co2 emissions non renewable and renewable electricity production economic growth and international trade in italy abstract this paper applies the autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration to investigate the dynamic causal relationships between co2 emissions per capita real gdp per capita per capita non renewable electricity production and per capita renewable electricity production and international trade in the case of italy from 1960 to 2011 we find cointegration among these variables in the presence of possible structural breaks and we overcome the problem of multicollinearity in the research design the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is validated analytically because the estimated pollution model indicates that economic growth leads to less pollution over time per capita renewable electricity production reduces the level of co2 emissions per capita in the short run and in the long run whereas international trade only impacts positively upon carbon dioxide emissions per capita in the long run international trade granger causes co2 emissions per capita and non renewable electricity production per capita moreover the results depict the existence of the long run unidirectional granger causality relation running from output per capita to renewable electricity production per capita and from non renewable electricity production per capita to renewable electricity production per capita the findings indicate that renewable electricity production is a key solution in reducing pollutant emissions over time this result should be of concern to policy makers

electricity consumption employment and real income in australia evidence from multivariate granger causality tests this paper examines the relationship between electricity consumption employment and real income in australia within a cointegration and causality framework we find that electricity consumption employment and real income are cointegrated and that in the long run employment and real income granger cause electricity consumption while in the short run there is weak unidirectional granger causality running from income to electricity consumption and from income to employment

energy gdp relationship revisited an example from gcc countries using panel causality abstract this work investigates the causality relationship between gross domestic product gdp and energy consumption in the six countries of the gulf cooperation council gcc recently developed panel cointegration and causality techniques are used to uncover the direction of energy gdp causality in the gcc empirical results indicate a unidirectional causality running from gdp to energy consumption evidence shows no support for the hypothesis that energy consumption is the source of gdp growth in the gcc countries such results suggest that energy conservation policies may be adopted without much concern about their adverse effects on the growth of gcc economies

reform without losers an interpretation of china s dual track approach to transition this paper develops a simple model to analyze the dual track approach to market liberalization as a mechanism for implementing efficient pareto improving economic reform that is reform achieving efficiency without creating losers the approach based on the continued enforcement of the existing plan while simultaneously liberalizing the market can be understood as a method for making implicit lump sum transfers to compensate potential losers of the reform the model highlights the critical roles of enforcement of the plan for achieving pareto improvement and full liberalization of the market track for achieving efficiency we examine how the dual track approach has worked in product and labor market liberalization in china

the interdependent relationship between sectoral productivity and disaggregated energy consumption in malaysia markov switching approach abstract this study examines the interdependent relationship between sectoral productivity and disaggregated energy consumption in malaysia by employing the markov switching technique several outcomes are reached firstly the regime movement of gdp during regime 2 is influenced by disaggregated energy consumption secondly industrial and manufacturing productivity of regime 1 and regime 2 responded with disaggregated energy consumption finally the regimes carbon emissions depend on both of manufacturing and industrial productivity this study recommends efficient consumption of energy and the use of green technology in order to minimise energy consumptions and environment pollution

energy consumption and economic growth evidence from the commonwealth of independent states abstract this study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for eleven countries of the commonwealth of independent states over the period 1991 2005 within a multivariate panel data framework based on pedroni 1999 pedroni 2004 heterogeneous panel cointegration test and corresponding error correction model cointegration is present between real gdp energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and labor force with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the results of the error correction model reveal the presence of unidirectional causality from energy consumption to economic growth in the short run while bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the long run thus the results lend support for the feedback hypothesis associated with the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth

the relationship between energy and gnp further results this paper reexamines the casuality between gnp and energy consumption by using updated us data for the period 1947 1979 as a secondary contribution we investigate the causal relationship between energy consumption and employment applying sims technique we find no causal relationship between gnp and energy consumption we find further that there is a slight unidirectional flow running from employment to energy consumption economic interpretations of the empirical results are also presented

energy consumption and economic growth the case of oil exporting countries this paper examines the causal relationship between the per capita energy consumption and the per capita gdp in a panel of 11 selected oil exporting countries by using panel unit root tests and panel cointegration analysis the results show a unidirectional strong causality from economic growth to energy consumption for the oil exporting countries the findings have practical policy implications for decision makers in the area of macroeconomic planning in most major oil exporting countries government policies keep domestic prices bellow free market level resulting in high levels of domestic energy consumption the results imply that the energy conservation through reforming energy price policies has no damaging repercussions on economic growth for this group of countries

energy consumption and gdp causality a three step analysis for emerging european countries abstract the established european targets should play a leading role in the complex economic process of energy consumption and the emerging countries have to consider their implications for adjusting the energy policies at national level this paper develops investigations on the causality relationship between energy consumption and gdp in the context of emerging european countries covering the period 1980 2013 this research covers the limits identified by previous researchers by detailing the energy consumption by sources and by referring to five emerging countries in europe unlike most of the previous studies it has a double approach long and short run bidirectional relationships a detailed analysis on the impact of economic growth on the energy consumption by country is conducted in order to contribute to the enrichment of the research field towards this objective a three step analysis is performed stationarity cointegration and causality tests are considered the empirical study shows mixed results there is a balance in confirming conservation growth and neutrality hypotheses in some specific cases results imply that energy consumption and economic growth are jointly determined however a comparative analysis for different significance levels draws attention on the differences in judgment of results for this type of studies discussions on the results in terms of causality are conducted in order to identify future trends for research

causal nexus between energy consumption and economic growth for high middle and low income countries using frequency domain analysis abstract this study aims to investigate the causal nexus between energy consumption and economic growth for 119 countries from all over the world having at least 30 years of available data on candidate variables including 30 high income oecd 13 high income non oecd 65 middle income and 11 low income countries the study employs granger causality in the frequency domain context for empirical analysis which allows one to examine the causal nexus over different frequencies and thus provides relatively a better picture of the causal nexus between the candidate variables in particular we examine the temporary short run as well as at permanent long run causal nexus between energy consumption and economic growth the empirical results suggest that 18 countries including 5 high income oecd 2 high income non oecd 10 middle income and 1 low income confirm the existence of feedback hypothesis 25 countries including 4 high income oecd 3 high income non oecd 14 middle income and 4 low income confirm growth hypothesis out of total 119 countries similarly 40 countries including 6 high income oecd 6 high income non oecd 27 middle income and 1 low income suggest conservation hypothesis while 36 countries comprising of 15 high income oecd 2 high income non oecd 14 middle income and 5 low income hold neutrality hypothesis between energy consumption and economic growth out of 119 countries the findings of the study suggest that an appropriate and effective public policy is required for all sample countries both in the short and long term while considering sustainable economic growth and development

electricity consumption and economic growth bounds and causality analyses of opec members this paper investigates the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for opec members the bounds test yields evidence of a long run relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for all opec members causality results suggest that economic growth is dependent on electricity consumption in five countries less dependent in three countries and independent in three countries because these countries do not necessarily share similar political and economic traits no single universal policy implication can be inferred from the results the disparities across these causality results therefore stress the importance of formulating causality explanations while taking into account the particularities of individual countries rather than blindly applying the conventional interpretations

energy consumption and economic growth evidence from cameroon abstract the aim of this paper is to study the nature of the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in cameroon through a three step approach i study the stationarity of the chronic ii test of causality between variables and iii estimate the appropriate model the study concludes in a non stationarity of the series using the data in first difference the granger causality test yields a strong evidence for unidirectional causality running from oil to gdp cointegration tests also show that these two series are co integrated and the error correction model ecm reveals that every percentage increase in oil products consumption increases economic growth by around 1 1 this result confirms the intuition that an economic policy aimed at improving energy supply will necessarily have a positive impact on economic growth on the other side a lack of energy is a major bottleneck for further economic development in cameroon

energy consumption employment output and temporal causality evidence from taiwan based on cointegration and error correction modelling techniques in this study a cointegration analysis and a vector autoregressive model var are used to examine the causal relationships among energy consumption employment and output for taiwan over the period january 1982 to november 1997 johansen 1988 and johansen and juselius 1990 cointegration test result indicates these three variables are cointegrated with one cointegrating vector the results from granger causality tests based on vector error correction models vecm suggest bidirectional grange causality for employment output and employment energy consumption but only unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to output furthermore the impulse responses and variance decompositions are also incorporated into the analysis the results from impulsive response and variance decomposition analysis tell similar stories energy consumption appears to have led to output growth in taiwan over this period the policy implication of this finding is that energy conservation will restrain the outpu

energy consumption and growth in south america evidence from a panel error correction model abstract this study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of nine south american countries over the period 1980 2005 within a multivariate framework given the relatively short span of the time series data a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship pedroni s heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp energy consumption the labor force and real gross fixed capital formation with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the granger causality results indicate both short run and long run causality from energy consumption to economic growth which supports the growth hypothesis

co integration and causality testing of the energy gdp relationship a cross country study in this paper the energy gdp relationship in per capita terms is analysed for a sample of 16 countries over the time period 1950 51 to 1984 85 co integration theory is first used to test whether a long run equilibrium relation exists between the two variables after co integration has been established causality measures are constructed to quantify various types of feedback between energy and gdp for each country it is then examined whether the causality measures are longitudinally related to certain basic economic indicators of the countries in the sample

the desirability of a permanent tax amnesty abstract there are two main concerns about tax amnesty first if it is anticipated it may increase cheating and reduce the efficiency of the tax system second amnesty may be inequitable by letting cheaters off the hook however several federal governments currently hold a policy of long term or permanent tax amnesty in apparent defiance of these concerns this paper examines fully anticipated tax amnesty and finds that it is possible for a permanent tax amnesty to actually increase rather than decrease the efficiency and equity of the tax system

energy conservation and sustainable economic growth the case of latin america and the caribbean this study examines the causal relationships among energy consumption economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in twenty countries from latin america and the caribbean region the methodology includes the use of phillips and perron pp tests a cointegration model with vector error correction modeling vecm and vector autoregression var with granger causality the study concludes that of the twenty countries analyzed only in four of them will it be possible to implement energy conservation polices without affecting their economic growth four others are not able to consider an energy conservation policy with economic growth and the other twelve should focus on their economic growth before adopting any conservation policies energy efficiency was found in this region especially in the countries which have both cointegration and short term equilibrium

the influence of energy consumption of china on its real gdp from aggregated and disaggregated viewpoints abstract this paper investigated the causal relationship between energy consumption and gross domestic product gdp in china at both aggregated and disaggregated levels during the period of 1978 2009 by using a modified version of the granger 1969 causality test proposed by toda and yamamoto 1995 within a multivariate framework the empirical results suggested the existence of a negative bi directional granger causality running from aggregated energy consumption to real gdp at disaggregated level of energy consumption the results were complicated for coal empirical findings suggested that there was a negative bi directional granger causality running from coal consumption to real gdp however for oil and gas empirical findings suggested a positive bi directional granger causality running from oil as well as gas consumption to real gdp though these results supported the feedback hypothesis the negative relationship might be attributed to the growing economy production shifting towards less energy intensive sectors and excessive energy consumption in relatively unproductive sectors the results indicated that policies with reducing aggregated energy consumption and promoting energy conservation may boost china s economic growth

a literature survey on energy growth nexus abstract this paper provides a survey of the recent progress in the literature of energy consumption economic growth and electricity consumption economic growth causality nexus the survey highlights that most empirical studies focus on either testing the role of energy electricity in stimulating economic growth or examining the direction of causality between these two variables although the positive role of energy on growth has become a stylized fact there are some methodological reservations about the results from these empirical studies a general observation from these studies is that the literature produced conflicting results and there is no consensus neither on the existence nor on the direction of causality between energy consumption electricity consumption and economic growth as a policy implication to avoid from conflicting and unreliable results the authors may use the autoregressive distributed lags bounds test two regime threshold co integration models panel data approach and multivariate models including new variables such as real gross fixed capital formation labor force carbon dioxide emissions population exchange rates interest rates etc thus the authors should focus more on the new approaches and perspectives rather than by employing usual methods based on a set of common variables for different countries and different intervals of time

energy consumption and economic growth in central america evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model abstract this study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for six central american countries over the period 1980 2004 within a multivariate framework given the relatively short span of the time series data a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship based on the heterogeneous panel cointegration test by pedroni pedroni p 1999 critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors oxford bulletin of economics and statistics 61 653 670 pedroni p 2004 panel cointegration asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the ppp hypothesis new results econometric theory 20 597 627 cointegration is present between real gdp energy consumption the labor force and real gross fixed capital formation with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the granger causality results indicate the presence of both short run and long run causality from energy consumption to economic growth which supports the growth hypothesis