an analysis of the driving forces of energy related carbon dioxide emissions in china s industrial sector abstract both energy consumption and the growth of carbon dioxide co2 emissions in china are attributed to the industrial sector energy conservation and co2 emissions reduction in china s industrial sector is decisive for achieving a low carbon transition we analyze the change of energy related co2 emissions in china s industrial sector from 1991 to 2010 based on the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi method results indicate that industrial activity is the major factor that contributes to the increase of industrial co2 emissions while energy intensity is the major contributor to the decrease of co2 emissions industry size shows a varying trend interchanging intervals of growth along the study period moreover both energy mix and carbon intensity of energy use have negative effects on the increase of co2 emissions the cointegration method is adopted to further explore determinants of co2 emissions in china s industrial sector results show that there exists a long run relationship between industrial co2 emissions and affecting factors such as co2 emissions per unit of energy consumption industrial value added labor productivity and fossil fuel consumption china s industrial co2 emissions are mainly attributed to the coal dominated energy structure policy suggestions are thus provided to reduce industrial co2 emissions in china

modeling the global relationships among economic growth energy consumption and co2 emissions abstract the relationships among economic growth energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions needs to be paid attention since the characteristics of global warming is from economy and greenhouse gas emissions this study employs a panel cointegration and vector error correction model to discuss the dynamic economy energy environment nexus for 188 countries for the periods of 1993 2010 the empirical results indicate that there exist long run relationships between economic growth energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions for all countries it is worth noting that energy consumption negatively affects gdp in the world as a whole and developing countries but not in developed countries and the unidirectional causality from energy consumption to carbon dioxide emissions exists both on developing and developed countries that means the developed countries should take more responsibility on the energy efficiency and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions ghge on other hand environmental regulations related to the prevention of environmental degradation as the economy grows need to be adopted by all countries

on the design of bilateral contracts abstract bartler green and honkapohja 1983 analyzed bilateral relationships between a single belief and a single seller under private information by means of reverting to contracts which indespite transacted quantity and the payment to the agents private information and which truthful revelation it was shown that the full information efficient contract is not incertain compatible and green and honkapohja considered the class of contracts for which the quantity function depends symmetrically on the agents random parameters this paper focuses design of a second best solution in the model of green and honkapohja with the expected of total gains from trade as the optimality criterion it is first shown that the green and honkapohja formulation is equivalent to a marginal equal treatment property stipulating symmetry of the dependence of agents net utilities on the state of nature for the optimization problem it is shown that optimal contracts exist and a construction method for determining them is given the payment function is unique only up to an additive constant which can be determined by criteria for dividing the gains from trade for what two approach are analyzed if ex ante equal division is adopted the constant is determined and this scheme also satisfies the requirement of ex ante individual rationality the more restrictive alternative proposed by green and honkapohja is to impose ex post equal division it is proved that the constraint is equivalent to the joint requirements of symmetry and ex post individual rationality the latest approach yields a contract scheme for situations of ignorance i e it is independent in the specification of the distribution of the random parameters

the effect of urbanization on energy use in india and china in the ipets model abstract urbanization is one of the major demographic and economic trends occurring in developing countries with important consequences for development energy use and well being yet it is only beginning to be explicitly incorporated in long term scenario analyses of energy and emissions we assess the implications of a plausible range of urbanization pathways for energy use and carbon emissions in india and china using the integrated population economy technology science ipets model a computable general equilibrium cge model of the global economy that captures heterogeneity in household types within world regions and into which we have introduced income effects on household consumption preferences we find that changes in urbanization have a somewhat less than proportional effect on aggregate emissions and energy use a decomposition analysis demonstrates that this effect is due primarily to an economic growth effect driven by the increased labor supply associated with faster urbanization the influence of income on household consumption is strong and indicates a potentially rapid transition away from traditional fuel use and toward modern fuels such as electricity and natural gas results also indicate important directions for future work including the implications of alternative types and driving forces of urbanization over time a better understanding of possible changes in consumption preferences associated with income growth and the urbanization process and modeling strategies that can produce disaggregated household consumption outcomes within a cge framework

investment penetration in manufacturing and extraction and external public debt in third world states abstract this research examines the contention that foreign investment is positively related to external public debt accumulation by third world states three hypotheses are examined 1 that flows of foreign investment are negatively related to increased debt over the short run 2 that stocks of foreign investments are positively related over the long run and 3 that the effects of foreign investment should differ according to their sectoral location with higher investments in manufacturing producing greater borrowing and investments in extraction being unrelated to debt accumulation the results show that stocks of investments in manufacturing are strongly related to borrowing only among american states with the effects being immediate and not long term only african states were affected by flows with these effects being long term and positive extraction investments were not related to debt accumulation these findings indicate that the mechanism by which foreign investments affect debt accumulation varies from region to region the repatriation of profits and local borrowing by foreigners appears to have the greatest impact among american states while attempts to maintain foreign induced growth is the key effect in africa

the relationship between urbanization energy use and carbon emissions evidence from a panel of association of southeast asian nations asean countries abstract this study uses annual data to detect the nexus between urbanization energy use and carbon emissions in a panel of association of southeast asian nations asean countries spanning the period 1980 2009 the study contributes to the increasing empirical literature by investigating the effects of urbanization and detecting causal links between the variables results from the pedroni panel cointegration tests show evidence for the existence of a long term equilibrium relationship between urbanization energy use and carbon emissions for the asean countries using the panel fully modified ordinary least squares technique the effect of urbanization on carbon emissions is further revealed i e a 1 rise in urban population results in a 0 20 increase in carbon emissions unilateral short run causal relationships from urbanization to energy use and from urbanization to carbon emissions have been found by granger causality tests also the results clearly indicate that in the long term urbanization together with energy use granger causes carbon emissions the paper concludes with main findings and provides recommendations toward rational planning of urban development and energy efficiency improvement strategies for the asean countries

export product diversification and co2 emissions contextual evidences from developing and developed economies abstract ascertaining cleaner production and sustainability is a major issue in the developed and developing world income and international trade are the predominant factors behind this this article explores the heterogeneous impacts of export product diversification extensive margin and intensive margins on the co2 emissions for developing and developed countries to this end the authors analyze the annual data of variables from 1971 to 2014 and employ unrestricted fixed effects and system gmm to solve the research problem the empirics suggest that all three indicators of export diversification significantly reduce co2 emissions in 63 developed and developing countries as a global sample the fixed effect models reveal that product diversification and intensive margin have a negative and significant impact in developed economies the negative impacts of product diversification show that economic sophistication is an important tool to reduce emissions further the chow test proved the statistical difference between developed and developing economies which contributes to policy recommendations based on the empirical outcomes the study suggests innovative policies for cleaner production and industrial manufacturing purposes making the policies more effective in achieving sustainable development goals sdgs

does financial development increase energy consumption the role of industrialization and urbanization in tunisia this paper assesses the relationship among energy consumption financial development economic growth industrialization and urbanization in tunisia from 1971 to 2008 the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach to cointegration and granger causality tests is employed for the analysis the result confirms the existence of long run relationship among energy consumption economic growth financial development industrialization and urbanization in tunisia long run bidirectional causalities are found between financial development and energy consumption financial development and industrialization and industrialization and energy consumption hence sound and developed financial system that can attract investors boost the stock market and improve the efficiency of economic activities should be encouraged in the country nevertheless promoting industrialization and urbanization can never be left out from the process of development we add light to policy makers with the role of financial development industrialization and urbanization in the process of economic development

impacts of urbanization on renewable energy consumption in china abstract in this paper we used the logarithmic mean divisia index method to investigate the impact of urbanization on renewable energy consumption growth recg the growth in renewable energy consumption is attributed to the urbanization effect energy mix effect energy intensity effect economic effect and population effect recg can be roughly divided into the slow growth stage the fluctuant growth stage and the accelerated growth stage the results showed that the energy mix effect economic effect and population effect positively affected recg however a significantly negative relationship was found between energy intensity and recg furthermore the contribution of urbanization differed in recg stages and urbanization contributed more to the total energy consumption growth than to recg this study would thus provide policymakers with insights about the link between urbanization and renewable energy consumption

empirics of world income inequality this article employs a common general formula for inequality indexes to answer several basic questions about intercountry income inequality in recent decades has inequality across nations increased or declined and why have earlier studies yielded mixed results have different rates of population growth played a significant role in the trend have large nations dominated the trend are the results robust over different inequality measures and different income series two findings stand out first different rates of population growth in rich and poor nations played the predominant role in determining change in the distribution of per capita income across nations second the centuries old trend of rising inequality leveled off from 1960 to 1989 the dependency theory thesis of a polarizing world system receives no support

urbanization and co2 emissions a semi parametric panel data analysis this paper investigates the relationship between urbanization and co2 emissions in a sample of 20 emerging countries over the period 1992 2008 using the semi parametric panel data model with fixed effects proposed by baltagi and li 2002 we find little evidence in support of an inverted u curve and thus the kuznets hypothesis is not confirmed by our analysis our findings shed new light on the urbanization co2 emissions nexus

the effect of urbanization energy consumption and foreign direct investment on the carbon dioxide emission in the ssea south and southeast asian region abstract this study examines the relationship between urbanization energy consumption foreign direct investment fdi and carbon dioxide co2 emission of 17 countries in the south and southeast asian ssea region during the period 1980 2012 in order to find out the intensity of co2 emission in 17 countries we classify the total sample countries into three sub groups namely high middle and low income countries these three sub panels are constructed based on their gross national income per capita of countries pedroni cointegration result shows that urbanization primary energy consumption fdi and co2 emission are cointegrated in all sub groups of countries regardless of their levels of national income per capita furthermore while incorporating the fossil fuel energy consumption in place of primary energy consumption in the alternative specification of regression the result suggests a cointegrating relationship between fossil fuel energy consumption fdi urbanization and co2 emission in middle income countries nevertheless westerlund cointegration results are more or less in the line of pedroni results furthermore the results reveal that primary energy consumption fossil fuel energy consumption and fdi are substantially affecting the co2 emission in the ssea region moreover the empirical findings suggest that in middle income countries both primary and fossil fuel energy consumption are considerably increasing the co2 emission and leading to greenhouse gas problem in the ssea region

investment dependence and alternative explanations of third world mortality a cross national study dependency perspectives contend that foreign investment promotes underdevelopment in the third world whereas diffusionist perspectives argue that it promotes development earlier cross national research conceptualized development as economic growth or inequality this study conceptualizes development as basic needs satisfaction focusing on infant mortality and life expectancy at 1 year of age mortality effects of 1967 multinational corporate penetration and foreign aid dependence are assessed for 63 underdeveloped countries in panel models expanding to 1980 other variables affecting mortality include multinational corporate investment flows secondary school enrollment and changes in birth rates and government health spending aid dependence has no effects multinational corporate penetration has significant harmful effects on mortality that tend to increase with time in addition to harmful effects on infant mortality penetration has small benefits for infant mortality via promotion of health spending the influence of multinational corporate penetration on mortality appears to be mediated in part by inequality authors

the impact of polycentric development on regional gap of energy efficiency a chinese provincial perspective abstract a reasonable distribution of urban systems is essential for optimizing spatial energy allocation and the quality of economic growth for china this study discusses the impact of the polycentric development on the regional gap of energy efficiency rgee i e difference in energy efficiency levels among cities in the same region in the chinese provincial context by employing a novel method using nighttime lighting data from defense meteorological satellite program s operational linescan system dmsp ols to measure the spatial structure of provinces and stochastic frontier approach sfa to evaluate the total factor energy efficiency our results firstly show that the polycentric development has a narrowing effect on the rgee second they show that the more government intervention can narrow the rgee of a province but being more open having more foreign direct investment fdi and using more coal can widen the rgee of that province meanwhile the level of regional urbanization is shown to have no influence on rgee third they show that the polycentric development has a negative effect on the energy efficiency of large cities but a positive effect on that of small and medium size cities which accordingly narrows the rgee the conclusions of this study not only reveal insights for policies that aim to reduce the rgee but also provide an empirical basis for future urban development strategies in the chinese provincial context

urbanization energy consumption and emissions in the indian context a review abstract as the world s fastest growing major economy and home to nearly one fifth of the worlds population india a vibrant democracy is in the midst of a profound transformation and rapid urbanization urbanization improves the quality of life of people while promoting economic growth however it also increases energy consumption and is capable of generating an energy crisis urbanization has a significant impact on carbon dioxide co2 emissions as well this paper empirically investigates the temporal dynamic and causal relationships between urbanization energy consumption and emissions the study also aims to understand the urbanization process in india in terms of the level and tempo of urbanization and the urban growth morphology by utilizing the census data of 1901 2011 the rise in energy consumption and resulting emissions in the context of rapid urbanization is also reviewed to address these problems the study recommends a series of measures and a set of strategies that include energy intensity and emission intensity reduction measures through continuous monitoring information feedback systems introduction of industrial energy quota management incentives for energy efficient facilities shutting down of inefficient facilities and setting up of smart residential buildings reduction of distribution and transmission losses by investing in smart grids is also highly recommended

the impact of urbanization on residential energy consumption in china an aggregated and disaggregated analysis abstract although the relationship among urbanization energy consumption and co2 emissions has been extensively studied in recent years little attention has been paid to the effect of urbanization on residential energy consumption china as the largest developing country still has tremendous potential for urbanization in the future and this paper thus explores the effect of urbanization on the changes of residential energy consumption during 1996 2012 for china both from aggregated and disaggregated perspectives using the divisia decomposition method the findings on aggregated energy show that the urbanization contributes 15 4 to the increase of residential energy consumption during 1996 2012 but with a diminishing trend over time meanwhile from the disaggregated perspective the urbanization process contributes to an improvement of residential energy consumption structure specifically 1 of increase in urbanization rate may result in a decrease of 420 thousand million tonnes of residential coal consumption and an increase of 301 thousand tonnes of oil consumption

politics the state and basic human needs a cross national study this study examines ways that political processes influence the provision of basic human needs once the effects of aggregate national wealth are removed three general explanatory approaches are examined these are based on the size or strength of the national government the achievement ofdemocratic processes and the ideological orientation ofruling elites along a left right dimension these three approaches are analyzed by regressing an index of physical well being the pqli on measures drawn from each perspective for a sample of 1 16 contemporary nations the findings indicate that political attributes do indeed have an impact on the provision of basic needs even when controlling for aggregate social wealth democratic processes are related to positive welfare outcomes irrespective of state strength and ideological norms for regimes with a roughly centrist ideology state strength appears to make little noticeable difference one way or another for those on the left state strength promotes welfare performance for those on the right state strength is found to inhibit the provision of basic needs how do political processes affect the welfare of individuals this question in countless variants has motivated students of political economy at least since the advent of the modern nation state in its simplest form the empirical question becomes what kind of state achieves the highest level of welfare for its citizens although it may seem that there are as many answers as possible dimensions of states most analyses have centered on one or more of three general explanatory approaches the first focuses on the size or strength of the state apparatus as the essential ingredient in translating productive potential into welfare outcomes successful welfare performance hinges on the capability of the state because the state is considered the one social institution concerned with the material needs of the population as a whole a second model highlights procedural aspects of the political system rather than the budgetary strength of the state by linking successful welfare outcomes to the relatively even distribution of political power brought about by political democracy the third approach is distinguished from the other two by its emphasis on the ideological orientation usually on a left right continuum of ruling elites this model posits welfare

the role of renewable energy to validate dynamic interaction between co2 emissions and gdp toward sustainable development in malaysia abstract closing the gap between economy activity and environmental quality is one of the solutions for reaching sustainable development in malaysia to do so the cubic polynomial functional form of ekc is utilized by accommodating renewable energy into the base of the ekc model and validating its hypothesis between co 2 emissions and gdp growth for the 1971 2015 period the f bounds vecm granger causality cusum and cusumsq tests are utilized the estimated results consistently show that the inverted n shaped ekc hypothesis holds in malaysia ceteris paribus the co 2 emissions will be declined when the gdp reach rm2841 9 billion in 2030 which is beyond the sample period the renewable energy has a negative significant effect on co 2 emissions and the direction of causality is running from co 2 emissions to renewable energy also the gdp growth will be the remedy for environmental pollution problems and that renewable energy is one of important elements to be considered for improving environmental quality a tighter and concentrated environmental policy is needed to direct the environment economic growth nexus toward a downward trend consequently these results may help malaysian policymakers to establish an energy policy that guarantees a balance between economic growth and environmental prosperity

investigating the causal relationship between transport infrastructure transport energy consumption and economic growth in tunisia this study investigates the causal relationships between transportation infrastructure rail and road the transport value added gross capital formation transportation energy consumption and transport co2 emissions in tunisia over the period of 1971 2012 we use the johansen multivariate cointegration approach generalized impulse response functions and variance decomposition technique to examine the effect of transportation infrastructure on economic growth and the environment these findings show the existence of unidirectional long run causality running from transport value added road transport related energy consumption transport co2 emissions and gross capital formation to road infrastructure it also finds a unidirectional long run causality running from railway infrastructure the transport value added gross capital formation and transport co2 emissions to rail transport related energy consumption besides we find a unidirectional short run causality running from the road infrastructure to transport value added and a unidirectional short run causality running from road transport related energy consumption to transport co2 emissions furthermore there are unidirectional short run causality running from railway infrastructure to rail transport related energy consumption and a unidirectional short run causality running from transport co2 emissions to rail transport related energy consumption these results are very important in terms of the choice of government policy decisions our results cast a new dimension to the importance of investing in infrastructure as a promising device to generate higher economic growth

trade strategy and the dependency hypothesis a comparison of policy foreign investment and economic growth in latin america and east asia the role of state policy in the industrialization of third world nations has become the subject of increasing interest in recent years in the past the debate over economic development has either focused on the traditional modernization approach or the dependency theory of underdevelopment 2 dependency theorists base their model of development on the belief that foreign investment from core countries is harmful to developing nations long term economic growth economic relationships between the core and the periphery are structurally detrimental for the latter because of the inherent dynamics of international capitalism yet despite the claims of dependency theory the recent experience of the east asian newly industrialized countries suggests a wider range of development possibilities which include government policies specifically designed to attract foreign investment these countries appear to have structured their domestic economies in order to mitigate the pernicious effects of dependent relationships with core countries this raises new questions about the development process and the role of policy and foreign investment in the economic transactions between core and peripheral countries dependency theory a neo marxist predecessor of world systems research claims that first world nations become wealthy by extracting surplus labor and resources from the third world capitalism perpetuates a global division of labor which causes the distortion of developing countries domestic economies declining growth and increased income inequality 3 those countries on the periphery cannot become fully modernized as long as they remain in the capitalist world

reversal of fortunes democratic institutions and foreign direct investment inflows to developing countries does increased democracy promote or jeopardize foreign direct investment fdi inflows to less developed countries we argue that democratic institutions have conflicting effects on fdi inflows on the one hand democratic institutions hinder fdi inflows by limiting the oligopolistic or monopolistic behaviors of multinational enterprises facilitating indigenous businesses pursuit of protection from foreign capital and constraining host governments ability to offer generous financial and fiscal incentives to foreign investors on the other hand democratic institutions promote fdi inflows because they tend to ensure more credible property rights protection reducing risks and transaction costs for foreign investors hence the net effect of democracy on fdi inflows is contingent on the relative strength of these two competing forces our argument reconciles conflicting theoretical expectations in the existing literature empirical analyses of fifty three developing countries from 1982 to 1995 substantiate our claims we find that both property rights protection and democracy related property rights protection encourage fdi inflows after controlling for their positive effect through property rights protection democratic institutions reduce fdi inflows these results are robust against alternative model specifications statistical estimators and variable measurements

does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower co2 emissions a cross country analysis despite the relationship between urbanization energy use and co2 emissions has been extensively studied in recent years little attention has been paid to differences in development stages or income levels most previous studies have implicitly assumed that the impact of urbanization is homogenous for all countries this assumption can be questionable as there are many characteristic differences among countries of different levels of affluence this paper investigates empirically the effects of urbanization on energy use and co2 emissions with consideration of the different development stages using the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat model and a balanced panel dataset of 99 countries over the period 1975 2005 the findings suggest that the impact of urbanization on energy use and emissions varies across the stages of development surprisingly urbanization decreases energy use in the low income group while it increases energy use in the middle and high income groups the impact of urbanization on emissions is positive for all the income groups but it is more pronounced in the middle income group than in the other income groups these novel findings not only help advance the existing literature but also can be of special interest to policy makers and urban planners

panel estimation for co2 emissions energy consumption economic growth trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries abstract this paper empirically examines the dynamic causal relationships between carbon dioxide emissions energy consumption economic growth trade openness and urbanization for the panel of newly industrialized countries nic using the time series data for the period 1971 2007 using four different panel unit root tests it is found that all panel variables are integrated of order 1 from the johansen fisher panel cointegration test it is found that there is a cointegration vector among the variables the granger causality test results support that there is no evidence of long run causal relationship but there is unidirectional short run causal relationship from economic growth and trade openness to carbon dioxide emissions from economic growth to energy consumption from trade openness to economic growth from urbanization to economic growth and from trade openness to urbanization it is found that the long run elasticity of carbon dioxide emissions with respect to energy consumption 1 2189 is higher than short run elasticity of 0 5984 this indicates that over time higher energy consumption in the newly industrialized countries gives rise to more carbon dioxide emissions as a result our environment will be polluted more but in respect of economic growth trade openness and urbanization the environmental quality is found to be normal good in the long run

what drives carbon dioxide emissions in the long run evidence from selected south asian countries abstract this study empirically investigates the relationship between co 2 emission and four of its potentially contributing factors i e energy consumption income trade openness and population using time series data from 1971 to 2013 on five selected economies of south asia after confirming that all the series are stationary using unit root test process the study incorporates three different and advance panel cointegration tests i e pedroni kao and johansen fisher panel cointegration all the panel cointegration tests confirm that all the variables cointegrated the long run association between the variables is checked using fmols grouped and individual cross section country in the panel the fmols grouped results show that energy consumption trade openness and population increases environmental degradation in the panel countries with exception of income which has negative impact and sounds the existence of environmental kuznet curve between income and emission the innovative accounting approach using variance decomposition test and impulse response function is applied to examine the causality amongst the underlined vectors the results show that there is bidirectional causality between energy consumption and trade openness and uni directional causality running from energy consumption trade openness and population to co 2 emission the results enumerate that the energy consumption and population density will increase in long run and foresee further environmental degradation in the region

impact of urbanization growth on malaysia co2 emissions evidence from the dynamic relationship abstract urbanization is a phenomenon of economic and social modernization investigating the link between urbanization growth and co2 emissions is necessary and helpful for malaysia to achieve its pollution reduction targets ecological modernization and augmented cobb douglas production theories are used in order to gain the best understanding of interaction between co2 emissions and urbanization for the 1971 2015 period this study aims to examine the relationships among co2 emissions urbanization growth energy consumption gdp domestic investment and financial development the f bounds test and vecm granger causality are utilized the dynamic relationship among variables and the inverted u shaped relationship between co2 emissions and urbanization in the long run are examined the elasticity of co2 urbanization is found positive elastic in the early stage of urbanization but it turns to negative inelastic at the higher urbanization stage furthermore the unidirectional causality from urbanization to co2 emissions in the short run are at a 1 percent level of significance and the bidirectional causality between co2 emissions and urbanization is at a 5 percent level of significance in the long run also we captured bidirectional causality among energy consumption domestic investment gdp co2 emissions and unidirectional causality from financial development to co2 emissions at least at a 5 percent level of significance these findings could support policymakers in managing urbanization development and considering clean investment and other green aspects for urban sustainable development which can save many people from natural disaster

carbon dioxide co2 emissions during urbanization a comparative study between china and japan as the world s largest emitter of co2 china is facing increasing domestic and international pressures on emissions mitigation considering japan s leading position in energy conservation this paper conducts a comparative study between china and japan at the urbanization stages to analyze the similarities as well as differences of influencing factors of co2 emissions results indicate that although co2 emissions in japan and china showed the similar characteristics of rigid growth during the urbanization processes significant differences exist in factors such as co2 emissions per capita energy structure and energy intensity between the two countries which are the determinants for co2 emissions growth a cointegration model is constructed to examine the long run equilibrium relationship between co2 emissions and factors including gdp urbanization level energy intensity and cement manufacture empirical results show that there is a quadratic relationship between income growth and co2 emissions granger causality test is then adopted to explore the causal relationships among the variables the future co2 emissions and emission reduction potentials in china are estimated based on scenario analysis finally japan s valuable experience of reducing energy intensity and optimizing energy structure is concluded to provide important policy implications for china s strategic low carbon planning and low carbon transition

impacts of urbanization on national transport and road energy use evidence from low middle and high income countries abstract few attempts have been made to investigate quantitatively and systematically the impact of urbanization on transport energy use for countries of different stages of economic development this paper examines the influence of urbanization on national transport and road energy use for low middle and high income countries during 1975 2005 using the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat model after controlling for population size income per capita and the share of services in the economy the main results suggest that urbanization influences national transport and road energy use positively however the magnitude of its influence varies among the three income groups changes in urbanization appear to have a greater impact on transport and road energy use in the high income group than in the other groups surprisingly the urbanization elasticities of transport and road energy use in the middle income group are smaller than those of the low income group this study not only sheds further light on the existing literature but also provides policy makers with insightful information on the link between urbanization and transport energy use at the three different stages of development

integrating sustainable energy strategy with the second development plan of kuwait abstract the vision set for the second development plan 2015 2020 dp15 20 is to transform kuwait into a financial and commercial center by 2035 the dp15 20 addresses various sectors in the country including the energy sector which is tackled by presenting the overall goals of the oil and electricity sectors in terms of their respective capacities and performances the plan does not explicitly tackle energy sustainability development this work has proposed a potential sustainable energy strategy scenario and discusses the integration of the strategy within the dp15 20 the strategy is based on supply diversification to meet 15 of the demand from renewable sources by 2030 electricity energy consumption reduction of 12 in the building sector and co2 emission reduction of 33 by 2035

the impact of urbanization on co2 emissions evidence from developing countries abstract this paper analyzes the impact of urbanization on co2 emissions in developing countries from 1975 to 2003 it contributes to the existing literature by examining the effect of urbanization taking into account dynamics and the presence of heterogeneity in the sample of countries the results show an inverted u shaped relationship between urbanization and co2 emissions indeed the elasticity emission urbanization is positive for low urbanization levels which is in accordance with the higher environmental impact observed in less developed regions among our contributions is the estimation of a semi parametric mixture model that allows for unknown distributional shapes and endogenously classifies countries into homogeneous groups three groups of countries are identified for which urbanization s impact differs considerably for two of the groups a threshold level is identified beyond which the emission urbanization elasticity is negative and further increases in the urbanization rate do not contribute to higher emissions however for the third group only population and affluence but not urbanization contribute to explain emissions the differential impact of urbanization on co2 emissions should therefore be taken into account in future discussions of climate change policies

driving forces of residential co2 emissions in urban and rural china an index decomposition analysis abstract there exist many differences between urban and rural china among which residential co 2 emissions arising from energy consumption is a major one in this paper we estimate and compare the energy related co 2 emissions from urban and rural residential energy consumption from 1991 to 2004 the logarithmic mean divisia index decomposition analysis is then applied to investigate the factors that may affect the changes of the co 2 emissions it is found that energy intensity and the income effects respectively contributed most to the decline and the increase of residential co 2 emissions for both urban and rural china in urban china the population effect was found to contribute to the increase of residential co 2 emissions with a rising tendency however in rural china the population effect for residential co 2 emissions kept decreasing since 1998

dependence on foreign investment and economic growth in the third world estimates of the extent to which third world countries have experienced slower rates of growth than those in the industrialized west since i960 indicate a weak relation between initial wealth and subsequent economic growth that follows an inverted u shape pattern while the lowest growth rates are found among the poorest countries of the third world the highest growth rates are found not in the industrialized west but in the wealthiest third world countries drawing on contending arguments associated with modernization and dependency perspectives the relationship between foreign investment and growth within the third world is examined results undermine the idea that foreign investment inhibits growth suggesting instead that flows of foreign investment may facilitate growth especially among the initially wealthier countries of the third world

china s carbon emissions from urban and rural households during 1992 2007 in china rapid economic growth has stimulated fast urban expansion and rural household income and consumption expenditure in current paper an input output method is used to determine the impact of china s increased urban and rural household consumption on carbon emissions the results shows that the direct and indirect co 2 emission from household consumption accounted for more than 40 of total carbon emissions from primary energy utilization in china in 1992 2007 the population increase expansion of urbanization and the increase of household consumption per capita all contribute to an increase of indirect carbon emissions while carbon intensity decline mitigates the growth of carbon emissions therefore at the domestic level household consumption is of great significance for co 2 emission which could be mitigated through changing the composition of goods and services consumed by households and switching to consumption pattern of less carbon intensive products the government must consider the substantial contribution of household consumption to carbon emissions when china is encouraging consumption in order to address the current global financial crisis c 2011 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

inequality in the third world an assessment of competing explanations the purpose of this article is to assess the relative power of developmental neo marxist and statist explanations of inequalities in the third world this assessment is accomplished through the analysis of cross sectional and short term longitudinal data as well as several brief case studies the cross sectional analyses tend to suggest that over the long run both economic development and dependence on foreign investment generate tendencies toward increased income inequalities the short term longitudinal analyses however fail to support either of these views instead they suggest that short run changes are best explained by the nature and policies of the state in question authoritarian exclusionary regimes tend to worsen inequalities over the short run while more democratic states tend to stabilize them we conclude that this is precisely what we should expect given that development and dependency theories are not about what happens in the short run but about what happens over long spans of ti

impact of urbanization on energy demand an empirical study of the yangtze river economic belt in china abstract this paper provides an empirical assessment of the effects of china s urbanization on its energy demand for 2003 2014 using a dataset of 108 cities located in the yangtze river economic belt both demographic urbanization du and land urbanization lu are considered in the empirical analysis the results show that urbanization exerts significant and positive impacts on energy demand during the study period our empirical suggest that one unit rises in du and lu rises the energy demand by 48 85 91 62 and 65 54 68 09 respectively without with considering control variables the energy demand effects of urbanization still hold when considering spatial and heterogeneity factors these results are robust to alternative measures of urbanization and empirical model specifications our results indicate that policymakers should improve the quality of urbanization to promote the growth of high tech and high quality industries avoiding excessive energy consumption with extensive urbanization large cities should not be allowed to grow unchecked more attention should be paid to promote the development of medium sized cities and implement a balanced population distribution among different cities the energy demand structure industrial and residential primary and secondary renewable and nonrenewable should be optimized by introducing cleaner low carbon technology and its transformation

is urbanization eco friendly an energy and land use cross country analysis abstract urbanization imposes complicated and heterogeneous impacts on ecosystems with the purpose of reflecting the comprehensive influence of urbanization on the ecosystem we choose the ecological footprint to represent the ecosystem s integrated change and distinguish low income middle income and high income countries to reflect the nonlinear impact this paper uses both static and dynamic stirpat stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology models to analyze 72 countries at different income levels during the 1980 2008 period the results show that the overall ecological elasticity of urbanization at the global level is negative specifically results suggest urbanization associated to increased income to have eco friendly potential in terms of decreased ecological footprint to explain such results this paper answers two questions why does urbanization show ecological protection effects why does a more pronounced protection effect seem associated to increased income levels improved market mechanism increased resource use efficiency as well as increased environmental awareness in urban areas associated to increased income levels are likely to support an eco friendly urbanization process burden shift to low income countries also needs to be taken into account in order to avoid policies that increase wellbeing locally at the expenses of far away areas

exploring the relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission in mena countries abstract this study explored the relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission in the mena countries the panel model was utilized taking the period 1980 2009 into consideration pedroni cointegration test results showed that urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission were cointegrated the dynamic ols results also showed that there was a long run bi directional positive relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission however the significance of the long run relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission varied across the countries based on their level of income and development moreover long and short run bi directional causal relationships were found between the variables based on the granger causality test results from the results of this study it is important for the urban planners and policy makers in the mena countries to slow the rapid increase in urbanization the level of energy consumption and co2 emission in the mena countries increased more than double thus slowing down the urbanization level can help reduce the level of pollution and energy consumption in addition the increased energy efficiency implementation of energy savings projects energy conservation and energy infrastructure outsourcing reduce the level of pollution produced by urban areas

how urbanization affects energy use in developing countries abstract this paper identifies mechanisms whereby urbanization affects energy consumption industrialization and urbanization accompany each other during economic development but urbanization exerts a number of independent influences on energy use it permits economies of scale in production but requires more transportation food must be transported to urbanized populations and relatively smaller agricultural populations must modernize entailing considerable increases in agricultural energy use in cities a number of production activities which were domestically provided in rural areas using human or animal energy shift to sources outside the household using modern energy sources the largest single source of change in energy use is personal transportation passenger transport in cities is heavily weighted towards fuel using modes particularly as incomes increase to assess the overall impact a regression analysis of 59 developing countries for 1980 is conducted holding constant per capita income and the extent of industrialization the elasticity of energy consumption per capita and per dollar of gdp is between 0 35 and 0 48

urbanization economic growth energy consumption and co2 emissions empirical evidence from countries with different income levels abstract the growth of anthropogenic co2 emissions has been widely attributed to the combustion of energy in support of human activities associated with economic development while the link between urbanization economic growth energy consumption and co2 emissions has as a result received considerable multidisciplinary scholarly attention little work has been undertaken with respect to the how differences in the development stages or income levels of the countries studied may affect these relations here we empirically explore the link between urbanization economic development energy consumption and co2 emissions specifically taking into account the different income levels of the countries studied a series of panel data models and a balanced dataset for a panel of 170 countries were utilized in the study which took the period of 1980 2011 into consideration the result of panel cointegration tests suggested that a cointegration relationship existed between variables in all the countries studied and that a statistically significant positive relationship existed between the variables employed in the long run the results of a granger causality test based on the vector error correction model vecm provided evidence of varied granger causality relationships between the variables across the income based subpanels moreover we also undertook an impulse response and variance decomposition analysis that allowed us to forecast the impacts of economic growth urbanization and energy consumption on future co2 emissions during the period surveyed our results cast a new light on the importance of a country s development stage and income level for government policy decisions relating to the reduction of co2 emissions