winners losers and the nuclear waste dilemma this paper explores how property right assignment affects social efficiency when a public program has both public good and public bad components we show that when willingness to accept a public bad exceeds the willingness to pay the net benefit is unambiguously lower when the property right supports the status quo institutional structure thus kaldor hicks efficiency tests tend to favor public programs and mitigation over the status quo even when mitigation negatively affects another group to illustrate the result we develop social cost estimates for moving nuclear waste from current temporary storage facilities to a permanent central repository at yucca mountain nv usa for a representative city with a population of 226 195 the present value of the external cost of shipping waste is 1 42 billion when those living near temporary nuclear waste storage facilities are assigned the property right to health and safety that number swells to 5 95 billion when those living near the transport route are assigned the property right thus property right assignment affects the efficient level of nuclear waste and thus nuclear energy produced

preference uncertainty in stated preference studies facts and artefacts the ordinal scale and polychotomous choice methods are two widely used techniques for estimating preference uncertainty in stated preference studies this article presents the results of two experiments that apply these estimation techniques the first experiment was designed to compare and contrast the scores of the ordinal scale and polychotomous choice method the second experiment was conducted to test a scale that combines verbal expressions with numerical and graphical interpretations a composite scale the results of the study can be summarized in three key findings first the polychotomous choice method generates a higher proportion of yes responses than the conventional dichotomous choice elicitation format second the composite scale generates a significantly higher proportion of certain responses finally the ordinal scale performs poorly on the ground of construct validity

understanding hurricane evacuation decisions under contingent scenarios a stated preference approach we conduct a stated preference analysis to understand the factors that individual households take into consideration to evacuate during hurricanes in designing the contingent scenarios for evacuation we randomly assign varying levels of hurricane characteristics wind speed lead time for landfall and the height of storm surge combined with different types of emergency management options voluntary versus mandatory evacuation order and a voucher with varying amounts to cover evacuation expenses findings indicate that individual households respond in a non linear fashion to the intensity of hurricanes when making evacuation decisions respondents are also more likely to evacuate when the storm surge reaches a certain threshold in terms of policy interventions mandatory evacuation orders are more effective to increase the likelihood of evacuation the potential intervention in the form of providing evacuation vouchers to assist households to cover their expenses e g for food water transportation and lodging also seems effective we discuss policy implications of our findings

preferences for environmental quality under uncertainty abstract although the expected effects of environmental policies and interventions are rarely known with certainty stated preference surveys rarely elicit preferences over uncertain environmental outcomes this article presents empirical results challenging the view that ignoring such uncertainty during preference elicitation is of no consequence so long as people only care about final environmental states we show that measured preferences for final environmental states water quality in this case depend on whether people choose between final states or between lotteries over final states in contrast to the typical finding for monetary lotteries we find significant under weighting of low probability events related to water quality

individual option prices for climate change mitigation abstract willingness to pay for climate change mitigation depends on people s perceptions about just how bad things will get if nothing is done individual subjective distributions for future climate conditions are combined with stated choices over alternative climate policies to estimate individual option prices the appropriate ex ante welfare measure in the face of uncertainty for climate change mitigation we find statistically significant sensitivity of estimated option prices to both expected future conditions and uncertainty about future conditions

black hole tariffs and endogenous policy theory political economy in general equilibrium preface acknowledgments list of results 1 a preview of the results 2 endogenous policy theory a diagrammatic approach part i endogenous policy theory with specific factors the theory of industry tariffs in partial equilibrium 3 the probabilistic voting model of political efficiency and powerless politicians 4 endogenous lobbying theory and the contribution specialization theorem 5 endogenous tariff theory 6 the power function model of endogenous industry lobbying 7 three simple tests of the stolper samuelson theorem 8 the invisible foot and the waste of nations lawyers as negative externalities part ii endogenous policy theory in general equilibrium a long run theory of national tariff levels 9 the 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 model of endogenous redistribution theory 10 a prisoner s dilemma theory of endogenous protection the leontief model 11 the compensation effect and the multiple equilibrium trap 12 increasing returns to politics and factor endowments economic development and brazilian vitality versus the indian disease 13 endogenous protection in the united states 1900 88 14 a cobb douglas model 15 black hole tariffs 16 the endowment effect cross national evidence on endogenous tariffs part ii postscript 17 the senile industry argument for protection 18 optimal obfuscation and the theory of the second worst the politically efficient policy mathematical appendices references author index subject index

distributional preferences and the incidence of costs and benefits in climate change policy we explore the relationship between willingness to pay wtp for climate change mitigation and distributional preferences by which we mean individuals opinions about who should be responsible for climate change prevention and whether the share of climate change impacts borne by the poor is a cause for concern we use 1 770 responses to an online stated preference survey the domestic costs in our survey s policy choice scenarios are expressed as a set of randomized shares across four different payment vehicles and the international cost shares are randomized across four groups of countries we also elicit respondents perceptions of the likely regressivity of climate change impacts under a policy of business as usual wtp is higher when larger cost shares are borne by parties deemed to bear a greater responsibility for mitigation and when respondents believe and care that the impacts of climate change may be borne disproportionately by the world s poor that wtp for an environmental policy depends on the distributional consequences of the policy is an unsettling result efficiency assessments are typically assumed to be separate from equity considerations in most benefit cost analyses

valuing public acceptance of alternative fuel buses using a latent class tobit model a case study in valencia abstract the introduction of hybrid electric technology for urban public transportation can be considered a valuable stepping stone to low carbon mobility using the contingent valuation method a sample of 427 respondents were asked about their willingness to pay for the air pollution reductions associated to a scenario of gradual introduction of hybrid electric buses in valencia spain results show that 67 of the respondents are willing to pay extra for the adoption of this electric hybrid technology being the mean willingness to pay 0 33 per single bus fare this would imply a 22 hypothetical increase in current bus fares and shows that public acceptance is critical for the successful introduction of these new low emissions vehicles further this paper differs from previous research in that it addresses the issue of heterogeneity among respondents thus using latent class analysis based on questions about environmental concerns we identify three different classes of respondents high medium and low environmentally concerned mean willingness to pay for each class ranges from 0 25 to 0 38 then we analyze willingness to pay determinants through the estimation of a tobit model for each class of respondents this reaffirms the existence of heterogeneity and accordingly suggests that treating the population as a single homogeneous group of respondents as is common in the existing literature may lead to biased parameter estimates and flawed decision making regarding climate change action

bureau competition and inefficiency abstract this paper evaluates the claim that an increase in bureau competition will improve efficiency in the public supply of services it gives explicit consideration to the property rights characteristics of a public sector market and to the role of legislators as active demanders of bureau output rather than as passive monitors of bureau production the analysis demonstrates that bureau managers prefer nonprice competition to price competition a major prediction of the paper is that greater bureau competition may increase bureau output costs and budgets

types of bureaucratic interaction abstract a taxonomy of relationships between a public bureau and its sponsoring institution is modelled within a simple follower leader framework various assumptions are made with respect to who makes the decision about the bureaucratic activity level and with respect to cost information the role played by budgetary slack is emphasized deviations from the socially optimal bureau are identified but no general support is found for the view that bureaus tend to become too big

how do long shot outcomes affect preferences for climate change mitigation this article takes a fresh look at how public uncertainty influences willingness to pay wtp for climate change mitigation programs i elicit subjective distribution functions over future global mean temperatures and wtp for mitigation i find not surprisingly that subjects on average view climate change as a bad and the higher the expected temperature increase they perceive the more they are willing to pay for mitigation subjects are generally risk averse so that they are wtp more for mitigation programs when the outcome of the program is more certain the skew of the subjective climate change distribution also affects preferences so that aversion to catastrophic outcomes is an important component of wtp for mitigation i find that models that ignore skew are likely to underestimate the influence of uncertainty on willingness to pay for climate change mitigation

welfare effects of changes in environmental quality under individual uncertainty about use we adapt the theoretical state preference model to value nonmarket public goods under individual uncertainty about use illustrating with an assessment of willingness to pay to prevent acid rain lake damage in the northeast united states individual usage uncertainty is modelled via probabilities of participation in trout fishing changes in environmental quality are valued using a random utility model to explain yes no responses to a contingent valuation question we produce quantitative welfare measures individual fitted and simulated passiveand active use values individual expected consumer surplus option price option value and complete individual willingness topay loci

waiting or acting now the effect on willingness to pay of delivering inherent uncertainty information in choice experiments abstract this paper analyzes the effect of inherent uncertainty on the willingness to pay wtp for a policy aimed at reducing expected climate change impacts to do this it relates outcome uncertainty to the probability of occurrence of one of these impacts within a given time horizon unlike the existing studies this paper links outcome uncertainty to the uncontrollable component of environmental uncertainty derived from the stochastic nature of an ecosystem s behavior results show that the wtp for the policy in the presence of uncertainty does not decrease compared to the scenario where climate change impacts are assumed to occur with certainty this suggests individuals are adopting a precautionary attitude when stating their wtp thus the paper provides economic justification for preventive measures in highly uncertain contexts however findings are not conclusive with respect to the influence of the degree of uncertainty on the support for such measures

risk perception in psychology and economics abstract the concept of rationality has been basic to most economic analysis its content has been successively refined over the generations as applied to the static world of certainty it has turned out to be a weak hypothesis not easily refuted and therefore not very useful as an explanation though not literally a tautology but recent decades have seen the development of stronger versions applied to a world in which time and uncertainty are real among its most important manifestations have been criteria for consistency in allocation over time the expected utility hypothesis of behavior under uncertainty and what may be termed the bayesian hypothesis for learning that is the consistent use of conditional probabilities for changing beliefs on the basis of new information these hypotheses have been used widely in offering explanations of empirically observed behavior though as not infrequently in economics the theoretical development has gone much further than the empirical implementation these hypotheses have also been used increasingly in normative analysis as a component of benefit cost studies therefore frequently referred to as benefit risk studies the value of reducing mortality rates from diseases for example has been studied by assuming that choice of occupations is made inter alia by comparing wage differences with mortality differences

bureaucratic discretion or congressional control regulatory policymaking by the federal trade commission this paper extends stigler and peltzman s approach to regulation by incorporating a legislature the model yields comparative statics results and hence testable implications the paper then tests between two opposing approaches about regulatory agency behavior the first assumes agencies operate independently of the legislature and hence exercise discretion the second assumes that congress controls agency decisions the recent behavior of the federal trade commission provides the empirical setting substantial evidence is found for the specific predictions of the model including the hypothesis of systematic congressional influence over ftc decisions

willingness to pay and policy instrument choice for climate change policy in the united states abstract this paper provides the first willingness to pay wtp estimates in support of a national climate change policy that are comparable with the costs of actual legislative efforts in the u s congress based on a survey of 2034 american adults we find that households are on average willing to pay between 79 and 89 per year in support of reducing domestic greenhouse gas ghg emissions 17 by 2020 even very conservative estimates yield an average wtp at or above 60 per year taking advantage of randomized treatments within the survey valuation question we find that mean wtp does not vary substantially among the policy instruments of a cap and trade program a carbon tax or a ghg regulation but there are differences in the sociodemographic characteristics of those willing to pay across policy instruments greater education always increases wtp older individuals have a lower wtp for a carbon tax and a ghg regulation while greater household income increases wtp for these same two policy instruments republicans along with those indicating no political party affiliation have a significantly lower wtp regardless of the policy instrument but many of these differences are no longer evident after controlling for respondent opinions about whether global warming is actually happening

the industrial organization of congress or why legislatures like firms are not organized as markets this paper provides a theory of legislative institutions that parallels the theory of the firm and the theory of contractual institutions like market institutions legislative institutions reflect two key components the goals or preferences of individuals here representatives seeking reelection and the relevant transactions costs we present three conclusions first we show how the legislative institutions enforce bargains among legislators second we explain why given the peculiar form of bargaining problems found in legislatures specific forms of nonmarket exchange prove superior to market exchange third our approach shows how the committee system limits the types of coalitions that may form on a particular issue

the impact of global warming on agriculture a ricardian analysis reply we measure the economic impact of climate on land prices using cross sectional data on climate farmland prices and other economic and geophysical data for almost 3 000 counties in the united states we find that higher temperatures in all seasons except autumn reduce average farm values while more precipitation outside of autumn increases farm values applying the model to a global warming scenario shows a significantly lower estimated impact of global warming on u s agriculture than the traditional production function approach and in one case suggests that even without co sub 2 fertilization global warming may have economic benefits for agriculture 16 refs 5 figs 5 tabs

methodological and theoretical issues and advancements in cross cultural research this paper summarizes the issues and concerns of critics of cross cultural research and discusses how they are being addressed by researchers given the state of the art and the complexity of this field of research the author recommends more inductive research and the pursuit of appropriate but not overambitious sampling designs so as to increase our understanding of cultures and encourage the building of richer theory bases taking an optimistic view of the field the author predicts useful contributions by researchers which will enrich the art and science of cross cultural management

the demand for environmental quality in driving transitions to low polluting energy sources the purpose of this paper is to understand the long run demand for energy related environmental quality its influence on legislation and on transitions to low polluting energy sources it starts by presenting a simple framework of the relationship between the demand for and supply of environmental quality environmental legislation and energy this forms the structure for presenting a series of episodes in british history where a demand for improvements in energy related environmental quality existed this analysis proposes that markets can drive transitions to low polluting energy sources in specific economic conditions however most probably governments will need to push them and this cannot be expected without strong and sustained demand for environmental improvements yet while demand is a prerequisite it is not enough it must also be spearheaded by strong creative and sustained pressure groups i e powerful lobbying and the weakening of the counter lobby to introduce legislation to enforce it and to avoid it being over turned by future governments

paying for mitigation a multiple country study a contingent valuation study conducted in china sweden and the united states was used to investigate citizens willingness to pay wtp for reducing co2 emissions we find that a majority of the respondents in all three countries believe that the mean global temperature has increased over the last 100 years and that humans are responsible for the increase the share of americans that believes these statements is smaller and a relatively larger share of americans also believes that nothing can be done to stop climate change sweden has the highest wtp while china has the lowest jel q51 q54

cross national empirical generalization in business services buying behavior we examine cross national generalization of the relative importance of factors that affect supplier selection and level of usage for global business services providers tests indicate that the majority of the response coefficients for a model of foreign exchange markets are equal across the four countries studied u s canada u k and germany inter country differences in buyer response seem most related to competitiveness and identifiable country specific institutional factors

the effects of multiple objectives in the theory of public sector supply this paper incorporates objectives of both legislators and bureaucrats in a model of public sector decisionmaking existing models assume that either bureaucrats control production information and decisions niskanen type models or legislators control production decisions legislative models my model explicitly incorporates imperfect agent behavior and corresponding preferences of both legislators and bureaucrats to reflect the bilateral nature of appropriations the analysis shows that output levels generally differ from politically and socially efficient levels and depend on the relative weights of legislative and bureaucratic interests accordingly niskanen type and legislative models are viewed as special cases of this more general approach

diagnosing measurement equivalence in cross national research many researchers have pointed out that it is necessary to ensure measurement equivalence in cross national comparative research three aspects of measurement equivalence translation metric and calibration equivalence are necessary to establish the cross national reliability and validity of items used to measure theoretical constructs this paper discusses these issues and proposes two recently developed empirical techniques multiple group lisrel and optimal scaling for use in diagnosing cross national measurement equivalence these techniques are illustrated by reanalysis of a pioneering u s and japanese study the two techniques yield convergent results indicating measurement equivalence for some but not all ordinal level items under consideration the findings demonstrate that the proposed methods are useful diagnostic tools for exploring measurement equivalence several suggestions for reducing the likelihood of problems with measurement equivalence and a number of methods for dealing with items where lack of equivalence persists are also discussed

what determines urban households willingness to pay for co2 emission reductions in turkey a contingent valuation survey abstract this paper explores turkish urban households willingness to pay wtp for co2 emission reductions expected to result from improvements in power production a face to face questionnaire with a contingent valuation cv module prepared using the double bounded dichotomous choice elicitation framework was administered to 2422 respondents representative of urban turkey a developing country with low but rapidly increasing greenhouse gas emissions the determinants of wtp were identified by considering not only the impact of standard socio economic factors but also the effects of environmental knowledge attitudes and behaviour the relevance of the identity of the collection agent national versus international institutions in terms of trust people have towards them and the degree of perceived participation of others in the realization of the project our study confirms the existing literature in demonstrating that wtp figures reported by young and educated people that are active on environmental issues and who also possess material security and environmental knowledge are more likely to be high however their willingness to make contributions is hampered significantly by their belief that their fellow citizens will not contribute and the general lack of trust in institutions overall this study may be taken as a call to eliminate governance related uncertainties in climate change deals

must contingent valuation surveys cost so much abstract in 1989 the exxon valdez ran aground and spilled 11 million gallons of oil in alaska great controversy has surrounded the assessment of monetary damages for this oil spill the source of this controversy has been the use of hypothetical contingent valuation surveys to assess damages to individual households and the aggregation of these survey values over all households in the united states the assessment prepared for the state of alaska is reported to have cost several million dollars to undertake we show that considerable economy can be effected in the elicitation of such survey responses our approach is to use a cheaper convenience sample to generate a statistical model of behavioral responses to the valuation questions and then to use sample averages of population characteristics to predict the behavior of the population thus we use a model of the behavior of students to predict the behavior of all of the adult citizens of the united states we find that we can obtain essentially the same damage estimates as a more expensive probability sample of the entire nation

culture and congruence the fit between management practices and national culture the financial performance of european and asian work units of one multinational company is examined as a function of the congruence between management practices and national culture using hofstede s five national culture dimensions and analogous management practices we find that work unit financial performance is higher when management practices in the work unit are congruent with the national culture

the voting behavior of bureaucrats some empirical evidence this paper has examined the voting behavior of bureaucrats and the consequences for elections the economic theory of the rational voter predicts that bureaucrats would have more to gain by voting than the general public the cost of voting is lower for public employees than for those who work in the private sector as a consequence theory predicts that bureaucrats would participate in elections at a greater rate than other individuals as a test of the validity of the economic theory of voting an empirical analysis of national elections from 1964 to 1978 was presented the evidence is drawn from household survey data published by the u s bureau of the census the data permit a direct observation of voting participation rates of public and private employees the empirical results indicate that bureaucrats consistently participate in elections at significantly greater rates than non bureaucrats as the public sector expands and voter participation rates remain low bureaucrats will exert disproportionate influence on election outcomes

evaluating change in objective ambiguous mortality probability valuing reduction in ambiguity size and risk level this article develops a valuation model to evaluate mortality probability changes under objective ambiguity where multiple mortality probabilities are exogenously given we construct the valuation model based on upalpha maxmin expected utility to evaluate the reduction in ambiguity size and risk level as well as estimate the subjects ambiguity attitude our model can bring an interesting policy implication if the subjects are ambiguity averse a reduction in ambiguity size with a constant risk level can increases welfare thus even if risk level cannot be lowered reduction in ambiguity size can also be used as a measure toward increasing welfare our model can empirically estimate this welfare change resulting from the reduction in ambiguity size to demonstrate how our model works we apply it to survey data on a public program that reduces mortality probability in accidents caused by wildlife

bureaucratic agenda control imposition or bargaining niskanen s economic model of bureaucratic behavior assumes that bureaucratic agenda control allows the bureau to impose upon a passive legislature its most preferred alternative from among the set of alternatives that dominate the status quo but does a monopoly on the agenda give bureaus this degree of influence over a voting body this article reports on experiments that demonstrate that a monopoly on the agenda puts the agenda monopolist in a position to bargain with a voting body without being able to impose his or her most preferred alternative on that body this evidence supports theories of bureaucratic legislative bargaining at the expense of theories of bureaucratic imposition

uncertainty and measurement error in welfare models for risk changes abstract most welfare models of environmental or mortality risk reductions assume that risks are exogenously determined and known with certainty however a growing body of research suggests that uncertainty about risks can affect choices over risky prospects i present a decision weighted random utility model that decomposes welfare losses into those attributable to an increase in the deterministic component of risk and those attributable to uncertainty about risk i apply the model to an illustrative dataset of subjects perceived mortality risk and willingness to accept the risk of nuclear waste transport i estimate the model using lewbel s 2000 strictly exogenous regressor approach to account for endogeneity bias and measurement error subjects display aversion to both risk and uncertainty about the risk of a transport accident so that increases in either leads to social welfare losses roughly 12 of the external cost of nuclear waste transport is attributable to the public s uncertainty about transport risk

cost benefit analysis under uncertainty reply robert mendelsohn and william strang raise a number of issues which require clarification their misrepresentations of my results in several cases are easily corrected the analytical flaws in their own arguments are more difficult turning first to the issue of misrepresentations they incorrectly assert that i recommended the use of the maximum expected value of alternative contingent payment schemes as the measure of project benefits even a cursory reading of my introduction reveals that option price which does not maximize the expected value of revenue is the appropriate measure of benefit in situations involving similar individuals collective risk and certain costs despite their claims to the contrary i have not suggested that option price is an underestimate of the true value of project benefits option price is precisely the true value of project benefits in this case contradicting themselves in their first footnote they assert that i recommend the use of option price for cases involving certain costs and collective risks thus ignoring the crucial role of similar preferences other examples could be mentioned but it is perhaps sufficient to suggest that any reader wishing to know what i actually said would do well to review my paper the appropriate measure of benefits is the subject of the third section of my paper no mention is made in this general argument of expected value calculations similar preferences certain costs or any of the other special cases that are considered in the fourth section of my paper these special cases are exactly that situations in which the general answer because of the special circumstances takes a relatively simple form it is of course crucial not to forget the special circumstances when considering these results although mendelsohn and strang do not mention the distinction between collective and individual risks save for a passing reference in their first footnote this issue is central to the consideration of the appropriate measure of project benefits while the general procedure developed in my third section is compatible with any joint distribution of individual states option price measures the benefit to similar individuals of a project involving a collective risk when cost is certain expected value calculations on the other hand are only appropriate in situations involving individual risks these issues were examined in detail in my fourth section in dealing with the special case involving individual risks i argued that the magnitude of aggregate payments would be equal to the sum of the expected values of the individual payments with virtual certainty this was hardly a profound observation but it led to the result that if contingent payments are to be collected in such circumstances one should consider those payments that have the largest expected value since all contingent payment schemes including that associated with expected surplus involve the same difficulties of adverse selection moral hazard and so forth mendelsohn and strang in expressing the view that for the government to collect more revenue than the sum generated by the expected value of surplus the government must provide an additional service p 1098 fail to recognize that collecting the wrong contingent payments those associated with the surplus point involve the same difficulties as collecting the right contingent payments those associated with the fair bet point this mistake is not eliminated by their argument that when fair insurance is available the individual s willingness to pay locus becomes linear the presence of such a market makes it possible for an individual to trade a given payment liability in the market for contingent claims for another professor of economics duke university durham nc 27706

choice under uncertainty problems solved and unsolved ffifteen years ago the theory of choice under uncertainty could be considered one of the success stories of economic analysis it rested on solid axiomatic foundations it had seen important breakthroughs in the analytics of risk risk aversion and their applications to economic issues and it stood ready to provide the theoretical underpinnings for the newly emerging information revolution in economics 1 today choice under uncertainty is a field in flux the standard theory is being challenged on several grounds from both within and outside economics the nature of these challenges and of our profession s responses to them is the topic of this paper

alternative australian climate change plans the public s views climate change has come to the forefront of australian politics and there is now an active on going policy debate about how to best reach a commonly agreed long term goal this paper looks at five major dimensions of this debate and constructs policy options based on them a discrete choice experiment approach was used with a representative sample from a major internet panel provider survey respondents made choices between pairs of policy options with different characteristics they favored policies starting in 2010 rather than 2012 and spending 20 of revenue raised on energy related r d they were almost evenly split on whether the plan should initially exempt the transport sector and two competing approaches that redistribute revenue from the plan and they opposed plans giving special treatment to energy intensive sectors of the economy a number of other policy relevant questions related to understanding australian views and knowledge related to climate change also were asked

country effects on information seeking in global electronic networks we examine the existence of country effects on information seeking in response to market volatility and explore the institutional factors underlying these effects the empirical setting is the use of an electronic inter bank network over twelve months by 3 266 banks located in twenty five countries we find significant differences across countries in banks information seeking behavior in response to market volatility influenced both by differences in national industry arrangements and by national culture however national industry arrangements and national culture influence banks information seeking in distinct ways

institutions efficiency and the strategic behaviour of sponsors and bureaus abstract the over production associated with bureaucratic production is examined in a general equilibrium environment in which the bureau and its sponsor behave strategically seemingly minor modifications in institutional settings give major differences in nash equilibrium outcomes the non equivalence of institutional settings suggests that over production or under production by bureaus can be a result of the institutions governing the decision process as well as the preferences of the bureau for the size of the bureau

conditional cooperation and climate change it is widely believed that international cooperation can arise through strategies of reciprocity in this paper we investigate whether citizens in the united states and 25 other countries support reciprocity to deal with climate change we find little public enthusiasm for intrinsic reciprocity in which countries restrain their consumption of fossil fuels if and only if other countries do the same in contrast we find significant support for extrinsic reciprocity in which countries enforce cooperation by linking issues citizens support economic sanctions against polluters and are willing to shame them in international forums especially when the polluters are violating a treaty cooperation could therefore emerge from efforts to link climate with other issues and to embed climate commitments in international law

heterogeneous preferences regarding global climate change we examine the structure of preferences for mitigating impacts of global climate change that will not occur during the lifetimes of most who are alive today because no market data exist for such distant markets a statedpreference approach is used the analysis is based on the random parameters logit model and the results indicate substantial heterogeneity in respondent preferences that mean willingness to pay is a significant and increasing function of the scope of the impact and provocatively that respondents have the same preferences over the two very different time horizons that we consider e examine the structure of preferences for mitigating impacts of global climate change that will not occur during the lifetimes of most who are alive today studies using current market data have estimated the potential costs of climate change on agriculture mendelsohn nordhaus shaw 1994 and on other aspects of measured production nordhaus 1994 but market data can not reveal the willingness of those currently alive to pay for measures to mitigate impacts that may not happen for 100 years or more there is serious public discussion involving diplomats at the highest levels about measures to mitigate emissions that would cost the united states alone 100 to 200 billion dollars annually therefore estimating the willingness of those currently alive to pay for mitigation measures is not a fanciful exercise but rather a crucial effort to determine how much mitigation should be undertaken it is the preferences of those alive today regarding acceptable levels of climate impacts and not the unknowable preferences of those who do not yet exist that will ultimately determine how much mitigation we pursue in the next quarter century as this question cannot be answered with market data we use the stated preference sp approach and elicit preferences for preventing climate change induced impacts a host of climate change impacts have been enumerated this study focuses on one type of impact that may be important but has received little attention from economists scientists have predicted that widespread ecosystem shifts may accompany changes in climate vemap 1995 ecosys tem shifts are likely to evolve slowly indicating that lost use values are likely to be small for those alive today yet the public may still be willing and asked to pay for mitigation measures that are designed to slow the transformation of ecosystems the current debate over climate change demon strates two things the first is that some people do care about long term changes that will never affect them or perhaps even their children the second is that preferences regarding the impacts of climate change are very heterogeneous as other members of the public appear much less concerned long term horizons combined with heterogeneous prefer ences makes ecosystem shifts a useful place to begin analyzing preferences for mitigating climate change im pacts a stated preference survey was designed that asked respondents to choose their most preferred program to reduce ecological impacts from a set menu of five or six different programs the programs varied in terms of costs the degree of ecosystem change and in the mitigation method four different menus provided to each respondent yielded four distinct valuation responses section ii de scribes the random parameters logit model for repeated choices that allows for a flexible correlation structure based on heterogeneous preferences the ecosystem change and the stated preference survey are discussed in section iii in section iv we estimate the random parameters model and estimate the willingness to pay to prevent various levels of ecosystem change section v concludes with a discussion of how the scope of the impact preference heterogeneity and the time horizon affect willingness to pay

understanding the domain of cross national buyer seller interactions cross national face to face selling has thus far received very little scholarly treatment in marketing literature with few notable exceptions most existing research in this area has been fragmentary and opportunistic these problems are largely because of the lack of a broad generalizable framework within which to conceptualize and execute research studies in offering such a conceptual framework this article looks at buyer seller interactions from a communication perspective

cross national laws and differences in market response international differences in general and cultural differences in particular exert profound influence on what people buy in modeling market response highly visible international differences in purchase behavior seem to lead to an assumption by management scientists that there are large parallel international differences in market response to such things as price and advertising in an interpretive review of market response models we do find international differences in response parameters but we also find that parameter differences due to cross national factors tend to be smaller than differences related to technical characteristics of the model or to product market specifics we suggest two new intermediate categories of generalizability between the extremes of everything is the same and everything is different we also argue that one promising approach to international generalization is through appropriate statistical adjustment of parameters from existing models

respondent experience and contingent valuation of environmental goods abstract respondent experience i e a respondent s information set has long been suspected to influence contingent valuation estimates of environmental values we assess the influence of experience by explicitly modeling the relationship between respondent experience and both fitted individual resource values and the conditional variance of these estimated values using three different joint specifications for experience and wtp normal censored normal poisson censored normal and zero inflated poisson censored normal we find discrete jumps in resource values as experience increases from zero and that more experienced respondents have smaller conditional variances simulation of arbitrary levels of experience allows standardization of the amount of information when developing welfare estimates

agenda control by budget maximizers in a multi bureau setting while the present extension of the single issue model of agenda control has permitted the examination of a wide array of questions within a consistent overall framework and has generated new insights some qualifications are in order first the analysis like niskanen s and romer and rosenthal s is strictly limited to one form of agenda control take it or leave it offers made relative to some reversion level second each of the bureaus in this extension are single activity bureaus as a result certain types of agenda control that might exist when there are several dimensions to each bureau s activity such as the mix chosen for various sub activities or the spatial distribution of the bureau s output are ignored see denzau and mackay 1980 and mackay and weaver 1979a b for analyses of these types of agenda control for the case of a single bureau third as a point of reference and for expositional simplicity the analysis for the most part was executed with a single decisive voter on all issues as a result certain complexities and perhaps additional ambiguities were avoided finally in an effort to isolate and study the effects of the supply side phenomenon of agenda control a simple traditional model of the demand side of the collective choice process was employed for the simplest demand side passive supply side models this has typically proved quite adequate as models of the collective choice process have become more complex however taking on more strategic features the weaknesses of certain of the standard assumptions implicit in this demand side model become more apparent in particular the assumption that voters vote sincerely and non strategically is likely to be strained by most specifications of the dynamics of the voting process since learning on the part of voters would condition expectations and perhaps alter choice the inclusion of expectations formation into the model of voter behavior would certainly seem at least at the intuitive level to introduce an interesting additional set of constraints on agenda setters that may limit to some extent the expansionary tendencies described in this paper in short each of these qualifications should provide fertile ground for future research

a cross national study of managerial values this study investigated cross national differences in managerial values a total of 567 managers from twelve nations participated in the study managerial values were assessed by means of rokeach s value survey factor analysis of the eighteen instrumental values included in rokeach s value survey revealed four underlying value dimensions the value dimension that included the instrumental values broadminded capable and courageous was ranked as the most important value dimension by managers from all twelve nations national differences were found on three of the four value dimensions