fishing effort its testing specification and internal structure in fisheries economics and management abstract the concept of fishing effort is central to fisheries economics and management however effort is an aggregate index of inputs which can be consistently formed only under the condition on production technology of homothetic separability of inputs this paper develops the conditions under which effort can be consistently formed it then provides the first empirical test for effort and jointness in inputs in a fishery by estimating a multiproduct function for the new england otter trawl fleet after not rejecting input output separability and rejecting nonjointness in inputs the construction of a superlative index for effort is demonstrated through estimating a translog production function the implications of effort s internal structure for fisheries management are then considered

state dependence and heterogeneity in fishing location choice to explore the distinction between state dependence and heterogeneity in repeated decisions this paper combines a mixed logit model with a state dependence parameterization from the marketing literature to study fishing location choices of commercial sea urchin divers in california it examines implications of ignoring either effect and finds in all cases that true state dependence is an important determinant of location choice consequently spatial policies like marine reserves can lead to differences in the short and long run behavioral responses of the fishing fleet under some specifications random preference parameters are statistically significant when state dependence is excluded from the model but when it is included random preference parameters are not significant in other specifications including state dependence only dampens the variability in preference parameters these results highlight the importance of gathering and analyzing diary type data for commercial fisheries as well as for similar choice problems in recreation demand

multi region input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the feedback effects energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output framework despite the increasing interest in using the multi regional input output mrio model by researchers few studies have looked into the mechanism of feedback effects we introduce a method called the stepwise distribution of emissions embodied in trade swd eet to reveal how the emissions embodied in trade are absorbed by a country s final demands through a series of allocation steps a country s indirect absorption patterns and its indirect trade balance of emissions from bilateral trade with other countries are also studied based on the proposed method an empirical study using the data of asian economies shows significant differences in the consumption based emission estimates for some economies due to feedback effects through international trade the differences can be largely captured by the first step or the first two steps of the adjustment procedure in the swd eet analysis other findings and some recommendations are also presented

renewable resource economists and policy what differences have we made abstract this paper surveys developments in fisheries economics and fisheries policy over the past half century early work clarified the nature of the economic issues associated with open access laying the groundwork for changes in policies after coastal nations expanded their jurisdictions in 1976 perhaps the most important point made by economists is that property rights matter and that open access conditions create economic as well as biological problems the policy process has begun to create property rights systems although many of the world s fisheries still operate under mixed systems of regulations and open access incentives

uncertainty in the theory of renewable resource markets the natural growth rate of most renewable resource stocks is in part stochastic this paper examines the implications of such ecological uncertainty for competitive equilibrium in a market with property rights we show that stochastic fluctuations add a risk premium to the rate of return required to keep a unit of stock in situ and we examine the effects of fluctuations on resource rent examples are used to show that extraction can increase decrease or be left unchanged as the variance of the fluctuations increases depending on the extent of market self correction regulatory implications are also discussed renewable resource economics has traditionally been concerned with the study of dynamically optimal harvesting policies given a deterministic function for the natural growth of the resource stock issues have included the existence and characteristics of steady state equilibria for the optimally managed resource the need for and design of regulatory policies to prevent over exploitation and conditions under which as a social optimum or otherwise the resource will be exploited to extinction 1 much of this work has been based on the assumption of a fixed and exogenous price for the harvested resource typically resulting in bang bang solutions for the harvesting policy however some recent papers make price endogenous and thereby describe how the extraction rate and the rate of return and asset value of the resource behave in a competitive market with property rights 2

stochastic production and heterogeneous risk preferences commercial fishers gear choices we present a model of fishers gear choice which allows for heterogeneity both in production technology and risk preferences and apply it on a panel of swedish trawlers stochastic revenue functions are estimated and used to predict the mean and standard deviation of revenue for each trip in a random parameters logit model we test if these predicted values explain gear choice a majority of fishers respond positively to increased mean and negatively to increased variability of expected landing values indicating risk aversion but also show a strong tendency to choose the same gear used on the previous trip

on conservation of renewable resources with stock dependent return and nonconcave production textabstractthis paper analyzes conservation and extinction of renewable resources when the production function is nonconcave and the return function depends on consumption and the resource stock the paper focuses on the efficiency of global conservation a safe standard of conservation and extinction which outcome obtains depends on the marginal rate of substitution between investment and the stock in addition to the discount factor and the marginal productivity of the resource conservation may be efficient even if the discounted intrinsic growth rate of the resource is less than 1 journal of economic literature classification numbers d90 q20

stochastic dynamic models with stock dependent rewards abstract we examine the behavior of optimal consumption and investment policies in aggregate stochastic growth models when utility depends on both consumption and the stock level such models arise in the study of renewable resources monetary growth and growth with public capital conditions are given which guarantee that optimal policies are monotonic the limiting behavior of the optimal consumption investment and output processes is characterized

uncertainty and markets for renewable resources abstract the market allocation of renewable resources is examined when growth rates are affected by random disturbances given free access to a renewable resource environmental disturbances are shown to affect the biological survival of the resource the optimal solution is then examined and it is shown to be achieved by a competitive allocation when property rights are clearly defined given rational expectations or a complete set of contingent futures markets the stochastic dynamics are shown in each case to differ considerably from the deterministic model

a cross national investigation of industrial salespeople s ethical perceptions this study examines ethical perceptions of industrial salespeople in the united states japan and south korea marketing ethics in general and selling ethics in particular have experienced increasing research attention many of the empirical studies have focused on ethical situations confronting marketing and sales practitioners despite the abundance of research in the general topic of marketing ethics as well as the globalization of competition in recent years a topic that has been virtually ignored is whether ethical perceptions of sales personnel are consistent across countries this paper reports a cross national comparison of business ethics of industrial salespeople across the three countries the findings indicate that nationality influences salespeople s beliefs about the ethics of selling practices and the need for company policies to guide those practices

a critical evaluation of etzioni s socioeconomic theory implications for the field of business ethics given the pervasive influence of neoclassical economic theory on the field of business the opposition of the standard economists to the inclusion of moral factors in economic decisions provides an intellectual resistance to the ideas of many business ethicists etzioni 1988 offers a theoretical alternative to the neoclassical model an alternative that includes a moral dimension this article 1 highlights the differences between etzioni s proposed model and the neoclassical economic paradigm 2 describes and critically evaluates etzioni s proposed theory in view of his objective of synthesizing the neoclassical paradigm with a duty based morality and 3 discusses the implications of etzioni s proposed paradigm for the field of business ethics

the role of consumption patterns demand and technological factors on the recent evolution of co2 emissions in a group of advanced economies changes in production structures and modifications of patterns of consumption are key factors in the fight against environmental harm initiatives such as agenda 21 promoted by the un highlight the need to evaluate the relationships among factors of production and consumption innovation and demographics and the environment in the attainment of sustainable development in this context our work studies in depth those factors underlying the economic activity of households in a representative group of european union countries and the us within the framework of an input output model a structural decomposition analysis is considered in order to identify the weight that growth in demand changes in patterns of consumption changes in the distribution of income the substitution of inputs and changes in energy intensity have all had on the evolution of co2 emissions the work specifically seeks to identify common patterns and differential behaviors among productive sectors in the european social environment the results show that growth in demand and therefore in production largely absorbs the limited effect of technological and efficiency improvements and the incipient changes observed in consumption patterns

a structural decomposition analysis of the emissions embodied in trade abstract the aim of this study is to quantify the driving forces behind the growth of carbon dioxide emissions embodied in trade eet the world input output database is used to estimate eet in 40 countries during 1995 2007 after which a structural decomposition analysis is applied to avoid biases in the results we have used the input output tables in previous year s prices and chained the outcomes in many developed countries the growth of emissions embodied in imports is much higher than the growth of emissions embodied in exports a key reason for this finding is the change in the structure of trade both in intermediate and in final products emerging economies like the bric countries have increased their share in production and trade at the expense of developed countries producers and consumers in developed countries have shifted towards importing a larger share of products from emerging countries this is the distinguishing feature that led to an increase of emissions embodied in imports for developed countries and an increase of emissions embodied in exports for emerging countries these results suggest policy makers to monitor eet more carefully and take the effects of trade on emissions into consideration

dynamic programming models of fishing competition it is natural to consider the stock of any renewable resource as a capital stock and treat the exploitation of that resource in much the same way as one would treat accumulation of a capital stock this has been done to some extent by cohn clark and gordon monro and by ngo van long whose papers contain a discussion of this point of view however the analysis is much simpler than it appears in the literature especially since the interaction between markets and the natural biological dynamics has not been made clear three issues which have been raised only tangentially are important for the understanding of the economics of renewable resources the first arises from the fact that the fish population might not be able to sustain the market determined amount of fish and hence should be allocated optimally over time second there is the cost externality here costs are affected by the size of the stock of fish which again affects the optimal allocation over time the third issue is how central planning typically used in capital theory can be employed as a tool in analyzing a decentralized economy with perfect futures markets and property rights in this paper a simple framework using only elementary mathematical techniques will be provided in which many important results new to the literature as well as many familiar results can be derived one bonus of this approach is that much of the previous literature can be organized and rationalized the simplicity of the mathematics has the effect of revealing the underlying economic intuition of the subject throughout the paper as a matter of convenience the selfrenewing resource will be referred to as fish however it should be clear that the analysis is perfectly general in that it can be applied to any self renewing resource in fact by specializing the production function an elementary exposition of the theory of exhaustible resources is implicit there are two main sections to this work plus an appendix the first section analyzes the time path of prices output and resource stock under the assumption of free entry competition and the second section studies optimal planning or perfect competition in the first part of the discussion of each market structure extraction costs are assumed to be independent of the size of the fish stock in the second part of each section this assumption is relaxed finally the appendix contains several of the results used in the body of the paper the case of free entry competition can be treated in a very simple manner each period s output is determined by the intersection of the demand and marginal harvesting cost curves i e supply equals demand subtracting this output from the natural dynamics yields the dynamics of free entry competition using this technique it is easy to see the conditions under which free entry competition leads to the exhaustion of the stock of fish furthermore the free entry case serves as a benchmark by which to evaluate the effects of the institution of property rights on the exploitation of the resource the case of a centrally planned economy is studied next this case is shown to be identical to a competitive outcome in which property rights are clearly defined and prices and outputs are endogenously determined so as to be consistent with demand conditions one result coincidentally is that it is possible that the optimal solution might be obtained without property rights the tech the hebrew university university of virginia university of illinois and northwestern university respectively research support from the national science foundation under grants soc 77 27340 and soc 7905900 and the us israel bsf under grant 1828 79 is gratefully acknowledged

governing a groundwater commons a strategic and laboratory analysis of western water law we examine strategic behavior in groundwater depletion within the setting of state governance of groundwater resources in the american west solving a dynamic common pool resource model for its optimal solution and its subgame perfect equilibrium provides benchmarks for behavior observed in laboratory experiments three forms of legal rules common pool depletion with a rule of capture to establish ownership absolute ownership doctrine entry restrictions prior appropriation doctrine and stock quotas correlative rights doctrinekre examined in terms of their impact on individual strategic behavior in laboratory experiments

the effects of market structure on industry growth rivalrous non excludable capital abstract we analyze imperfect competition in dynamic environments where firms use rivalrous but non excludable industry specific capital that is provided exogenously capital depreciation depends on utilization so firms influence the evolution of the capital equipment through more or less intensive supply in the final goods market strategic incentives stem from i a dynamic externality arising due to the non excludability of the capital stock leading firms to compete for its use rivalry and ii a market externality leading to the classic cournot type supply competition comparing alternative market structures we isolate the effect of these externalities on strategies and industry growth

a review of recent multi region input output models used for consumption based emission and resource accounting abstract the interest in consumption based emission and resource accounting has grown significantly many studies juxtapose consumer emissions carbon footprint and producer territorial emissions of greenhouse gases in order to demonstrate the effects of trade on the national emission budget to this end a respectable number of studies have been undertaken worldwide in order to estimate emissions embedded in international trade of numerous countries and world regions input output approaches and increasingly multi region input output mrio models are commonly chosen as they provide an appropriate methodological framework for complete carbon footprint estimates at the national and supra national level with increasing processing capabilities of computers and a wider availability of economic accounts environmental accounts and trade data such models are now being implemented on a wide scale after a brief overview of salient single region input output studies i provide an in depth review of the most recent multi region input output models used for the purpose of consumption based environmental accounting the main methodological features and important results are described for around twenty studies covering the years 2007 to 2009 this is followed by a detailed review of studies dealing with uncertainty in mrio analysis an area which has not received a lot of attention so far i conclude that further research is mainly needed in two areas a improvements in data availability and quality and b improvements in the accuracy of mrio modelling

an evaluation of vendor selection models from a total cost of ownership perspective abstract many different vendor selection models have been published in the purchasing literature however there has been no systematic approach to compare the relative efficiency of the systems in this paper we propose to use the concept of total cost of ownership as a basis for comparing vendor selection models we illustrate the comparison with a real life data set of the purchasing problem of ball bearings at cockerill sambre a belgian multinational company in the steel industry from a total cost of ownership perspective mathematical programming models outperform rating models and multiple item models generate better results than single item models for this specific case study

a structural equations approach to modeling consumptive recreation demand abstract in this analysis we develop a two equation structural model of a count travel cost model of recreational angling demand and angling success by modeling the two equations jointly we avoid the difficulties associated with the usual approach which estimates the demand for recreational fishing sites assuming the existence of an exogenous measure of fishing quality our analysis explicitly develops the joint log likelihood function that combines the two processes we estimate our model using full information maximum likelihood methods

sustainable competitive advantage combining institutional and resource based views this article suggests that the context and process of resource selection have an important influence on firm heterogeneity and sustainable competitive advantage it is argued that a firm s sustainable advantage depends on its ability to manage the institutional context of its resource decisions a firm s institutional context includes its internal culture as well as broader influences from the state society and interfirm relations that define socially acceptable economic behavior a process model of firm heterogeneity is proposed that combines the insights of a resource based view with the institutional perspective from organization theory normative rationality institutional isolating mechanisms and institutional sources of firm homogeneity are proposed as determinants of rent potential that complement and extend resource based explanations of firm variation and sustainable competitive advantage the article suggests that both resource capital and institutional capital are indispensable to sustainable competitive advantage 1997 john wiley sons ltd

measurement error in recreation demand models the joint estimation of participation site choice and site characteristics abstract in the demand for recreational fishing sites an important explanatory variable differentiating sites is the unobserved expected catch rate since the observed catch rate is subject to sampling variability using the average of a site s observed catch rates causes the parameter estimator on catch to be biased downward we develop and demonstrate a solution to this errors in variables problem when there are repeated measurements on the catch rate consistent and efficient estimates of both the demand parameters and the expected catch rates are obtained by simultaneously estimating them by maximum likelihood an empirical example demonstrates the importance of simultaneous estimation

location choice in new england trawl fisheries old habits die hard in his seminal work on common property resources h scott gordon proposed that in a fishery with multiple grounds effort would be distributed such that profit rates would be equal among them gordon s model relies on implicit assumptions that are inaccurate and lead to false conclusions in many cases in this paper we present an empirically estimated model of fishery and location choice for large trawlers in new england using a random utility framework with a nested logit model specification we use the model to test the validity of a behavioral model developed from ethnographic interviews with skippers

china s provincial co2 emissions embodied in international and interprovincial trade trades create a mechanism of embodied co2 emissions transfer among regions causing distortion on the total emissions as the world s second largest economy china has a large scale of trade which results in the serious problem of embodied co2 emissions transfer this paper analyzes the characteristics of china s co2 emissions embodied in international and interprovincial trade from the provincial perspective the multi regional input output model is used to clarify provincial co2 emissions from geographical and sectoral dimensions including 30 provinces and 28 sectors two calculating principles production accounting principle and consumption accounting principle munksgaard and pedersen 2001 are applied the results show that for international trade the eastern area accounts for a large proportion in china s embodied co2 emissions the sectors as net exporters and importers of embodied co2 emissions belong to labor intensive and energy intensive industries respectively for interprovincial trade the net transfer of embodied co2 emissions is from the eastern area to the central area and energy intensive industries are the main contributors with the largest amount of direct co2 emissions the eastern area plays an important role in co2 emissions reduction the central and western areas need supportive policies to avoid the transfer of industries with high emissions

cooperative and non cooperative harvesting in a stochastic sequential fishery abstract we examine cooperative harvesting in a sequential fishery with stochastic shocks in recruitment two fleets harvest in a stochastic interception fishery we analyze cooperative management as a non cooperative game where deviations from cooperative harvesting are deterred by the threat of harvesting at non cooperative levels for a fixed number of periods whenever the initial stock falls below a trigger level we illustrate the sequential harvesting game with an application to the northern baltic salmon fishery cooperative harvesting yields participants substantial gains in terms of expected payoffs the greatest gains accrue to the fleet harvesting the spawning stock the actions of which are not observed by the competitor an explanation for the prevalence of fish wars is provided even if a cooperative agreement is reached shocks in recruitment trigger phases of non cooperative harvesting further the cooperative solution can only be maintained when stock uncertainty is not too prevalent

a review of sustainable supply chain management practices in canada there is a growing body of research on the theory and practice of sustainable supply chain management sscm however relatively little research has been conducted on the extent to which corporations have integrated sustainability principles into the management of their supply chain and the evaluation of supplier performance the purpose of this article is to explore the extent to which corporate sustainability principles are integrated into supply chain management scm in corporations canada is used as a case study in this article the study included a content analysis of one hundred canadian corporate sustainable development reports and in depth interviews with 18 canadian experts on sscm the article highlights the wide array of ways in which canadian corporations address sscm issues amongst other topics issues associated with supply chain governance standards for sscm collaboration with suppliers performance measurement and accountability within the supply chain are explored the findings reveal that there are many challenges in integrating sustainability into scm these challenges shed light on possible future directions for research in sscm this article underlines the need for research that reflects the interconnected nature of the economic environmental and social dimensions of sustainability particularly as it relates to measuring supplier performance on sustainability initiatives

strategic dynamic interaction abstract the motivation for this paper is fishing legislation that divides a fishery into regions each of which is exploited by a single firm as the regions have common borders an analysis based on models with one firm and one region would lead to erroneous results an alternative motivation is the problem of a fishery with several interacting species each exploited by a single firm in this paper we assume that fish move between regions therefore the stock in one region depends not only on previous stock and catch in the region but also on the stock and catch in neighboring regions in the multiple species interpretation these movements correspond to the interactions between species we use a multisectoral differential duopoly model in order to capture the strategic interactions of the firms over time the model is solved for an example in which varying levels of dependence between regions can be compared

a micro econometric analysis of risk aversion and the decision to self insure this study estimates a von neumann morgenstern utility function using market data and micro econometric methods we investigate the decision whether to purchase insurance against the risk of telephone line trouble in the home using the choices of approximately 10 000 residential customers we determine the shape of the utility function and the degree of risk aversion we find that risk aversion varies systematically in the population and varies with the level of income and that the observed choice behavior is consistent with expected utility maximization we are unable to detect the presence of ambiguity effects or over weighting of low probability events

embracing model uncertainty strategies for response pooling and model averaging econometricians modeling stated preference sp data and most other types of data are confronted with the uncomfortable reality that our knowledge of the true model is limited with only certain variables suggested by the application at hand and general classes of functional forms and error structures suggested by the literature accepting our limited knowledge we pursue strategies for analyzing sp data that are more robust to uncertainties in our knowledge of the true model these include non parametric and parametric likelihood based tests of pooling responses from different elicitation formats and a frequentist based model averaging approach for estimating willingness to pay functions we argue that these strategies lead to increased econometric integrity and empower the ultimate users of models such as policy decision makers and even juries to better assess the robustness of the results we apply these approaches to an sp survey of saltwater angling in alaska which utilized split sample rankings and ratings elicitation methods while an important goal of our paper is to develop practicable modeling strategies that will ultimately lead to more robust conclusions and more confidence by the users of sp results an equally important goal is to engender a critical discussion of how we can make the analysis of sp data more robust

a generalized harvest function for fishing allocating effort among common property cod stocks a generalized harvest function abstract simple harvest functions such as the schaefer or the biomass and effort cobb douglas function have been the foundation of most dynamic fishery models the intent of this article is to question these simple harvest functions by theoretically specifying and estimating a general harvest technology the harvest from a particular stock is assumed to be a function of 1 the amount of fishing effort applied 2 the stock s biomass 3 the size of the recruit class and 4 an index of other characteristics of the stock data are available for a number of common property cod stocks in the north atlantic the harvesting technology is estimated by developing a general stochastic variable cost function to explain how a country allocates its fishing effort among these common property stocks both the schaefer harvest function and the biomass and effort cobb douglas function are rejected on empirical grounds

free and slave labor in the antebellum south perfect substitutes or different inputs the substitutability between free and slave labor is examined and the permissibility of aggregating the two in to a single labor variab le is investigated using a translog production function slaves on large cotton farms worked in gangs free labor was not observed to do so despite this previous research has aggregated free and slave labor and employed functional forms imposing strong restrictions on substitution estimation of the translog function shows that simple additive aggregation is not acceptable on large farms slaves and free labor were complements while on small nongang farms they were substitutes copyright 1988 by mit press

dissecting the tragedy a spatial model of behavior in the commons abstract much of the discussion of the tragedy of the commons focuses on aggregate impacts often in data poor developing country settings few non experimental empirical studies shed light on contextual circumstances driving the extent of rent dissipation and overexploitation we utilize a high resolution data set to estimate a behavioral model of fishermen s spatial choices a unique policy setting allows us to measure the degree to which individual fishermen s choices appear aimed at mitigating the tragedy of the commons in a small numbers setting we find evidence of partial mitigation in excess of what we would expect under pure self interest but short of what would occur under group maximizing behavior we also examine how contextual factors in the fishery shape the degree of cooperation within the fishing season and find evidence that competition for the common pool resource distorts fishermen s implicit cost of distance creating a form of common property inertia

incorporating green purchasing into the frame of iso 14000 abstract more and more firms have begun to voluntarily adopt iso 14001 as a tool for continuous improvements to meet the goals of sustainability at the same time these firms have also encouraged their suppliers to apply for the certification of iso 14001 and to regulate the certification as a minimum requirement in selecting suppliers ind mark manage 4 1997 363 j qual manage 4 1999 111 renew energy 23 2001 579 by contrast green purchasing is increasingly being used as an effective tool to mitigate the environmental impacts of consumption and to promote the development of clean production technology am prospect 11 1992 71 it mainly focuses on product design and process improvement acad manage rev 20 1995 18 harv bus rev 75 1997 67 eventually bringing about a competitive advantage in international markets harv bus rev 75 1997 67 harv bus rev 73 1995 120 this paper highlights the role of iso 14000 and green purchasing in achieving sustainable development when firms focus their concerns on improving both financial and environmental performance and asserts the importance of the incorporation of green purchasing into the frame of iso 14000 we propose that 1 environmental purchasing is an effective tool in controlling pollution externalities and provides a positive effect on the implementation of iso 14001 environmental management and 2 with the incorporation of green purchasing into the framework of iso 14000 it can encourage firms to implement pollution prevention from the source and to educate the public to engage themselves in green consumption which leads to the attainments of both environmental and financial performance in this paper we also present a framework of guidelines for green purchasing and the related implementing procedures

an empirical analysis of production distortions in the mid atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog fishery this paper presents empirical evidence of production distortions under controlled access management in the mid atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog fishery results indicate that vessels harvested multiple clam species even though the harvest technology exhibits diseconomies of scope vessels also operated in a region of the production surface where the marginal product of vessel capital services was negative these distortions are explained by perverse regulations which restricted vessel capital replacement and severely limited fishing times

a conceptional analysis of dynamics and production in bioeconomic models harvesting functions and stock dynamic equations in age structured bioeconomic models are generalized in order to incorporate density dependence using this generalization anything from completely uniformly distributed fish to extreme schooling can be analyzed the classical beverton holt model comes out as a special case of the generalized model the generalization can be applied both for simulation as well as for optimization purposes given appropriate software conceptual analysis indicates that pulse fishing seems to become less and less economically profitable as we move from uniformly distributed fish to schooling species this has important implications for how fish stocks ought to be managed copyright 2010 oxford university press

hidden flexibility institutions incentives and the margins of selectivity in fishing the degree to which selectivity in fisheries is malleable to changes in incentive structures is critical for policy design we examine data for a multispecies trawl fishery before and after a transition from management under common pool quotas to a fishery cooperative and note a substantial shift in postcooperative catch from bycatch and toward valuable target species we examine the margins used to affect catch composition finding that large and fine scale spatial decision making and avoidance of night fishing were critical we argue that the poor incentives for selectivity in many systems may obscure significant flexibility in multispecies production technologies

economic impacts of marine reserves the importance of spatial behavior abstract marine biologists have shown virtually unqualified support for managing fisheries with marine reserves signifying a new resource management paradigm that recognizes the importance of spatial processes in exploited systems most modeling of reserves employs simplifying assumptions about the behavior of fishermen in response to spatial closures we show that a realistic depiction of fishermen behavior dramatically alters the conclusions about reserves we develop estimate and calibrate an integrated bioeconomic model of the sea urchin fishery in northern california and use it to simulate reserve policies our behavioral model shows how economic incentives determine both participation and location choices of fishermen we compare simulations with behavioral response to biological modeling that presumes that effort is spatially uniform and unresponsive to economic incentives we demonstrate that optimistic conclusions about reserves may be an artifact of simplifying assumptions that ignore economic behavior

renewable resource policy when distributional impacts matter the standard assumption in bioeconomic resource models is that optimal policies maximize the present value of economic surplus to society this assumption implies that regulatory agencies should not be concerned with the distributional consequences of management strategies both contemporary welfare theoretic and rent seeking approaches suggests distributional issues are important in designing resource management policies this paper explores resource management when the managing agency has preferences defined over the economic welfare of various groups with a direct economic interest in the use of resources policy schemes consistent with this approach are derived and compared with standard results

role of multiple stakeholders and the critical success factor theory for the sustainable supplier selection process abstract the concept of sustainability has become an essential theme for many industries and organisations due to a heightened sensitivity towards environmental protection and social responsibility at the same time firms still need to achieve economic viability and retain their competitive advantage because suppliers are the first entity and the initial source of any supply chain organisations should select their suppliers by a careful evaluation of their critical success factors csf achieving a successful sustainable supply chain management sscm strategy requires a firm to consider its stakeholders views based on the csf theory and by considering the multi stakeholders view in a sustainability perspective this work provides a decision support system for the sustainable supplier selection sss problem in a real world textile industry located in the emerging economy of india through a three phase methodology this study examines indian suppliers by considering the sustainability views of various stakeholders including employees customers researchers shareholders and a government environmental officer the csf priorities show that the first four influential csfs are categorized as social concerns i e maintaining long term relationships and alliances stakeholder empowerment equity labour sources and individual human rights the fifth factor is an environmental issue i e production of polluting agents among the five suppliers being evaluated in this work supplier 4 receives the top ranking specifically the results show that the supplier rankings are highly influenced by csf s social dimensions hence to validate the influence of csf s social dimensions in relation to the sss process a sensitivity analysis has been done by varying the respective weights the study concludes with the relevant managerial implications and limitations

determinants of pollution abatement in developing countries evidence from south and southeast asia abstract developing countries pa ticularly those in asia are fast adopting industrial pollution control standards similar to those in developed countries formal regulation has been greatly hampered however by the absence of clear and legally binding regulations limited institutional capacity lack of appropriate equipment and trained personnel and inadequate information on emissions one would predict highly pollution intensive production under such conditions our research however has uncovered strongly contradictory evidence despite weak or nonexistent formal regulation there are many clean plants in the developing countries of south and southeast asia of course there are also many plants which are among the world s most serious polluters what explains such extreme interplant variation this paper reviews evidence drawn from three empirical studies of plant level abatement practices conducted 1992 1994 the analyses test the importance of plant characteristics economic considerations and external pressure in determining environmental performance the results consistently show that pollution intensity is negatively associated with scale productive efficiency and the use of new process technology it is strongly and positively associated with public ownership but foreign ownership has no significant effect once other plant characteristics are taken into account among external sources of pressure community action or informal regulation emerges as a clear source of interplant differences in all three studies the results suggest that local income and education are powerful predictors of the effectiveness of informal regulation they also show that existing formal regulation has measurably beneficial effects even when it is quite weakly developed

stock size harvesting costs and the potential for extinction the case of sealing starting in the 1960s considerable opposition to the canadian and norwegian harp seal hunt off newfoundland developed it was alleged that the seal hunt was unethical and that the seal population had been seriously depleted the purpose of this paper is to analyze the production function for the seal hunt based on data for the norwegian seal hunt particular attention is paid to the question whether free entry to the fishery will cause overexploitation this depends critically on the characteristics of the production function in particular the extent to which harvesting costs depend on stock size

dynamic random utility modeling a monte carlo analysis applied studies of commercial fishing have largely ignored the intertemporal aspects of repeated site choices for many fisheries fishermen might choose a dynamically optimal cruise trajectory rather than myopic day to day strategies and a model that ignores these considerations will likely lead to biased parameter estimates and poor policy guidance a dynamic random utility model is developed that utilizes the same information as static site choice models but is entrenched in the principles of dynamic optimization using monte carlo analysis we evaluate the performance of this estimator as compared to the static model for a variety of simulated fishery types

discussion of morey and waldman s measurement error in recreation demand models abstract morey and waldman have proposed a method for handling measurement error in site attributes such as catch rates in models of anglers choice of fishing sites we discuss the properties of this method and compare these properties with those of the standard estimation procedure we show that i both methods are biased and ii the standard procedure is consistent whenever morey and waldman s procedure is consistent as well as under more general conditions in particular morey and waldman s procedure is inconsistent if any site attributes are omitted from the model whereas the standard procedure is consistent in the presence of omitted site attributes as long as the impact of these attributes on the dependent variable is uncorrelated with included variables a condition shared by all regression models

the economy wide impact of controlling energy consumption in indonesia an analysis using a social accounting matrix framework escalating oil prices and the need to control carbon emissions sound the alarm for indonesia to reduce or be more efficient in its energy use instead of eliminating the fuel oil subsidy to promote better and more efficient use of energy the indonesian government seems to be more in favour of restricting energy use by for example requiring all hotels restaurants night clubs and other business activities to close down by 1 am societies need to understand the full consequences of adopting restricting energy use and more efficient energy use strategies toward their incomes this paper aims to analyse the impact on the economy of energy policies aiming to reduce and to improve the efficiency of energy use particularly on the income of various household groups this paper will first construct a social accounting matrix for indonesia with detailed energy sectors and second utilise various multiplier analyses to observe and understand the impact of these energy policies

spatial search and fishing location choice methodological challenges of empirical modeling recent work in ecology emphasized the spatial patchiness of marine resources fish and shellfish populations often occur in clumps or discrete patches of habitat with different population levels and dynamics in each patch patches are linked through a set of complex biological and oceanographic factors this new view has given rise to spatial marine management proposals including permanent marine reserves and rotating spatial closures reserve proposals are particularly popular among ecologists because closed areas can presumably augment the biomass in areas that were overharvested due to stochas

the impact of environmental management on firm performance environmental management has the potential to play a pivotal role in the financial performance of the firm many individuals suggest that profitability is hurt by the higher production costs of environmental management initiatives while others cite anecdotal evidence of increased profitability a theoretical model is proposed that links strong environmental management to improved perceived future financial performance as measured by stock market performance the linkage to firm performance is tested empirically using financial event methodology and archival data of firm level environmental and financial performance significant positive returns were measured for strong environmental management as indicated by environmental performance awards and significant negative returns were measured for weak environmental management as indicated by environmental crises the implicit financial market valuation of these events also was estimated cross sectional analysis of the environmental award events revealed differences for first time awards and between industries first time award announcements were associated with greater increases in market valuation although smaller increases were observed for firms in environmentally dirty industries possibly indicative of market skepticism this linkage between environmental management and financial performance can be used by both researchers and practitioners as one measure of the benefits experienced by industry leaders and as one criterion against which to measure investment alternatives

sea bass angling in ireland a structural equation model of catch and effort abstract the relationship between angling effort and catch is well recognised in particular that effort influences catch rates but increased catch which can be considered an attribute of fishery quality may influence effort in terms of number of fishing trips this suggests bi directional feedback between catch and effort in many travel cost applications little attention has been given to this endogeneity problem in this paper we expand the application of structural equation models to address this issue by jointly estimating demand effort and catch functions using a cross section dataset of sea bass anglers we propose two separate joint models first we include expected catch as an explanatory variable in the demand equation in the second we reverse the causality and use the expected number of fishing days as a covariate in the catch function the two approaches produce similar model estimates and perform better at predicting anglers catch and effort than standard models the findings confirm that sea bass angling is highly valued with a consumer surplus of about 282 318 per angler per day though this is likely to be biased upwards furthermore higher catches result in more days fished on average in a 2 1 ratio whereas on average an additional fishing day results in 3 4 additional bass caught

pools and streams a stochastic process model of applied research abstract applied research is often viewed as a process of testing ideas drawn from a pool of candidate innovations this model is formalized for the case in which the pool of ideas is continually replenished through basic research the intensity of applied research is determined by the equilibrium of an n person non cooperative game where players choose dynamic strategies for exploiting the pool the presence of a pool cannot be detected in a stationary state but when the number of applied researchers is finite transient responses to exogenous shifts in basic research policy may reveal the pool s existence

joint estimation of catch and other travel cost parameters some further thoughts abstract e r morey and d m waldman propose and use an estimator that jointly estimates catch rates and the parameter on those catch rates it is designed for situations where there is limited catch data for some of the sites in the choice set and takes advantage of the fact that trip patterns reflect variations in catch rates anglers do not like to fish at sites with few fish k train d mcfadden and r johnson note that this estimator is particularly sensitive to omitted variable bias and suggest an alternative estimator but their estimator effectively eliminates poor sites from the choice set

strategic resource extraction capital accumulation and overlapping generations abstract the standard resource extraction framework assumes infinitely lived agents and yields an overfishing result for some applications a finite time horizon may be more appropriate a direct extension of the levhari mirman model to overlapping generations yields an extreme overfishing result alternatively we assume young and old specialize and respectively fish and supply capital in this model under some circumstances there may well be under utilization of natural resources however for a given production technology if there are a sufficiently large number of agents overfishing always results

unraveling the multiple margins of rent generation from individual transferable quotas individual transferable quotas itqs induce changes along both the extensive margin via consolidation of quota among fewer vessels and the intensive margin as harvesters adjust their behavior to itq incentives we use itq introduction in the bering sea crab fishery to decompose the sources of rent generation across both margins we embed an empirically calibrated structural model of the harvesting process into a sector level model allowing us to experimentally unravel the itq treatment we show that the magnitude and source of rent generation under itqs critically depends on the manner and degree of rent dissipation before itqs are implemented

potential economic benefits from gear restrictions and license limitation in fisheries regulation the economic analysis of various fisheries management tools has been the subject of an enormous economic literature a large portion of which has been produced since the passage of extended fisheries jurisdiction laws in the majority of the countries of the world crutchfield 1961 anderson 1977 pearse 1979 rettig and ginter 1980 clark 1980 clark 1981 anderson 1981 sturgess and meany 1982 beddington and rettig 1984 the general conclusion of this literature is that traditional management techniques such as closed seasons closed areas gear restrictions and total quotas are economically inefficient in that directly or indirectly potential gains are dissipated through increases in costs

carbon emissions embodied in value added chains in china abstract the literature on carbon leakage and embodied carbon in regional trade is extensive however many studies are primarily concerned with emissions embodied in demand supply chains and ignore the issue of carbon transfer behind the value added chains we promote a model to calculate value based emissions vbes and carbon emissions embodied in the value added chain using the multi regional input output model mrio taking china as an example vbes and carbon emissions embodied in value added chains at the sub national level based on mrio tables for 1997 and 2007 in china were analyzed transferred carbon emissions embodied in regional value added chains in china showed rapid growth between 1997 and 2007 however the absolute values of inter regional net transferred carbon emissions embodied in value added chains were small and showed a declining trend therefore the regional inequality between economic growth and carbon emissions pollution reduced between 1997 and 2007 although the amount of emissions embodied in regional value added chains increased as of the inter regional economic link in china gained close proximity

transferable quotas enforcement costs and typical firms an empirical application to the norwegian trawler fleet an alternative to traditional regulations of fisheries to avoid rent dissipation is the use of individual transferable quotas itqs where prices in the quota market provide the necessary information to owners of harvest rights to contract with each other however even under such a decentralized regime information on the underlying technology of the fishing vessels is also necessary first since most fisheries consist of many interrelated production processes in order to avoid rent dissipation by discarding wrong output mix etc the structure of production in the multispecies fishery must be known to design a proper quota system second an itq system may create incentives for misreporting by understating the actual catch this may especially be the case where the expected degree of self enforcement is low the paper proposes a way to reduce the information requirements under regulation with asymmetric information by constructing a typical firm and comparing performance for the other vessels to this firm based on the typical firm and if the industry is relatively homogenous the performance and hence catch of any other firm in the industry can be predicted within a certain range further the paper applies this idea to the norwegian trawler fleet to assess the production structure in terms of jointness input output separability and the supply and demand elasticities for the fishing firms this information characterizes the fishery and thus how the quota system may be designed and how to construct a yardstick in order to reduce the enforcement cost under a decentralized regulation of itqs

estimating the elasticity of substitution between restricted and unrestricted inputs in a regulated fishery a probit approach abstract catch effort vessel and skipper characteristic data for a sample of boats involved in the tasmanian rock lobster fishery in the 1983 1984 season are used to estimate a fishing effort production function nested in a cobb douglas fishery production function the initial effort function is translog but tests suggest that the ces form cannot be rejected the vessel s choice of fishing ground is modeled by a probit equation the output from which is included in the ols estimation of the production function the elasticity of substitution between the inputs which are restricted by regulation and the other inputs is of particular interest as it determines whether input restriction is an efficient form of regulation for the fishery the results suggest a value significantly less than unity

multi output nonfrontier primal measures of capacity and capacity utilization this article implements an econometric approach for generating primal capacity output and utilization measures for fisheries in situations where regulatory environmental and resource conditions affect catch levels but are not independently identified in the data frontier based capacity models may interpret such impacts as production inefficiency however if such inefficiencies are unlikely to be eliminated the implied potential output increases may be unrealistic we develop a multi output multi input stochastic transformation function framework that permits various assumptions about how output composition may change when operating at full capacity we apply our model to catcher processor vessels in the alaskan pollock fishery

simple adaptive rules describe fishing behaviour better than perfect rationality in the us west coast groundfish fishery abstract most bio economic models in fisheries assume perfectly rational profit maximizing behaviour by fishing vessels here we investigate this assumption empirically using a flexible agent based model of fishing vessels called poseidon we compared predicted fishing patterns to observed patterns in logbook data that resulted from a wide range of stylized decision making processes in the u s west coast dover sole thornyhead sablefish dts fishery which is managed with tradable quotas itqs we found that observed vessel behaviour was best predicted in the model by simple decision algorithms whereby vessels chose between exploring new fishing grounds and revisiting previous ones based on their and other vessels past successes in contrast when the model assumed that vessels were perfect profit maximizers the model substantially overestimated their profits and utilization of quota of rare constraining species that carry high quota costs such as yelloweye rockfish our results suggest that bounded rationality is an important driver of vessel behaviour in this fishery

economic and environmental efficiency using a social accounting matrix abstract this paper aims to show the utility of the so called social accounting matrix and environmental accounts samea for economic and environmental efficiency analysis the article uses the samea for spain in 2000 applied to water resources and greenhouse gas emissions this matrix is used as a central core of a multisectorial model of economic and environmental performance and it calculates the denominated domestics samea multipliers and their decomposition into characteristic direct indirect and induced effects these multipliers show some evaluation of economic and environmental efficiency also we present an application of these multipliers that demonstrates that there is no causal interrelation between those sectors with higher economic backward linkages and those with higher environmental deterioration backward linkages

public regulation and the structure of production in multiproduct industries an application to the new england otter trawl industry this article considers the problem of managing multispecies fishing industries as one of regulating the production of individual multiproduct firms the multispecies new england otter trawl industry is examined within this framework empirical results derived from estimating a multiproduct profitfunction indicate that management consistent with the structures ofmultiproduct production and costs would directly regulate inputs little support is provided for applying the traditional bioeconomic model to the fishery studied

economic and conservation implications of a variable effort penalty system in effort controlled fisheries bycatch of threatened endangered or protected species by commercial fishers is a universal problem technical solutions are often applied that may impose inefficiencies across the fleet even in periods or areas when the risk of bycatch is low these may include gear specifically designed to avoid the bycatch which may also reduce the targeted catch or designation of marine protected areas that exclude fishing from whole areas in this article we examine the effectiveness of a variable penalty system that can provide incentives for fishers to redirect their effort away from problem areas the system is examined using a case study of fishery which is currently subjected to gear and closure controls to limit bycatch of turtles and seabirds an alternative incentive based management policy using a series of differential hook penalties has been proposed as a flexible tool to discourage vessels operating in certain areas the effects of various hook penalties and closures in key areas on fishing effort in those areas and elsewhere as well as vessel economic performance are assessed using a location choice model the results suggest that incentive based approaches may result in lower costs to industry than closures provided some level of residual bycatch is acceptable

an evaluation of the economic effects of higher energy prices in mexico abstract the analysis of this study examines the impact of an increase in the prices of gasoline and electricity on the mexican economy the analytical approach used consists of a general equilibrium model composed of 13 producing sectors 14 consuming sectors 4 household categories classified by income and one government the effects of the recently implemented increase in the price of gasoline and electricity of 26 2 on prices and quantities are examined the results are revealing for example the consequences of an increase in the prices of gasoline and electricity would be a decrease in output by all producing sectors of about 0 31 a fall in the consumption of goods and services by about 0 56 a reduction in total utility by 1 29 and higher revenue for the government of 0 31 when subjected to a sensitivity analysis the results are reasonably robust with regard to the assumption of the values of the substitution elasticities

the role of customer integration in extended producer responsibility a study of chinese export manufacturers abstract extended producer responsibility epr is increasingly emphasized by manufacturing enterprises to improve eco efficiency and to satisfy the growing environmental requirements expected in the market this trend is salient for export oriented manufacturers mandated to comply with environmental regulatory requirements before entry is granted for their products in the requisite overseas countries drawing on the contingency theory we examine the epr practices undertaken by export oriented manufacturers and the market and financial performance outcomes when such practices are characterized with low and high levels of customer integration in their implementation survey data collected from 134 manufacturing exporters in china show positive association of epr practices with the performance outcomes using split group analysis we found performance differences between the high and low manufacturer groups in customer integration for their epr practices implementation particularly the high customer integration group achieves better market performance whereas the low group weak in customer integration reap greater financial benefits managers need to understand the role of customer integration and the financial and market performance implications of implementing epr practices to align with their performance goals and to build their supply chain system capabilities in the age of global complexity

fishing effort validation and substitution possibilities among components the case study of the viii division european anchovy fishery command and control regulation programmes particularly input constraints typically fail to achieve stated objectives because fishermen may substitute unregulated for regulated inputs it is thus essential to have an understanding of the internal structure of production technology a primal formulation is used to estimate a translog production function at the vessels level that includes fishing effort and fisherman s skill the flexibility of the selected functional permits the analysis of the substitution possibilities among inputs by estimating the elasticity of substitution with no prior constraints particular attention is paid to the empirical validation of fishing effort as an aggregate input which implies either the acceptance of the joint hypothesis that inputs making up effort are weakly separable from the inputs out of the subgroup or considering that effort is an intermediate input produced by a non separable two stage technology cross sectional data from the spanish purse seine fleet op

sharing clams tragedy of an incomplete commons abstract a dispersive phase is part of the reproductive cycle of most living organisms when economic agents are limited to harvesting a renewable resource from a fixed geographical area dispersion of the resource creates a tragedy of the commons a dynamic optimization problem is constructed where economic agents control fixed areas the growth of the resource occurring in each area disperses it is shown that the desired stock size for maximizing agents in their own area decreases inversely with the amount of leakage the degree to which the resource is common the socially optimal stock in each region is a function of the marginal profit for all areas that receive dispersing organisms and may be greater than the privately optimal stock for an area if that area captured all of its own resource growth this effect is enhanced if the dispersal rate is stock dependent possibly creating a double tragedy in a source and sink situation the socially optimal solution may involve eliminating all harvesting in the source region

location choice of commercial fishermen with heterogeneous risk preferences location choice of commercial fishermen with heterogeneous risk preferences author s johan a mistiaen and ivar e strand reviewed work s source american journal of agricultural economics vol 82 no 5 proceedings issue dec 2000 pp 1184 1190 published by oxford university press on behalf of the agricultural applied economics association stable url http www jstor org stable 1244248 accessed 25 01 2012 20 19

consistent and unbiased carbon dioxide emission multipliers performance of danish emission reductions via external trade abstract climate change research is currently a topic of great interest for economic researchers in particular environmental input output analysis increasingly plays an important role in measuring the economic and environmental effects of sustainable development policies in europe other approaches also exist such as econometric modelling in which impacts are quantified on statistical grounds and with certain desirable properties efficient estimates confidence intervals hypothesis testing etc that are not found in the input output approach consequently this paper merges the two approaches to address the calculation of unbiased and consistent carbon dioxide emission multipliers for denmark and their respective confidence intervals the use of the supply and use system instead of the symmetric input output table also presents the opportunity to avoid the common problems associated with the construction of technical coefficients technology assumptions negatives etc moreover a new policy relevant application of these multipliers is introduced the quantification of the performance of the carbon dioxide emission reductions carried out by industries via external trading

identifying the main emitters of carbon dioxide in mexico a multi sectoral study in this paper input output and sam based multiplier models are formulated to identify the main emitters of direct indirect and induced carbon dioxide co2 for the mexican economy the models are based on a social accounting matrix for mexico with disaggre gated household income and consumption patterns according to the official poverty line the results show that the final users of the inputs that embody high levels of co2 emissions are the next five sectors 1 construction 2 electricity gas and water supply 3 inland transport 4 food beverages and tobacco and 5 coke refined petroleum and nuclear fuel the findings suggest that the implementation of a carbon tax could damage poor families since these families generate high direct indirect and induced co2 emissions per unit of income as a consequence of their consumption patterns of fuels and the products that embody high co2 emissions levels for example agriculture hunting forestry and fishing

production in a schooling fishery the case of the north sea herring fishery the purpose of this paper is to undertake an empirical analysis of the harvest production function for the north sea herring fishery the approach of the paper is to specify a general production function where output harvest is a function of variable inputs and fixed factors in particular output elasticities and returns to scale will be analyzed moreover the effect of fisheries regulations on harvesting will be investigated the empirical work is based on cross sectional data for 1968 1971 and 1975 for empirical estimation different functional forms as well as statistical procedures are employed the empirical results indicate that there is a rising marginal product to the variable input in the fishery this somewhat surprising result which is not commonly seen in the literature and indicates that the boats operate in stage one is attributed to interactions between pre postand main season fisheries fishery regulations that were in force including total quotas and closed seasons are found to be either ineffective or causing boats to operate inefficiently in section i the fishery and the data are described while the model is specified in section ii empirical results from estimating the production function are presented in section iii while the work is briefly summarized in section iv

discrete modelling of supply response under uncertainty the case of the fishery abstract in the absence of complete control in a regulated industry effective management requires prediction of firms behavioral responses to public policy this paper develops a discrete choice model of supply response under uncertainty and applies it to fishery choice problems of new england fishing firms while fishermen demonstrate a bias towards remaining within the same fishery sufficient incentives in terms of changes in expected returns and risk are shown to elicit response due to extreme uncertainty concerning population dynamics of fish stocks a satisficing approach to management facilitated by this type of modelling may be more appropriate than bioeconomic optimization

technical efficiency effects of input controls evidence from australia s banana prawn fishery this paper provides the first ex post estimates of the effects of input controls on technical efficiency in a fishery using individual vessel data from the northern prawn fishery of australia for the years 1990 1996 and 1994 2000 stochastic production frontiers are estimated to analyse the efficiency impacts of input controls on engine and vessel size the results indicate that technical efficiency is increasing in a measure of vessel size and engine capacity that was controlled by the regulator from 1985 to 2001 and decreasing in an unregulated input gear headrope length the study shows that fishers have substituted from regulated to unregulated inputs over the period 1990 2000 and technical efficiency has declined coincident with increasing restrictions on vessel size and engine capacity the decline in technical efficiency indicates that the goal of the regulator to increase economic efficiency has not been realized

an institutional theory perspective on sustainable practices across the dairy supply chain the need for sustainable practices in the food supply chain particularly in the area of energy reduction is becoming acute the food industry currently has to contend with multiple competing pressures alongside the new challenges of sustainable production we applied institutional theory to explore the role of supermarkets in the development of legitimate sustainable practices across the dairy supply chains the paper focuses on dairy supply chain organizations and their consumption of energy we conducted 70 semi structured telephone interviews with various stakeholders across the supply chain findings revealed that the majority of actors in the supply chain identified supermarkets as the dominant player and that the supermarkets exert pressure on other smaller organizations across the supply chain although some organizations wished to pursue a sustainable agenda through integrating new rules and legitimate practices within their own organization the dominant logic appeared to be one of cost reduction and profit maximization there was also evidence that supermarkets and other large organizations attempt to replicate publicly available information on green successes for image purposes we conclude that the dominant logic of cost reduction is so well established that challenging the dominant logic may prove difficult the challenge is therefore to complement the dominant logic with sustainable practices across the whole supply chain a role government needs to play this will require a broader more systemic approach to encouraging sustainable practices including investment and financing practices so that all members of the dairy supply chain can co operate and contribute to energy reduction

an expected profit model for monetizing fishing location choices abstract we develop and analyze the properties of a new type of discrete choice model which jointly estimates the expected value of catch and location choice this model implicitly monetizes location choices and can be used to predict costs and effort redistribution of creating marine protected areas or of implementing other policy changes that either increase travel costs or alter expected revenue we illustrate our approach by considering the closing of the steller sea lion conservation area in the united states bering sea to pollock fishing