determinants of off farm work and its effects on farm performance the case of norwegian grain farmers limited attention has been given in the literature to the impact of off farm work on farm performance more knowledge about the determinants of part time farming and its effects on farm performance could help policymakers to introduce better targeted rural development policies the aim in this article is to fill part of the above mentioned gaps by analyzing factors that influence the choices of off farm work by either the farmer alone or jointly by both the farmer and partner and simultaneously examining how off farm work influences farm performance these analyses were based on an unbalanced panel data set from norwegian grain farms during 1991 to 2005 among the determinants of off farm work hours we found that in addition to demographic time trend and some regional effects there was a significant negative effect of farm output on farmers off farm work hours the production function results revealed that off farm work had a positive effect on farm output at first increasing but then decreasing with increase in hours spent in off farm work furthermore our analysis revealed no systematic effect of off farm work on farm technical efficiency

renewable energy investment and job creation a cross sectoral assessment for the czech republic with reference to eu benchmarks the development of renewable energy sources has been primarily justified on the ground of environmental policies and energy security but new jobs opportunities and establishment of new economy sectors may be equally important co benefits from investments in this sector the main goal of this paper is to assess the employment benefits of investments in renewable energy in the czech republic we examine the level and rate of the development of the renewable energy sector in the czech republic in terms of green job creation for the period 2008 2013 in comparison to data from other eu countries including germany as a leading early investor in renewables whilst the deployment of renewable energy in the czech republic has succeeded to create a significant number of jobs more than 20 000 employees in 2010 our analysis illustrates a strong dependency of job creation on the continuation of financial incentives we also find that biomass and waste energy processing offer the highest employment per mwh which benefits employment in economically fragile rural areas we discuss the question of competitiveness of a country that was not amongst the early adopters of renewables arguing that the technical skills of the labour force in the czech republic provide a potential for more sustained investments in the sector

intensive and extensive margins of exports what can india learn from china we decompose india s export performance in manufactured products during 2000 15 into changes at the intensive and extensive margins india s performance along different margins is compared and contrasted with that of china the results show that while china outperforms india at both the margins the gap is particularly wide at the intensive margin decomposition of intensive margin along quantity and price margins shows that chinese products are generally sold cheaper than indian products higher price margin however has not translated into high intensive margin for india due to its abysmally low quantity margin we examine different explanations for china s superior performance relative to india along different margins using a gravity model our results suggest that china s exchange rate policy was not the prime reason for its export success neither do we find that fdi inflows were significant in explaining the export performance gap between them the results show that china s export relationship bias towards high income partner countries holds the key in understanding its superior performance this bias is a natural consequence of china s high degree of specialization in labor intensive activities india by contrast due to an idiosyncratic pattern of specialisation has failed to exploit its export potential in high income countries

nonpecuniary benefits to farming implications for supply response to decoupled payments we develop a household model wherein farmers allocate labor to maximize utility from leisure consumption and nonpecuniary benefits from farming the model shows that farmers with decreasing marginal utility of income respond to higher decoupled payments by decreasing off farm labor and increasing farm labor resulting in greater agricultural output we then estimate the difference between farm and off farm returns to labor using data from three nationally representative farm household surveys the finding of a large on farm off farm wage differential provides compelling evidence of substantial nonpecuniary benefits from farming

employment factors for wind and solar energy technologies a literature review abstract in this paper we present an up to date literature review on employment opportunities associated with the deployment of renewable energy technology we identified approximately 70 studies and data sources published over the past decade that report analysed or observed employment impacts of renewable energy growth these publications cover many different countries and several technology options and present widely varying results derived from distinct methodological approaches our first overall conclusion is that there is clear lack of authenticity of findings in this literature since recursive referencing abounds and relatively few studies yield truly original research when we omit non authentic analyses as well as those that aggregate results in a way that does not allow us to calculate employment factors defined as the number of jobs or amount of work generated per unit of electricity production capacity the total list of references is brought to 31 independent items of these only 14 references provide separate estimates of the employment factors for the stages of manufacturing and installation respectively as opposed to employment factors for these two activities combined a total of 23 items provide values for operation and maintenance o m employment factors we observe significant uncertainties in quoted figures for job creation both across and within publications

real options approach to inter sectoral migration of u s farm labor the core of the literature on inter sectoral labor migration is based on net present value models of investment in which individuals are assumed to migrate to take advantage of positive wage differentials in this article we argue that a real options approach taken together with the adjustment costs associated with sectoral relocation may provide a basis for explaining the migration of farm labor out of the agricultural sector given the irreversibility of migration decisions and uncertainty in the economy potential migrants might choose to postpone migration even in the face of positive wage differentials using annual u s employment data from between 1948 and 2009 our results indicate that large elasticities between economic incentives and out farm migration are observed after a high threshold of wage differentials between farm and off farm sectors is surpassed

india trade policy review the review of india s trade policy by the wto the third of its kind is in three parts the report by the wto secretariat a statement by the government of india and minutes of the discussion of the report by the trade policy review board the review provides detailed information not only on india s trade and foreign investment policies but also an analytical review of india s export and economic performance the review notes that india has made considerable progress with the liberalisation of its trade and investment regime but it has a long way to go if it were to achieve a growth rate of eight to nine per cent the stated objective of the policy makers this paper drawing upon the material in the report analyses india s growth prospects and endorses the broad conclusions of the report

why farmers quit a county level analysis we identify the effects of alternative explanatory variables on the propensity of u s farmers to cease farming with a particular emphasis on understanding the roles of off farm employment and federal farm program payments conventional ordinary least squares analysis using all counties suggests that off farm employment has no statistical effect on the net number of farmers quitting between 1987 and 1997 ceteris paribus a more refined analysis which separates counties losing farmers from those that gained farmers reveals subtle and less clear cut effects of off farm employment and federal program payments on farm exits copyright 2001 oxford university press

off farm work decisions of husbands and wives joint decision making theoretical and econometric models are developed to examine joint wage labor participation and hours decisions of a husband and wife in farm households the econometric model is multiple equation and recursive the specification of the off farm labor supply equation of the husband wife depends on whether his her wife husband does or does not work off the farm and this structure is endogenous the model is fitted to data for iowa farm households the main conclusion is that the off farm labor supply equation of a married individual differs significantly depending on whether his or her spouse also works for a wage copyright 1989 by mit press

assessing employment in renewable energy technologies a case study for wind power in brazil abstract environmental concerns and the search for climate change mitigation have led to the deployment of renewable energy technologies ret in several countries the adoption of incentive policies especially those based on heavy subsides has motivated the discussion of social and economic benefits brought about by these technologies mainly on the impact on employment rates in this context several studies have been conducted to quantify job creation by ret concluding that the latter are more labor intensive than traditional fossil fueled technologies however results for different assessments vary largely due to distinct methodological approaches and are frequently highly aggregated thus results are not comparable or applicable to other contexts previous studies have failed to quantify the effects of imports and exports of ret equipment in total employment usually associating employment and installed capacity in the year studied this study has aimed to address these issues creating an index for employment quantification based on production instead of installed capacity we have estimated both direct jobs in manufacture construction and operation and management and indirect jobs both in the upstream supply chains of materials and inputs to manufacture of wind turbines and construction of wind farms we have also performed an assessment of jobs created in wind energy projects which are expected to begin operation in brazil until 2017 the resulting job potential in brazil corresponds to13 5 persons year equivalent for each mw installed between manufacture and first year of operation of a wind power plant and 24 5 persons year equivalent over the wind farm lifetime results show that major contribution from wind power for job creation are in the construction stage and despite of the low amount of jobs created in operation and maintenance relative to new installed capacity those stable jobs stand out as they persist over the entire wind farm s life time

determinants of economic well being among u s farm operator households participation in government programs has a mild impact on the economic well being of u s farm households major factors that determine farm household prosperity are the primary operator s education level and ethnicity education level of the spouse and other characteristics such as forward purchasing of inputs use of contract shipping of products having a succession plan farm ownership and location in a metro area this article uses the 2001 agricultural resource management survey arms as well as relative and an absolute measure to assess u s farm households economic well being the relative measure compares the income and wealth position of farm households relative to median income and median wealth of the general population the absolute measure adds annualized wealth to a farm household s income

macroeconomic impact of the german energy transition and its distribution by sectors and regions abstract macroeconomic impacts such as changes in economic structures and employment are very important when evaluating the energy transition in societal terms we employ a macroeconomic model that accounts for regional economic and sectoral features the model results show how the overall positive net impacts of the energy transition in germany energy efficiency and renewable energies on economic growth and employment up to 2030 are distributed across sectors and regions the biggest relative increases in value added occur in construction real estate and electricity generation the biggest decrease is in mining of lignite significant effects mainly result from changes in the heat and transport sectors while the transition in the electricity sector entails smaller impacts the latter are however relevant to the regional distribution the model results suggest that especially northern and eastern german federal states will benefit economically from the energy transition because they offer attractive locations for investments at the same time these states are less affected by decreasing conventional energy generation moreover the impact of rising electricity prices is less negative here than in the other federal states because of their lower electricity intensity in production in summary the energy transition represents an opportunity for these regions to strengthen their economies

an empirical model of labor supply in a life cycle setting this paper formulates and estimates a structural intertemporal model of labor supply using theoretical characterizations derived from an economic model of lifetime behavior a two step empirical analysis yields estimates of intertemporal and uncompensated substitution effects which provide the information needed to predict the response of hours of work to life cycle wage growth and shifts in the lifetime wage path

a comprehensive ex post assessment of res deployment in italy jobs value added and import leakages abstract taking a retrospective look at italy s experience over the period 2006 2014 this paper investigates to what extent the deployment of renewable energy sources res contributed to value added and employment in the economy from the methodological point of view our study combines an input output approach with a comprehensive bottom up analytical model in which detailed product information from external trade statistics is used to account for imports although during the period under consideration italy experienced an expansion in res capacity that went beyond the rosiest expectations it appears that the resulting demand for plant components was met to a very significant extent by imports we find that the contribution to sectoral value added and employment was not as large as envisioned by ex ante analyses in net terms the resources absorbed by res plants in the construction installation and manufacturing phase seem to have made a smaller contribution to the domestic economy than they would have in several counterfactual scenarios the opposite is true for the resources used in the subsequent operation and management phase finally our results suggest that variation in domestic content of manufactured products may limit the portability of res employment and value added factor estimates across countries

regional employment and economic growth effects of south africa s transition to low carbon energy supply mix abstract this paper examines the long run regional economic effects within south africa of changing the electricity generation mix towards less coal to do so a regional computable general equilibrium cge model of south africa is employed for the analysis the overall result stemmed from all scenarios suggest that the effect of a transition to an energy supply mix with smaller share of coal generation is sensitive to other economic and policy conditions in particular the reaction of the global coal market and hence south africa s coal exports under conditions in which surplus coal resulting from lower domestic demand cannot be readily exported the economies of coal producing regions in south africa such as the mpumalanga province are the most severely affected the subsequent migration of semi skilled labour from that province to others within the country require appropriate and timeous planning by energy policymakers and urban planners

how valuable is on farm work to farmers in this article we estimate a rural household model that allows specific tastes for working on farm and can fit the data as well as the general model of lopez we use two samples that are matched by individual characteristics and adopt the method for matched surveys proposed by arellano and meghir we replicate using french data the empirical finding of elhorst who reports evidence that implicit wages of on farm family labor are significantly below off farm wages we then provide estimates of the lower bounds for preferences for on farm work for males and females which are significant and positive

the impact of clean energy investments on the greek economy an input output analysis 2010 2020 the aim of this paper is twofold first to calculate the green energy investments by industrial sector that greece would need in order to satisfy a number of energy and environmental targets adopted in the context of the european commission s energy and climate change package and second to calculate the macro economic impacts of these green investments on production and employment in the greek economy to this end the input output analysis has been exploited for estimating the direct indirect and induced macroeconomic effects associated with the implementation of selected energy conservation measures the promotion of renewable energy technologies etc our findings show that the required investments would reach the amount of 47 9 billion over the period 2010 2020 these investments will result in an average annual increase of the national product by 9 4 billion creating simultaneously 108 000 full time equivalent jobs for the entire period under consideration the employment generated per 1 million investment is relatively higher in energy saving projects in buildings and transport in comparison with the development of res in power generation sector

employment creation potential of renewable power generation technologies a life cycle approach abstract the present study analyses the employment characteristics of nine different renewable power generation technologies two types of solar photovoltaic wind small scale hydro geothermal wood biomass and three types of biogas the analysis uses a renewable energy focused input output model that the authors developed to analyse life cycle environmental and socio economic impacts of renewable power generation technologies and policies the analysis reveals that there are distinctive differences among the nine technologies impacts on employment the total employment creation potential over the life cycle is estimated to be in the range of 1 04 5 04 person years per gwh furthermore the nine technologies have unique features regarding how many and what kinds of jobs are created across the whole life cycle the introduction of these technologies into an economy directly and indirectly induces jobs in different industrial sectors reflecting their technological characteristics on the other hand the nine different technologies have a common employment effect in that they create relatively high employment opportunities in the service sectors such as wholesale trade non life insurance and judicial financial and accounting services the present study reveals quantitative employment characteristics of the different types of renewable power generation technology to provide valuable information for renewable energy policy making

employment impacts of solar energy in turkey abstract solar energy is considered a key source for the future not only for turkey also for all of the world therefore the development and usage of solar energy technologies are increasingly becoming vital for sustainable economic development the main objective of this study is investigating the employment effects of solar energy industry in turkey some independent reports and studies which analyze the economic and employment impacts of solar energy industry in the world have been reviewed a wide range of methods have been used in those studies in order to calculate and to predict the employment effects using the capacity targets of the photovoltaic pv and concentrated solar power csp plants in the solar roadmap of turkey the prediction of the direct and indirect employment impacts to turkey s economy is possible as a result solar energy in turkey would be the primary source of energy demand and would have a big employment effects on the economics that can only be achieved with the support of governmental feed in tariff policies of solar energy and by increasing research development funds

forecasting job creation from renewable energy deployment through a value chain approach abstract this paper introduces a new approach to the study of the socioeconomic impact of renewable technologies through the analysis of the reinforcing effects of the expansion of this industry and the specific characteristics of the employment along the value chain the method proposed is based on the collection critical analysis and presentation of the results obtained using primary information sources the model design includes contributions extracted from a prior analysis of the existing assessment methods to lessen the uncertainty of the job ratios often used in these types of analysis one factor to be taken into account is the high degree of development in the sector and above all the maturity of the technology considered from the point of view of the industry fabric the economy of scale and technological development actually influences the human resources needs sometimes increasing the demand for professionals within the scope of r d and sometimes reducing jobs in the manufacturing industry which is gradually applying processes with a greater degree of automation the influence of these experience curves is different for every single stage of the value chain trade balance of technologies is also crucial for local employment generation an analytical model was developed based on the above assumptions and applied to the spanish pv industry this industry has been playing a leading role in the expansion of renewable energy and offers a high potential towards the short term development of the smart grids in this country this model represents very well the history of the spanish pv industry reflected through the evolution of the jobs and is shown to be the foundation of a methodology for prospective studies in the social and economic impacts of renewables

wage labour activities by agricultural households in nicaragua this article considers wage labour activities by agricultural households in nicaragua it analyses the role of 1 comparative advantage as determined by individual and household characteristics and 2 agricultural conditions and market imperfections in shaping wage labour supply an econometric specification is developed which allows for random household specific effects results reveal that non agricultural wage work is largely determined by comparative advantages whereas agricultural wage work is used to deal with a number of agricultural conditions and market imperfections

the challenges of determining the employment effects of renewable energy abstract the benefits of promoting renewable energy are regularly claimed to be energy security climate change mitigation and job creation while the first two benefits are generally accepted the impact of renewable energy on employment is still disputed this paper presents a discussion of the various factors that influence the analysis of renewable energy and its impact on employment the advantages and disadvantages of input output methods and analysis methods are discussed as well as the issues surrounding the measurement of job creation a critical evaluation of the literature reveals factors that should be considered when completing a study about renewable energy and employment labour intensity of renewables cost increases and availability of investments counting job losses job quality and skills model assumptions and sources of information analytical studies using extensive surveys were found to be more appropriate for regional studies while input output methods were better suited to national and international studies

off farm labor supply responses to permanent and transitory farm income a sample of iowa farm couples is used to evaluate whether off farm labor supply decisions respond to permanent and transitory components of farm income off farm labor supply of both spouses declines in response to increases in permanent farm income farm wives also reduce off farm labor supply in response to positive transitory farm income shocks consequently one mechanism farm households use to smooth their goods consumption when facing fluctuating farm income is to modify their consumption of leisure ability to smooth goods consumption does not imply the absence of liquidity constraints among farm households unless leisure consumption is also smoothed

the supply of off farm labor a random coefficients approach a joint model of off farm labor decisions for farm operator and spouse is presented attention is given to operator and spouse participation decisions as well as associated problems of multiple sample selectivity biases two stage fixed and random coefficient methods corrected for possible selectivity biases are used to estimate supply function parameters results indicate that supply function parameters are random variation in important supply parameters is investigated results also illustrate the importance of spouse decisions on off farm labor supply function structure

an empirical analysis of the demand for multiple peril crop insurance knowledge of factors affecting farmer purchases of crop insurance is essential for evaluating the soundness and profitability of crop insurance programs despite this importance the demand for crop insurance has received limited empirical attention the present paper reports on an empirical assessment of the demand for crop insurance by iowa corn producers adverse selection in the insured pool suggests that producers with differing levels of loss risk have different demand elasticities loss risk is included in the empirical analysis and is found to influence the elasticity of demand results show average demand elasticities of about 0 32 for relative insured acres and 0 73 for liability per planted acre implications for the actuarial soundness of the industry are provided

the international effects of china s growth trade and education booms china s international trade flows have increased by 500 since 1992 far outstripping gdp growth likewise tertiary education enrollments have increased by 300 we simulate these changes using a multi sector growth model of the chinese and usa economies a decade of trade biased growth in china is found to have a large effect on the usa economy raising gdp approximately 3 4 5 percentage points we also show that the trade bias in china s growth accounts for more than half of the observed growth in tertiary enrolments in china in contrast neutral growth has practically no effect on usa incomes or china s stock of skilled labour finally the simulations reveal that china s education boom per se has practically no long run impact on the usa economy the results thus indicate that the pattern of productivity growth in exports sectors as might be caused by falling trade costs has been critical in transmitting benefits of chinese growth to the world economy they also point to an important link between falling trade costs and human capital formation

multiple job holdings among dairy farm families in new york and ontario abstract previous empirical studies of multiple job holding have tended to focus on the characteristics of those obtaining off farm employment and the factors affecting the hours supplied to those obtaining off farm activities none of these studies have explicitly addressed the reasons behind the decision to seek off farm employment neither have they been able to examine in depth the important issue of how this major component of the farm sector responds to alternative policies since most studies have used cross sectional data for a given region a comparison between countries would permit the analysis of how multiple job holding responds to differing government policies the purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons for and factors affecting multiple job holdings of dairy farm families in neighboring regions of two counties united states and canada the bordering regions of new york and ontario have similar geographic conditions but significantly different farm support and social service policies the results indicate the importance of farm income on why people work off the farm and provide evidence of multiple job holding as a flexible mechanism for coping with changes in the economic environment facing the household for operators the driving characteristics influencing off farm labor participation is the farm s financial position the supply managed milk marketing system ensures higher and more stable returns for ontario dairy farm labor in contrast it is family demographics educational level and social support policy that appears to largely influence spousal off farm employment decisions free medical care in ontario lowers the reservation wage for household members the effect of these farm and social support policies on the relative returns to labor in agriculture and non farm employment explains the lower participation rate and hours supplied in off farm work by both operators and hours supplied in off farm work by both operators and spouses in ontario dairy farm household

wage functions and occupational selection in a rural less developed country setting economists are just beginning to develop empirical knowledge about the basic relationships that determine the distribution of incomes and allocation of resources in the poor rural regions of the world understanding interactions between agriculture and the rest of the economy is particularly important in this context this paper empirically investigates the allocation of human resources between farm work and other jobs and the compensation received by individuals for their work in agriculture and elsewhere specifically two related tasks are undertaken in this paper 1 the estimation of wage functions and 2 the estimation of functions determining the allocation of time among occupations there have been a series of papers which estimate the earnings function using data from poor countries for examples see blaug 1974 chiswick 1977 and valdes 1971 however this study focuses not on total earnings but on the wage rates a person may earn in labor market work because the wage rate is the relevant price of time for many allocative decisions for example in dividing the work year between self employed farming and work as an employee off the farm a key price is the potential wage rate the person can earn in the labor market for discussion and evidence on this issue see sumner 1978 recently a few studies have appeared which illustrate the importance of understanding potential wage variations across individuals in less developed countries rosenzweig 1978 uses wage estimates from aggregate indian data in a model determining the impact of land reform bardhan 1979 develops wage functions from a sample survey in rural india as a step in estimating labor supply for rural households kusnic and davanzo 1980 use wage functions to impute potential incomes and to measure the full income distribution these previous studies illustrate the importance of understanding the determinants of market wages the present paper develops wage functions in more detail focusing especially on industrial differentials in many rural areas employment opportunities may be usefully categorized into 1 self employment mainly on small farms 2 work for wages on large farms and 3 work for wages in non farm industries the combination of selfemployment and work as an employee is also important in many rural areas in both rich and poor countries this paper examines the impact of personal characteristics on the choice to participate in work for wages and on the choice of industry these estimates also form a basis for studying industrial wage differentials tentative estimates of the dependence of participation on expected wages are also presented below the empirical analysis in this paper is based on a 1974 sample of five villages in central guatemala see corona 1978 and stein 1978 one village petapa is larger richer and more urban than the others it lies south of guatemala city within commuting distance of the capital the other villages are outside the capital city region the population sampled is almost exclusively ladino spanish culture as opposed to indian data are available on the earnings hours of work industry age schooling literacy and village of 1 005 male heads of households approximately one third of the sample work as both self employed farmers and hired workers and most of these men work on fincas large plantations another quarter of the sample work as self employed farmers and do no work for wages the suburban village has mostly nonagricultural workers whereas the four other villages have predominantly farmers and farm employees in received for publication june 21 1979 revision accepted for publication december 31 1980 north carolina state university research on this paper began while i was a rockefeller foundation supported post doctoral fellow in the labor and population group of the economics department of the rand corporation and continued at north carolina state university supported by the agricultural research service at rand robert newman served as my research assistant and at n c state james cochell provided able assistance i have benefited from the comments of colleagues at both institutions and from members of the labor economics workshop at the university of north carolina at chapel hill i also thank two anonymous referees for useful suggestions this is paper number 6558 of the journal series of the north carolina agricultural research service raleigh n c

risk and farm operator labour supply this study uses a large increase in us federal crop insurance subsidies as a natural experiment to identify the importance of risk for farm operator labour supply subsidy increases induced greater crop insurance coverage which in turn reduced farmers financial risks crop insurance participation data are merged with farm level census of agriculture data from 1992 and 1997 to compare how individuals off farm labour supply changed in response to the policy induced change in insurance coverage the empirical approach controls for unobserved heterogeneity and accounts for the censored nature of the data it is found that greater insurance coverage reduces the off farm labour supply of operators who produced at least 100 000 of output and increased the labour supply of small farm operators who produced less than 25 000 of output

the expansion of renewable energies and employment effects in germany the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy is a high priority of the european union as well of its member states the german government wants to increase the share of renewable energies from about 5 to 12 by 2010 to attain this goal the german government has introduced compulsory compensation schemes for electricity produced from renewable energy fed into the public grid this paper examines the economic impact of this policy employing an econometric model particular emphasis was given to employment effects in general we distinguish two effects 1 an expansive effect resulting from additional investments and 2 a contractive effect resulting from an increase in the production cost of power the first effect will dominate during the first years and lead to an increase in employment of approximately 33 000 new jobs however the contractive effect will offset these gains and lead to a slightly negative employment balance by 2010

the determinants of vinegrowers employment and policy implications the case of a greek island this study investigates the employment of vinegrowers on a greek island samos where there exist attractive alternative employment opportunities particularly in the tourist sector the recent dramatic decline in the number of vinegrowers has been of great concern particularly to wine producers policy makers and local authorities because such a pattern has had and most importantly will have serious economic social and environmental implications the focus of this paper is on two issues first some descriptive statistics on the demographics of vinegrowers and characteristics of vineyards are presented and second a probit model is developed to identify the demographic and other determinants of the probability of off farm and off vineyard work participation the most important source of data information is primary data collected by the authors using a questionnaire which was completed by a representative sample of vinegrowers from the island of samos the empirical findings suggest that the promotion of vinegrowing requires policies that will enlarge the size of vineyards promote investments in human and physical capital and improve the public infrastructure

labor income and risky investments can part time farmers compete abstract in the developed countries a majority of farm households receive at least as much income from nonfarm sources as from the farm such part time farms have survived inspite of lower returns than full time farms this paper considers when lower returns to part time farming could be compensated by risk reduction due to diversification of income sources the paper uses a dynamic portfolio choice model with labor income the model and results could be applied in other contexts as well

multiple job holding in the united kingdom evidence from the british household panel survey this article examines the determinants of multiple job holding in the uk we address these issues using data from the first 11 waves of the british household panel survey bhps which covered the period from 1991 to 2001 evidence from the bhps does not support the hypotheses of main job hours constrained and main job insecurity we argue that the incentive for moonlighting in the uk is due to financial pressures and the desire for heterogeneous jobs the empirical work is carried out separately for men and women

how shifting investment towards low carbon sectors impacts employment three determinants under scrutiny abstract the threat of climate change requires redirecting investment towards low carbon sectors and this shift generates heated debates about its impact on employment many studies exist most of which use cge or input output io models however the economic mechanisms at play remain unclear this paper disentangles the channels of job creation and studies to what extent the results of simpler io models diverge from cge results using stylized models we show that a shift in investment creates jobs in io if it promotes sectors with a higher share of labour in value added lower wages or a lower import rate in cge the first two channels also yield job creation but there is no positive impact of targeting low imports sectors unless these do not export then we undertake a numerical analysis of two policies the installation of solar panels and weatherization in france both policies have a positive effect on employment in both models due to the high share of labour and low wages in these sectors io results provide a good approximation of cge results for solar 14 to 34 and are slightly higher for weatherization 22 to 87 our findings challenge the idea that renewables boost employment by reducing imports but they also suggest that a double dividend can be achieved by encouraging low carbon labour intensive sectors

potential for renewable energy jobs in the middle east abstract based on employment factors derived from a recent review of publications investigating opportunities for work associated with the diffusion of renewable energy technology we here present an analysis of the potential for renewable energy jobs in the middle east we use energy system optimisation results from the regionally disaggregated tiam ecn model as input to our study this integrated assessment model is utilised to inspect the energy technology requirements for meeting a stringent global climate policy that achieves a stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere with a maximum additional radiative forcing of 2 9 w m 2 this climate control target implies a massive deployment of renewable energy in the middle east with wind and solar power accounting for approximately 60 of total electricity supply in 2050 900 twh of an overall level of 1525 twh would be generated from 210 gw of installed renewable energy capacity by the middle of the century for this pervasive renewables diffusion scenario for the middle east we estimate a total required local work force of ultimately about 155 000 direct and 115 000 indirect jobs based on assumptions regarding which components of the respective wind and solar energy technologies can be manufactured in the region itself all jobs generated through installation and o m activities are assumed to be domestic

why india lags behind china and how it can bridge the gap though india has been growing at six per cent annually since the late 1980s it trails behind china which has been growing at ten per cent per annum since 1981 the single most important factor explaining this difference is the relatively poor performance of indian industry whereas the share of industry in china s gdp rose from 42 per cent in 1991 to 51 per cent in 2001 it remained virtually stagnant in india by contrast services grew rapidly in india expanding from 42 per cent in 1991 to 48 per cent in 2001 with the information technology sector less than two per cent of the gdp services growth was largely in the informal sector approximately 77 per cent of india s workers live in rural areas to bring a large chunk of this workforce into the modern sector india must achieve a much higher growth in the traditional unskilled labour intensive industry growth in the information technology sector gives india an extra lever but cannot be the main engine of transformation therefore the right approach is to walk on two legs traditional labour intensive industry and the modern it industry both legs need strengthening through further reforms the paper suggests four specific reforms three for industry and one for it necessary to achieve the transformation to a modern economy

renewable energy and employment in germany abstract the positive impacts of an increasing share of renewable energy on the mitigation of climate change as well as on the decrease of the dependency of energy imports are indisputable however one persistent problem for the german economy has been its high level of unemployment in the recent past therefore any policy strategy will be measured also by its net impact on the labor market the paper describes the results of a study that models this impact and is novel within three respects firstly an input output vector for the renewable energy sector was developed based on the results of more than 1000 interviews with an extensive questionnaire secondly gross and net effect of two different policy scenarios for germany until 2030 were calculated and thirdly the approach varies from earlier studies by its explicit modeling of export and foreign trade effects

the exploitation of electricity production projects from renewable energy sources for the social and economic development of remote communities the case of greece an example to avoid abstract since 2009 an anarchic policy has been followed by the investors regarding the submission of a large number of applications in greece for the construction of electricity production projects from renewable energy sources r e s applications and licenses without any strategic design usually of extremely large size in relatively small insular territories often violating several environmental or cultural constraints defined in the relevant legislation applications and licenses that have been submitted without informing the local communities neglecting the existing industrial agricultural or domestic activities the land properties and consequently provoking the common sense and reverting the generally positive common attribute about r e s recorded in greece before 2008 these applications and licenses exhibit low maturity characterized by violation of environmental constraints disapproval of local communities inadequacy to procure the required land properties and lack of r e s potential measurements ultimately they exhibit very low probabilities to be implemented furthermore all these premature applications cover large geographical territories preventing thus other mature and more realistic r e s projects from applying for licensing consequently the existing applications and licenses instead of promoting the r e s development in greece continue to keep it steady this article aims at the investigation of the causes that resulted in the above described negative reality potential deficiencies of the existing legislative framework are analyzed some characteristic examples of the submitted applications or issued licenses are presented and their technical and economic feasibility is evaluated finally the article proposes measures for the rational development of r e s electricity production projects in greece these measures aim to combine the maximization of the r e s development with the protection of the local communities furthermore they aim to support the participation of local investors and public organizations in the r e s projects this perspective will maximize the social and economic benefits to the local communities

quantification and monetization of employment benefits associated with renewable energy technologies in greece abstract this paper formulates and implements an integrated approach for estimating the employment benefits associated with the exploitation of renewable energy sources res in the power sector it builds up on well known techniques and makes all the necessary modifications in order to take into account the specific conditions of the res market more specific the proposed approach exploits the input output methodology for estimating the direct indirect and induced employment effects associated with the energy technologies in question and the opportunity cost of labour approach for expressing these effects in monetary terms this framework has been implemented to estimate the employment benefits resulting from the development of different res technologies in greece taking into account both the construction and operation phases of the relative projects the results of the analysis clearly show that the exploitation of res in the greek power sector presents significant employment benefits which are at the same order of magnitude or in several cases even higher compared to the corresponding benefits attributed to the operation of fossil fueled power plants e g lignite and natural gas therefore the fulfillment of the national target for increasing the penetration of res into the greek power sector from approximately 12 today to 40 in 2020 will contribute apart from the significant environmental improvements to the overall economic development and the increase of the employment

the off farm work behavior of farm operators there is widespread concern about the opportunities for people to begin farming most observers argue that the financial barrier to entry into agriculture has risen relative to farm incomes several authors have pointed to off farm earnings as one important way to overcome this barrier coffman carlin and ghelfi steeves steeves in particular cited evidence that fewer than 20 of canadian farm entrants between 1966 and 1971 recorded no significant off farm work in 1971 nearly 43 of these entrants worked 229 to 365 days off the farm in that year similar evidence for farm entrants in iowa is found in kaldor and jetton hence off farm work by new farmers is often viewed as an important way to manage the high capital investment required to establish a viable farm this viewpoint is not the only one possible neoclassical theory predicts that farmers increase off farm work when marginal returns to off farm work become larger than marginal returns to farming lee bollman sumner because entering farmers often have current off farm work skills they may choose some off farm work regardless of the financial obligations of farming because offfarm work skills depreciate and returns to farming appreciate over time established farmers are less likely to engage in off farm work clearly a simple correlation between farm entry and off farm work will not allow us to distinguish between these views this paper develops two formal models of offfarm labor supply to examine these two interpretations first it analyzes the off farm work decisions in a conventional utility maximizing framework consistent with the view that off farm work is chosen when marginal returns to farming fall below potential off farm returns the paper then analyzes the off farm work decisions when an income target reflecting the need to meet the financial obligations of farming is the objective the paper demonstrates that these models produce divergent predictions about off farm work decisions only under the assumption that the higher financial obligations exceed the higher returns to work on larger farms the models are then tested under this assumption using the 1978 agricultural enumerative survey for the canadian province of saskatchewan

who does dot respond to the agricultural resource management survey and does it matter the agricultural resource management survey is the primary annual source of information on u s farms but in a typical year one third of sampled farms do not respond we use census of agriculture data to study nonresponse to the survey and how it affects estimates in two econometric models despite larger farms responding less the coefficients estimated from the respondent subsample always fall inside confidence intervals based on draws from the full sample of respondents and nonrespondents although nonresponse bias can vary by application the findings suggest that bias is unlikely to undermine conclusions based on econometrics using respondent data

does risk matter the case of wage labour allocation by owner cultivators this study analyses the impact of revenue risk on the hiring out behaviour of owner cultivators since hiring out is not certain labour market risk is also allowed for a large sample of owner cultivators residing in semi arid regions in india and hence subject to high production and labour market risks is used for this purpose it is found that possibly because production risks carry forward into the local labour market households are unable to use the labour market as a hedge against production risk we also find that labour force participation is positively affected by increases in the real wage rate a result that is contrary to the findings of earlier studies using data from less developed agriculture several other insights also result

the off farm labor supply of farmers theoretical and empirical models are developed to examine the off farm wages labor force participation and hours of work of farmers econometric estimates use data from a 1971 survey of illinois farmers the off farm wage depends on farmer human capital and the local labor market the major result confirms the sensitivity of off farm work to economic incentives a 10 increase in the off farm wage entails an 11 increase in hours of off farm work holding farm characteristics constant results also indicate effects of seasonality risk and life cycle factors on off farm work

renewable energy deployment in europe up to 2030 and the aim of a triple dividend abstract renewable energy sources res play a key role in the european commission s 2030 climate and energy framework which aims for a low carbon economy that increases the security of the eu s energy supplies and creates new opportunities for growth and jobs among other benefits we assess whether renewable energy deployment in europe can provide this triple dividend at which ambition levels of 2030 res targets and what the role of the support policy scheme for electricity is we apply two types of models a detailed techno economic sector model of the deployment of res and two macroeconomic models our findings suggest that up to 2030 our triple dividend hypothesis holds even under a declining role of europe as technology provider for the rest of the world additional emission reductions of up to 1040 mt co 2 as compared to a baseline scenario in 2030 are possible demand for fossil fuels can likewise be reduced due to the deployment of renewable energy sources by up to 150 mtoe more ambiguous is the order of magnitude of the effects on gdp and employment which differs noticeably depending on the economic theory applied in the different models nevertheless both models predict slightly higher gdp and employment in 2030 when implementing ambitious res targets

interrelated labor decisions of farm couples a censored response analysis of off farm work farm couples labor market responses are partly the discrete choice of entering the off farm labor market and partly the continuous choice of off farm working hours given entry such a setting is interesting when examining the increasing occurrence of multiple job holdings among farmers in western economies most existing analyses of off farm labor supply only model the decisions of the farmer not the joint decisions of the farm couple this article presents a framework for handling such interrelated discrete continuous choices involving also farm production and household consumption the derived two equation sub model for husband wife s censored labor responses is estimated from a 10 year norwegian panel data for 342 farms the results agree to some extent with earlier studies but are more informative because of the longer panels which allows a more extensive examination of latent heterogeneity and behavioral persistence because it provides cross effects in the spouses labor supplies the results show some interesting differences between how the independent variables influence the labor supply of operator and spouse this is most evident for the cross effects of education children and wage rate overall the results strongly support applying a panel censoring model that accounts for latent heterogeneity in this context

the long term effect of renewable electricity on employment in the united kingdom abstract assessment of the employment impact of renewable electricity technologies is generally implemented through either complex and data intensive methods such as computable general equilibrium models or simplistic approaches normally focused on specific energy generation technologies such as employment factors in contrast this article proposes a transparent and easily reproducible econometric methodology based on the vector error correction model that uses aggregated and widely available data the model is applied to the power generation sector in the united kingdom using annual data from 1990 onwards and provides evidence that the long term employment impact of renewable technologies is much higher than the impact arising from deploying nuclear or natural gas technologies the impulse response function analysis indicates that a permanent 1 gigawatt hours increase in annual electricity supply generated by renewable technologies creates 3 5 jobs in the long term period finally this study derives the implications of the findings in the context of decarbonisation scenarios for the power sector in the united kingdom and assesses the extent to which decarbonisation pathways based on renewable electricity contribute to stimulating employment in the generation sector

fishing and nonfishing income decisions the role of human capital and family structure resource dependent households often diversify their income we model demand for remittances and supply of off resource labor as a joint decision and discuss household trade offs we extend the off farm labor supply literature to a rural fishery contrasting our results to common findings in the farm literature and providing empirical evidence of the interdependence between education and family structure in determining income diversification using a unique dataset from malaysia we find that more educated households are less likely to diversify their income with caveats depending on family composition policy implications for resource management in a remittance economy with alternative livelihoods are discussed