barriers to knowledge seeking within mnc teams which differences matter most do international or non international differences between members matter most for multinational corporation mnc teams we consider two types of international differences arising from geographic locations and national origins and two types of non international differences arising from structural affiliations and demographic attributes examining the barriers to knowledge seeking between mnc team members we argue that whether international or non international differences create greater barriers depends on whether they are position based or person based using the social relations model to analyze 13 616 dyadic interactions among 2090 members of 289 teams in a large mnc we find that for both international and non international differences those that are position based i e geographic and structural differences created greater barriers than those that are person based i e nationality and demographic differences in addition familiarity from a prior team reduced the barriers created by international and non international differences that are position based more than those that are person based we discuss the implications of our study for understanding the micro foundations of knowledge flows in mncs

towards an attention based view of the firm the central argument is that firm behavior is the result of how firms channel and distribute the attention of their decision makers what decision makers do depends on what issues and answers they focus their attention on what issues and answers they focus on depends on the specific situation and on how the firm s rules resources and relationships distribute various issues answers and decision makers into specific communications and procedures the paper develops these theoretical principles into a model of firm behavior and presents its implications for explaining firm behavior and adaptation 1997 by john wiley sons ltd

the demand for parimutuel horse race wagering and attendance there has been a long history of patron participation in parimutuel horse race wagering and attendance which are major recreational products in consumer budgets in this paper the demand for parimutuel horse race wagering and attendance has been specified and estimated for both thoroughbred and standardbred racetracks in a multistate market area the data are annual over the period 1960 1987 it is found that demand is price elastic in every case racing quality personal income the number of racing days competition from a state lottery and from professional sports baseball basketball football are all significant determinants of these demands both attendance and wagering are found to increase with an increase in racing quality however it seems that the new patrons attracted by quality racing tend to wager less than those who attend regularly the presence of a state lottery is found to have resulted in a substantial loss in attendance as well as in wagering at each of the racetracks this i

what are the consequences of initiative taking in multinational subsidiaries the phenomenon of subsidiary initiative has received increasing attention in recent years but the consequences of initiatives and the associated dynamics of headquarters subsidiary relationships have received much less research attention building on resource dependence theory and self determination theory we argue that two basic goals subsidiary managers pursue are to achieve autonomy vis a vis corporate headquarters and influence over other units we investigate how a subsidiary s past initiatives contribute to its bargaining power and how headquarters response through granting attention or monitoring affects the realization of the subsidiary s goals using structural equation modeling our hypotheses are tested by drawing on a sample of 257 subsidiaries located in three different countries australia canada and the united kingdom our results show that subsidiaries are not able to increase their influence through initiatives unless they get headquarters attention we also find that subsidiary initiatives have a direct effect on subsidiary autonomy but the caveat is that initiatives also evoke headquarters monitoring which in turn decreases the subsidiary s autonomy in addition to providing insights into how subsidiaries can achieve their goals the paper also sheds light on the critical role headquarters plays in leveraging initiatives and the influence of individual subsidiaries in the multinational enterprise

peer conformity attention and heterogeneous implementation of practices in mnes how do subsidiaries respond to normative demands from both their headquarters and local external constituents we propose that subsidiaries pay varying levels of attention to demands depending on their peers norm conforming behavior resulting in heterogeneous practice implementation we study the implementation of 25 practices associated with three corporate social responsibility csr issues in 101 worldwide subsidiaries of a multinational enterprise mne consistent with the idea that attention is limited and therefore selective we find that external peers conformity to the csr norm directs subsidiaries attention toward the csr related demands of external constituents at the expense of the demands from the headquarters however internal peers conformity increases attention to both external and headquarters demands related to csr as higher attention levels result in higher practice implementation internal and external peers conformity drives the heterogeneity of practice implementation in the mne our results suggest the need to rethink the influence of peers conformity on subsidiaries implementation of practices as it not only triggers mimicry based on legitimacy but also and simultaneously a more strategic response based on internal and external competitive threats and attention allocation

creation adoption and diffusion of innovations by subsidiaries of multinational corporations this paper reports some of the findings of a multi phased and multi method study on the organizational attributes that facilitate creation adoption and diffusion of innovations by subsidiaries of multinational companies comparison of results obtained through case research in nine companies multiple respondent questionnaire surveys in three companies and a single respondent survey in 66 north american and european multinationals reveal unambiguous and positive impacts of normative integration through organizational socialization and dense intra and inter unit communication on an mnc subsidiary s ability to contribute to the different innovation tasks the findings are less consistent with regard to the effects of local resources and autonomy and it appears that the influences of these two attributes are strongly mediated by the levels of normative integration and organizational communication

an analysis of policy scenario effects on the adoption of energy production on the farm a case study in emilia romagna italy abstract the agriculture sector s contribution to energy production is a central issue in ongoing policy debates and one of the central elements of the development of bioeconomy sector the common agricultural policy cap is one of the main determinants of the different farm strategies of european farmers the cap is now undergoing a thorough revision process which necessarily includes a debate of the role of the policy in rural areas and the effectiveness of the various cap policy mechanisms the objective of this paper is to assess the impact of alternative cap scenarios in the light of the possible changes in 2013 and the willingness to adopt energy plants for energy crops in the province of bologna italy this is pursued using both survey information and farm household mathematical programming models hence using stated intentions and simulated profitability to analyse the adopt of new technologies for energy production the results underscore the relevance of the cap scenarios in altering intentions with regard to the adoption of energy production and the relevant effect of uncertainty in delaying the diffusion of energy production systems

stickiness and the adaptation of organizational practices in cross border knowledge transfers the reuse of organizational practices in multiple locations is a fundamental way in which mncs leverage knowledge to seek competitive advantage scholars approaching the issue of adaptation from both a market and an institutional perspective argue that in order to achieve fit with the local environment some degree of adaptation is advisable and the need for adaptation increases as the institutional distance between source and recipient locations increases however arguments to date have examined the effect of adaptation primarily on a subsidiary s long term performance a necessary precursor is to understand the effect of adaptation on the transfer process itself as transfer difficulty or stickiness may preclude the reuse of an organizational practice in the first place in this paper we explore how the adaptation of organizational practices affects the stickiness of cross border transfers we use structural equation modeling to analyze data from 122 internal transfers of best practice contrary to expectation we find that adaptation significantly increases rather than decreases the stickiness of cross border knowledge transfer

explaining stakeholder evaluations of hrm capabilities in mnc subsidiaries this paper examines how functional and line management stakeholders evaluate operational human resource management capabilities in multinational corporation mnc subsidiaries we suggest that such evaluations are a function of two key structural factors 1 that focal subsidiary human resource hr departments respond differentially to the expectations of differently located stakeholders and 2 that the structural position of the stakeholder determines what cues he or she relies upon to construct the evaluation our findings show that the focal hr subsidiary department is likely to exert more effort towards meeting the expectations of line management stakeholders and we suggest that this is a function of line management s co location with the focal hr department second we find that co located line management stakeholders are more likely to rely on experience based cues when constructing evaluations whereas headquarters located functional stakeholders tend to rely on cognition based evaluation driven by their ability to compare across different subsidiary hr departments we contribute to the literature by going beyond existing research that has tended to focus on evaluation from the perspective of organizational behavior by providing a structural perspective on capability evaluation in mncs that combines the insights of role theory and cognitive choice heuristics

towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies the need for positive cross cultural scholarship the results of a content analysis of 1141 articles published in the journal of international business studies over a 24 year time period 1989 2012 reveal that a pervasive tendency exists in the international business ib literature towards emphasizing the adverse outcomes associated with cultural differences more than the positive effects we argue that this imbalance is not an accurate reflection of the reality of cross cultural contact in ib and that it has hindered our understanding of the processes and conditions that help organizations leverage the benefits of cultural differences in a wide range of contexts we offer several explanations for the predominance of the negative over the positive in theory and research on culture in ib and using a positive organizational scholarship lens couched in the context of march s 1991 exploration vs exploitation organizational learning framework highlight a complementary perspective namely the idea that cultural differences can be an asset not just a liability in a range of ib contexts we conclude by offering an integrative framework within which both positive and negative effects of cultural differences can be understood and provide a road map for future research on culture in ib

job complexity and learning opportunities a silver lining in the design of global virtual work a vast majority of research on global virtual work focuses on the struggles for workers as they navigate geographic cultural language and time zone differences our research suggests that despite these struggles global virtual work may offer significant benefits to workers we interviewed 78 engineers about their experiences of working globally and then surveyed 515 knowledge workers who worked either with globally distributed or exclusively collocated colleagues global virtual work was associated with workers positive appraisal of the work s complexity and learning potential which in turn improved innovation satisfaction and engagement these effects however relied on workers off job recovery between workdays

science s reproducibility and replicability crisis international business is not immune international business is not immune to science s reproducibility and replicability crisis we argue that this crisis is not entirely surprising given the methodological practices that enhance systematic capitalization on chance this occurs when researchers search for a maximally predictive statistical model based on a particular dataset and engage in several trial and error steps that are rarely disclosed in published articles we describe systematic capitalization on chance distinguish it from unsystematic capitalization on chance address five common practices that capitalize on chance and offer actionable strategies to minimize the capitalization on chance and improve the reproducibility and replicability of future ib research

efficient patent pools the paper builds a tractable model of patent pools agreements among patent owners to license sets of their patents it provides a necessary and sufficient condition for patent pools to enhance welfare and shows that requiring pool members to be able to independently license patents matters if and only if the pool is otherwise welfare reducing the paper allows patents to differ in importance asymmetric blocking patterns and licensors to also be licensees we undertake some initial exploration of the impact of pools on innovation the analysis has broader applicability than pools being relevant to a number of co marketing arrangements

exotic betting opportunities pricing policies and the demand for parimutuel horse race wagering parimutuel horse race wagering has been declining steadily for the past several decades this has resulted in lower revenues to state governments recetracks adn horseman to retard or reverse this trend attempts have been made to implement a number of pricing and marketing strategies among these has been the introduction of a variety of exotic wagering opportunities over the years the number and type of exotic wagers offered has been increased furthermore the prices of both straight and exotic wagers have been increased and in addition the price of exotic wagers has generally been set at a higher rate than that for straight wagers the paper examines the effectiveness of these policies

the digital provide information technology market performance and welfare in the south indian fisheries sector when information is limited or costly agents are unable to engage in optimal arbitrage excess price dispersion across markets can arise and goods may not be allocated efficiently in this setting information technologies may improve market performance and increase welfare between 1997 and 2001 mobile phone service was introduced throughout kerala a state in india with a large fishing industry using microlevel survey data we show that the adoption of mobile phones by fishermen and wholesalers was associated with a dramatic reduction in price dispersion the complete elimination of waste and near perfect adherence to the law of one price both consumer and producer welfare increased

transportation costs and product demand wagering on parimutuel horse racing parimutuel horse race wagering is in many respects like any other economic good but it differs in one important way from a vast majority of them given the present market arrangement this good cannot be transported to the consumer instead the consumer must travel to the production site where the good is consumed as it is produced thus transportation costs must play a crucial role in the demand decision for horse race wagering the consumers incur not only out of pocket expenses for travelling but also the cost of the time required to travel to and to consume the product moreover consumers incur differential costs in obtaining the same product because of their locational differences wagering demands are theorized to be the consequence of the choice of utility maximizing consumers which incorporates this special characteristic of the product models for parimutuel horse race wagering are then estimated both for thoroughbred and for harness horse racing in the state of new jersey it is found that bot

ceo international experience effects on strategic change and firm performance despite the growing importance of ceos international experience ie we have yet to gain sufficient insights into its conceptualization and effect on firm outcomes based on prior research and work experience models we suggest a new framework for measuring ie including three components length of time number of countries and cultural distance along with their interactions drawing upon social and cognitive learning theories we explore the impact of ceos ie on two outcomes strategic change and firm performance we argue that ie components affect the two outcomes by enhancing executives international knowledge and general competencies while international knowledge may affect firm performance directly general competencies may affect firm performance both directly and indirectly through strategic change using a sample of 387 new ceos we found that time abroad had a positive effect on strategic change and firm performance while number of countries and cultural distance positively moderated these relationships additionally we also found that these components affected firm performance both directly and mediated through strategic change our findings have important theoretical implications for the conceptualization and impact of ceos ie and practical implications for executive development and promotion

institutional theory and the cross national transfer of employment policy the case of workforce diversity in us multinationals this paper uses a comparative institutionalist approach combined with a power interests perspective to examine the processes whereby diversity policy is internationalised by us multinational companies it argues that the process of policy transfer to uk subsidiaries is complicated by incomplete and contested institutionalisation of diversity within the us itself and by differing conceptions of diversity between the us and the uk the ability of actors within the uk subsidiaries to mobilise and deploy specific power resources allows them to resist the full implementation of corporate diversity policy leading to a range of compromise accommodations it is argued that the findings have more general implications for analysing the transfer of hr practices between national business systems

a typology of management studies involving culture as a methodological review this paper delineates 6 approaches to researching cross cultural management issues parochial ethnocentric polycentric comparative geocentric and synergistic for each approach assumptions are discussed concerning the similarity and difference across cultures and the extent to which management phenomena are or are not universal the primary types of management questions which can be addressed using each approach are clarified main methodological issues which must be addressed are listed

individualism and stock price crash risk employing a sample of 26 473 firms across 42 countries from 1990 to 2013 we find that firms located in countries with higher individualism have higher stock price crash risk furthermore individualism can be transmitted by foreign investors from overseas markets to influence local firms crash risk and can exacerbate the impact of firm risk taking and earnings management on crash risk moreover the positive relation between individualism and crash risk is amplified during the global financial crisis and attenuated by enhanced country level financial information transparency and the adoption of international financial reporting standards

from the editors common method variance in international business research jibs receives many manuscripts that report findings from analyzing survey data based on same respondent replies this can be problematic since same respondent studies can suffer from common method variance cmv currently authors who submit manuscripts to jibs that appear to suffer from cmv are asked to perform validity checks and resubmit their manuscripts this letter from the editors is designed to outline the current state of best practice for handling cmv in international business research

innovation in multinational subsidiaries the role of knowledge assimilation and subsidiary capabilities subsidiaries of multinational firms play an important role in the globalization of innovation yet we have an incomplete idea of the influences on their innovative activity drawing on prior research in international business and strategy we identify two sets of factors that influence the absorption and utilization of knowledge in multinational corporation subsidiaries a the range of external and internal knowledge sources available and b the subsidiary capabilities associated with knowledge absorption and utilization we find that knowledge absorbed from the host country is useful to subsidiary innovation we also find support for the role of subsidiary capabilities both sourcing capability and combinative capability have a significant influence on the scale and quality of innovation

an evolutionary approach to understanding international business activity the co evolution of mnes and the institutional environment this paper examines the co evolution of mne activities and institutions external and internal to the firm we develop a theoretical framework for this analysis that draws on the more recent writings of douglass north on institutions as a response to complex forms of uncertainty associated with the rise in global economic interconnectedness and of richard nelson on the co evolution of technology and institutions we link historical changes in the character of mne activities to changes in the institutional environment and highlight the scope for firm level creativity and institutional entrepreneurship that may lead to co evolution with the environment we argue that the main drivers for institutional entrepreneurship are now found in the increasing autonomy of mne subsidiaries thus mne agency derives from more decentralized forms of experimentation in international corporate networks which competence creating nodes of new initiatives can co evolve with local institutions unlike most other streams of related literature our approach connects patterns of institutional change in wider business systems with more micro processes of variety generation and experimentation within and across individual firms this form of co evolutionary analysis is increasingly important to understanding the interrelationships between mne activities and public policy

government institutional effects on the value of seasonal climate forecasts the impact of government institutions on the value of improved climate forecasts is examined results suggest that crop insurance and earned income tax credit have little effect on the expected change in after tax cash flows federal tax law has only a modest influence as expected the disaster program decreases the value of improved climate forecasts with no price changes the farm program lowers the value of the forecasts because of the acreage reduction provisions with at least some price decreases the farm program increases the value of climate forecasts here the price supports override the acreage reduction provisions

the positive role of global leaders in enhancing multicultural team innovation this study contributes to the empirical research on leadership of multicultural teams from the positive organizational scholarship perspective pos following the information decision making processes perspective on team cultural diversity we examined the positive effect of leaders global identity on multicultural team innovation we proposed that r d multicultural team leaders with high global identity foster team shared innovation goals and motivate team members to adopt communication inclusion behavior making sure that they all understand each other furthermore we propose that the effect of fostering team shared innovation goals on communication inclusion will be stronger for teams with perceived high rather than low cultural diversity and that team communication inclusion will positively affect team innovation participants were 574 r d multicultural team members their leaders and their leaders managers in 82 co located teams in a chinese branch of a large german global organization using sem analysis our findings supported our research model demonstrating that multicultural team leaders with high global identity leveraged cultural diversity to promote innovative goals which further enhanced team communication inclusion and its positive impact on team innovation we discuss the theoretical and practical implications to the pos perspective on cultural diversity

the demand for casino gaming in this study an econometric model is developed to examine the determinants of the demand for casino gaming specifically the demand for slot machine wagering at riverboats and racinos in addition to examining the effects of traditional demand variables the effect on wagering of variables such as location of a wagering facility and of government restrictions is examined a unique measure of accessibility of market area customers to a facility and to competing facilities was developed the demand for wagering at a facility was found to increase as access by customers in its market area increases and to decrease as access by its customers to competing riverboats racinos or indian casinos increases government restrictions were found to have an adverse effect on wagering at a riverboat on the other hand wagering at a riverboat was found to increase when such restrictions were imposed on competing riverboats the presence of total loss limits and restrictions on boarding times at a riverboat were found

breeding incentive programmes and demand for california thoroughbred racing is there a quality quantity tradeoff both quantity of horses and quality stimulate demand for horse race gambling this paper addresses the potential for a quantity quality tradeoff due to breeding incentives for california thoroughbreds econometric analysis is used to assess the demand for quality and quantity of horses and results suggest the likely net benefit of breeding incentives on the industry at large

climate and agricultural risk measuring the effect of enso on u s crop insurance predictive models of climatic phenomena can aid in insurance program design and decision making extreme weather outcomes have been linked to the el nino southern oscillation enso which globally impacts agricultural production this study demonstrates that extreme enso events alter cotton yield distributions in the southeastern united states these impacts translate into economically meaningful effects on crop insurance premium rates commercial insurers can use publicly available information to determine if government set premium rates are mispriced and in turn extract economic rents via the federally mandated standard reinsurance agreement by ceding underpriced policies in el nino and la nina years we find that private insurance companies can reduce paid indemnities by 10 15 on average

can public private partnerships leverage private investment in agricultural value chains in africa a preliminary review summary public private partnerships ppps may be one way of increasing the level of private sector investment into poorly performing agricultural value chains this paper considers a range of ppp mechanisms that respond to different market failures affecting such chains and draws on principal agent theory to illustrate the challenges it reviews emerging experience with a number of these mechanisms along with experience from other sectors that may shed light on generic problems of implementing ppps in africa while finding some positive impacts on investment it notes that state failures can also undermine ppp effectiveness as the evidence base is still limited it calls on organizations promoting innovative ppps to disclose available information for critical examination

government restrictions and the demand for casino and parimutuel wagering growth in casino wagering in the united states from the mid 1980s forward has been extraordinary over the same period however parimutuel wagering has declined concern for this decline has prompted a number of states to allow parimutuel racetracks to offer casino type gaming devices at their facilities such operations are commonly referred to as racinos if the gaming devices at a racino are under the auspices of a state lottery they are referred to as video lottery terminals vlts separate parimutuel and vlt wagering demand models were estimated for a racino facility a number of restrictions were imposed on the vlt s at the beginning of the study period including number of vlt s type of game and machine maximum bet per play and vlt location the effect of these restrictions on vlt and parimutuel handles was a major focus of this article also of importance was an examination of the relationship between the vlt and parimutuel products relaxation of government restrictions on the vlt s was fo

mode of international entry an isomorphism perspective the determination of entry modes is examined using an institutional theory framework two sources of isomorphic pressures affect a strategic business unit s sbu entry mode choice 1 host country institutional environment and 2 internal institutional environment the parent organization sbus were hypothesized to adopt similar organizational forms structures policies and practices thus becoming isomorphic based on felt pressures to conform to behavioral norms within the environments the results indicated that sbus using wholly owned entry modes demonstrated high levels of internal parent isomorphism those using exporting joint ventures or licensing agreements demonstrated external isomorphism and those using multiple or mixed entry mode demonstrated low levels of isomorphic pressures

revisiting international business theory a capabilities based theory of the mne an introduction to this issue of the journal of international business studies in which the author discusses a capabilities based theory of multinational enterprises mne is presented

the determinants of information value synthesizing some general results this paper identifies the determinants of information value and synthesizes some general results concerning their effects while some attributes of an information system exhibit a consistent directional effect on information value attributes of the decision setting and decision maker do not

valuing forecast characteristics in a dynamic agricultural production system a dynamic programming model of east central illinois corn production is utilized to determine the value of seasonal climate forecasts results indicate that the value of climate forecasts is sensitive to economic conditions as well as forecast characteristics a trade off between forecast accuracy and lead time exists a less accurate forecast received earlier in the production process may be more valuable than a more accurate forecast received later additional characteristics evaluated include forecast periods of greatest importance prior knowledge assumptions and interactions between forecasting adjacent periods

technical and allocative efficiency of irrigation water use in the guanzhong plain china due to increasing water scarcity accelerating industrialization and urbanization efficiency of irrigation water use in northern china needs urgent improvement based on a sample of 347 wheat growers in the guanzhong plain this paper simultaneously estimates a production function and its corresponding first order conditions for cost minimization to analyze efficiency of irrigation water use the main findings are that average technical allocative and overall economic efficiency are 0 35 0 86 and 0 80 respectively in a second stage analysis we find that farmers perception of water scarcity water price and irrigation infrastructure increase irrigation water allocative efficiency while land fragmentation decreases it we also show that farmers income loss due to higher water prices can be offset by increasing irrigation water use efficiency

parimutuel wagering and video gaming a racetrack portfolio parimutuel wagering has been declining for several decades due in part to increased competition from state lotteries and casino gaming in recent years an attempt has been made to integrate video lottery terminal vlt gaming into a parimutuel racetrack s product portfolio daily data are used to develop product demand equations for parimutuel horse race wagering and video lottery gaming at a throughbred racetrack it is found that introduction of vlts into the product mix results in decreased parimutuel wagering and revenues however the additional revenue generated from the vlts is found to more than offset the decline in parimutuel revenue and the increased expense associated with the vlts given that a sufficient number of terminals are made available when revenue from the combined parimutuel and vlt gaming product increases if the respective shares of the vlt revenue distributed to the racetrack to the horsemen who race horses at the racetrack and to the government are the same as their distri

is knowledge power knowledge flows subsidiary power and rent seeking within mncs in recent years as multinational corporation mnc subsidiaries have become more closely linked to international networks their knowledge intensity has risen and some of their r d has gained a more creative role simultaneously and often connectedly many subsidiaries have acquired considerable strategic independence in all aspects of their operations and therefore are able to exercise considerable intra firm bargaining power to influence the distribution of the firm s resources in this context we suggest that intra mnc knowledge flows are a key determinant of subsidiary bargaining power we argue that subsidiary managers can exploit such power to pursue their own ends such rent seeking behavior is implicit in much of the literature on managerialism but our analysis suggests that such behavior can now occur in headquarters subsidiary and subsidiary subsidiary relations thus subsidiary strategic independence designed to enhance the competitiveness of outputs market knowledge and inputs asset seeking and learning can be corroded when the pursuit of subsidiary objectives encourages rent seeking empirical analysis of a sample of high technology subsidiaries in the uk provides strong support for the theory we examine several avenues whereby the incentives of units within the mnc can be aligned

unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams a meta analysis of research on multicultural work groups previous research on the role of cultural diversity in teams is equivocal suggesting that cultural diversity s effect on teams is mediated by specific team processes and moderated by contextual variables to reconcile conflicting perspectives and past results we propose that cultural diversity affects teams through process losses and gains associated with increased divergence and decreased convergence we examine whether the level surface level vs deep level and type cross national vs intra national of cultural diversity affect these processes differently we hypothesize that task complexity and structural aspects of the team such as team size team tenure and team dispersion moderate the effects of cultural diversity on teams we test the hypotheses with a meta analysis of 108 empirical studies on processes and performance in 10 632 teams results suggest that cultural diversity leads to process losses through task conflict and decreased social integration but to process gains through increased creativity and satisfaction the effects are almost identical for both levels and types of cultural diversity moderator analyses reveal that the effects of cultural diversity vary depending on contextual influences as well as on research design and sample characteristics we propose an agenda for future research and identify implications for managers

product choice for a firm selling related products a parimutuel application this paper provides a framework for analysis of product choice by a multiproduct firm selling several products whose demands are interrelated the decision making process of a racetrack racebook regarding the parimutuel wagering products both number and which ones it should supply is illustrated a racetrack racebook is a business entity which offers its patrons the opportunity to wager not only on live horse racing conducted at the racetrack but also on races simulcast to that racetrack from a variety of racetracks from both in state and out of state locations the demands for these wagering products are interrelated and these interrelationships play a key role in determining the number and which ones of these wagering opportunities that will be supplied based on the experience of a specific racetrack racebook these demand functions are estimated econometrically and the role of these interrelated demands in the supply decision is explored an algorithm is developed to search over all possible pr

can consumers willingness to pay incentivize adoption of environmental impact reducing technologies in meat animal production abstract this study develops a model estimating consumer willingness to pay wtp for environmental meat attributes and uses a multi objective nutritional optimizer to explore the extent to which wtp can offset on farm costs of reducing water use data for the wtp model are sourced from a literature survey of the agricola and google scholar databases yielding 46 studies estimating wtp for pure and impure organic grass fed natural environmental meat attributes bayesian analysis is used to estimate 3 models varying in independent variables models are evaluated by the correlation coefficient r2 root mean squared error of prediction rmspe and posterior model probability the most probable model is then used to estimate a confidence range of wtp for pure environmental beef impure environmental labels result in higher wtp than pure labels non hypothetical wtp for pure environmental labeling for north american consumers ranges from 6 7 to 32 6 a case study is conducted to identify the expected reduction in water use that can be funded from capturing wtp through labeling a multi objective nutritional optimizer is used to identify ideal management of beef cattle to reduce whole system water use in three regions of the united states cost increases from management are varied over the predicted range in wtp and combined with the probability of a consumer purchasing beef at each wtp value to identify the theoretical effect on expected environmental impact reduction a 10 premium is the ideal wtp resulting in water use reductions between 24 4 l and 41 4 l

balancing subsidiary influence in the federative mnc a business network view the contest for intra organisational power in the multinational corporation mnc has gradually become a prominent issue on the research agenda as long as 25 years ago hedlund 1980 investigated the strategic roles of subsidiaries in mncs and doz and prahalad 1981 raised the issue of how difficult it is for headquarters to remain in control of its subsidiaries and to influence their strategies over time since then several researchers have suggested that mncs can be considered to be dispersed structures of power in which the top management s authority does not necessarily result in hierarchical power being the ultimate control mechanism hedlund 1986 forsgren 1989 ghoshal and bartlett 1990 doz and prahalad 1993 ferner and edwards 1995 kristensen and zeitlin 2001 morgan and whitley 2003 birkinshaw and hood 1998 examined the evolution of capabilities at the subsidiary level and recognised that in most corporations there is an internal competition for charter that implies a process of change in subsidiary roles birkinshaw and hood 1998 782 case research has also indicated that changes in the charters of divisions or subsidiaries in mncs constitute a strong feature of horizontal or vertical competition in the corporate marketplace galunic and eisenhardt 1996 birkinshaw and fry 1998 the tension between the headquarters and overseas laboratories caused by the laboratories desire for autonomy and influence is an example of such a competition asaka wa 2001

predicting stakeholder orientation in the multinational enterprise a mid range theory as the reach of corporations increasingly extends across borders a key research question is whether overseas subsidiaries adopt a shareholder centric orientation centered on maximizing shareholder wealth or a stakeholder centric orientation centered on creating value for a broader range of stakeholders existing theories addressing the corporate level of analysis focus on forces exogenous to the firm local resource pressures and institutional norms using a combination of induction and fuzzy set analysis i draw on documentary evidence and 298 interviews with managers and stakeholders to build theory about the conditions that shape subsidiaries stakeholder orientations two major findings emerge first although theory emphasizes external stakeholders control over resources internal control through the corporate parent can crowd out the voices of local stakeholders second although institutional theory proposes isomorphism with local norms and standards some corporations are subject to scrutiny by global stakeholders and their subsidiaries face higher requirements for social engagement than their peers these findings are the foundation of a mid range theory that combines conventional explanations focused on environmental factors and an internal stakeholder perspective based around the roles of the parent corporation as owner and resource provider to predict stakeholder orientation

the determinants of mne subsidiaries political strategies evidence of institutional duality in this study we develop and test a model of the determinants of political strategies used by foreign subsidiaries of multinational enterprises mnes using recent theoretical advances in institutional theory that recognize that mne subsidiaries are confronted with pressures for isomorphism within the corporation internal legitimacy and within the host country external legitimacy we integrate international business and political strategy literatures to create a multilevel model of subsidiary host country and parent determinants of political strategy our hypotheses are tested using survey and archival data from western european subsidiaries of us mnes

trade policy and the effects of climate forecasts on agricultural markets damental to modeling the effects of a climate forecast on agricultural markets is the direct agronomic impacts of climate on commodity production but also important are the endogenous responses of growers traders and others this paper examines market responses to climate information in a simple framework that highlights the most important issues while abstracting from most complications we emphasize how trade policy affects commodity market responses and the value of climate information

agricultural technologies for climate change in developing countries policy options for innovation and technology diffusion climate has obvious direct effects on agricultural production the reverse is more apparent than ever as greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture are tallied the development and effective diffusion of new agricultural practices and technologies will largely shape how and how well farmers mitigate and adapt to climate change this adaptation and mitigation potential is nowhere more pronounced than in developing countries where agricultural productivity remains low poverty vulnerability and food insecurity remain high and the direct effects of climate change are expected to be especially harsh creating the necessary agricultural technologies and harnessing them to enable developing countries to adapt their agricultural systems to changing climate will require innovations in policy and institutions as well potential constraints to innovation involve both the private and public sectors in both developing and developed countries the process of transferring agricultural innovations across agroecological and climatic zones is often subject to agronomic constraints often the most binding constraints occur at the adoption stage with several factors that potentially impede poor farmers access to and use of new technologies based on discussions of these constraints we derive six policy principles and use these principles to suggest several specific investments and policy priorities

team personal life inclusion in socially versus task oriented countries a cross cultural study of chinese versus german teams team personal life inclusion team pli refers to socialization with fellow team members in the private domain while pli is an expected behavior in the socially oriented chinese work context it is generally seen as unfavorable in task oriented contexts like germany we investigate the relative impact of team pli on the performance of chinese and german teams based on data from 130 chinese and 124 german teams we show that team pli has opposing consequences in china and germany while it increases german teams performance the reverse relationship was observed for chinese teams

do markets and trade help or hurt the global food system adapt to climate change rapidly expanding global trade in the past three decades has lifted millions out of people out of poverty trade has also reduced manufacturing wages in high income countries and made entire industries uncompetitive in some communities giving rise to nationalist politics that seek to stop or reverse further trade expansion in the united states and europe given complex and uncertain political support for trade how might changes in trade policy affect the global food system s ability to adapt to climate change here we argue that we can best understand food security in a changing climate as a double exposure the exposure of people and processes to both economic and climate related shocks and stressors trade can help us adapt to climate change or not if trade restrictions proliferate double exposure to both a rapidly changing climate and volatile markets will likely jeopardize the food security of millions a changing climate will present both opportunities and challenges for the global food system and adapting to its many impacts will affect food availability food access food utilization and food security stability for the poorest people across the world global trade can continue to play a central role in assuring that global food system adapts to a changing climate this potential will only be realized however if trade is managed in ways that maximize the benefits of broadened access to new markets while minimizing the risks of increased exposure to international competition and market volatility for regions like africa for example enhanced transportation networks combined with greater national reserves of cash and enhanced social safety nets could reduce the impact of double exposure on food security

is an integrated farm more resilient against climate change a micro econometric analysis of portfolio diversification in african agriculture abstract this paper examines whether an integrated farm that owns both crops and livestock is more resilient under global warming than a specialized farm in crops using around 9000 farm surveys across africa we explore how farmers choose one of the farm types and how the net revenue of each type varies across the range of climate in africa the results indicate that an integrated farm increases in number while a specialized farm decreases across africa under climate predictions for 2060 the relative profitability of each system against each other also changes an integrated farm becomes relatively more profitable over specialized farms half a century from now the impacts of climate change on integrated farms range from 9 loss to 27 gain depending on climate scenarios behavioral models can capture portfolio diversification benefits that agro economic models cannot measure

innovation organizational capabilities and the born global firm we investigate born global firms as early adopters of internationalization that is companies that expand into foreign markets and exhibit international business prowess and superior performance from or near their founding our explication highlights the critical role of innovative culture as well as knowledge and capabilities in this unique breed of international entrepreneurial firm case studies are analyzed to better understand the early internationalization phenomenon and reveal key orientations and strategies that engender international success among these innovative firms case findings are then validated in a survey based study despite the scarce resources typical of young firms our findings reveal that born global firms leverage a distinctive mix of orientations and strategies that allow them to succeed in diverse international markets findings have important implications for the internationalization of contemporary firms