analysing the effect of commuting time on earnings among young adults a few recent studies find a positive relationship between workplace income and commuting distance among the general population however young adults with less advanced labour market skills might

electricity supply employment and real gdp in india evidence from cointegration and granger causality tests abstract this study probes nexus between electricity supply employment and real gdp for india within a multivariate framework using autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds testing approach of cointegration long run equilibrium relationship has been established among these variables for the time span 1970 71 to 2005 06 the study further establishes long and short run granger causality running from real gdp and electricity supply to employment without any feedback effect thus growth in real gdp and electricity supply are responsible for the high level of employment in india the absence of causality running from electricity supply to real gdp implies that electricity demand and supply side measures can be adopted to reduce the wastage of electricity which would not affect future economic growth of india

crime rates male youth unemployment and real income in australia evidence from granger causality tests this article applies granger causality tests to examine the relationship between seven different categories of property crime and violent crime against the person male youth unemployment and real male average weekly earnings in australia from 1964 to 2001 within a cointegration and vector error correction framework it is found that fraud homicide and motor vehicle theft are cointegrated with male youth unemployment and real male average weekly earnings however there is no evidence of a long run relationship between either break and enter robbery serious assault or stealing with male youth unemployment and real male average weekly earnings

rural development in the united states connecting theory practice and possibilities rural development in the united states presents a comprehensive evaluation of the economic environmental and political implications of past rural development and a thorough consideration of the directions in which future development efforts should go the authors have assembled the best of what is being thought and done with regard to rural development in the united states and place it in a broad theoretical historical and geographical context the book provides a summary of the key findings in rural development research of the past twenty years an integration of development theory and practical experience a bridge between the related but often isolated disciplines that inform rural development a catalyst for new thinking in the area of rural development analysis of the key economic sectors in rural areas natural resources the service sector elderly services telecommunications manufacturing tourism and high technology it includes important information about how national and international trends affect rural communities and development strategies and will help guide rural economic development policy in the united states during the 1990s and beyond

male unemployment and crime in england and wales this paper employs county level data to investigate the relationship between crime and male adult and youth unemployment in britain our results indicate that there is a systematic positive relationship between most crime and male unemployment regardless of age

on the casual relationship between government expenditures and national income a research strategy is suggested that separates the issue of inference from the problems of prediction or of quantitative policy analysis of an empirical parametric model and illustrates a new methodology that enables this in a test for prima facie causality unlike the conventional parametric test the more powerful multiple rank f test is invariant to monotonic transformations of the variables and independent of the error distribution employing this test the wagnerian hypothesis supported by conventional parametric analysis is rejected and the conventional keynesian theory is accepted copyright 1990 by mit press

income non convergence and rural urban earnings differentials evidence from north carolina considerable attention is currently focussed on the deteriorating social and economic condition of america s rural communities stagnant or worsening poverty rates unemployment rates and real incomes over the past decade along with persistent and widening gaps between the economic performance of rural and urban areas are well documented indicators of the seriousness of this socioeconomic malaise 6 8 18 coming as it has after a period of relative prosperitythe so called rural renaissance of the 1970s the current crisis in rural america has generated a great deal of consternation among policymakers social scientists and other students of rural development current concerns over rural economic decline coincide with the observation by a number of researchers that the spatial dispersion of income measured by the variance of income or earnings per capita across geographic units has increased over the past decade or so this pattern of income non convergence has been observed across countries 1 regions of the u s 3 and states 5 and is distinctly at odds with the theoretical predictions of standard neo classical growth theory a considerable recent literature that accounts for the effects of schooling human capital accumulation learning by doing and endogenous technical change within the context of endogenous growth models seeks to generalize the standard growth model and clarify the conditions under which incomes may be expected to converge or diverge over time 2 14 17 in fact the recent increase in dispersion of income per capita and the widening disparity in the economic performance of rural and urban areas appear to be related phenomena consider figure 1 which plots measures of income dispersion and rural urban income differentials over time for north carolina s 100 counties there it will be observed that the coefficient of variation

the composition of rural employment growth in the new economy this article examines changes in the patterns of occupational employment in urban and rural labor markets in seven southern states between 1970 and 1990 a method is developed for assessing whether occupational employment patterns are becoming more differentiated over time the analysis identifies a process of increasing similarity across all occupational groups between 1970 and 1980 in contrast the 1980 90 period is characterized by increasing rural specialization in operator low skill occupations amid increasing similarity in four of nine inclusive occupational categories these results provide partial support for conjectures regarding greater differentiation of tasks performed in rural and urban labor markets

youth unemployment and crime in the english regions and wales this paper investigates the relationship between unemployment and crime in england and wales taking account of both age and gender in the unemployment measures the study is for 1985 95 and is disaggregated to the regional level we allow for different types of crime and the deterrence effects of detection and punishment we also consider the relationship between ethnicity and crime in the light of the contentious public debate on this issue our results indicate that there is a systematic positive relationship between burglary rates and male unemployment regardless of age however we find that while youth unemployment is consistently and positively related to criminal damage and robbery rates there is no systematic evidence of a relationship between adult male unemployment and these specific crimes instead our evidence supports a positive link between adult unemployment and theft we find no compelling evidence of a link between ethnicity and crime

unemployment and crime rates in the post world war ii united states a theoretical and empirical analysis using annual time series data for the united states 1946 1982 two hypotheses are tested 1 the level of the unemployment rate in any given year will have a negative partial contemporaneous effect on detrendedfluctuations increases or decreases in seven index crime rates homicide rape aggravated assault robbery burglary larceny theft and motor vehicle theft in that year 2 unemployment rate fluctuationsfrom one year to the next will have a positive partial effect on detrended crime rate fluctuations in the next year these hypotheses are developed from a theoretical model that identifies the former with a criminal opportunity effect and the latter with a criminal motivation effect of aggregate unemployment on crime for burglary robbery and larceny theft empirical support is found for the expected pattern of partial effects however the relative sizes of the effects are such that the total impacts of unemployment through both partial effects are negative in addition only the negative levels effect is exhibited for homicide and motor vehicle theft while rape and aggravated assault show no consistent association with either levels orfluctuations in the unemployment rate interpretations for these findings are discussed

the effects of housing prices wages and commuting time on joint residential and job location choices an empiricalmodelof joint decisions of where to l and where to work demonstrates that individuals make residential and job location choices by trading off wages housing prices and commuting costs wages are higher in metropolitan markets but housing prices are also higher in urban areas consumers can live in lower priced nonmetropolitan houses and still earn urban wages but they incur commuting costs that increase with distance from the city improvements in transportation that lower commuting time will increase nonmetropolitan populations and will increase the number of nonmetropolitan commuters to metropolitan markets equal wage growth across labor markets causes a shift in relative population from rural to urban markets while an equiproportional increase in housing prices causes a population shift toward rural areas

work location residence location and the intraurban wage gradient abstract the monocentric city model implies that work and residence locations are likely to be positively correlated and that wages decline with distance from the city center the first implication has not been explicitly tested before we provide strong support for it in census data for cleveland columbus dayton detroit indianapolis philadelphia and pittsburgh previous wage gradient estimates were hindered by lack of individual data on employment location and worker characteristics we solve this problem by estimating probit models that predict optimal work location and using the results to explain wages we find evidence of significant wage gradients

new estimates of quality of life in urban areas implicit markets capture compensation for intraurban and interregional differe nces in amenities and yield differences in housing prices and wages these pecuniary differences become preference based weights in a qual ity of life index hedonic equations are estimated using microdata fr om the 1980 census and assembled county based amenity data on climati c environmental and urban conditions ranking of 253 urban counties reveals substantial variation within as well as among the 185 urba n areas the quality of life differences across counties within one s msa is almost one half of the difference between the top and bottom ranked counties in the nation copyright 1988 by american economic association

wages rents and the quality of life this study focuses on the role of wages and rents in allocating workers to locations with various quantities of amenities the theory demonstrates that if the amenity is also productive then the sign of the wage gradient is unclear while the rent gradient is positive the theory is extended to include the housing market and nontraded goods these extensions require little modification of the conclusion the empirical work on wages shows that the regional wage differences can be explained largely by these local attributes with the use of site price data implicit prices are estimated and quality of life rankings for the cities are computed

liquidation risks in the rotemberg saloner implicit collusion model abstract we extend the rotemberg saloner s 1986 rotemberg j saloner g 1986 a supergame theoretic model of price wars during booms american economic review 76 390 407 implicit collusion framework to the consideration of capital market imperfections captured by a non zero probability of liquidation of firms in recessionary periods we show that the rotemberg saloner result of countercyclical markups is quite robust to the extension and moreover liquidation risks may even strengthen the degree of markup countercyclicality

examining carbon emissions economic growth nexus for india a multivariate cointegration approach abstract the study probes cointegration and causality between carbon emissions and economic growth for india using ardl bounds testing approach complemented by johansen juselius maximum likelihood procedure in a multivariate framework by incorporating energy supply investment and employment for time span 1971 2006 the study fails to establish long run equilibrium relationship and long term causality between carbon emissions and economic growth however there exists a bi directional short run causality between the two hence in the short run any effort to reduce carbon emissions could lead to a fall in the national income this study also establishes unidirectional short run causality running from economic growth to energy supply and energy supply to carbon emissions the absence of causality running from energy supply to economic growth implies that in india energy conservation and energy efficiency measures can be implemented to minimize the wastage of energy across value chain such measures would narrow energy demand supply gap absence of long run causality between carbon emissions and economic growth implies that in the long run focus should be given on harnessing energy from clean sources to curb carbon emissions which would not affect the country s economic growth

capital market imperfections and countercyclical markups theory and evidence during recessions output prices seem to rise relative to wages and raw material prices one explanation is that imperfectly competitive firms compete less aggressively during recessions that is markups of price over marginal cost are countercyclical the authors present a model of countercyclical markups based on capital market imperfections during recessions liquidity constrained firms boost short run profits by raising prices to cut their investments in market share the authors provide evidence from the supermarket industry in support of this theory during regional and macroeconomic recessions more financially constrained supermarket chains raise their prices relative to less financially constrained chains copyright 1996 by american economic association

personal indebtedness spatial effects and crime there is a long and detailed history of attempts to understand what causes crime one of the most prominent strands of this literature has sought to better understand the relationship between economic conditions and crime an economic argument is that in an attempt to maintain consumption in the face of unemployment people may resort to sources of illicit income in a similar manner we might expect ex ante that increases in the level of personal indebtedness would be likely to provide similar incentives to engage in criminality in this paper we seek to understand the spatial pattern of property and theft crimes using a range of socioeconomic variables including data on the level of personal indebtedness

crime during the business cycle urban rural differences abstractdespite the abundant literature on how crime evolves over the business cycle no consensus has arisen whether crime increases or decreases during recessions the literature provides both po

the link between crime risk and property prices in england and wales evidence from street level data this paper uses street level data on property sales and crime rates for england and wales to investigate compensating differentials for crime risk my identification strategy relies on the use of non parametric regional time trends on various levels of spatial aggregation as well as various fixed effects for streets and wider areas to control for unobserved amenities and regional economic conditions the data comes from transaction data collected by the land registry and recently published crime maps for the whole of the uk my estimates which are robust to a range of sensible specification changes suggest that each case of anti social behaviour per ten population in the same street leads to an approximately 0 6 0 8 drop in property prices while a corresponding increase in violent crime decreases prices by roughly 0 6 1 6 and a corresponding increase in non violent crime by about 0 2 0 4 the majority of estimates are at the upper end of these intervals estimates for robbery burglary and vehicle c

keynes versus wagner public expenditure and national income for three african countries the public expenditure income hypothesis has long been debated in economics following keynes public expenditure is seen as an exogenous factor to be used as a policy instrument to influence growth on the other hand wagner argues that expenditure is an endogenous factor or an outcome not a cause of growth in national income the purpose of this paper is to apply both the granger and holmes hutton statistical procedures to test the income expenditure hypothesis for three african countries ghana kenya and south africa we find that the hypothesis of public expenditure causing national income is not supported by the data for these african countries

new evidence from the misery index in the crime function abstract we propose a parsimony model which is clear from multicollinearity and specification problems in the standard crime function this study examines the relationship between the misery index and the crime rate in the unites states from 1960 to 2005

an extension of the monocentric urban spatial equilibrium model to a multicenter setting the case of the two center city abstract firms in a monocentric city conforming in substance to the new urban economics produce an export commodity under agglomeration economies and employ homogeneous labor and capital workers reside about the cbd in decreasing densities with distance a developer establishes a second export production center within the city s residential area conditions for economic viability and growth of the subcenter are examined and its impacts on short run and long run city location patterns are discussed a limiting condition on subcenter employment size is provided

collusion over the business cycle we present a theory of collusive pricing for markets in which demand alternates stochastically between fast growth boom and slow growth recession phases we show that 1 the most collusive prices are weakly procyclical countercyclical when demand growth rates are positively negatively correlated through time and 2 the amplitude of the collusive pricing cycle is larger when the expected duration of boom phases decreases and when the expected duration of recession phases increases we also offer a generalization of rotemberg and saloner s 1986 model interpreting their findings in terms of transitory demand shocks that occur within broader business cycle phases

the effects of local labour market conditions on welfare programme participation a fractional imputation method is applied to iowa administrative data to deal with a problem of missing data the effects of local labour market conditions and mobility of household heads on family investment program fip participation are evaluated results show that mobility increases the opportunity for employment and decreases the fip participation rate for low income families an increase in predicted unemployment rates decreases labour force participation and increases programme participation an increase in unpredicted unemployment rates increases labour force participation and decreases programme participation overall the effects are relatively larger in rural areas than in nonrural areas in iowa

the probability of receiving benefits at different hours of work this study finds that in probit equations 50 of people working 35 hours per week in the us will not be offered benefits or health insurance through their employers to replace services received while on welfare women with an average of 39 hours of work per week have an average 76 probability of being offered medical benefits as one of three example options while men working an average of 43 hours per week have on average a 72 probability of being offered medical benefits the probability of being offered medical insurance life insurance and retirement benefits is slightly over 20 for working 35 hours per week although women have a slightly higher probability of being offered all the benefits individuals with children have a lower probability of being offered all the benefits which is not significant for medical insurance retirement or flexible work schedules individuals working for large firms have a greater probability of being offered benefits excluding flexible scheduling and profit sharing working longer hours increases the probability of receiving benefits except in training situations higher wages are found in the three stage least squares estimation in reduced form equation to be related to more work experience higher aptitude test scores residence in a standard metropolitan statistical area work at larger firms more work hours per week and not being single data are obtained from the 1991 us national longitudinal survey of labor market experience of youth among 1988 persons 26 34 years old who worked and were paid an hourly wage persons in the sample earned an average of 9 00 per hour and worked slightly more than 41 hours per week 33 were black 20 hispanic and slightly under 50 were female about 60 had a child under 6 years old the average firm size was 5205 employees

the saving and investment nexus for china evidence from cointegration tests the saving and investment nexus as postulated by feldstein and horioka fh 1980 is revisited the saving investment correlation for china is estimated over the periods 1952 1998 and 1952 1994 the latter culminating in a period of fixed exchange rate regime amongst the key results it is found that saving and investment are correlated for china for both the period of the fixed exchange rate and the entire sample period with high saving investment correlation the results suggest that the chinese economy is in conformity with the fh hypothesis this is a valid outcome for in china capital mobility was fairly restricted over the 1952 1994 period as indicated by the relatively low foreign direct investment