perishable inventory theory a review this paper reviews the relevant literature on the problem of determining suitable ordering policies for both fixed life perishable inventory and inventory subject to continuous exponential decay we consider both deterministic and stochastic demand for single and multiple products both optimal and sub optimal order policies are discussed in addition a brief review of the application of these models to blood bank management is included the review concludes with a discussion of some of the interesting open research questions in the area

an economic lot size model with non linear holding cost hinging on time and quantity abstract this paper develops an economic lot size inventory model where the demand rate depends on the stock level and the cumulative holding cost is non linear on both the quantity and the time they are stored more concretely it is supposed that the demand rate is a concave potential function of the inventory level and the holding cost is potential on both time and quantity moreover shortages are not allowed a general procedure to determine the optimal lot size and the maximum inventory profit is developed also some results about the profitability of the inventory system are presented this work extends several inventory models previously considered in the literature finally numerical examples which help us to understand the theoretical results are also given

government purchases and real interest rates this paper examines the dynamic impact of government purchases in a simple general equilibrium model with both durable and nondurable consumer goods as well as productive capital the model generates perhaps surprising results in particular increases in government purchases are shown to cause reductions in real interest rates the model thus provides a possible explanation for the observed behavior of real interest rates around wars copyright 1987 by university of chicago press

the effect of experience and quantity based pricing on the valuation of a curbside recycling program abstract quantity based pricing for garbage collection services and recycling programs are becoming increasingly popular methods of meeting municipal solid waste diversion objectives this article investigates household willingness to pay wtp for a pilot curbside recycling program crp in the presence of a quantity based pricing scheme for garbage collection services which allows a household to alter their garbage container size at a reduced price unlike previous studies that have modeled the simultaneity of these household decisions as a two step process we jointly estimate the household s intentions using a full information maximum likelihood fiml approach our results show a strong positive correlation between a household s wtp for a crp and its stated intention to reduce its garbage container size when a crp is offered the positive correlation suggests that wtp will be higher for households which are more likely to reduce their garbage container size thus in the presence of quantity based pricing a household s wtp for recycling more fully reflects the marginal social costs of garbage disposal

optimal dynamic pricing for deteriorating items with reference price effects when inventories stimulate demand abstract in this paper we incorporate reference price effects into a deteriorating inventory problem when the demand rate depends on displayed stock level and selling price simultaneously reference price effects are formed empirically by customers to adjust current price perception on the basis of past purchases the market demand is assumed to be responsive to the difference between the current selling price and the reference price which is perceived as a loss or a gain we consider three scenarios of market demand loss neutrality loss aversion and loss seeking an optimal dynamic pricing model is established to determine a pricing strategy maximizing the discounted total profit over an infinite time horizon theoretical results are derived to demonstrate the existence of the optimal solutions and to explore the relationships between optimal pricing decisions and an initial reference price based on mild assumptions numerical example and sensitivity analysis are presented to illustrate the theoretical results and managerial insights finally concluding remarks are offered

a note on eoq models for deteriorating items under stock dependent selling rate abstract in 1995 padmanabhan and vrat presented inventory models for deteriorating items with stock dependent selling rate and derived the profit functions without backlogging and with complete backlogging first this paper develops the necessary and sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of the optimal solutions of the profit per unit time functions without backlogging and with complete backlogging second this paper explains that it is appropriate to use the newton raphson method to find the optimal solutions of the profit functions per unit time in both situations modelled

a comparison of contingent preference models i compare the informational efficiencies of contingent rating contingent ranking and two contingent paired comparison methods as alternatives to the referendum contingent valuation method the contingent rating method is hypothesized to be most efficient because ratings convey information on preference intensities and can uniquely represent respondent indifference or ambivalence survey data on hunters ratings of alternative hypothetical hunting trips are used to estimate four alternative indirect utility models from which marginal willingness to pay measures for individual trip attributes are derived model comparison wtp estimates and their confidence intervals confirm the relative efficiency of the contingent rating approach

partial backlogging inventory lot size models for deteriorating items with fluctuating demand under inflation abstract in this paper the traditional inventory lot size model is extended to allow not only for general partial backlogging rate but also for inflation the assumptions of equal cycle length and constant shortage length imposed in the model developed by moon et al moon i giri b c ko b 2005 economic order quantity models for ameliorating deteriorating items under inflation and time discounting european journal of operational research 162 3 773 785 are also relaxed for any given number of replenishment cycles the existence of a unique optimal replenishment schedule is proved and further the convexity of the total cost function of the inventory system in the number of replenishments is established the theoretical results here amend those in yang et al yang h l teng j t chern m s 2001 deterministic inventory lot size models under inflation with shortages and deterioration for fluctuating demand naval research logistics 48 2 144 158 and provide the solution to those two counterexamples by skouri and papachristos skouri k papachristos s 2002 note on deterministic inventory lot size models under inflation with shortages and deterioration for fluctuating demand by yang et al naval research logistics 49 5 527 529 finally we propose an algorithm to find the solution and obtain some managerial results by using sensitivity analyses

discrete choice survey experiments a comparison using flexible methods abstract this study investigates the convergent validity of discrete choice contingent valuation cv and contingent rating ranking cr methods using flexible econometric methods our results suggest that cv and cr can produce consistent data achieve convergent validity when respondent s preferred choices and the same changes in environmental quality are considered we also find that cr models that go beyond modeling the preferred choice and include additional ranks cannot be pooled with the cv models accounting for preference heterogeneity via random coefficient models and their flexible structure does not make rejection of the hypothesis of convergent validity less likely but instead rejects the hypothesis to about the same degree or perhaps more frequently than fixed parameter models commonly used in the literature

fiscal policy and the term structure of interest rates an intertemporal optimizing analysis the effects of government expenditure on the dynamic evolution of the term structure of interest rates are analyzed in an infinite horizon intertemporal optimizing macroeconomic framework three types of disturbances are discussed unanticipated and anticipated permanent increases and a temporary decrease in the case of anticipated future and temporary disturbances the lead time in the former and the duration in the latter are critical determinants of the dynamics for a very temporary shock the short term and long term rates will diverge in the short run while most of the analysis focuses on infinitesimally short and infinitely long bonds the dynamics of the entire yield curve are also considered copyright 1992 by ohio state university press

simulation study of the price differentiation effect in a stochastic deteriorating inventory with heterogeneous consumers freshness sensitivity a fixed price policy regardless of expiration date may result in unsold inventory and sales loss price reduction over time as the expiration date approaches motivates customers to purchase all items including the ones that are left with only a short interval until their expiration we conduct a discrete event simulation that captures the main characteristics of this phenomenon results show that a moderate differentiation of price increases profits by 6 a larger differentiation reduces profits profits are the highest for freshness oriented customers a fixed price policy is preferred in an environment of large variance and expected near term expirations

government spending and private consumption this paper investigates the macroeconomic effects of anticipations about future fiscal expenditures within a simple perfect foresight general equilibrium model this paper extends s djajic 1987 by investigating an anticipated permanent increase in government spending an anticipated permanent increase may temporarily stimulate capital accumulation the questions of whether anticipated or unanticipated changes in government spending have a larger effect on capital accumulation and output is related to the questions of whether government spending is initially above or below the optimal level

inventory models with inventory level dependent demand a comprehensive review and unifying theory marketing researchers and practitioners have long recognized the demand of many retail items is proportional to the amount of inventory displayed recently two distinct types of inventory control models reflecting this relationship have appeared in the literature models in which the demand rate of an item is a function of the initial inventory level and those in which it is dependent on the instantaneous inventory level we present a comprehensive overview of this literature and demonstrate the equivalence of the two types of models through the use of a simple periodic review model an alternative approach to sensitivity analysis for inventory models with inventory level dependent demand is also presented

government spending and the optimal rates of consumption and capital accumulation this paper investigates the effects of a temporary change in government expendit ure on private consumption and investment the model employed is one of a closed economy populated by infinitely lived utility maximizing individuals the analysis focuses on the implications of alternative assumptions concerning the relationship between public and private c onsumption in the household s utility function a temporary increase in government expenditure is found to reduce investment if public and private goods are edgeworth complements or independent however if they are substitutes there exists the possibility of an increase in investment

government spending endogenous labor and capital accumulation following turnovsky and fisher 1995 journal of economic dynamics and control 19 747 786 we reexamine the dynamic responses of the capital stock to an unanticipated temporary increase in government consumption and infrastructure expenditures the key factors determining capital accumulation are endogenous labor the duration of policy expansion and the relationship between private decisions and the composition of public expenditure given that private decisions and public consumption are edgeworth independent if employment is variable investment increases with the duration of fiscal expansion following a temporary public infrastructure expansion there always exists the possibility of a decrease in investment before the fiscal reversion under fixed employment however a temporary public infrastructure expansion under variable employment leads to a likely increase in investment before the fiscal reversion

an eoq model for perishable items under stock dependent selling rate and time dependent partial backlogging in the present paper we extend padmanabhan and vrat s model by proposing a time proportional backlogging rate to make the theory more applicable in practice the existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the relevant systems are examined subsequently a numerical example is presented to illustrate the application of developed model

blood inventory management an overview of theory and practice blood inventory management has attracted significant interest from the operations research profession during the last 15 years a number of methodological contributions have been made in the areas of inventory theory and combinatoric optimization that can be of use to other products or systems these contributions include the development of exact and approximate ordering and issuing policies for an inventory system the analysis of lifo or multi product systems and various forms of distribution scheduling in addition many of these results have been implemented either as decision rules for efficient blood management in a hospital or as decision support systems for hierarchical planning in a regional blood center in this paper we attempt a review of the recent operations research contributions to blood inventory management theory and practice whereas many problems have been solved others remain open and new ones keep being created with advances in medical technology and practices our approach is not to present an exhaustive review of all the literature in the field but rather to address several important issues from a unified perspective of theory and practice and point out new areas for further research

an inventory model with both stock dependent demand rate and stock dependent holding cost rate abstract in this paper we develop an inventory model under a stock dependent demand rate and stock dependent holding cost rate with relaxed terminal conditions shortages are allowed and partially backlogged in the model the purpose of this study is to determine the optimal order quantity and the ending inventory level such that the total profit per unit time is maximized for the retailer we first establish a proper model for a mathematical formulation then we develop several theoretical results and provide the decision maker with an algorithm to determine the optimal solution finally numerical examples are provided to illustrate the solution procedure and a sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to major parameters is carried out

note on inventory model with a mixture of back orders and lost sales abstract competitiveness is an important means of determining whether a company will prosper business organizations compete with one another in a variety of ways among these competitive methods are time and cost factors the purpose of this paper is to examine the inventory models presented by padmanabhan and vrat international journal of systems sciences 21 1990 1721 with a mixture of back orders and lost sales we develop the criterion for the optimal solution for the total cost function if the criterion is not satisfied this model will degenerate into one cycle inventory model with a finite inventory period this implies an extension of shortage period as long as possible to produce lower cost however we know that time is another important factor in company competitiveness customers will not indefinitely wait for back orders a tradeoff will be made between the two most important factors time and cost the minimum total cost is evaluated under the diversity cycle time and illustrations are applied to explain the calculation process this work provides a reference for decision makers

integrated supply chain management for perishable products dynamics and oligopolistic competition perspectives with application to pharmaceuticals abstract we propose an integrated supply chain management framework that allows us to explicitly consider the impact of product perishability on a broad scale that includes manufacturers distribution centers wholesalers and demand markets the framework proposed herein also makes it possible to consider the oligopolistic competition across wholesalers that drives price and demand fluctuations furthermore the supply chain decision rules are derived from necessary conditions in the framework the inclusion of such salient features allows the framework to generate outcomes that suggest realistic managerial insights we provide a numerical example in which two multi national pharmaceutical firms producing a homogeneous medicinal drug and four oligopolistic wholesalers are considered

deterioration of the terms of trade and capital accumulation a reexamination of the laursen metzler effect abstract this paper analyzes the effect of both a permanent and a temporary deterioration in the terms of trade on a small open economy the model based on intertemporal optimization emphasizes the labor leisure choice and the role of capital accumulation the transitional dynamics is shown to depend upon the long run response of the capital stock to the terms of trade shock this consists of a negative substitution effect together with a positive income effect whether or not the laursen metzler effect holds depends upon whether the income effect dominates the substitution effect

effects of norms and opportunity cost of time on household recycling social and moral norms and the opportunity cost of time will affect household recycling efforts a model is developed to describe how norms affect the recycling decision through feelings of self respect guilty conscience and warm glow as well as respect in and sanctions from the community we find that the opportunity cost of time has a significant negative effect on household recycling all indicators of warm glow social and moral norms increase household recycling efforts we find no evidence of crowding out neither when recycling is perceived as mandatory nor when economic incentives are introduced in the form of a differentiated garbage fee

note an application of the eoq model with nonlinear holding cost to inventory management of perishables abstract in this note we consider a variation of the economic order quantity eoq model where cumulative holding cost is a nonlinear function of time this problem has been studied by weiss weiss h 1982 economic order quantity models with nonlinear holding costs european journal of operational research 9 56 60 and we here show how it is an approximation of the optimal order quantity for perishable goods such as milk and produce sold in small to medium size grocery stores where there are delivery surcharges due to infrequent ordering and managers frequently utilize markdowns to stabilize demand as the product s expiration date nears we show how the holding cost curve parameters can be estimated via a regression approach from the product s usual holding cost storage plus capital costs lifetime and markdown policy we show in a numerical study that the model provides significant improvement in cost vis a vis the classic eoq model with a median improvement of 40 this improvement is more significant for higher daily demand rate lower holding cost shorter lifetime and a markdown policy with steeper discounts

household responses to pricing garbage by the bag this paper estimates household reaction to the implementation of unit pricing for the collection of residential garbage we gather original data on weight and volume of weekly garbage and recycling of 75 households in charlottesville virginia both before and after the start of a program that requires an eighty cent sticker on each bag of garbage this data set is the first of its kind we estimate household demands for the collection of garbage and recyclable material the effect on density of household garbage and the amount of illegal dumping by households we also estimate the probability that a household chooses each method available to reduce its garbage in response to the implementation of this unit pricing program we find that households 1 reduced the weight of their garbage by 14 2 reduced the volume of garbage by 37 and 3 increased the weight of their recyclable materials by 16 we estimate that additional illegal or at least suspicious disposal accounts for 0 42 pounds per person per week or 28 of the reduction in garbage observed at the curb this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

the economic benefits of reducing the environmental effects of landfills heterogeneous distance decay effects this paper estimates the economic benefits of different alternative policies considered for reducing the external effects caused by the utilization of landfills in solid waste management the preferences of the local population in the surrounding areas of a landfill are evaluated utilizing a discrete choice experiment in which subjects are presented with alternative policy decisions that involve reducing the material processed through the landfill various models were employed in order to capture heterogeneous preferences resulting in a mixture of normals modelling approach mn mnl outperforming other alternative models of heterogeneity the results show that the policy of moving the landfill away from the population does not provide the most benefits when compared to a policy of increasing recycling in the household the economic benefits of the waste management policies are heterogeneous across the population surrounding the landfill and so the distance decay functions thus the economic benefits for most waste management policies can increase or decrease the further away the subject lives from the landfill depending on the preferences of his her segment and the type of policy employed

economics and identity this paper considers how identity a person s sense of self affects economic outcomes we incorporate the psychology and sociology of identity into an economic model of behavior in the utility function we propose identity is associated with different social categories and how people in these categories should behave we then construct a simple game theoretic model showing how identity can affect individual interactions the paper adapts these models to gender discrimination in the workplace the economics of poverty and social exclusion and the household division of labor in each case the inclusion of identity substantively changes conclusions of previous economic analysis

promoting recycling private values social norms and economic incentives individual behaviors that benefit the environment are potentially influenced by personal values of environmental quality social norms that encourage proenvironmental actions and economic incentives economic incentives often loom particularly large including those that result from environmental policies less well understood are the respective roles of private values and social norms do people undertake proenvironmental actions more out of their per sonal valuations of the environment that might be characterized as warm glow effects or from the social norms that reinforce proenvironmental behaviors the least explored component of these deter minants of proenvironmental behavior is that of social norms we characterize social norms in terms of what is normatively appropriate rather than what is the conventional mode of behavior there is a burgeoning economics literature modeling social norms but not a commensurate empirical investigation of their practical impor tance if norms do matter what is the respective role of personal norms that a person imposes on others compared with the external norms that people perceive are imposed on them by others to what extent are these social norms the result of legal regimes and regulatory policies that establish standards for behavior our empirical analysis estimates the role of these influences the empirical case study for this article is based on an analysis of recycling of plastic water bottles recycling policies are becoming

on an eoq model for perishable items under stock dependent selling rate and time dependent partial backlogging by dye and ouyang in 2005 dye and ouyang proposed an eoq model for perishable items under stock dependent selling rate and time dependent partial backlogging and then established the unique optimal solution to the problem when building up inventory is not profitable however they did not provide the optimal solution to the problem when building up inventory is profitable in this note we establish an appropriate model in which building up inventory is profitable and then provide an algorithm to find the optimal solution to the problem a numerical example is used to illustrate the proposed model

the economics of household solid waste generation and disposal abstract we develop a household production model of waste management that explicitly incorporates many of the technical and behavioral elements germane to current regulatory and non regulatory solid waste policy initiatives examination of first order conditions shows the interaction among household preferences these production options and external prices and fees a simplified simulation of our model illustrates these relationships showing that household response elasticities can vary widely over common price ranges and that relatively large household welfare gains may be obtained by adopting curbside recycling and unit pricing programs

an optimal replenishment policy for non instantaneous deteriorating items with stock dependent demand and partial backlogging abstract in this study we consider a problem of determining the optimal replenishment policy for non instantaneous deteriorating items with stock dependent demand in the model shortages are allowed and the backlogging rate is variable and dependent on the waiting time for the next replenishment the necessary and sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of the optimal solution are shown as the special cases the results for the models with instantaneous or non instantaneous deterioration rate and with or without shortages are derived further we analytically identify the best circumstance among these special cases based on the minimum total relevant cost per unit time sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to major parameters is carried out finally four numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the developed model and the solution procedure

willingness to pay for curbside recycling with detection and mitigation of hypothetical bias in this article we estimate willingness to pay for curbside recycling using a unique data set we also test for and detect significant hypothetical bias using stated and revealed preference data a short scripted cheap talk statement is used to mitigate the bias and provide more efficient estimates of the welfare impacts of curbside recycling programs copyright 2003 oxford university press

using conjoint analysis to derive estimates of compensating variation abstract we use several approaches to derive estimates of hicksian compensating variation from conjoint ratings data the different estimation approaches produced mixed results with respect to consistency with utility theory statistical significance of key variables magnitude of welfare estimates and confidence bounds on welfare estimates these findings suggest conjoint analyses are not a panacea for the problems being debated regarding contingent valuation and travel cost methodologies and conjoint questions appear to share many of the advantages and disadvantages associated with dichotomous choice contingent valuation questions

government purchases and real interest rates with endogenous time preference abstract the observation of low real interest rates during periods of high temporary government purchases such as wars can be reconciled with the neoclassical growth model extended to allow for endogenous time preference temporary increases in government purchases lead to a fall in the instantaneous rate of time preference this may result in rising investment and falling real interest rates along an adjustment path

eoq models for perishable items under stock dependent selling rate this paper presents inventory models for perishable items with stock dependent selling rate the selling rate is assumed to be a function of current inventory level and rate of deterioration is taken to be constant under instantaneous replenishment with zero lead time the model incorporates aspects such as complete partial and no backlogging eoq is determined for maximizing the total profit in each of the situations the models developed are illustrated through numerical examples and sensitivity analysis is reported

demand promotion by upgradation under stock dependent demand situation a model the idea of demand promotion by upgrading the existing system of the selling centre has been modelled in this article the consumption rate is assumed to be dependent on the stock level the problem has been reduced to a maximizing problem the algorithmic approach for solving this maximizing problem is also provided objective is to maximize the net profit over a prescribed time an increasing convex upgradation cost is considered exponential upgradation cost has been considered for the numerical examples

the cold shiver of not giving enough on the social cost of recycling campaigns governments sometimes try to increase individuals contributions to public goods through appeals to consumer responsibility rather than by economic incentives for example in recycling campaigns using standard consumer theory one would hardly expect such campaigns to work at all but if consumers are motivated by norms appeals may work through changing consumers perception of the normrequirement however increasing voluntary contributions through appeals may come at a social cost the reason is that appeals work through imposing a heavier perceived responsibility on consumers this represents a welfare loss which is not necessarily outweighed by warm glow benefits

the effects of taxes and dividend policy on capital accumulation and macroeconomic behavior abstract this paper analyzes the macrodynamic effects of changes in various tax rates in an intertemporal optimizing framework two aspects emphasized include the role of dividend policy and the behavior of the stock market both permanent and temporary tax changes are considered with the transitional adjustment paths being characterized in detail the contrast between the short run and long run effects is highlighted in particular an increase in any of the tax rates will cause short run employment to fall and with the capital stock fixed instantaneously the capital labor ratio immediately rises over time as the capital stock declines the capital labor ratio falls

a two echelon inventory distribution system with power demand pattern and backorders abstract this paper addresses the implications of considering power demand pattern and backorders in the one warehouse n retailer problem specifically we assume that items at the retailers are withdrawn from the inventory following a power pattern the objective function consists of the sum of ordering holding and backordering costs at all installations this objective function depends on the class of inventory policies that we choose for the formulation of the problem in general obtaining the cost function is an arduous task since the average inventory at the warehouse could be difficult to determine however if we apply single cycle policies the computation of the total average cost becomes possible under these assumptions we show that the one warehouse n retailer system with power demand pattern and backorders can be formulated as a mixed non linear programming problem

an optimal procurement policy for items with an inventory level dependent demand rate and fixed lifetime abstract this paper investigates an optimal procurement policy for items with an inventory level dependent demand rate and fixed lifetime the demand rate is assumed to be a function of current inventory level and each unit has its fixed expiry date so any units which remain unused by their expiry date are considered outdated and must be disposed of for the system presented a mathematical model and solution methodology were developed sensitivity of the decision variables to changes in the parameter values is examined and future research needs are discussed in brief

analysis of postponement strategy for perishable items by eoq based models abstract this paper develops economic order quantity model eoq based models with perishable items to evaluate the impact of a form postponement strategy on the retailer in a supply chain we formulate models for a postponement system and an independent system to minimize the total average cost function per unit time for ordering and keeping n perishable end products an algorithm is given to derive the optimal solutions of the proposed models the impact of the deterioration rate on the inventory replenishment policies is studied with the help of theoretical analysis and numerical examples our theoretical analysis and computational results show that a postponement strategy for perishable items can give a lower total average cost under certain circumstances

stack them high let em fly lot sizing policies when inventories stimulate demand in some retail contexts stocking large quantities of inventory may not only improve service levels but can also stimulate demand for products having demand rates that increase with inventory levels we analyze the effect of stocking decisions on firm profitability to develop managerial insights regarding the structure of the optimal inventory policy and to understand how this policy differs from traditional approaches when inventories stimulate demand iteratively applying the standard economic order quantity eoq model by setting the demand rate parameter equal to the observed average demand rate in prior cycles yields an equilibrium order quantity that is robust to demand parameter misestimation but is suboptimal the profit maximizing policy orders larger quantities and can replenish inventory even before on hand stock fully depletes using an extension of a standard inventory dependent demand model from the literature we first provide a convenient characterization of products that require early replenishment we demonstrate that the optimal cycle time is largely governed by the conventional trade off between ordering and holding costs whereas the reorder point relates to a promotions oriented cost benefit perspective we show that the optimal policy yields significantly higher profits than cost based inventory policies underscoring the importance of profit driven inventory management

heterogeneous preferences for community recycling programs this paper examines household preferences for community recycling programs which have both public and private good dimensions the data come from a survey conducted in seattle wa which elicited stated preference contingent ratings for different recycling programs relative to status quo with experimental variation in the overall community recycling rate achieved and expected household cost the recycling rate is interpreted as capturing the public benefits of recycling programs and constitutes the most common measure used by policy agencies for setting waste management objectives and evaluating policy initiatives the analysis begins with fixed parameter models that explore different ways of handling rating data and mixed logit estimations that capture household preference heterogeneity both within and across different recycling programs this analysis yields unique estimates of willingness to pay for an increase in the community recycling rate predicted individual specific utility parameters are then regressed on household background information to explicitly examine the nature of preference heterogeneity overall this paper generates interpretable policy relevant insights into the public and private good dimensions of community recycling programs

effects of unit based garbage pricing a differences in differences approach using a unique 10 year dataset of all 458 dutch municipalities we apply a differences in differences approach to estimate the effect of unit based pricing on household waste quantities and recycling community level studies of unit based pricing typically do not include fixed effects at the local level we find that failure to do so may substantially inflate the estimated price effect we also find that unit based pricing may be endogenous and use instrumental variables to account for this our analysis shows that user fees depend on user fees in neighboring jurisdictions policy interaction our estimate of the garbage reduction per 1 user fee is lower than any previous estimate bar one the price effect depends on the pricing system weight based systems reduce garbage quantities more than volume based systems user fees increase recycling especially of paper but not nearly as much as they reduce garbage quantities we find no evidence for waste tourism or illegal dumping

social norms morals and self interest as determinants of pro environment behaviours the case of household recycling this paper considers the role which selfish moral and social incentives and pressures play in explaining the extent to which stated choices over pro environment behaviours vary across individuals the empirical context is choices over household waste contracts and recycling actions in poland a theoretical model is used to show how cost based motives and the desire for a positive self and social image combine to determine the utility from alternative choices of recycling behaviour we then describe a discrete choice experiment designed to empirically investigate the effects such drivers have on stated choices a hybrid logit model is used to link statements over attitudes to recycling to choices dealing with a potential endogeneity problem caused by the joint effects of un observables on attitudes and choices we find that a substantial share of our respondents prefer to sort their waste at home rather than in a central sorting facility this preference is associated with a moral intrinsic motivation involving a belief that sorting at home is more thorough than central sorting

the composition of government expenditure and its consequences for macroeconomic performance abstract this paper employs the intertemporal optimizing market clearing framework to compare the effects of government consumption expenditure and government infrastructure expenditure on macroeconomic adjustment and performance particular attention is focused on the time path of the capital stock and its adjustment to both permanent and temporary changes in government expenditure are considered we show how the effects of both forms of government expenditure on economic welfare can be broken down into 1 i a direct crowding out effect and 2 ii a second component which describes the intertemporal tradeoffs between the short run rate of capital accumulation and the resulting change in the capital stock

a survey of deterministic models for the eoq and epq with partial backordering models for the basic deterministic eoq or epq problem with partial backordering or backlogging make all the assumptions of the classic eoq or epq model with full backordering except that only a fraction of the demand during the stockout period is backordered in this survey we review deterministic models that have been developed over the past 40 years that address the basic models and extensions that add other considerations such as pricing perishable or deteriorating inventory time varying or stock dependent demand quantity discounts or multiple warehouses

an intertemporal model of saving and investment this paper characterizes a market economy with infinitely long lived consumers and value maximizing firms which face costs of adjustment for capital the temporary equilibrium of this economy is similar to the short run equilibrium of standard macroeconomic models consumption is a function of wealth investment is related to the value of firms equilibrium between aggregate demand and aggregate supply is achieved by the endogenous adjustment of the sequence of current and future interest rates the dynamic behavior of output consumption and investment in this economy is the same as in an optimal growth model with adjustment costs the paper shows this equivalence and then uses it together with the equivalence of taxes to technological shocks to study the dynamic effects of fiscal policy

economic order quantity for growing items abstract economic order production quantity eoq epq models have generally been presented for manufacturing products incorporating some important features of a specific category of products different eoq epq models have been proposed in literature this study proposes a new class of inventory models i e a model for a specific type of inventory items growing items poultry and livestock are good examples of growing inventory items we begin by proposing a general mathematical model which can be used for different types of growing items followed by a particular mathematical model for a specific type of poultry we calculate the optimal order quantity of the growing items at the start of a growing cycle the optimal length of the growing cycle and the optimal total profit numerical examples are provided for a type of poultry to illustrate the model a sensitivity analysis is presented to study the effect of the main parameters of the model in terms of its decision variables and objective function the results of the sensitivity analysis suggest that production costs are the most crucial parameter

optimal replenishment policies for non instantaneous deteriorating items with stock dependent demand abstract wu et al 2006 an optimal replenishment policy for non instantaneous deteriorating items with stock dependent demand and partial backlogging international journal of production economics 101 369 384 established an inventory model for non instantaneous deteriorating items with stock dependent demand and obtained the optimal replenishment policy in this paper we first amend wu et al s model by changing the objective to maximizing the total profit secondly we set a maximum inventory level in the model to reflect the facts that most retail outlets have limited shelf space thirdly we relax the restriction of zero ending inventory when shortages are not desirable we then establish the theoretical results and provide an algorithm to find the optimal solution finally we present some numerical examples to illustrate the results

optimal dynamic pricing and replenishment cycle for non instantaneous deterioration items with inventory level dependent demand abstract this paper considers a problem of determining the optimal dynamic pricing strategy and replenishment cycle for non instantaneous deteriorating items where the consumer demand depends on the sales price and the quantity of the items displayed in the store for the given replenishment cycle we derive the optimal dynamic pricing strategy by applying pontryagin s maximum principle and then design an effective algorithm to obtain the optimal dynamic pricing strategy and replenishment cycle simultaneously numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and solution procedure furthermore sensitivity analysis of the key system parameters is carried out and some interesting managerial insights are presented

supply chain coordination contracts with inventory level and retail price dependent demand abstract in this paper three unlike coordinating contracts namely i joint rebate contract ii wholesale price discount contract and iii cost sharing contract are proposed for two echelon supply chain coordination perspective under stock and price induced demand it is found analytically that the manufacturer s and the retailer s preferences among three contractual forms are not always aligned by applying bargaining theory it is established that stock elasticity plays an important role to select coordination contract and a threshold value stock elasticity is also determined below which cost sharing contract is not feasible it is also found that the retailer with higher bargaining power always prefers wholesale price discount contract among considered three contracts results are illustrated analytically as well as numerically