why do some emerging economies proactively accelerate the adoption of renewable energy abstract this article analyses the determinants of renewable energy consumption in a panel of six major emerging economies namely brazil china india indonesia philippines and turkey that are proactively accelerating the adoption of renewable energy using fully modified ordinary least square fmols dynamic ordinary least square dols and granger causality methods this paper finds that in the long run renewable energy consumption is significantly determined by income and pollutant emission in brazil china india and indonesia while mainly by income in philippines and turkey causal link between renewable energy and income and between renewable energy and pollutant emission are found to be bidirectional in the short run these results suggest that the appropriateness of the efforts undertaken by emerging countries to reduce the carbon intensity by increasing the energy efficiency and substantially increasing the share of renewable in the overall energy mix

energy consumption and gdp in developing countries a cointegrated panel analysis in this paper we re investigate the co movement and the causality relationship between energy consumption and gdp in 18 developing countries using data for the period 1975 to 2001 recently developed tests for the panel unit root heterogeneous panel cointegration and panel based error correction models are employed the empirical results provide clear support of a long run cointegration relationship after allowing for the heterogeneous country effect the long run relationship is estimated using a full modified ols the evidence shows that long run and short run causalities run from energy consumption to gdp but not vice versa this result indicates that energy conservation may harm economic growth in developing countries regardless of being transitory or permanent

determinants of renewable energy adoption in china and india a comparative analysis this article examines the dynamic relationships among output carbon emission and renewable energy generation of india and china during the period 1972 to 2011 using a multivariate vector error correction model vecm the results for india reveal unidirectional short run causality from carbon emission to renewable energy generation and from renewable energy generation to output whereas in the long run the variables have bidirectional causality causalities in china give a rather different scenario with a short run unidirectional causality from output to renewable energy and from carbon emission to renewable energy generation in the long run for china unidirectional causality is found from output to renewable energy generation while bidirectional causality is found between carbon emission and renewable energy generation

coal consumption and economic growth evidence from a panel of oecd countries this study examines the relationship between coal consumption and economic growth for 25 oecd countries within a multivariate panel framework over period 1980 2005 the larsson et al 2001 panel cointegration test indicates there is a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp coal consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force the respective coefficients for real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force are positive and statistically significant whereas the coefficient for coal consumption is negative and statistically significant the results of the panel vector error correction model reveal bidirectional causality between coal consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run however the bidirectional causality in the short run is negative

a robust analysis of the relationship between renewable energy consumption and its main drivers we provide a comprehensive and robust analysis of the drivers of renewable energy consumption for a panel of 64 countries using both the static pooled ols panel fixed and random effects and dynamic difference and system gmm panel data estimation approaches we show that the dynamic panel data model provides more efficient estimators than the static ones and that increases in per capita co2 emissions and per capita trade with foreign partners mainly drive the changes in per capita renewable energy consumption we also find limited evidence of oil price effects on renewable energy consumption which reflects the fact that renewable energy is just a complement and not a perfect substitute of crude oil at least in the short run

estimating the environment kuznets curve hypothesis evidence from latin america and the caribbean countries this study explores the effect of economic growth gdp renewable energy consumption re and financial development fd on co2 emission co2 in latin america and caribbean countries to achieve this goal a panel co2 model was built over the period 1980 2010 the kao cointegration test results revealed that the variables are cointegrated the fully modified ols fmols results indicated an inverted u shape relationship between co2 and gdp thus confirming the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis furthermore fmols results also revealed that fd can improve environmental quality by its negative long run effect on co2 however re has no long run effect on co2 indicating that the re does not contribute to co2 reduction the vecm granger causality results revealed feedback causality between gdp re fd and co2 in both short and long run additionally granger causality results also revealed that re gdp and fd can be a good solution to reduce environmental damage since they have a causal effect on co2 this study shows the investigated countries should increase their banking loans on green energy energy efficiency and energy saving projects to reduce environmental damage in addition the above recommendation can increase the contribution of renewable energy in reducing environmental damage

renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus in turkey abstract this paper examines the renewable energy consumption economic growth causality nexus in turkey studies in the literature can be grouped as country specific and multi country studies the results of these studies are inconsistent and there is no agreement on the existence or the direction of causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth the results of this country specific study support conservation hypothesis the results of empirical tests from ardl approach show that renewable energy consumption has a negative impact on economic growth and the ones of toda yamamoto causality tests show that there is a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to renewable energy consumption

the renewable energy and economic growth nexus in black sea and balkan countries the aim of this study is to explore the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth within the framework of traditional production function for the period of 1990 2012 in 9 black sea and balkan countries for this purpose we use pedroni 1999 2004 panel cointegration pedroni 2000 2001 co integration estimate methods and dumitrescu and hurlin 2012 heterogeneous panel causality estimation techniques the study has concluded that there is a long term balance relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth and renewable energy consumption has a positive impact on economic growth heterogeneous panel causality analysis results support growth hypothesis in bulgaria greece macedonia russia and ukraine feedback hypothesis in albania georgia and romania neutrality hypothesis in turkey and according to the panel data set including all nine countries the results support feedback hypothesis with the findings it was concluded that there is a significant impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in balkan and black sea countries

the growth of income and energy consumption in six developing countries this paper reexamines the inter temporal link between energy consumption and income in six developing countries with diverse economic backgrounds and energy statistics in a production function framework we employ the generalized variance decompositions and generalized impulse response techniques to see if the growth of income and energy consumption contains considerable information to predict each other in all countries energy appears as an essential factor of production results indicate that energy may be a relatively more important input than labor and or capital in some countries hence neutrality of energy does not seem to hold

factors influencing renewable energy consumption in china an empirical analysis based on provincial panel data abstract the development of renewable energy is the key to deal with climate change and low carbon economy development in china here based on a balanced panel dataset of 30 provinces in china cover the period of 1996 2013 this paper explores the effect of economic growth co 2 emissions foreign trade exports or imports and urbanization on renewable energy consumption at the national and regional levels by using a dynamic system gmm panel model the empirical results show that the influence of economic growth co 2 emissions foreign trade and urbanization on the renewable energy consumption is heterogeneous across regions first economic development has an important positive impact on renewable energy consumption in the four panels we consider and the impact is the greatest in the eastern region follows by the national central and western regions second co 2 emissions have a significant positive impact on renewable energy consumption in the central and national regions however co 2 emissions have a weak negative impact on the consumption of renewable energy in the eastern region and have no impact in the western region third per capita exports are found to have a positive effect on the renewable energy consumption with the greatest impact in the central region followed by the eastern and national regions and have a weak negative impact in the western regions fourth per capita imports have a negative effect on renewable energy consumption in the eastern western and national regions and have a weak positive effect in the central region finally the changes in the urbanization level significantly affect the renewable energy consumption in the four panels we consider and the impact is the greatest in the eastern region with high level of urbanization follow by the central and western regions on the basis of this study we put forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to achieving sustainable development in china

china s energy economy technical change factor demand and interfactor interfuel substitution with its rapid economic growth china s primary energy consumption has exceeded domestic energy production since 1994 leading to a substantial expansion in energy imports particularly of oil china s energy demand has an increasingly significant impact on global energy markets in this paper allen partial elasticities of factor and energy substitution and price elasticities of energy demand are calculated for china using a two stage translog cost function approach the results suggest that energy is substitutable with both capital and labor coal is significantly substitutable with electricity and complementary with diesel while gasoline and electricity are substitutable with diesel china s energy intensity is increasing during the study period 1995 2004 and the major driver appears to be due to the increased use of energyintensive technology

electricity consumption and economic growth a time series experience for 17 african countries abstract while the availability of electricity by itself is not a panacea for the economic and social problems facing africa the supply of electricity is nevertheless believed to be a necessary requirement for africa s economic and social development this paper tests the long run and causal relationship between electricity consumption per capita and real gross domestic product gdp per capita for 17 african countries for the period 1971 2001 using a newly developed cointegration test proposed by pesaran et al 2001 and using a modified version of the granger causality test due to toda and yamamoto 1995 the advantage of using these two approaches is that they both avoid the pre testing bias associated with conventional unit root and cointegration tests the empirical evidence shows that there was a long run relationship between electricity consumption per capita and real gdp per capita for only 9 countries and granger causality for only 12 countries for 6 countries there was a positive uni directional causality running from real gdp per capita to electricity consumption per capita an opposite causality for 3 countries and bi directional causality for the remaining 3 countries the result should however be interpreted with care as electricity consumption accounts for less than 4 of total energy consumption in africa and only grid supplied electricity is taken into account

renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies abstract increased economic growth and demand for energy in emerging economies is creating an opportunity for these countries to increase their usage of renewable energy this paper presents and estimates two empirical models of renewable energy consumption and income for a panel of emerging economies panel cointegration estimates show that increases in real per capita income have a positive and statistically significant impact on per capita renewable energy consumption in the long term a 1 increase in real income per capita increases the consumption of renewable energy per capita in emerging economies by approximately 3 5 long term renewable energy per capita consumption price elasticity estimates are approximately equal to 0 70

economic growth fossil fuel and non fossil consumption a pooled mean group analysis using proxies for capital this study employs a pooled mean group estimator to examine the nexus between economic growth and fossil and non fossil fuel consumption for 53 countries between 1990 and 2012 the global sample was divided into four categories developed exporters developed importers developing exporters and developing importers the purpose of these categories was to observe whether factors unique to these countries influence the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth with the exception of developing importers evidence of bi directional causality between fossil fuel consumption and real gdp across all subsamples is observed this leads to the conclusion that efforts to directly conserve fossil fuels may harm economic growth in terms of non fossil fuel use the results are more diverse bi directional causality between non fossil fuel use and real gdp is found in the long and short run for developed importers bi directional causality only in the long run for developed exporters negative long run causality from real gdp to non fossil fuels for developing exporters and long run causality from non fossil fuel use to real gdp for developing importers these results lead to the conclusion that other factors have been responsible for the progress seen in non fossil fuel use thus it is concluded that economic growth on its own is insufficient to promote clean energy development there is a need for policy makers to create an environment conducive to renewable energy investment

modeling the causal linkages between nuclear energy renewable energy and economic growth in developed and developing countries abstract this article investigates the causal relationship between two types of energy variables and economic growth using dynamic simultaneous equation panel data models for 17 developed and developing countries our results indicate that there is a unidirectional causality running from nuclear consumption to economic growth in belgium and spain while a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to nuclear consumption is supported in bulgaria canada netherlands and sweden a bidirectional relationship appears in argentina brazil france pakistan and the usa while no causality exists in finland hungary india japan switzerland and the u k second the results for the second nexus among renewable energy and economic growth show that there is a unidirectional causality running from renewable consumption to economic growth in hungary india japan netherlands and sweden while there exist a unidirectional running from economic growth to renewable consumption in argentina spain and switzerland a bidirectional relationship is supported in belgium bulgaria canada france pakistan and the usa while no causality exists in brazil finland and switzerland third we find the existence of a bidirectional causality between nuclear consumption and economic and a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to renewable energy consumption for the global panel

causal relationship between energy consumption and gdp revisited the case of korea 1970 1999 abstract causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is investigated applying a multivariate model of capital labor energy and gdp usual btu energy aggregate is substituted with a divisia aggregate in an attempt to mitigate aggregation bias to test for granger causality in the presence of cointegration among the variables we employ a vector error correction model rather than a vector autoregressive model empirical results for korea over the period 1970 1999 suggest a long run bidirectional causal relationship between energy and gdp and short run unidirectional causality running from energy to gdp the source of causation in the long run is found to be the error correction terms in both directions

are shocks to renewable energy consumption permanent or transitory an empirical investigation for brazil china and india abstract this paper investigates whether there is a unit root in renewable energy consumption in three large developing economies brazil china and india over the period 1971 2014 to do so it uses four unit root tests assuming one structural break two structural breaks and more than two structural breaks it observes that renewable energy consumption is a unit root process in brazil but it is found as stationary in china and india the paper also tackles issues and challenges in the unit root test methodology in energy economics literature and provides implications for renewable energy consumption in three economies

non renewable and renewable energy consumption and co2 emissions in oecd countries a comparative analysis abstract this paper attempts to explore the determinants of co 2 emissions using the stirpat model and data from 1980 to 2011 for oecd countries the empirical results show that non renewable energy consumption increases co 2 emissions whereas renewable energy consumption decreases co 2 emissions further the results support the existence of an environmental kuznets curve between urbanisation and co 2 emissions implying that at higher levels of urbanisation the environmental impact decreases therefore the overall evidence suggests that policy makers should focus on urban planning as well as clean energy development to make substantial contributions to both reducing non renewable energy use and mitigating climate change

renewable and non renewable electricity consumption environmental degradation and economic development evidence from mediterranean countries abstract in this article we develop an empirical model to investigate the causal link amid renewable and non renewable electricity consumption gdp and carbon emissions by using a panel of 9 mediterranean countries over the period 1980 2014 using the pmg panel ardl and panel econometric technics heterogeneity and cross sectional dependence among the panel were considered to explore the long and short run dynamic relationships as well as the validity of a proposed model the results provide panel empirical evidence that there is short term bidirectional causality between gdp renewable electricity consumption and co2 emissions and between non renewable electricity consumption gdp and renewable electricity consumption for the long term causal relationship the result indicates that there is bidirectional causality between non renewable electricity consumption and co2 emissions however there is evidence of unidirectional causal relationships from gdp to co2 emissions and non renewable electricity consumption and from renewable electricity consumption to co2 emissions the findings imply that non renewable electricity consumption and economic growth stimulate co2 emissions in southern and northern mediterranean countries while renewable electricity reduces them this empirical evidence suggests that expansion of renewable energy sources is a viable strategy for addressing energy security and reducing carbon emissions to protect the environment for future generations

effectiveness of cppi strategies under discrete time trading abstract the paper analyzes the effectiveness of the constant proportion portfolio insurance cppi method under trading restrictions if the cppi method is applied in continuous time the cppi strategies provide a value above a floor level unless the price dynamics of the risky asset permit jumps the risk of violating the floor protection is called gap risk in practice it is caused by liquidity constraints and price jumps both can be modelled in a setup where the price dynamics of the risky asset are described by a continuous time stochastic process but trading is restricted to discrete time we propose a discrete time version of the continuous time cppi strategies which satisfies three conditions the resulting strategies are self financing the asset exposure is non negative and the value process converges we determine risk measures such as the shortfall probability and the expected shortfall and discuss criteria which ensure that the gap risk does not increase to a level which contradicts the original intention of portfolio insurance in addition we introduce proportional transaction costs and analyze their effects on the risk profile

does urbanization increase pollutant emission and energy intensity evidence from some asian developing economies abstractthis paper aims to investigate the effects of urbanization on pollutant emissions and energy intensity in selected asian developing countries after controlling for the effects of disaggrega

a multivariate cointegration analysis of the role of energy in the us macroeconomy abstract this paper extends my previous analysis of the causal relationship of gdp and energy use in the usa in the post war period a majority of the relevant variables are integrated justifying a cointegration analysis the results show that cointegration does occur and that energy input cannot be excluded from the cointegration space the results are plausible in terms of macroeconomic dynamics the results are similar to my previous granger causality results and contradict claims in the literature based on bivariate models that there is no cointegration between energy and output

the impact of economic globalization on renewable energy in the oecd countries abstract this paper analyzes the determinants of renewable energy consumption in the panel data of 30 oecd countries for the period from 1970 to 2015 the unique role is given to the effect of economic globalization on renewable energy we consider several measures of economic globalization and apply different econometric techniques we find the positive impact of the per capita income the per capita carbon dioxide emissions and the real price of oil on renewable energy also a higher level of economic globalization promotes renewable energy and the evidence is robust to the different measures of economic globalization in line with our findings promoting the economic aspects of globalization will enhance renewable energy thus it can suppress the adverse effect of climate change and global warming on living human beings and natural habitats in the long run therefore we need to enhance our knowledge of how globalization promotes renewable energy not only for the oecd countries but also for other developing and developed economies from a policy perspective we suggest that policymakers and governments in oced countries should consider economic globalization as a renewable energy promoting mechanism while designing their energy demand policy for the protection of natural environmental health

renewable energy in turkey great potential low but increasing utilization and an empirical analysis on renewable energy growth nexus abstract concerns about the exhaustion of fossil energy sources energy security problems and increasing environmental problems have led policy makers to pay greater attention to renewable energy sources all over the world additionally high current account deficits stemming from energy import dependency make substitution of fossil energy with renewable energy a necessity for turkey although turkey has a great potential in terms of renewable energy it has not begun to utilize this great potential until recent years however turkey has many motives to utilize renewable energy further this paper aims to investigate whether renewable energy consumption raises gdp in turkey for this purpose the paper uses data spanning the period 1990 2015 and employs cointegration and causality tests which can present efficient output in small samples the findings indicate that gdp is not related to renewable energy consumption and there is no causality between gdp and renewable energy consumption in turkey in conclusion the paper argues that these findings may stem from the low share of renewable energy in total energy and turkey needs to utilize renewable energy sources further to i meet energy needs for economic activities ii mitigate environmental problems and iii reduce energy import dependency and current account imbalances

energy consumption and economic activities in iran abstract the causal relationship between overall gdp industrial and agricultural value added and consumption of different kinds of energy are investigated using vector error correction model for the case of iran within 1967 2003 a long run unidirectional relationship from gdp to total energy and bidirectional relationship between gdp and gas as well as gdp and petroleum products consumption for the whole economy was discovered causality is running from value added to total energy electricity gas and petroleum products consumption and from gas consumption to value added in industrial sector the long run bidirectional relations hold between value added and total energy electricity and petroleum products consumption in the agricultural sector the short run causality runs from gdp to total energy and petroleum products consumption and also industrial value added to total energy and petroleum products consumption in this sector

renewable energy consumption co2 emissions and oil prices in the g7 countries abstract economic and societal issues related to energy security and global warming is placing greater emphasis on the consumption of renewable energy this paper presents and estimates an empirical model of renewable energy consumption for the g7 countries panel cointegration estimates show that in the long term increases in real gdp per capita and co2 per capita are found to be major drivers behind per capita renewable energy consumption these results are robust across two different panel cointegration estimators oil price increases have a smaller although negative impact on renewable energy consumption deviations from equilibrium are driven mostly by the error correction term as opposed to short term shocks short term deviations from the long term equilibrium take anywhere from between 1 3 years france and 7 3 years japan to correct

analyzing cost of grid connection of renewable energy development in china abstract renewable energy is believed to be the central issue in sustainable development literatures on renewables costs are rather sparse especially on costs of integration and system balancing the objective of this paper is to fill the research gap by providing an assessment for the cost of china s grid connected renewable energy development and analyze its sharing between different stakeholders due to china s pricing mechanism of renewable energy and their cost decreasing potential the pricing model of feed in tariff and dynamic technological learning processes are employed in the estimation of purchasing cost the positive bias is overcome by considering china s energy saving dispatching policy the results suggest that purchasing cost would be 32 57 40 80 billion yuan over 2012 2020 and peak in 2017 grid integration costs which further involve costs of grid infrastructure and system balancing are also investigated we find that grid infrastructure will cost 27 88 billion yuan by 2015 and soar to 45 32 billion by 2020 while system balancing will cost 31 49 billion yuan in 2015 and 63 97 billion yuan in 2020 among which a substantial part over 60 comes from electricity loss in energy transfer the different parts of these costs are underwritten by disparate participants due to china s renewable energy policies and its institutional arrangement purchasing cost is shared by power consumers through res the cost of grid infrastructure is mainly covered by grid enterprises and there is no mechanism to specify how to share the cost electricity loss during system balancing which might become a major obstacle for system balancing

renewable energy consumption and economic growth evidence from a panel of oecd countries abstract this study examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of twenty oecd countries over the period 1985 2005 within a multivariate framework given the relatively short span of the time series data a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship the heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the granger causality results indicate bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run

the effect of foreign direct investment and stock market growth on clean energy use across a panel of emerging market economies this study investigates the impact of both fdi inflows and stock market developments on clean energy use across 20 emerging market economies spanning the period 1991 2012 it accounts for cross sectional dependence and heterogeneity in the analysis and employs robust panel econometric techniques the empirical results on long run elasticities display that economic output fdi inflows and stock market developments have all a significant positive impact on clean energy consumption finally the results on heterogeneous panel non causality tests indicate the presence of unidirectional causality running from fdi to clean energy consumption in the short run for robustness purposes the paper also estimates long run elasticities for individual countries with the findings documenting that both fdi inflows and stock market developments have a considerable positive impact on clean energy uses the findings urge that both policy makers and governments in these emerging market economies should initiate effective public private partnership investments in clean energy projects by providing lucrative incentives which in turn will encourage both domestic and foreign investors to invest more in clean energy projects and eventually moving these economies towards sustainable economic growth

literature survey on the relationships between energy environment and economic growth abstract the aim of this study is to exhibit an exhaustive survey which is related to the great flight of the literature of energy environment growth nexus at the individual and regional scale studies covering the period from 1978 to 2014 the survey takes into consideration the sample country region etc periods covering econometric strategies and conclusions our survey is based on the causality direction among i the energy use variables electricity nuclear renewable and non renewable and output growth ii between economic growth and environment and between the three variables at the same time globally these surveys provide paradoxical and not conclusive results which energy consumption can boost economic growth through the productivity enhancement and it can boost also the environmental damages through the enhancement of pollutant emissions our survey sheds more the lights on the energy environment growth literature by giving an extensive listing 1978 2014 of these causal linkages among the energy use variables environment and economic growth for both individual and collective cases there is a unanimous consensus about the importance of dealing with such dynamic relationship which is seems to be a cornerstone element in setting any ambition strategies energy ecological and economics

role of renewable energy and non renewable energy consumption on ekc evidence from pakistan the main contribution of this study is to test the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis at individual country analysis by the significance of renewable energy and non renewable energy consumption in the context of pakistan a series of econometric techniques is used for the period of 1970 2012 the findings provide strong support for the presence of the ekc in the case of pakistan the results show that renewable energy plays a dominant role in reducing carbon dioxide emission and non renewable energy consumption indeed the main culprit for promoting carbon dioxide emission it is also observed that bi directional causality exists not only between renewable energy consumption and co2 emission but also non renewable energy consumption and co2 emission granger cause each other sensitivity analysis is performed to prove that model of this study is stable and findings of the study are valid and reliable for policy implication these findings suggest that government needs to expand investment in renewable energy projects that might contribute to the efforts of climate mitigation

electricity consumption and economic growth in india abstract this paper tries to examine the granger causality between electricity consumption per capita and gross domestic product gdp per capita for india using annual data covering the period 1950 51 to 1996 97 phillips perron tests reveal that both the series after logarithmic transformation are non stationary and individually integrated of order one this study finds the absence of long run equilibrium relationship among the variables but there exists unidirectional granger causality running from economic growth to electricity consumption without any feedback effect so electricity conservation policies can be initiated without deteriorating economic side effects

energy consumption and economic growth the experience of african countries revisited abstract the aim of this paper is to re examine the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for seventeen african countries in a multivariate framework by including labor and capital as additional variables we apply the variance decomposition analysis due to pesaran and shin pesaran m h and shin y generalised impulse response analysis in linear multivariate models economics letters 1998 58 17 29 to evaluate how important is the causal impact of energy consumption on economic growth relative to labor and capital the results of our multivariate modified granger causality analysis due to toda and yamamoto toda h y and yamamoto t statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated process journal of econometrics 1995 66 225 250 tend to reject the neutrality hypothesis for the energy income relationship in fifteen out of the seventeen countries in contrast results of our variance decomposition analyses show that in eleven out of the seventeen countries energy is no more than a contributing factor to output growth and not an important one when compared to capital and labor labor and capital are the most important factors in output growth in fifteen out of the seventeen countries however these results should be interpreted with care as they may not be sufficiently robust enough to support the inference that energy consumption plays a minor role in the economic growth of african countries

does human capital matter for energy consumption in china this article investigates the dynamic relationship between human capital and energy consumption using chinese provincial data over the period 1990 2010 considering for cross sectional dependence and parameter heterogeneity across space and over time we identify a significant and negative human capital energy consumption relationship in china specifically we find that a 1 increase in human capital reduces energy consumption by a range between 0 18 and 0 45 furthermore this negative relationship can be attributed to stronger accumulation of post school human capital in eastern china this finding suggests that energy conservation in china could be achieved by improving post school human capital components such as on the job training experience and learning by doing

trade technology and the environment does access to technology promote environmental regulation abstract focusing specifically on regulation of coal fired power plants we examine how technological innovation by early adopters influences the timing of new environmental regulation in non innovating countries we build a general equilibrium model of an open economy to identify the political economy determinants of regulation with a newly created dataset of so 2 and no x regulations for coal fired power plants and a patent based measure of the technology frontier we estimate the determinants of environmental regulation diffusion our findings support the hypothesis that international economic integration eases access to environmentally friendly technologies and leads to earlier adoption ceteris paribus of regulation in non innovating countries however we also find evidence that domestic trade protection promotes earlier adoption allowing shifts of regulatory costs to domestic consumers furthermore international market power permits large countries to shift costs to foreign consumers other political economy factors such as the quality of domestic coal are also important determinants

the relationship between energy consumption energy prices and economic growth time series evidence from asian developing countries this paper estimates the causal relationships between energy consumption and income for india indonesia the philippines and thailand using cointegration and error correction modelling techniques the results indicate that in the short run unidirectional granger causality runs from energy to income for india and indonesia while bidirectional granger causality runs from energy to income for thailand and the philippines in the case of thailand and the philippines energy income and prices are mutually causal the study results do not support the view that energy and income are neutral with respect to each other with the exception of indonesia and india where neutrality is observed in the short run c 2000 elsevier science b v all rights reserved jel classifications c22 q43 q48

energy consumption income and carbon emissions in the united states abstract this paper investigates the effect of energy consumption and output on carbon emissions in the united states earlier research focused on testing the existence and or shape of an environmental kuznets curve without taking energy consumption into account we investigate the granger causality relationship between income energy consumption and carbon emissions including labor and gross fixed capital formation in the model we find that income does not granger cause carbon emissions in the us in the long run but energy use does hence income growth by itself may not become a solution to environmental problems

the electricity consumption and gdp nexus for the fiji islands fiji is a small open island economy dependent on energy for its growth and development hence the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is crucial for fiji s development in this paper we investigate the nexus between electricity consumption and economic growth for fiji within a multivariate framework through including the labour force variable we use the bounds testing approach to cointegration and find that electricity consumption gdp and labour force are only cointegrated when gdp is the endogenous variable we use the granger causality f test and find that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and labour force to gdp implying that fiji is an energy dependent country and thus energy conservation policies will have an adverse effect on fiji s economic growth

energy consumption economic growth and carbon emissions challenges faced by an eu candidate member abstract this paper investigates the long run granger causality relationship between economic growth carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in turkey controlling for gross fixed capital formation and labor the most interesting result is that carbon emissions seem to granger cause energy consumption but the reverse is not true the lack of a long run causal link between income and emissions may be implying that to reduce carbon emissions turkey does not have to forgo economic growth

factors impacting diverging paths of renewable energy a review abstract considered an essential factor for countries development energy demand is growing worldwide unlike conventional sources the use of renewable energy sources has multiple benefits including increased energy security sustainable economic growth and pollution reduction in particular greenhouse gas emissions nevertheless there is a considerable difference in the share of renewable energy sources in national energy portfolios this study conducts a systematic literature review to identify drivers and barriers which could help understanding the diverging paths of renewable energy deployment for countries among a total of 1431 academic studies 60 qualitative and quantitative studies were identified using a multistage selection process designated manuscripts were explored in detail including publication years length of the studies countries represented and renewable energy sources referenced factors explaining countries renewable energy deployments were defined and organized into seven main categories economic environmental political regulatory social technical potential and technological within these categories economic considerations appeared most frequently across manuscripts while environmental factors were least represented these categories were then classified as drivers barriers or undetermined towards renewable energy deployment based on a one sample proportion statistical test economic environmental and social factors were found to be drivers whereas political regulatory technical potential and technological factors were not classified as either a driver or a barrier i e undetermined each main category contains several subcategories among which only national income was found to have a positive impact whereas all other subcategories were considered undetermined no significant barriers to the deployment of renewable energy sources were found over the analyzed period

energy use and output growth in canada a multivariate cointegration analysis using a neo classical one sector aggregate production technology where capital labor and energy are treated as separate inputs this paper develops a vector error correction vec model to test for the existence and direction of causality between output growth and energy use in canada using the johansen cointegration technique the empirical findings indicate that the long run movements of output labor capital and energy use in canada are related by two cointegrating vectors then using a vec specification the short run dynamics of the variables indicate that granger causality is running in both directions between output growth and energy use hence an important policy implication of the analysis is that energy can be considered as a limiting factor to output growth in canada

the causal relationship between renewable electricity generation and gdp growth a study of energy sources abstract this paper examines the causal relationship between economic growth and electricity generation from renewable sources biomass geothermal hydroelectric solar waste and wind across 20 oecd countries over 1990 to 2008 the results from a commonly used panel error correction model find a a bidirectional relationship between aggregate renewable generation and real gdp b biomass hydroelectricity waste and wind energy exhibit a positive long run relationship with gdp c hydroelectricity and waste generation exhibit a short run positive bidirectional relationship with gdp growth and d biomass hydroelectric and waste electricity generation have the largest impact on real gdp in the long run we extend the analysis to consider the possibility of structural breaks and cross sectional dependence accounting for cross sectional dependence we find that in the short run increases in biomass and waste generation negatively affect gdp while aggregate renewable and hydroelectricity increase gdp energy conservation policies will positively impact gdp if the policies cause decreases in biomass or waste energy but increase hydroelectricity and wind energy

energy consumption and economic growth in central america evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model abstract this study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for six central american countries over the period 1980 2004 within a multivariate framework given the relatively short span of the time series data a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship based on the heterogeneous panel cointegration test by pedroni pedroni p 1999 critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors oxford bulletin of economics and statistics 61 653 670 pedroni p 2004 panel cointegration asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the ppp hypothesis new results econometric theory 20 597 627 cointegration is present between real gdp energy consumption the labor force and real gross fixed capital formation with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the granger causality results indicate the presence of both short run and long run causality from energy consumption to economic growth which supports the growth hypothesis