countering urban segregation theoretical and policy innovations from around the globe new forms of urban segregation and exclusion have emerged in the contemporary globalised world processes of globalisation especially those cloaked as free international trade and state withdrawal

energy consumption and urban sprawl evidence for the spanish case residential electricity consumption constitutes one of the largest sources of spanish final energy demand to improve electricity savings policies oriented towards efficiency in residential consumption such as replacement of appliances or the construction of nearly zero energy buildings have been suggested and implemented however the potential relevance of urban structural characteristics such as the increase in detached houses in sprawling residential areas has not often been considered the aim of this research is to analyse the relevance of living in a detached house located in a dispersed urban area to household electricity consumption thus an electricity consumption model is estimated by using household socioeconomic variables and including urban characteristics as its determinants such us the level of urban agglomeration or whether families live in detached sprawling homes the model is estimated by using 2014 household budget survey hbs microdata and applying ordinary least squares ols as well as quantile regressions qr as econometric procedures endogeneity problems are corrected by means of instrumental variables the results confirm that living in a detached house significantly increases electricity consumption whereas urban agglomerations have the opposite effect sprawl is occurring rapidly in spanish cities and according to our results it could constitute a relevant source of increase in electricity demand in the following years

the informal sector in developed and less developed countries a literature survey the main goal of this study is two fold 1 to provide ageneral overview of the contributions to the literature on theinformal sector with a special focus on the public choiceapproach and 2 to compare these contributions across twoinstitutionally different types of countries developed andless developed developing and transition countries thepaper focuses on the criteria used to define the informalsector the relationship between the formal and informaleconomy tax evasion and public choice analysis it isstressed throughout this paper that the distinction betweenthe two types of countries is of key importance

small is bountiful labor markets and establishment size although there exist no detailed published studies on trends in workplace size most research in stratification and industrial sociology has operated with the implicit assumption that in the course of the twentieth century workers have found themselves in increasingly larger establishments this assumption has focused considerable attention on such concomitants of the assumed increase as growth in bureaucratic control and internal labor markets this paper gives thefirst systematic empirical account of the evolution of workplace size and presents results that call into question the appropriateness of the current allocation of research energy it is suggested that far more attention be paid to analysis of small firms and establishments it is well known that one of the major changes in the organization of work during the twentieth century has been the shift from small to large employers in contested terrain edwards 1979 vii notes that seventy five or a hundred years ago nearly all employees worked for small firms while today large numbers toil for the giant corporations from the theory of segmented labor markets we know that the internal labor market in the large company has become an increasingly standard locale for intragenerational mobility and that as thurow points out the need for on the job training leads employers to eliminate competition for jobs among those who must train one another the net result is the formation of a series of internal labor markets with limited ports of entry thurow 1975 85 86 dunlop 1966 32 observes in a similar vein that for the typical enterprise hiring in jobs are only a small fraction of the total number of job classifications the forces that have brought about this transformation of the workplace have been extensively documented advances in technology have facilitated increasingly large operations with corresponding scale

the fall and rise of the petty bourgeoisie changing patterns of self employment in the postwar united states this article explores the historical trajectory of the self employed segment of the labor force in the united states particularly since 1940 self employment declined in the united states almost steadily from the 19th century to the early 1970s since then it has risen every year explaining this reversal in the historical fortunes of the petty bourgeoisie is the central task of this article we reach four basic conclusions first the reversal in the decline of the self employed is statistically significant and robust across a range of definitions of self employment rates second this reversal is not a simple countercyclical response to the increase in unemployment since the middle 1970s third part of the resurgence of self employment result from the expansion of various postindustrial services that tend to have higher levels of self employment within them within postindustrial sectors however there has not generally been any increase in self employment fourth a significant part of the expansio

foreign owned banks in the united states earning market share or buying it foreign owned u s banks have been chronically unprofitable for more than a decade the authors employ a profit efficiency model introduced by allen n berger diana hancock and david b humphrey 1993 modified to be less sensitive to variations in asset size to estimate the relative profit efficiency of 62 foreign owned and 240 u s owned banks between 1985 and 1990 their results indicate that foreign owned banks were significantly less profit efficient than were u s owned banks primarily due to foreign banks reliance on expensive purchased funds for foreign owned banks the results are consistent with a strategy of sacrificing profits in exchange for fast growth and increased market share during the 1980s copyright 1996 by ohio state university press

social polarisation the labour market and economic restructuring in europe an urban perspective it is frequently argued that changes in the occupational structure and labour markets of european cities have the potential to undermine social cohesion the term social polarisation has been wid

making it underground comparative material on the informal sector in western market economies this paper examines the informal economy and its relationship to commonly held theories of industrial development although these theories stem from very different intellectual traditions their general assumption has been that widespread informal economic activities are primarily a feature of third world economies in which they function as a refuge from destitution such activities are presumably destined to desappear with the advance of modern industry led growth evidence is presented that indicates that these assumptions including the identification of informality with conditions in the less developed countries are wrong alternative interpretations of the resilience of these activities in third world countries despite rapid industrialization and their continuity and apparent revival in the advanced economies and discussed

does urbanization lead to more direct and indirect household carbon dioxide emissions evidence from china during 1996 2012 china is experiencing a stage of rapid urban development the energy consumption and related carbon dioxide emissions of households continue to increase this paper calculates direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions of households based on the input output method in china from 1996 to 2012 the results reveal that there were more total carbon dioxide emissions from urban households than from rural households far more indirect emissions from urban households than from rural households slightly more direct emissions from urban households than from rural households and differences in direct carbon dioxide emissions from various fuels and in indirect emissions from various sectors between urban and rural households to examine the causal relationship between urbanization and the carbon dioxide emissions of households cointegration and granger causality tests are applied a unidirectional causal relation was found running from urbanization to both direct and indirect household carbon dioxide emissions and the direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions of households would increase 2 9 and 1 1 respectively for every increase of one percent in urbanization we discuss the reasons of why the development of urbanization will lead to more household direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions and suggest certain policy implications for urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions based on the results of this study

dea like models for efficiency evaluations of specialized and interdependent units abstract the problem of evaluating the efficiency of a set of specialized and interdependent decision making subunits dmsus that make up a larger decision making unit dmu is considered the dmsus are interdependent in the sense that part of the output produced by each of them may be used as an input by the other ones they are also specialized hence non homogeneous as they may have not the same inputs and outputs for this problem some efficiency indexes are introduced and they are shown to satisfy some basic properties

opening the pandora s box trade openness and informal sector growth this article constructs a labour transition model combining the features of job loss and job creation in the formal sector of an economy the theoretical model examines the impact of trade liberalization on net job transition from formal to informal sector in the light of our model we establish certain pre conditions based on simulations under which trade liberalization is accompanied by rising informal sector the model outcome conforms to the empirical evidence of rising informality with openness which we find in 18 central eastern european and former soviet union countries

a multidimensional approach to measuring bank branch efficiency abstract bank branch efficiency measurements range from simple ratio and standard regression analyses to more complex frontier approaches each with specific strengths and weaknesses however in isolation the indexes that these approaches generate fail to capture the multidimensional nature of bank branch efficiency this paper develops a three step procedure that enables combining the strengths of the existing approaches we begin by taking the widest number of efficiency indexes proposed in literature step 1 reduce the redundant information through a collinearity analysis step 2 and categorize bank branches into efficiency classes through a clustering procedure step 3 we test our approach on 23 branches of an italian regional bank the results show that this three step approach is able to provide a multidimensional view of efficiency based on indexes employing a wide range of theoretical and methodological approaches with different ways of conceiving intermediation vs production and measuring stock vs flow or physical measures bank outputs and inputs different definitions of efficiency technical and cost efficiency and different measurement approaches ratios standard regression analysis and frontier functions the resulting efficiency ranking is consistent with those that univariate indexes generate and provides a balanced evaluation of branch efficiency when such indexes produce contradictory indications

best performing us mutual fund families from 1993 to 2008 evidence from a novel two stage dea model for efficiency decomposition when analyzing relative performance especially at the institutional level the traditional data envelopment analysis dea models do not recognize vastly different and important activities as separate functions and therefore cannot identify which function may be the main source of inefficiency we propose a novel two stage dea model that decomposes the overall efficiency of a decision making unit into two components and demonstrate its applicability by assessing the relative performance of 66 large mutual fund families in the us over the period 1993 2008 by decomposing the overall efficiency into operational management efficiency and portfolio management efficiency components we reveal the best performers the families that deteriorated in performance and those that improved in their performance over the sample period we also make frontier projections for poorly performing mutual fund families and highlight how the portfolio managers have managed their funds relative to the others during financial crisis periods

legitimacy and the benefits of firm formalization entrepreneurs in many emerging economies start their firms informally without registering with the state we examine how informality at the time of founding affected the performance of 12 146 firms in 18 countries across sub saharan africa our findings indicate that entrepreneurs who registered their firms at founding enjoyed greater success in terms of sales and employment but these benefits varied widely across countries consistent with the idea that legitimation processes account for these benefits countries in which people trust their government more had larger advantages associated with being formal

financial sustainability and poverty outreach within a network of village banks in cameroon a multi dea approach abstract microfinance institutions face a double bottom line they perform financial tasks by giving microcredits to their customers and support projects aiming at reducing poverty in doing so they have to be financially self sufficient and to target poor people excluded from the traditional financial systems however a trade off may exist between financial sustainability and poverty outreach for these institutions by using a multi dea approach this paper shows that even if a trade off exists for 15 of the mc 2 mutuelles communautaires de croissance in cameroon there is no trade off for 46 of them in order to increase without trade off financial and social performance of inefficient mc 2 a benchmarking approach combing dea and performance indicators has been developed dea is used for identifying best practices and setting benchmarking goals performance indicators are used for characterizing areas needing improvements and following the evolution of mc 2 toward their goals i e for implementing benchmarking complementarity of both approaches provides a tool box for improving financial and social efficiency and reducing the trade off between financial sustainability and poverty outreach of microfinance institutions

nerlovian revenue inefficiency in a bank production context evidence from shinkin banks the paper further advances the contemporary methodological and empirical research on bank efficiency we introduce a bank two stage network revenue decomposition analysis based on the slack based directional inefficiency measurement framework by building upon the approaches of epure and lafuente 2015 fukuyama and weber 2009 2010 fukuyama and matousek 2017 and fare fukuyama grosskopf and zelenyuk 2015 2016 we apply the model on the segment of japanese financial institutions shinkin banks we examine the efficiency performance of shinkin banks during the period from march 2007 to march 2015 this covers the recent years after the turmoil in the us subprime residential mortgage market which started early 2007 the applied innovative framework is particularly suitable for this type of banks since the financing of their business activities is mainly dependent on the different types of deposits that the proposed model takes into consideration

a theory of market transition from redistribution to markets in state socialism state socialist redistributive economies are characterized by the allocation and distribution of goods through central planning this paper develops a theory of market transition which argues that in reforming socialist economies the transition from redistributive to market coordination shifts sources of power and privilege to favor direct producers relative to redistributors the shit improves incentives for direct producers stimulates the growth of private markets and provides to entrepreneurs an alternative path for socioeconomic mobility a set of hypotheses test the market transition theory with householdand village level data

resolving the deposit dilemma a new dea bank efficiency model abstract one of the weaknesses of current bank efficiency models is a disagreement as to the role of deposits in the bank production process some models view deposits as an input while others view them as an output such disparity of approaches results in inconsistent efficiency estimates in this study we propose an alternative data envelopment analysis dea bank efficiency model that treats deposits as an intermediate product thus emphasizing the dual role of deposits in the bank production process consequently the effect of the amount of deposits on bank efficiency depends on the efficiency at both stages of the bank production process the main advantage of our model is that it does not require a researcher to make a judgment call as to whether having more production approach or less intermediation approach deposits is better for bank efficiency our unified framework has the potential to produce more consistent efficiency estimates

vertical and nonvertical effects in class mobility cross national variations class theorists often argue against the use of unidimensional or hierarchical analyses in class mobility research they assert that nonvertical effects are of paramount importance in understanding the structure and process of stratification by explicitly incorporating both vertical and nonvertical effects into the structural model of class mobility i demonstrate the importance of both effects for understanding the structure of mobility chances within and between countries although vertical and nonvertical effects are equally important in explaining association patterns in individual countries nonvertical effects are the major source of cross national variation two nonvertical effects are particularly important economic sector of employment whether nonmanual manual or farm and employment status whether self employed or not

unwelcome immigrants the labor market experiences of 1980 mariel cuban and haitian refugees in south florida this article examines the situation of 2 recently arrived and disadvantaged immigrant groups in the context of 2 competing theoretical traditions classical assimilation and recent labor market segmentation theories predictions of both concerning us labor market entry of foreign minorities and determinants of subsequent mobility are tested on the basis of representative surveys most are not confirmed the analysis supports the hypothesis of heterogeneous modes of incorporation into the labor market including substantial numbers of refugees who remain outside of it sizable proportions have only managed to find fringe employment in a energing informal economy in south florida among cubans employment in the ethnic enclave is associated with positive returns comparable to those of entry into the primary labor market haitians lack an enclave option and thus cluster into secondary and informal employment although most remain without work determinants of these various situations are examined on the basis of multivariate logistic regressions implications of results for immigration theory and policy are discussed authors

the urban informal sector in uruguay its internal structure characteristics and effects abstract the literature on third world urbanization has focused increasingly on the informal sector as a mechanism to explain first the survival strategies of the poor excluded from regular employment and second the strategies of formal firms to bypass regulatory constraints and reduce costs this paper pursues these lines of research in a special context namely that of uruguay a small country which followed a protective labor policy for many years but reversed it during the 1970s and early 1980s data come from a sample of 700 households in montevideo which are representative of the low income neighborhoods that comprise approximately two thirds of the city s population interviews were held in 1983 1984 the analysis focuses on the following issues 1 the proportion of individuals and households who participate in the informal economy 2 the types of informality that exist in both principal and secondary occupations 3 the effects of informal employment on income 4 differences in age sex and education between different types of workers 5 changes in informal employment over time implications of findings for general definitions and hypotheses about the informal sector are examined the relationship of results to the neoliberal experiments attempted in uruguay between 1973 and 1984 is discussed

market structure jobs and productivity observations from jamaica the purpose of this paper is to study the structure of the formal labor market in jamaica emphasis is placed upon the key institutional features of labor markets as they affect income and employment determination training and labor quality labor management conflict and industrial organization in particular a distinction is drawn between those jobs principally in the informal sector where easy entry and work sharing are the principal determinants of income earning opportunities and those which are protected by formal sector internal labor markets this distinction is critical for understanding how employment and productivity are affected by economic change and by institutional forces at the workplace

differential impact of korean banking system reforms on bank productivity abstract we study the impact of banking system reforms during a crisis following a period of undisciplined lending regulatory changes aimed at strengthening the banks capital structure and risk management practices do not have a uniform impact on bank productivity but rather favor financially sound or strategically privileged banks we present evidence documenting the differential impact of regulatory reforms on korean commercial bank productivity over the period 1995 2005 average technical efficiency of banks decreased during the financial crisis of 1997 1998 it improved following the subsequent bank restructuring and continued to improve through 2005 the capital adequacy ratio is positively associated with banks technical efficiency the non performing loans ratio is negatively associated with technical efficiency both relationships are accentuated during the crisis but attenuated after the reforms

formal and informal institutions in the labor market with applications to the construction sector in egypt abstract urban labor markets that are characterized by the absence or ineffectiveness of regulation by legal and bureaucratic institutions can nonetheless be subject to powerful institutional forces based on customary norms group cohesion kinship and social networks using insights derived from the new institutional economics this argument is illustrated with three examples from the construction labor market in egypt where formal and informal institutions performing similar functions are contrasted in each case the informal institution is found to be significantly more important in shaping labor market relations

assessing productive efficiency of banks using integrated fuzzy dea and bootstrapping a case of mozambican banks performance analysis has become a vital part of the management practices in the banking industry there are numerous applications using dea models to estimate efficiency in banking and most of them assume that inputs and outputs are known with absolute precision here we propose new fuzzy dea level models to assess underlying uncertainty further bootstrap truncated regressions with fixed factors are used to measure the impact of each model on the efficiency scores and to identify the most relevant contextual variables on efficiency the proposed models have been demonstrated using an application in mozambican banks to handle the underlying uncertainty findings reveal that fuzziness is predominant over randomness in interpreting the results in addition fuzziness can be used by decision makers to identify missing variables to help in interpreting the results price of labor price of capital and market share were found to be the significant factors in measuring bank efficiency managerial implications are addressed

technical scale and allocative efficiencies in u s banking an empirical investigation a nonparametric frontier approach is used to calculate the overall technical pure technical allocative and scale efficiencies for a sample of 322 independent banks the sample was drawn from the federal deposit insurance corporation tapes on the reports of condition and reports of income call reports for the year 1986 the results indicated a low level of overall efficiency the main source of inefficiency was technical in nature rather than allocative separate efficiency frontiers were constructed to test the effect of branching however the distributions of efficiency measures for branching and non branching banks were not found to be different

multidirectional conditional convergence in european banking abstract the paper examines the behavioural patterns arising from the analysis of productivity and convergence in european banking using a sample of commercial banks regulated by the single supervisory mechanism during 2011 to 2017 productivity change and its decompositions is measured for each input and output dimension separately using a variant of the multidirectional productivity analysis framework we introduce a novel approach for testing for convergence in productivity efficiency and technology as well as in each dimension considered we find strong evidence of absolute convergence during the period of study suggesting that bank operations move towards a common frontier rather than local equilibria prior to the creation of the single supervisory mechanism in 2013 conditional convergence is confirmed in many instances with respect to liquidity and capital adequacy although few cases remain significant in the subsequent period we conclude that regulatory controls have facilitated integration though there are important implications arising that policymakers need to consider when designing policies

evaluating the cost efficiency of the italian banking system what can be learned from the joint application of parametric and non parametric techniques abstract research on bank efficiency has developed in two separate streams econometric studies and data envelopment analysis a linear programming technique these two branches of literature have developed quickly but separately in this paper these two approaches have been tested on a common panel of 270 italian banks and this has suggested the following i econometric and linear programming results do not differ dramatically when based on the same data and conceptual framework ii when differences arise they can be explained by going back to the intrinsic features of the models moreover some findings on italian banks may be of interest also to the international reader i efficiency scores show a high variance ii the banking system is split in two between northern and southern banks iii there is a direct rather than inverse relationship between productive efficiency and asset quality iv the efficiency of italian banks did not increase over the period 1988 1992

work force fragmentation in latin america and its empirical manifestations in ecuador abstract the social impacts of economic transformation are of central concern to this study of the nature of work and process of work force fragmentation in ecuador workers are classified according to their social relations of production and the technical content of their work thus directly evaluating relations of power and autonomy among various labor groups the distribution of workers across labor groups in 1974 and 1982 indicates ongoing work force fragmentation with expansion in ownership managerial and highly skilled positions parallel analyses for agriculture services and manufacturing indicate the complexity of work force structure among and within these sectors

defining and estimating underground and informal economies the new institutional economics approach abstract a taxonomy of underground economies is elaborated based on the new institutional approach to economic development members of formal sectors confront different sets of transformation and transaction costs than do members of informal sectors and these differences are regarded as crucial to the development process the paper distinguishes illegal unreported unrecorded and informal economies and examines the conceptual and empirical linkages among them alternative micro and macro methodologies for measuring underground activities are reviewed and evaluated including census and survey procedures discrepancy and monetary methods when you cannot measure your knowledge is meager and unsatisfactory lord kelvin inscription at harper library university of chicago

technical scale and allocative efficiencies of turkish banking industry this paper investigates input and output efficiency in the turkish banking industry to understand the impact of size international variables ownership control and governance on profit cost allocative technical pure technical and scale efficiency measures employing a non parametric approach along with a parametric approach we estimate the efficiency of turkish banks over the 1988 1996 period this period allows us to account for the changes in the macro economy and regulatory treatment of the turkish banking industry over time our results suggest that the heterogeneous characteristics of banks have significant impact on their efficiency moreover cost and profit efficiencies of the turkish banks have exacerbated over time results also indicate that the dominant source of inefficiency in turkish banking is due to technical inefficiency rather than allocative inefficiency which is mainly attributed to diseconomies in scale to the extent that they chose an inefficient level of production bank management is responsible for scale inefficient operations however increasing demand for banking services in the nineties fueled by the state s increasing demand for funds to finance chronic budget deficits and high growth policies and the oligopolistic nature of the turkish banking market do not justify scale adjustments our policy suggestions are that the government implement financial reform packages that foster competition in the banking market and that the industry devise incentive schemes to improve managerial efficiency

a hierarchical model of housing choice the main objective of this paper is the construction of an expanded model of housing choice that includes not only tenure choice which has traditionally been the subject of analysis but also other housing characteristic choices in this model the probability of the household making a given tenure choice is estimated at the first level of a choice hierarchy the family s choices over dwelling size and quality are then estimated at succeeding levels of that hierarchy conditionally on the choices which precede them these conditional probabilities can be combined with the probability of tenure choice to produce eight joint probabilities of housing choice in addition for a particular household or group of households we can determine the effect of a change in any of the systems variables on the probability of the families making a given housing choice in the empirical section it is demonstrated that this model provides much greater insight than the conventional tenure choice study regarding the effects o

what do we learn about consumer demand patterns from micro data the aim of this paper is to assess the importance of using micro level data in the econometric analysis of consumer demand to do this we utilize a time series of repeated cross sections covering some 4 000 households in each of 15 years employing a number of different aggregation procedures we conclude that aggregate data alone are unlikely to produce reliable estimates of structural price and income coefficients however once certain aggregation factors as well as trend and seasonal components are included an aggregate model is not necessarily outperformed across all demand equations in terms of forecasting ability jel d12 c52 c31 the purpose of this paper is to develop a complete consumer demand system based on a time series of individual household data and to use it to measure the biases introduced into the study of consumer de mand behavior when aggregate data are used in place of the appropriate microeco nomic data we assess the suitability of ag gregate data through the impact on income and price elasticities and by evaluating the ability of both micro and aggregate based models to forecast aggregate consumer de mand the biases introduced by the use of aggregate data depend upon the way that household characteristics interact with in come and price effects and on departures of demand systems from linearity we explore the structure of microeconomic demand sys tems and the role of household characteris tics in the behavior of consumer demand both for the light this may shed on the pattern of future demands and for the im plications this behavior has for issues of aggregation consumer demand patterns typically found in micro data sets vary considerably across households with different household characteristics and with different levels of income we model this variability by making intercept and slope parameters in the budget share equations of our demand sys tem depend on household characteristics and by allowing for nonlinear total log expenditure terms in fact in theory consistent demand systems it is total ex penditure rather than disposable income that is allocated across goods we find that this general framework leads to a well specified data coherent demand system which is a quadratic extension of the popu lar almost ideal model of angus s deaton and john muellbauer 1980 the micro level estimates are shown to be sensitive to the treatment of endogeneity of total expen diture and to the specification of interaction terms with household characteristics in ad dition this specification is also shown to possess many attractive features for the evaluation of aggregate models

core deposits and physical capital a reexamination of bank scale economies and efficiency with quasi fixed inputs this paper compares measures of bank production efficiency assuming all bank inputs are completely variable with measures obtained from specifications which take account of the quasi fixed nature of core deposits and bank physical capital and the treatment of certain deposits as outputs the empirical results imply that scale economy measures vary substantially for small to medium sized banks whereas those for the largest banks are fairly robust to the different specifications estimates of economies of scope were found to be invariant to different input output specifications whereas efficiency measures varied significantly with changes in the specification of the cost function and with the definition of outputs and inputs copyright 1995 by ohio state university press

on the sources of heterogeneity in banking efficiency literature one learns two main lessons from studying the great quantity of banking efficiency literature these lessons regard the heterogeneity in results and the absence of a comprehensive review aimed at understanding the reasons for this variability surprisingly although this issue is well known it has not been systematically analyzed before in order to fill this gap we perform a meta regression analysis mra by examining 1 661 efficiency scores retrieved from 120 papers published over the period 2000 2014 the meta regression is estimated by using the random effects multilevel model reml because it controls for within study and between study heterogeneity the analysis yields four main results firstly parametric methods yield lower levels of banking efficiency than nonparametric studies this holds true even after controlling for the approach used in selecting the inputs and outputs of the frontier secondly we show that banking efficiency is highest when using the value added approach followed by estimates from studies based on the intermediation method whereas those based on the hybrid approach are the lowest thirdly efficiency scores also depend on the quality of studies and on the number of observations and variables used in the primary papers as far as the effects of sample size dimension and quality of papers are concerned there are significant differences in sign and magnitude between parametric and nonparametric studies finally cost efficiency is found to be higher than profit and production efficiency interestingly mra results are robust to the potential outliers in efficiency and sample size distributions