virtual special issue editorial essay the shitty rent business what s the point of land rent theory in this introduction to a virtual special issue on land rent we sketch out the history of land rent theory encompassing classical political economy marx s political economy the marginalist turn and subsequent foundations for urban economics and the marxist consensus around rent theory during geography s spatial turn we then overview some of the contemporary strands of literature that have developed since the break down of this consensus namely political economy approaches centred on capital switching institutionalism of various stripes and the rent gap theory we offer a critical urban political economy perspective and a particular set of arguments run through the review first land is not the same as capital but has unique attributes as a factor of production which require a separate theorisation second since the 1970s consensus around land rent and the city dissipated the critical literature has tended to take the question of why how the payment exists at all for granted and so has ignored the particular dynamics of rent arising from the idiosyncrasies of land amongst the talk of an anthropocene and planetary urbanisation it is surprising that the economic fulcrum of the capitalist remaking of geography has fallen so completely off the agenda it is time to bring rent back into the analysis of land cities and capitalism

location and attendance in major league baseball this study uses a travel cost model to analyse the attendance impacts on major league baseball mlb of the closest substitute mlb team it is found that the closer two teams are the lower attendance is at each team relative to two teams that are farther apart in addition when a new team moves into the area of an existing team there is an additional initial reduction in attendance for the incumbent team this has implications for actions aimed at changing the number of teams in mlb either by contraction or by possible antitrust approaches that would increase the number of teams especially in megalopolis markets further and consistent with past demand studies pricing is in the inelastic portion of gate demand and fan loyalty is a significant contributor to the estimation of gate attendance

testing the taxmimicking versus expenditure spill over hypotheses using english data spatial interaction among local governments in tax setting and public spending decisions is receiving increasing attention in the applied public economics literature spatial interaction models rely on the presence of an externality from local budget making in traditional public finance models external effects originate either from interjurisdictional resource flows due to tax competition for a mobile base or from local public expenditure spill overs into neighbouring jurisdictions however the recent political agency yardstick competition literature has stressed the role of informational externalities between neighbouring jurisdictions and predicted tax mimicry at the local level the actual relevance of the above hypotheses clearly needs to be assessed empirically in this paper an attempt is made at discriminating between alternative sources of local fiscal interaction by using data on the english municipal authorities budgets while both public spending levels and local property tax rates ex

intraurban wage gradients evidence by race gender occupational class and sector abstract a general functional form is used to estimate intraurban wage gradients for various groups of workers with 1980 data from the philadelphia detroit and boston metropolitan areas as predicted by the standard monocentric model of urban land use the following results are obtained for most groups of white workers negative and statistically significant wage gradients steeper wage gradients for higher wage earners and an increase in the steepness of wage gradients as the cbd is approached positive wage gradients are not found for black workers despite the fact that suburban employers hire large numbers of these workers who reside within the central city this result is taken as support for the hypothesis that blacks have been disadvantaged by job suburbanization and continued housing market segregation

the demand for industrial sites in a metropolitan area theory empirical evidence and policy implications abstract a model of urban manufacturing location is developed in order to explain the demand for industrial sites in a metropolitan area within the theory of qualitative choice behavior firms identified by a set of eight characteristics are viewed as selecting sites possessing two attributes of varying degrees of importance to different kinds of firms using a multinomial logit specification the model is estimated for the cincinnati smsa the results lend support to the firm specific nature of the site selection process information concerning the determination of the spatial distribution of the firm types in cincinnati is derived from the analysis implications for the possible effectiveness of a policy initiative designed to alter existing patterns of urban industrial location conclude the paper

losers and pareto optimality in optimising commuting patterns when optimising the overall commuting pattern for a city or a region there are often winners and losers among commuters at the subdivision level losers are those who are burdened with longer commutes than before the optimisation knowing who or where losers are is of interest to both researchers and policy makers the information would help them efficiently locate losers and compensate them few however pay attention to such losers by revisiting excess commuting in the economic framework we show that optimising the commuting pattern is comparable to restoring pareto optimality in commuting using beijing as a case study we identify and geo visualise the losers when the city s bus commuting pattern is optimised we examine the severity of the loss among the losers the spatial pattern of the losers and their influencing factors we find that most losers are located around the epicenter the severity of the loss is independent of jobs housing ratio but is associated with the commute distance before the optimisation workers whose commute distance is less than the global average are more likely to become losers places where losers reside have significantly lower employment density in a few industries than where non losers reside a low jobs housing ratio in individual subareas does not necessarily increase the average trip length of commuters therein a low jobs housing ratio of one or several subareas however could influence the average trip length of all the commuters in the area locating diverse jobs and housing opportunities around or along transit corridors could compensate the losers and reduce the overall commuting cost

measuring managerial efficiency the case of baseball in economic analysis the role of the entrepreneur is paramount to the production process the entrepreneur is engaged in a darwinian game of efficiently transforming scarce resource inputs into outputs in the modern business organization this role is delegated to managers despite the conceptual importance of the role of management in the production function very little is known about the actual effect on output of variations in managerial skill in part this is due to the lack of proprietory data in part it is due to difficulties in measuring the outputs and inputs of complex production processes in a meaningful way a number of investigators have employed the concept of the frontier production function as developed by forsund and hjalmarsson 1 and timmer 6 and more recently by schmidt and lovell 3 to measure the effect on technical and price efficiency of various property rights structures or institutional constraints to our knowledge estimates of managerial efficiency have not been obtained with firm specific data except for some regulated industries in this study we estimate managerial efficiency by manager and by firm managerial marginal revenue product the rate of change in managerial efficiency over years of experience and relative factor price efficiency we use major league baseball teams over the period 1961 1980 as our data source what is particularly appealing about the choice of major league baseball teams as the industry for analysis is that outputs win percent and inputs player skills are unambiguously measured and the production function is simply specified as shown by scully 5 our results indicate that managerial skill in baseball contributes very substantially to the production process the paper will evolve as follows first the concept of the frontier production function is briefly outlined then estimates of managerial efficiency by manager and by team are provided and discussed a managerial efficiency learning curve is estimated an estimate of managerial marginal revenue product provided and the managerial efficiency

locational patterns and dynamics of industrial activity in the modern metropolis this paper attempts to review and re structure a mass of published ideas on the geography of industrial activity in the modern metropolis the argument proceeds in a series of stages first some basic locational factors in the city are examined second a critical discussion of the literature on economies of agglomeration and scale in cities is undertaken third a brief description of manufacturing activity in nineteenth century cities is provided by way of motivating and orientating the succeeding discussion fourth the phenomenon of industrial decentralisation in twentieth century cities is described fifth an attempt is made to construct a composite theory of intra metropolitan industrial location on the basis of the historical process of the substitution of capital for labour in capitalist commodity production sixth a schematic re statement of the theory is presented and its implications for the spatial cum organisational evolution of modern industry are elucidated seventh some of the main po

on the job search behavior the importance of commuting time using search theory we show that job search effort is increasing and under some conditions convex in commuting time we show that the effect of commuting time on job search effort levels may be small in case of uncertainty caused by future job and residential moving behavior thus we provide a microeconomic explanation for the finding that commuters behave as if they are footloose our empirical analysis supports the behavioral implications of the model for the netherlands surprisingly we do not find any evidence that the effect of commuting time on search behavior depends on the commuters socioeconomic characteristics

the economics of commuting and the urban labour market the spatial distribution of households and firms or urban spatial structure is a core element of the study of urban economics and the crucial determinant of commuting patterns this paper examines developments in the analysis of urban spatial structure and commuting are related to the urban labour market that is the analysis of labour supply and labour demand in a spatial context these developments have been overlooked in the traditional approach to urban structure and commuting where most attention has been devoted to the markets for land and housing rather than the market for labour yet a little reflection suggests that the labour market might have a great deal to do with the location decisions of households and firms and hence with commuting patterns we argue that much criticism of the economic analysis of urban structure and commuting can be addressed by explicit incorporation of the labour market into the conventional model of urban location this criticism includes findings that the theory cannot explain the tendency for richer households to live farther from the central business district and commute farther to work wheaton 1977 and findings of substantial unexplained or wasteful commuting according to conventional theory hamilton 1982 the paper begins by outlining the basic model of residential location and commuting section 2 we then consider extensions that involve the introduction of labour supply decisions and which determine the value of commuting time section 3 more recent extensions involve the introduction of decentralized workplaces section 4 and logically the issues of job search and migration section 5 we conclude with a summary of the progress in incorporating labour market behaviour into the analysis of urban structure and commuting and our suggestions for further research in this area

the spatial effects of wage or property tax differentials and local government choice between tax instruments abstract this paper considers the spatial effects on wages employment and business capital as functions of location of a localized differential in source based wage tax rates or business property tax rates between for example a central city and the surrounding suburbs a simple model is used in which business production uses only labor and capital inputs consumers have fixed residential locations but may commute to work wage and property tax differentials have effects that are similar in some ways but different in other ways if given a choice a local government would choose to set its business property tax rate equal to zero and use only a wage tax

strategic control of growth in a system of cities abstract this paper provides an analysis of the supply restriction model of growth controls growth controls in such a model harm consumers while enriching landowners and they will only be adopted if landowners have political power in the model this power is manifested in the city government s use of a social welfare that takes both landlord and consumer welfare into account since cities cannot be small if the supply restriction inherent in growth controls is to have an impact strategic interactions must be considered in the analysis of city choices a general model is presented and an extended example based on leontief preferences is then considered comparative static analysis of nash equilibria in the leontief case shows that perturbations of preferences or other characteristics of a single city can have important spillover effects that alter the choices of all cities in the region

commuting congestion and employment dispersal in cities with mixed land use abstract for centuries cities have been modeled as having centered employment scarce access to which generates land rent this paper first presents some new empirical evidence that in us cities actual employment turns out to be almost as dispersed as residences this range of urban forms is generated with analytic ease in a model that assumes land can have mixed rather than exclusive use at any location the model has firms trading off a central agglomeration force against the lower wages that accompany shorter commuting distances in peripheral locations at one extreme with very high agglomerative forces employment is approximately centered with long commute distances and high congestion levels at the other extreme lower agglomerative forces lead to employment that is completely dispersed commute distances of zero and the absence of congestion maximizing output minus congestion never leads to a pattern of land mixing where employment is fully dispersed a market model however often does if the mix at each location is based on the relative magnitude of the land rent offered from residential as opposed to commercial uses

analysing the technical efficiency of the spanish football league first division with a random frontier model this article analyses technical efficiency of football clubs in the spanish football league division 1 primera liga from the seasons 1995 1996 to 2004 2005 with an unbalanced panel data the random frontier model is used allowing the identification of random variables in the cost frontier it is concluded that the price of capital investment the number of points won and attendance are heterogeneous variables therefore no common public policy aiming to improve efficiency can embrace all of the clubs so that policies by clusters are required

urban rural variations in the structure of manufacturing production this paper demonstrates that recent attempts to explain manufacturing shifts to nonmetropolitan areas can be synthesised into a capital vintage model of production the result is a set of systematic differences between urban and rural production methods which are consistent with the locational implications of the manufacturing process cycle theory the model is supported by the first comprehensive estimation of separate production functions for smsas and nonmetropolitan areas using census data for the us from 1977 only smsas are shown to possess the significant agglomeration economies needed for product development and process innovation cost competitive nonmetropolitan areas show much greater variation in input proportions due to spatial factor price differentials

work location residence location and the intraurban wage gradient abstract the monocentric city model implies that work and residence locations are likely to be positively correlated and that wages decline with distance from the city center the first implication has not been explicitly tested before we provide strong support for it in census data for cleveland columbus dayton detroit indianapolis philadelphia and pittsburgh previous wage gradient estimates were hindered by lack of individual data on employment location and worker characteristics we solve this problem by estimating probit models that predict optimal work location and using the results to explain wages we find evidence of significant wage gradients

budget spillovers and fiscal policy interdependence evidence from the states abstract this paper formalizes and tests the notion that states expenditures depend on the spending of similarly situated states we find that even after allowing for fixed state effects year effects and common random shocks among neighbors a state government s level of per capita expenditure is positively and significantly affected by the expenditure levels of its neighbors ceteris paribus a one dollar increase in a state s neighbors expenditures increases its own expenditure by over 70 cents

a bayesian stochastic frontier of italian football this study analyses the technical efficiency of serie a italian football clubs during the 2004 2012 seasons with a bayesian stochastic frontier model using unique data extracted from clubs annual reports specifically the focus of the study is on assessing the impact effects on clubs efficiency whether they are big clubs they employ several foreign player they compete in european competitions and their involvement with football scandals in the italian football the empirical results reveal that efficiency varies among the clubs analysed and policy implications are derived

cost efficiency of french rugby clubs this article analyses the cost efficiency of french first league rugby clubs using a stochastic frontier model the frontier estimation confirmed that the model fits the data well with all coefficients correctly signed and in line with the theoretical requirements the results show that one of the clubs is operating efficiently with the majority of clubs clustered around 20 inefficiency policy implications are derived

the demand for league football a demand equation is estimated for total football league attendances for the period 1948 49 to 1979 80 plausible values are obtained for the elasticities of demand with respect to income and to a price variable which includes the cost of travel to the stadium the values imply that football spectating is an inferior good with a low price elasticity equations are also estimated for the league s separate divisions the implications of the results for the football league clubs are discussed

changes in commuting distances of dutch households this paper is concerned with the analysis of commuting distances the development of commuting distances has become a subject of political concern because of the large flows of traffic involved which are concentrated in a few hours each day and cause considerable congestion problems as well as environmental damage the economic theory of search will be proposed as a theoretical background which motivates the modelling of commuting distance distributions for the empirical analysis a sub sample is used of respondents of the housing demand survey of 1985 approached again in 1988 commuting distances are discussed in relation to household characteristics such as the number of persons the presence of a spouse or partner and her his employment status the apparent rapid increase in commuting distances is due in large part to changes in the employment situation people who change job will often commute over a longer distance after the change occurs changes in housing situation are more or less neutral in th

urban growth controls and intercity commuting abstract this paper incorporates the possibility of intercity commuting ic in a growth control model as controls restrict the labor supply the wage rate increases in the city land rents capitalize the wage differential but when this differential reaches the ic cost ic starts to occur keeping wages constant thus if controls are adopted in the benefit of landowners ic weakens the incentive for tighter controls compared to case where ic is not possible however if firms profits which decrease with higher wages are also taken into consideration in the choice of controls then the possibility of ic may induce tighter controls

the brazilian soccer championship an efficiency analysis this article analyses the top brazilian football league from 2003 to 2011 by estimating a cost function and using a stochastic frontier model among the covariates the number of fans per club and club remoteness is taken into account the brazilian clubs are then ranked according to their technical efficiency during the 2000 2011 period based on the results the policy implication is presented and the economic implications arising from the study are also considered

wasteful commuting a resolution a debate over the empirical underpinnings of urban economic models is emerging under the unlikely rubric of wasteful commuting hamilton 1982 shows that a commonly used monocentric model in which employment and population densities decline exponentially from a center greatly underpredicts actual commuting distances in typical u s and japanese metropolitan areas he concludes that the monocentric model is fundamentally flawed this conclusion is challenged by white 1988b who examines the cost minimizing assignment of households to residential locations taking density patterns as they are and measuring cost by travel time white finds that for a sample of u s metropolitan areas only 11 percent of actual commuting cost is in excess of the cost minimizing amount rather than the 87 percent found by hamilton hamilton 1989 and cropper and gordon 1991 using variations of white s technique obtain results intermediate between these extremes this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

effects of urban growth controls on intercity commuting this paper presents an empirical study of the effects of urban growth controls on the intercity commuting of workers growth controls land use regulations that attempt to restrict population growth and urban sprawl have increased housing prices and diverted population growth to uncontrolled cities it has been suggested that resulting changes in local labour supply might stimulate intercity commuting from uncontrolled to controlled cities to test this hypothesis a gravity model of commuting flows between places in california is estimated using alternative econometric methods ols heckman selection and count data the possibility of spatial dependence in commuting flows is also taken into consideration results suggest larger commuting flows to destination places that restrict residential growth

on the causality of intraurban location abstract the patterns of decentralization of employment and population in american metropolitan areas are now well known to most urban economists while much time and space has been devoted to the economic and social causes of suburbanization understanding the nature of the process of decentralization is a prerequisite for the implementation of any government policy directed at the reversal or a slowing of the process as mills and price j urban econom 12 1 17 1984 suggest an uncertainty about the root causes of decentralization prevents an enlightened discussion of the appropriateness or desirability of various types of government intervention simple facts and causal models may have profound effects on the directions policy makers look for in government intervention the issue of causality lies at the heart of the process of decentralization and causality conclusions must be scrutinized before being accepted

new trends of suburbanization in beijing since 1990 from government led to market oriented feng j zhou y and wu f new trends of suburbanization in beijing since 1990 from government led to market oriented regional studies since the 1990s suburbanization has been continuing in china along with the deepening of market transition the process of suburbanization has gone beyond purely government initiated relocation of households and polluting industries based on the newest population census this paper identifies some major new trends of suburbanization in beijing the new round of suburbanization has been driven by the construction of suburban villas and affordable housing rising private car ownership the decentralization of industry and the development of large suburban shopping malls and retail parks passively relocated households are no longer the dominant source of suburbanization suburbanization in beijing has evolved into a new stage of more market oriented development in the suburbs feng j zhou y et wu f nouvelles tendances de la suburbanisation a beijing pekin depuis 1

city structure search and workers job acceptance behavior abstract this paper develops a stochastic search model having a monocentric city structure and investigates how city structure affects workers job acceptance behavior and a labor market in the model workers reside in a city and commute to the central business district cbd to work when employed and to be interviewed when unemployed when a job searcher contacts a firm having a vacant job he she observes the level of training costs necessary for employment and decides whether to accept the job it is shown that there exists a unique market equilibrium in which the employed live close to the cbd and the unemployed reside far away from the cbd analysis shows that 1 improvement of commuting technology induces job searchers to accept more costly jobs and lowers the unemployment rate in the city 2 growth of the city makes job searchers less tolerant of training and raises the unemployment rate and 3 as job searchers search more intensively they become choosier if commuting costs are sufficiently small efficiency properties of the equilibrium are also explored

excess commuting in the tokyo metropolitan area measurement and policy simulations in this paper tokyos commuting patterns are examined to determine the extent to which the volume of commuting is an inevitable result of the functioning of such a vast interconnected economic system and the extent to which it is the result of inefficient matching of workers and jobs some comparisons are made to the situation in los angeles several simulations are used to examine the effect of decentralisation of employment on commuting behaviour and it is found that commuting time could be significantly reduced by decentralising jobs or centralising workers excerpt

wasteful commuting again in wasteful commuting hamilton 1982 i presented estimates that suggested that almost 90 percent of urban commuting could be eliminated by reassigning workers to different houses or jobs it does not matter which furthermore i argued that this minimum feasible commute is the volume of commuting that would emerge from the optimization process underlying the standard monocentric models even allowing for decentralized employment white 1988 has challenged some of my assumptions as well as my results with respect to assumptions she argues that suburban employment is not diffuse as i assume but is concentrated in subcenters if these subcenters are a significant portion of suburban employment then my estimates of required commuting are biased downward because the commuting pattern that i assumed to be optimal is not feasible white then estimates required and wasteful commuting based on journey to work data from the 1980 census on the basis of these data she concludes that only about 10 percent of commuting could be eliminated by swapping homes and jobs

performance evaluation of the english premier football league with data envelopment analysis this paper uses data envelopment analysis dea to evaluate the performance of english premier league football clubs from 1998 99 to 2002 03 combining sport and financial variables the paper evaluates how close the clubs are relative to the frontier of best practices analysing how they manage sport as well as financial results managerial implications of the research are devised

women in the labour markets of the london region a model of dependence and constraint this paper uses a simultaneous equations model of labour and housing market relationships in the london metropolitan region in order to illuminate some of the specific characteristics of female labour markets in an explicitly spatial context in addition to restricted female commuting fields two significant sets of spatial constraint were identified firstly the residential location of married women tended to depend on access to male not female employment opportunities and secondly limited access to owner occupation tended to restrict the residential mobility of non married women nevertheless responsiveness to local demand conditions of married women s participation rates on the one hand and non married women s migration on the other rendered local female unemployment comparatively less sensitive to employment change

testing the standard urban model of residential choice an implicit markets approach abstract important implications of the standard economic model of urban residential choice have failed dramatically to survive empirical tests in recent studies these results however do not distinguish between failure of the model s behavioral foundations a trade off of access to jobs and housing costs and failure of auxiliary assumptions needed to derive testable hypotheses from the model from an implicit markets model of the housing market we derive a test that better isolates the predictive power of access and housing cost as determinants of residential decisions and find substantial improvement in the model s empirical performance compared with other recent work

beyond the post industrial city valuing and planning for industry in london this paper examines the challenges that planners face if industry is to survive and thrive in a growing post industrial city it examines london where the difference between the value of land for residential and industrial use and the pressure to address the housing crisis is leading to the rapid loss of industrial land and premises the paper first explores the role of industry in a high value city such as london arguing that trends in manufacturing in advanced economies are increasing the benefit for firms of an urban location whilst at the same time cities continue to need industry if they are to be economically and socially resilient sustainable and vibrant the paper then explores current approaches to planning for industry in london identifying impacts of a policy framework that anticipates and plans for its decline finally it focuses on the question of how to plan for a productive and inclusive city we explore the arguments in favour of integrating industry into the urban fabric as wel

coordinating employment transport and housing in cities an institutional perspective this paper outlines a reconceptualisation of the relationship between employment housing and transport in cities that draws upon insights drawn from structuration theory and institutional sociology it identifies the need for a new focus one that lies between the structural and the individual the institution as well as the need for the integration of time space into analyses institutions are embedded social action the unique formations of institutional matrices households labour markets housing markets and transport systems are identified as sites for further research and policy development the paper calls for future research to identify who gains and who loses within the current and future configurations of institutions in cities changes in individual behaviour and the policies to enable or to constrain such behaviour should be evaluated in this light

economic freedom and migration flows between u s states a modified gravity model is estimated using a cross section of data drawn from the u s census bureau survey of 2000 in order to analyze the impact of economic freedom on gross migration flows among the lower 48 states spatial econometric methods are utilized in order to capture spatial effects not detected by distance in addition the economic freedom of north america index is decomposed to determine the individual impact of various policies results show that states with higher relative economic freedom experience greater migration inflow through its direct impact on income and employment growth in aggregate the findings indicate that individuals migrate toward states with relatively higher government consumption expenditures relatively lower tax burdens and states with more freedom with respect to labor decisions in the form of less restrictive minimum wages less concentration of unions and less dependence on public employment

search theory spatial labor markets and commuting search theory is used to model spatial interactions between residential and employment locations a model for an urbanized region in which employment is concentrated in a number of different centers is developed it is shown that in this model wasteful or excess commuting occurs as a consequence of maximizing behavior of both employers and workers the model is compatible with a spatial equilibrium if informational problems disappear the labor market subdivides into a number of conventional monocentric cities an example concerning an urban area with two employment centers is discussed in detail the model appears to be robust to relaxations of the assumed absence of residential and job mobility

the substitution between moves and quits if a worker s workplace and residence locations do not maximize utility quits and moves are substitutes a quit or a move alone is more likely than both together records of a single company confirm this simultaneous bivariate probit estimates of move and quit behavior demonstrate that uncontrolled shocks to quits and moves are negatively correlated furthermore when the company relocated from the central business district to a suburb of its metropolitan area the occurrence of either a quit or a move virtually precluded the occurrence of the other among employees whose journeys to work were lengthened by the relocation copyright 1991 by royal economic society

reasons for the development of islands of innovation evidence from hertfordshire this paper analyses why innovations often cluster in a few metropolitan islands of innovation the reason for this interest is that a growing body of neo schumpeterian economic theory argues that economic recovery after periods of economic recession and depression such as we have seen during the 1980s and early 1990s is driven by innovations these do not spring up all over the country but are spatially concentrated in a small number of metropolitan regions it is therefore important to know why this is so in order to evaluate the effectiveness of various uk and eu public policies whose specific objectives are to stimulate local and regional economic development agglomeration theory is used in order to understand the driving forces behind the spatial clustering of new innovations this leads to four explanatory hypotheses these are that innovation is facilitated by agglomeration in order to reduce distance transaction costs between firms in different spaces or by local factor conditions which provide

intra urban wage variation employment location and commuting times abstract theory predicts that within a metropolitan area employers located where there is difficult commuting will have to compensate their workers with appropriately higher wages this should hold whether one is comparing central city work locations with those at the fringe or simply differences between suburban edge cities in the longer run if employers are concerned primarily with labor costs firm mobility should equalize wages or else agglomeration economies must exist to sustain the differences using microdata from the 1990 census for 2 large metropolitan areas in the u s wage equations are estimated for urban workers allowing for different wage levels depending on zone of employment the results show that observationally equivalent workers have wages that vary substantially across employment zones within a metro area and that this variation is strongly and significantly correlated with the average commute time of the workers employed in that zone these results hold across several different econometric specifications wages and average travel times also are found to be highly correlated with the aggregate number of workers in each zone but are not affected by zone employment specialization thus there is inconclusive evidence as to whether wage commuting cost differences result from equilibrium agglomeration effects or from a disequilibrium distribution of employment

toward an evaluative framework for land use policy in industrial districts of the urban core a qualitative analysis of the exclusionary zoning approach this paper provides a preliminary analysis of costs and benefits associated with exclusionary zoning a policy vehicle which seeks to preserve or promote industry in the urban core especially where competition for land resources is typically the greatest by prohibiting the incursion or encroachment of higher uses the paper examines arguments commonly advanced pertaining both to alleged costs of exclusionary zoning e g relating to efficiency arguments impacts on urban economic adaptability and municipal revenues and also to perceived benefits diversification of the economic base and urban employment structure efficiency of public service provision the restriction of negative externalities etc it is observed that for both costs and benefits basic underlying arguments have in some cases been over stated or have failed to critically examine all relevant factors it is suggested that in general exclusionary zoning may be appropriate if applied in a selective manner but that expectati

urban commuting journeys are not wasteful do urban workers commute too much bruce hamilton 1982 was the first to raise the question whether urban workers commuting journeys are too long or in his terms wasteful he argued that the monocentric urban model predicts that workers commuting journeys will be minimized to test the model he calculated the minimum commuting journey length for the average worker in a group of u s cities and compared the results to the actual average commuting journey length for those workers he assumed that any difference between the two figures was wasteful commuting he found that the average minimum commuting distance was only 1 1 miles but the average distance actually commuted by workers in those cities was 8 7 miles or nearly eight times as great hamilton therefore concluded that the monocentric urban model has little predictive value concerning commuting behavior and that actual commuting behavior could be predicted just as well using an assumption that commuting is random commuting behavior is a central feature of any model that purports to explain urban residential and job location choice hamilton s assertion that the monocentric urban model has little predictive value concerning commuting behavior therefore strikes at the heart of

a performance assessment of the angolan soccer league abstractthis article analyses the technical efficiency of the angolan soccer league from 2008 to 2014 using a translog distance stochastic frontier model the greene stochastic frontier model presented in 2005 and kumbhakar stochastic frontier model presented in 1990 are adopted and the covariates used include luanda location funding by the oil company sonangol club supported by rich fans and club relegated during the period policy implications are then derived