monitoring changes in economy wide energy efficiency from energy gdp ratio to composite efficiency index since the 1973 world oil crisis monitoring trends in energy efficiency at the economy wide level has been an important component of energy strategy in many countries to support this effort various energy efficiency related indicators have been developed we examine some classical indicators which are often found in national and international energy studies in the 1970s and 1980s we then describe the recent developments in using the index decomposition analysis to give an economy wide composite energy efficiency index based on a bottom up approach this composite index is superior to the classical indicators as an economy wide energy efficiency measure and has lately been adopted by a growing number of countries for national energy efficiency trend monitoring

factors that influence carbon emissions due to energy consumption based on different stages and sectors in china abstract this study analyzes carbon emissions due to energy consumption based on different stages and sectors in china and by applying the logarithmic mean divisia index decomposition method carbon emissions were decomposed into energy structure energy intensity economic structure and economic output effects the study period was divided into high efficiency and high output low efficiency and low output high efficiency and low output and low efficiency and high output considering different carbon emission characteristics and economic development carbon emissions exhibit different characteristics at different stages the degree of increase in carbon emissions at these stages depends on the combined effect of the energy efficiency and the economic output the main factor driving carbon emissions was the economic output effect in each stage and the main factor inhibiting carbon emissions was the energy intensity effect the economic and energy structures had only a modest effect on carbon emissions at each stage the industry sector was the top contributor to carbon emissions followed by the transport sector the policy implications in terms of economic growth the economic structure and energy consumption are discussed in relation to the different stages

the structure of licensing contracts industrial organization theory has explored several issues related to licensing but empirical analyses are extremely rare we amass a new and detailed dataset on licensing contracts and use it to present some simple facts concerning licensing behavior our analysis reveals robust cross industries differences in several contractual features such as exclusivity cross licensing ex ante versus ex post technology transfers and licensing to related versus unrelated parties we offer an interpretation of these facts based on cross industry variation in the strength of intellectual property rights

devaluation investment and growth in ldcs abstract this paper examines the short and long run effects of devaluation in a model where following structuralist theories investment is treated as output of a composite good produced by combining domestic and imported components in fixed proportions introducing investment goods of this type alters a number of results most notably the marshall lerner condition is neither necessary nor sufficient for an expansionary outcome and under simple and plausible conditions a devaluation may worsen the payments balance

inter firm technology transfer partnership embedded licensing or standard licensing agreements when companies decide to engage in technology transfer through licensing to other firms they have two basic options to use standard licensing contracts or to set up more elaborate partnership embedded licensing agreements we find that broader partnership embedded licensing agreements are preferred with higher levels of technological sophistication of industries with greater perceived effectiveness of secrecy as a means of appropriability and when licensors are smaller than their licensees innovative differentials between companies innovative supremacy of the licensor and market and technological overlap between partners appear to have no effect on the preference for a particular form of licensing

analysis of the economic impact of different chinese climate policy options based on a cge model incorporating endogenous technological change abatement cost is the main concern for climate change mitigation and the key factor for mitigation cost is technological change this study established an integrated economic energy environmental dynamic computable general equilibrium cge model representing endogenous technological change for china s climate change policy analysis this study analyzed and compared the economic impact of different approaches to mitigation commitments as well as the potential role of technological change in the formulation of mitigation targets and commitments taking into account china s climate policy making needs based on the current international climate negotiation process the results show that absolute emission limits similar to the kyoto protocol will seriously impede the future economic development of china while the impact of an 80 reduction in carbon intensity forecast for 2050 based on the 2005 level is relatively small technological change can promote economic growth improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon intensity per unit of output through the substitution of production factors consequently it can reduce marginal abatement cost and related gdp loss by mitigation at the same time it can increase mitigation potentials and extend the emission reduction amount showing that consideration of the impact of technological change when deciding the emission reduction targets is necessary

intellectual property rights and the governance of international r d partnerships this paper studies the degree to which country differences in intellectual property rights protection affect the choice of companies for a particular mode of international inter firm r d partnering it focuses on the preference of companies for either an equity joint venture or a contractual partnership we find that international differences in intellectual property rights protection are a significant factor with less secure protection firms choose r d joint ventures rather than contractual partnerships the level of technological change in industries has an inverse effect on the preference for international r d joint ventures

index decomposition analysis applied to co2 emission studies index decomposition analysis ida was first extended from energy consumption to energy related co2 emission studies in 1991 since then many studies have been reported covering various countries and emission sectors however unlike the case of energy consumption studies a comprehensive literature survey that focuses specifically on emission studies has so far not been reported in this paper we attempt to fill this gap by reviewing 80 papers appearing in peer reviewed journals from 1991 to 2012 in this application area the first part of this paper deals with the developments with regard to the ida approaches used by researchers and the scope and focus of their studies in the second part the empirical results reported in the surveyed studies are analyzed consolidated and presented by emission sector the objective is to reveal the relative contributions of key effects on changes in the aggregate carbon intensity and this is done by emission sector and by country the findings of both parts are useful in understanding the development of ida in the application area of emission study as well as the key drivers of aggregate carbon intensities in the past and their possible future developments

influence of industry r d intensity on corporate product diversification interaction effect of free cash flow this study analyzes the effect of industry r d intensity on the degree of product diversification and examines the interaction effect of free cash flow on the previous relationship at the current time in large us firms using the s p 500 sample we found support for the hypothesis that industry r d intensity has a positive impact on the degree of product diversification on the contrary this study has found partial support for the hypothesis that free cash flow positively affects the previous relationship copyright 2006 oxford university press

determinants of governance structure in alliances the role of strategic task and partner uncertainties research in transaction cost economics and structural sociology has emphasized the role of opportunism and trust in the choice between equity and non equity governance forms in alliances this paper suggests that the uncertainty surrounding partner cooperation is not straightforwardly predictive of governance structure in alliances instead task uncertainty and strategic uncertainty associated with the activities performed within alliances induce coordination and adaptation requirements that are important determinants of alliance governance independently of partner uncertainty support for this view is provided based on a 12 year panel of alliances formed in the us telecommunications entertainment and computer industries

decomposition of co2 emissions change from energy consumption in brazil challenges and policy implications this study evaluates the changes in co2 emissions from energy consumption in brazil for the period 1970 2009 emissions are decomposed into production and consumption activities allowing computing the full set of energy sources consumed in the country this study aims to develop a comprehensive and updated picture of the underlying determinants of emissions change from energy consumption in brazil along the last four decades including for the first time the recently released data for 2009 results demonstrate that economic activity and demographic pressure are the leading forces explaining emission increase on the other hand carbon intensity reductions and diversification of energy mix towards cleaner sources are the main factors contributing to emission mitigation which are also the driving factors responsible for the observed decoupling between co2 emissions and economic growth after 2004 the cyclical patterns of energy intensity and economy structure are associated to both increments and mitigation on total emission change depending on the interval the evidences demonstrate that brazilian efforts to reduce emissions are concentrated on energy mix diversification and carbon intensity control while technology intensive alternatives like energy intensity has not demonstrated relevant progress residential sector displays a marginal weight in the total emission change

the relative effectiveness of patents and secrecy for appropriation abstract changes in patent law global competition and the rise of several new technologies suggest that patents could be of greater value than secrecy for many innovative firms particularly small firms that are unable to use market power or other factors to appropriate their investments in innovation data from the 1993 european community innovation survey cis for up to 2849 r d performing firms is analysed to determine the relative importance of secrecy vs patents this particular combination of appropriation methods is interesting because secrecy can act as a mutually exclusive alternative to patents the results show that a higher percentage of firms in all size classes rate secrecy as more valuable than patents however ordered logit regressions show that the probability that a firm rates secrecy as more valuable than patents declines with an increase in firm size for product innovations while there is no relationship for process innovations the firm s r d intensity has no effect on the relative value of secrecy vs patents there is weak evidence to show that participation in cooperative r d increases the value of patents over secrecy for product innovations the results are relevant to ongoing debates over changes to the patent system and the need for policies to encourage small firms to patent more

licensee technological potential and exclusive rights in international licensing a multilevel model granting of exclusive rights is an important consideration for firms using licensing as a mode of entry into foreign markets as exclusive contracts reduce licensors flexibility in a given market during the term of the agreement by granting exclusivity to a licensee with greater technological potential the exchange partners can increase the potential transactional value of the licensing agreement at the same time a licensee with strong technological potential will increase the threat of transactional hazards due to underinvestment and rent appropriation in this paper we develop and empirically test a model that evaluates the balancing of transactional value and transaction costs in exclusive licensing in particular we identify the conditions under which exclusive contracts are likely to be granted to foreign licensees with strong technological potential empirical results from a multilevel model based on 375 international licensing agreements of us firms in high technology industries during 1995 2008 show that licensees with a stronger technological potential are more likely to be granted exclusive rights in countries with strong intellectual property rights protection and in industries with a high rate of technological change but are less likely to be granted exclusive rights when there is a high degree of overlap between licensor and licensee products

structural change and energy efficiency in industry the change in the ratio of energy consumed to industrial production is examined over the years 1968 1980 changes in the composition of industry are analysed creating a better picture of movements in physical efficiency of energy use the medium term trends show the significance of the 1973 oil crisis the effects being contrary to those of intuition the implications of the two recessions for efficiency and industrial structure are described in detail the role of demand often relegated to an incidental consideration is brought to the fore in the years following 1973 it appears more important than ex post substitution in production and with this comes a particular implication for the use of aggregate production functions

estimating the rebound effect in us manufacturing energy consumption abstract the energy price shocks of the 1970s are usually assumed to have increased the search for new energy saving technologies where eventual gains in energy efficiencies will reduce the real per unit price of energy services and hence the consumption of energy will rise and partially offset the initial reduction in the usage of energy sources this is the rebound effect which is estimated for the us manufacturing sector using time series data applying the dynamic ols method dols when allowing for asymmetric price effects the rebound effect is found to be approximately 24 for the us manufacturing sector

complementarity status similarity and social capital as drivers of alliance formation using data on u s investment banking firms syndication in underwriting corporate stock offerings during the 1980s this study explores the factors that drive alliance formation between two specific firms we compare resource complementarity status similarity and social capital as a basis of alliance formation the findings indicate that the likelihood of investment banks alliance formation is positively related to the complementarity of their capabilities as well as their status similarity social capital arising from banks direct and indirect collaborative experiences also plays a very important role in alliance formation the number of deals given by a lead bank to a potential partner over the past three years has an inverted u shaped relationship to the probability that the lead bank will invite the potential partner to form an alliance our findings indicate that status similarity and social capital have a stronger effect on alliance formation in initial public offering deals than in secondary offering deals as the former are more uncertain than the latter using these findings we discuss the role of complementarity status similarity and social capital in alliance formation copyright 2000 john wiley sons ltd

learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances building relational capital one of the main reasons that firms participate in alliances is to learn know how and capabilities from their alliance partners at the same time firms want to protect themselves from the opportunistic behavior of their partner to retain their own core proprietary assets most research has generally viewed the achievement of these objectives as mutually exclusive in contrast we provide empirical evidence using large sample survey data to show that when firms build relational capital in conjunction with an integrative approach to managing conflict they are able to achieve both objectives simultaneously relational capital based on mutual trust and interaction at the individual level between alliance partners creates a basis for learning and know how transfer across the exchange interface at the same time it curbs opportunistic behavior of alliance partners thus preventing the leakage of critical know how between them copyright 2000 john wiley sons ltd

network location and learning the influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation this paper presents a dynamic firm level study of the role of network resources in determining alliance formation such resources inhere not so much within the firm but reside in the interfirm networks in which firms are placed data from extensive fieldwork show that by influencing the extent to which firms have access to information about potential partners such resources are an important catalyst for new alliances especially because alliances entail considerable hazards this study also assesses the importance of firms capabilities with alliance formation and material resources as determinants of their alliance decisions i test this dynamic framework and its hypotheses about the role of time varying network resources and firm capabilities with comprehensive longitudinal multi industry data on the formation of strategic alliances by a panel of firms between 1970 and 1989 the results confirm field observations that accumulated network resources arising from firm participation in the network of accumulated prior alliances are influential in firms decisions to enter into new alliances this study highlights the importance of network resources that firms derive from their embeddedness in networks for explaining their strategic behavior copyright 1999 john wiley sons ltd

residential energy consumption in urban china a decomposition analysis abstract residential energy consumption rec is the second largest energy use category 10 in china and urban residents account for 63 of the rec understanding the underlying drivers of variations of urban rec thus helps to identify challenges and opportunities and provide advices for future policy measures this paper applies the lmdi method to a decomposition of china s urban rec during the period of 1998 2007 at disaggregated product activity level using data collected from a wide range of sources our results have shown an extensive structure change towards a more energy intensive household consumption structure as well as an intensive structure change towards high quality and cleaner energy such as electricity oil and natural gas which reflects a changing lifestyle and consumption mode in pursuit of a higher level of comfort convenience and environmental protection we have also found that china s price reforms in the energy sector have contributed to a reduction of rec while scale factors including increased urban population and income levels have played a key role in the rapid growth of rec we suggest that further deregulation in energy prices and regulatory as well as voluntary energy efficiency and conservation policies in the residential sector should be promoted

firm size inequality and market power abstract in this paper we reexamine the relationship between firm size inequality fsi and market power in light of modern oligopoly theory using a model with capacity constraints and endogenous conduct we show that the market power fsi relationship is more complex than the positive link traditionally predicted we show that two separate effects are at work leading to a u shaped relationship between market power and fsi we also show that prices should be more unstable in markets where fsi is high we test these predictions on data for the u s airline industry and find results that support them

choosing an appropriate alliance governance mode the role of institutional cultural and geographical distance in international research development r d collaborations we identify a variety of r d alliance modes in a knowledge intensive industry e g pharmaceuticals and classify them into four ordered categories which go beyond the traditional binary equity vs non equity alliance classification this enriches our understanding of alliance governance structures and broadens the application of alliance modes in what is today a more complicated international r d collaboration setting we then explore national industry and firm factors that determine the selection of an appropriate r d alliance governance mode using a sample of 237 international alliance deals the likelihood of using a more integrated alliance governance mode decreases as the difference or distance between nations of the partner firms increases in terms of human capital and cultural distance on the other hand a greater geographic and institutional difference is positively associated with the selection of more integrated alliance governance modes furthermore firms in the research stage are more likely to use a more integrated governance mode as opposed to firms in the development stage these findings advance research on alliance governance structure they reveal the factors affecting the r d alliance governance mode choice

licensing the market for technology abstract in technology based industries incumbent firms often license their technology to potential competitors such a strategy is difficult to explain within traditional models of licensing this paper extends the literature on licensing by relaxing the assumption of a monopolist technology holder competition in the market for technology induces licensing of innovations and incumbent firms may find it privately profitable to license although their joint profits may well be higher in the absence of any licensing a strong testable implication of our model is that the number of licenses per patent holder decreases with the degree of product differentiation

enhancing value via cooperation firms process benefits from participation in a standard consortium firms benefit from participating in a consortium in two ways from final products and from the cooperation process process benefits including interorganizational learning and social capital benefits are critical to motivate firms to participate in a consortium however there is limited understanding of what factors enable firms to obtain process benefits via consortium activities based on 232 member surveys collected from seven e business standard consortia we find that firms anticipate more process benefits if they are more technically capable value the forthcoming standards higher and participate in a better managed consortium surprisingly although relational risks exist due to potential competition among consortium members their impacts on process benefits are insignificant in e business standard consortia furthermore our empirical analysis suggests that more technically capable firms handle relational risk less effectively when learning within the consortium copyright 2012 the author 2011 published by oxford university press on behalf of associazione icc all rights reserved oxford university press

the duality of collaboration inducements and opportunities in the formation of interfirm linkages i argue that the linkage formation propensity of firms is explained by simultaneously examining both inducement and opportunity factors drawing upon resource based and social network theory literatures i identify three forms of accumulated capital technical commercial and social that can affect a firm s inducements and opportunities to form linkages firms possessing these capital stocks enjoy advantages in linkages formation however firms lacking these accumulated resources can still form linkages if they generate a radical technological breakthrough thus i identify paths to linkage formation for leading as well as peripheral firms i test these arguments with longitudinal data on technical collaborative linkages in the global chemicals industry copyright 2000 john wiley sons ltd

analysis of co2 emissions in apec countries a time series and a cross sectional decomposition using the log mean divisia method abstract we decompose the changes of co2 emissions in apec countries over time as well as the differences of co2 emissions among three income groups of apec countries at a given period of time based on the logarithmic mean divisia decomposition approach among the major findings of the paper the growth in per capita gdp and population are the two dominant contributors to the increase in co2 emissions in most cases furthermore energy efficiency and fuel switching are found to be the two most promising fields for possible cooperation between apec member countries

technological regimes and sectoral patterns of innovative activities this paper focuses on the relationships between observed patterns of innovative activities within a sector and the related context and underlying microeconomic processes that might account for them it claims that there are some invariant features with respect to relative prices and incentives mechanisms of learning and knowledge accumulation that greatly affect the rate and structure of innovative activity these features are different across sectors the paper proposes that the specific pattern of innovative activity of a sector can be explained as the outcome of different technological regimes that are implied by the nature of technology and knowledge the notion of technological regime provides a synthetic representation of some of the most important economic properties of technologies and of the characteristics of the learning processes that are involved in innovative activities copyright 1997 by oxford university press