national industrial structure and the global system various forms of participation in the global system have been hypothesized to distort the structure of industrialization in developing countries influencing the relations between industrial capital labor and output we operationalize kuznets s 1965 theoretical definition of industrialization utilizing energy consumption per capita percent of the labor force employed in industry and percent of gdp accountedfor by industry to test several predictions about the effects of a country s involvement in the global system on the structure of its industrialization we first estimate a measurement model for 1970 that includes these three basic indicators as influenced by the latent variable of industrialization elaborations of the basic model allow us to measure the influence of the world system on the structure of industrialization types of goods imported and exported affect the structure of industrialization position in the world system and direct foreign investment have no net direct effects a marxist leninist regime has an independent influence on the structure of industrialization in some years we replicate the model using data from 196s 1980 and 1986

the irish case of dependency an exception to the exceptions the dependency approach has recently been criticized by authors who quote the exceptional east asian cases the irish case is used to refute these new modernizationist arguments on two counts 1 countries such as ireland not the east asian countries have regimes with characteristics that tend to set dependency relations in motion these characteristics include radical free trade free enterprise andforeign industrial domination 2 because of these characteristics ireland has endured economic stagnation and tendencies toward higher inequality irish economic growth under foreign dominated industrialization was slowed by decapitalization and by the absence of linkages between foreign and domestic industry time series models show that foreign penetration and free trade are related to slower economic growth because of slower investment growth and other reasons inequality increased primarily because of rising unemployment although social welfare programs reduced the effects of direct income inequality their effects have been reduced by regressive taxation and austerity programs

political decision making and the local provision of public goods the case of municipal climate protection in the us the municipal political decision making dynamic has typically been studied in regard to the provision of locally public goods and services whose benefits while diffuse are tied to a particular ge

dependence distorted development and fertility trends in noncore nations a structural analysis of cross national data to evaluate the hypothesis that dependence on developed nations distorts demographic development in less developed countries ldcs a researcher used panel regression analysis to study variables from 62 nations multinational corporate penetration an estimate of the shares of both a nations capital and its labor that are controlled by developed country based transnational corporations was used as a measure of the level of dependence the analysis demonstrated that school enrollment was highly correlated with level of development social insurance program history and both family planning effort fpe measures in addition countries that underwent the most economic growth the most concerted fpes etc had the most rapid decline in fertility rates conversely those with high levels of multinational corporate penetration dependency experienced either an increase in fertility or a slow decline for example south koreas 1965 cbr was 36 below the population mean of 45 in 1984 the cbr dropped to 20 even further below the population mean of 39 a dramatic absolute and relative fertility decline south korea also had the highest rate of economic growth and its increase in family planning program effort was dramatic from no measurable effect in 1972 to the nation with the highest fpe score in 1982 in addition the level of multinational penetration was modest in conclusion this research supports the view that intranational economic phenomena such as rate of economic growth and concerted fpes contribute significantly to fertility decline on the other hand multinational corporate penetration distorts development and impedes fertility reduction

democracy economic development and income inequality most cross national tests of inverse association between democracy and inequality have operationalized the concept of democracy by measuring its level at a single point in time more compelling theoretical arguments can be made for causal relationships that operate over time between 1 a country s years of democratic experience and income inequality and 2 income inequality and the stability of democracy continuous and qualitative measures of years of democratic experience are estimated to have a significant negative impact on income inequality independent of economic development and other control variables for a sample of 55 countries a very strong inverse correlation is also observed between income inequality and regime stability for a sample of 33 democracies this association holds independent of economic development which is found to have no direct effect on democratic stability after controlling for income inequality

dependency disarticulation and denominator effects another look at foreign capital penetration less developed countries desparately need capital to develop but countries dependent on foreign capital face slower economic growth higher income inequality and possibly impaired domestic capital formation these conclusions emerge from a reassessment of glenn firebaugh s broad critique of capital dependency research which exposed an important error in earlier studies the solution charts new theoreticall ground by factoring dependency effects into the differential productivity of foreign and domestic investment and the negative externalities from foreign capital penetration the revised formulation is applied to cross national analyses of economic growth decapitalization and income inequality the findings consistently support capital dependency theory

investment dependence and alternative explanations of third world mortality a cross national study dependency perspectives contend that foreign investment promotes underdevelopment in the third world whereas diffusionist perspectives argue that it promotes development earlier cross national research conceptualized development as economic growth or inequality this study conceptualizes development as basic needs satisfaction focusing on infant mortality and life expectancy at 1 year of age mortality effects of 1967 multinational corporate penetration and foreign aid dependence are assessed for 63 underdeveloped countries in panel models expanding to 1980 other variables affecting mortality include multinational corporate investment flows secondary school enrollment and changes in birth rates and government health spending aid dependence has no effects multinational corporate penetration has significant harmful effects on mortality that tend to increase with time in addition to harmful effects on infant mortality penetration has small benefits for infant mortality via promotion of health spending the influence of multinational corporate penetration on mortality appears to be mediated in part by inequality authors

a new data set measuring income inequality this article presents a new data set on inequality in the distribution of income the authors explain the criteria they applied in selecting data on gini coefficients and on individual quintile groups income shares comparison of the new data set with existing compilations reveals that the data assembled here represent an improvement in quality and a significant expansion in coverage although differences in the definition of the underlying data might still affect inter temporal and international comparability based on this new data set the authors do not find a systematic link between growth and changes in aggregate inequality they do find a strong positive relationship between growth and reduction of poverty

toward a theory of the political entrepreneur evidence from local government political scientists have been increasingly interested in entrepreneurs individuals who change the direction and flow of politics in this research note we synthesize aspects of an economic approach to entrepreneurship with concepts used in political science we then tie these theoretical observations to the emergence of entrepreneurs in local governments and test components of our theory using observations from a large set of suburban municipal governments empirically we identify several conditions that affect the probability that an entrepreneur will emerge in a local government especially slack budgetary resources that the political entrepreneur can reallocate we also find that the probability with which an entrepreneur is found in local government is a function of the difficulty of overcoming collective action problems in a community

the long term effects of foreign investment dependence on economic growth 1940 1990 does dependence of a national economy on foreign investment promote economic growth or underdevelopment the recent exchanges between glenn firebaugh and william j dixon and terry boswell suggest the contentious nature of this debate this study analyzes models similar to those tested in previous research but with data from earlier time points to examine the long term effects of foreign capital penetration accumulated stocks of foreign capital gdp in 1938 have a short term five year positive effect on economic growth followed by a 20 year lagged negative effect on economic growth beginning in 1960 and lasting at least 30 years similar effects are found using a second indicator of foreign investment dependence debits on investment income for the 1950 90 period the international migration of capital has facilitated development of the world s natural resources and has been instrumental in transmitting the direct effects of the industrial revolution from area to area thereby it has helped to increase

income inequality development and dependence a reconsideration we reconsider the role of foreign investment in income inequality in light of recent critiques that question the results of quantitative cross national research on foreign capital penetration we analyze an unbalanced cross national data set in which countries contribute different numbers of observations with a maximum of 88 countries and 488 observations dated from 1967 to 1994 random effects regression models that control for unmeasured country heterogeneity are used to investigate effects of foreign capital penetration on inequality measured as the gini coefficient against the background of an internal developmental model of inequality we adapt firebaugh s 1992 1996 critique of the literature on the effect of foreign investment on economic growth to the study of income inequality and find that the stock of foreign direct investment has an effect on inequality that is independent of the mechanisms identified by firebaugh we explore tsai s 1995 claim that the effect of foreign capital penetration is spurious and find that foreign stock has a significant positive effect on inequality net of region specific differences an alternative interpretation of the findings of the foreign investment inequality literature is discussed in light of the discovery of an inverted u shaped relationship between income inequality and foreign investment stock per capita we conclude that thinking on the relationship between income inequality and investment dependence should be revised in light of an investment development path relating the inflow and outflow of foreign capital to economic development

structural blockage a cross national study of economic dependency state efficacy and underdevelopment this cross national study of the effects of dependency and state efficacy on development supports the structural blockage argument of dependency theory according to this argument international economic dependency impedes development in the more advanced countries of the periphery of the world capitalist system in support of this argument we show that two forms of participation in the world economy the export of a small number of commodities and the export of primary products obstruct development in advanced peripheral countries the argument that these forms of participation in trade pose internal structural obstacles to development is supported by evidence showing that state sponsored institutional transformations outweigh the development stunting influence of these forms of participation on the basis of these findings we argue against the divergent development thesis implied in some dependency arguments

book reviewinequality poverty and history jeffrey g williamson basil blackwell cambridge ma 1991 isbn 1 55786 118 8 pp vii 151 19 50

the mechanisms of policy diffusion local policy adoptions provide an excellent opportunity to test among potential mechanisms of policy diffusion by examining three types of antismoking policy choices by the 675 largest u s cities between 1975 and 2000 we uncover robust patterns of policy diffusion yielding three key findings first we distinguish among and find evidence for four mechanisms of policy diffusion learning from earlier adopters economic competition among proximate cities imitation of larger cities and coercion by state governments second we find a temporal component to these effects with imitation being a more short lived diffusion process than the others third we show that these mechanisms are conditional with larger cities being better able to learn from others less fearful of economic spillovers and less likely to rely on imitation

income distribution and development some stylized facts in recent years the relationship between income distribution and the process of development has come under increasing scrutiny much of the debate has focused on the hypothesis originally advanced by simon kuznets that the secular behavior of inequality follows an inverted u shaped pattern with inequality first increasing and then decreasing with development this hypothesis has become so much a part of the conventional wisdom on this subject that it has generated considerable skepticism about the welfare implications of the development process indeed on some interpretations developing countries face the grim prospect not just of increasing relative inequality but also of declining absolute incomes for the lower income groups

growth effects of foreign and domestic investment over tha past few years numerous studies in sociology have concluded that foreign investment harms poor nations these studies have focused on the coefficient for foreign capital stock controlling for flow new investment and defying logic have inferred that a negative coefficient for stock reflects dependency effects that retard economic growth since capital stock is the denominator for investment rate the greater the stock the lower the investment rate for a given level of new investment hence the negative coefficient for capital stock found in dependency studies indicates a beneficial investment effect not a harmful effect this point is demonstrated by reanalysis of the data used in dependency studies in these data foreign investment spurs growth earlier analysts have concluded otherwise only because their conclusions have belied their findings

political rights and income inequality a cross national test among contemporary nations the relationship between income equality and national wealth exhibits an inverted u shape low among the richest and poorest nations and high for nations with intermediate wealth to examine the reasons for this relationship i hypothesize that both political democracy and educational enrollment are related in a similar way to income inequality two data sets are used in this analysis modified version of muller s set of 62 nations circa 1965 1975 and hoover s data set multiple regression reveals that measures of political democracy and the educational enrollment levels have an inverted u relationship with income inequality national wealth gnp had no consistent direct effect on income inequality a satisfactory specification of national levels of income inequality must include the polynomial functions of political democracy and education

forms of government and climate change policies in us cities it has long been believed that council manager governments with professionally trained public managers are more efficiency oriented and insulated from political pressure than mayor council governments despite the general acceptance of this conventional wisdom empirical evidence to support the predicted differences in policy has been extremely hard to come by most studies have found no direct effect of form of government on expenditures or policy the effect of local institutions has been indirect working to amplify or reduce supplier or demander preferences in contrast this paper examines a unique dataset of sustainability efforts in governmental operations and the community and reports evidence that forms of government are an important direct influence on the approach that communities take to sustainability council manager government systems have a significant positive effect on efforts directed to governmental operations but a negative effect on community efforts

making meaningful commitments accounting for variation in cities investments of staff and fiscal resources to sustainability environmental sustainability is one of the great challenges of the 21st century a number of explanations have been advanced for why some local governments make strong commitments to sustainability while others do not most of the extant empirical research however has relied on models that employ only one or just a few of these explanations as a result empirical analyses do not encompass a comprehensive set of variables that account for alternative explanations this study begins to fill this lacuna by specifying an empirical model that examines six explanations for local commitment towards sustainability local sustainability priorities regional governance climate protection networks interest group support local fiscal capacity and characteristics of the local governing institution moreover we use the designation of human and financial resources specifically for sustainability to operationalise commitment this is a more substantive measure than has been used in previous studies we accomplish

convention industry in south korea an economic impact analysis abstract objective of this study was to assess the economic impact of the convention industry in korea an input output model was used to investigate the economic impact of the convention industry in terms of output employment income value added and import considering multiplier effects rate of exchange earnings and substitution effect the convention industry was compared with other major export products according to results of this study estimated economic impact of the convention industry was reported to be very significant to the korean economy