a four nation study of thee relationship between marketing effectiveness corporate culture corporate values and market orientation the aim of this study was to establish the ways in which senior executives in four countries which shared a common language united kingdom united states australia and new zealand characterized both their firm s marketing effectiveness and corporate culture and beliefs results give support to those theorists who advance cultural specificity as the primary moderator of top managerial attitudes but also emphasise that the best predictor of marketing effectiveness is similar in all four nations the primacy of the importance of people and with quality

a cross national comparison of consumer research measures the impact of three factors that affect the psychometric rigor of cross national consumer research comparisons is measured in this study conclusions are also drawn about the interactions among these factors and the resultant deterioration in the psychometric quality of the data

influence of formalization on role stress organizational commitment and work alienation of salespersons a cross national comparative study organizations rely on formalization to coordinate the efforts of employees however this practice has been found to have a negative influence on role stress organizational commitment and work alienation of salespersons though the negative influence of formalization in the united states has been known for some time we still cannot predict if similar relationships would should be observed in other countries because the rationale developed to explain these relationships in the united states did not consider the cultural factors that influence them with such knowledge it would become possible to anticipate the nature of the relationship in different cultural environments such an approach to developing cross national models has been often suggested but seldom implemented by emphasizing the role of culture this study generates practical guidelines for both practitioners and theorists

a cross national investigation of industrial salespeople s ethical perceptions this study examines ethical perceptions of industrial salespeople in the united states japan and south korea marketing ethics in general and selling ethics in particular have experienced increasing research attention many of the empirical studies have focused on ethical situations confronting marketing and sales practitioners despite the abundance of research in the general topic of marketing ethics as well as the globalization of competition in recent years a topic that has been virtually ignored is whether ethical perceptions of sales personnel are consistent across countries this paper reports a cross national comparison of business ethics of industrial salespeople across the three countries the findings indicate that nationality influences salespeople s beliefs about the ethics of selling practices and the need for company policies to guide those practices

simple solutions to the initial conditions problem in dynamic nonlinear panel data models with unobserved heterogeneity i study a simple widely applicable approach to handling the initial conditions problem in dynamic nonlinear unobserved effects models rather than attempting to obtain the joint distribution of all outcomes of the endogenous variables i propose finding the distribution conditional on the initial value and the observed history of strictly exogenous explanatory variables the approach is flexible and results in simple estimation strategies for at least three leading dynamic nonlinear models probit tobit and poisson regression i treat the general problem of estimating average partial effects and show that simple estimators exist for important special cases copyright 2005 john wiley sons ltd

cross cultural interaction the international comparison fallacy international management studies have been based primarily on the comparison of managerial behavior in countries around the world often these studies have implied that business people behave similarly with their domestic colleagues as with their foreign counterparts in questioning that assumption this study tests whether intra cultural behavior accurately predicts cross cultural behavior using a negotiation simulation and a sample of 462 japanese american and canadian businesspeople behaviors in cross cultural negotiations were found to differ in some important ways from those in intra cultural negotiations

managing across borders an empirical test of the bartlett and ghoshal 1989 organizational typology this paper reports an empirical test of the bartlett and ghoshal 1989 organizational typology some 131 senior executives of corporations with worldwide operations classified their organizations as being multinational global international or transnational in nature and evaluated their organizations configuration of assets and capabilities role of overseas operations and development and diffusion of knowledge results provide partial support for the typology as expected transnational corporations were least frequently reported by the respondents the hypothesized practices associated with multinational and global organizations were more consistent with the typology s predictions relative to those of the international and transnational types

the impact of journals and authors on international business research a citational analysis of jibs articles in this paper we use citational analysis to examine the influence of individuals and disciplines on international business research we collected citational data over the ten year period 1984 to 1993 from every issue of the journal of international business studies we found that management economics marketing and finance disciplines have had significant influence on international business research and identified researchers such as dunning porter vernon casson rugman and hofstede as having made significant contributions to international business research

a typology of management studies involving culture as a methodological review this paper delineates 6 approaches to researching cross cultural management issues parochial ethnocentric polycentric comparative geocentric and synergistic for each approach assumptions are discussed concerning the similarity and difference across cultures and the extent to which management phenomena are or are not universal the primary types of management questions which can be addressed using each approach are clarified main methodological issues which must be addressed are listed

fifty years of methodological trends in jibs why future ib research needs more triangulation we analyze methodological trends in empirical research in jibs from 1970 2019 our results point to the prevalence of the following patterns there has been an increase in the use of 1 large scale longitudinal cross national datasets 2 complex analytical techniques including the incorporation of multiple analytical techniques within the same study but 3 a decline in the diversity of methods in use we relate these trends to the underlying social technical and communicative conventions in the journal during the 50 year period the observed patterns are consistent with theory that posits scientific fields entrench a dominant paradigm over time resulting in a restricted set of methodological options being selected such restrictions jeopardize the quality of research because the study of any phenomenon requires the use of multiple methodological procedures to avoid the systematic biases errors omissions and limitations introduced by any single option therefore we propose the use of triangulation as a strategy for building methodological alternatives into research designs institutionalization of this principle in the field of international business has the potential to enhance both the rigor and scope of inquiry of future research

neighborhood effects and pro environmental behavior the case of italian separate waste collection abstract this paper investigates the relationship between neighborhood effects and pro environmental behavior working on 1999 2012 data on separate waste collection in italian provinces a spatial econometric analysis is carried out while a substantial stream of research focuses on recycling behavior determinants spatial dependence among different inter regional geographical areas has been less studied here empirical support is provided to the existence of spatial effects and heterogeneous behavior in the italian context it is found that waste collecting habits tend to be strongly influenced by proximity effects either in a positive or negative way moreover the paper tests the nature of such influence in terms of time effects by evaluating non contemporary spatial dependence good or bad pro environmental behavior as a persistent dynamic effect is found with the possibility of both self sustaining virtuous socio spatial dynamics and perverse lock in these results call for a rethinking of environmental policies and in particular for a stronger focus upon the social dimension of spatial diffusion phenomena in pro environmental behaviors

methodological and theoretical issues and advancements in cross cultural research this paper summarizes the issues and concerns of critics of cross cultural research and discusses how they are being addressed by researchers given the state of the art and the complexity of this field of research the author recommends more inductive research and the pursuit of appropriate but not overambitious sampling designs so as to increase our understanding of cultures and encourage the building of richer theory bases taking an optimistic view of the field the author predicts useful contributions by researchers which will enrich the art and science of cross cultural management

cultural stability or change among managers in indonesia in this study we directly measure culture along two of hofstede s 1980 dimensions individualism collectivism and power distance which we argue are potentially more malleable than stable at least within the developing nation of interest indonesia we compare these direct measures from indonesia with those from a developed country the united states to gauge the degree to which the culture of this emerging economy remains stable despite strong foreign influences utilizing english and back translated indonesian language versions of the 1994 values survey module we find statistically significant support for a narrowing of the differences in these two cultural dimensions between indonesian and u s managers compared to earlier findings by hofstede 1991

corporate leaders in britain and america a cross national analysis this study tested for the extent of similarity between 1708 american senior vice presidents and those of 418 british counterparts the sample was drawn from the fortune 500 and the times 500 being representative of the top management teams of the largest national companies dominating domestic economies

leadership behavior and organizational commitment a comparative study of american and indian salespersons many studies have examined the impact of leadership behaviors on salespersons organizational commitment unfortunately little is known about how leadership behaviors impact salespersons organizational commitment in countries other than the united states the lack of research is problematic given that many firms today operate globally this study fills the gap and presents a framework for understanding the role of culture on relationships between leadership behaviors and organizational commitment

embedding landfill diversion in economic geographical and policy settings we analyse the process of landfill diversion embedding the dynamics in a frame where economic geographical and policy variables enter the arena we aim at investigating in depth what main drivers may be responsible for such a phenomenon we exploit a rich panel dataset covering all the 103 italian provinces the case study on italy is worth being considered provided that italy is a main country in the eu thus offering important pieces of information on the evaluation of policies evidence shows that the observed decoupling between economic growth and landfilling is driven by a mix of structural factors as population density and waste management strategies if on the one hand the landfill tax is not arising as a significant driver of the phenomenon other waste management instruments are associated with high significant negative effect on landfilled waste in association to the features of the tariff system we also underline the key role played by the share of separated collection in driving down land

cross national empirical generalization in business services buying behavior we examine cross national generalization of the relative importance of factors that affect supplier selection and level of usage for global business services providers tests indicate that the majority of the response coefficients for a model of foreign exchange markets are equal across the four countries studied u s canada u k and germany inter country differences in buyer response seem most related to competitiveness and identifiable country specific institutional factors

an examination of the psychometric properties of some commonly researched individual differences job and organizational variables in two cultures this study examines the transferability and applicability of selected measures of individual differences job and organizational climate factors across two cultures questionnaires were administered to a sample of 267 white collar bank employees in the u s and 307 bank employees in india the individual difference dimensions examined were four manifest needs sense of competence and locus of control the job factors included variety autonomy identity and feedback the organizational climate factors related to communication stress participation in decision making and self esteem from the workplace the data were analyzed for internal consistency dimensionality and criterion related validity the results showed that the job and organizational climate measures were more reliable and were related more consistently to the criterion measures than the individual difference measures both within and across cultures the results suggested that psychometrically sound measures may be transferable to other cultures

the stampede toward hofstede s framework avoiding the sample design pit in cross cultural research we propose a method to design better multi country samples for international business studies using hofstede s framework and aimed at determining the effects of national culture on various business phenomena we describe typical research scenarios then develop sets of algorithms that calculate indexes reflecting the power of different samples for hypotheses testing the indexes were computed from hofstede s data then rank ordered the top multi country samples are presented in tables for selection when designing studies

diagnosing measurement equivalence in cross national research many researchers have pointed out that it is necessary to ensure measurement equivalence in cross national comparative research three aspects of measurement equivalence translation metric and calibration equivalence are necessary to establish the cross national reliability and validity of items used to measure theoretical constructs this paper discusses these issues and proposes two recently developed empirical techniques multiple group lisrel and optimal scaling for use in diagnosing cross national measurement equivalence these techniques are illustrated by reanalysis of a pioneering u s and japanese study the two techniques yield convergent results indicating measurement equivalence for some but not all ordinal level items under consideration the findings demonstrate that the proposed methods are useful diagnostic tools for exploring measurement equivalence several suggestions for reducing the likelihood of problems with measurement equivalence and a number of methods for dealing with items where lack of equivalence persists are also discussed

a comparison of canadian and japanese cognitive styles implications for management interaction many american and canadian companies seeking to form joint ventures and alliances with japanese companies or to negotiate contracts with them have discovered that the interaction can be difficult and frustrating value differences and preferences for different management practices have been identified that contribute to these interaction problems however little research has investigated potential differences in cognitive style that might also contribute to intercultural conflict this study compares samples of canadian and japanese mba students using the myers briggs type inventory mbti and links the findings to interaction difficulties reported in the literature

examining trends of criteria air pollutants are the effects of governmental intervention transitory despite its growth in other areas of economics time series econometric methods have not beenwidespread in the area of environmental andresource economics we illustrate one use oftime series methods by examining the time pathof us nitrogen oxide nox emission dataover the period 1900 1994 the analysishighlights that proper time series methods canaid in optimal regulatory policy as well asdeveloping empirical verification of theoriesput forth to explain economic phenomena inaddition several interesting results emerge first we find that the emissions seriescontains both a permanent and random component second if one attributed all of the emissionsreductions to regulatory policy interventionanalysis suggests that the 1970 clean air act caa did not merely have transitory effects but permanently influenced the noxemission path in terms of total regulatoryimpact an upper bound on the emissions saveddue to the 1970 caa is in the range of27 48

environmental regulation of households an empirical review of economic and psychological factors abstract the literature on sustainable consumption and environmental regulation of household behavior is dominated by conceptual and normative approaches as a result many suggestions lack a firm empirical basis to overcome this deficiency econometric studies in three areas of environmentally relevant activities of households are reviewed residential use of energy generation of solid waste and recycling and residential use of water next to price and income elasticities attention is devoted to individual socio economic features and psychological factors such as attitudes knowledge perceptions and values potential psychological determinants and related insights are further examined by discussing a range of representative and illustrative statistical psychological studies of environmental behavior one important general finding is that there are very few empirical studies that systematically combine socio economic and psychological determinants a range of insights for environmental policy is derived and research recommendations are offered

municipal waste kuznets curves evidence on socio economic drivers and policy effectiveness from the eu waste generation and waste disposal are becoming increasingly prominent in the environmental arena from a policy perspective and in the context of delinking analysis in general waste generation is still increasing proportionally with income and economic and environmental costs associated to landfilling are also increasing this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of waste generation incineration and landfill dynamics based on panel data for the eu25 to assess the effects of different drivers economic structural policy and the eventual differences between western and eastern eu countries we show that for waste generation there is still no waste kuznets curve wkc trend although elasticity to income drivers appears lower than in the past landfill and other policy effects do not seem to provide backward incentives for waste prevention and in terms of landfill and incineration as expected they are respectively decreasing and increasing with policy acting as a strong driver eastern countries appear to be performing generally quite well thus benefiting from eu membership and related policies in terms of environmental performance we can conclude that although absolute delinking is far from being achieved for waste generation there are some first positive signs of an increasing relative delinking for waste generation and robust landfill diversion and varying evidence of a significant role of the eu waste policies implemented in the late 1990s and early 2000s our evidence suggests that if while landfill diversion is currently associated to a delinking partly explained by eu policies waste prevention must be the next objective of waste regulation efforts

intrapreneurship construct refinement and cross cultural validation abstract intrapreneurship entrepreneurship within existing organizations has been of interest to scholars and practitioners for the past two decades intrapreneurship is viewed as being beneficial for revitalization and performance of corporations as well as for small and medium sized enterprises the concept has four distinct dimensions first the new business venturing dimension refers to pursuing and entering new businesses related to the firm s current products or markets second the innovativeness dimension refers to the creation of new products services and technologies third the self renewal dimension emphasizes the strategy reformulation reorganization and organizational change finally the proactiveness dimension reflects top management orientation in pursuing enhanced competitiveness and includes initiative and risk taking and competitive aggressiveness and boldness while differing somewhat in their emphasis activities and orientations the four dimensions pertain to the same concept of intrapreneurship because they are factors of schumpeterian innovation the building block of entrepreneurship the pursuit of creative or new solutions to challenges confronting the firm including the development or enhancement of old and new products and services markets administrative techniques and technologies for performing organizational functions e g production marketing sales and distribution as well as changes in strategy organizing and dealings with competitors are innovations in the broadest sense intrapreneurship theory and measures have an american basis while being considered universal their generalizability has been limited because their cross cultural testing has been extremely limited two main measures of intrapreneurship the entrescale and the corporate entrepreneurship scale were developed independently but lack validity for cross national comparisons and do not tap all four dimensions of intrapreneurship when used independently in order to fill the gaps in previous research these two scales are integrated into a four dimensional measure of intrapreneurship refinement and validation was done by using two samples from two distinct economies slovenia a small transition economy from central and eastern europe with a short entrepreneurship tradition and the united states a large developed and advanced economy that is a leader in entrepreneurship research and practice the refined multidimensional measure of intrapreneurship was developed to be cross culturally generalizable because its refined dimensions scales include only cross culturally comparable items the refined intrapreneurship construct measure showed reasonably good convergent and discriminant validity as well as good nomological validity in terms of expected positive relationships to its antecedents organizational and environmental characteristics and consequences growth and profitability across the two samples that included large medium sized and smaller firms from a variety of different industries manufacturing consumer and industrial goods consumer and business services trade and construction in addition to the generalizability of the refined intrapreneurship construct measure the results of this study support the notion that intrapreneurship is an important predictor of firm growth in terms of absolute growth growth in number of employees and in total sales and relative growth growth in market share in comparison to competition firms that nurture organizational structures and values conducive to intrapreneurial activities are more likely to grow than organizations that are low in such characteristics open and quality communication existence of formal controls intensive environmental scanning management support organizational support and values all help an organization become more intrapreneurial intrapreneurial organizations are those that engage in new business venturing are innovative continuously renew themselves and are proactive in transition economies which are adapting their economies to more developed economies standards of doing business and where growth may not yet be the primary goal intrapreneurship may be even more important for the growth and profitability of existing organizations

influence of role stress on industrial salespeople s work outcomes in the united states japan and korea role theory espouses and extensive empirical research has found that role stress can have deleterious effect on work outcomes of sales personnel the findings of these investigations however are predicated on u s based samples of salespeople whether similar results would be obtained with samples of salespersons in other countries has not yet been determined this paper reports the results of a study that examined the impact of role stress on performance job satisfaction and organizational commitment of industrial salespeople from the united states japan and korea tests of cross national hypotheses indicate general consistency in the findings across the three countries

translation in cross language international business research beyond equivalence in this paper we problematise the way translation has been treated in international business ib research we start by conducting an interpretive content analysis of both qualitative and quantitative cross language studies published in four core ib journals over the course of a decade our analysis shows the dominance of a technicist view of translation associated with the equivalence paradigm in contrast we advocate a shift to a more contextualised approach informed by theoretical developments in translation studies more specifically we focus on two theoretical perspectives skopos theory and cultural politics which offer related but distinct approaches to rethinking equivalence we conclude by advocating that the translation process be reframed as a process of intercultural interaction rather than a lexical transfer of meaning this reconceptualisation would we argue open up what is currently a black box in most ib studies the contextualised approach that we offer has the potential not just to enrich the findings of studies but also provide insights that are of multidisciplinary relevance

effects of environmental regulation on separate waste collection dynamics empirical evidence from italy abstract this paper aims to evaluate the extent to which current italian legislation has been able to achieve the goals set for separate waste collection within the context of the ongoing revision of european union eu policy in italy waste management is regulated by legislative decree 152 2006 which has set the main regulatory pillars the responsibilities among the actors at different territorial levels regions provinces and municipalities the waste tariff structure penalties and incentives such as the landfill tax and green certificates to promote energy recovery focussing on separate collection of municipal waste the italian law set three targets to achieve 35 by 2006 45 2008 and 65 by 2012 we propose a two step analysis focussing on 103 italian provinces using the longitudinal data provided by the italian national institute of statistics istat for the period 1999 2011 first using the transition probability matrix we analyse the transition probabilities among three different separate waste collection states low medium and high second by using a generalised ordered probit model we verify the magnitude and significance of the parameter associated to the legislative decree 152 2006 and of some other selected variables in allowing provinces to move from a low separate collection state to a higher one our results show that the legislative decree has had the positive effect of driving italy s provinces towards higher separate waste collection rates but has not proved effective in lowering the gap among provinces those in southern italy remain the least dynamic finally we show that citizen participation in ecological associations and voluntary activities has a positive effect on separate collection rates

measurement issues in cross national research substantive inference from cross national studies have important implications for theory e g because they reveal insights into generalizability and boundary conditions and managerial practice e g because they offer guidelines to mnc managers however few empirical studies attend to measurement issues involved in cross national research and still fewer recognize the risk of inferential errors that are likely to occur by overlooking measurement issues we discuss four measurement issues namely 1 standardized versus unstandardized coefficients 2 the impact of measurement error and unequal reliability 3 the overall error rate and simultaneous analysis and 4 construct equivalence using illustrate examples we demonstrate the nature of each of these problems the likely impact they can have on substantive conclusions and approaches for tackling these problems additionally we reanalyze a recently published three nation study by dubinsky michaels kotabe lim and moon 1992 to clarify these measurement concerns highlight a methodological approach and delineate the extent and severity of inferential errors our reanalysis shows that the interactive effects of these measurement issues are pervasive complex and unpredictable we close with implications for cross national research in general

data equivalence in cross cultural international business research assessment and guidelines data equivalence refers to the extent to which the elements of a research design have the same meaning and can be applied in the same way in different cultural contexts failure to establish data equivalence in cross cultural studies may bias empirical results and theoretical inferences although several authors have encouraged researchers to ensure high levels of data equivalence no study has assessed the status of the field in relation to compliance with data equivalence standards accordingly this study examines three aspects of data equivalence construct equivalence measurement equivalence and data collection equivalence within 167 studies that involve cross cultural data published in the journal of international business studies management international review journal of world business strategic management journal and the academy of management journal from 1995 to 2005 the findings indicate that international business researchers report insufficient information in relation to data equivalence issues thus limiting confidence in the findings of many cross cultural studies to enhance future research a guideline for procedures for researchers to follow and report in establishing data equivalence is offered