estimating residential demand for electricity in greece abstract this paper examines the residential demand for electricity in greece the issues of structural stability price and income sensitivity of both long and short run residential demand for electricity in greece were examined employing monthly data over the period 1986 1999 the long run residential demand for electricity is estimated taking into account changes in weather conditions weighted by the size of the population employing multivariate framework analysis a long run residential demand function for electricity sensitive to real income price level and weather conditions is found to exist and the importance of short run deviations is presented using vector error correction model vecm estimation the empirical evidence suggests the presence of a stable residential demand for electricity in greece both in the long and short run periods and the policy implications of such a relationship are presented

in search of appropriate methodology from outside the people s republic of china looking in choosing a methodology determines what we can study as well as the range of possible results and conclusions this study took an instrument that had been developed in the west and used extensively in europe and north america to investigate managerial behavior in the people s republic of china for a number of reasons it failed to produce a valid and reliable description of chinese managerial behavior this paper investigates some of the methodogical issues involved in extending western organizational knowledge to the east it raises some fundamental questions about being outside looking in

forecasting residential electricity consumption in greece using monthly and quarterly data abstract this paper studies electricity consumption household use only in greece we explore the dynamic relationships among several potentially relevant time series variables and develop appropriate models for forecasting it is apparent that personal disposable income temperature and the price of electricity used by the households play an important role in the demand for electricity in this study we use both monthly and quarterly data and find that the performance of quarterly models may not be as good as that of the monthly ones for transfer function model identification we use the linear transfer function ltf method which is more efficient and easier to use than the traditional cross correlation ccf method

universal basic income a viable policy alternative although the need for an efficient roma integration policy is growing in europe surprisingly little robust scientific evidence regarding potential policy costs and expected benefits of alternative policy options has supported the policy design and implementation so far the present study attempts to narrow this evidence gap and aims to shed light on long run economic budgetary and fiscal effects of selected education and employment policies for the inclusion of the marginalised roma in the eu we employ a general equilibrium approach that allows us to assess not only the direct impact of alternative roma integration policies but also to capture all induced feedback effects our simulation results suggest that although roma integration policies would be costly for the public budget in the medium to long run economic budgetary and fiscal benefits may significantly outweigh short to medium run roma integration costs depending on the integration policy scenario and the analysed country the full repayment of the integration policy investment positive net present value may be achieved after 7 to 9 years in terms of the gdp employment and earnings the universal basic income scenario may have the highest potential impacts particularly in the medium to long run

cross cultural variations in climate for autonomy stress and organizational productivity relationships a comparison of chinese and uk manufacturing organizations cross cultural researchers have questioned the extent to which european american management practices can be transported to major markets in asia such as the people s republic of china applying employee involvement theory we examined the relationships between climate for autonomy work demands climate employee stress and organizational productivity in a cross national study of 51 uk and 104 chinese manufacturing organizations we predicted and found that climate for autonomy was positively and negatively related to stress in the chinese and uk contexts respectively the interaction of climate for autonomy and work demands climate was significant climate for autonomy was positively related to organizational productivity only when work demands climate was low

a cross national comparison of consumer research measures the impact of three factors that affect the psychometric rigor of cross national consumer research comparisons is measured in this study conclusions are also drawn about the interactions among these factors and the resultant deterioration in the psychometric quality of the data

influence of formalization on role stress organizational commitment and work alienation of salespersons a cross national comparative study organizations rely on formalization to coordinate the efforts of employees however this practice has been found to have a negative influence on role stress organizational commitment and work alienation of salespersons though the negative influence of formalization in the united states has been known for some time we still cannot predict if similar relationships would should be observed in other countries because the rationale developed to explain these relationships in the united states did not consider the cultural factors that influence them with such knowledge it would become possible to anticipate the nature of the relationship in different cultural environments such an approach to developing cross national models has been often suggested but seldom implemented by emphasizing the role of culture this study generates practical guidelines for both practitioners and theorists

client perceived performance and value in professional b2b services an international perspective drawing from the resource based view and a contingency approach the authors develop and test a model of the antecedents of client perceived value in the context of international professional business to business services consultants engineers project management it consultants etc in a developing economies setting further we examine the effects of key moderators e g country of origin coo firm s international experience client s buying experience on client perceived performance and value the results generally support the hypotheses that client perceived performance is impacted by a firm s internal resources e g technical skills customer orientation innovation in addition this relationship is contingent upon the coo effect while client perceived value is moderated by the client s buying experience the findings can guide practitioners as to the key drivers of client perceived value and under what conditions this value is maximized

empirical research in international marketing 1976 1982 this paper reviews empirical research in international marketing published during the period 1976 82 the review focuses on what has been researched and how the research has been conducted this research is evaluated a cooperative multidisciplinary empirical research program in international marketing is then proposed

differences in managerial values a study of u s hong kong and prc managers in this study of convergence divergence of managerial values four western developed measures machiavellianism locus of control intolerance of ambiguity and dogmatism and the four dimensions of the eastern developed chinese value survey confucian dynamism human heartedness integration and moral discipline were the measures used the findings indicate that often times both culture and the business environment interact to create a unique set of managerial values in a country

interpersonal influence as an alternative channel communication behavior in emerging markets the case of china channel communications in emerging markets are embedded in the intricacy of economic and sociocultural environments managing channel relationships in emerging markets therefore requires more than formal interfirm communication to rely on interpersonal influence extending embeddedness theory we offer a conceptualization incorporating three embedding elements task environment social relations and institutional norms into a preliminary model that specifies the antecedents moderators and contingent consequences of interpersonal influence strategies in marketing channels specifically dependence firm boundary spanners social capital and their cultural values e g guanxi orientation may combine to shape firm boundary spanners use of interpersonal influence in channel communications which in turn affects channel member satisfaction in a chinese marketing channel context we test our research hypotheses with parallel analyses of 395 matched supplier retailer dyads the empirical results provide general support for the predictions and reveal differences between suppliers and retailers in terms of the focal effects journal of international business studies 2009 40 668 689 doi 10 1057 jibs 2008 84

a measure of export market orientation scale development and cross cultural validation this study reports on the construction and psychometric assessment of a measure of export market orientation four multi item scales were developed showing strong evidence of reliability and convergent discriminant and nomological validity in samples of u k and dutch exporters further analysis revealed full invariance of the final measure across the two country samples several suggestions for applying the measure in substantive research are offered

intra cultural variation evidence and implications for international business this paper discusses the methodological and theoretical significance of intra cultural variation icv the population distribution of a characteristic within a culture a monte carlo study shows that icv has substantial influence on the statistical power of cross cultural tests therefore studying icv is methodologically important if we are to understand inconsistent findings and design cross cultural studies with enough statistical power moreover an examination of the cultural means and icvs of 42 cultures shows that icv is as large as the variation of cultural means across cultures and its relationship to cultural means is not definite a model based on multiple disciplines is proposed to cast icv in a nomological net and to illuminate several avenues for future research practical implications are also discussed

cultural influences on managerial choice an empirical study of employee benefit plans in the united states the objective of this study is to determine the effect of culture on the provision of employee benefits cultural influences have been investigated from a variety of perspectives but not in the context of pension and welfare benefits using unique data this study analyzes the level of coverage of employee benefits in the united states results indicate that culture does have an effect on the provision of these benefits

cross cultural examination of the fishbein behavioral intentions model most of the principal theories associated with consumer behavior have been developed and tested in the united states a question that has been posed by some consumer researchers concerns the applicability of these theories outside of the united states the study reported in this paper is a cross cultural examination of the applicability of the fishbein behavioral intentions model in korea and the united states korea can be characterized as a collectivist culture that is different from the individualist culture dominant in the united states the findings of the study suggest that the fishbein model can be employed to explain consumers behavioral intentions formation in a confucian culture as well as in the united states

income money ethic pay satisfaction commitment and unethical behavior is the love of money the root of evil for hong kong employees this study examines a model involving income the love of money pay satisfaction organizational commitment job changes and unethical behavior among 211 full time employees in hong kong china direct paths suggested that the love of money was related to unethical behavior but income money was not indirect paths showed that income was negatively related to the love of money that in turn was negatively related to pay satisfaction that in turn was negatively associated with unethical behavior pay satisfaction was positively related to organizational commitment thus the love of money is the root of evil but money is not

an introduction to the wage curve en conomists and policymakers are interested in understanding the forces that determine the level of unemployment and the level of wages this paper describes an empirical discovery made with the help of international microeconometric evidence covering more than a dozen nations about a link between these two variables the connection can be portrayed on a graph with the level of unemployment on the horizontal axis and the level of wages on the vertical axis then the wage curve as shown in figure 1 is a downwardsloping locus this relationship tells us that holding others things constant if a region has a rise in unemployment in a particular year those who live there will have a fall in their wages in that year what does this curve mean how in a field where fully controlled experiments are almost impossible could there be any convincing scientific basis for this wage curve what is the relationship between the wage curve and a phillips curve other than that the curve of figure 1 looks like a phillips curve with the vertical axis mislabeled how does the wage curve fit into existing economic knowledge and is the empirical finding consistent with competitive theory this paper sketches answers to these kinds of questions the discussion draws on our book the wage curve blanchflower and oswald 1994 where the points raised here are investigated more fully it also rests upon work done by other economists whose work is listed in the paper and the bibliography

comparative marketing the first twenty five years this article reviews the field of comparative marketing in terms of scope types and depth of studies methodological issues conceptual and managerial payoffs and teaching approaches after its first quarter of a century as an international business topic comparative marketing is still relatively green

a framework for culture assessment understanding the nature and influences of culture is central to international business such inquiry presupposes knowing that the cultural grouping s of a study is a valid unit of analysis which is critical in that the estimation of culture effects can vary based on the unit definition unfortunately perhaps out of convenience international studies often simply use a country based definition of culture in a desire to facilitate further development in understanding culture effects in this paper we propose a framework by which valid cultural groupings may be assessed

the effects of customer and competitor orientations on performance in global markets a contingency analysis should companies adjust their orientations toward customers or toward competitors in global markets to answer this question we use contingency theory and examine how the effects of customer and competitor orientations on performance are moderated by different environmental conditions our results from the global hotel industry indicate that a customer orientation works better in economically developed markets as well as in markets with good local business conditions greater resource availability and demanding customers in contrast a competitor orientation is more effective in markets that are economically developing have poor local business conditions and face resource scarcity

visegrad economies active implication in a new eu a new regional economic approach the eu faces maybe to the greatest challenges in its history the paper deals with the idea of analysing the sub regional organisation visegrad group visegrad 4 v4 and its role in the new eu 27 before and after brexit for realisation of this scope six representative economic indicators are taken into consideration the data analysis procedure covers latest 10 years meaning 2010 19 in order to support the analysis in the paper first objective has the building a hypothetic optimal database which has to cover the above six indicators related to eu 28 and v4 second objective is relate to the performances quantification of each eu and v4 s economy based on a separately analyse final and the major objective is that v4 is able to face to the new global and regional challenges the analysis in the paper is based on two new models first of them is a regional development radiography model based on a hexagon diagram the second is a regional evolution model based on a matrix approach both proposed models have distinct hypotheses which are finally valid by the analysis the paper puts into discussion five objectives and succeeds in achieving them the main conclusion of the paper is that v4 is and will continue to be a growth pole for the eu economy it would be supported by the eu in order to implement policies able to manage better employment

conducting international mail surveys the effect of incentives on response rates with an industry population mail surveys are one alternative for satisfying information needs about international markets to date minimal empirical research is available to inform academicians or practitioners of expected response rates or of the efficacy of incentives when undertaking mail surveys across disparate cultures the results from a study conducted in six countries suggests that an inexpensive and perhaps symbolic incentive such as a commemorative stamp can significantly increase response rates for academicians conducting cross cultural research the mail survey may be the most cost effective data collection method

long and short run elasticities of residential electricity consumption in china a partial adjustment model with panel data abstractwhile it has stabilized in developed world the per capita residential electricity consumption rec in developing countries such as china is growing very rapidly and this trend is very likely to continue built upon a provincial level panel data we employ a partial adjustment model to investigate the future trend of rec in china and factors that affect it we estimate the income and price short term and long term elasticities for urban and rural china respectively and compare the results with rec studies in other countries or regions the findings provide useful information to understand how the rec would grow in china as household income increases and how effective that price could be as an intervention tool

migration and wage setting reassessing the labor market effects of migration in this paper we employ a wage setting approach to analyze the labor market effects of immigration into germany from 1980 to 2004 this enables us to consider labor market rigidities which are prevalent in europe we find that the elasticity of the wage setting curve is particularly high for young workers moreover natives and foreigners are imperfect substitutes the wage and employment effects of immigration depend on the skill structure of the immigrant workforce because the foreign labor supply shift has mainly affected the high skilled labor market segment the 4 percent increase of the workforce through immigration has not increased either aggregate or foreign unemployment

the love of money satisfaction and the protestant work ethic money profiles among univesity professors in the u s a and spain this study tests the hypothesis that university professors lecturers in the u s and spain with different money profiles based on factors success budget motivator equity and evil of the love of money scale will differ in work related attitudes and satisfaction results suggested that achieving money worshipers with high scores on factors success motivator equity and budget had high income work ethic and high satisfaction with pay level pay administration and internal equity comparison but low satisfaction with external equity comparison careless money admirers high success but low budget had low intrinsic job satisfaction and low satisfaction with pay level and life apathetic money managers low evil and low motivator had the highest intrinsic job satisfaction and life satisfaction money repellent individuals high evil and low success had low income work experience work ethic and low satisfaction with pay administration money does not provide the same motivation for people in all four money profiles results are discussed in light of the effectiveness of using money to reward people with different money profiles intrinsic motivation and unethical behavior

a typology of management studies involving culture as a methodological review this paper delineates 6 approaches to researching cross cultural management issues parochial ethnocentric polycentric comparative geocentric and synergistic for each approach assumptions are discussed concerning the similarity and difference across cultures and the extent to which management phenomena are or are not universal the primary types of management questions which can be addressed using each approach are clarified main methodological issues which must be addressed are listed

short run electricity demand forecasts in maharashtra this paper has tried to forecast monthly maximum electricity demand for the state maharashtra india using multiplicative seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average msarima method for seasonally unadjusted monthly data spanning from april 1980 to june 1999 the forecasted period is 18 months ahead from june 1999 this study s basic findings are that the series does not reveal any drastic change for the forecasted period it continues to follow the same trend along with the seasonal variation

should germany have built a new wall macroeconomic lessons from the 2015 18 refugee wave abstract in 2015 2016 germany experienced a wave of predominantly low skilled refugee immigration we evaluate its macroeconomic and distributional effects using a quantitative overlapping generations model calibrated using german micro data to replicate education and productivity differentials between foreign born and native workers workers are modelled as imperfect substitutes in aggregate production leading to endogenous wage differentials we simulate the dynamic effects of this refugee wave with specific focus on the welfare impact on low skilled natives our results indicate that the small losses this group suffers can be compensated by welfare gains of other parts of the native population

fifty years of methodological trends in jibs why future ib research needs more triangulation we analyze methodological trends in empirical research in jibs from 1970 2019 our results point to the prevalence of the following patterns there has been an increase in the use of 1 large scale longitudinal cross national datasets 2 complex analytical techniques including the incorporation of multiple analytical techniques within the same study but 3 a decline in the diversity of methods in use we relate these trends to the underlying social technical and communicative conventions in the journal during the 50 year period the observed patterns are consistent with theory that posits scientific fields entrench a dominant paradigm over time resulting in a restricted set of methodological options being selected such restrictions jeopardize the quality of research because the study of any phenomenon requires the use of multiple methodological procedures to avoid the systematic biases errors omissions and limitations introduced by any single option therefore we propose the use of triangulation as a strategy for building methodological alternatives into research designs institutionalization of this principle in the field of international business has the potential to enhance both the rigor and scope of inquiry of future research

cross national comparison of export promotion services the views of canadian and austrian companies export promotion systems in canada and austria are contrasted and their services evaluated from a company perspective the canadian system is government based while the austrian one operates in the private sector apart from the philosophy under which these export support systems operate they differ also in strategic orientation a survey of stratified samples of exporters in canada 271 and austria 312 shows significant differences in perceived usefulness of services given similar exporter needs companies desire more tailored support as well as greater involvement of private sector institutions which are not currently providing export support overall austrian companies appear more inclined to use export support and generally seem more willing to acquire exporting know how externally compared to canadian firms conclusions are offered with respect to improving the respective export promotion systems

energy consumption and economic growth a causality analysis for greece abstract this paper investigates the causal relationship between aggregated and disaggregated levels of energy consumption and economic growth for greece for the period 1960 2006 through the application of a later development in the methodology of time series proposed by toda and yamamoto 1995 at aggregated levels of energy consumption empirical findings suggest the presence of a uni directional causal relationship running from total energy consumption to real gdp at disaggregated levels empirical evidence suggests that there is a bi directional causal relationship between industrial and residential energy consumption to real gdp but this is not the case for the transport energy consumption with causal relationship being identified in neither direction the importance of these findings lies on their policy implications and their adoption on structural policies affecting energy consumption in greece suggesting that in order to address energy import dependence and environmental concerns without hindering economic growth emphasis should be put on the demand side and energy efficiency improvements

international perceptions of cost constraints on voluntary information disclosures a comparative study of u k and u s multinationals the main purpose of this paper is to examine the cost constraints on voluntary information disclosure in a comparative study of the perceptions of financial executives in u k and u s multinationals the study examines the perceived net costs or benefits of disclosing information voluntarily the types of costs involved and the significance of cost constraints in respect of specific items of disclosure the results suggest that while there is substantial agreement on the major cost constraints involved and the individual items giving rise to major net costs there are significantly different perceptions by u k and u s financial executives in terms of the overall emphasis of responses to the issue of cost constraints on voluntary information disclosures

organizational learning about new international markets exploring the internal transfer of local market knowledge this study examines the transfer of local market knowledge within the diversified firm as its divisions expand into a new host country within the u s based corporations in our sample both the nature of local market knowledge itself and differences in organizational structures significantly influence the extent of internal knowledge transfer among divisions the results suggest that as firms expand into new international markets their organizational learning processes differ significantly

methodological and theoretical issues and advancements in cross cultural research this paper summarizes the issues and concerns of critics of cross cultural research and discusses how they are being addressed by researchers given the state of the art and the complexity of this field of research the author recommends more inductive research and the pursuit of appropriate but not overambitious sampling designs so as to increase our understanding of cultures and encourage the building of richer theory bases taking an optimistic view of the field the author predicts useful contributions by researchers which will enrich the art and science of cross cultural management

a cross national assessment of the values of latin america managers contrasting hues or shades of gray we draw upon studies from the social sciences to develop and test hypotheses about similarities and differences in the importance of values among managers in 12 latin american countries using the rokeach value survey data from 1015 owner managers of small businesses indicated convergence among values relating to group interests but significant variation among values serving individual interests in addition several groups of countries were identified as culturally similar whereas brazil and mexico remained culturally discrete the results suggest that common perceptions of latin america as a culturally homogeneous region are stereotypical and incorrect and that divergence in the importance of values can explain differences in business phenomena across the region

leadership behavior and organizational commitment a comparative study of american and indian salespersons many studies have examined the impact of leadership behaviors on salespersons organizational commitment unfortunately little is known about how leadership behaviors impact salespersons organizational commitment in countries other than the united states the lack of research is problematic given that many firms today operate globally this study fills the gap and presents a framework for understanding the role of culture on relationships between leadership behaviors and organizational commitment

an assessment of the measurement of performance in international business research a sizeable body of international business ib research is devoted to building knowledge about the determinants of organizational performance a key precursor to accurately diagnosing why some organizations succeed in the international marketplace while others struggle is operationalizing performance appropriately yet to date no systematic investigation has considered how well ib research measures performance we examine the measurement of performance in 96 articles published in the academy of management journal administrative science quarterly journal of marketing journal of marketing research journal of international business studies management science organization science a nd thestrategic management journal between 1995 and 2005 the findings reveal that most studies do not measure performance in a manner that captures the multifaceted nature of the construct we describe the implications of these results and offer suggestions for improving future practice journal of international business studies 2008 39 1064 1080

electricity demand in tunisia this paper examines the global electricity demand in tunisia as a function of gross domestic product in constant price the degree of urbanization the average annual temperature and the real electricity price per kwh this demand will be examined employing annual data over a period spanning almost thirty one years from 1976 to 2006 a long run relationship between the variables under consideration is determined using the vector autoregressive regression the empirical results suggest that the electricity demand in tunisia is sensitive to its past value any changes in gross domestic product and electricity price the electricity price effects have a negative impact on long run electricity consumption however the gross domestic product and the past value of electricity consumption have a positive effect moreover the causality test reveals a unidirectional relationship between price and electricity consumption our empirical findings are effective to policy makers to maintain the electricity consumption in tunisia by using the appropriate strategy

cross national empirical generalization in business services buying behavior we examine cross national generalization of the relative importance of factors that affect supplier selection and level of usage for global business services providers tests indicate that the majority of the response coefficients for a model of foreign exchange markets are equal across the four countries studied u s canada u k and germany inter country differences in buyer response seem most related to competitiveness and identifiable country specific institutional factors

an examination of the psychometric properties of some commonly researched individual differences job and organizational variables in two cultures this study examines the transferability and applicability of selected measures of individual differences job and organizational climate factors across two cultures questionnaires were administered to a sample of 267 white collar bank employees in the u s and 307 bank employees in india the individual difference dimensions examined were four manifest needs sense of competence and locus of control the job factors included variety autonomy identity and feedback the organizational climate factors related to communication stress participation in decision making and self esteem from the workplace the data were analyzed for internal consistency dimensionality and criterion related validity the results showed that the job and organizational climate measures were more reliable and were related more consistently to the criterion measures than the individual difference measures both within and across cultures the results suggested that psychometrically sound measures may be transferable to other cultures

are you satisfied with your pay when you compare it depends on your love of money pay comparison standards and culture we develop a theoretical model of income and pay comparison satisfaction with two mediators love of money and pay comparison standards examine the direct and the indirect paths of our model and treat culture the us vs spain as a moderator based on 311 professors in the us and spain we demonstrate a positive direct path and a negative indirect path our subsequent multi group analysis illustrates for american professors their direct path shows that income is directly related to high pay comparison satisfaction their indirect path reveals the following new insights professors with high income have a strong love of money orientation set their pay equity comparison standards deserved pay and other s salary significantly higher than their own salary and as a consequence have low pay comparison satisfaction for spanish professors love of money is not related to their pay comparison standards which are slightly non significantly higher than their own self reported income neither the direct nor the indirect path is significant the standardized total effect of income to pay satisfaction is positive for american professors but negligible for spanish professors are you satisfied with your pay when you compare our results demonstrate that pay comparison satisfaction depends on not only one s income but also one s love of money and pay equity comparison standards which may vary across cultures

some methodological and analytic considerations in cross national comparative research this article demonstrates one methodological approach to aid in the complex process of making inferences about the meaning and usefulness of observed national differences by using data from an international study of the meaning of working 3 points are made 1 it is important to use multiple methods of measurement for conceptual ideas or domains 2 it is important to use intra country reference group comparisons and 3 it is important to use some form of relative position analysis in addition to score analysis

energy demand and environmental taxes the case of greece the purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects that energy taxes may have on reducing environmental pollution in greece we study the demand for residential energy for the period 1965 1998 and on the basis of these estimates we make forecasts for co2 emissions in the coming years furthermore we develop alternative scenarios for tax changes and study their effects on co2 emissions according to our findings the harmonization of the greek energy taxes to the average european union levels implies an increase of total co2 emissions by 6 annually if taxes are raised however to the highest european union levels the co2 emissions are restricted significantly these empirical findings may indicate that environmental taxation cannot be the unique instrument for combating pollution

forecasting monthly peak demand of electricity in india a critique the nature of electricity differs from that of other commodities since electricity is a non storable good and there have been significant seasonal and diurnal variations of demand under such condition precise forecasting of demand for electricity should be an integral part of the planning process as this enables the policy makers to provide directions on cost effective investment and on scheduling the operation of the existing and new power plants so that the supply of electricity can be made adequate enough to meet the future demand and its variations official load forecasting in india done by central electricity authority cea is often criticized for being overestimated due to inferior techniques used for forecasting this paper tries to evaluate monthly peak demand forecasting performance predicted by cea using trend method and compare it with those predicted by multiplicative seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average msarima model it has been found that msarima model outperforms cea forecasts both in sample static and out of sample dynamic forecast horizons in all five regional grids in india for better load management and grid discipline this study suggests employing sophisticated techniques like msarima for peak load forecasting in india

japan vs silicon valley quality cost trade off philosophies while japanese manufacturing philosophies are said to be based on quality is free notions it is commonly accepted that u s manufacturing centers on a quality is costly belief this paper provides empirical data that test this conceptual division seeking evidence about the quality tradeoff philosophies of u s and japanese electronics manufacturing managers

diagnosing measurement equivalence in cross national research many researchers have pointed out that it is necessary to ensure measurement equivalence in cross national comparative research three aspects of measurement equivalence translation metric and calibration equivalence are necessary to establish the cross national reliability and validity of items used to measure theoretical constructs this paper discusses these issues and proposes two recently developed empirical techniques multiple group lisrel and optimal scaling for use in diagnosing cross national measurement equivalence these techniques are illustrated by reanalysis of a pioneering u s and japanese study the two techniques yield convergent results indicating measurement equivalence for some but not all ordinal level items under consideration the findings demonstrate that the proposed methods are useful diagnostic tools for exploring measurement equivalence several suggestions for reducing the likelihood of problems with measurement equivalence and a number of methods for dealing with items where lack of equivalence persists are also discussed

estimating deficit probabilities with price responsive demand in contract based electricity markets studies that estimate deficit probabilities in hydrothermal systems have generally ignored the response of demand to changing prices in the belief that such response is largely irrelevant we show that ignoring the response of demand to prices can lead to substantial over or under estimation of the probability of an energy deficit to make our point we present an estimation of deficit probabilities in chile s central interconnected system between 2006 and 2010 this period is characterized by tight supply fast consumption growth and rising electricity prices when the response of demand to rising prices is acknowledged forecasted deficit probabilities and marginal costs are shown to be substantially lower

linking product and process innovations and modes of international sourcing in global competition a case of foreign multinational firms in increasingly complex global competition multinational firms u s and foreign alike have stepped up international sourcing of components and finished products to serve various markets since an increasing portion of global competition is shaped by european and japanese multinational firms with due emphasis on product quality and manufacturing it is an opportune time to examine the like among their product development manufacturing and sourcing activities those european and japanese multinational firms marketing products in the united states are chosen as subjects of this study

a comparison of canadian and japanese cognitive styles implications for management interaction many american and canadian companies seeking to form joint ventures and alliances with japanese companies or to negotiate contracts with them have discovered that the interaction can be difficult and frustrating value differences and preferences for different management practices have been identified that contribute to these interaction problems however little research has investigated potential differences in cognitive style that might also contribute to intercultural conflict this study compares samples of canadian and japanese mba students using the myers briggs type inventory mbti and links the findings to interaction difficulties reported in the literature

management style and productivity in two cultures global competition has motivated an increasing number of united states firms to set up production facilities in mexico this study examines productivity and management style differences in a mexican maquiladora operation and its u s parent plant likert s system 4 theory was used as the theoretical basis of comparison as hypothesized significant differences were found in the management systems while productivity at the two facilities was equal

long term social economic and fiscal effects of immigration into the eu the role of the integration policy the issues of the forced migration and the integration of refugees in the society and labour markets are high on the policy agenda of the eu apart from humanitarian aspects a sustainable integration of refugees is important also for social economic budgetary and others reasons indeed the potential consequences of the asylum seeker acceptance are being often discussed though little scientific evidence has been provided for the policy debate so far the present study attempts to shed light on the long run social economic and budgetary effects of forced immigration into the eu by applying a macroeconomic model of the european commission and performing scenario analysis of alternative refugee integration scenarios our simulation results suggest that although refugee integration e g by providing language and professional training is costly for the public budget in the medium to long run the social economic and fiscal benefits may significantly outweigh the short run refugee integration costs in addition the integration policy has the potential to play an important role in improving the social inclusion filling vacancies improving the ratio of workers to economically inactive addressing europe s alarming demographic challenges and boosting jobs and growth in the eu

the importance of work goals an international perspective the paper probes into the basic question of what individuals seek from working results from a representative sample of the labor force in seven countries n 8192 showed that the two most dominant work goals are interesting work and good pay these were consistent internationally across different organizational levels between the genders and among different age categories

asia s materialists reconciling collectivism and materialism materialism has an ugly face the dominant view of materialism regards materialists as self prioritizing individuals who oppose collective and prosocial goals in favor of a lifestyle led by money possessions and status the present research argues that there is a side of materialism that is concerned with collective oriented interests we examine the nature and consequences of collective oriented materialism the belief system that ascribes importance to possessions for their symbolic and signaling capacities to construct desirable social attributes drawing from cultural and consumer theories we find considerable support that materialists espouse a collective oriented quality to an otherwise self oriented interest towards possessions

income and quality of life does the love of money make a difference this paper examines a model of income and quality of life that controls the love of money job satisfaction gender and marital status and treats employment status full time versus part time income level and gender as moderators for the whole sample income was not significantly related to quality of life when this path was examined alone when all variables were controlled income was negatively related to quality of life when 1 the love of money was negatively correlated to job satisfaction and 2 job satisfaction was positively related to both income and quality of life income was negatively related to quality of life for full time high income and male employees when these two conditions failed to exist income was not related to quality of life for part time median or low income and female employees this model provides new insights regarding the impact of the love of money and job satisfaction on the income quality of life relationship

examining the cross national applicability of multi item multi dimensional measures using generalizability theory establishing the applicability of multi item measures is important for making valid inferences when testing theories cross nationally typically researchers have relied upon the tenets of classical measurement theory ct using confirmatory factor model invariance testing to conclude that a unidimensional measure is applicable across countries however two important issues remain unresolved via ct techniques 1 if the measure is found not to be invariant ct tells us little as to why the measure varies across countries and 2 if the measure is multi dimensional what factors affect its cross national applicability our research seeks to address these issues and the cross national measurement applicability of multi dimensional scales via generalizability theory gt in this paper we use a cross national data set and simulated data sets to demonstrate the usefulness of gt to cross national multi dimensional measurement

residential demand for electricity the case of greece this paper examines the determinants of residential electricity consumption in greece over the period 1961 86 the paper presents first a brief description of the evolution of residential electricity consumption then it proceeds in the estimation of elasticities of residential demand for electricity using a single equation model with the ridge regression method the paper concludes that i the residential demand for electricity is price inelastic and income elastic ii there is high substitutability between electricity and lpg iii during the examined period the number of consumers played a very important role in the expansion of electricity consumption in greece and iv there is no regional variation in residential electricity demand

an investigation of gender differences in leadership across four countries this study investigates the emphasis males and females place on leadership behaviors and styles across four countries characterized as two cultural dyads norway sweden and australia u s previous gender comparisons and cross cultural studies of leadership are reviewed a framework for exploring leadership consisting of five leadership behaviors and six leadership styles is then presented and tested with questionnaire data from 209 managers across the four countries results demonstrate significant effects for gender and country but no interaction effects post hoc analyses suggest that across all four countries male emphasize the goal setting dimension while females emphasize the interaction facilitation dimension australians scored significantly differently than leaders in the other countries on interaction facilitation benevolent autocratic style and laissez faire style these findings are discussed in light of gender characteristics and cultural values

intrapreneurship construct refinement and cross cultural validation abstract intrapreneurship entrepreneurship within existing organizations has been of interest to scholars and practitioners for the past two decades intrapreneurship is viewed as being beneficial for revitalization and performance of corporations as well as for small and medium sized enterprises the concept has four distinct dimensions first the new business venturing dimension refers to pursuing and entering new businesses related to the firm s current products or markets second the innovativeness dimension refers to the creation of new products services and technologies third the self renewal dimension emphasizes the strategy reformulation reorganization and organizational change finally the proactiveness dimension reflects top management orientation in pursuing enhanced competitiveness and includes initiative and risk taking and competitive aggressiveness and boldness while differing somewhat in their emphasis activities and orientations the four dimensions pertain to the same concept of intrapreneurship because they are factors of schumpeterian innovation the building block of entrepreneurship the pursuit of creative or new solutions to challenges confronting the firm including the development or enhancement of old and new products and services markets administrative techniques and technologies for performing organizational functions e g production marketing sales and distribution as well as changes in strategy organizing and dealings with competitors are innovations in the broadest sense intrapreneurship theory and measures have an american basis while being considered universal their generalizability has been limited because their cross cultural testing has been extremely limited two main measures of intrapreneurship the entrescale and the corporate entrepreneurship scale were developed independently but lack validity for cross national comparisons and do not tap all four dimensions of intrapreneurship when used independently in order to fill the gaps in previous research these two scales are integrated into a four dimensional measure of intrapreneurship refinement and validation was done by using two samples from two distinct economies slovenia a small transition economy from central and eastern europe with a short entrepreneurship tradition and the united states a large developed and advanced economy that is a leader in entrepreneurship research and practice the refined multidimensional measure of intrapreneurship was developed to be cross culturally generalizable because its refined dimensions scales include only cross culturally comparable items the refined intrapreneurship construct measure showed reasonably good convergent and discriminant validity as well as good nomological validity in terms of expected positive relationships to its antecedents organizational and environmental characteristics and consequences growth and profitability across the two samples that included large medium sized and smaller firms from a variety of different industries manufacturing consumer and industrial goods consumer and business services trade and construction in addition to the generalizability of the refined intrapreneurship construct measure the results of this study support the notion that intrapreneurship is an important predictor of firm growth in terms of absolute growth growth in number of employees and in total sales and relative growth growth in market share in comparison to competition firms that nurture organizational structures and values conducive to intrapreneurial activities are more likely to grow than organizations that are low in such characteristics open and quality communication existence of formal controls intensive environmental scanning management support organizational support and values all help an organization become more intrapreneurial intrapreneurial organizations are those that engage in new business venturing are innovative continuously renew themselves and are proactive in transition economies which are adapting their economies to more developed economies standards of doing business and where growth may not yet be the primary goal intrapreneurship may be even more important for the growth and profitability of existing organizations

monetary intelligence and behavioral economics across 32 cultures good apples enjoy good quality of life in good barrels monetary intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness this study explores the bright side of monetary intelligence and behavioral economics frames money attitude in the context of pay and life satisfaction and controls money at the macro level gdp per capita and micro level z income we theorize managers with low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior will have high subjective well being pay satisfaction and quality of life data collected from 6586 managers in 32 cultures across six continents support our theory interestingly gdp per capita is related to life satisfaction but not to pay satisfaction individual income is related to both life and pay satisfaction neither gdp nor income is related to happiness money makes people happy our theoretical model across three gdp groups offers new discoveries in high gdp rich entities high income not only reduces aspirations rich motivator and power but also promotes stewardship behavior budget give donate and contribute and appreciation of achievement after controlling income we demonstrate the bright side of monetary intelligence low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior define monetary intelligence good apples enjoy good quality of life in good barrels this notion adds another explanation to managers low magnitude of dishonesty in entities with high corruption perceptions index cpi risk aversion for gains of high probability tang et al 2015 doi 10 1007 s10551 015 2942 4 in low gdp poor entities high income is related to poor budgeting skills and escalated happiness these managers experience equal satisfaction with pay and life we add a new vocabulary to the conversation of monetary intelligence income gdp happiness subjective well being good and bad apples and barrels corruption and behavioral ethics

assessing the cross national invariance of formative measures guidelines for international business researchers the importance of establishing equivalence in measurement prior to conducting substantive cross country comparisons has long been emphasized in international business research however all approaches currently available for the investigation of measurement equivalence or invariance me i assume that the focal measures are reflective in nature in our paper we offer guidelines for the assessment of me i when the focal construct is measured with formative indicators we first identify distinct types of me i that are conceptually consistent with the nature of formative measurement models we then describe a step by step procedure that can be employed to test for these types of me i in a comparative context lastly we illustrate the application of the proposed procedure with data from a three country survey on consumers product country image perceptions

project escalation and sunk costs a test of the international generalizability of agency and prospect theories previous north american research suggests that aspects of agency theory and prospect theory may explain decisions to escalate commitment to failing projects this study explores the universality of these theories in this context the willingness of north american and asian managers to escalate commitment to losing projects was measured using four go no go decision cases we hypothesized that asian managers would be less willing to act in their self interest a lower agency effect and would be more willing to escalate a decision in the face of negative framing a stronger framing effect we found that agency theory had strong explanatory power for project in our asian sample framing effects were significant in both but they were not significantly different

process standardization across intra and inter cultural relationships theory suggests that culture may hinder the ability to effectively standardize the process of relationship development strategies across intra and inter cultural relationships construct relationships between trust commitment conflict and satisfaction in manufacturer distributor relationships are examined intra i e within a single cultural type and inter culturally i e between different cultural types with a sample of distributors from canada chile mexico and the united states results support theoretical differences in the consequences of the trust commitment relationship between intra cultural and inter cultural relationships the results suggest process standardization based upon cultural type

determinants of managerial performance a cross cultural comparison of the perceptions of middle level managers in four countries this paper examines differences in what affects managerial performance of middle level managers in four countries china n 204 india n 184 the philippines n 220 and the united states n 176 important differences were predicted and found in factors affecting managerial performance as perceived by the respondents while east west differences exist significant differences are noted among the three asian countries specifically chinese and american managers represented two extremes in their beliefs about what determines managerial performance of middle level managers both filipino and indian managers were found more similar to their u s counterparts than their chinese counterparts implications of the findings are discussed

a cross cultural comparative study of managerial job attitudes effective managerial performance is influenced by the types of rewards which managers seek in their work environment and by their perceptions of the degree to which their job expectations are being satisfied this research provides empirical evidence on the nature of job related values and outcomes in 4 countries canada france japan and the uk the survey data reveal that the types of job outcomes sought by managers differ significantly from one culture to another the results should be of practical value to companies seeking to develop more effective management motivational devices in the countries studied moreover the approach and methodology may provide a useful model for further cross cultural studies

how perceived brand globalness creates brand value in today s multinational marketplace it is increasingly important to understand why some consumers prefer global brands to local brands we delineate three pathways through which perceived brand globalness pbg influences the likelihood of brand purchase using consumer data from the u s a and korea we find that pbg is positively related to both perceived brand quality and prestige and through them to purchase likelihood the effect through perceived quality is strongest pbg effects are weaker for more ethnocentric consumers

measurement issues in cross national research substantive inference from cross national studies have important implications for theory e g because they reveal insights into generalizability and boundary conditions and managerial practice e g because they offer guidelines to mnc managers however few empirical studies attend to measurement issues involved in cross national research and still fewer recognize the risk of inferential errors that are likely to occur by overlooking measurement issues we discuss four measurement issues namely 1 standardized versus unstandardized coefficients 2 the impact of measurement error and unequal reliability 3 the overall error rate and simultaneous analysis and 4 construct equivalence using illustrate examples we demonstrate the nature of each of these problems the likely impact they can have on substantive conclusions and approaches for tackling these problems additionally we reanalyze a recently published three nation study by dubinsky michaels kotabe lim and moon 1992 to clarify these measurement concerns highlight a methodological approach and delineate the extent and severity of inferential errors our reanalysis shows that the interactive effects of these measurement issues are pervasive complex and unpredictable we close with implications for cross national research in general

measuring the importance of oil related revenues in total fiscal income for mexico revenues from oil exports are an important part of government budgets in mexico a time series analysis is conducted using monthly data from 1990 to 2005 examining three different specifications to determine how international oil price fluctuations and government income generated from oil exports influence fiscal policy in mexico the behavior of government spending and taxation is consistent with the spend tax hypothesis the results show that there is an inverse relationship between oil related revenues and tax revenue from non oil sources fiscal policy reform is urgently needed in order to improve tax collection as oil reserves in mexico become more and more depleted

a cross national study of managerial values this study investigated cross national differences in managerial values a total of 567 managers from twelve nations participated in the study managerial values were assessed by means of rokeach s value survey factor analysis of the eighteen instrumental values included in rokeach s value survey revealed four underlying value dimensions the value dimension that included the instrumental values broadminded capable and courageous was ranked as the most important value dimension by managers from all twelve nations national differences were found on three of the four value dimensions

a more expansive perspective on translation in ib research insights from the russian handbook of knowledge management the treatment of translation in the international business ib literature has been predominantly concerned with research methodology and back translation arguing for a less microscopic concept of translation in ib research we advocate a more expansive perspective whereby translation is understood as cross border interplay of entire terrains of corporate contexts and experience linking multiple mental and social frames of reference we apply three notions from linguistics and translation studies equivalence ambiguity and cultural interference to problematize the translation of management terms and concepts across languages and to highlight the importance of historical and cultural embedding in the translation process we substantiate the core argument through analysis of fragments from russia s first handbook of knowledge management a text composed of 23 contributions translated from english into russian a language in restless regeneration struggling arduously with western management terms and concepts after 70 years of communism this knowledge management text constitutes the essence of an entire corpus of modern management thought and action which is largely unfamiliar to the russian business and scholarly community we demonstrate how acts of translation serve as an analog for the cross cultural transfer of knowledge and how these insights can advance ib translation research into new and rewarding directions

understanding consumer animosity in an international crisis nature antecedents and consequences the nature antecedents and consequences of consumer animosity during the 1997 asian economic crisis are investigated based on a large scale survey of 2000 adult consumers representative of five affected nations indonesia malaysia singapore south korea and thailand an animosity model was developed and tested with the us and japan as target countries as predicted stable and situational animosity reduced willingness to buy products from a perceived hostile national entity affective evaluations and cognitive judgments were negatively influenced by situational animosity but not by stable animosity as expected situational animosity was increased by external attribution perceived external control and stable animosity implications of these findings are discussed and directions for future research suggested

data equivalence in cross cultural international business research assessment and guidelines data equivalence refers to the extent to which the elements of a research design have the same meaning and can be applied in the same way in different cultural contexts failure to establish data equivalence in cross cultural studies may bias empirical results and theoretical inferences although several authors have encouraged researchers to ensure high levels of data equivalence no study has assessed the status of the field in relation to compliance with data equivalence standards accordingly this study examines three aspects of data equivalence construct equivalence measurement equivalence and data collection equivalence within 167 studies that involve cross cultural data published in the journal of international business studies management international review journal of world business strategic management journal and the academy of management journal from 1995 to 2005 the findings indicate that international business researchers report insufficient information in relation to data equivalence issues thus limiting confidence in the findings of many cross cultural studies to enhance future research a guideline for procedures for researchers to follow and report in establishing data equivalence is offered

organizational changes in emerging economies drivers and consequences organizational change in emerging economies although difficult is inevitable the authors study the drivers and consequences of organizational changes in an emerging economy china the results of a firm level survey show that organizational changes in technical vs administrative areas are differentially driven by firms motivation to change past performance opportunity to change firm location and market orientation and capability to change firm ownership managers change attitude and leader charisma furthermore technical and administrative changes affect firm performance through distinct paths technical changes have a direct positive impact on performance whereas administrative changes enhance firm performance indirectly through technical changes and the effect of administrative changes on performance is strengthened by the presence of a participative culture