a multiobjective approach to vendor selection abstract purchases from vendors involve significant costs for many firms decisions related to these purchases include the selection of vendors and the determination of order quantities to be placed with the selected vendors such decisions are frequently multiobjective in nature that is they are evaluated by more than one criterion at least 23 criteria for various vendor selection problems have been identified in this article we present a multiobjective approach to systematically analyze the inherent tradeoffs involved in multicriteria vendor selection problems the approach is motivated by and demonstrated with an actual purchasing problem facing a division of a fortune 500 company

on the robustness of robustness checks of the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis since its first inception in the debate on the relationship between environment and growth in 1992 the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis ekc hereafter has been subject of continuous and intense scrutiny the most recent line of investigation criticizes the ekc hypothesis on more fundamental grounds in that it stresses the lack of sufficient statistical testing of the empirical relationship and questions the very existence of the notion of ekc attention is in particular drawn on the stationarity properties of the series involved per capita emissions or concentrations and per capita gdp and in case of presence of unit roots on the cointegration property that must be present for the ekc to be a well defined concept only at that point can the researcher ask whether the long run relationship exhibits an inverted u pattern on the basis of panel integration and cointegration tests for sulfur stern 2004 and perman and stern 1999 2003 have presented evidence and forcefully stated that the ekc hypothesis does not exist in this paper we ask whether similar strong conclusions can be arrived at when carrying out tests of system fractional integration and cointegration as an example we use the controversial case of carbon dioxide emissions the results show that more ekcs come back into life relative to traditional integration cointegration tests however we confirm that the ekc hypothesis remains a fragile concept

the middle class collapse and the environment abstract the thesis that unequal societies are harmful to the planet was defended by boyce 1994 in a framework based on the unequal bargaining power between rich and poor our study reinvestigates this theory by removing any reference to power in order to study the conditions under which it can still occur we show that a middle class collapse can aggravate or alleviate the burden on the planet depending on income disparities and weight of upward vs downward mobility moreover the paper shows how an appropriate environmental policy can increase the political acceptability of a social one designed for mitigating the deleterious effects of a middle class collapse through the reduction of ex post income disparities

order splitting with multiple capacitated suppliers this paper studies an integrated decision making model for a supply chain system where a manufacturer faces a price sensitive demand and multiple capacitated suppliers two issues that are often considered separately in the literature the goal is to maximize total profit by determining an optimal selling price and at the same time acquiring enough supplying capacity the problem is proved to be np hard in the ordinary sense a heuristic algorithm and an optimal dynamic programming algorithm are developed computational experiments are conducted to study the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithms some managerial insights are observed

fuzzy multiobjective linear model for supplier selection in a supply chain abstract within new strategies for purchasing and manufacturing suppliers play a key role in achieving corporate competition hence selecting the right suppliers is a vital component of these strategies in practice vagueness and imprecision of the goals constraints and parameters in this problem make the decision making complicated in spite of the importance of the problem the literature on this subject is relatively scarce in this paper a fuzzy multiobjective linear model is developed to overcome the vagueness of the information for the first time in a fuzzy supplier selection problem an asymmetric fuzzy decision making technique is applied to enable the decision maker to assign different weights to various criteria the model is explained by an illustrative example

an improved model for supplier selection under capacity constraint and multiple criteria abstract ghodsypour and o brien 2001 the total cost of logistics in supplier selection under conditions of multiple sourcing multiple criteria and capacity constraint international journal of production economics 73 1 15 27 study multiple sourcing problem with multiple criteria and capacitated suppliers considering the buyer s quality requirements as a constraint they develop a mixed integer non linear programming model to find the least cost cyclic ordering policy for the buyer they propose to solve the model by enumerating over all possible supplier combinations although the problem is interesting and their analysis is correct we point out two issues with their assumptions namely capacitated suppliers and cyclic ordering policy we discuss two different capacitated supplier settings i long run average annual capacity and ii exact annual capacity first under long run average annual capacity assumption we propose a model which provides the same or a better solution and is much easier to solve than their model then we discuss how to modify our and their models to handle exact annual capacity assumption

fossil resource trade balances emerging trends for the uk abstract the aim of this paper is to examine the extent to which the uk can be classified as a net importer of fossil resources and a creator of pollution havens abroad between 1968 and 2000 using input output techniques and a derived resource flow classification system both the physical trade balance ptb and pollution trade balance utb associated with fossil resource use are computed the ptb shows that between 1968 and the early 1980 s the uk is presented as a net importer of direct fossil resource flows between 1984 and 2000 the uk is identified as a net exporter of direct fossil resources these trends are primarily explained by the uk s discovery and commercial production of north sea oil and gas fields in the late 1970s on the other hand the utb shows that over the whole period the indirect used flows attributable to the uk s exports are higher than those attributable to its imports these findings suggest that the uk did not create pollution havens abroad from the use of fossil resources between 1968 and 2000 however it is noticeable in both cases that from 1995 the uk s position as a net exporter has been decreasing considerably maturing north sea oil and gas fields set against increasing demands for fossil fuels and imported goods is signalling a return to the uk s pre 1984 dependence on direct imported fossil resources and the possible creation of pollution havens abroad knowledge of these trends contributes to the evidence base for the uk s changing import and export structure and the potential environmental repercussions at home and abroad

interrelationships between income health and the environment extending the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis abstract this paper examines the link between the health indicators and the environmental variables for a cross section of countries widely dispersed on the economic development spectrum while environment and income are seen to have an inverted u shaped relationship environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis it is also well established that environment and health are positively related our study focuses on the implications of this for the relationship between health and income in the early phases of income growth the gains in health and the losses in environmental quality could cancel each other out and this challenges the idea that as incomes increase health would always improve to empirically analyse these issues we estimate a two stage least squares model that focuses on the impact of income and the environment on health status with environment being an endogenous variable our results show that the environmental stress variable has a significant negative effect on health status at the same time gross national product gnp levels are shown to vary positively with health status variables we find that the health gains obtained through improved incomes can be negated to a significant extent if the indirect effect of income acting via the environment is ignored research findings in this regard would be a useful policy instrument towards maximising both the environmental and health gains that come with economic growth and development

do individual preferences explain the environmental kuznets curve abstract some economists maintain the optimistic view that individual preferences of rich people eventually lead to a virtuous circle relationship between rising income and environmental degradation in this article i review some of the models that establish a relationship between individual preferences and environmental quality these models provide a basis for discussion of the key role played by two factors individual preferences and technology they do not however capture the distributive conflicts that occur between different social groups in the process of defining environmental policy neither do they provide a good basis for distinguishing between environmental costs caused by the decisions of particular consumers and those which affect the same consumers this point is related to the various manners in which environmental costs are displaced displacement often occurs within a country for current costs and is even clearer and more relevant when costs are transferred across a great distance or to a remote future in such cases there are few incentives to reduce consumption or alter its composition displacement moreover can become a strategy pursued more or less consciously for maintaining high and rising levels of consumption without dealing with the associated environmental costs

purchasing raw materials with uncertain fluctuating prices on identifie les differentes etapes de la decision d achat des matieres premieres ainsi que les differentes approches et les aptitudes requises on decrit plusieurs methodes et modeles proposes et appliques aux differentes etapes les aspects importants etant l inadequation des modeles de stocks classiques l application de la programmation lineaire au probleme de melange la prevision des prix a l aide de l econometrie et de l analyse des series temporelles et la prise de decision sequentielle pour l achat au jour le jour

a serial inventory system with supplier selection and order quantity allocation given the prevalence of both supplier selection and inventory control problems in supply chain management this article addresses these problems simultaneously by developing a mathematical model for a serial system this model determines an optimal inventory policy that coordinates the transfer of items between consecutive stages of the system while properly allocating orders to selected suppliers in stage 1 in addition a lower bound on the minimum total cost per time unit is obtained and a 98 effective power of two pot inventory policy is derived for the system under consideration this pot algorithm is advantageous since it is simple to compute and yields near optimal solutions

statistical measures of unsustainability abstract statistical measures are needed to reveal at a glance how far or near various countries are to meeting the conditions of long run sustainability and how conditions are changing on a year to year basis i e whether sustainability is being approached or not the scheme proposed in this paper presents numerical comparisons of energy and materials use in the real world vis a vis an ideal case where all of the identifiable criteria for sustainability are satisfied apart from population stabilization five general but quantifiable criteria for sustainability are suggested including 1 stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere 2 stabilization of acidity ph in rainfall 3 reduction of dissipative uses and wastes of heavy metals to natural mobilization rates or lower 4 elimination of agriculture based on pumping fossil water from non renewable aquifers and 5 elimination of loss of arable land because of salination or erosion other criteria such as preservation of biodiversity and socio economic equity between countries and generations might be added to the list they introduce more difficult measurement problems however which are not considered further in the paper having fixed the list of criteria the next step is to identify measures that either go to zero or unity as the system approaches more and more closely to sustainability at least in the limited sense defined above various types of measures of sustainability unsustainability can be developed viz i measures of relative dependence of the economy on non renewable sources of energy and materials ii measures of the productivity of energy and materials consumed by the economic system and iii measures of dissipative loss especially of toxic and hazardous substances specific examples of each type are discussed

international trade and environmental quality a survey abstract international trade has been incorporating various aspects of environmental issues since 1970 the extent to which environmental problems might affect many facets of trade or vice versa has been the subject of considerable debate over these years in this article we have attempted to establish some of the links between international trade and environmental quality by performing a comprehensive literature review we discuss issues such as establishing direct and indirect effects of international trade on environmental quality effects of trade on economic development environmental quality and energy and their relation with each other and finally the role of governments and international organizations in this context studies have so far revealed some linkages between trade and environment through conventional trade theory however interactions between international trade and types of pollution their sink and assimilative capacity need to be analyzed using a general equilibrium approach currently very little knowledge and agreement on the nature of interactions between trade theories development process and environmental quality exist existing studies have shown that the structure of environmental regulations should be modified to reflect the existence of trade under imperfect competition therefore further research on the interaction between new trade theory and environmental regulation is needed also theoretical and quantitative analysis regarding the effects of environmental regulations on competitiveness and location decision is needed the intensity and type of environmental measures vary across issues and countries therefore harmonizing environmental measures creates an inefficient atmosphere and to assume that trade restrictions will either improve or reverse the environmental damages is a serious mistake given the dynamic and intricate nature of the problem trade and environment debate continues despite vast research and poses a challenge for researchers and policy makers in the foreseeable future

environmental kuznets curves real progress or passing the buck abstract recent research has examined the hypothesis of an environmental kuznets curve ekc the notion that environmental impact increases in the early stages of development followed by declines in the later stages these studies have focused on the relationship between per capita income and a variety of environmental indicators results imply that ekcs may exist for a number of cases however the measures of environmental impact used generally focus on production processes and reflect environmental impacts that are local in nature and for which abatement is relatively inexpensive in terms of monetary costs and or lifestyle changes significantly more consumption based measures such co2 emissions and municipal waste for which impacts are relatively easy to externalize or costly to control show no tendency to decline with increasing per capita income by considering consumption and trade patterns the author re examines the concept of the ekc and proposes the use of alternative consumption based measures of environmental impact the author speculates that what appear to be improvements in environmental quality may in reality be indicators of increased ability of consumers in wealthy nations to distance themselves from the environmental degradation associated with their consumption

from production based to consumption based national emission inventories abstract under the united national framework convention of climate change unfccc countries are required to submit national emission inventories nei to benchmark reductions in greenhouse gas ghg emissions depending on the definition and system boundary of the nei the mitigation options and priorities may vary the territorial system boundary used by the unfccc has been critiqued for not including international transportation and potentially causing carbon leakage to address these issues past literature has argued in favour of using consumption based nei in climate policy this article discusses several issues in moving from the standard production based nei to consumption based nei first two distinct accounting approaches for constructing consumption based nei are presented the approaches differ in the allocation of intermediate consumption of imported products second a consistent method of weighting production based and consumption based nei is discussed this is an extension of the previous literature on shared responsibility to nei third due to increased uncertainty and a wide system boundary it may be difficult to implement consumption based nei directly into climate policy several alternative options for incorporating consumption based inventories into climate policy are discussed

devaluation and non traded goods in a labor migration model abstract in a three sector model with labor migration a devaluation which lowers non traded goods prices must raise labor s expected real wage as a group though in some sectors the real wage may fall ex post

trade environment and development the issues in perspective abstract this special issue on trade and the environment brings together a number of papers that are constructively critical of the conventional economic wisdom on the topic we think that this criticism is warranted because of the decidely uncritical way in which free trade has been advocated in much of the literature and especially in policy the papers analyse the validity of the underlying assumptions on which the conventional wisdom is based and provide suggestions for ways to facilitate trade that is also adequately protective of the environment sustainability and other social values in this introductory piece we discuss trade the environment and sustainability summarizing arguments in the papers included in this issue and adding a few additional points not covered by them

sustainability in natural resource management abstract sustainability is the objective that many disciplines indicate as being essential to the resolution of environmental degradation although there is no agreement about what this term exactly means this study defines environmental problems as externalities most of these occurring between different generations we analyze the reasons why traditional solutions for externalities do not work in the intergenerational context our conclusions are on the one hand that traditional methods for evaluating the costs and benefits affecting different generations should be improved secondly an intergenerational redistribution of natural resource property rights is essential to guarantee equality of opportunities for all generations and therefore to ensure sustainability adequate redistribution of property rights will depend on the type of resource as well as on other factors such as the rate of return on its exploitation and the current generations propensity to consume in all cases however sustainability is sufficiently guaranteed by conceding property rights as a whole to the future

does trade liberalization lead to environmental burden shifting in the global economy abstract does trade liberalization lead to the outsourcing of pollution from industrialized countries to developing countries according to the pollution haven hypothesis international trade is a key channel through which richer countries can geographically dissociate consumption from production of goods we examine whether and how trade liberalization via preferential trade agreements ptas facilitates the shifting of consumption based environmental burdens from developed countries via imports to poorer countries via exports based on panel data analysis of 183 countries from 1987 to 2013 we find partial evidence for trade induced environmental burden shifting while we observe an increase in footprint exports from low income countries when these countries liberalize trade this is not matched by an increase in footprint imports of high income countries our results also show that environmental clauses in ptas and participation in international environmental agreements do not influence the relationship between trade liberalization and ecological footprint movements however domestic institutions have a significant effect on the trade induced distribution of environmental burdens these findings suggest that ptas as a policy tool for trade liberalization are per se unlikely to induce exploitation of low income countries natural capital by wealthier nations however they suggest that political incentives inherent to democratic institutions encourage environmental burden shifting

a reexamination of the role of income for the trade and environment debate recent work on the relationship between international trade and the environment has found small but negative effects of increased openness on measures of pollution for the average country on a panel of 128 countries it is shown that like previous studies the trade intensity effect is negative and significant for the average country for emissions of four localized pollutants so2 nox co and vocs however trade intensity effects are not uniform across countries of different income levels in fact a strong non monotonicity exists in trade intensity elasticities it is found that countries with relative world incomes less than 0 5 or greater than 2 5 tend to have positive trade intensity elasticities while countries with relative world incomes between 0 5 and 2 5 tend to have negative trade intensity elasticities the results imply that both factor abundance and pollution haven effects may be at work but that the dominance of one effect over the other depends on a country s level of development

supply chain focus dependent supplier selection problem increasing globalization diversity of the product range and increasing customer awareness are making the market s highly competitive thereby forcing different supply chains to adapt to different stimuli on a continuous basis it is also well recognized that overall supply chain focus should be given an overriding priority over the individual goals of the players if one were to improve overall supply chain surplus among all the possible order winners cost and responsiveness seem to be the most significant metrics based on which majority of the supply chains compete with each other supplier selection problem is one of the crucial problems that need to be addressed in configuring a supply chain that could have far reaching ramifications on the total supply chain costs and order winnability our model that considers inventory costs and the supply chain cycle time reduction costs would aid a supply chain manager to make informed decisions with regard to supplier selection problem at any stage dependent upon the priorities attached to supply chain costs and cycle time inventory related costs and responsiveness related costs are the two primary cost elements that are considered in this model we are also making use of a novel dimensionless quantity called the coefficient of inverse responsiveness that not only facilitates the introduction of responsiveness related costs into the model but also improves the scalability and simplifies the analysis and interpretation of the results based on the strategic model developed we offer some very interesting managerial insights with respect to the effect of cost efficient operations and or location and cost of volume related flexibility at a stage on alternate suppliers which in turn affects the overall supply chain performance

empiricism in ecological economics a perspective from complex systems theory economies are open complex adaptive systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium and neo classical environmental economics seems not to be the best way to describe the behaviour of such systems standard econometric analysis i e time series takes a deterministic and predictive approach which encourages the search for predictive policy to correct environmental problems rather it seems that because of the characteristics of economic systems an ex post analysis is more appropriate which describes the emergence of such systems properties and which sees policy as a social steering mechanism with this background some of the recent empirical work published in the field of ecological economics that follows the approach defended here is presented finally the conclusion is reached that a predictive use of econometrics i e time series analysis in ecological economics should be limited to cases in which uncertainty decreases which is not the normal situation when analysing the evolution of economic systems however that does not mean we should not use empirical analysis on the contrary this is to be encouraged but from a structural and ex post point of view

considering the energy water and food nexus towards an integrated modelling approach the areas of energy water and food policy have numerous interwoven concerns ranging from ensuring access to services to environmental impacts to price volatility these issues manifest in very di

the instability of the adjusted and unadjusted environmental kuznets curves abstract we test the stability of the unadjusted and adjusted environmental kuznets curves ekcs our results provide evidence in favour of a theoretically funded adjusted ekc hypothesis in which the impact of per capita gdp on co 2 emissions is evaluated conditionally to the effects of the industry mix and of the energy supply infrastructure in this specification the shape of the gdp co 2 relationship appears quite sensitive to changes in the estimation period in the final part of the paper signs and dynamics of fixed effects of individual countries in different specifications are interpreted as measures of virtuous or vicious of environmental behaviour

luxury or lock in an exploration of unsustainable consumption in the uk 1968 to 2000 abstract sustainable consumption demands the ability to understand the patterns of resource consumption associated with changing lifestyles this paper explores changes in resource consumption patterns in the uk between 1968 and 2000 using an environmental input output model the paper tracks the fossil resource requirements attributable to 8 high level functional purposes and finds that overall fossil resource consumption increased 35 over the 32 year period the four functional purposes most closely related to the provision of basic material needs showed little change over the period the bulk of the increase in fossil resource requirements was attributable to two specific functional purposes 1 recreation and entertainment 2 commuting and business travel the authors discuss the relevance of these findings for the continuing debate over the question whether rising consumption is being driven by expanding social aspirations luxury or whether it is the result of structural lock in

stoking the fires co2 emissions and economic growth abstract we examine the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions a greenhouse gas central to global warming predictions estimates derived from global panel data suggest a diminishing marginal propensity to emit mpe carbon dioxide as gdp per capita rises despite this global carbon dioxide emissions growth will continue at 1 8 percent per annum for the foreseeable future a result that is not sensitive to average output growth instead emissions growth continues because output and population will grow most rapidly in lower income nations with high mpes this latter feature emphasizes the distributional consequences of policies to reduce emissions

an alternative analysis of apparent ekc type transitions abstract the hypothesis of the environmental kuznets curve ekc depends upon the assumption that countries pass through a similar environmental impact trajectory as they experience income growth implying that income levels determine pollution levels the authors present evidence that this is not representative of the way many individual country s pollution emission trajectories evolve and question the emphasis on income determinism by the ekc the study proposes that nonlinear dynamic systems analysis provides a more complete description of individual country pollution trajectories in the case of co 2 emissions the nonlinear time trajectories show abrupt transitions that occur contemporaneously with historical events and over a broad range of incomes

trade migration costs and asymmetric migration patterns increase in trade has an asymmetric impact on emigration by skill types for a developing country cost of migration is a dynamic function of the type of emigration and it determines a complementary relation between emigration of skilled workers and expansion of trade emigration of unskilled workers is a substitute however and these outcomes coexist with endogenously determined emigration rates that depend crucially on wage responses among the own skill types at the source additionally asymmetric emigration patterns increase wage inequality

developments in the throughput income relationship theoretical and empirical observations abstract it has been suggested that the relationship between income and the associated environmental pressure in terms of derived materials inputs and pollution levels may take an inverted u shape indicating a delinking of environmental pressure from economic growth in relation to rising per capita incomes the likelihood of such a relationship being persistent is discussed in the context of a simple macro model of industrial metabolism and the possibility of relinking clearly emerges data on specific indicators of environmental pressure i e the throughput of materials energy and the volume of transport in 19 countries have been used to investigate patterns of delinking the results suggest that delinking may not be persistent already some advanced economies may be entering a new period of relinking the relationships between environmental pressure and welfare in the medium long term may be n shaped rather than inverted u shaped

content protection urban unemployment and welfare a three sector general equilibrium model is developed to examine the resource allocation and welfare effects of domestic content protection an increase in domestic content requirements lowers the urban unemployment ratio the production of the domestic intermediate good the import of the foreign intermediate good and the national welfare

just in time purchasing single or multiple sourcing abstract we consider two just in time jit purchasing models one utilizing a few sources and the other using the more conventional single source we address the issue of splitting a large order quantity into multiple deliveries taking account of the increase in the aggregate ordering transportation and inspection costs for multiple sourcing we formulate and solve a mathematical programming problem to obtain the optimal selection of suppliers and the size of the split orders for single sourcing we provide a procedure that yields the optimal number of deliveries

austria s co2 responsibility and the carbon content of its international trade abstract seeking to limit global warming to 2 c puts narrow restrictions on the remaining carbon budget while the prevalent accounting framework for carbon emissions is production based production based principle pbp we here quantify the co2 emissions on the basis of the consumption based principle cbp for austria at a methodological level a multi regional input output model with full linkages is used to account for austria s co2 responsibility on a global scale estimates are carried out for the years 1997 and 2004 results show that during 1997 co2 responsibility based on cbp were 36 larger than those based on pbp this relation has increased through time the cbp indicator of 2004 was 44 larger than the pbp in terms of carbon emission location for each euro spent on austrian final demand in 2004 it is estimated that two thirds of the co2 emissions occur outside austrian borders regarding the origin of the emissions embodied in imports it is estimated that about one fourth originated in non annex i countries in 1997 this proportion increased to one third by 2004 due to this divergence between cbp and pbp indicators there is a need to re think current accounting bases in order to properly assign co2 responsibilities

integrated fuzzy multi criteria decision making method and multi objective programming approach for supplier selection and order allocation in a green supply chain abstract an organization s environmental performance is affected by its suppliers environmental performance and selecting green suppliers is a strategic decision in order to be more competitive in today s global market the supplier selection problem involves several quantitative and qualitative criteria in the supplier selection process if suppliers have limited capacity or other constraints it is necessary to determine the best supplier and order quantity of each supplier in this paper we present an integrated approach of fuzzy multi attribute utility theory and multi objective programming for rating and selecting the best green suppliers according to economic and environmental criteria and then allocating the optimum order quantities among them at first the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution is applied in order to analyze the importance of multiple criteria by incorporating experts opinion and to determine the best green suppliers next multi objective linear programming is used to consider and to formulate various constraints such as quality control capacity and other objectives the objective of the mathematical model is simultaneously to maximize the total value of purchasing and to minimize the total cost of purchasing to handle the subjectivity of decision makers preferences fuzzy logic has been applied the efficiency and application of the proposed approach has been illustrated with a case study in an automobile manufacturing company the obtained results help firms establish a systematic approach for tackling green supplier selection and order allocation problems in a realistic situation finally managerial implications conclusions and directions for additional research are introduced

an analysis of rural urban migration and protection in this paper a harris todaro migration model is developed with the urban manufacturing sector supplying a crucial input for the rural sector capital is region specific but flows freely between two urban sectors final goods are traded and have exogenously fixed prices if this economy imposes a tariff on the import competing manufacturing sector employment might go down even if the protected sector is labour intensive the paper describes how intersectoral linkages can play a significant role in determining the employment effects of a tariff summary in fre excerpt

economic growth and environmental degradation the environmental kuznets curve and sustainable development abstract in this paper we critically examine the concept of the environmental kuznets curve ekc it proposes that there is an inverted u shape relation between environmental degradation and income per capita so that eventually growth reduces the environmental impact of economic activity the concept is dependent on a model of the economy in which there is no feedback from the quality of the environment to production possibilities and in which trade has a neutral effect on environmental degradation the actual violation of these assumptions gives rise to fundamental problems in estimating the parameters of an ekc the paper identifies other econometric problems with estimates of the ekc and reviews a number of empirical studies the inference from some such ekc estimates that further development will reduce environmental degradation is dependent on the assumption that world per capita income is normally distributed when in fact median income is far below mean income we carry out simulations combining ekc estimates from the literature with world bank forecasts for economic growth for individual countries aggregating over countries to derive the global impact within the horizon of the bank s forecast 2025 global emissions of so 2 continue to increase forest loss stabilizes before the end of the period but tropical deforestation continues at a constant rate throughout the period

the determinants of atmospheric so2 concentrations reconsidering the environmental kuznets curve this analysis explores the effects of income and the spatial intensity of economic activity on the atmospheric concentration of sulfur dioxide the results indicate that there is a u shaped relation between income and atmospheric concentration of so2 and an inverted u shaped relation between the spatial intensity of economic activity and so2 concentrations these results suggest that the spatial intensity of economic activity rather than income provides the impetus for policies and technologies that reduce so2 emissions based on this result the atmospheric concentration of so2 in developing nations may decline faster than indicated by previous analyses the potential for this decline depends on the rate at which income grows relative to population the trade off between the effects of income gains and the spatial intensity of economic activity on the atmospheric concentration of so2 is consistent with the notion that some environmental problems can be ameliorated by slowing population growth and increasing income levels

modeling synergies in multi criteria supplier selection and order allocation an application to commodity trading abstract we propose a novel meta approach to support collaborative multi objective supplier selection and order allocation ssoa decisions by integrating multi criteria decision analysis and linear programming lp the proposed model accounts for suppliers performance synergy effects within a hierarchical decision structure it incorporates both heterogeneous objective data and subjective judgments of the decision makers dms representing various groups with different voting powers vps we maximize the total value of purchasing tvp by optimizing order quantity assignment to suppliers and taking into consideration their synergies encountered in different time horizons we apply the proposed model to a contractor selection and order quantity assignment problem in an agricultural commodity trading act company we maximize the strategic effectiveness of both the customers and the suppliers minimize risks increase the degree of cooperation between trading partners on all levels of supply chain integration enhance transparent knowledge sharing and aggregation and support collaborative decision making

multi objective models for lot sizing with supplier selection abstract in this paper two multi objective mixed integer non linear models are developed for multi period lot sizing problems involving multiple products and multiple suppliers each model is constructed on the basis of three objective functions cost quality and service level and a set of constraints the total costs consist of purchasing ordering holding and backordering and transportation costs ordering cost is seen as an ordering frequency dependent function whereas total quality and service level are seen as time dependent functions the first model represents this problem in situations where shortage is not allowed while in the second model all the demand during the stock out period is backordered considering the complexity of these models on the one hand and the ability of genetic algorithms to obtain a set of pareto optimal solutions we apply a genetic algorithm in an innovative approach to solve the models comparison results indicate that in a backordering situation buyers are better able to optimize their objectives compared to situations where there is no shortage if we take ordering frequency into account the total costs are reduced significantly

the interaction of population growth and environmental quality an important question for policy is whether holding constant per capita income and other relevant factors population pressures have a significant effect upon environmental degradation the authors examine the effect of population pressures upon deforestation in 64 developing countries in an attempt to provide relevant empirical findings data on deforestation were drawn from the food and agriculture organizations production yearbook results suggest that a relationship exists between per capita income and deforestation and that for africa rural population density shifts the relationship upward the increase in the rate of deforestation levels off as income increases the rate of growth in per capita income also has a significant negative impact upon deforestation although the magnitude of the effect is small the authors close in stressing that reducing the rate of population growth is not necessarily the best way to reduce the rate of deforestation deforestation in developing countries is really a problem of market failure since property rights are often neither defined nor enforced there is essentially no private cost of deforestation with no long term stake in the land people have no incentive to use land efficiently this situation must be addressed in conjunction with the problems of poverty and population growth

supplier selection order allocation a two stage multiple criteria dynamic programming approach this paper proposes a two stage multiple criteria dynamic programming approach for two of the most critical tasks in supply chain management namely supplier selection and order allocation in the first stage to address multiple decision criteria in supplier ranking the analytic hierarchy process ahp is employed in the second stage supplier ranks are fed into an order allocation model that aims at maximizing a utility function for the firm as well as minimizing the total supply chain costs subject to constraints on demand capacity and inventory levels a dynamic programming approach is crafted to solve the proposed bi objective model

ekc analysis for studying economic growth and environmental quality a case study in china compared with the extensive research on the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality in developed countries there is a paucity of an empirical research on studying the relation for developing countries based upon the environmental kuznets curve ekc theory this paper develops regression models for investigating the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality in china the ekc analysis based on six pollution indices is illustrated with a case study in jiaxing of zhejiang china

consumption sustainable welfare and human needs with reference to uk expenditure patterns between 1954 and 1994 abstract this paper explores the complex relationship between economic consumption and human welfare or well being conventional economics suggests that increasing levels of economic consumption lead to increasing levels of well being however this view has been criticised on both environmental and social grounds on the one hand the material impacts of increasing consumption are environmentally unsustainable on the other hand material consumption can conflict with crucial social and psychological components of human welfare this paper develops a perspective on human welfare which is based on max neef s characterisation of human needs it discusses the implications of this alternative perspective for the conventional viewpoint and illustrates the importance of it with reference to patterns of consumer expenditure in the uk over the last 40 years the authors suggest that from this perspective modern societies may be seriously adrift in their pursuit of human well being however they also point out that addressing this situation provides far more opportunity for ecologically sustainable development than is generally recognised

capital markets urban unemployment and land abstract this paper shows that the remarkable result by khan and naqvi that a reduction in the capital rental differential always improves welfare despite the presence of a rigid urban wage can be obtained only for the 2 2 harris todaro model in an extended harris todaro framework incorporating a third specific factor a decrease in a distortion may not necessarily be welfare improving

the nexus between carbon emissions energy consumption and economic growth in middle east countries a panel data analysis abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis assumes that there is an inverted u shaped relationship between environmental degradation and income per capita in other words as a country grows it is assumed that its environmental quality improves in this study we aim to test the ekc hypothesis for 12 middle east countries during the period 1990 2008 by employing recently developed panel data methods our results provide evidence contrary to the ekc hypothesis we found evidence favorable to the u shaped ekc for 5 middle east countries whereas an inverted u shaped curve was identified for only 3 middle east countries furthermore there appear to be no causal links between income and co 2 emissions for the other 4 countries regarding the direction of causality there appears to be a unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption in the short run in the long run however the unidirectional causality chain runs from energy consumption and economic growth to co 2 emissions we also suggest some crucial policy implications depending on these results

urban development excessive entry of firms and wage inequality in developing countries this paper examines the short and long term effects of urbanisation via favourable urban development policies on income distribution and social welfare for a developing country in which the urban manufacturing sector is characterised by imperfect competition and free entry urbanisation shifts rural workers to the highly productive urban sector while causing production in urban firms to expand because of scale economies however urbanisation may worsen wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labour in the short term in the long term urbanisation can attract new firms to the urban sector and favourable urban development policies may result in excessive entry of firms which can amplify wage inequality in the economy this entry amplifying effect is confirmed empirically especially for low and lower middle income countries if the entry effect is not considered the impact of urbanisation on wage inequality could be understated by 13 for low and lower middle income countries

carbon intensity and economic development 1962 1991 a brief exploration of the environmental kuznets curve the relationship between national carbon dioxide emissions intensity co2 emitted per unit of gross domestic product and level of economic development has changed from essentially linear in 1962 to strongly curvilinear in 1991 the inverted u curve reached statistical significance briefly in the early 1970s and increasingly since 1982 this is the result not of groups of countries passing through stages of development but of efficiency improvements in a small number of wealthy countries combined with worse performance in poor and middle income countries the curvilinear relation is deepening and is likely to persist due to constraints on poorer countries in the world economy

the total cost of logistics in supplier selection under conditions of multiple sourcing multiple criteria and capacity constraint abstract little attention is given in the literature to decisions on the appropriate selection of suppliers and on assigning order quantities to these suppliers in the case of multiple sourcing with multiple criteria and with suppliers capacity constraints only a few mathematical programming models to analyse such decisions have been published to date and these have tended to consider only net price as the cost of purchasing although the costs of transportation ordering and storage may be significantly important to the decision in this paper a mixed integer non linear programming model is presented to solve the multiple sourcing problem which takes into account the total cost of logistics including net price storage transportation and ordering costs buyer limitations on budget quality service etc can also be considered in the model an algorithm is proposed to solve the model and the model is illustrated using a numerical example

mill s scissors structural change and the natural resource inputs to labour the environmental structural change strategy claims that by shifting our expenditures to economic sectors with lower environmental intensity absolute resource consumption and environmental impact can be lowered environmental input output methodologies for computing these intensities attribute no resource consumption to labour or households because these are not classified as sectors the suggestion that service sectors entail less environmental impact however loses force if a unit of labour contains embodied energy and attributing these inputs to labour drastically reduces intensity variation between sectors relative growth of service sectors has furthermore not been accompanied by decreased resource consumption thus models whose intensity computations cover not only inter firm payments but also labour earnings and household expenditures may have superior predictive power if moreover natural resource and labour inputs to product are incommensurable intensity ratios themselves have perhaps only monetary rather than real significance

vendor selection with price breaks abstract we study the problem of vendor selection where a buyer must choose order quantities to place with vendors in a multiple sourcing network the selection process is influenced by the price delivery and quality objectives of the buyer as well as by the production or rationing constraints of the vendors vendors are assumed to offer price breaks which depend on the sizes of the order quantities each proce break schedule is characterized by two attributes it represents either quantity discounts or surcharges and is either cumulative all units or noncumulative incremental we present linear and mixed binary integer programming models that provide unifying frameworks for models of vendor performance measures from the purchasing literature and models of price breaks from the operations research literature we argue that our models offer viable approaches to vendor selection with price breaks because of the availability of commercial software packages for personal computers that provide flexible and efficient computational tools for solving the models this implies that vendor selection with price breaks can be performed at the fingertips of purchasing managers

economic growth trade and energy implications for the environmental kuznets curve abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis asserts that pollution follows an inverted u path with respect to economic growth the ekc has been explained in terms of structural changes in the composition of economic output and increased environmental regulation at higher income levels while some authors have incorporated the impact of trade policy orientation on the ekc the impact of the actual movement between countries of goods that embody pollution has not been considered this paper attempts to econometrically quantify the effect using pooled cross country and time series data the ekc hypothesis is examined with respect to commercial energy consumption the source of many serious environmental problems it was found that while both industrializing and industrialized countries have added to their energy requirements by exporting manufactured goods the growth has been substantially higher in the former at the same time industrialized countries have been able to reduce their energy requirements by importing manufactured goods exports of manufactured goods by industrialized countries has thus been an important factor in generating the upward sloping portion of the ekc and imports by industrialized countries have contributed to the downward slope

trade and the environment a partial synthesis there is an emerging consensus in the environmentalist community opposing free trade while some economists view this as simply another outlet for protectionism recent work has begun to move beyond the rhetoric to probe more deeply into the theoretical and empirical relationships between international trade and environmental quality the purpose of the present paper is twofold we first integrate some of the existing literature by using the simple concepts of general equilibrium pollution supply and demand our survey of the trade and environment literature is more

linking material and energy flow analyses and social theory the paper explores the potential of habermas theory of communicative action to alter the social reflexivity of material and energy flow analysis with his social macro theory habermas has provided an alternative critical justification for social theory that can be distinguished from economic libertarianism and from political liberalism implicitly most flow approaches draw from these theoretical traditions rather than from discourse theory there are several types of material and energy flow analyses while these concepts basically share a system theoretical view they lack a specific interdisciplinary perspective that ties the fundamental insight of flows to disciplinary scientific development instead of simply expanding micro models to the social macro dimension social theory suggests infusing the very notion of flows to the progress of disciplines with regard to the functional integration of society material and energy flow analyses can rely on the paradigm of ecological economics and at the same time progress the debate between strong and weak sustainability within the paradigm however placing economics at the centre of their functional analyses may still ignore the broader social integration of society depending on their pre analytic outline of research and the methods used

modeling the bio refinery industry in rural areas a participatory approach for policy options comparison the development of bio refineries has become a relevant topic in the eu s agenda however the promotion of a new industry in rural areas is typically hindered by the scarcity of human capital lack of information infrastructures and competing interests in this context public support is unavoidable to assist promotion of this innovative sector the various policy options reveal some strengths and drawbacks posing the problem of finding the best trade off to public decision makers in this paper we aim at developing a methodology to support policy decision making within the biorefinery framework with the purpose of determining a way to identify the most suitable policy option given the actual uncertainty in developing the bio refinery industry in rural areas the empirical experiment based on a simulation of the enforcement of four identified policy instruments highlights that although subsidies and incentives to profitability of dedicated crops appear to have the greatest effects on the development of bio refinery the best performances are exhibited by technological innovation and information options

a new environmental kuznets curve relationship between direct material input and income per capita evidence from industrialised countries abstract many studies have focused on the quantification of the input of materials into the economy however the insights provided by those studies have generally been limited this paper attempts to bring analytical value to the discussion on dematerialization considering direct material input dmi per capita as the dependent variable in a test of the environmental kuznets curve ekc the explanatory variable is as usual gross domestic product per capita the quadratic and cubic versions of the ekc are tested econometrically using panel data ranging from 1960 to 1998 for 16 industrialised countries the results indicate a strong and robust support for both the quadratic and cubic ekc relationships between material input and income in industrialised economies while the statistical support to both types of evolution may seem contradictory it suggests that as industrialised economies grow the intensity of material consumption first increases but eventually starts exhibiting a decreasing trend after a certain income threshold is reached the inverted u or quadratic relationship is confirmed even though for the ranges of income considered in this study the trend is mostly on the increasing part of the inverted u curve however the statistical support to the cubic specification suggests that these results need to be regarded with caution overall the statistically stronger models are the quadratic and cubic models with country random effects and the cubic model with country and year fixed effects

towards an integrated framework for development and environment policy the dynamics of environmental kuznets curves abstract environmental kuznets curves ekcs have recently received considerable attention in development and environment policy but little is known on how the interaction between ecological and economic factors may result in an ekc or other qualitatively different outcomes we introduce a restricted class of vector valued differential equations for representing the evolution of socioeconomic and environmental variables which influence or are influenced by the process of economic development our model includes not only the complete path of each variable over time but also the highly critical interactions among multiple variables we demonstrate analytically and numerically that among a multiplicity of possible outcomes an inverted u pattern can only be obtained under specific circumstances and requires attention to the multiple factors which form the economic environmental system rather than a single dominant one

can environmental quality spread through institutions spatial relationships are known phenomena in ecological studies that refer to the relationships between certain variables observed in different localities different mechanisms have been suggested to explain this phenomenon such as the pollution displacement hypothesis foreign direct investment international trade and strategic response of countries to transboundary pollution flows this paper develops a new mechanism in the sense that environmental quality of countries spreads spatially to their neighbors through the spillover of the institutional quality of countries to test this hypothesis a panel data model is constructed that estimates the impact of the institutional quality of countries and their neighbors on their co2 emission intensity of energy use using data for 129 countries over the period 1980 2007 the findings prove the existence of this mechanism at the global and regional levels

internal migration and the environmental kuznets curve for us hazardous waste sites abstract in the recent special issue of ecological economics devoted to the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis rothman speculates that what appear to be improvements in environmental quality may in reality be indicators of increased ability of consumers in wealthy nations to distance themselves from the environmental degradation associated with their consumption rothman d 1998 environmental kuznets curves real progress or passing the buck a case for consumption based approaches ecol econ 25 178 consistent with rothman s general hypothesis of distancing as a possible source of ekc results this empirical study advances and tests a line of argument in which internal migration plays a central explanatory role for an observed ekc for us hazardous waste sites two specific hypotheses tested are i proximity to hazardous waste site build up emerges as a factor in the migration decisions of individuals as per capita income increases beyond a threshold level and ii the level of income at which the ekc turns downwards is equal to the threshold level of income in i results provide evidence that migration is a contributing factor to the observed ekc

a bibliometric account of the evolution of ee in the last two decades is ecological economics becoming a post normal science abstract in ecological economics the debate on formalism and formalization has been addressed in the context of a lively discussion on ecological economics as a post normal versus normal science using ecological economics ee as a seed journal and applying bibliometric techniques to all 2533 the articles published in ee from january 1989 to december 2009 we analyze the evolution of the field of ecological economics aiming to shed light on this debate we observe the predominance and increased relevance of certain research topics methodological issues policies governance and institutions and valuation moreover collective action technical change and the environment and values stand as emergent themes of research finally we note that ecological economics experienced an empirical turn reflected in a shift away from exclusively formalized papers towards exclusively empirical and to a larger extent formal and empirical ones the combination of the prominent and emergent topics and the empirical turn mirrors the increasing awareness among researchers in the field of the need to address a key specificity of ecological economics the interdependence of the economic biophysical and social spheres on this basis we argue that at least through the lens of ee ecological economics has evolved towards a post normal science

newsvendor with multiple options of expediting we consider a manufacturer facing single period inventory planning problem with uncertain demand and multiple options of expediting the demand comes at a certain time in the future the manufacturer may order the product in advance with a relatively low cost she can order additional amount by expediting after the demand is realized there are a number of expediting options each of which corresponds to a certain delivery lead time and a unit procurement price the unit procurement price is decreasing over delivery lead time the selling price is also decreasing over time in this paper we assume that the manufacturer must deliver all products to the customer in a single shipment the problem can be formulated as a profit maximization problem we develop structural properties and show how the optimal solution can be identified efficiently in addition we compare our model with the classical newsvendor model and obtain a number of managerial insights

weak comparability of values as a foundation for ecological economics the main argument of this paper is that weak comparability of values should be seen as one characteristic feature of ecological economics the formal properties of the concepts of strong comparability implying strong or weak commensurability and weak comparability implying incommensurability will be clarified multicriteria evaluation offers the methodological and mathematical tools to operationalize the concept of incommensurability at both macro and micro levels of analysis the concept of incommensurability of values already has a long tradition in economics moreover we will show that analytic philosophy theories of complexity post normal science and the recent theories of rationality lead with different trajectories to a non algorithmic approach which in our view could be implemented by some forms of multicriteria evaluation 1998 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

tariffs foreign capital and immiserizing growth with urban unemployment and specific factors of production abstract in this note we show that a recent observation of brecher alejandro as regards tariff induced capital inflows essentially extends to a setting with urban unemployment three factors of production and a variety of labor market conditions in the urban sector

air quality and economic growth an empirical study abstract in the present empirical study we have observed an inverse and sometimes u shaped relationship between environmental degradation and per capita real income as opposed to the inverted u shaped environmental kuznets curve ekc found in many earlier studies it was felt that a possible explanation of the observed pattern of relationship might be sought in the dynamics of the process of economic growth experienced by the countries concerned thus e g economic development may strengthen the market mechanism as a result of which the economy may gradually shift from non market to marketed energy resources that are less polluting this phenomenon may show up in the form of an inverse relationship as mentioned above also due to the global technical progress the production techniques available to the countries all over the world are becoming more and more capital intensive and at the same time less polluting this may mean that given the income level the pollution level decreases as the capital intensity of an economy rises in the present study it is indeed observed that as capital intensity increases the level of suspended particulate matter spm in the atmosphere decreases per capita real income is also found to be inversely related to spm partially but the interaction effect of per capita income and capital intensity on spm is observed to be positive this suggests that given the level of per capita income capital intensity a more capital intensive production technique a higher per capita income level would cause less pollution for spm a surprising result is also obtained i e a u turn is observed at a very high level of per capita real income i e us 12 500 at 1985 us prices this is possibly indicative of the fact that there are technological limits to industrial pollution control such that beyond a threshold level of income further rise in income cannot be achieved without environmental degradation

wavering between radical and realistic sustainable consumption policies in search for the best feasible trajectories abstract in this article radical change in the context of sustainable development is seen as a long term process in which steady progress in the right direction is regarded as more essential than quick success the author argues that pressing for swift radical changes bears a serious risk of becoming counter productive because pressing for rapid change is often wasteful and may prevent the best possible ways of exploitation of innovations rapid change over a wide front of applications and sectors is usually impossible pressing for rapid changes usually encounters strong opposition from interest groups thereby risking to get bogged down in acceptability discourses transition management such as for a transition towards sustainable consumption seems often to presuppose the need for radical changes even though the embedding function of transition management is a helpful concept and tool for sustainable consumption strategies the lack or the negligence of the role of objective functions is a disturbing feature of transition management theories all in all the need for radical change should emerge as the transition process unfolds there is no good scientific reason for a priori claims for radical changes as a kind of new dogma

municipal waste kuznets curves evidence on socio economic drivers and policy effectiveness from the eu waste generation and waste disposal are becoming increasingly prominent in the environmental arena from a policy perspective and in the context of delinking analysis in general waste generation is still increasing proportionally with income and economic and environmental costs associated to landfilling are also increasing this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of waste generation incineration and landfill dynamics based on panel data for the eu25 to assess the effects of different drivers economic structural policy and the eventual differences between western and eastern eu countries we show that for waste generation there is still no waste kuznets curve wkc trend although elasticity to income drivers appears lower than in the past landfill and other policy effects do not seem to provide backward incentives for waste prevention and in terms of landfill and incineration as expected they are respectively decreasing and increasing with policy acting as a strong driver eastern countries appear to be performing generally quite well thus benefiting from eu membership and related policies in terms of environmental performance we can conclude that although absolute delinking is far from being achieved for waste generation there are some first positive signs of an increasing relative delinking for waste generation and robust landfill diversion and varying evidence of a significant role of the eu waste policies implemented in the late 1990s and early 2000s our evidence suggests that if while landfill diversion is currently associated to a delinking partly explained by eu policies waste prevention must be the next objective of waste regulation efforts

skilled unskilled wage inequality and urban unemployment i introduction an extensive body of literature has looked at possible effects of trade liberalization on the labor market in the north the effects on the labor market in the south have not drawn as much attention conventional wisdom associated with the stolper samuelson theorem predicts a gradual reduction of skilled unskilled wage inequality in the south however recent studies on latin american countries exhibit conflicting patterns wood 1997 summarizes the empirical findings citing a series of articles by robbins 1995a 1995b 1996a 1996b that convincingly demonstrate that latin america has experienced an increasing wage gap between the skilled and the unskilled following a more open trade and investment regime while globalization induced changes in production patterns and the consequent increase in the demand for skilled labor relative to unskilled labor has often been cited as the root cause of wage inequality there has been no general agreement over the possible source of such increased demand for skilled labor the debate among economists on this has followed two broad paths one relying on technological changes and the other on trade and investment while technological change may have played a key role in the widening wage gap in the industrialized countries there is strong evidence robbins 1994a 1994b 1995a 1995b 1996a 1996b robbins and zveglich 1995 wood 1997 indicating the dominant influence of trade and investment on wage inequality in the developing economies the implications of a more open trade and investment regime need to be analyzed in terms of frameworks that explicitly take into account the structural features of labor markets in the south one of the key structural differences between the north and the south is that the south experiences a pronounced rural urban migration in the presence of urban unemployment basu 1997 ray 1998 the goal of our paper was to capture this feature within the structure of a simple general equilibrium model in an effort to understand the effect of fragmentation on the skilled unskilled wage differential and employment in the south the rest of the paper is organized as follows the next section places this paper in the context of the relevant literature section iii describes the general equilibrium model with the possibility of fragmentation and unemployment section iv compares and contrasts the impact of trade and endowment on the skilled unskilled wage gap and employment with and without fragmentation section v concludes ii context the motivation of this paper stems from our view that the southern experience does not necessarily contradict conventional wisdom as has been claimed in wood 1997 but points to the need for parsimonious yet meaningful modifications of the structure of general equilibrium models from which the wisdom is derived to properly reflect the salient structural features of the south on the one hand production fragmentation has become an important facet of globalization in modern times 1 sharp declines in transportation and communication costs have encouraged this process of slicing the value chain that is evident in international trade data this has been sustained by various regional integration agreements that have reduced the barriers to international trade and investment as well as important technical innovations in telecommunications and information technology that have facilitated the coordination of international production networks this advanced stage in the international division of the chain of production has brought a fundamental change in the nature of international trade as goods increasingly cross multiple national borders while they are in process several authors such as jones kierzkowski and lurong 2005 wan 2005 long 2005 jones and kierzkowski 1998 jones and marjit 2001 arndt 1998 feenstra 1998 harris 1998 hummels rapoport and yi 1998 feenstra and hanson 1996b and dixit and grossman 1982 have analyzed the role of fragmentation in world trade

on the harris todaro model with intersectoral capital mobility n b professor neary was based at trinity college dublin when this article was first published the full text of the article is not available in ora at this time citation neary j p 1981 on the harris todaro model with intersectoral capital mobility economica 48 191 219 234

do tariffs protect specific factors it is shown that a tariff can lower payment to a productive factor used only in specific to the protected industry in a simple production model this may occur anytime the protected sector shares more than one common factor with the rest of the economy as seems most likely intuition based on the well known specific factors model where sectors share a single common factor should be modified whether specific factors effectively receive protection from tariffs becomes an empirical issue

an empirical study of income growth and manufacturing industry pollution in new england 1980 1990 abstract this paper is an empirical examination of how a community s income growth is affected by polluting manufacturing activity the hypothesis i test is that this activity has two conflicting effects first industrial investment encourages economic growth through the creation of employment and other positive economic spillover effects and second the associated pollution causes out migration of residents i hypothesize that a community that is initially relatively wealthy will experience relatively more out migration of its higher income residents who are assumed to have a lower tolerance for pollution thus such communities will grow less in response to such investment compared to its poorer neighbors therefore in my econometric model the marginal effect of pollution on income growth is allowed to vary with initial incomes i use a unique data set that incorporates toxics release inventory tri and census tract level data for new england for the years 1980 and 1990 the estimated effect of pollution on growth is negative on average and is more negative in initial incomes in an effort to measure the out migration effects of pollution i use a separate measure of toxic pollution i find that holding constant total pollution toxic pollution has a more negative effect on growth for wealthier communities these results are consistent with the above hypotheses

on impatience economic growth and the environmental kuznets curve a dynamic analysis of resource management the paper presents a dynamic analysis of natural resource management and investigates some key factors that affect optimal management and resource conservation using a recursive specification of time preferences we show how endogenous discounting and impatience can affect the motivation for both capital investments and environmental preservation we examine the relationships between economic growth and environmental quality endogenous discounting provides new insights in the economic dynamics underlying the environmental kuznets curve by treating growth as endogenous we examine how externalities and economic growth interact with each other we investigate how economic development can contribute to an increased demand for environmental preservation as an important new result we also show how poverty can contribute to environmental degradation

a consumption based approach to environmental kuznets curves using the ecological footprint indicator recent research suggests that consumption based measures offer an insightful perspective on the debate on the relationship between economic growth and the environment in this article we deepen the

us environmental load displacement examining consumption regulations and the role of nafta abstract in light of concerns that structural changes to us production may not be accompanied by similar changes to us consumption this paper provides a detailed examination of us environmental load displacement over the period 1974 2001 the forces that drive such displacement are also examined with particular attention paid to the scale and composition of us consumption the share of imports in consumption the role of environmental regulations and the potential impact of nafta it is found that the usa as a whole has experienced environmental load displacement over the period under consideration with the extent of this displacement seeming to increase over the last decade it would appear to be the increasing scale of us trade that is increasing environmental load displacement indeed the composition of us imports and exports have become significantly cleaner over the period considered however although imports from mexico have grown more rapidly than exports to mexico no evidence is found to suggest that nafta is increasing displacement to mexico with regard to us domestic consumption patterns although they have become cleaner a greater share than ever is now met via imports sectoral pollution abatement costs are found to be a determinant of this increasing share of imports in domestic consumption

a weighted max min model for fuzzy multi objective supplier selection in a supply chain abstract supplier selection is one of the most important activities of purchasing departments this importance is increased even more by new strategies in a supply chain supplier selection is a multi criteria decision making problem in which criteria have different relative importance in practice for supplier selection problems many input information are not known precisely the fuzzy set theories can be employed due to the presence of vagueness and imprecision of information a weighted max min fuzzy model is developed to handle effectively the vagueness of input data and different weights of criteria in this problem due to this model the achievement level of objective functions matches the relative importance of the objective functions in this paper an analytic hierarchy process ahp is used to determine the weights of criteria the proposed model can help the decision maker dm to find out the appropriate order to each supplier and allows the purchasing manager s to manage supply chain performance on cost quality and service the model is explained by an illustrative example