from all sources

economic growth lessons from two centuries of american agriculture this paper reviews the growth experience of u s agriculture over the past two centuries in consonance with the view that growth is determined by the economic environment which consists of the available technology incentives constraints and institutions within this framework the implemented technology is determined jointly with the resource allocation the review covers the role played by resource endowment resource flow technical change and its factor bias and product demand it highlights the importance of the income elasticity of demand and the labor augmentation of the technical change the total factor productivity tfp was almost nil at the beginning of the nineteenth century increasing gradually to the point where it exhausted output growth in the latter part of the twentieth century this pattern is consistent with the postulate emerging from this framework where the tfp is endogenous and determined jointly with growth rather than determining it the more recent performance of u s agriculture is placed within a global perspective in order to generalize the discussion

market selection with idiosyncratic uncertainty abstract i analyze the survival probabilities of different types of agents in a general equilibrium model with disagreement over idiosyncratic uncertainties i find that such biases create a separation between individual and group level survival even when the survival probability of a single irrational agent tends to zero these agents may still succeed as a whole effectively the irrational agent population can survive due to a vanishingly small group of increasingly rich agents disagreement over idiosyncratic uncertainties distorts savings decisions and interest rates but idiosyncratic risks are not priced simulations confirm that the limiting results are relevant when the population of irrational agents is large

survival and long run dynamics with heterogeneous beliefs under recursive preferences i analytically characterize the long run behavior of an economy with two types of agents who differ in their beliefs and are endowed with homothetic recursive preferences agents with more incorrec

modeling inter sectoral growth linkages an application to u s agriculture abstract general equilibrium and open economy trade theory are used along with time series data on the u s agricultural sector to provide insights into the structure of agricultural supply factor returns and linkages to the rest of the economy output expansion and factor returns are found to vary depending on relative factor intensities which we refer to as rybczynski and stolper samuelson like effects the effect of the rest of the economy particularly the increase in price of services is found to have relatively large negative impacts on agriculture the short run effects of prices and factor endowments on growth in agricultural supply and factor returns are dominated by the long run effects of technological change

how the data we make can unmake us annals of factology scrutiny we give to propositions derived from theory claims of statistical significance of a regression result or a bald assertion consider why do people still ranch and why lately have more ranchers started to write poetry about their lives new york times july 5 1992 if you were to make such a poetical claim you could expect to be asked for supporting data but to take an example of the other kind after you quote world bank gdp tables to show real income growth in developing countries slowing up in the 1980s your assertion that real income growth slowed in the 1980s is likely to be unchallenged this is wrong for the supine acceptance of data can cause scientific mischief of the worst kind believing we know things that aren t so the purposes of this paper are to show how the data agricultural economists use can mislead and to discuss what might be done about it

explaining industry labor productivity movements i introduction the 1970s marked a significant turning point in the postwar productivity performance for industrialized economies robust productivity growth disappeared and several decades of low growth followed this phenomenon was perhaps most pronounced in the united states figure 1a shows that labor productivity displays a clear slowdown beginning in the mid to late 1960s the figure plots data for log average labor productivity measured as real gnp per full time equivalent employee 1 2 trends in log average labor productivity have varied across u s industries as shown in figure 1b productivity in the manufacturing sector has been comparatively stable in both durable and nondurable goods for durable goods there was a slight slowdown in the mid and late 1970s but the mid 1980s marked an upturn in productivity performance agriculture trade finance insurance real estate and services on the other hand reflect the dramatic halt in labor productivity growth that is evident in the u s aggregate data mining and construction display the most dramatic declines in labor productivity across industries this paper investigates the importance of three shocks at the industry level for explaining industry labor productivity movements industry demand shocks supply shocks and labor supply shocks past studies have attempted to quantify the contribution of changes in factors of production technology education and other supply side variables in explaining the productivity slowdown typically using a growth accounting framework e g denison 1979 this paper instead investigates the importance of traditional notions of demand and supply shocks in explaining productivity movements the results show that demand shocks as defined in the paper are not important in explaining labor productivity movements supply shocks on the other hand have immediate and long lasting effects this suggests that theories of demand driven productivity movements are not consistent with the data these results confirm work by shapiro 1987a who showed that the solow residual in u s aggregate and industry data accurately reflect supply shocks this paper adds to shapiro s results in two important ways first of all supply shocks are broken into productivity shocks and labor supply shocks also the impact and importance of these shocks relative to demand shocks are estimated directly the evidence shows that labor supply shocks are important for explaining labor productivity movements particularly in trade and services positive labor supply shocks are associated with persistently declining labor productivity the two decades beginning in the 1970s saw dramatic shifts in the employment distribution across u s industries as table i shows employment in trade and service industries expanded while the share of employment in manufacturing declined the timing of the productivity slowdown in trade and services is coincident with these changes in the employment distribution the results in the paper suggest that the increase in labor supply that these industries experienced is a main factor explaining their slowdown in labor productivity of course others have examined the effects of employment movements on labor productivity for example mincer 1991 provided evidence that the influx of inexperienced workers has made on the job human capital formation more difficult and has thus led to a decline in labor productivity in addition helliwell sturm and salou 1985 englander and gurney 1994 romer 1987 and perloff and wachter 1980 have all shown that increased employment growth is associated with declining labor productivity darby 1984 baily and gordon 1988 and jurgenson gallop and fraumeni 1987 have pointed to declining labor quality as a factor behind the productivity slowdown all of these studies confirm the negative correlation between employment growth and productivity and attribute some of the productivity slowdown to rapidly increasing employment

structural and productivity change in us agriculture 1950 1982 this paper tests whether structural change in us agriculture is an important channel to tfp growth and evaluates the relative impact of i public research and education policies ii private r d and market forces and iii government farm programs on structural change we specify a structural econometric model fit it to us state aggregate data 1953 1982 and use the associated reduced form model to perform counter factual policy simulations the findings include structural change is a channel to tfp growth in both crop and livestock subsector i e specialization size and part time farming do impact tfp holding other variables constant public r d and education have been at least as important as private r d and market forces for changing livestock specialization farm size and farmers off farm work participation over the study period but private r d and market forces have been relatively more important for crop specialization changes in farm commodity programs had little impact on farm structure over these study period overall we conclude that if public r d and education policies had been unchanged at their 1950 values over 1950 1982 major structural changes in us agriculture would have occurred anyway the forces of private r d and market forces were at work including a decline in the price of machinery services and agricultural chemicals relative to the farm wage

multilateral trade negotiations european integration and farm policy reform trade negotiations and farm policy kym anderson why was it so hard to reach an agreement in the uruguay round to reduce agricultural protection after surveying the growth of agricultural protection in the 1980s i develop arguments based on political economy that imply a systematic tendency for governments to protect farmers increasingly at least up to some threshold as economic development proceeds agricultural protection growth in industrializing countries is therefore normal not exceptional liberalizing those policies before reaching that threshold is unattractive politically unless new influences e g from abroad upset the domestic political equilibrium the uruguay round provided such a force what made the early 1990s so significant a crossroads for farm policy reform was that coincidently there were other changes taking place in europe which lowered the domestic political cost of reforming the ec s common agricultural policy the paper argues that the reforms to farm policy during the rest of this decade as a result of the uruguay round agreement will at best be slow and messy but that is far preferable to the alternative of a failed uruguay round and continued growth of agricultural protection

bridging the gap between partial and total factor productivity measures using directional distance functions technical dependencies as well as data constraints limit our ability to allocate inputs across sectors and hence our ability to measure sectoral productivity we adapt a directional measure of efficiency to the measurement of sector specific productivity that does not require allocating all inputs across sectors applied to the agricultural sector of a group of countries the results show important differences in livestock and crops productivity growth commonly used partial factor productivity measures for livestock and crops tend to overestimate productivity growth in most developing countries while underestimating it in european countries

foreign direct investment industrial restructuring and the upgrading of polish exports this paper poses a central question in relation to the economic structural effect of foreign direct investment fdi with polish manufacturing as an empirical case how fdi coincides with the technology intensity of polish exports a short review of the available literature discusses critically the possibility of establishing one sided cause effect relationships between trade and fdi subsequently the empirical analysis investigates what role incoming fdi appears to have played in relation to polish export specialization over the period 1989 1996 results indicate that fdi has affected positively the technology intensity of the polish export base

an analysis of the source and nature of technical change the case of u s agriculture this paper proposes a methodology to investigate the process of technical change with a focus on the dynamic effects of r d investments on productivity and on the induced innovation hypothesis for both inputs and outputs the approach builds on a nonparametric representation of the underlying technology an application to u s agriculture is presented by distinguishing between private and public r d investments the analysis provides useful insights into the source and the dynamic nature of technical progress

innovation and productivity growth the puzzle confronting economists has been that the rate of growth of output that was being observed has been much larger than the rate of increase in the principal resources that were being measured it is now clear that this puzzle is of our own making because we have been using measures of capital and labor which had been refined and narrowed in ways that excluded many of the improvements that have been made in the quality of these resources theodore w schultz 1962

patterns of state productivity growth in the u s farm sector linking state and aggregate models this article focuses on agricultural productivity growth at both sector and state levels it does so in a way that preserves the economic integrity of national and state production accounts a model accounting for interstate transactions in farm goods links sectorwide and state specific measures of total factor productivity growth an interesting conclusion is that the smooth persistently positive trend typically observed for farm sector productivity growth masks considerable variation across states and regions the results also indicate that farm sector productivity growth is wholly a function of productivity trends in the individual states interstate shifts in production activity and resource reallocations have had little impact

the relative demand for inputs a decomposition analysis of us agriculatural production 1988 the relative demand for inputs a decomposition analysis of us agriculatural production applied economics vol 20 no 5 pp 665 678