collective action and group heterogeneity voluntary provision versus selective incentives several studies have concluded that heterogeneity within a group facilitates the initiation of collective action however a recent analysis found that heterogeneity can either facilitate or impede collective action depending on factors like the strength of the temptation to free ride reconciling these conclusions is difficult because the earlier studies assumed that public goods are provided voluntarily whereas the later analysis assumed that selective incentives like norms or laws can mandate cooperation i examine the link between group heterogeneity and collective action in three regimes voluntary systems in which actors make unrestricted decisions to participate in collective action compliance systems in which actors create and enforce norms that compel others to participate in public goods production and balanced systems in which actors can create and enforce compliance norms or oppose such norms the analysis reveals a complex link among group heterogeneity collective action and the type of regime by fostering the organization of previously atomized groups and weakening the cohesion of highsolidarity groups heterogeneity in contribution costs and valuation of the public good can reduce social power differentials

temptation and social security in a dynastic framework abstract we investigate welfare and aggregate implications of a pay as you go payg social security system in a dynastic framework in which individuals have self control problems the presence of self control problems induces individuals to save less because of their urge for temptation towards current consumption individuals efforts to balance between the short term urge for temptation and the long term commitment for consumption smoothing result in self control costs in this environment payg social security works as a self control cost reducing device in contrast the presence of altruism induces individuals to save more this in turn mitigates the adverse effects of self control problems and payg social security on savings but magnifies the self control costs we find that in our environment the adverse welfare effects of a payg system are further mitigated relative to the environments that incorporate altruism and self control issues separately however the level of mitigation is quite modest

bridging the gaps credits adoption and inequality we examine here the role of credits on technology adoption and inequality from the perspective of developing countries utilizing a model of exogenous growth with heterogeneous labor and technical progress embodied in physical capital we find that credits can contribute to a faster adoption and to reducing income inequality thus a virtuous cycle of credits a shorter technological gap less inequality and economic growth is feasible to be created when there is full liquidity in the market when credits are constrained the cycle loses virtuosity where the economy can lose up to two points in growth due to credit constraints

energy distribution and economic growth an empirical test for china abstract in this paper we consider whether economic growth in china could be constrained by the physical development of the energy distribution network specifically we structurally test the network theory of electricity distribution of dalgaard and strulik 2011 using city level data for china in their paper they argue that the relationship between the size of the economy measured by capital per capita and electricity consumption per capita is governed by a simple power law with capital having an exponent bounded between and depending on the efficiency of the network we use data for 224 cities in china between 2002 and 2007 to observe whether structural estimates match those of dalgaard and strulik 2011 for 50 us states where they find the exponent in the power law connecting capital with electricity to be 2 3 our results provide an estimate of the power law component to a little higher than the 2 3 found for the us which provides broad support for the model when we look at different time periods we observe what appears to be a fall in the efficiency of the energy distribution network towards the end of our period

immigration and structural change evidence from post war germany does immigration accelerate sectoral change towards high productivity sectors this paper uses the mass displacement of ethnic germans from eastern europe to west germany after world war ii as a natural experiment to study this question a simple two sector model of the economy in which moving costs prevent the marginal product of labor to be equalized across sectors predicts that immigration boosts output per worker by expanding the high productivity sector but decreases output per worker within a sector using german district level data from before and after the war we find strong empirical support for these predictions

the transatlantic productivity gap is r d the main culprit the literature has pointed to different causes to explain the productivity gap between europe and united states in the last decades this paper tests the hypothesis that the lower european productivity performance in comparison with the us can be explained not only by a lower level of corporate rd however using different estimation techniques the r d coefficients for the us firms always turn out to be significantly higher to see to what extent these transatlantic differences may be related to the different sectoral structures in the us and the eu we differentiated the analysis by sectors the result is that both in manufacturing services and high tech sectors us firms are more efficient in translating their r d investments into productivity increases

active learning and optimal climate policy this paper develops a climate economy model with uncertainty irreversibility and active learning whereas previous papers assume learning from one observation per period or experiment with control variables to gain additional information this paper considers active learning from investment in monitoring specifically in improved observations of the global mean temperature we find that the decision maker invests a significant amount of money in climate research far more than the current level in order to increase the rate of learning about climate change this helps the decision maker make improved decisions the level of uncertainty decreases more rapidly in the active learning model than in the passive learning model with only temperature observations as the uncertainty about climate change is smaller active learning reduces the optimal carbon tax the greater the risk the larger is the effect of learning the method proposed here is applicable to any dynamic control problem where the quality of monitoring is a choice variable for instance the precision at which we observe gdp unemployment or the quality of education

the macroeconomic impact of oil earnings uncertainty new evidence from analyst forecasts we develop measures of oil earnings uncertainty oeu using analyst forecasts drawn from a large firm level dataset oeu is related to future economic downturns so some oeu measures may serve to forecast future downturns an increase in oeu also has adverse effects on the us oil sector the results are robust to conditioning on aggregate uncertainty at the same time oeu is related to increases in stock prices unlike aggregate uncertainty which has the opposite effect oeu is thus an independent influence on both the oil industry and on economic aggregates

the economics of forced migration abstract this article reviews the economics literature on the impacts of forced migration the literature is divided into two parts impacts on forced migrants and impacts on host communities studies exploring the impact of forced migration due to wwii suggest that the long term impact is often positive the literature for developing countries suggests that there are serious consequences of forced migration for those forced to migrate these consequences range from worse labour market outcomes to less consumption smoothing the impact on host communities seems to be mixed and there are winners and losers the article provides suggestions for future research

the taylor principle fights back part ii abstract the existing literature holds that the taylor principle often leads to indeterminacy in new keynesian models that allow for capital accumulation and limited asset market participation this conclusion is special however to the case of continuous full employment when the assumption of perfect wage flexibility is relaxed very slightly so that the labor market clears quickly but not instantaneously determinacy is the norm the threat of indeterminacy is limited to a tiny irrelevant corner of the parameter space where the elasticity of labor supply is unusually high and real wage adjustment is unbelievably fast everywhere else the taylor principle guarantees a unique rational expectations equilibrium the dramatic difference in results reflects the sensitivity of the monetary transmission mechanism to the speed of adjustment in the labor market

vulnerability of victims of civil conflicts empirical evidence for the displaced population in colombia summary internal conflicts and the forced displacement often caused by such conflicts impose a heavy burden on the civilian population and greatly damage a community s overall welfare the present study employs a household level survey administered to 2 322 colombian displaced households to estimate changes in household welfare after displacement and to assess aggregate consumption levels in destination sites we also assess whether households are able to smooth consumption and we analyze the strategies they are compelled to adopt in order to cope our results indicate that victims of civil conflict face difficulties in generating income are unable to rely on usual risk sharing mechanisms and are forced to draw upon costly coping strategies in order to smooth consumption the vulnerability of displaced households and the possibility of falling into poverty traps highlight the need to design and implement specific policies for victims of internal conflict in order to cope with the displacement shock

the impact of internal displacement on destination communities evidence from the colombian conflict abstract more than ten percent of the population of colombia has been forced to migrate due to civil war this study employs an enclave iv strategy which exploits social distance between origin and destination locations as well as conflict induced migration to estimate the impact that the arrival of displaced individuals has on the wages of local residents i compare the effects on four different subgroups of the population partitioned by skill low skilled versus high skilled and by gender the analysis suggests that a conflict induced increase in population leads to a short run negative impact on wages but that subsequent out migration from receiving municipalities helps to mitigate these effects though the impact tends to dissipate over time it persists for low skilled women suggesting that this group is particularly vulnerable to the arrival of forced migrants

are nonconvexities important for understanding growth everyday experience and a simple logical argument show that nonconvexities are essential for understanding growth compared to previous statements of this well known argument the presentation here places more emphasis on the distinction between two of the fundamental attributes of any economic good rivalry and excludability it also emphasizes the difference between public goods and the technological advances that are fundamental to economic growth like public goods technological advances are rionrival goods hence they are inextricably linked to nonconvexities but in contrast to public goods which are nonexcludable technological advances generate benefits that are at least partially excludable hence innovations in the technology are for the most part privately provided this means that nonconvexities are relevant for goods that trade in private markets consequently an equilibrium with price taking in all markets cannot be sustained concluding remarks describe some of the recent equilibrium growth models that do not rely on price taking and highlight some of the implications of these models this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

corruption is bad for growth even in the united states we estimate the impact of corruption on growth of output per worker in u s states we improve on existing studies of the cost of corruption by using a better specified empirical model focusing on a study population that is less likely to be affected by parameter heterogeneity and controlling for endogeneity using political variables to instrument for corruption we find that corruption plays a significant and causal role in lowering growth and investment across the states

agricultural outputs and conflict displacement evidence from a policy intervention in rwanda abstract in 1997 rwanda introduced a resettlement policy for refugees displaced during previous conflicts i exploit geographic variation in the speed of implementation of this policy to investigate the impact of conflict induced displacement and the resettlement policy on household agricultural output and on skill spillover mechanisms between returnees and stayers i find that returns to on farm labor are higher for returnees relative to stayers although the evidence suggests that the policy contributed little additional effect to this differential more speculatively these differentials suggest that upon return from conflict induced exile returnees are more motivated to increase their economic performance

effects of financial development economic growth and trade on electricity consumption evidence from post fukushima japan abstract this study examines the long run and short run effects of financial development economic growth export imports and capital on the japanese energy predicaments as a result of the foregoing energy crisis in the country to ensure a robust outcome the study applied the extended cobb douglas production function and used time series data from 1970 to 2012 following to this structural break unit root test ardl bounds test approach to cointegration and the johansen cointegration test were applied in addition the vecm granger causality framework was used in determining the causal relationship between the variables the findings of the study establish that in the long run a 1 rise in financial development economic growth exports and imports in japan will exert a significant pressure on the japanese electricity consumption by 0 2429 0 5040 0 0921 and 0 2193 respectively however capital was found to decline energy consumption in all material respect in the short run the study discovered how a 1 rise in the dynamics of financial development economic growth exports and imports to add to the japanese electricity predicaments by 0 2210 0 5840 0 0521 and 0 2031 respectively the existence of the feedback relationship between most of the variables was discovered while economic growth exports imports and trade openness were found to granger cause electricity consumption the study advocates the adoption of massive but competitive renewable energy system in japan how it should be done and why it should be done are carefully set by this study

assessing the direct and spillover effects of shocks to refugee remittances abstract we examine the impact of exogenously shutting down remittances to kakuma refugee camp in northern kenya during 2015 we find that the remittance shutdown did not reduce refugee consumption on average however it did decrease consumption of households that previously received remittances through the networks that were closed while simultaneously increasing consumption for those who continued to receive remittances through other mechanisms the shutdown also resulted in decreases in the probability of consuming a variety of goods by the host population particularly those with livelihoods linked to the refugee camp these findings underscore the tight links between refugee camps and surrounding communities and are a testament to the multiplier effects of remittances

r d production structure and rates of return in the u s japanese and german manufacturing sectors a non separable dynamic factor demand model abstract the focus of this paper is an analysis of the production structure the demand for factor inputs and the rates of return in the manufacturing sector of three major industrialized countries the united states japan and germany the analysis is based on a dynamic factor demand model with two variable inputs labor and materials and two quasi fixed inputs capital and rd also for all countries the speed of adjustment for capital is found to be higher than that for r d

strikebreaking or solidarity in the great steel strike of 1919 a split labor market game theoretic and qca analysis split labor market theory provides insight into the development of ethnic and racial antagonism but has failed to address interracial solidarity and has tended to ignore the role of the state the authors modify heckathorn s formal model of collective action to derive predictions concerning the possibility of interracial solidarity or strikebreaking given split labor market conditions predictions are then examined using qualitative comparative analysis for 16 northern cities that participated in the 1919 steel strike results show that interracial solidarity developed in cities that had strong local union organizations and nonrepressive governments while black strikebreaking emerged in cities with higher proportions of recent black migrants and either repressive local governments or weak unions

are economic rents good for development evidence from the manufacturing sector abstract are rents or excess profits good for development rents could induce firms to lobby or bribe governments to preserve the status quo on the other hand rents may promote growth by giving firms the needed funds to make investments in fixed capital or research and development to test this question empirically we use a panel of manufacturing data at the industry country year level and measure rents by the mark up ratio we find that the relationship between rents and growth is strongly negative with the results being primarily driven by the poorer countries or those with worse institutions in the sample this result holds when we instrument for mark up using the average mark up in other industries in the country even in industries with high external financing needs and countries with less developed financial sectors precisely the places where excess profits could be used to drive growth we find that rents are especially harmful consistent with the rent seeking mechanism we highlight we find that high rents are associated with a slower reduction in tariffs we also test for the most likely alternative mechanism that higher rents cause slower growth through the channel of allowing managerial slack we find that controlling for management has little impact on our estimate of the impact of mark up on productivity growth

solow 1956 as a model of cross country growth dynamics despite the widespread popularity of the solow growth model much of the recent empirical work based on the classic framework misrepresents a crucial feature of the model namely the growth rate of technological progress assumed to be exogenous in the solow model is often identied as being constant across countries this simplication of the behavior of technological progess runs counter to the evidence and has had a number of signican t implications for the interpretation of the solow model one implication has been an overemphasis on the role of factor accumulation in explaining cross country income dieren tials in addition the commonly cited empirical result that the speed of conditional convergence is slower than predicted by the solow model is a function of this inaccurate assumption about technology rather than due to a failure of the model itself

displaced populations humanitarian assistance and hosts a framework for analyzing impacts on semi urban households summary this paper presents a framework for understanding the impacts of civil war displaced populations and humanitarian assistance on host populations in semi urban areas our model shows that under conditions of conflict where populations flow from rural to urban areas and food aid follows changes in food housing and labor markets result in changes to local prices which will potentially impoverish consumers but provide earning opportunities for property owners and suppliers of non tradable goods and that the price dynamics are likely to induce significant land use change we combine satellite price aid delivery and population inflow data with qualitative interviews from nyala darfur the data confirm the hypotheses and the paper discusses possible policy responses

energy growth conundrum in energy exporting and importing countries evidence from heterogeneous panel methods robust to cross sectional dependence abstract this article uses the panel methods for energy exporting and importing countries that discuss the heterogeneity and cross sectional dependence in investigating the linkages between energy consumption and economic growth the findings of the study suggest that the energy consumption is an important input not only in the energy importing but also in energy exporting countries furthermore the results of the present paper suggest that the policy options should be different for the different countries in the back drop of heterogeneous slope coefficients

survive another day using changes in the composition of investments to measure the cost of credit constraints abstract we introduce a novel empirical strategy to measure the size of credit shocks theoretically we show that credit shocks reduce the value of long term relative to short term investments empirically we can therefore compare the reduction of long term relative to short term investments within firms allowing for firm times year fixed effects using spanish firm level data we estimate the credit crunch to be equivalent to an additional tax rate of around 11 on the longest lived capital to pin down credit constraints as the underlying cause we apply triple differences strategies using foreign ownership or precrisis debt maturity

measuring eco efficiency based on green indicators and potentials in energy saving and undesirable output abatement abstract nowadays majority of organizations are seeking to achieve sustainable development with respect to green concept one of the main criteria for assessing green performance is eco efficiency to identify all aspects of the eco efficiency inputs should be divided into energy and non energy and outputs should be divided into good and bad outputs to deal with this issue a data envelopment analysis dea model is developed to divide inputs into both energy and non energy and outputs into both desirable good and undesirable bad outputs likewise variables are separated into both discretionary and non discretionary factors accordingly a bounded adjusted measure bam based on green indicators is developed to calculate the eco efficiency of decision making units dmus besides energy saving potentials and undesirable output abatement potentials are calculated to show correlation coefficient between energy consumption and undesirable output finally proposed model is validated by assessing the eco efficiency of some selected members of organization for economic cooperation and development oecd australia finland ireland new zealand and switzerland are recognized as eco efficient countries and the rest of countries are inefficient in terms of the eco efficiency high and positive spearman correlation coefficient between energy consumption and undesirable outputs addresses that the more use of energy inputs the more undesirable outputs

estimation of the depreciation rate of physical and r d capital in the u s total manufacturing sector i introduction numerous studies on production and cost the sources of productivity and endogenous growth have recognized the pivotal role of the physical capital stock studies at various levels of aggregation over assets and industries have emphasized the crucial role of investment in plant and equipment in the growth of demand and productive capacity it is clearly recognized by economists and policymakers that knowledge capital approximated by rd 1986 to measure the depreciation rates of the stock of rd 1980 in the literature on dynamic demand models such an approach was first adopted by epstein and denny 1980 and more recently by kollintzas and choi 1985 for a single capital good and on a theoretical level in bernstein and nadiri 1987a 1987b the paper is organized as follows the specification of the model is presented in section ii section iii is devoted to a discussion of the data and to the presentation of the parameter estimates of the model in section iv we present the empirical results for the depreciation rates for physical and r d capital and compare them with those reported in the literature we compare the physical capital stock estimates generated by our model with the official capital stock estimates produced by u s department of commerce bureau of economic analysis in this section we also present our estimates of the decomposition of gross investment into replacement and expansion investment for both physical and r d capital these decompositions are important from the vantage point of public policy analysis

civil conflict and forced migration the micro determinants and welfare losses of displacement in colombia summary forced displacement in colombia has soared due to the escalating internal conflict the purpose of this paper is twofold first to identify adequate instruments for addressing the problem of displacement by estimating its determinants and comparing these findings with the standard migration literature second to estimate its welfare losses thus providing evidence as to whether the response to this problem has been proportional to its size we find that the welfare losses caused by displacement are 37 of the net present value of rural lifetime aggregate consumption our empirical findings also show that a violent environment modifies the net benefits of migration

segmented assimilation split labor markets and racial ethnic inequality the case of early twentieth century new york assimilation and split labor market dynamics are core foci in research on immigration race ethnicity and inequality little work however systematically analyzes how assimilation and group level

growth empirics a panel data approach a comment this paper comments on recent developments in the literature on the econometric analysis of international growth and convergence it notes that panel estimates of the neoclassical model accommodating level effects for individual countries through heterogeneous intercepts deal with some of the econometric difficulties arising in some of the earlier cross sectional studies but it notes that in dynamic panels heterogeneity in growth effects and in speeds of convergence renders this estimator inconsistent also the pervasiveness of such heterogeneity is demonstrated in three samples of countries and the effects of incorrectly imposing homogeneity on estimated parameters are illustrated and discussed

the impact of forced displacement on host communities a review of the empirical literature in economics the paper reviews 49 empirical studies that estimate the impact of forced displacement on host communities a review of the empirical models used by these studies and a meta analysis of 762 separate results collected from them are the main contributions of the paper coverage extends to 17 major forced displacement crises that occurred between 1922 and 2015 to host countries at different levels of economic development and different types of forced migrants the focus is on outcomes related to household well being prices employment and wages all studies can be classified as ex post quasi natural experiments the analysis on empirical modeling shows a preference for partial equilibrium modeling differences in differences evaluation methods and cross section econometrics with all these choices largely dependent on the type of data available the meta analysis on household well being shows that between 45 and 52 percent of the results are positive and significant indicating a net improvement in household well being an additional 34 to 42 percent of the results are found to be nonsignificant and 6 to 20 percent show a decrease in household well being the analyses on employment and wages show positive and significant improvements for 12 to 20 percent of the results nonsignificant results in 63 percent of the cases and negative and significant results for 22 to 25 percent of the results negative results on employment and wages relate to young and informal workers in middle income countries the results on prices show asymmetric behavior across types of products overall the probability of having a negative outcome for host communities in the consumer and labor markets is below 20 percent

combining preferences and processes an integrated approach to black white labor market inequality this article offers an innovative theoretical approach to black white labor market inequality that combines components of threat spatial mismatch and urban decline theories in a queuing framework using a unique measure the earnings gap between black and white workers resulting from sorting into different occupations within an occupationally and educationally delimited labor queue the author tests hypotheses from the combined model results show support for the combined model as characteristics of labor and job queues significantly influence the extent of black white inequality variables representing employers preferences for or against hiring black workers are also significant suggesting the utility of jointly examining preferences and processes in the labor market

capital maintenance and depreciation over the business cycle abstract this paper develops and estimates a stochastic general equilibrium model with capital maintenance which affects endogenously the depreciation rate of capital the estimate of maintenance series is found to track survey based measures for canada quite closely and to generate the procyclical pattern of maintenance observed in the data we use our model estimates to infer the time profile of equipment capital depreciation in canadian and us manufacturing the depreciation rate is estimated to be volatile and highly procyclical in both countries

a dynamic multi stage data envelopment analysis model with application to energy consumption in the cotton industry abstract data envelopment analysis dea is a non parametric method for evaluating the relative efficiency of homogenous decision making units dmus with multiple inputs and outputs in this paper we present a dynamic multi stage dea dms dea approach to evaluate the efficiency of cotton production energy consumption in the proposed model the farms which consume resources i e fertilizers seeds and pesticides to produce cotton are assumed to be the dmus inputs not consumed during a planning period are carried over to the next period in the planning horizon initially a dms dea model is used to determine the overall efficiency of the dmus with dynamic inputs next the efficiency score of each dmu is calculated for each time period in the planning horizon we demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method and exhibit the efficacy of the procedures and algorithms with a real life case study of energy consumption in the cotton industry

capacity utilization and depreciation in use in this paper the effect capacity utilization has on the depreciation of capital goods is studied starting from a quadratic approximation to a normalized short run cost function expressions for the optimal rate of capacity utilization the demands for labour and energy and for investment are obtained investment is a function of past capital stock expected future capital stock expected future relative prices and expected future depreciation rates expectations are modelled via instruments the model is tested using us total manufacturing quarterly data depreciation dependent upon usage is found to be both statistically and economically significant

a split labor market analysis of discrimination against chinese immigrants 1850 1882 scott 1984 place race and differential occupational opportunities demography 21 258 70 shibutani tamatsu and kian m kawn 1968 ethnic stratification a comparative approach new york macmillan simkus albert 1984 structural transformation and social mobility hungary 1938 1973 american sociological review 49 291 307 simon rita james 1978 continuity and change a study of two ethnic communities in israel cambridge cambridge university press simpson ida harper richard l simpson mark evers and sharon sandomirsky poss 1982 occupational recruitment retention and labor force cohort representation american journal of sociology 87 1287 1313 smooha sammy 1978 israel pluralism and conflict berkeley university of california press sorenson aage b 1975 models of social mobility social science research 4 65 92 spilerman seymour and richard e miller 1977 city nondifference revisited american sociological review 42 979 83 stolzenberg ross m and ronald j d amico 1977 city differences and nondifferences in the effect of race and sex on occupational distribution american sociological review 42 937 50 thurow lester c 1975 generating inequality new york basic books tyree andrea 1981 occupational socioeconomic status ethnicity and sex in israel consideration in scale construction megamot 27 7 21 hebrew tyree andrea moshe semyonov and robert w hodge 1979 gaps and glissandos inequality economic development and social mobility in 24 countries american sociological review 44 410 24 upton graham j g 1978 the analysis of crosstabulated data chichester basic books

modelling technical change in italian agriculture a latent variable approach this paper presents an alternative approach to the measurement of technical change it is based on the latent variable level of technology that enters explicitly the input demand system and on a hypothesis about the innovation generating process by adding measurement error equations the behavioral system can be viewed as a multiple indicators multiple causes mimic model the parameter estimates are obtained with a maximum likelihood estimator which involves the implicit covariance matrix the analysis refers to italian agriculture and the results provide some evidence on the nature and level of technical change during the years 1961 1991

corporate liquidity and capital structure we solve for a firm s optimal cash holding policy within a continuous time contingent claims framework using dividends short term borrowing and equity issues as controls assuming mean reversion of earnings optimal cash is non monotone in business conditions and increasing in the level of long term debt the model matches closely a wide range of empirical benchmarks and predicts cash and leverage dynamics in line with the empirical literature firm value is quite insensitive to changes in the level of long term debt the model has interesting implications for asset substitution hedging and pecking order growth opportunities do not greatly affect cash holding policy

derivative ideas and the value of intangible assets we build a general equilibrium model where growth is driven by two invention types fundamental ideas that cause creative destruction and derivative ideas that enhance the value of existing inventions the model provides a new mapping from microeconomic patent data to aggregate total factor productivity growth and the aggregate value of privately owned knowledge we show how to measure the frequency of derivative ideas and the rate of creative destruction we estimate that derivative ideas account for 70 80 of all patents and their presence more than doubles the value of knowledge capital relative to what the measured innovation rate might otherwise imply

capital utilization economic growth and convergence abstract optimal decisions by economic agents regarding the utilization of capital lead to empirically plausible speeds of convergence in one sector models of economic growth the relationship between depreciation and capital utilization plays a crucial role in slowing down convergence to the steady state cross country differences in the extent to which the capital utilization decision is internalized along the transition path may lead to differences in convergence rates even for countries with similar initial and terminal conditions finally by assuming a constant depreciation rate and full capital utilization standard growth models may be overstating the magnitude of the steady state equilibrium

the labor market impacts of forced migration during the 1990s the kagera region of tanzania experienced a forced migration shock a series of geographical barriers led to a higher concentration of forced migrants in some parts of the region relative to others resulting in a natural experiment using panel data pre and post forced migration shock we find that greater exposure to the refugee shock resulted in tanzanians having a lower likelihood of working outside the household as employees however employees more affected by the shock had a higher probability of being in professional occupations and being part of a pensions program

are refugees different from economic immigrants some empirical evidence on the heterogeneity of immigrant groups in the united states this paper analyzes how the implicit difference in time horizons between refugees and economic immigrants affects subsequent human capital investments and wage assimilation the analysis uses the 1980 and 1990 integrated public use samples of the census to study labor market outcomes of immigrants who arrived in the united states from 1975 to 1980 i find that in 1980 refugee immigrants in this cohort earned 6 less and worked 14 fewer hours than economic immigrants both had approximately the same level of english skills the two immigrant groups had made substantial gains by 1990 however refugees had made greater gains in fact the labor market outcomes of refugee immigrants surpassed those of economic immigrants in 1990 refugees from the 1975 1980 arrival cohort earned 20 more worked 4 more hours and improved their english skills by 11 relative to economic immigrants the higher rates of human capital accumulation for refugee immigrants contribute to these findings

estimation of r d depreciation rates a suggested methodology and preliminary application the 2008 version of the sna will recommend capitalization of r d expenditures to implement this recommendation measures for the stock of r d capital must be constructed and this implies a need to determine the depreciation rate of r d capital in this paper we develop a simple model based on a production function method that allows for monopolistic competition to estimate the annual depreciation rate of r d capital we treat r d capital as a technology shifter instead of as an explicit input factor both the r d stock and the time variable are used to capture technological progress modeling r d capital in this manner can better represent the role r d plays in economic growth estimated r d depreciation rates and markup factors are presented for the u s manufacturing sector and four u s knowledge intensive industries namely chemical products sic 28 non electrical machinery sic 35 electrical products sic 36 and transportation equipment sic 37

forced displacement and technology adoption an empirical analysis based on agricultural households in bosnia and herzegovina we use the bosnian living standards measurement study lsms survey to show that conflict induced displacement of agricultural households dramatically affects the adoption of new technologies in agriculture we exploit the heterogeneity in the level of violence in the pre war location to account for selection bias this natural experiment seems to be a source of exogenous variation in our case because violence aims at ethnic cleansing without economic consideration we find that the displaced are less likely than stayers to adopt fertiliser and pesticide

economic consequences of forced displacement abstractover 42 million people worldwide have been forcibly displaced from their communities though little is known about the impact of this movement on livelihoods i use a panel data set and exploit a geographic discontinuity to explore the effects of displacement in uganda i find that displaced households experience a significant initial decrease in consumption two years after households returned home displaced households still lag behind however households in the top quartiles of pre displacement assets have recovered some of their consumption though with significantly reduced education and wealth levels there is likely little or no recovery for the poorest households

displacement due to violence in colombia a household level analysis abstract civil wars and ethnic conflicts have resulted in an estimated number of approximately 35 million refugees and internally displaced persons worldwide understanding the determinants of forced migration is an important prerequisite for the definition of appropriate policies of prevention assistance and relocation we develop a conceptual framework for the empirical analysis of displacement decisions at the household level while similarities to conventional migration theories exist there are also important differences implied by the presence of violent conflict for example risk aversion and lack of information may hamper conventional migration but enhance displacement factors such as landholdings and social capital at the place of origin may not only reduce displacement in the conventional sense of raising opportunity costs but may also spur displacement indirectly by increasing the household s likelihood of becoming the victim of direct threats for the case of colombia we conduct an econom

the economics of immigration this literature review concerns the impact of immigration on the economy of the host country focusing on the experience of the united states the emphasis is on the period from the 1970s to the 1990s the author shows that research earlier in this period generally concluded that the economic effects of immigration were positive but that more recent research on later migrations have generally concluded that immigration may be having an adverse effect on the earnings of native unskilled workers and be placing an increased burden on welfare programs the importance of such economic analysis for the formulation of appropriate migration policies is stressed

estimates of the value of patent rights in european countries during the post 1950 period this paper examines the distribution of the values of patent rights in the united kingdom france and germany during the post 1950 period these values are inferred from the behavior of patentees with respect to payment of renewal fees on their patents a simple economic model of renewal decisions is combined with data on the proportion of patents renewed at alternative ages and the renewal fee schedules to produce estimates of the distribution and the total value of patent rights in these countries moreover the data indicate that there have been changes in the value distribution and we follow these changes over the period the empirical results of particular interest concern the total value of patent rights and the relationship between changes in it and changes in the quantity of patents the skew in the distribution of patent values and the rate of obsolescence on the returns to patents

labor supply with job assignment under balanced growth abstract we consider a competitive equilibrium growth model where technological progress is embodied into new jobs which are assigned to workers of different skills in every period workers decide whether to actively participate in the labor market and if so how many hours to work on the job balanced growth requires that the job technology is complementary with the worker s total labor input on the job which is jointly determined by his skill and his working hours since lower skilled workers can supply longer hours we show that the equilibrium features positive assortative matching higher skilled workers are assigned to better jobs only if differences in consumption are small relative to differences in worker skills when the pace of technological progress accelerates wage inequality increases and workers participate less often in the labor market but supply longer hours on the job this mechanism can explain why as male wage inequality has increased in the us labor force participation of male workers of different skills has fallen while their working hours have increased

estimating the euler equation for aggregate investment with endogenous capital depreciation this article looks at the empirical consequences of introducing endogenous capital depreciation in the standard neoclassical model with quadratic adjustment costs to this end we formulate an empirical specification that accommodates capital maintenance and utilization in the euler equations for aggregate investment the empirical estimates with data from the canadian survey on capital and repair expenditures show that in contrast to the existing literature the performance of the euler equations is improved when we account for the impact of variable capital depreciation

does human capital matter for energy consumption in china this article investigates the dynamic relationship between human capital and energy consumption using chinese provincial data over the period 1990 2010 considering for cross sectional dependence and parameter heterogeneity across space and over time we identify a significant and negative human capital energy consumption relationship in china specifically we find that a 1 increase in human capital reduces energy consumption by a range between 0 18 and 0 45 furthermore this negative relationship can be attributed to stronger accumulation of post school human capital in eastern china this finding suggests that energy conservation in china could be achieved by improving post school human capital components such as on the job training experience and learning by doing

immigrant self employment the family as social capital and the value of human capital we examine how self employment among asian and hispanic immigrants is affected by family composition and human capital class resources because of collective interests and strong personal ties the family facilitates the pooling of labor power and financial resources enterprising immigrants draw on these resources when establishing and operating small businesses our findings also show the importance of human capital class resources in accounting for immigrant self employment although foreign earned human capital is usually not highly valued in the host labor market immigrants successfully use this human capital to achieve business ownership interethnic variation in personal human capital and family composition accounts for a substantial portion of the observed interethnic variation in self employment the data are drawn from the 1980 five percent pums for greater new york city and los angeles excerpt

conflict displacement and labor market outcomes in post war bosnia and herzegovina abstract the war in bosnia and herzegovina of the early nineties displaced 1 3 million people this study uses longitudinal data to document the effects of this displacement on labor market outcomes to account for endogeneity in displacement i exploit the fact that the level of violence affected the decision to leave and that pre war economic performance is orthogonal to local violence levels i find that displaced bosnians are less likely to be working relative to the people who stayed displaced men experience higher unemployment levels and displaced women are more likely to drop out of the labor force

returning home after civil war food security and nutrition among burundian households abstractthis paper investigates the food security and nutritional status of formerly displaced households hhs using the 2006 core welfare indicator survey for burundi we compare their food intake and their level of expenses with that of their non displaced neighbours we test whether it is the duration of displacement that matters for current food security and nutritional status or the time lapsed since returning home we use log linear as well as propensity score matching and an instrumental variable approach to control for self selection bias we find that the individuals and hhs who returned home just before the time of the survey are worse off compared to those who returned several years earlier on average the formerly displaced have 5 per cent lower food expenses and 6 per cent lower calorie intake moreover we find evidence in favour of duration of displacement as the main mechanisms through which displacement affects hh welfare results are robust after controlling for self selection bias de

remittance behaviour of forced migrants in post apartheid south africa this paper looks at the determinants of south south remittances an original dataset of african migrants living in johannesburg is used as south africa attracts both economic and forced migrants we focus on the impact of the reason of emigration violence versus economic concerns on migrants remittance behaviour on the extensive margin the results show that leaving a home country for reasons of violence decreases the probability of remitting to the home country on the intensive margin transferred amounts do not differ according to whether the migrant was forced to migrate or not when the migrant has decided to remit it is more his her current conditions in the host country and traditional factors income education sex etc that determine the amounts transferred our results are robust when restricting the definition of forced migration

net energy analysis in a ramsey hotelling growth model this article presents a dynamic growth model with energy as an input in the production function the available stock of energy resources is ordered by a quality parameter based on energy accounting the energy return on energy invested eroi in our knowledge this is the first paper where eroi fits in a neoclassical growth model with individual utility maximization and market equilibrium establishing the economic use of net energy analysis on a firmer theoretical ground all necessary concepts to link neoclassical economics and eroi are discussed before their use in the model and a comparative static analysis of the steady states of a simplified version of the model is presented

the timing of redistribution we investigate whether late redistribution programs that can be targeted toward low income families but that may distort savings decisions can dominate early redistribution programs that cannot be targeted as a result of information constraints we use simple two period overlapping generations models with heterogeneous agents under six policy regimes a model calibrated to the u s economy benchmark two early redistribution lump sum regimes two targeted late redistribution regimes and finally a model without taxes and redistribution redistribution programs are financed by a labor tax on the young generation and a capital tax on the old generation we argue that if the programs are small in size late redistribution can dominate early redistribution in terms of welfare but not in terms of real output better targeting of low income households cannot completely offset savings distortions in addition we find that the optimal transfer and tax policy implies a capital tax of 100 and transfers exclusively to the young generation