energy consumption economic growth relationship and carbon dioxide emissions in china this paper applies the panel unit root heterogeneous panel cointegration and panel based dynamic ols to re investigate the co movement and relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for 30 provinces in mainland china from 1985 to 2007 the empirical results show that there is a positive long run cointegrated relationship between real gdp per capita and energy consumption variables furthermore we investigate two cross regional groups namely the east china and west china groups and get more important results and implications in the long term a 1 increase in real gdp per capita increases the consumption of energy by approximately 0 48 0 50 and accordingly increases the carbon dioxide emissions by about 0 41 0 43 in china the economic growth in east china is energy dependent to a great extent and the income elasticity of energy consumption in east china is over 2 times that of the west china at present china is subject to tremendous pressures for mitigating climate change issues it is possible that the gdp per capita elasticity of carbon dioxide emissions would be controlled in a range from 0 2 to 0 3 by the great effort

aggregate demand for electricity in south africa an analysis using the bounds testing approach to cointegration abstract electricity demand in south africa has grown at a very rapid rate over the past decade as part of reform initiatives to enhance long term sustainability of the country s electricity industry south africa s authorities have in recent years sought to develop an electricity pricing framework that is cost reflective and forms the cornerstone of demand management schemes meant to foster changes in consumption behaviour and enhance efficiency in resource use the effects of any pricing policy on aggregate electricity consumption will depend on a useful understanding of the factors that influence electricity demand and the magnitude to which electricity demand responds to changes in such factors in this context this paper applies the bounds testing approach to cointegration within an autoregressive distributed lag framework to examine the aggregate demand for electricity in south africa during the period 1960 2007 the results indicate that in the long run income is the main determinant of electricity demand with electricity prices having an insignificant effect on aggregate electricity demand future pricing policies will need to ensure that electricity prices are cost reflective and enhance efficiency of electricity supply and use

analysis of energy intensity in japan this study discusses the causes of the increase in japan s energy intensity defined as energy consumption divided by gdp since the early 1990s the significant reduction in japan s energy intensity ceased in the early 1980s and has even slightly increased since the early 1990s indicating that japan seemingly stopped taking aggressive action to improve energy use however further analysis at prefecture level and sector level provides additional insight on energy intensity trends to analyze the causes of the increase in japan s energy intensity energy intensity is decomposed into energy efficiency improvements in energy efficiency and energy activity structural changes from the secondary sector to the tertiary sector of the economy our result indicates that the non uniform energy intensity trends between prefectures are attributed to a high variability in energy efficiency at sector level we estimate the income elasticity of energy consumption in each sector and find that a structural change in energy consumption behaviors occurred in all sectors at different time points the industrial sector and commercial sector became less energy efficient after 1981 and 1988 respectively which is presumably responsible for the deterioration of japan s energy intensity since the early 1990s

residential energy demand and the interaction of price and temperature british experimental evidence the responsiveness of heating energy demand to pricing is shown to be dependent on temperature and vice versa this is investigated empirically using residential electricity demand data obtained under conditions of price variation from a british time of use pricing experiment results confirm that consumer responses to higher electricity prices are conditional on temperature levels particularly during the daytime and for households with high overall levels of electricity consumption and previous experience of time of use tariffs

reforming residential electricity tariff in china block tariffs pricing approach the chinese households that make up approximately a quarter of world households are facing a residential power tariff reform in which a rising block tariff structure will be implemented and this tariff mechanism is widely used around the world the basic principle of the structure is to assign a higher price for higher income consumers with low price elasticity of power demand to capture the non linear effects of price and income on elasticities we set up a translog demand model the empirical findings indicate that the higher income consumers are less sensitive than those with lower income to price changes we further put forward three proposals of chinese residential electricity tariffs compared to a flat tariff the reasonable block tariff structure generates more efficient allocation of cross subsidies better incentives for raising the efficiency of electricity usage and reducing emissions from power generation which also supports the living standards of low income households

energy consumption and gdp in developing countries a cointegrated panel analysis in this paper we re investigate the co movement and the causality relationship between energy consumption and gdp in 18 developing countries using data for the period 1975 to 2001 recently developed tests for the panel unit root heterogeneous panel cointegration and panel based error correction models are employed the empirical results provide clear support of a long run cointegration relationship after allowing for the heterogeneous country effect the long run relationship is estimated using a full modified ols the evidence shows that long run and short run causalities run from energy consumption to gdp but not vice versa this result indicates that energy conservation may harm economic growth in developing countries regardless of being transitory or permanent

econometric modeling of electricity consumption in post war lebanon this paper applies econometric models to investigate determinants of electrical energy consumption in post war lebanon the impact of the gross domestic product gdp proxied by total imports ti and degree days dd on electricity consumption is investigated over different time spans covering the period from 1993 to 1997 the time spans are chosen according to the rationing level of electricity supply for the 1993 1994 time span ti is found to be a significant determinant of energy consumption whereas dd has a negative correlation this inconsistency might be attributed to an extensive rationing policy followed during this period for the 1995 1997 time span which includes reduced rationing period 1995 all electrical energy consumption determinants are found to be significant at the 5 significance level analysis results for the rationing free 1996 1997 time span also show the significance of ti and dd at the 5 level furthermore cointegration analysis for the 1995 1997 and 1996 1997 subsets reveals the existence of a long run relationship between all variables in addition error correction models for both subsets are developed to predict short run dynamics finally statistical performance measures such as mean square error mean average deviation and mean average percentage error are presented for all models

the demand for residential electricity in south africa abstract this paper examines the residential demand for electricity in south africa as a function of real gross domestic product per capita and the price of electricity during the period 1978 2005 we make use of the bounds testing approach to cointegration within an autoregressive distributed framework suggested by pesaran et al 2001 bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships journal of applied econometrics 16 3 289 326 following the literature we use a linear double logarithmic form using income and price as independent variables in the empirical analysis in the long run we find that income is the main determinant of electricity demand while electricity price is insignificant

electricity consumption real gdp causality nexus evidence from a bootstrapped causality test for 30 oecd countries the goal of this paper is to examine any causal effects between electricity consumption and real gdp for 30 oecd countries we use a bootstrapped causality testing approach and unravel evidence in favour of electricity consumption causing real gdp in australia iceland italy the slovak republic the czech republic korea portugal and the uk the implication is that electricity conservation policies will negatively impact real gdp in these countries however for the rest of the 22 countries our findings suggest that electricity conversation policies will not affect real gdp

household energy consumption versus income and relative standard of living a panel approach our fundamental premise is that energy consumption at the household level is a key indicator of standard of living we employ state of the art panel cointegration techniques to evaluate the nature of the relationship between income measures and energy consumption measures for seven east indian ocean countries the general finding is that income and household electricity consumption are not cointegrated given this finding we conclude that standard of living measures that rely on income measures and do not include household level energy consumption information will necessarily miss important indications of both levels and changes of standard of living

a robust analysis of the relationship between renewable energy consumption and its main drivers we provide a comprehensive and robust analysis of the drivers of renewable energy consumption for a panel of 64 countries using both the static pooled ols panel fixed and random effects and dynamic difference and system gmm panel data estimation approaches we show that the dynamic panel data model provides more efficient estimators than the static ones and that increases in per capita co2 emissions and per capita trade with foreign partners mainly drive the changes in per capita renewable energy consumption we also find limited evidence of oil price effects on renewable energy consumption which reflects the fact that renewable energy is just a complement and not a perfect substitute of crude oil at least in the short run

technology invention and diffusion in residential energy consumption a stochastic frontier approach traditional large appliances absorb a large share of residential electricity consumption and represent important targets of energy policy strategies aimed at achieving energy security despite being characterized by rather mature technologies this group of appliances still offers large potential in terms of efficiency gains due to their pervasive diffusion in this paper we analyse the electricity consumption of a set of four traditional white goods in a panel of ten eu countries observed over 21 years 1990 2010 with the aim of disentangling the amount of technical efficiency from the overall energy saving the technical efficiency trend is modelled through a set of technology components representing both the invention and adoption process by the means of specific patents weighted by production and bilateral import flows which allows to overcome the rigid stochastic frontier framework in modelling the effect of technical change our results show that the derived energy demand and inefficiency trends are both related to changes in the amount of available technology embodied in energy efficient appliances the effect is significant both in its domestic and international components and suggests an active role of innovation and trade policies for achieving efficiency targets which directly impact the amount of electricity consumed by households

household and industrial electricity demand in europe abstract this paper examines the electricity demand and its determinants in 29 european countries during the liberalization of the electricity market based on panel data for these countries for the years 1995 2015 and using a dynamic partial adjustment model price elasticities are estimated for both residential and industrial electricity demand these elasticities and effects of other variables on electricity consumption are estimated using both gmm generalized method of moments and ml maximum likelihood approaches it is found that the price elasticities are very small especially in the short run while the income elasticities are relatively large especially for households and in the long run

the dynamics of electricity demand in pakistan a panel cointegration analysis abstract this paper examines the dynamics of electricity demand in pakistan at the aggregate and sectoral levels over the period 1978 2012 panel cointegration test and fully modified ordinary least squares method is employed to determine the long run relationship between electricity consumption real income real price of electricity and domestic price of non energy products the results reveal that electricity demand is more responsive to changes in income than changes in prices at the aggregate and disaggregate levels short run and long run income elasticities are positive and statistically significant supporting the conservation hypothesis it appears from the results that long run price elasticities are negative and significant at the aggregate level and for the agriculture commercial residential sectors and public utilities the short run price elasticities are significant but low in magnitude which implies that changes in electricity price exert minimal effect on the electricity consumption in pakistan the domestic price of non energy products is positive and significant for aggregate sample in the short run the domestic price of non energy products exert significant negative positive impact on electricity demand in the agriculture industrial sectors the results thus provide important information to the agents operating in the electricity market regarding the income and pricing policies and helps in planning the future strategy of electricity demand management

competition and environmental policies in an electricity sector abstract we study the impact of competition and environmental policy feed in tariff vs the eu ets on investment co 2 emissions and welfare in an electricity sector we consider different market structures a planner who maximises social welfare vs duopoly and two types of consumers those whose behaviour depends on the weather vs those whose behaviour does not the demand specification is innovative and takes incompressible consumption into account given the costs and demand functions we find that competition can increase co 2 emissions as is highlighted by mansur 2007 in duopoly the eu ets seems to be the only efficient policy for reducing co 2 emissions but also to increase the share of production based on renewable energy sources the retained feed in tariff policy seems to be the most expensive policy in terms of social welfare even if this policy seems to increase social welfare feed in tariffs increase the cspe which is paid for by consumers in the form of higher electricity prices and only benefits new entrants it is also less effective in terms of emission reduction

quebec residential electricity demand a microeconometric approach in this paper we use a micro approach to model quebec residential demand for electricity the model incorporates a joint continuous discrete decision framework which allows for interrelationships between decisions on electricity related durable holdings and those on usage in the spirit of recent studies which used a continuous discrete frame work the model parameters are estimated using a two stage approach at the first stage the decisions regarding space and water heating systems are modelled with a very flexible multinomial probit mnp framework then at the second stage the demand for electricity conditional on the chosen heating system is estimated using ordinary least squares and a correction is applied in order to eliminate a potential estimation bias the estimated short run and long run price and income elasticities have the correct signs and are rather small as is expected under such circumstances

price elasticity block tariffs and equity of natural gas demand in china investigation based on household level survey data abstract on the basis of a newly established database from the chinese residential energy consumption survey this paper estimates the price elasticity of natural gas demand for the households and investigates the factors that affect residential natural gas consumption in china to address the endogeneity problems the non residential natural gas price has been adopted as the instrumental variable for residential natural gas price results demonstrate that the natural gas demand of chinese households respond significantly to price change with an overall price elasticity coefficient of 0 898 in the meanwhile 1 increase in family members would cause 0 159 rise in natural gas demand and household in the south consumes 28 8 more natural gas than that in the north recognizing the heterogeneity of residential natural gas price elasticity for different households quantile regression technique has further been applied to analyze the distributional effect of natural gas consumption the simulation suggests that the gini coefficient drops from 0 49 to 0 40 after introducing an increasing block tariff scheme to replace the original flat tariff system confirming a price reform has potential to improve the energy equity situation by reshaping the energy consumption pattern

shocking behavior random wealth in antebellum georgia and human capital across generations does the lack of wealth constrain parents investments in the human capital of their descendants we conduct a nearly fifty year followup of an episode in which such constraints would have been plausibly relaxed by a random allocation of substantial wealth to families we track descendants of participants in georgia s cherokee land lottery of 1832 in which nearly every adult white male in georgia took part winners received close to the median level of wealth a large financial windfall orthogonal to participants underlying characteristics that might have also affected their children s human capital although winners had slightly more children than non winners they did not send them to school more sons of winners have no better adult outcomes wealth income literacy than the sons of non winners and winners grandchildren do not have higher literacy or school attendance than non winners grandchildren this suggests only a limited role for family financial resources in the formation of human capital in the next generations in this environment and a potentially more important role for other factors that persist through family lines

immigration and spending on public education california 1970 2000 abstract the evolution of education spending in california has received plenty of attention from both academics and practitioners after this state s education finance reform in the 1970 s this paper quantifies the contribution of immigration to the relative decline in elementary and secondary public education spending per student in california in the period 1970 2000 a quantitative model of school choice and voting over public education is used to perform the counterfactual experiments of interest the model predicts that education spending per student in california would have been 24 higher in the year 2000 if u s immigration had been restricted to its 1970 level

energy gdp relationship revisited an example from gcc countries using panel causality abstract this work investigates the causality relationship between gross domestic product gdp and energy consumption in the six countries of the gulf cooperation council gcc recently developed panel cointegration and causality techniques are used to uncover the direction of energy gdp causality in the gcc empirical results indicate a unidirectional causality running from gdp to energy consumption evidence shows no support for the hypothesis that energy consumption is the source of gdp growth in the gcc countries such results suggest that energy conservation policies may be adopted without much concern about their adverse effects on the growth of gcc economies

the demand for electricity in the gcc countries abstract cointegration techniques are used to study the effects of economic variables on electricity demand in the gcc countries a dynamic model is estimated using aggregate data for the six states spanning the period 1970 97 statistical investigations confirm the existence of unit root in all time series employed in the study which called for the use of cointegration and error correction methodologies empirical results indicate that both income and price have an impact on electricity consumption and income and price policies could be effectively facilitated in electricity demand management

renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies abstract increased economic growth and demand for energy in emerging economies is creating an opportunity for these countries to increase their usage of renewable energy this paper presents and estimates two empirical models of renewable energy consumption and income for a panel of emerging economies panel cointegration estimates show that increases in real per capita income have a positive and statistically significant impact on per capita renewable energy consumption in the long term a 1 increase in real income per capita increases the consumption of renewable energy per capita in emerging economies by approximately 3 5 long term renewable energy per capita consumption price elasticity estimates are approximately equal to 0 70

electricity demand analysis and forecasting a panel cointegration approach abstract this article analyzes the demand for electricity and provides out of sample forecasting at the sectoral level using a panel cointegration approach the econometric model permits cross sectional heterogeneity within a dynamic framework that incorporates information on relevant income and prices of domestic and foreign goods both the short run dynamics and the long run slope coefficients are allowed to vary across cross sections also the testing for unit roots and cointegration in panels allows for heterogeneous fixed effects and deterministic trends using egyptian data it is shown that the empirical model produces reliable ex post forecasts near the end of the full sample period these pseudo forecasts are representative of what one would expect if the forecasting relationship is stationary the long run parameter estimates are then used to conduct ex ante forecasting under plausible assumptions for policy making

elasticities of electricity demand in urban indian households abstract in the past several electricity demand studies have been published for india based on aggregate macro data at the country or sub national state level since the underlying theory of consumer demand is based on the behaviour of individual agents the use of micro data which reflects individual and household behaviour more closely can shed greater light on the nature of consumer responses in this paper seasonal price and income elasticities of electricity demand in the residential sector of all urban areas of india are estimated for the first time using disaggregate level survey data for about 30 000 households three electricity demand functions have been econometrically estimated using monthly data for the winter monsoon and summer season in order to understand the extent to which factors like income prices household size and other household specific characteristics influence variations observed in individual households electricity demand the results show electricity demand is income and price inelastic in all three seasons and that household demographic and geographical variables are significant in determining electricity demand

modelling residential electricity demand in the gcc countries abstract this paper aims at understanding the drivers of residential electricity demand in the gulf cooperation council countries by applying the structural time series model in addition to the economic variables of gdp and real electricity prices the model accounts for population weather and a stochastic underlying energy demand trend as a proxy for efficiency and human behaviour the resulting income and price elasticities are informative for policy makers given the paucity of previous estimates for a region with particular political structures and economies subject to large shocks in particular the estimates allow for a sound assessment of the impact of energy related policies suggesting that if policy makers in the region wish to curtail future residential electricity consumption they would need to improve the efficiency of appliances and increase energy using awareness of consumers possibly by education and marketing campaigns moreover even if prices were raised the impact on curbing residential electricity growth in the region is likely to be very small given the low estimated price elasticities unless that is prices were raised so high that expenditure on electricity becomes such a large proportion of income that the price elasticities increase in absolute terms

residential electricity demand in spain new empirical evidence using aggregate data this paper presents an empirical analysis on residential demand for electricity this analysis has been performed using aggregate panel data at the province level for 47 spanish provinces for the period from 2000 to 2008 for this purpose we estimated a log log demand equation for electricity consumption using a dynamic partial adjustment approach this dynamic demand function has been estimated using a two step system gmm estimator proposed by blundell and bond 1998 the purpose of this empirical analysis is to highlight some of the characteristics of spanish residential electricity demand particular attention has been paid to the influence of price income and weather conditions on electricity demand the estimated short and long run own price elasticities are negative as expected but lower than 1 furthermore weather variables have a significant impact on electricity demand

short and long run elasticities in us residential electricity demand a co integration approach abstract co integration techniques show promise in the analysis of short and long run effects of economic variables on energy use we use these techniques to develop an error correction model of annual us residential electricity demand we construct equipment stock indices and estimate the model for 1949 1993 our analysis suggests a structural shift in consumption during the 1960s we discuss reasons for this shift report the short and long run elasticities provide forecasts for 1994 1995 and compare the model s forecasts with other published forecasts

determinants of households space heating type a discrete choice analysis for german households abstract considering the increasing attention on efficient use of energy it becomes vitally important to understand the energy related behavior of households this article presents empirical evidence on the determinants of the space heating technology applied by a household three sets of variables are examined as potential influences building socio economic and regional characteristics to highlight both the differences and similarities the results are obtained from a sample of house owners and from a sample including all households the influence of socio economic factors is similar across these groups income is found to exert only a minor impact on the system choice dwelling features are significant in determining the heating type particularly in the sample including all households regional effects are important clear differences prevail between east and west germany

energy models for demand forecasting a review abstract energy is vital for sustainable development of any nation be it social economic or environment in the past decade energy consumption has increased exponentially globally energy management is crucial for the future economic prosperity and environmental security energy is linked to industrial production agricultural output health access to water population education quality of life etc energy demand management is required for proper allocation of the available resources during the last decade several new techniques are being used for energy demand management to accurately predict the future energy needs in this paper an attempt is made to review the various energy demand forecasting models traditional methods such as time series regression econometric arima as well as soft computing techniques such as fuzzy logic genetic algorithm and neural networks are being extensively used for demand side management support vector regression ant colony and particle swarm optimization are new techniques being adopted for energy demand forecasting bottom up models such as markal and leap are also being used at the national and regional level for energy demand management

change in consumer sensitivity to electricity prices in response to retail deregulation a panel empirical analysis of the residential demand for electricity in the united states abstract about ten years have passed since the deregulation of the u s retail electricity market and it is now generally accepted that the available data is adequate to quantitatively assess and compare conditions before and after deregulation this study therefore estimates the changes in price elasticity in the residential electricity market to examine the changes if any in household sensitivity as a result of retail electricity market deregulation policies to residential electricity rates specifically six types of panel data are prepared based on three cross sections all states except for alaska and hawaii and the district of columbia deregulated states and non deregulated states and two time series the period before deregulation and the period after deregulation the panel empirical analysis techniques are used to determine whether or not the variables are stationary and to estimate price elasticity we find that there is no substantial difference in the price elasticity between deregulated and non deregulated states for both periods before deregulation and after deregulation thus it can be said that the deregulation of the retail electricity market has not made consumers more sensitive to electricity rates and that retail deregulation policies are not the cause of price elasticity differences between deregulated and non deregulated states

financial incentive approaches for reducing peak electricity demand experience from pilot trials with a uk energy provider abstract whilst tariff based approaches to load shifting are common in the residential sector incentive based approaches are rare this is so even though providing customers incentives to shape their power consumption patterns has substantial potential this paper presents findings from an exploratory uk pilot study that trials financial payments and detailed energy feedback to incentivise load shifting of residential electricity consumption an intervention study was implemented measuring actual energy use by individual households as well as conducting surveys and interviews from the trials it was found that the approaches resulted in reductions in peak time energy use evidence from the study found that the incentives based approaches were able to overcome some of the barriers to response experienced in time of use studies though less good on others interestingly the height of the barriers varied by the electricity using practice and the incentivising approach applied the height of the barriers also varied by participant the study concludes by identifying that broad participation in demand response is likely to require a suite of incentivising approaches that appeal to different people a key policy finding of interest to international agencies government public and private sector entities

electricity consumption growth nexus evidence from panel data for transition countries abstract this paper investigates the long run relationship and causality issues between electricity consumption and economic growth in 15 transition countries albania belarus bulgaria czech republic estonia latvia lithuania macedonia moldova poland romania russian federation serbia slovak republic and ukraine by using the pedroni panel cointegration method for the 1990 2006 period results suggest that the pedroni panel cointegration tests do not confirm a long term equilibrium relationship between electricity consumption per capita and real gdp per capita moreover since no cointegration was found error correction mechanisms plus causality tests cannot be run for further steps in the long term to investigate the causality between electricity consumption and economic growth overall it can be said that the electricity consumption related policies have no effect or relation on the level of real output in the long run for these countries as a conclusion the literature has conflicting results and there is no consensus either on the existence or the direction of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth thus the findings of this study have important policy implications and it shows that this issue still deserves further attention in future research

china s natural gas consumption peak and factors analysis a regional perspective abstract china s natural gas consumption usually accounts for a small proportion of total energy consumption but it has increased rapidly in recent years china has a vast territory and the level of economic development varies significantly across regions in this paper a panel unit root and heterogeneous panel cointegration methods are applied to investigate the natural gas consumption of 30 provinces in mainland china the influencing factors of natural gas consumption are also investigated from a long term point of view china s per capita natural gas consumption seems to fit the energy kuznets curve which implies that the current rapid growth rate of natural gas consumption would not be sustained in the long term there is a peak at 200 450 cubic meters which is about 2 4 times the current consumption per capita of china and about 7 16 of russia the specific peak consumption level and peak year depend on the speed of economic development and the pace of pipeline network development in summary gas population rate plays a more important role in gas consumption in the long run and the impact of gdp weakens the potential of gas consumption of the different regions differs greatly

accelerated electricity conservation in juneau alaska a study of household activities that reduced demand 25 abstract an avalanche destroyed the main hydroelectric transmission line to juneau alaska in april 2008 diesel generated electricity was substituted causing electricity prices to increase 500 for 45 days electricity demand fell by 25 during the supply disruption most of the reduction occurred before the higher rates were implemented some conservation about 8 of historic consumption persisted after the transmission line was repaired and prices returned to normal consumers reduced energy use through a combination of new habits and technical improvements a survey of residential consumers indicated that the average household undertook 10 conservation actions with major changes in lighting space heating fuel switching and water and appliance use we propose a method for prioritizing conservation actions for promotion according to their impact in electricity savings as a function of popularity effectiveness and persistence and a dynamic framework for electricity use before during and after a supply disruption i e both the magnitude and rates of change in electricity conservation

electricity consumption in g7 countries a panel cointegration analysis of residential demand elasticities this article applies recently developed panel unit root and panel cointegration techniques to estimate the long run and short run income and price elasticities for residential demand for electricity in g7 countries the panel results indicate that in the long run residential demand for electricity is price elastic and income inelastic the study concludes that from an environmental perspective there is potential to use pricing policies in the g7 countries to curtail residential electricity demand and thus curb carbon emissions in the long run

income receipt and mortality evidence from swedish public sector employees in this paper we study the short run effect of salary receipt on mortality among swedish public sector employees by exploiting variation in paydays across work places we completely control for mortality patterns related to for example public holidays and other special days or events coinciding with paydays and for general within month and within week mortality patterns we find a dramatic increase in mortality on the day that salaries arrive the increase is especially pronounced for younger workers and for deaths due to activity related causes such as heart conditions and strokes the effect is entirely driven by an increase in mortality among low income individuals who are more likely to experience liquidity constraints all things considered our results suggest that an increase in general economic activity on salary receipt is an important cause of the excess mortality

renewable energy consumption co2 emissions and oil prices in the g7 countries abstract economic and societal issues related to energy security and global warming is placing greater emphasis on the consumption of renewable energy this paper presents and estimates an empirical model of renewable energy consumption for the g7 countries panel cointegration estimates show that in the long term increases in real gdp per capita and co2 per capita are found to be major drivers behind per capita renewable energy consumption these results are robust across two different panel cointegration estimators oil price increases have a smaller although negative impact on renewable energy consumption deviations from equilibrium are driven mostly by the error correction term as opposed to short term shocks short term deviations from the long term equilibrium take anywhere from between 1 3 years france and 7 3 years japan to correct

electricity demand and conservation potential in the chinese nonmetallic mineral products industry newhuadu business school research fund ministry of education foundation 10jzd0018 10jbg013 china sustainable energy program g 1103 13921 national social science foundation 09zd050

wealth health and child development evidence from administrative data on swedish lottery players we use administrative data on swedish lottery players to estimate the causal impact of substantial wealth shocks on players own health and their children s health and developmental outcomes our estimation sample is large virtually free of attrition and allows us to control for the factors conditional on which the prizes were randomly assigned in adults we find no evidence that wealth impacts mortality or health care utilization with the possible exception of a small reduction in the consumption of mental health drugs our estimates allow us to rule out effects on 10 year mortality one sixth as large as the crosssectional wealth mortality gradient in our intergenerational analyses we find that wealth increases children s health care utilization in the years following the lottery and may also reduce obesity risk the effects on most other child outcomes including drug consumption scholastic performance and skills can usually be bounded to a tight interval around zero overall our findings suggest that in affluent countries with extensive social safety nets causal effects of wealth are not a major source of the wealth mortality gradients nor of the observed relationships between child developmental outcomes and household income jel codes i10 i14 j24

residential energy demand in the united states analysis using static and dynamic approaches abstract the residential sector is the main consumer of energy in the united states and reducing energy consumption is an important goal for policymakers in each state to know how reducing residential energy demand could be achieved this study develops a set of static and dynamic models to investigate and identify the impact of socio economic and demographic characteristics building age energy prices and weather conditions on residential energy demand at the state level from 2005 to 2013 next this study proposes two alternative scenarios to reduce residential energy demand based on the most precise model for every 10 000 dollars of per capita income in each state 1 increasing residential electricity price by 1 cent per kw h and 2 decreasing average building age by 1 in the first scenario the findings indicate that annual residential electricity demand would decrease by 7 3 on average with the highest reductions in washington 11 9 north dakota 10 9 and idaho 9 7 in the second scenario residential gas demand would decrease by an average of 15 8 annually with the highest reduction in connecticut 33 2 followed by new york 33 0 and massachusetts 30 7 these proposed scenarios assist policymakers in optimizing decisions and investments to reduce residential energy consumption

a structural var analysis of electricity consumption and real gdp evidence from the g7 countries in this paper we depart from the literature on electricity consumption real gdp in that for the first time we examine the reaction of real gdp to shocks in electricity consumption to achieve this goal we use the structural vector autoregressive svar model and examine the impact of electricity consumption shocks on real gdp for the g7 countries we find that except for the usa electricity consumption has a statistically significant positive impact on real gdp over short horizons this finding implies that except for the usa electricity conservation policies will hurt real gdp in the g7 countries

residential electricity consumption in seattle abstract recent empirical research for different regions of the united states indicates that residential electricity may be an inferior good whose consumption is negatively correlated with income that is a provocative result that runs counter to what many earlier econometric studies indicate given that it makes sense to examine how electricity consumption behaves in different regional service areas even if residential electricity is an inferior good whose usage declines as income rises there is no guarantee that this will be the case across all service areas this study examines residential electricity consumption for seattle washington the largest metropolitan economy in the northwestern region of the united states results from a dynamic error correction modeling approach indicate that residential electricity consumption reacts in statistically significant manners to changes in real price real income and cold weather in the short run residential electricity is a normal good in this metropolitan economy in the long run residential electricity appears to be an inferior good in seattle all else equal whenever real per capita income growth exceeds 1 2 per capita residential electricity usage declines in seattle

household consumption of electricity in brazil between 1985 and 2013 abstract this article describes the electricity consumption in brazilian residences between 1985 and 2013 through linear regressions the explanatory variables considered were the number of households effective consumption of families as a proxy for family income and electricity tariff for households to deal with the power generation crisis of 2001 we have introduced a dummy variable in the form of a step function with such explanatory variables we were able to account for the reduction of household electricity consumption caused by the policies conducted in 2001 and their permanent consequences the regression presented coefficient of determination of 0 9892 and the several statistic tests conducted assured the existence of long term relation between the electricity consumption in residences and the explanatory variables the obtained elasticities for the household consumption of electricity with respect to number of residences family income and residential tariff of electricity were 1 534 0 095 0 189 0 049 and 0 230 0 060 respectively these results allowed understanding the evolution over time of the household consumption of electricity in brazil they suggest that the electric sector in brazil should pursue an active policy to manage demand of residential electricity using tariffs as a means to control it

the long run price sensitivity dynamics of industrial and residential electricity demand the impact of deregulating electricity prices abstract this study examines the demand side of ghana s electricity sector we test two important related hypotheses 1 deregulation of electricity price does not promote energy conservation and 2 demand price relationship is not an inverted u shaped the stock and watson dynamic ols is used to address the so called second order bias the result showed that deregulation of electricity price in ghana has induced behaviours that are more consistent with energy conservation improvements the demand price relationship is an inverted u which suggests that there is a price range that end users can tolerate further price rise and still increase their consumption of electricity however the degree of price tolerability is higher for residential consumers than industrial consumers the simulation results showed that further economic growth is likely to compromise energy conservation but more in the industrial sector than the residential sector on the other hand future crude oil price is likely to deteriorate energy conservation in the initial years after 2016 but this trend is likely to reverse after the year 2020 pricing mechanisms are potent to induce energy conservation but inadequate the results suggest that they should be complemented with other stringent policies such as a mandatory energy reduction policy investment in renewables and personalization of energy efficiency programs

household demand for electricity the role of market distortions and prices in competition policy abstract this paper examines residential demand for electricity in sri lanka using survey data collected over a five year period between 2011 and 2015 the study finds that the major determinants of demand for residential electricity are the result of price or market distortions i e subsidies socioeconomic variables and energy saving technology the effects of these variables are particularly relevant to competition policy estimated elasticities with respect to average price subsidies under marginal cost pricing subsidies under average cost pricing and income are found to be 0 015 0 021 0 036 and 0 046 respectively we find that demand for electricity is inelastic and is categorised as a normal good however elasticities with respect to subsidy variables are found to be higher than the price variable this implies that under an increasing block rate system any price change used as a policy measure to control electricity consumption will not be effective this is because price changes could alter the subsidy received by the consumer and therefore reverse the objective of the price change further results of this study find that price and elasticities with respect to subsidy variables are relatively higher for low income groups while income elasticity is relatively larger for high income groups

residential demand for electricity the case of greece this paper examines the determinants of residential electricity consumption in greece over the period 1961 86 the paper presents first a brief description of the evolution of residential electricity consumption then it proceeds in the estimation of elasticities of residential demand for electricity using a single equation model with the ridge regression method the paper concludes that i the residential demand for electricity is price inelastic and income elastic ii there is high substitutability between electricity and lpg iii during the examined period the number of consumers played a very important role in the expansion of electricity consumption in greece and iv there is no regional variation in residential electricity demand

understanding the spectrum of domestic energy consumption empirical evidence from france abstract this article focuses on residential energy consumption in france using a bottom up statistical approach this analysis explores determinants of household energy consumption using data from the most recent national housing survey the primary objective is to tease out the impacts of various factors on the domestic energy consumption spectrum across different population groups the aim of this approach is to neutralize conventional factors affecting energy consumption age of house total area etc to finely analyze the impact of other determinants including those relating to household characteristics and other control variables first we define homogeneous consumption groups of households by using multivariate statistical techniques namely the multiple correspondence analysis and ascending hierarchical classification second we use standard ols regression to explore the effects of various factors on domestic energy consumption among homogeneous groups of households this multivariate analysis exercise has led us to identify four main consumption typologies results revealed that energy prices were the most important factors determining domestic energy consumption in addition this study showed that occupant characteristics significantly affect domestic energy use results of this research call for combine all efforts multiple strategies and smart policies to incorporate household and consumption behaviors in managing domestic energy consumption

dynamic properties of energy affordability measures measures of affordability are applied in practice e g to assess the affordability of energy services water or housing they can be interpreted as measures of deprivation in a specific domain of consumption the large body of literature on affordability measure has little overlap with the existing literature on poverty measurement a comprehensive assessment of the response of affordability measures as a result of changes in the distribution of income or expenditure is missing this paper aims to fill this gap by providing a conceptual discussion on the dynamics of energy affordability measures several types of measures are examined in a microsimulation framework to assess their dynamic properties our results indicate that some measures exhibit odd dynamic behavior this includes measures used in practice such as the low income high cost measure and the double median of expenditure share indicator odd dynamic behavior is attributed to definitions made with respect to higher moments of the expenditure distribution definitions that rely on a percentage share of expenditure relative to income or an absolute or relative income poverty line fare well from a dynamic perspective

residential electricity demand in taiwan this paper examines the residential demand for electricity in taiwan as a function of household disposable income population growth the price of electricity and the degree of urbanization short and long term effects are separated through the use of an error correction model in the long run the income elasticity is unit elastic the own price effect is negative and inelastic in an error correction framework the short run income and price effects are small and less than the long run effects cooling degree day effects have a positive impact on short run consumption we have used a proxy variable urbanization to capture economic development characteristics and changes in electricity using capital stocks not explained by income the variable provides significant explanatory power to the model both in the short and long run we interpret it as controlling for economic development factors not captured by the pure income effect and we think it holds promise for explaining residential electricity consumption in other developing countries

price environment and security exploring multi modal motivation in voluntary residential peak demand response peak demand on electricity grids is a growing problem that increases costs and risks to supply security residential sector loads often contribute significantly to seasonal and daily peak demand demand response projects aim to manage peak demand by applying price signals and automated load shedding technologies this research investigates voluntary load shedding in response to information about the security of supply the emission profile and the cost of meeting critical peak demand in the customers network customer willingness to change behaviour in response to this information was explored through mail back survey the diversified demand modelling method was used along with energy audit data to estimate the potential peak load reduction resulting from the voluntary demand response a case study was conducted in a suburb of christchurch new zealand where electricity is the main source for water and space heating on this network all water heating cylinders have ripple control technology and about 50 of the households subscribe to differential day night pricing plan the survey results show that the sensitivity to supply security is on par with price with the emission sensitivity being slightly weaker the modelling results show potential 10 reduction in critical peak load for aggregate voluntary demand response

a meta analysis investigation of the direction of the energy gdp causal relationship implications for the growth degrowth dialogue abstract the complex relation between energy use and the economic process has long attracted attention issues such as the scarcity of energy resources energy theory of value degrowth and a growth approaches are closely related to the relationship between energy and development the present study traces the implications of the energy gdp causality dialogue for the context of the growth degrowth debate where the energy development link plays a decisive role in that context the present research investigates the possible existence of a fundamental macro direction of causality between energy use and economic growth that is not influenced by study specific characteristics and events towards this objective we perform a meta analysis that takes into account 158 studies on causality between energy and gdp covering the period 1978 2011 this is the first time to our knowledge that meta analysis has been applied to investigate the direction of the energy and gdp causal relationship the meta analysis results neither support the existence of a fundamental macro direction nor the so called neutrality hypothesis e gdp in the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth

the role of regulatory uncertainty in certificate markets a case study of the swedish norwegian market abstract price volatility in green certificate markets reflects uncertainty over future prices representing a major source of risk for renewable energy generators price risk is considered the principal deficiency of this market based policy since it causes investors to require higher returns moreover investors are exposed to regulatory risk namely the risk that a change in the regulation will materially impact the certificate price regulatory uncertainty is reflected in market volatility exacerbating certificate price risk using an econometric approach we investigate the role of regulatory changes on price volatility in the swedish certificate market the results of our analysis indicate that regulatory changes strongly affect certificate markets resulting in periods of higher volatility moreover we analyze whether certificate price volatility has changed after creating a joint swedish norwegian market results indicate that the ambivalence surrounding the creation of this bigger market led to a period of increased price volatility between 2010 and 2011 overall this article brings a better understanding of the role of regulatory uncertainty on certificate markets and gives evidence for its negative impact in terms of increased price volatility

an econometric analysis of the drivers for residential heating consumption in the uk and germany abstract affecting millions of europeans energy poverty is increasingly high on the political agenda this paper compares space and water heating demand at household level in germany and in the united kingdom uk between 1991 and 2015 the elasticities of consumption of space and water heating with respect to price income and heating degree days hdd are examined using non parametric models domestic heating consumption is highly elastic with hdd in both countries and hdd elasticities are found to be higher in the uk from a certain income threshold heating demand decreases as income increases in german households whereas demand rises with higher incomes in the uk high price elasticities indicate that uk households are very responsive to energy conservation measures therefore implying that a pricing policy will effectively reduce heating consumption however in germany the impact of pricing policies is unclear thus the most effective policy measure to decrease domestic heating consumption in germany in the long run should be one which targets improvements of building envelope performance levels

the world per capita electricity consumption distribution signs of convergence abstract considering residential per capita electricity consumption as one of the most suitable economic welfare indicators the aim of this paper is to explore worldwide differences on this variable over the period 1980 2007 the paper adds to the standard practice of and convergence analysis by tracking the external shape and time evolution of the entire distribution applying nonparametric techniques density functions and stochastic kernels to a sample of 98 countries the main finding is that a weak process of electricity consumption convergence has taken place this reduction of disparities is clearly related to at least three issues firstly the rapid economic changes experienced by some developing countries secondly the energy conservation policies implemented by most developed countries following the first oil shock and thirdly the growing awareness on energy issues in rich countries notwithstanding this the ergodic distribution on per capita electricity consumption indicates that large cross country disparities will persist in the long run

energy efficiency analysis of g7 and brics considering total factor structure abstract energy is the driving force of world economy with the increase in the world s population and consumption additional efforts must be made to guarantee energy availability for all economies and consequently to avoid a number of serious problems related to its scarcity therefore measures to ensure energy efficiency are now a priority for any nation willing to develop its economy given the fast economic development seen in the brics group which has played an important role in the global economy the objective of this study is to measure and analyze energy efficiency in the countries that comprise the brics group brazil russia india china and south africa and the g7 group canada france germany italy japan united kingdom and united states considering the total factor structure for this data envelopment analysis was used with slacks based measure model and the window analysis and the total factor energy efficiency index was calculated from the slacks provided by this tool for the countries analyzed the model used as inputs gross fixed capital formation and workforce and energy consumption additionally two outputs were used carbon dioxide emissions undesirable output and gross domestic product desired output moreover the factors that lead to better energy efficiency measures were sought using an econometric model the results indicate that the brics and g7 are statistically different groups and therefore justify being analyzed separately energy efficiency in brics ranged from 23 54 to 99 95 with brazil as the country which had the highest total factor energy efficiency index in the analysis performed for the g7 group every country had a total factor energy efficiency index above 95 the tobit model was used and the results show that patents are significant for energy efficiency in the brics countries while in the g7 countries the gross domestic product per capita measured by purchasing power parity life expectancy and years of schooling are significant these findings indicate that in the brics countries the results of energy efficiency measures are more related to investments in low energy consumption technologies while in the g7 countries the energy efficiency tends to be better when countries have better social conditions which in addition to high life expectancy ensures a fair income distribution the results of this study are important in terms of being useful for public policies related to energy efficiency especially 1 to contribute to the discussions related to evaluating the countries energy use helping to identify those with the best practices with regard to environmental and economic aspects in each group and 2 to guide policy decisions regarding government incentives to promote the development of efficient countries in terms of economic growth with minimal use of resources capital labor energy without harming the environment

exploring the oil price and real gdp nexus for a small island economy the fiji islands the goal of this paper is to examine the relationship between real gdp and oil prices using time series data for the period 1970 2005 our main finding is that an increase in oil has a positive albeit inelastic impact on real gdp inconsistent with the bulk of the literature we argue that this is not a surprising result for the fiji islands our central argument focuses on two aspects of the fijian economy 1 the fact that actual output in fiji has been around 50 per cent less than potential output thus fiji s actual output has not reached a threshold level at which oil prices can negatively impact output and 2 a rise in oil prices filters through to value added which in turn is reflected in a larger actual output

coal consumption urbanization and trade openness linkage in indonesia abstract this paper explores the effects of economic growth urbanization industry and trade openness on coal consumption in indonesia over the period 1970 2015 to closely adhere to the environmental kuznets curve narratives we consider coal consumption which has been scarcely explored in the ekc debate as a proxy of environmental pressure we estimate the autoregressive distributed lag ardl method and confirm that the variables are cointegrated for long run linkage with the presence of structural breaks the empirical evidence showed that economic growth urbanization and trade openness increase coal consumption while decreasing share of secondary industry reduce it we also verify the existence of environmental kuznets curve having a vital role in the energy mix indonesia needs to restrain excessive coal consumption to enhance environmental quality our results also imply urbanization and trade openness are crucial factors on coal consumption consequently it should be taken into consideration in energy policy making process such as energy conservation policies in the residential sector and prioritize foreign investment which brings cutting edge coal technologies

price and expenditure elasticities of residential energy demand during urbanization an empirical analysis based on the household level survey data in china abstract urbanization one of the most obvious characteristics of economic growth in china has an apparent lock in effect on residential energy consumption pattern it is expected that residential sector would become a major force that drives china s energy consumption after urbanization process we estimate price and expenditure elasticities of residential energy demand using data from china s residential energy consumption survey crecs that covers households at different income levels and from different regional and social groups empirical results from the almost ideal demand system model are in accordance with the basic expectations the demands for electricity natural gas and transport fuels are inelastic in the residential sector due to the unreasonable pricing mechanism we further investigate the sensitivities of different income groups to prices of the three types of energy policy simulations indicate that rationalizing energy pricing mechanism is an important guarantee for energy sustainable development during urbanization finally we put forward suggestions on energy pricing reform in the residential sector based on characteristics of china s undergoing urbanization process and the current energy consumption situations

energy consumption and economic growth evidence from china at both aggregated and disaggregated levels using a neo classical aggregate production model where capital labor and energy are treated as separate inputs this paper tests for the existence and direction of causality between output growth and energy use in china at both aggregated total energy and disaggregated levels as coal oil and electricity consumption using the johansen cointegration technique the empirical findings indicate that there exists long run cointegration among output labor capital and energy use in china at both aggregated and all three disaggregated levels then using a vec specification the short run dynamics of the interested variables are tested indicating that there exists granger causality running from electricity and oil consumption to gdp but does not exist granger causality running from coal and total energy consumption to gdp on the other hand short run granger causality exists from gdp to total energy coal and oil consumption but does not exist from gdp to electricity consumption we thus propose policy suggestions to solve the energy and sustainable development dilemma in china as enhancing energy supply security and guaranteeing energy supply especially in the short run to provide adequate electric power supply and set up national strategic oil reserve enhancing energy efficiency to save energy diversifying energy sources energetically exploiting renewable energy and drawing out corresponding policies and measures and finally in the long run transforming development pattern and cut reliance on resource and energy dependent industries

lifestyle factors in u s residential electricity consumption abstract a multivariate statistical approach to lifestyle analysis of residential electricity consumption is described and illustrated factor analysis of selected variables from the 2005 u s residential energy consumption survey recs identified five lifestyle factors reflecting social and behavioral patterns associated with air conditioning laundry usage personal computer usage climate zone of residence and tv use these factors were also estimated for 2001 recs data multiple regression analysis using the lifestyle factors yields solutions accounting for approximately 40 of the variance in electricity consumption for both years by adding the household and market characteristics of income local electricity price and access to natural gas variance accounted for is increased to approximately 54 income contributed 1 unique variance to the models indicating that lifestyle factors reflecting social and behavioral patterns better account for consumption differences than income geographic segmentation of factor scores shows distinct clusters of consumption and lifestyle factors particularly in suburban locations the implications for tailored policy and planning interventions are discussed in relation to lifestyle issues

the demand for electricity in israel quarterly data for israel are used to compare and contrast three dynamic econometric methodologies for estimating the demand for electricity by households and industrial companies these are the dynamic regression model and two approaches to cointegration ols and maximum likelihood since we find evidence of seasonal unit roots in the data we also test for seasonal cointegration we find that the scale elasticities are similar in all three approaches but the ols price elasticities are considerably lower moreover ols suggests non cointegration the paper concludes by stochastically simulating the drms to calculate upside risk in electricity demand

the residential demand for electricity in australia an application of the bounds testing approach to cointegration this paper reports estimates of the long and short run elasticities of residential demand for electricity in australia using the bounds testing procedure to cointegration within an autoregressive distributive lag framework in the long run we find that income and own price are the most important determinants of residential electricity demand while temperature is significant some of the time and gas prices are insignificant our estimates of long run income elasticity and price elasticity of demand are consistent with previous studies although they are towards the lower end of existing estimates as expected the short run elasticities are much smaller than the long run elasticities and the coefficients on the error correction coefficients are small consistent with the fact that in the short run energy appliances are fixed

a literature survey on energy growth nexus abstract this paper provides a survey of the recent progress in the literature of energy consumption economic growth and electricity consumption economic growth causality nexus the survey highlights that most empirical studies focus on either testing the role of energy electricity in stimulating economic growth or examining the direction of causality between these two variables although the positive role of energy on growth has become a stylized fact there are some methodological reservations about the results from these empirical studies a general observation from these studies is that the literature produced conflicting results and there is no consensus neither on the existence nor on the direction of causality between energy consumption electricity consumption and economic growth as a policy implication to avoid from conflicting and unreliable results the authors may use the autoregressive distributed lags bounds test two regime threshold co integration models panel data approach and multivariate models including new variables such as real gross fixed capital formation labor force carbon dioxide emissions population exchange rates interest rates etc thus the authors should focus more on the new approaches and perspectives rather than by employing usual methods based on a set of common variables for different countries and different intervals of time

price and income elasticities of residential energy demand in germany we apply a quadratic expenditure system to estimate price and expenditure elasticities of residential energy demand electricity and heating in germany using official expenditure data from 1993 to 2008 we estimate an expenditure elasticity for electricity of 0 3988 and of 0 4055 for space heating the own price elasticity for electricity is 0 4310 and 0 5008 in the case of space heating disaggregation of households by expenditure and demographic composition reveals that the behavioural response to energy price changes is weaker stronger for low income top income households there are considerable economies of scale in residential energy use but scale effects are not well approximated by the new oedc equivalence scale real increases in energy prices show a regressive pattern of incidence implying that the welfare consequences of direct energy taxation are larger for low income households the application of zero elasticities in assessments of welfare consequences of energy taxation strongly underestimates potential welfare effects the increase in inequality is 22 smaller when compared to the application of rich and disaggregated behavioural response patterns as estimated in this paper