democratising the global economy by ecologicalising economics the example of global warming abstract the aim of this paper is to show that continued reliance on an unreconstructed neo classical economic model for human progress is largely responsible for an economic development path which is both unsustainable and undemocratic using the topical issue of global warming as an illustration it is argued that the ecological isation of the economics discipline challenges the foundations of this strategy and promises among other benefits a more democratic global economic organisation the data analysed in this paper suggest that the damage of global warming is directly attributable to economic activity the benefits of economic growth go to the economically articulate and the disbenefits in terms of environmental damage are borne by the economically inarticulate mainstream economics gives no answer to and becomes a method for evading this moral problem the data also show that huge increases in energy efficiency are required if a basically unchanged world economic system is to be sustainable nevertheless the predominant goal of development policy is to ignore the problem of scale and to promote an economic model of urbanised development in the developing countries which carries the implication and the promise that the rates of resource consumption typical in developed countries can be achieved globally an alternative development model is presented which includes the recognition that in ecological terms developed countries are in debt to developing countries largely because of the way in which economic growth is measured gross of externalised social and environmental costs a method is suggested for calculating part of this ecological debt for individual countries thus going some way towards quantifying the extent of the distortions in the current global political economy and the unsustainability of the present economic order

material substitution and path dependence empirical evidence on the substitution of copper for aluminum abstract adopting an evolutionary perspective this paper argues that path dependence plays a major role in material use and substitution such that it might delay or even prevent substitution despite the occurrence of significant relative price changes after elucidating the importance of material substitution from an ecological economic point of view and after explaining the meaning of path dependence from an evolutionary perspective the copper aluminum material substitution process is described for the main electrical conductor producing countries the us germany and japan this example makes clear that irrespective of attractive relative prices in favor of aluminum it could neither achieve a predominant market position nor is it possible to identify an explicit relation between relative price changes and relative material use in a qualitative analysis applying a distributed lag model for data on copper and aluminum for electrical applications the significance of relative prices and path dependence is examined for a 51 year time period for the us japan and germany the results indicate that path dependence and relative prices especially in the long run are both important factors influencing the copper aluminum substitution process the major conclusions read that substitution processes cannot be predicted by relative price movements alone and that price instruments to encourage material substitution should not be overestimated instead in the design of resource policies it should be considered that material substitution is an evolutionary and path dependent process which requires learning as well as time capital research and experience

the increase in brazilian household income and its impact on co2 emissions evidence for 2003 and 2009 from input output tables abstract in recent years brazil has experienced economic growth and a recovery of income that has had a positive impact on the consumption of goods in this paper we evaluate the impact of brazilian household consumption on the co2 emissions for 2003 and 2009 using input output tables from the world input output database we used a semi closed model with eight household groups in order to apply the hypothetical extraction method in the consumption structure of each group further we use the result from the hypothetical extraction to evaluate the impacts of the structure consumption of each household group in terms of co2 emissions we find that there is a trade off between the households greater satisfaction from consumption and the increasing setback in emissions from the restructuring and modification of the consumption basket thus this study contributes to the research on emissions by mapping the recent behavior of the brazilian economy in terms of increased income changes in the consumption structure and their impacts on emissions the paper s aggregated results by income and consumption structure based on the intensity of the emissions and their systemic effects add to the discussions on less polluting production processes more conscious consumption of goods and more rational uses of energy and transportation

structural changes in brazil s industrial economy 1960 1980 abstract this paper examines the structural changes in brazil s economy which can be observed through various censuses and input output tables in the period 1960 to 1980 the paper shows how the country s economy became more vertically integrated in those years even though it has become more outward oriented since the early days of import substitution it also considers the relations between the distribution of income and economic structure both at present and in a possible future situation of redistribution

us demilitarization and global warming an empirical investigation of the environmental peace dividend abstract in the paper input output methods are used to generate ballpark empirical estimates of the implications for global warming of the projected demilitarization of the us federal budget the impact is found to be qualitatively ambiguous and highly sensitive to the manner in which the funds saved are distributed the effect is adverse where the budgetary savings are used to fund economy wide cuts in personal taxation and or deficit reduction in other cases the effect may be neutral or beneficial

a green energy plan for denmark several political regulation instruments such as co2 taxes have been suggested to implement co2 reduction policies but normally the cost of implementing co2 reduction policies is considered to be a threat to both economic growth and employment but to some extent strategies can be developed which implement co2 reduction goals by creating jobs and such strategies could help economic growth

the double dividend second best worlds and real world environmental policy abstract the recent series of papers by bovemberg goulder parry and others argue that the double dividend is unlikely to exist because of second best problems they argue that the imposition of environmental tax in an economy already distorted by income taxes will further distort the economy by reducing incentives to supply labor our paper argues that this is not likely to be the case because of the restrictive assumptions made by these models and because of the role of the environment as a factor of production

the impact of environmental policies on household incomes for different socio economic classes the case of air pollutants in indonesia abstract with outdoor air pollutants in indonesia as a case study this paper expands a social accounting matrix to include the link from the economy to the environment as well as the link from the environment to the economy this paper explores the relationship between production activities pollution and human health problems it utilizes the constrained fixed price multipliers method to analyze the impact of policies designed to reduce the amount of pollutants in the air on household incomes for different socio economic classes in indonesia the results show that if policies designed to reduce the amount of pollutants in the air do not decrease the output of production sectors then the policies also improve income distribution

economics of sustainability or the sustainability of economics different paradigms this article reviews different views of neo classical and ecological economics on the sustainability of economic growth and welfare neo classical economics concludes that due to substitution and technical progress consumption can be sustained even if production depends on a natural resource that is being depleted if production depends on an essential renewable resource there is a level of consumption that can be sustained forever pollution lowers the level of consumption that can be sustained if production depends on an exhaustible resource recycling of waste is insufficient for sustaining consumption unless 100 recycling is possible sustainable economic development is possible if the resource growth potential exceeds the sum of the discount rate minus the rate of exogenous technical progress and if resource productivity is sufficiently high in addition intial levels of environmental quality a composite of pollution and natural resources and man made capital influence the possibilities for sustainable economic development if the resource stock itself affects utility or if irreversibilities occur optimal consumption and extraction are lowered ecological economics states that substitution possibilities are restricted full recycling of waste is impossible and the limited influx of solar energy poses an additional constraint on the level of production that can be sustained since the functions of the environment production factor consumer good and waste sink are intertwined this life support function poses a restriction on economic growth as well in ecological economics development is viewed as an evolutionary process with continuous feedbacks between a changing economy and environment welfare is not merely the sum of discounted individual preferences but requires environmental compatibility and the explicit collective formulation of policies regarding the conservation of species ecosystems and natural resources

assessing the employment impacts of environmental and natural resource policy this paper provides an introductory guide for environmental andresource economists to methods of assessing the impact of environmentaland natural resource policy on employment it examines five basicapproaches to evaluating the effect of a policy action on employment 1 supply and demand analysis of the affected sector 2 partialequilibrium analysis of multiple markets 3 fixed price generalequilibrium simulations input output i o and social accounting matrix sam multiplier models 4 non linear general equilibriumsimulations computable general equilibrium cge models and 5 econometric estimation of the adjustment process particularly timeseries analysis the basic modeling structure and data requirementsfor each of these approaches are described simple examples of theirapplication to evaluation of environmental and natural resourcepolicy are developed and the relative merits and applicability of each are discussed

linking economic and ecological models for a marine ecosystem increasingly economists and ecologists have begun to recognize the value to public policy of combining information and results from each discipline into multidisciplinary studies here we present a methodological approach that links economic and ecological analyses we develop an economic ecological model by merging an input output model of a coastal economy with a model of a marine food web we describe distinct linear system sub models of the economy and the ecosystem and we develop a method for linking the two our method extends the work of earlier researchers by incorporating an ecosystem matrix into resource multipliers and by showing how these multipliers may be calculated we present a numerical example for the new england region using coastal economic and marine ecological data from the region for a restricted set of industry sectors and food web trophic levels we calculate resource multipliers for the example and we simulate the economic impacts of changes in primary production in the ecosystem on final demands for fishery products the results illustrate the effects of incorporating the impacts of habitat destruction and ecosystem structure on resource multipliers our approach can be extended to incorporate the full range of sectors in the economy and trophic levels in a linked ecosystem 2003 elsevier b v all rights reserved

environmental taxation and unemployment some evidence on the double dividend hypothesis in europe abstract the employment double dividend hypothesis suggests that an appropriately designed fiscal reform in which emission charges are used to subsidize employers social security contributions may realize at least two relevant policy goals a better quality of the environment and at the same time an increase in employment levels this paper uses a newly developed econometric general equilibrium model for the european union as well as for each member country and presents simulation results up to the year 2010 of the effects of a european carbon tax the revenues from which are recycled to reduce employers social security contributions the results show that recycling carbon tax revenues may provide an employment double dividend only in the short run

estimating direct and indirect rebound effects for u s households with input output analysis part 1 theoretical framework abstract this is the first part of a two part paper providing an analytical model of the indirect rebound effect given a direct rebound estimate that integrates consumer demand theory with the embodied energy of household spending from environmentally extended input output analysis the second part applies the model developed in part one to simulate the direct and indirect rebound for the average u s household in terms of primary energy co2e nox and so2 emissions and for energy efficiency investments in electricity natural gas or gasoline services part one provides a critical review of the largely independent economic and industrial ecology literatures on the indirect rebound by studying the two goods case and the n goods case we demonstrate that the indirect rebound is bounded by the consumer budget constraint and inversely related to the direct rebound we also compare the common proportional spending and income elasticity spending assumptions with our model of cross price elasticities including both substitution and income effects for the indirect rebound by assuming zero incremental capital costs and the same embodied energy as conventional technologies for efficient appliances we model an upper bound of the indirect rebound future work should also consider the increase in consumer welfare possible through the rebound effect

an environmentally extended social accounting matrix although the social accounting matrix sam approach has been widely used in nationalaccounting and development economics it still neglectsimportant information among which are theinteractions between an economy and the environment this paper environmentally extends sam to capture therelationships among economic activities pollutionabatement activities and pollution emissions anumerical example of the environmentally extendedsocial accounting matrix esam using chinese 1990data is presented the multiplier and structural pathanalyses are applied to the esam for assessingenvironmental impacts of pollution related economicpolicies the analysis results show that an esam canbe a useful tool for environmental policy analysis

environmental and social accounting for brazil an environmentally extendedsocial accounting matrix sam has beenconstructed for brazil for the first time wereview in detail previous studies in thisfield describe the construction structure anddata sources of the brazilian sam anddemonstrate the effect of system closure examining a range of type i and type iimultipliers we show that incomes generated byfinal consumption are highly skewed towardsrich households but energy requirements andcarbon emissions are higher for the consumptionof the poor a significant negative correlationexists between employment and income on onehand and energy requirements and carbonemissions on the other while a significantpositive correlation exists between imports and energy and carbon these correlationsdemonstrate that there is scope for policiesthat pursue imports substitution and reduceenergy consumption and carbon emissions whilstincreasing employment and income

integrating sustainable chain management with triple bottom line accounting abstract triple bottom line accounting is widely advanced as a way in which firms can realise broader societal objectives in addition to increasing shareholder value in our analysis of the australian economy we integrate financial input output tables that describe the interdependencies between economic sectors with national social and environmental accounts to construct numerate triple bottom line accounts for 135 discrete sectors the accounts are portrayed against the numeraire of one dollar of gdp thus for a sector of the economy financial aspects of performance can be expressed for example as dollars of export earnings per dollar of gdp social aspects such as employment can be portrayed as minutes of employment generated per dollar greenhouse issues can be portrayed as kilograms of carbon dioxide emitted per dollar since these indicators of triple bottom line performance are referenced against financial units and are consistent with the system of national accounts they can be applied to financial accounts of a firm a service or a product and allow a robust triple bottom line account to be developed across a range of scales the critical advantage of this approach is that it includes both the direct or immediate effects as well as the indirect or diffuse effects associated with a large and distant chain of supply paths the incorporation of most indirect or upstream effects therefore expands the range of issues and effects within the analytical boundary and also includes imports and exports both products and firms can then be assessed properly in sustainable chain management scm terms thus a firm that uses a key intermediate input that requires a large amount of water for example cannot hide the environmental implications since they are revealed in the analysis of the full production chain this revelation can also underpin progress when firms acknowledge both the direct and indirect effects and improve their selection of key inputs on a wider range of criteria rather than on price alone our analysis is well developed at the economic sector level for australia and is also being applied to number of government institutions firms and individual products before the full benefits of numerate triple bottom line accounting can be applied to the equity issues of globalisation trade interdependencies between groups of typical countries will have to be analysed using these whole economy approaches this will allow country specific intensities to be applied to important items in the international production chain

improving social responsibility in rmg industries through a new governance approach in laws developing countries need to reform legislation to ensure the global supply firms in ready made garment rmg industry is adequately addressing obligations of social responsibility literature typically focuses on strategies for raising responsible standards in global buying firms within the rmg industry but fails to focus on implementing strategies for suppliers in developing countries this article addresses this gap by specifically focusing on the rmg industry in bangladesh the home of the third largest rmg supplier in the world it concentrates on analysing how and to what extent the law can assist in developing social responsibility performance of the rmg manufacturing firms in developing countries it ultimately concludes that a new governance approach in laws can effectively increase the social responsibility practice standards of an industry where global buying firms are profit driven and governmental agencies are either inadequate or corrupt

the responsibility for carbon emissions and carbon efficiency at the sectoral level evidence from china this work reviews benefit based principles to measuring responsibility for carbon emissions at the sectoral level using environmental input output analysis several new emissions multipliers are proposed to measure sectoral carbon efficiency these principles are used in an empirical analysis of carbon emissions in china and differences between the principles are compared the results indicate that all principles considered can prevent double counting of emissions but that different principles may lead to significantly different attributions of responsibility for carbon emissions and to different multiplier values for particular sectors electricity and heat supply is found to be the sector with the highest emissions responsibility under all but the consumer responsibility principle as well as the highest carbon multiplier under all principles however this sector s responsibility under producer responsibility principles is greater than that under other principles basic metals and transportation and post and telecommunication are among the top five sectors with the greatest responsibilities under all but the consumer responsibility principle whereas construction has the highest consumer responsibility among all sectors the pros and cons and policy implications of each principle are also discussed

living up to expectations estimating direct and indirect rebound effects for uk households this study estimates the combined direct and indirect rebound effects from various types of energy efficiency improvement by uk households in contrast to most studies of this topic we base our estimates on cross price elasticities and therefore capture both the income and substitution effects of energy efficiency improvements our approach involves estimating a household demand model to obtain price and expenditure elasticities of different goods and services utilising a multiregional input output model to estimate the ghg emission intensities of those goods and services combining the two to estimate direct and indirect rebound effects and decomposing those effects to reveal the relative contribution of different mechanisms and commodities we estimate that the total rebound effects are 41 for measures that improve the efficiency of domestic gas use 48 for electricity use and 78 for vehicle fuel use the primary source of this rebound is increased consumption of the cheaper energy service i e direct rebound and this is primarily driven by substitution effects our results suggest that the neglect of substitution effects may have led prior research to underestimate the total rebound effect however we provide a number of caveats to this conclusion as well as indicating priorities for future research

the employment effects of an income redistribution in developing countries the 1970 ilo mission report to colombia first proposed the notion that since the poor tend to consume a more labour intensive basket of commodities than the rich a redistribution of income in their favour will tend to increase employment this proposal gave rise to a host of attempts in the 1970s to demonstrate its empirical validity in a number of developing countries the results however provided only a very limited degree of support to the ilo hypothesis indeed by 1978 the clear conclusion of the general equilibrium macroeconomic models was that income redistribution would have only a tiny effect on employment 1

primary energy and greenhouse gases embodied in australian final consumption an input output analysis input output modeling of primary energy and greenhouse gas embodiments in goods and services is a useful technique for designing greenhouse gas abatement policies the present paper describes direct and indirect primary energy and greenhouse gas requirements for a given set of australian final consumption it considers sectoral disparities in energy prices capital formation and international trade flows and it accounts for embodiments in the gross national expenditure as well as the gross domestic product primary energy and greenhouse gas intensities in terms of mj and kg co2 e are reported as well as national balances of primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions

a new approach to measuring the rebound effect associated to energy efficiency improvements an application to the us residential energy demand this paper brings attention to the fact that the energy demand frontier model introduced by filippini and hunt 2011 2012 is closely connected to the measurement of the so called rebound effect associated with improvements in energy efficiency in particular we show that their model implicitly imposes a zero rebound effect which contradicts most of the available empirical evidence on this issue we relax this restrictive assumption through the modelling of a rebound effect function that mitigates or intensifies the effect of an efficiency improvement on energy consumption we illustrate our model with an empirical application that aims to estimate a us frontier residential aggregate energy demand function using panel data for 48 states over the period 1995 to 2011 average values of the rebound effect in the range of 56 80 are found therefore policymakers should be aware that most of the expected energy reduction from efficiency improvements may not be achieved

toward consilience between biology and economics the contribution of ecological economics abstract during its ten year history ecological economics has made a real difference in the way economists look at the natural world and in the way biologists look at the economy in this survey article we examine the contributions to the journal in terms of e o wilson s concept of consilience that is his argument that the methods and assumptions of any field of study should be consistent with the known and accepted facts in other disciplines in particular we examine the contributions of ecological economics to reconciling the economic theory of the consumer and producer with biophysical reality

the rebound effects of switching to vegetarianism a microeconomic analysis of swedish consumption behavior sustainable diets in particular vegetarianism are often promoted as effective measures to reduce our environmental footprint yet few conclusions take full scale behavioral changes into consideration this can be achieved by calculating the indirect environmental rebound effect related to the re spending of expenditure saved during the initial behavioral shift this study aims to quantify the potential energy use and greenhouse gas emission savings and most likely rebound effects related to an average swedish consumer s shift to vegetarianism using household budget survey data it estimates engel curves of 117 consumption goods derives marginal expenditure shares and links these values to environmental intensity indicators results indicate that switching to vegetarianism could save consumers 16 of the energy use and 20 of the greenhouse gas emissions related to their dietary consumption however if they re spend the saved income according to their current preferences they would forego 96 of potential energy savings and 49 of greenhouse gas emission savings these rebound effects are even higher for lower income consumers who tend to re spend on more environmentally intensive goods yet the adverse effect could be tempered by purchasing organic goods or re spending the money on services in order to reduce the environmental impact of consumption it could thus be recommended to not only focus on dietary shifts but rather on the full range of consumer expenditure

methodologies and perspectives in research on labour relations in global agricultural production networks a review the integration of global south actors into the global agricultural economy has attracted research on labour effects this is because global south actors are often integrated at the level of produc

allocating ecological footprints to final consumption categories with input output analysis we present and discuss a method that allows the disaggregation of national ecological footprints by economic sector detailed final demand category sub national area or socio economic group this is done by combining existing national footprint accounts with input output analysis calculations in the empirical part are carried out by using supply and use tables for the united kingdom covering the reporting period 2000 ecological footprints are allocated to detailed household consumption activities following the coicop classification system and to a detailed breakdown of capital investment the method presented enables the calculation of comparable ecological footprints on all sub national levels and for different socio economic groups the novelty of the approach lies in the use of input output analysis to re allocate existing footprint accounts in the detail of disaggregation by consumption category and in the expanded use of household expenditure data this extends the potential for applications of the ecological footprint concept and helps to inform scenarios policies and strategies on sustainable consumption the method described in this paper can be applied to every country for which a national footprint account exists and where appropriate economic and environmental accounts are available the approach helps to save time in data collection and improves the consistency between ecological footprint estimates for a particular human society from different researchers for these reasons the suggested methodology includes crucial steps on the way towards a standardisation of ecological footprint accounts

district level economic linkages in kenya evidence based on a small regional social accounting matrix abstract this paper explores the nature and extent of the economic linkages in a small regional economy defined by a market center and its hinterland in kenya the analysis is based on a set of income and employment multipliers derived from a social accounting matrix estimated for the region issues considered include the impact of production activities on regional value added and employment the influence of sectoral production on the level of household income and the impact of household expenditure on regional value added and the relative significance of production and consumption linkages in terms of stimulating aggregate income the above questions are examined under the assumption of complete excess capacity in regional production and under the assumption of supply constraints in agriculture the usefulness of the analysis for district level economic planning is demonstrated

valuing riverside wetlands the case of the donau auen national park abstract for two decades the establishment of the donau auen national park east of vienna has been on the political agenda in austria since 1991 concrete proposals have been worked out for several variants of a national park including hydraulic engineering concepts and hydroelectric power stations within this planning process a cost benefit analysis was carried out to estimate the economic impacts of the proposed projects one crucial question was how to value the ecological quality of wetlands these environmental goods were valued by means of a willingness to pay wtp survey two different kinds of variables were defined 1 costs and benefits depending on direct anthropocentric use including energy production with hydroelectric power stations shipping groundwater protection stabilisation of the river bed to stop channel erosion visitors benefits forestry farming fishing hunting and the costs of establishing a national park based on these variables the net present value for variants with hydroelectric power stations is higher than for variants without electricity production on the contrary the internal interest rate and the benefit cost ratio is higher for a pure national park without electricity production 2 taking also the austrians wtp for the donau auen national park as a substitute measure for ecological values into account only 20 percent of the wtp which was measured by means of contingent valuation is needed to make the net present value of the best national park variant equal to that of the best hydroelectric power variant this shows that the protection of natural goods like wetlands in a natural state might be more efficient from an economic viewpoint than development projects

economic energy and greenhouse emissions impacts of some consumer choice technology and government outlay options abstract the impacts of selected spending options in the australian economy are determined in terms of energy consumption greenhouse gas emissions and a range of economic parameters six case studies of one current practice and one alternative environmentally motivated spending option are carried out describing consumer choices technologies and government outlays the assessment method is based on input output theory and as such enables both the direct and indirect effects of spending to be quantified in general the results indicate that pro environmental objectives such as reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are compatible with broad socio economic benefits such as increases in employment and income and reductions in imports

employment and other macroeconomic benefits of an innovation led climate strategy for the united states abstract climate protection policy and its analysis are pursued in the context of other societal goals among them the maintenance of economic growth and high employment too often however analysis of energy and climate policy does not realistically reflect technological conditions and the dynamics of technological change this tendency unnecessarily associates the decline in energy consumption or carbon emissions with the decline in national economic output or income but there is ample prima facie evidence to the contrary just as in the 19th century when the perceived need to reduce labor inputs as part of the production process spurred labor saving technological progress now the need to reduce energy and pollution costs could spur innovation and diffusion of efficient and clean energy technologies this in turn can increase overall growth in economic productivity energy technology analysts have identified many such existing and near term commercial technologies as well as innovations that can be foreseen beyond the immediate technological horizon which would become widely used if policies were developed to overcome market and institutional barriers this paper presents a macroeconomic analysis for a set of policies that would induce the adoption of more efficient and low carbon technologies and finds that overall employment and economic output could be increased by small amounts while significantly reducing carbon emissions

addressing workers rights in the textile and apparel industries consequences for the bangladesh economy summary this paper applies a cge model to analyze the effects of better addressing worker s rights in bangladesh s textile and apparel industries results show that an increased minimum wage for unskilled low and medium skilled workers has negative impacts for these workers in aggregate and also for the economy in terms of export gdp and welfare this comes from the decrease in employment however labor productivity increasing improvements in factory conditions and services to workers not only increase incomes of workers but also welfare entrepreneurs also enjoy higher incomes enabling them to pay for improving the work environment

decomposing multipliers for economic systems involving regional and world trade this paper is concerned with the analysis of linkages between economic systems and the spillover and possible feedback effects one system may have on another it is not a new topic the initial stimulus in the literature coming from machlup i943 and the seminal papers by metzler i950 and chipman i950 almost precisely the same questions raised by these authors have been readdressed subsequently by many writers and in a variety of contexts most recently goodwin i983 has developed a world matrix multiplier with much the same overall objectives as machlup and metzler in mind metzler s proposition was to understand the mechanism by which an expansion or contraction of income in one region or country is transmitted to other regions or countries in addition he assumed that the conclusions apply without modification to the regions within a single country or indeed to any regional classification of the world economy such as the economies comprising eastern europe western europe latin america and similar regions 2 in fact the question has also long occupied the attention of many regional economists working in the context of sub national regions the question of interdependence between sub national regional economies generally assumes a special importance simply because such regions are relatively open economies and are subject to fewer natural and artificial barriers to commodity trade and factor movements than may exist between countries 3 even so interest has focused almost exclusively on regional interdependence through commodity trade and within the framework of multiregional input output systems 4 however there are some exceptions klein and glickman i 9 77 have developed a multiregional model of a fairly aggregative nature which incorporates other regional interdependencies a review of this and similar models has been carried out by glickman i97 7 paralleling this interest in inter regional interdependence at the sub national level there has been a revived interest in questions of linkage at the international level with the advent of the project link model pioneered by klein and hickman 5 the united nations model of the world economy leontief et al

from ecological footprint to ecological rent an economic indicator for resource constraints abstract this paper takes as a starting point a combination of an input output model with a national ecological footprint account for germany in the spirit of wiedmann et al wiedmann t minx j barrett j wackernagel m 2006 allocating ecological footprints to final consumption categories with input output analysis ecological economics 56 28 48 footprint as well as biocapacity is dealt with at the industry level gross output of each industry and final demand for each industry can then be split up into a share that is reconcilable with biocapacity and another share that corresponds to the ecological deficit the ecological footprint concept is extended in this study by introducing the additional biocapacity necessary for sustaining the given level of economic activity it is assumed that each industry had to rent the corresponding areas and to apply a given technology in order to make this additional land biophysically productive that results in an additional technology for each industry leading to an increase in costs and prices the new price level is directly linked to the share of output that corresponds to biocapacity overshooting which is defined by the ecological deficit economic indicators can be derived by measuring the income difference brought about by the price increase this difference corresponds to a ricardian rent which is due to resource constraints on output growth

structural path analysis and multiplier decomposition within a social accounting matrix framework the main purpose of this paper is to apply structural path analysis to a social accounting matrix sam framework because the sam is a comprehensive essentially general equilibrium data system the whole network through which influence is transmitted can be identified and specified through structural path analysis the latter provides an alternative and much more detailed way to decompose multipliers as compared with the traditional treatment of stone 1978 and pyatt and round 1979 this paper consists of five sections the first one reviews the sam framework as a basis for multiplier analysis and multiplier decomposition in particular the additive decomposition in terms of transfer open loop and closed loop effects is succinctly presented section ii applies this conventional decomposition to a sam of south korea to illustrate with eleven specific cases the effects of an exogenous injection on the endogenous accounts of the sam i e the incomes of the factors household groups and production activities section iii is devoted to the presentation of the elements of structural analysis and more particularly the transmission of economic influence within a structure finally section iv applies structural path analysis to the south korean sam and compares and contrasts the multiplier decomposition which it yields with the alternative decomposition discussed in section ii the comparison is the more significant in that the two decomposition methods are applied to the same eleven selected cases spanning a variety of sectors i e poles of origin for the injection and sectors poles of destination the empirical analysis in section iv suggests that structural path analysis applied to a sam is a potentially operationally useful technique within which a whole series of policy issues can be addressed the final section is devoted to a brief summary and conclusions

value standards in sub sustainable development on limits of ecological economics abstract sustainable development is hard to conceptualize as an economic problem and an economic problem is also ambiguous thus there is room for several kinds of ecological economics this paper analyses different ways of relating ecological and economical thinking to each other and how expertise in these fields relates to politics available methods are delimited in scope where some are suitable for the analysis of sustainable development and others are not it is concluded that the promotion of sustainable development as a basic value assumes an explicit value strategy it is argued that neoclassical economics for example cost benefit analysis is suitable for analysis of sustainable development only as a special case and alternatives are at hand for other cases to illustrate a non neoclassical analysis an empirical investigation using the sustainable development records approach is briefly reported upon

energy requirements of households in brazil abstract in this study we determine the total direct plus indirect energy requirements of a given set of brazilian households we use a generalized input output model in order to calculate the energy embodied in goods and services purchased by households of different income level in 11 capital cities of brazil our results show that on average the total energy intensity of household expenditure increases with income level although there is a considerable spread in energy intensities within income classes as well as disparities between regions of the country the total yearly average energy requirement per household in brazil in 1995 96 was 173 6 gj 61 of which was indirect with 32 8 gj for the lower income level 66 of which was indirect and 602 2 gj for the higher income level 62 of which was indirect of this total average energy requirement 76 was required for only three consumption categories utilities 31 mobility 28 and shelter 17 this analysis calls for the attention that has to be given not only to the direct energy consumption as motor fuels and electricity for example but also to the consumption categories that encompass an important part of the indirect energy requirement of households in capital cities in brazil

the impact of household consumption patterns on emissions in spain abstract the aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between household consumption patterns and pollution in the spanish economy the analysis was carried using a social accounting matrix sam for the spanish economy prepared for 1999 taking the final demand of households as the exogenous account in the sam framework and combining this with the information provided by the household budget continuous survey on income and consumption ine 1999 we analyse the pollution produced by both the economy and households in order to satisfy consumption requirements we also consider the effects of income inequality on expenditure levels establishing a link between income level consumption patterns propensity to consume and co2 emissions

sustainability assessment of u s final consumption and investments triple bottom line input output analysis the u s final demand categories such as household consumption private fixed investments government purchases and investments and export of goods and services have a wide range of environmental economic and social impacts analysis of these impacts termed as the triple bottom line tbl stimulated a tremendous interest by policy makers over the last decade therefore current research aims to analyze the tbl of u s final demands from a systems perspective to accomplish this goal the supply and use tables published by the u s bureau of economic analysis are merged with a range of environmental economic and social metrics the results show that household consumption has the largest indirect tbl sustainability impacts compared to other final demand categories with shares that range between 43 and 88 industrial sectors including manufacturing utilities agriculture construction transportation and mining are generally found to be responsible for the highest impacts for most of the environmental impact categories service sectors generally have the highest impacts on the economic and social indicators of sustainability analysis results also indicate that while meeting the household demand agriculture utilities and manufacturing sectors have relatively more environmental impacts than their contributions to gross domestic product gdp whereas service sectors contribute to gdp with a higher share than their environmental burdens furthermore it is envisioned that significant reductions in environmental footprints of u s households can be achieved if environmental policies that aim to reduce the household consumption are also supported with sustainable growth through greener and resource efficient economy

bioenergy and rural development the role of agroforestry in a tanzanian village economy recent papers indicate that decentralized bioenergy crop production offers increased market access and income diversification strategies for the rural population the analyses concentrate on the potential effects of newly discussed crops such as jatropha curcas cassava and sugarcane on macro level thereby two aspects are neglected the income effects on micro level and the integration of traditional firewood production systems for comparison to fill this gap an environmentally extended social accounting matrix esam at the village level is developed and applied to a rural village in tanzania the objective is first to explore the integration of agroforestry systems in rural smallholder systems and second to analyze income effects of agricultural biomass production for bioenergy purposes in comparison to firewood production in order to distinguish the use of firewood from public and private tree resources environmental accounts for changes in tree stocks public and private are included findings indicate the importance of including common firewood production as a reference point the highest income effect for the poorest households derives from agroforestry which households use as a source of firewood and fruits for sale or home consumption followed by j curcas sugarcane and finally cassava agroforestry in general has been also found to substantially release the pressure on public forest reserves

labour productivity and energy intensity in australia 1974 87 an input output analysis abstract energy and labour productivity in australia is examined using the notion of vertical integration in an input output framework results indicate a decline in productivity growth rates during the 1978 1982 period for both energy and labour energy productivity growth was negative during this period the productivity slowdown was pronounced in the natural resource sectors agriculture food products and minerals results indicate that movements in primary input efficiency are positively correlated suggesting that input complementarity may override substitution effects during macroeconomic shocks

an input output analysis of australian energy planning issues the belief that the price mechanism can be used exclusively to combat problems arising from growing energy shortages has led to the neglect of the repercussions of energy conservation on the macroeconomic problems of growth and development moreover many studies consider only the direct effects of energy use and concentrate on petroleum shortages so underestimating the total repercussion and structural dependence associated with changes in energy demand in australia this study attempts to overcome these gaps by modifying input output modelling to estimate all primary energy demand for fossil fuels in australia the complex interactions between energy conservation and macroeconomic goals are investigated at sectoral levels the optimal sectors that meet macroeconomic goals and energy constraints simultaneously have been identified using simple but powerful analytical tools the tradeoffs between energy use and macroeconomic objectives are quantified using energy as a numeraire the conflicts that emerge between macro planning criteria and energy use efficiency are exemplified and the need to reconcile them using the value judgements of political decisionmakers is clarified the limitations and the scope for refinement of the methodology are also discussed

an analysis of co2 emissions in italy through the macro multiplier mm approach abstract the issue of policy design into the environmental economic literature is becoming a crucial point especially for the relevance of its implication on international agreements for climate change and for the definition of climate actions against ghgs emissions the identification of economic drivers accountable for the co2 emissions which represent the major part of ghgs emissions represents a central topic on literature using input output analysis the paper proposes a methodological innovation on the study of suitable policy instrument against the raise of co2emissions which is based on the approach of the macro multipliers mm that leads with the recognition of the impact of all those industries responsible for co2 emissions from the policy perspective the relevance of industries responsible for co2 emissions is also analysed in this approach in which we introduce the target efficiency index and the control effectiveness index across industries as part of final demand vector each commodity has its own relevance or effectiveness in pursuing the attainment of the target vector on the other hand as part of the target vectors each industry emission has its own efficiency in being conveniently modified by changing the policy control vector the results deriving from the mm approach demonstrate the possibility to overcome the limits of the linkages analysis in particular the set of information deriving from the target efficiency and the control effectiveness indices for industries allows designing environmental policies in a framework where economic aggregates are defined in value and physical units using the input output table this study investigates the impacts of industries activities on co2 emission using the mm approach for the italian economy

towards indicators of sustainable development for firms a productive efficiency perspective sustainable development can be reflected by various economic social and environmental factors that are closely interconnected with each other and with the additional dimension of time which stresses the long term perspective of several factors due to their central role in human activities and development firms should play an important part in the attainment of sustainability goals the purpose of this paper is to contribute to the methodology of indicators that allow for the assessment of business participation into sustainable development a fundamental standpoint adopted is to view economic social and environmental efficiency as a necessary but not sufficient step towards sustainability to work out indicators we build on both the concepts of cost benefit analysis and the principles of productive efficiency we assume that we have observations on economic social and environmental factors for a set of decision making units dmus e g firms in an industrial sub sector the efficiency of each dmu is computed from a set of observed data using mathematical programming techniques resulting in dmus that are efficient and define the efficiency frontier among the set of dmus and dmus that are inefficient to cope with the multidimensionality of sustainable development it is important not to base decisions on one unique aggregate sustainability indicator instead it is suggested to develop two or three partial indicators that stress different aspects of the problem the proposed indicators could be used as an aid to detect so called factors of unsustainability and hence to provide for recommendations as to the regulations and incentives or managerial practices that will contribute to overall sustainability c 1999 elsevier science b v all rights reserved