gender bias and economic development in an endogenous growth model abstract this paper develops an endogenous growth model with an explicit gender choice to study interactions between gender bias and economic development both sex preference and differential human capital endowments are possible sources of gender bias human capital and sex ratios of men and women converge to values that are lower in the steady state growth equilibrium than in the stagnant equilibrium when old age support from children is absent and lower than in the steady state growth equilibrium when old age support is present the analysis shows the crucial role of perpetual growth in reducing gender gaps in terms of the sex ratio and human capital ratio of men and women simulation results mimic some important features in the time series of the us economy

decoupling of industrial energy consumption and co2 emissions in energy intensive industries in scandinavia as methodology the ex post analysis deserves more attention as a device to calibrate energy sector models this paper studies the impact of energy prices and taxes on energy efficiency and carbon emissions of ten industrial sectors in the three scandinavian countries a database with sector specific energy prices and taxes has been established which allows the analysis to take various price reductions and tax exemptions better into account a translog factor demand system estimation for a cross industry pooled model is explored and fixed effects across industries and time is estimated the findings here confirm recent analyses which indicate higher long term elasicities for industries than normally assumed in scandinavian energy sector models with the observations on differences in energy intensities among sectors and countries the findings allow for some optimism as to the opportunities for further decoupling between trends in gross value added carbon emissions and energy consumption

the gender gap fertility and growth changes in fertility have long been recognized as important correlates of economic growth with the relationship between the level of fertility and the level of income per capita being one of the strongest observable correlations in cross country data this paper examines the linkages between fertility and growth theory the structure of the model is presented in sections on production couples decision making system dynamics and steady state equilibria the first component of the model is that increases in capital per worker raise womens relative wages since capital is more complementary to womens labor input than to mens the second component is that increasing womens relative wages reduces fertility by raising the cost of children more than household income finally lower fertility raises the level of capital per worker a positive feedback loop generates demographic transition a rapid decline in fertility accompanied by accelerated output growth

do renewable electricity policies promote renewable electricity generation evidence from panel data using the poisson pseudo maximum likelihood estimation technique this paper evaluates the effects of renewable electricity policies on renewable electricity generation using a large panel dataset that covers 122 countries over the period of 1980 2010 the results suggest that renewable electricity policies play a crucial role in promoting renewable electricity generation but their effectiveness is subject to diminishing returns as the number of policies increases there is also evidence that the effects of renewable electricity policies are more pronounced before 1996 as well as in developed and emerging market countries and the negative policy interaction effect fades with the stage of economic development lastly policy effectiveness varies by the type of renewable electricity policy and energy source only investment incentives and feed in tariffs are found to be effective in promoting the development of all types of renewable energy sources for electricity considered in this paper

assessing green energy economy stimulus packages evidence from the u s programs targeting renewable energy the paper provides a comprehensive empirical assessment of american stimulus policies aimed at renewable energy re technologies we use an indicator based methodology to assess progress with respect to energy environmental and socio economic issues resulting from re stimulus programs linked to the american recovery and reinvestment act and review and analyze the emerging but scattered literature overall our results indicate that stimulus programs have had a positive effect on the re sector this is despite the fact that they were originally planned to work in combination with a greenhouse gas cap and trade system which has not been implemented from the methodological perspective our approach is resource intensive and our analysis highlights numerous challenges notably related to causality and additionality despite these limitations this research improves our understanding of the broad effects and impacts of re stimulus programs

demand for rural tourism the effects of quality and information the development of rural tourism is regarded as a promising diversification strategy especially for lagging and mountainous areas of the european union research concerning the demand and or supply of rural tourism services has been limited within the agricultural economics domain despite the significance attached to rural tourism by various rural development policy measures and initiatives the article examines the expenditure behavior of rural tourists within a framework of demand for composite heterogeneous goods the proposed framework captures the quality of the tourism experience as the commodity s unit value a quantifiable economic variable examines its effects on expenditures and allows for the estimation of elasticity in prices regarding expenditure and quantity empirical analysis is facilitated by a survey recording the expenditure behavior of 465 tourists in two rural and lagging areas of greece the quality of the tourism experience is significantly and positively affected by the income the source from which information about the trip is retrieved internet newspapers as well as general press and special travel press and by the amount of information sought by the consumer prior to the trip in turn the quality of the tourism experience is the major endogenous factor that positively influences expenditures for rural tourism further research is needed before evidence provided in this work can be used to draw policy conclusions and recommendations

a dynamic panel study of economic development and the electricity consumption growth nexus abstract this study examines the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for 88 countries categorized into four panels based on the world bank income classification high upper middle lower middle and low income within a multivariate panel framework over the period 1990 2006 the larsson et al 2001 panel cointegration test indicates there is a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp coal consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force for the high upper middle and lower middle income country panels the results from the panel vector error correction models reveal 1 bidirectional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run for the high income and upper middle income country panels 2 unidirectional causality from electricity consumption to economic growth in the short run but bidirectional causality in the long run for the lower middle income country panel and 3 unidirectional causality from electricity consumption to economic growth for the low income country panel

assessing the green economy in china an improved framework abstract theses on china s low carbon economy focus on the driving forces of carbon emissions energy carbon efficiency and the carbon economy nexus meanwhile comprehensive frameworks that assess china s green economy and also analyze its driving forces are lacking this paper constructs a green productivity index based on the global malmquist luenberger productivity index to evaluate the development of the low carbon economy in china a panel vector auto regression model is adopted to further analyze the endogenous interactions and dynamic relationships among aspects of the green economy and its influencing factors empirical results show that china has seen a balanced development of green economic growth in 2000 2016 achieved in a series of clear stages to maintain the sustainable growth of the low carbon economy in the future china must rely more on technological progress this research also makes some important discoveries that have not been found in previous studies the impact of china s industrial structure and energy consumption structure on the green economy are short term having a duration of impact of approximately four years finally we provide an assessment of provincial green economy development and describe the corresponding policy implications

neither crowding in nor out public direct investment mobilising private investment into renewable electricity projects abstract rapid structural change towards a low carbon energy supply requires significant additional investments into innovative but high risk low carbon technologies mobilising greater private investments requires applying the right policy instruments but while fiscal measures and regulation have been well researched systematic quantitative evidence about the effect of public direct investment is lacking absent empirical evidence contradictory theoretical arguments claim that such public co investments either crowd out or crowd in private investors in this paper we show that the macroeconomic concept of crowding out in is inapplicable to sectoral studies such as of renewable electricity instead both neoclassical microeconomics and evolutionary economics suggest public direct investment to have a positive effect due to either externalities or market creation effects we also provide the first quantitative estimate of the effect of public direct investment on private investment into renewable electricity technologies for 17 countries in the period 2004 2014 using fgls and static and dynamic gmm estimators we find that public investments not only have a positive but also consistently the largest effect on private investment flows relative to feed in tariffs taxes and renewable portfolio standards in general and for wind and solar technologies separately implications for policy aimed at accelerating the low carbon transition are discussed

financial incentives to mobilise local citizens as investors in low carbon technologies a systematic literature review abstract mobilising greater levels of private finance through local citizen investment in low carbon technologies can help bridge the capital shortfall to meeting climate objectives while also building societal support for the low carbon transition within this context we undertake a systematic review of literature assessing the impact of technology specific economic and financial incentives promoting greater levels of investment in low carbon technologies from local citizen investors both individuals and community groups we focus in particular on the impact of feed in tariffs compared to quota schemes grants tax incentives and soft loans the analysis suggests that local citizen investors do not necessarily act in an economically rational manner in response to these incentives it underscores the importance of understanding the preferences of target demographics the local context as well as the characteristics of the technologies in question and suggests interventions should be considered as part of wider policy packages while identifying challenges to be overcome through instrument design we find that feed in tariffs grants and tax incentives can be successful in mobilising greater levels of investment from local citizen investors but that soft loans tend to be less effective as a stand alone instrument the review identifies areas meriting further exploration in this emerging field of research

the job generation impacts of expanding industrial cogeneration sustainable economic development requires the efficient production and use of energy combined heat and power chp offers a promising technological approach to achieving both goals while a recent u s executive order set a national goal of 40 gw of new industrial chp by 2020 the deployment of chp is challenged by financial regulatory and workforce barriers discrepancies between private and public interests can be minimized by policies promoting energy based economic development in this context a great deal of rhetoric has addressed the ambiguous goal of growing green jobs our research provides a systematic evaluation of the job impacts of an investment tax credit that would subsidize industrial chp deployment we introduce a hybrid analysis approach combining simulations using the national energy modeling system with input output modeling nems simulates general equilibrium effects including supply and demand side resources we identify first order employment impacts by creating bill of goods expenditures for the installation and operation of industrial chp systems second order impacts are then estimated based on the redirection of energy bill savings accruing to consumers these include jobs across the economy created by the lower electricity prices that would result from increased reliance on energy efficient chp systems on a jobs per gwh basis we find that the second order impacts are approximately twice as large as the first order impacts

assessing employment in renewable energy technologies a case study for wind power in brazil abstract environmental concerns and the search for climate change mitigation have led to the deployment of renewable energy technologies ret in several countries the adoption of incentive policies especially those based on heavy subsides has motivated the discussion of social and economic benefits brought about by these technologies mainly on the impact on employment rates in this context several studies have been conducted to quantify job creation by ret concluding that the latter are more labor intensive than traditional fossil fueled technologies however results for different assessments vary largely due to distinct methodological approaches and are frequently highly aggregated thus results are not comparable or applicable to other contexts previous studies have failed to quantify the effects of imports and exports of ret equipment in total employment usually associating employment and installed capacity in the year studied this study has aimed to address these issues creating an index for employment quantification based on production instead of installed capacity we have estimated both direct jobs in manufacture construction and operation and management and indirect jobs both in the upstream supply chains of materials and inputs to manufacture of wind turbines and construction of wind farms we have also performed an assessment of jobs created in wind energy projects which are expected to begin operation in brazil until 2017 the resulting job potential in brazil corresponds to13 5 persons year equivalent for each mw installed between manufacture and first year of operation of a wind power plant and 24 5 persons year equivalent over the wind farm lifetime results show that major contribution from wind power for job creation are in the construction stage and despite of the low amount of jobs created in operation and maintenance relative to new installed capacity those stable jobs stand out as they persist over the entire wind farm s life time

identifying barriers in the diffusion of renewable energy sources abstract rapid diffusion of renewable energy sources res in the electricity power sector is crucial if the eu wants to fulfill its 2050 co2 reduction commitments for this reason identifying and alleviating all barriers that hinder the development of res is necessary to the successful deployment of these technologies this paper discusses the main barriers in the diffusion of wind and photovoltaic pv solar power in the greek electricity sector by drawing on the literature of technological innovation systems and system functions furthermore we provide an explanation of the different diffusion rates between the two technologies inadequate financial resources low grid capacity delays in the issuance of building permits opposition from local communities to the construction of wind farms and the lack of a stable institutional framework are among the most important barriers that inhibit the diffusion of the wind and pv solar power the nature of the barriers identified in this study calls for policy intervention

prices and quality effects in cross sectional demand analysis a conceptual clarification of the sources and meaning of cross sectional price variability is used to motivate a theoretical and econometric framework for the estimation of cross sectional demand functions quality effects are distinguished from supply related price variability to identify cross sectional demand for disaggregated food commodities an empirical application using data from the 1977 78 nationwide food consumption survey indicates that parameter differences resulting from a failure to adjust cross sectional prices for quality effects are likely to be small for relatively homogenous disaggregated food commodities in demand analysis with cross sectional household budget data it is usually assumed that prices are constant allen and bowley prais and houthakker george and king given this assumption engel functions are estimated where expenditure or quantity is regressed on income or total expenditures family size and other demographic characteristics the assumption that cross sectional price effects are absent or are captured adequately by spatial and temporal dummy variables has not been evaluated empirically whether cross sectional price effects can be treated in this manner has implications for the specification of cross sectional demand functions as well as the estimation of engel functions there is a considerable literature on estimating price elasticities with cross sectional data most of the applications utilize timeseries cross sectional data annual or quarterly household consumption surveys and

preliminary evaluation of the section 1603 treasury grant program for renewable power projects in the united states this article evaluates the first year of the section 1603 treasury cash grant program which enables renewable power projects in the u s to elect cash grants in lieu of the federal tax credits that are otherwise available to date the program has been heavily subscribed particularly by wind power projects which had received 86 of the nearly 2 6 billion in grants that had been disbursed as of march 1 2010 as of that date 6 2 gw of the 10 gw of new wind capacity installed in the u s in 2009 had applied for grants in lieu of production tax credits roughly 2 4 gw of this wind capacity may not have otherwise been built in 2009 absent the grant program this 2 4 gw may have supported approximately 51 600 short term full time equivalent fte gross job years in the u s during the construction phase of these wind projects and 3 860 longterm fte gross jobs during the operational phase the program s popularity stems from the significant economic value that it provides to renewable power projects relative to the otherwise available tax credits although grants reward investment rather than efficient performance this evaluation finds no evidence at this time of either widespread gold plating or performance problems

quality quantity and spatial variation of price this paper develops and implements a method for estimating price elasticities of demand using cross sectional household survey data geographically clustered households report unit values which when corrected for quality effects and for measurement error indicate the underlying spatial variation in prices and can be matched to variation in demand patterns a simple model of quality choice is proposed while the correction for measurement error exploits the clustered design of such surveys data from a 1979 household survey from the ivory coast are used to estimate price elasticities for beef meat fish cereals and starches copyright 1988 by american economic association

the influence of household composition on household expenditure patterns theory and spanish evidence a concept of demographic separability is proposed that formalizes the notion that there are groups of goods adult goods that have little or no relationship to specific classes of household demographics the numbers or ages of children that there exist adult goods demographically separable from children is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the validity of rothbarth s method for measuring child costs we propose two different methods for testing demographic separability and present results from a 1981 survey of spain the econometric evidence is in fair agreement with the theoretical presuppositions

carbon weighted economic development performance and driving force analysis evidence from china based on a data envelopment analysis framework this study develops an indicator termed as carbon weighted economic development cwed covering the dimensions of energy environment economy and resources to measure the economic development performance in a carbon emission conscious economy as an empirical application the proposed approach is applied to a case study of 30 provinces in china in addition to identify the driving forces underlying low carbon economic development in china we analyze the endogenous interactions and dynamic behaviors between cwed foreign direct investment foreign trade industrial structure local fiscal expenditure and energy consumption structure using a panel vector auto regression model the main findings show that 1 adjusting industrial structure by vigorously developing the service industry and reducing the coal energy share in the primary energy consumption structure are the two most effective approaches to improve cwed in both the short run and long run in return cwed has positive feedback effects on both approaches in the long run 2 increase of the fiscal expenditure has a short term positive effect on cwed 3 fdi has an indirect negative effect on cwed in the long run and foreign trade has an indirect positive effect on cwed in the short term

patterns of acceptance and non acceptance within energy landscapes a case study on wind energy expansion in austria abstract wind energy is a key technology in the transition toward a low carbon society but acceptance is considered to be a constraining factor in achieving ambitious wind deployment targets based on an austrian case study this paper investigates eight decisive patterns of acceptance and non acceptance of wind energy we apply qualitative research methods such as interviews focus groups and worldcafe discussions with stakeholders on the national level and with citizens and local decision makers at potential wind power expansion sites the results show that local opposition to wind energy cannot be explained by single factors but is caused by a complex set of individual and collective preferences rooted in institutional and socio political arrangements the problem concerning these conflicting patterns is that they are trapped in often opposing or confronting policy core beliefs which are unlikely to change hence it is necessary to appeal to overarching targets like the claims of environmental justice to counterbalance the impacts of wind energy we conclude that there is a strong demand for fair decision making processes and an equal distribution of environmental and economic gains and losses this article is part of a virtual special issue entitled the collaborative making of energy landscapes

income and gender inequalities in asia testing alternative theories of development during the 1970s and 1980s debates raged about the effects of economic development on income inequality most dependency theorists viewed economic development as a two edged sword linking increasing income inequalities in third world countries to their high growth rates on the other side of the debate economists following simon kuznets along with sociologists of the modernization school claimed that income inequality increases at an early stage of development and later decreases as with advancing development incomes become more evenly distributed among the population 2 yet a third view held that the latter stage of development generally occurs with structural transformation a term used by hollis chenery as well as bruce f johnston and peter kilby to describe long term changes in the structure of demand production and employment which allows the transformation of a traditional mostly agricultural economy to a modem economic system with strength in agricultural manufacturing and service sectors 3 the empirical work on income inequality has not been related to work on other kinds of inequalities for example gender inequality nor have the results been used to contrast the different predictions of the different theories dependency versus kuznets versus structural transformation on the gender issue most of the empirical work in the women in development wid literature 4 however including our own previous efforts 5 fits within the theoretical framework of the dependency school better than it does within the framework of kuznets or structural transformation this is because most of the evidence documents third world women producers unequal access to modern inputs of production that would increase their yields and incomes if equal access were available to them the most famous of the wid studies have concluded that the benefits of economic development do

the impact of clean energy investments on the greek economy an input output analysis 2010 2020 the aim of this paper is twofold first to calculate the green energy investments by industrial sector that greece would need in order to satisfy a number of energy and environmental targets adopted in the context of the european commission s energy and climate change package and second to calculate the macro economic impacts of these green investments on production and employment in the greek economy to this end the input output analysis has been exploited for estimating the direct indirect and induced macroeconomic effects associated with the implementation of selected energy conservation measures the promotion of renewable energy technologies etc our findings show that the required investments would reach the amount of 47 9 billion over the period 2010 2020 these investments will result in an average annual increase of the national product by 9 4 billion creating simultaneously 108 000 full time equivalent jobs for the entire period under consideration the employment generated per 1 million investment is relatively higher in energy saving projects in buildings and transport in comparison with the development of res in power generation sector

more heat and light abstract one hundred years before the advent of modern power systems william blake in the marriage of heaven and hell argued with the devil asserting that energy is eternal delight that delight however remains beyond the reach of the two to three billion of people disadvantaged by a lack of modern energy services a number that has remained relatively unchanged over recent decades this is arguably the most disturbing of insights from an examination of global energy use trends and a simple clear justification for a political prioritisation of the issue it is widely accepted that a lack of access to energy services is a fundamental hindrance to human social and economic development addressing it comprehensively would have enormous multiple benefits however current efforts are woefully insufficient in scale scope and design and attempting to address the issue solely as part of wider poverty reduction policies is likely to be sub optimal we discuss energy policy with a focus on energy security as an effective vehicle for large scale action in providing modern clean energy services to this end we outline specific and limited examples of where international cooperation could play a role supporting national actions and ensuring universal access

geographies of energy transition space place and the low carbon economy this paper makes a case for examining energy transition as a geographical process involving the reconfiguration of current patterns and scales of economic and social activity the paper draws on a seminar series on the geographies of energy transition security climate governance hosted by the authors between 2009 and 2011 which initiated a dialogue between energy studies and the discipline of human geography focussing on the uk government s policy for a low carbon transition the paper provides a conceptual language with which to describe and assess the geographical implications of a transition towards low carbon energy six concepts are introduced and explained location landscape territoriality spatial differentiation scaling and spatial embeddedness examples illustrate how the geographies of a future low carbon economy are not yet determined and that a range of divergent and contending potential geographical futures are in play more attention to the spaces and places that transition to a low carbon economy will produce can help better understand what living in a low carbon economy will be like it also provides a way to help evaluate the choices and pathways available

evaluating tourism s economic effects new and old approaches abstract techniques such as multiplier analysis and input output analysis are still very commonly used to make estimates of the economic impact of changes in tourism expenditure these techniques have serious limitations and as a result alternative techniques have been developed to address the problems computable general equilibrium cge models are now extensively used especially in australia the uk the us and canada to estimate economic impacts of a wide variety of changes and policies across most sectors cge techniques have been used in the tourism context but so far not extensively economic evaluation in tourism thus fails to achieve best practice the paper presents arguments in support of cge modelling as the preferred technique in analysing the economic impacts of tourism and discusses its potential to drive future research in this area that is more relevant to real world tourism destinations

from great depression to great credit crisis similarities differences and lessons the great depression of the 1930s and the great credit crisis of the 2000s had similar causes but elicited strikingly different policy responses while it remains too early to assess the effectiveness of current policy it is possible to analyse monetary and fiscal responses in the 1930s as a natural experiment or counterfactual capable of shedding light on the impact of current policies we employ vector autoregressions instrumental variables and qualitative evidence for 27 countries in the period 1925 39 the results suggest that monetary and fiscal stimulus was effective that where it did not make a difference it was not tried they shed light on the debate over fiscal multipliers in episodes of financial crisis they are consistent with multipliers at the higher end of those estimated in the recent literature and with the argument that the impact of fiscal stimulus will be greater when banking systems are dysfunctional and monetary policy is constrained by the zero bound miguel almunia agustin benetrix barry eichengreen kevin h o rourke and gisela rua

evaluating the economic impact of wind power development on local economies in china abstract given that wind power has received so much public financial support it is important not only to understand its overall impact but also who receives the benefits and who bears the costs one important aspect is to quantitatively evaluate the potential impact of wind power development on local economies this study conducts an ex post econometric assessment of the effect of wind power installation on local economy in china using a national county level dataset between 2005 and 2011 we find that installed wind power capacity has a small and statistically significant positive effect on gdp but negatively affect local fiscal income based on our results an additional 1 mw wind power installation per capita would bring 2246 rmb increase in gdp per capita over the year 2005 and 2011 the annual benefits is about 321 rmb 45 increase in gdp per person which is much lower than the estimates for u s case we further explore why china s wind power development did not benefit local economy as much as the case of u s

advertising information and product quality the case of butter this study examines the roles of cholesterol information and advertising in explaining consumption trends for fats and oils focusing on butter results suggest increased consumer awareness of the health effects of blood cholesterol has contributed to the secular decline in butter consumption in canada although consumers responses to negative information appear to outweigh their responses to positive information the industry advertising campaign launched in 1978 by the dairy bureau of canada has had a positive effect on butter demand

energy based economic development abstract the fields of economic development and energy policy and planning have converged in recent years to form an emerging discipline which we term energy based economic development ebed despite the significant amount of stimulus funds as well as state and local funding that are being allocated to ebed initiatives in the united states the emerging discipline has received scant attention in the energy policy and development literature the link between energy and economic development in the literature is still theoretical mostly focused on the need for and the potential benefits of ebed and rarely applied furthermore funding for ebed has outpaced understanding of the discipline development of rigorous technical approaches and meaningful ways to measure impact such information would not only help practitioners and policymakers more thoroughly understand the confines of the discipline and shape goals and approaches accordingly but also help researchers identify track and evaluate a variety of activities in the field with national and international attention focused on the convergence of these fields researchers and practitioners have a rare opportunity to develop and implement the tools necessary to evaluate and communicate the potentially broader impacts that ebed may hold for society if ways to leverage and sustain the injection of funds in this discipline are not identified the opportunity may end before we can achieve either energy policy or economic development goals in an attempt to respond to this need this analysis explores the connection between energy and economic development beginning with a review of the trends in each field and the goals that each seeks to achieve on the basis of this information we define the discipline of ebed review the existing literature on it and offer insights and perspectives on its emergence

estimation of demand functions using cross sectional household data the problem revisited a procedure that corrects for selectivity bias is proposed to estimate demand functions using cross sectional data under the assumption that prices vary across households this procedure which extends the work by cox and wohlgenant includes a two equation system of expenditure and unit value functions this model is applied to household expenditures for beef steaks and roasts

quality variation and quantity aggregation in consumer demand for food viewing the problem of quality variation in consumer demand for food as a problem of valid aggregation over goods leads to new insights the simple sum of physical quantities used as the measure of demand in the quality literature is found to be a theoretically arbitrary and potentially misleading measure of demand when goods are heterogenous alternative measures of demand derived from restrictions on quality variation consumer preferences or relative prices are investigated a hypothetical example illustrates the use of a hicksian composite commodity assumption the empirical as well as conceptual merits of the various measures are discussed the usual assumption made about prices in a cross section analysis of household food expenditures is that all households are facing the same prices estimation of price elasticities of demand is commonly left to time series researchers who get price information from intertemporal indices recently however there has been renewed interest in the otential of cross section analysis for estimation of price elasticities of demand for food especially when surveys collect data on both household expenditures for food items and on the physical quantities purchased

renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies abstract increased economic growth and demand for energy in emerging economies is creating an opportunity for these countries to increase their usage of renewable energy this paper presents and estimates two empirical models of renewable energy consumption and income for a panel of emerging economies panel cointegration estimates show that increases in real per capita income have a positive and statistically significant impact on per capita renewable energy consumption in the long term a 1 increase in real income per capita increases the consumption of renewable energy per capita in emerging economies by approximately 3 5 long term renewable energy per capita consumption price elasticity estimates are approximately equal to 0 70

discrimination and growth the distribution across skills matters abstract this paper examines the impact of differences in the degree of discrimination across skill levels in a model of endogenous growth the impact of labor market discrimination on human capital formation and hence the rate of per capita growth depends on how wage differentials at low levels of skills compare to differentials at high levels of skills from a policy perspective the analysis suggests that it is an eliminating discrimination at high skill levels relative to low skill levels that enhances the rate of growth

gender bias investments in children and bequests the impacts of pure sex preference and differential earnings opportunities by gender on investments in children are modelled with altruism if bequest constraints do not bind human investments are privately efficient with the higher earning gender receiving more education education does not depend on parental wealth the gender differential in bequests is ambiguous however even in this case when bequest constraints bind education may depend on wealth and it is also possible for the gender with better earnings opportunities to get less education the model is tested with data from philippine villages where bequest constraints are generally nonbinding the schooling differential slightly favors daughters estimated bequest behavior however reflects pure sex preference in terms of our model copyright 1995 by economics department of the university of pennsylvania and the osaka university institute of social and economic research association

interactions between energy and imports in singapore empirical evidence from conditional error correction models this study empirically tests for long run equilibrium relationship and the direction of causality between imports and energy consumption in singapore the results of the present study reveal that a long run equilibrium relationship exists between import growth and energy consumption growth in singapore by using bivariate systems imports of singapore converge to long term equilibrium levels by 79 9 percent speed of adjustment through the channel of energy growth furthermore the major finding of this study is that there are long and short term undirectional causalities that run from energy growth to import growth in singapore which denote that energy consumption in singapore is a catalyst for importing

renewable deployment in india financing costs and implications for policy india s ambitious goals for renewable energy raise many questions regarding the nature of investment required we conduct financial modeling of actual renewable projects in india and derive the following insights first the high cost of debt is the most pressing problem higher cost and inferior terms of debt in india may raise the cost of renewable energy by 24 32 compared to the u s second even if cost of debt goes down loan terms including short tenors and variable interest rates will become significant impediments given that they add 13 14 to the cost of renewable energy in india compared to the u s finally due to the high cost of debt policy lessons from the u s and europe which focus on finer instruments such as duration of revenue support revenue certainty investor risk perception and completion cost certainty are not likely to be as effective with potential impacts on the cost of renewable energy in the 3 11 range in fact we find that an interest rate subsidy which reduces the cost of debt reduces the overall subsidy burden by 13 16 this suggests that indian policymakers need to prioritize the provision of low cost long term debt and take a closer look at the successful efforts by china and brazil 2013 elsevier ltd

threshold effect of the economic growth rate on the renewable energy development from a change in energy price evidence from oecd countries this paper uses a panel threshold regression ptr model to investigate the influence that energy prices have on renewable energy development under different economic growth rate regimes the empirical data are obtained from each of the oecd member countries over the period from 1997 to 2006 we show that there is one threshold in the regression relationship which is 4 13 of a one period lag in the annual gross domestic product gdp growth rate the consumer price index cpi in so far as it relates to variations in energy is significantly positively correlated with the contribution of renewables to energy supply in the regime with higher economic growth but there is no relationship in the regime with lower economic growth therefore countries characterized by high economic growth are able to respond to high energy prices with increases in renewable energy use while countries characterized by low economic growth countries tend to be unresponsive to energy price changes when they come to their level of renewable energy

strategic choices for renewable energy investment conceptual framework and opportunities for further research this paper introduces the special issue on strategic choices for renewable energy investment which is a collection of best papers presented at an international research conference held in st gallen switzerland in february 2010 substantial private investment is needed if public policy objectives to increase the share of renewable energy and prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change are to be achieved the aim of this paper and the entire special issue is to draw scholarly attention to the processes underlying strategic choices for renewable energy investment and how they are influenced by energy policy we disentangle the role of risk return perceptions portfolio effects and path dependence in explaining energy investment decisions and suggest that the heterogeneous universe of investors requires a segmentation of policies the paper outlines some of the rich opportunities for further research in this emerging area

the impact of doe building technology energy efficiency programs on u s employment income and investment abstract the u s department of energy s office of energy efficiency and renewable energy eere analyzes the macroeconomic impacts of its programs that are designed to increase the energy efficiency of the u s residential and commercial building stock the analysis is conducted using the impact of sector energy technologies imset model a special purpose 188 sector input output model of the u s economy designed specifically to evaluate the impacts of energy efficiency investments and saving for the analysis described in the paper imset was amended to provide estimates of sector by sector capital requirements and investment in the scenario of the fiscal year fy 2005 building technologies bt program the technologies and building practices being developed and promoted by the bt program have the potential to save about 2 9 10 15 btu in buildings by the year 2030 about 27 of the expected growth in building energy consumption by the year 2030 the analysis reported in the paper finds that by the year 2030 these savings have the potential to increase employment by up to 446 000 jobs increase wage income by 7 8 billion reduce needs for capital stock in the energy sector and closely related supporting industries by about 207 billion and the corresponding annual level of investment by 13 billion and create net capital savings that are available to grow the nation s future economy

the expansion of renewable energies and employment effects in germany the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy is a high priority of the european union as well of its member states the german government wants to increase the share of renewable energies from about 5 to 12 by 2010 to attain this goal the german government has introduced compulsory compensation schemes for electricity produced from renewable energy fed into the public grid this paper examines the economic impact of this policy employing an econometric model particular emphasis was given to employment effects in general we distinguish two effects 1 an expansive effect resulting from additional investments and 2 a contractive effect resulting from an increase in the production cost of power the first effect will dominate during the first years and lead to an increase in employment of approximately 33 000 new jobs however the contractive effect will offset these gains and lead to a slightly negative employment balance by 2010

employment trends in the u s electricity sector 2008 2012 abstract between 2008 2012 electricity generated gwh from coal the longtime dominant fuel for electric power in the us declined 24 while electricity generated from natural gas wind and solar grew by 39 154 and 400 respectively these shifts had major effects on domestic employment in those sectors of the coal natural gas wind and solar industries involved in operations and maintenance o m activities for electricity generation using an economic input output model we estimate that the coal industry lost more than 49 000 jobs 12 nationally over the five year period while in the natural gas solar and wind industries employment increased by nearly 175 000 jobs 21 we also combine published ratios for jobs per unit of fuel production and per megawatt of power plant capacity with site specific data on fuel production and power plant retirements additions and capacity changes to estimate and map direct job changes at the county level the maps show that job increases in the natural gas solar and wind industries generally did not occur where there were significant job losses in the coal industry particularly in west virginia and kentucky

decomposing the decoupling of co2 emissions and economic growth in brazil abstract this paper examines the occurrence of a decoupling between the growth rates in economic activity and co 2 emissions from energy consumption in brazil from 2004 to 2009 this decoupling was highlighted when economic activity and co 2 emissions moved in opposite directions in 2009 more generally we observe several periods of relative decoupling in brazil but not to the extent witnessed in 2009 to identify the determinants of emissions change we develop a decomposition model based on a log mean divisia index lmdi framework the results indicate that the carbon intensity and energy mix are the main determinant of emissions reduction in brazil between 2004 and 2009 modifications in the economy structure are also associated to emission mitigation in the period such evidence demonstrates similarities with events of decoupling registered for the interval 1980 1994 in brazil finds from brazil differ from observations in other countries in which improvement in energy intensity has been the most common determinant of emissions reduction

policies and market factors driving wind power development in the united states abstract in the united states there has been substantial recent growth in wind energy generating capacity with growth averaging 24 percent annually during the past five years about 1700 mw of wind energy capacity was installed in 2001 while another 410 mw became operational in 2002 during 2003 development activity has remained strong with an estimated 1600 mw of capacity installed with this growth an increasing number of states are experiencing investment in wind energy projects currently about half of all states host at least one wind power project this paper explores the key factors at play in the 12 states in which a substantial amount of wind energy capacity has been developed or planned some of the factors that are examined include policy drivers such as renewable portfolio standards rps federal and state financial incentives as well as market drivers such as consumer demand for green power natural gas price volatility and wholesale market rules

a quantile approach to identify factors promoting renewable energy in european countries this paper analyses the impact of several factors on the use of renewable energy sources in a set of european union countries by applying a quantile regression approach we find that different factors are effective for different levels of renewable energy commitment and the magnitudes of some effects evolve in accordance with the level of renewable energy sources used consequently some policies that do not take into account the different stages could carry different effects the results suggest that the lobbying effect of the established industries hampers the development of renewable sources and that this effect is greater for lower initial level of renewable energy use the results reveal that environmental concerns have not yet achieved enough pressure to stimulate major developments on renewables we include two new drivers geographic area and european union directive 2001 77 ec that directive was effective in signaling the commitment to renewables namely for countries with lower renewables use

global changes in residential energy consumption abstract the residential energy sector is crucial to achieving co2 emission reductions as it has an important energy saving potential and its environmental controls are difficult to displace to other countries using the latest available data this short paper provides a concise analysis of residential energy consumption trends for the period 1993 2013 in a double perspective by main world regions and by per capita gross national income levels in 2013 residential energy has been divided into three types non renewable direct renewable and indirect renewable annual rates of change energy intensity energy in per capita terms and some ratios have been analyzed notable regional differences and trends were observed in the studied variables therefore different energy policies are recommended for the regions eastern and southern asian countries the eu15 and other developed countries are the regions which should make the greatest effort to reduce residential energy consumption the promotion of direct and indirect renewable energies is recommended

emerging green tech specializations and clusters a network analysis on technological innovation at the metropolitan level abstract current models of production and energy use are promoting an effervescent green technology green tech market focused on innovation and improved environmental performance most green tech firms are innovative start ups or small and medium sized enterprises smes characterized by large intangible assets and technological uncertainty which makes it difficult to identify their research and development r d and innovation paths in addition green tech companies tend to aggregate spatially and throughout the world clusters are increasingly seen as a strategy to foster innovative production and r d activities and stimulate a sustainable energy transition this paper investigates green tech companies in san francisco new york and london to identify their specialization and underlying technological and or market complementarities and emerging aggregates and specific clusters based on information from crunchbase and the web we propose a network analysis using metadata on technological innovations produced by green tech companies in these three metropolitan areas metadata are keywords and terms that help to describe an item and in the database they identify the products services and technologies driving innovation the main metrics of the networks identified at both node and network level are discussed from an economic perspective the approach helps in the design and implementation of targeted and information based local policies and facilitates closer relationships between innovative companies suppliers and clients venture capitalists large corporations and research laboratories involved in the green tech industry

intergenerational trade longevity and economic growth we develop an overlapping generations model of endogenous growth in which human capital is the engine of growth and the generations are linked through material and emotional interdependencies within the family parents invest in their children to achieve both old age support care and emotional gratification and material support from children is determined through self enforcing implicit contracts we show that optimal intergenerational trade can then lead to maximization of growth opportunities our model produces a theory of the demographic transition linking longevity fertility and economic growth we also show that while population aging may raise the growth rate an increase in young age longevity is likely to produce a greater increase in the growth rate and a reduction in the fertility rate in a growth equilibrium these predictions and the model s implications concerning the behavior of private savings during the takeoff period appear consistent with empirical evidence

a test of nutritional quality signaling in food markets prior to implementation of mandatory labeling in may 1994 new nutrition labeling regulations went into effect in the united states requiring mandatory disclosure of information on the nutritional content of foods this article uses grossman s model of totally effective quality signaling to evaluate whether markets were effective in information provision prior to the new regulation if markets were effective in providing information to consumers on the nutritional quality of foods the new regulation would be unnecessary the results of the logistic model where the probability of voluntary information disclosure is linked to the nutritional quality of food products and their prices indicate that private quality signaling was not reliably at work in food markets prior to implementation of the mandatory nutrition labeling regulation copyright 2000 oxford university press

historic paths and future expectations the macroeconomic impacts of the offshore wind technologies in the uk abstract offshore wind power osw plays a key role within the uk strategy for a transition towards a low carbon economy offering vast potential for establishing a high tech manufacturing industry previous experiences in the onshore sector owp suggest the uk might fail in fully capturing these macroeconomic benefits in this work we investigate the history of uk renewable policies comparing its national strategy to those of other major osw export countries through the use of a numerical general equilibrium model we quantify the macroeconomic impacts under three scenarios a baseline which relies on previous estimates and foresee limited local content a contamination scenario where the uk content reaches the same levels of owp and a non myopic scenario where investors expect governmental support to decrease or disappear replicating a common path of past renewable policies we identify the uk as a fdi oriented country our results suggest that increasing the share of locally sourced capital goods in osp to owp level could generate larger income and employment effects in the uk economy we find that under forward looking investors the economic benefits are significantly lower than the case of myopic agents our results show an inherent conflict with stated purposes of uk policy for osw

climate change and energy policy in chile up in smoke this paper provides an ex post assessment of the climate and energy policy developments in chile emerging from a neoliberal economic model during the period 1971 2007 first correlation and regression analyses were performed to analyse historical co2 emissions as a product of demographic economic and energy wide drivers then i estimate indicators related to co2 emissions energy use and economic activity in the light of empirical results i identify policy instruments and structural issues finally i present a comparative analysis of chile and other latin american countries statistical tests show that variability of co2 emissions is explained mostly by gdp per capita affluence than any other tested variable indicators show that the diversification and decarbonisation of the energy mix has been a major policy challenge with two notable exceptions hydro and natural gas the co2 intensity of the energy supply mix suggests no effective policies while energy security crises triggered negative carbon effects and increased prices no clear policies to promote energy efficiency can be identified until 2005 explicit policy instruments to promote renewable energy are only recognized after 2004 the results strongly suggest that chile lacked of policies to effectively decarbonise its energy economy system

challenges in the wind turbines location process in central europe the use of spatial decision support systems abstract the implementation of a framework for climate and energy policies in europe entails a number of development projects connected to renewable energy resources as far as many western countries have realized some of those investments during recent decades and have more experience in that field most of the countries in central europe have to face that challenge right now however a rapid increase in renewable energy production in those countries can cause some dysfunctions in the investment process national control authorities in poland marked that the decision making process concerning the location of wind turbines has not been carried out properly the paper presents a review of the studies regarding the use of spatial analysis in renewable energy policy implementation and a proposition for the use of the multi criteria spatial decision support system based on geographical information systems the presented model has a character of an open framework which allows a user to add any location parameter or factor which is possible to be represented as a metric value the spatial character of the proposed solution exceeds only mathematical models in the way of interpretation of the results an intuitive model supports communication with stakeholders and helps to explain the correlations between human activity and the location of power plants the model was tested on the case study of wroclaw agglomeration area poland and includes 13 location factors the use of a multi criteria model guaranteed a broader point of view in comparing five different scenarios of wind farms development in the decision making process as it combines conflicted interests groups minimalizes subjective assessment and enables to define priorities while setting weights of factors

renewable generation across italian regions spillover effects and effectiveness of european regional fund abstract this paper investigates on the determinant factors that drive the italian regions toward a sustainable development path and evaluates the effectiveness of european regional development incentives in promoting investments in renewable energy sources res starting from the consideration that there are spillover effects between similar regions first we identify the factors that capture these similarities then we use them to evaluate their relevance in determining the success of the investments in res an econometric analysis based on the use of spatial panel specification model is implemented to support the hypotheses two important results emerge from the study the first is the identification of regional determinants of res production that are driven by the similarities between regions and that can be interpreted as guidelines in the policy choices in support of investments the second is the lack of effectiveness of the incentives in support of res results indicate that the capacity of some regional governments to direct the funds allocated by the central government or european commission towards efficient production of renewable energy is likely limited and these incentives have been undone

conflicts between decentralized renewable electricity production and landscape services a spatially explicit quantitative assessment for switzerland abstract the production of decentralized renewable electricity often collides with provisioning regulating and cultural services of the landscape in this paper we operationalize the landscape service approach and generate conflict maps between three renewable energies wind pv forest biomass and six competing landscape services nutrition and materials aesthetics physical and experiential interactions heritage and symbolic content water and liquid flows lifecycle maintenance habitat and gene pool protection media content analysis and expert interviews were used to ground truth the national conflict maps in several swiss regions and to understand to what degree the national conflict assessments match the regional and local perceptions of these conflicts in switzerland approximately 40 000 km 2 biomass from forests is by far the least conflicting renewable energy followed by pv on roofs for the latter 68 of the technically feasible energy potential can be generated with low conflicts and more is expected with new materials wind has a high conflict potential only 12 of the technically feasible energy potential is low conflict pv on open land marginal land and shrubland is at the moment not currently feasible in switzerland the accuracy of our conflict assessment is sufficiently high to estimate the proportion that socially sustainable energy could cover of the overall energy gap of 22 25 twh yr caused by the phase out of swiss nuclear plants by 2050 low conflict solar energy from rooftops could contribute approximately 30 of the required 22 25 twh yr intensified wood production and wind energy could add another 40 the gap of approximately 30 must come from undisputed energy sources such as biogas from recycled organic material from centralized renewable energies such as geothermal or large hydropower or from new or technologically improved renewable energies the presented decision support tools are a timely contribution to the designation of legally binding zones for renewable energy production

renewable energy and employment in germany abstract the positive impacts of an increasing share of renewable energy on the mitigation of climate change as well as on the decrease of the dependency of energy imports are indisputable however one persistent problem for the german economy has been its high level of unemployment in the recent past therefore any policy strategy will be measured also by its net impact on the labor market the paper describes the results of a study that models this impact and is novel within three respects firstly an input output vector for the renewable energy sector was developed based on the results of more than 1000 interviews with an extensive questionnaire secondly gross and net effect of two different policy scenarios for germany until 2030 were calculated and thirdly the approach varies from earlier studies by its explicit modeling of export and foreign trade effects

state renewable energy electricity policies an empirical evaluation of effectiveness over the past decade state governments have emerged as us energy policy leaders across the country states are adopting policy instruments aimed at carbon mitigation and renewable energy deployment one of the most prevalent and innovative policy instruments is a renewable portfolio standard rps which seeks to increase the share of renewable energy electrification in the electricity market this analysis evaluates the effectiveness of state energy programs with an empirical investigation of the linkage between state rps policy implementation and the percentage of renewable energy electricity generation across states we use a variant of a standard fixed effects model referred to as a fixed effects vector decomposition with state level data from 1998 to 2006 results indicate that rps implementation is not a significant predictor of the percentage of renewable energy generation out of the total generation mix yet for each additional year that a state has an rps policy they are found to increase the total amount of renewable energy generation these findings reveal a potentially significant shortcoming of rps policies political institutions natural resource endowments deregulation gross state product per capita electricity use per person electricity price and the presence of regional rps policies are also found to be significantly related to renewable energy deployment

towards a structural model of the tourist experience an illustration from food experiences in tourism abstract the tourist experience has for a long time been one sidedly understood as either the peak experience or the consumer experience for a better understanding of the tourist experience this paper tries to build a conceptual model in which both dimension of the tourist experience are integrated as a structured and interrelated whole the position and role of each experiential component such as eating sleeping transportation and so on in tourism can be more clearly understood in terms of this model for an illustration of the model food experience in tourism is examined in detail it is demonstrated that food consumption in tourism can be either the peak touristic experience or the supporting consumer experience dependent upon specific circumstances

do national level policies to promote low carbon technology deployment pay off for the investor countries abstract national level policies to promote deployment of low carbon technologies have been suggested and used as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the context of international climate change mitigation the long term benefits of such policies in the context of international climate change mitigation depend on their effects on near term emissions abatement and resultant long term technological change that will reduce abatement costs of achieving global mitigation goals there is also an argument that these policies might foster early mover advantages in international low carbon technology markets we first review the factors that could influence such benefits and use a global integrated assessment model to present an illustrative example to understand the potential magnitude of these benefits we find that reductions in long term abatement costs might not provide sufficient incentives to justify policies to promote the deployment of low carbon technologies in particular the emerging higher risk and currently expensive alternatives we also find that early mover advantages can potentially provide substantial benefits but only if these advantages are both strong and persistent our results suggest a role for international cooperation in low carbon technology deployment to address the existence of free riding opportunities in the context of global climate change mitigation

a stochastic dynamic analysis of parental sex preferences and fertility the author has developed a stochastic dynamic model of fertility to examine assumptions which form the basis of often used econometric tests for parental sex preferences these assumptions included the use of fertility data to test for sex preferences and to test for son preference based on the effect of the number of males on fertility the heckman and willis stochastic model of reproduction was used to formulate this model this new model allowed some tractable and testable predictions it was able to predict income and wage effects without sex preferences further it can accurately describe life cycle dynamic fertility behavior the model demonstrated the existence of a quantity quality interaction which influence parents decisions on fertility for example higher quality measured by the effective number of children substituted for a higher quantity number of children the model proved that sex preferences can indeed be tested but it could not differentiate empirically between son preference and daughter preference from fertility data perhaps data on intrafamily allocation of resources as used by rosenzweig and schultz behrman pollak and taubman and behrman would better be able to test for son versus daughter preference since allocation is based on existing children the results of this newly formulated stochastic dynamic model of fertility challenge the validity of traditional econometric tests for son preference

walking away from a low carbon economy recent and historical trends using a regional decomposition analysis using the latest available data this brief article attempts to provide the first regional decomposition analysis of co2 emissions from fuel combustion covering eight regions of the world determinants are estimated in relative and absolute terms for the period 1971 2010 we take the 2010 global surge in co2 emissions as an entry point for the analysis overall results show that most regions have recently performed worse than their historical trends and lack of meaningful progress is identified whereas specific drivers for certain regions suggest some level of continuous improvement e g reduced energy intensity in asia they are incapable of offsetting the effects of economic growth and energy use with the exception of africa most regions appear to have missed the low carbon economy opportunity provided by the 2008 2009 global financial crisis results suggest a lack of serious environmental effectiveness of regional policy portfolios aiming at reducing co2 emissions highly ambitious energy efficiency and renewable energy policies across all regions are immediately needed additionally absolute reductions in co2 emissions and energy use from fossil fuels are urgently required in rich regions if we are to align production and consumption patterns with maintaining global warming below the 2 c threshold

consumer efficiency in conflict with gdp growth abstract during the recent couple of decades some attention has been devoted to the potential for utilizing energy more efficiently most of this debate has not concentrated on the energy efficiency of the economy as a whole but merely addressed options for implementing more energy efficient technology this paper is an attempt to unfold the whole economy chain stretching from extraction of resources from nature to satisfying human needs ways are suggested to analyze the energy efficiencies of the various links in the chain mainly seen from the point of view of the consumers and for the three standard categories of consumption durable goods services and non durable goods real life cases illustrate the huge potential for overall energy efficiency improvement longevity of durable goods makes up one case another case is the often mentioned potential for more energy efficient end use technologies most discussion is however devoted to the third case the options for improving overall efficiency by satisfying people s wants through other means than economic throughput of energy etc such as by leisure time barriers for implementing efficiency options are discussed pointing out the inherited conflict in affluent regions between efficiency especially at the side of the consumers and the quest for increasing gdp

carbon dioxide emissions in the u s economy a structural decomposition analysis this paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of various influences on carbon dioxide emissions it incorporates methodological refinements of input output structural decomposition analysis which is the examination of economic change by means of a set of comparative static variations in key parameters of i o tables the analysis is performed using a two tiered klem model which allows for estimation of substitution and technological change effects within and between input aggregates the model is used to decompose the sources of change in co2 emissions in the u s over the 1972 82 timeframe using hybrid energy value tables for the initial and terminal years results show the significant effect of substitution within the energy sector and between energy and other inputs as the leading causes of the decline in carbon dioxide emissions

parametric and semi parametric modelling of vacation expenditures we analyse several limited dependent variable models explaining the budget share that dutch families spend on vacations to take account of the substantial number of zero shares two types of models are used the first is the single equation censored regression model we estimate and test several parametric and semi parametric extensions of the tobit model second we consider two equation models in which the participation decision and the decision on the amount to spend are treated separately the first decision is modelled as a binary choice model the second as a conditional regression we estimate and test parametric and semi parametric specifications

evaluating ecosystem service trade offs with wind electricity production in switzerland in switzerland different types of land use including electricity production compete directly for little available space the swiss energy strategy relies heavily on incorporating renewable sources of electricity including wind in order to ensure long term efficient socially acceptable and sustainable electricity production land use conflicts should be addressed and properly managed through a comprehensive and balanced process we propose a method to apply the ecosystem service es approach combined with an optimisation tool to tackle the complex problems posed by wind electricity development in a topographically challenging landscape marxan was used as optimisation software to evaluate assess and quantify the trade offs between es provisioning and wind electricity production expressing different es in comparable units and evaluating the costs to the system when these are lost versus the benefits gained from wind electricity production generated an output of possible solutions when compared to similar studies modelling wind electricity output that avoid negative interaction with es throughout switzerland the current results using the optimisation tool marxan suggest a solution requiring 13 5 fewer turbines 1903 in an average solution in order to produce 12 twh yr of wind generated electricity and 18 fewer turbines 842 on average to produce 5 twh yr thus using optimisation software can lead to more efficient spatial planning solutions our methodology can be applied toward cost effective renewable energy development that minimises opportunity cost in terms of foregone es provisioning

an econometric study of tourism demand the aids model of us and european tourism in mediterranean countries the almost ideal demand system aids model was used to estimate tourism expenditure allocation by us and west european countries among a range of mediterranean destinations the approach has the advantage of an explicit basis in consumer expenditure theory and by modelling the changes in the budget shares of expenditure among destinations provides new information relative to that provided by the traditional single equation approach the estimated model was econometrically satisfactory although symmetry and homogeneity were rejected in line with the findings of past studies of consumer demand the expenditure elasticities demonstrated considerable differences in tourism demand preferences between origin countries and between traditional and newly developing destinations the own and cross price elasticities indicated the importance of effective prices in determining the allocation of expenditure among destinations

clean energy policies and green jobs an evaluation of green jobs in u s metropolitan areas state and local governments in the u s are actively promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency to seek economic development opportunities and create green jobs this study evaluates the employment effects of state and local clean energy and climate policies in u s metropolitan areas msas in 2006 the regression analysis shows that both state and local clean energy policies have positive and statistically significant impacts on green jobs at the metropolitan level the results from two stage probit least squares 2spls indicate that every additional state clean energy policy tool adopted is associated with 1 more green jobs in the msa on average msas with iclei membership maintain 9 3 more green jobs than msas without iclei membership ceteris paribus

income and outcomes a structural model of intrahousehold allocation there is evidence from several sources that one cannot treat many person households as a single decision maker if this is the case then factors such as the relative incomes of the household members may affect the final allocation decisions made by the household we develop a method of identifying how incomes affect outcomes given conventional family expenditure data the basic assumption we make is that household decision processes lead to efficient outcomes we apply our method to a sample of canadian couples with no children we find that the final allocations of expenditures on each partner depend significantly on their relative incomes and ages and on the level of lifetime wealth

a network analysis using metadata to investigate innovation in clean tech implications for energy policy abstract clean technology clean tech is a large and increasing sector research and development r d is the lifeline of the industry and innovation is fostered by a plethora of high tech start ups and small and medium sized enterprises smes any empirical based attempt to detect the pattern of technological innovation in the industry is challenging this paper proposes an investigation of innovation in clean tech using metadata provided by crunchbase metadata reveal information on markets products services and technologies driving innovation in the clean tech industry worldwide and for san francisco the leader in clean tech innovation with more than two hundred specialised companies a network analysis using metadata is the employed methodology and the main metrics of the resulting networks are discussed from an economic point of view the purpose of the paper is to understand specifically specializations and technological complementarities underlying innovative companies detect emerging industrial clusters at the global and local metropolitan level and finally suggest a way to realize whether observed start ups smes and clusters follow a technological path of complementary innovation and market opportunity or instead present a risk of lock in the discussion of the results of the network analysis shows interesting implications for energy policy particularly useful from an operational point of view

examining the spatial patterns of green industries and the role of government policies in south korea application of a panel regression model 2006 2012 abstract driven by global competition for economic growth green industries and green jobs have become an important economic engine for sustainable and environmentally friendly development most of the existing literature on green industries has focused on defining the green industry and its economic impacts however little empirical research has been conducted on the spatial patterns of green industries such as their locational preferences we examined the spatial patterns of green industries in south korea over time and across municipal level administrative units si gun gu using the survey of business activities 2006 2012 which includes longitudinal establishment level employment data collected by the korea national statistical office we employed a panel data regression model to analyze green industries and their locational decisions the spatial analysis showed that green industries tend to locate in areas where conventional manufacturing industries were previously concentrated we also identified a new emerging geographic cluster of green industries the panel regression models indicated that some green industries such as the advanced green city industry sector tend to locate either within or near big cities in contrast the renewable energy industry sector tends to locate far from major cities in addition we confirmed that the 2009 framework act on low carbon and green growth law enacted by the korean government had a significant impact on the growth of the green industry however the act s impact ceased after 2010 indicating the importance of both subsequent policy initiatives and the creation of a private market for green industries and green jobs

opportunities and challenges for renewable energy policy in china renewable energy is the inevitable choice for sustainable economic growth for the harmonious coexistence of human and environment as well as for the sustainable development government support is the key and initial power for developing renewable energy in this article an overall review has been conducted on renewable energy development policy including laws and regulations economic encouragement technical research and development industrialized support and government model projects etc in china on this basis a systematic analysis has been conducted on the disadvantages of renewable energy development policy on the point of long term effective system for renewable energy development a series of policy advice has been offered such as strengthening the policy coordination enhancing regional policy innovation echoing with clean development mechanism implementing process management constructing market investment and financing system it is expected that the above advices could be helpful to ever improvement of renewable energy development policy c 2007 elsevier ltd all rights reserved