applied econometrics rankings 1989 1995 this paper ranks academic institutions by publication activity in applied econometrics over the period 1989 1995 fourteen leading international journals that publish applied econometrics articles are used to provide the database the rankings are based on standardized page counts of articles published in these journals over the stated period a hall of fame is developed listing the top 100 individual producers of applied econometrics in the fourteen journals considered to control for quality differences among the applied journals separate rankings are provided both for institutions and for individuals according to econometrics publications by journal

patterns of co authorship among economics departments in the usa given the steady increase in co authored papers in economics journals this paper reports a study of the patterns of co authorship between us universities and colleges a majority of institutions produce more co authored than single authored papers contacts with researchers from the same institution are still an important source of co authored papers even though slightly decreasing in frequency the determinants of co authorship outside the own institution are tested in a gravity model and it is found that distance and other geographical variables do not matter however the quality of co authors institutions measured by rankings of institutions has a significant impact on the number of co authored papers in top economics journals

life cycle preferences over consumption and health a comment on bleichrodt and quiggin abstract in a recent issue of the journal of health economics bleichrodt and quiggin 1999 developed a model of life cycle preferences over consumption and health to analyze qaly based decision making this analysis is crtically appraised concerning issues of qaly maximization on an individual and on an aggregate level as well as of the role of death in qaly models it is concluded that a more general approach might be useful for the analysis of qalys and life cycle preferences over consumption and health

rankings methodology for international comparisons of institutions and individuals an application to economics in australia and new zealand abstract the objectives of this paper are threefold first we critically survey and analyse the different methodologies that have been adopted in the rankings literature second using journal articles included in the econlit database and on the basis of two criteria one based on citations and the other on perceptions of journal quality we rank economics teaching departments in australia and new zealand for 1988 2002 and 1996 2002 and for individual academic economists for the periods 1988 2002 1988 1995 and 1996 2002 furthermore we identify individual star performers and recognize them in a designated hall of fame for 1988 2002 third our methodology enables us to make international comparisons on total and per capita bases previous multi country ranking studies in economics do not rank economics departments they provide rankings based on total publications in economics in universities regardless of whether the economists are in the economics departments or in other departments thus no rankings on per capita bases are provided we correct this shortcoming by providing total and per capita rankings and analysing the correlations between total and per capita rankings this is the first study to examine whether the size of the economics department matters with regard to productivity

environmental efficiency with multiple environmentally detrimental variables estimated with sfa and dea abstract the objective of this paper is to estimate comprehensive environmental efficiency measures for dutch dairy farms the environmental efficiency scores are based on the nitrogen surplus phosphate surplus and the total direct and indirect energy use of an unbalanced panel of dairy farms we define environmental efficiency as the ratio of minimum feasible to observed use of multiple environmentally detrimental inputs conditional on observed levels of output and the conventional inputs we compare two methods for the calculation of efficiency namely stochastic frontier analysis sfa and data envelopment analysis dea this paper reveals the strengths and weaknesses for estimating environmental efficiency of the methods applied both sfa and dea can estimate environmental efficiency scores the mean technical efficiency scores output oriented sfa 89 dea 78 and the mean comprehensive environmental efficiency scores sfa 80 dea 52 differ between the two methods sfa allows hypothesis testing and the monotonicity hypothesis is rejected for the specification including phosphate surplus dea can calculate environmental efficiency scores for all specifications because regularity is imposed in this method

sharing the emission reduction burden in an uneven world in the climate agreement reached in paris on the 12th of december 2015 the participating countries agreed to provide information about their intended nationally determined contribution and also to assess its fairness and ambition this study contributes a transparent empirical econometric tool for such an assessment it shows that using a formal decomposition framework that uniquely disentangles the macroeconomic and other influences on emissions effort sharing in global greenhouse gas reductions can be achieved in a way that promotes innovation and environmental efficiency to reduce emissions without interfering with the right of poor countries to catch up economically based on gdp projections by the imf and the oecd in a sample of about 185 countries it presents country level co2 emission targets applicable as benchmarks to assess the adequacy and fairness of national contributions

trend of subjects published in economics journals 1969 2007 i introduction a fundamental question for any academic discipline is what subjects are people researching this question can be asked in several ways which subjects are economists publishing which subjects are economists reading which subjects have the most impact on the literature which subjects are represented in well respected general subject journals how many specialty journals are dedicated to each subject answers to these questions are useful for strategic planning publication strategy and curriculum design through the identification of shifting focus within the economics discipline for instance the research record of an economist who publishes in a widely published subject field that is little published in leading general subject journals should be evaluated differently from an economist whose fields have the opposite properties a liberal arts college that desires to make more of an impact on the literature may find that the subjects that need to be taught at the undergraduate level are in conflict with the subjects that are being published in top journals a subject area with a small percentage of articles published that has had a strong impact when adjusted for citations may be fertile ground for research although the study of economic research has a long history subject area focus has been little studied morin 1966 examined the sales of chamberlin s theory of monopolistic competition schumpeter s theory of economic development samuelson s foundations of economic analysis friedman s essays in positive economics and becket s economics of discrimination to examine the changes in economics from 1933 to 1964 figuring that most copies of these books were being read by researchers he posited that the changes in the sales of these books indicate shifts in interests within economics fusfeld 1956 examined the departments and types of institutions which were represented by papers at the 1950 1954 american economic association meetings he did not rank these departments but viewed the narrow group of represented schools as a flaw in the program selection niemi 1975 created rankings of the top 100 economics departments and the top southern economics departments according to the number of publications and the number of pages published in a group of 24 journals smith and gold 1976 adjusted niemi for the number of faculty members in each department graves marchand and thompson 1982 built on the work by niemi as well as smith and gold by updating their statistics and providing a trend analysis to examine rankings through time scott and mitias 1996 provided updated rankings by pages published using two different sets of economics journals and created a list of the top 50 economists by pages published davis and papanek 1984 first proposed using citations for ranking economics departments laband 1986 ranked departments based upon the productivity of the graduates of the program using both pages published and citations bodenhorn 1997 ranked liberal arts colleges by citations medoff 1989 ranked individual economists based upon citations and ranks schools based upon the number of top economists employed there although these analyses provide important insights into the productivity of economists and provide a benchmark for hiring and promotion to tenure few have discussed the distribution of subject areas within journals harden liano and chan 2006 calculated the percentage of real estate economics articles published mccain 1991 used article subjects in her cocitation analysis durden and ellis 1991 listed the most oft cited articles in the aer broken down by subject area kim morse and zingales 2006 examined all the articles from 1970 to 2005 that received more than 500 citations they used the econlit database to identify the journal of economic literature jel codes associated with each article

willingness to pay and the distribution of risk and wealth willingness to pay wtp most economists believe is an appropriate benefits metric for government expenditure and regulatory policies that reduce risks to human life it depends however on the distribution of risk and wealth currently society s expenditures overemphasize concentrated risks say after the fact treatment as opposed to prevention a dead anyway effect complements excess attention to intense interests in explaining this our normative criterion for spending on risk reduction is what a rational albeit uninsured individual confronting lotteries on future risks to life and wealth would choose for himself this requires correcting wtp to eliminate the dead anyway effect but continues to reflect that wealth enhances the utility of living

on the robustness of alternative rankings methodologies australian and new zealand economics departments 1988 to 2002 just as friendly arguments based on an ignorance of facts eventually led to the creation of the definitive guinness book of world records any argument about university rankings has seemingly been a problem without a solution to state the obvious alternative rankings methodologies can and do lead to different rankings this article evaluates the robustness of rankings of australian and new zealand economics teaching departments for 1988 to 2002 and 1996 to 2002 using alternative rankings methodologies and compares the results with the rankings obtained by macri and sinha 2006 in the overall mean rankings for both 1988 to 2006 and 1996 to 2002 the university of melbourne is ranked first followed by uwa and anu

trends in rankings of economics departments in the u s an update economics departments in the u s are ranked based on 1 the number of pages published in thirty six economics journals 2 publications in five of the top journals 3 output per faculty member and 4 an index of the concentration of research in a department evidence shows that the top twenty departments have generally retained their positions since the 1970s but rather large changes have occurred in departments ranked from 240 to 100 an economists hall of fame is developed listing the top fifty individual producers of research in the thirty six journal set and the top five journals

a note on the estimation of the equity efficiency trade off for qalys abstract in this note the veil of ignorance approach is tested as a basis for empirically determining the shape of the social welfare function for qalys an experiment is carried out where the participants choose between different societies that differ with respect to per capita qalys and the distribution of qalys the answers are analyzed using logistic regression analysis according to the results the respondents are willing to give up 1 qaly in the group with more qalys to gain 0 45 qalys in the group with fewer qalys but this trade off is independent of the size of the difference in qalys between the groups

confronting the environmental kuznets curve t he environmental kuznets curve posits an inverted u relationship between pollution and economic development kuznets s name was apparently attached to the curve by grossman and krueger 1993 who noted its resemblance to kuznets s inverted u relationship between income inequality and development in the first stage of industrialization pollution in the environmental kuznets curve world grows rapidly because people are more interested in jobs and income than clean air and water communities are too poor to pay for abatement and environmental regulation is correspondingly weak the balance shifts as income rises leading industrial sectors become cleaner people value the environment more highly and regulatory institutions become more effective along the curve pollution levels off in the middle income range and then falls toward pre industrial levels in wealthy societies the environmental kuznets curve model has elicited conflicting reactions from researchers and policymakers applied econometricians have generally accepted the basic tenets of the model and focused on measuring its parameters their regressions typically fitted to cross sectional observations across countries or regions suggest that air and water pollution increase with development until per capita income reaches a range of 5000 to 8000 when income rises beyond that level pollution starts to decline as shown in the conventional ekc line in figure 1 in developing countries some policymakers have interpreted such results as conveying a message about priorities grow first then clean up numerous critics have challenged the conventional environmental kuznets curve both as a representation of what actually happens in the development process and as a policy prescription some pessimistic critics argue that crosssectional evidence for the environmental kuznets curve is nothing more than a

on aggregating qalys a comment on dolan dolan dolan p 1998 the measurement of individual utility and social welfare journal of health economics vol 17 pp 39 52 in a recent paper suggested an empirical method for estimating the shape of the social welfare function using a simple theoretical model it is shown that dolan s proposed empirical method has no theoretical foundation the main problem with the approach is that it measures only the altruistic values that individuals attach to other peoples health status and ignores the utility that individuals attach to their own health status

academic economists behaving badly a survey on three areas of unethical behavior thomas l martin this article measures the degree to which academic economists have engaged in unethical behavior and the degree to which academic economists believe the profession as a whole engages in unethical behavior three main types of unethical behavior are examined 1 falsification of research 2 expropriation of graduate student research or including an undeserving co author on a research paper and 3 exchange of grades for gifts money or sex using a unique data set gathered at the 1998 american economic association aea meetings we find that there is a significant amount of misconduct particularly in the second category jel a11 a13 i introduction both the popular and academic press have noted the existence of falsified research in the hard sciences and in medicine u s nuclear weapons tests conducted in the 1950s came under attack in the 1960s for allegedly using false data and defrauding federal courts concerning the health impact on downwind humans and livestock the discovery of the deception of research subjects and the reporting of fabricated experiments led to a new emphasis in the 1960s and 1970s on the ethics of scientific research shrader frechette 1994 federally funded research in particular came under closer scrutiny of the white house and various executive branch agencies lafollette 1994 recently front page stories in major newspapers have reported that robert p liburdy a cell biologist at lawrence berkeley laboratories resigned after investigators with the office of research integrity of the department of health and human services concluded that he falsified key data tying cancer to electrical power lines schevitz 1999 broad 1999 in economics research with no lives in danger it would seem that such behavior would be easier to rationalize an inflated t ratio here an undeserving co author there who really is hurt by such behavior academic economists after all do not have patients 1 nevertheless most scholars would agree that research is intended to further the pursuit of truth fraudulent or unethical research will poison the well of that scientific truth ethical conduct in research is not a matter of etiquette but a question of the moral principles by which any researcher is guided in the past few decades there have been efforts to examine the ethics of research in the areas of hard science medicine engineering and national security see e g hook 19771 bulmer 1982 sieber 19921 2 a few decades ago our own discipline experienced an unfathomable event the quarterly journal of economics was forced to withdraw a published article after learning that its author had simply copied the work of another economist qje 1984 a similar incident recently occurred in the economics journal kyklos forcing the editors to issue a public apology that included a strong statement plagiarism jeopardizes scientific research kyklos 1999 311 these pieces of evidence suggest that unethical research practices occur within economics but very little nonanecdotal evidence exists to measure the extent of such behavior our study is an attempt to measure the degree to which individual academic economists have engaged in unethical behavior and the degree to which academic economists bel ieve the profession as a whole engages in unethical behavior three main types of behavior are examined 1 falsification of research 2 expropriation of graduate student research or including an undeserving co author and 3 exchange of grades for gifts money or sexual favors we examine the self reported unethical behavior of the profession through anonymous responses because of the extremely sensitive nature of the questions we split the sample by using direct response questions for one group and the added protection of a randomized response technique for the other ii the survey method the ethics surveys were hand delivered to approximately 1 000 academic economists about 20 of the participants attending the january 1998 meetings of the american economic association aea in chicago illinois

discounting of life saving and other nonmonetary effects cost effectiveness analysts generally assume that preferences over time are such that streams of monetary and nonmonetary program effects can be reduced to one discounted sum of monetary costs and another of effects it is known that if the nonmonetary effects can be cashed out in a way that does not vary with time then the rates of discount for monetary and nonmonetary effects have to be equal this paper presents a more compelling argument for the equality of those rates when hard to monetize benefits such as life saving are involved it shows that if the ability to produce the nonmonetary effect does not diminish too quickly over time failure to discount benefits implies that programs are always improved by delay in general discounting benefits and costs at different rates can lead to peculiar results

health utility indices and equity considerations the aim of this paper is to propose methods that incorporate equity concerns into cost utility analysis the focus of the paper is on qalys but the results apply to health utility indices in general two interpretations of qalys are considered qalys as von neumann morgenstern utilities and qalys as measures of health a justification is provided for aggregating consistently scaled qalys as utilities over individuals the conditions underlying unweighted aggregation of qalys are identified these conditions exclude two common types of equity concern algorithms are proposed that take into account equity concerns and that are relatively easy to apply

european economics an analysis based on publications in the core journals abstract in this paper we provide a ranking of european economics institutions and countries based on publications in a core set of 10 economic journals from 1991 to 1996 we find that the three leading universities in europe are the london school of economics tel aviv university and oxford university while the three top ranked countries are the u k france and israel

how do journal quality co authorship and author order affect agricultural economists salaries utilizing an original data set containing annual salaries and peer reviewed publication histories for 326 faculty members from top ranked ph d granting programs we examine the labor market for academic agricultural economists the results suggest that higher quality publications have a greater impact on annual earnings that sole authored articles have a higher return than multi authored articles and that no wage premium exists for being the lead author of a non alphabetic article

a worldwide assessment of scientific production in economics 1992 1997 the aim of this article is to analyse the worldwide production in economics to that end bibliometric indicators are constructed by way of a database made up of 55 international journals covering the period 1992 1997 a ranking of the leading thousand international affiliations is established and quality indices of the first 200 are presented finally a detailed analysis is carried out at country level and with respect to the 12 leading countries

journals preferences and publishing in agricultural and environmental economics research quality is an increasingly important metric for determining funding allocations promotion and tenure and professional prestige a key metric often used as a proxy for research quality is the ranking of the journal in which a manuscript appears while citation based measures of journal quality are commonly used less is known about other dimensions of journal quality and prestige we report results from an international study using best worst scaling to investigate researchers journal preferences respondents used two criteria to assess journals the impact a paper in the journal would have on career progression and the impact beyond academia of papers in the journal among the sample of journals studied the american journal of agricultural economics is ranked at the top for career progression for the aggregate sample while science was rated at the top for broader impact we find no significant correlation between the journal scores based on the two criteria nor between them and the journals impact factors these results suggest that impact beyond academia is poorly aligned with career incentives and that citation measures reflect poorly if at all peers esteem of journals heteroscedastic scale adjusted latent class models reveal marked heterogeneity in journal preferences related to researchers institutional affiliation and geographic region we find significant differences in error variance over people and choices people were less consistent when choosing their least as opposed to their most preferred journal this finding has broader implications given the burgeoning use of best worst surveys

revealed performances worldwide rankings of economists and economics departments 1990 2000 in this paper i study the production of academic research by economics departments and economists worldwide rankings are provided based on both citations and publications these rankings reveal a dominant position of the united states in the production of economics literature over time however the extent of this dominance is decreasing jel a10 a14

anti social welfare functions a reply to hansen et al we could reasonably expect society to give at least the same weight to the marginal utility of the poor as to the rich and to the marginal utility of the ill as compared to the healthy whilst hansen et al journal of health economics 2004 may be said to link cea and cba within a welfarist framework the assumptions they require are inconsistent with these types of ethical preferences thus the degree to which they employ a reasonable social welfare function is doubtful this paper argues that any link between cea and cba will occur not within a welfarist framework but instead within a non welfarist one in which it is unlikely that cba results could be easily transformed into cost effectiveness ratios

abatement costs of post kyoto climate regimes abstract this article analyses the abatement costs of three post kyoto regimes for differentiating commitments compatible with stabilising atmospheric greenhouse gases concentrations at 550 ppmv co 2 equivalent in 2100 the three regimes explored are 1 the multi stage approach assumes a gradual increase in the number of parties involved who are adopting either emission intensity or reductions targets 2 the brazilian proposal approach i e the allocation or reductions based on countries contribution to temperature increase 3 contraction convergence with full participation in convergence of per capita emission allowances in 2050 the global costs increase up to about 1 of the world gdp ranging from 0 5 to 1 5 depending on baseline scenario and marginal abatement costs four groups of regions can be identified on the basis of similar costs expressed as the percentage of gdp these are 1 oecd regions with average costs 2 fsu the middle east and latin america with high costs 3 south east asia and east asia incl china with low costs and 4 south asia incl india and africa with net gains from emissions trading for most regimes the brazilian proposal approach gives the highest costs for groups 1 and 2 the distribution of costs for the contraction convergence approach highly depends on the convergence year the multi stage approach and contraction convergence convergence year 2050 seem to result in relatively the most even distribution of costs amongst all parties

leading institutional contributors to the elite economic journals given the prestige enjoyed by several economic departments there is a natural curiosity regarding their contributions to the economic literature this article analyses the appearance of all academic institutions worldwide in the eight leading economic journals the blue ribbon eight from 1991 to 2005 we cite those institutions who appear the most and analyse the composition of appearances across all eight journals to assess their degree of diversity while it is tempting to use these measures as a ranking of institutions the analysis is meant to be purely an historical appreciation of the contributions of these admirable institutions

on the economic foundations of cea ladies and gentlemen take your positions abstract there are still many ongoing debates about several aspects of the methodology of economic evaluations of health care interventions some of the disparities in recommendations on methodological issues may be traced back to different viewpoints on cost effectiveness analysis cea in general two important views are the welfarist approach which aims at embedding cea into traditional welfare economics and the decision maker s approach which takes a broader and more pragmatic view on cea the focus in welfarism may be on utility while that of the decision maker s approach may be considered to be on health in this paper it is examined how these two views differ and how these differences may subsequently lead to debates in methodological areas it is indicated that embedding the practical operationalisation of cea in welfare economics seems impossible in a strict welfarist approach it is necessary to view qalys as being utilities although one may question whether such an approach to qalys is appropriate also equity considerations may play an important role in cost effectiveness analysis and these should preferably be taken into account in a way that reflects societal attitudes towards an equitable distribution of health care these equity considerations may not always be directly related to utility or efficiency furthermore both camps may prefer different methods for cost measurement in areas such as productivity costs and informal care a better recognition of the contents and origins of controversies and disputes may enhance the clarity of discussions

are there gender differences in the job mobility patterns of academic economists labor economic theory posits that job mobil ity should affect worker salaries the degree to which this holds for academic faculty has received considerable attention prior empirical studies have estimated log wage regressions that control for both years of total work experience and years of seniority at the current institution in an effort to determine whether negative returns to seniority exist in academic labor markets for example bernt bratsberg james ragan and jim warren 2003 and william moore robert turnbull and geoffrey newman 1998 for aca demic economists michael ransom 1993 kevin hallock 1995 and emily hoffman 1976 for specific institutions debra a barbezat and michael r donihue 1998 and barbezat 1989 for

spatial spillovers of pollution onto the underground sector abstract this paper examines the spatial spillovers of pollution onto the underground economy the extant literature has considered the pollution informal economy nexus to some extent but the spillover effects across national borders have been ignored pollution can increase the underground sector when some formal sector production moves to the informal sector scale effect whereas greater pollution can reduce the underground sector when it invites tougher regulations substitution effect results based on a panel of more than 130 nations and allowing for reverse causality show both own and border pollution reduce the underground sector consistent with the substitution effect in other results we find opposite effects of economic and political freedom and some differences in the influences of specific dimensions of economic freedom and the role of the government further we find that while the size of government increases the underground sector better institutional quality reduces it policy implications of these findings are discussed the spillovers from neighboring nations are especially relevant for nations that are not islands which is true for a majority of countries around the world

on the possibility of a bridge between cba and cea comments on a paper by dolan and edlin in a recent work by dolan and edlin it is concluded that no link can be established between cost benefit analysis cba and cost effectiveness analysis cea however the conclusion seems to depend rather heavily on what is understood by a link between cba and cea as well as on the exact meaning of the latter two terms we argue that there is at least one approach to cba and cea in which the two are very intimately linked on the other hand the limitations in the access to preference information has consequences for the kind of questions that can be meaningfully addressed in both cba and cea

qalys and the equity efficiency trade off as the volume of research on quality adjusted life years qalys has increased concern has begun to be expressed about the equity aspects of resource allocation decisions based on the results of this research this paper suggests that a common theme running through the criticisms of the qaly approach is a concern about inequality it also suggests that the method for incorporating distributional concerns which is currently being pursued by advocates of the qaly approach will only ever capture concerns other than a concern about inequality the paper suggests a method for incorporating both sets of concerns into resource allocation decisions

the friction cost method for measuring indirect costs of disease a new approach for estimating the indirect costs of disease which explicitly considers economic circumstances that limit production losses due to disease is presented the friction cost method for the netherlands the short term friction costs in 1990 amount to 1 5 2 5 of net national income nni depending on the extent to which short term absence from work induces production loss and costs the medium term macro economic consequences of absence from work and disability reduce nni by an additional 0 8 these estimates are considerably lower than estimates based on the traditional human capital approach but they better reflect the economic impact of illness

the friction cost method a comment the friction cost method has been proposed as an alternative to the human capital approach of estimating indirect costs we argue that the friction cost method is based on implausible assumptions not supported by neoclassical economic theory furthermore consistently applying the friction cost method would mean that the method should also be applied in the estimation of direct costs which would mean that the costs of health care programmes are substantially decreased it is concluded that the friction cost method does not seem to be a useful alternative to the human capital approach in the estimation of indirect costs

is it really possible to build a bridge between cost benefit analysis and cost effectiveness analysis cost benefit analysis cba is a recognised as the economic evaluation technique that accords most with the underlying principles of standard welfare economic theory however due to problems associated with the technique economists evaluating resources allocation decisions in health care have most often used cost effective analysis cea in which health benefits are expressed in non monetary units as a result attempts have been made to build a welfare economic bridge between cost benefit analysis cba and cost effectiveness analysis cea in this paper we develops these attempts and finds that while assumptions can be made to facilitate a constant willingness to pay per unit of health outcome these restrictions are highly unrealistic we develop an impossibility theorem that shows it is not possible to link cba and cea if i the axioms of expected utility theory hold ii the quality adjusted life year qaly model is valid in a welfare economic sense and iii illness affects the ability to enjoy consumption we conclude that within a welfare economic framework it would be unwise to rely on a link between cba and cea in economic evaluations

fame and the fortune of academic economists how the market rewards influential research in economics we analyze the pay and position of 1 009 faculty members who teach in doctoral granting economics departments at fifty three large public universities in the united states using the web of science we have identified the journal articles published by these scholars and the number of times each of these articles has been subsequently cited in published research articles we find that research influence as measured by various measures of total citations is a surprisingly strong predictor of the salary and the prestige of the department in which professors are employed we also examine how coauthorship is rewarded by the market

global co2 efficiency country wise estimates using a stochastic cost frontier this paper examines global carbon dioxide co2 efficiency by employing a stochastic cost frontier analysis of about 170 countries in 1997 and 2007 the main contribution lies in providing a new approach to environmental efficiency estimation in which the efficiency estimates quantify the distance from the policy objective of minimum emissions we are able to examine a very large pool of nations and provide country wise efficiency estimates we estimate three econometric models corresponding with alternative interpretations of the cancun vision conference of the parties 2011 the models reveal progress in global environmental efficiency during a preceding decade the estimates indicate vast differences in efficiency levels and efficiency changes across countries the highest efficiency levels are observed in africa and europe while the lowest are clustered around china the largest efficiency gains were observed in central and eastern europe co2 efficiency also improved in the us and china the two largest emitters but their ranking in terms of co2 efficiency deteriorated policy implications are discussed

environmental and ecological economics a citation analysis this study looks at two distinct questions dwhat have been the most influential journal articles in environmental economics and ecological economics over the 10 year period 1994 2003 t and dhow much overlap is there between the fields of environmental and ecological economics t we examine the references in all articles published in jeem and ecological economics ee over this period for each of these two fields a list of the top articles and top journals cited by articles published in jeem and ee is presented we also present some results based on our study of the isi journal citation reports we find that there is a significant overlap between the two fields at the journal level the two journals cite similar journals there is a correlation of 0 34 between the number of citations received by the journals that are most cited and the correlation is even higher if journal self citation is excluded the main differences are that ecological economics tends to cite but not be cited by general natural science journals more often than environmental economics does environmental economics cites more heavily from journals rather than other publications and citations in environmental economics are more concentrated on particular journals and individual publications however there is much less similarity at the level of individual articles nonmarket valuation articles dominate the most cited articles in jeem while green accounting sustainability and the environmental kuznets curve are all prominent topics in ee d 2005 elsevier b v all rights reserved

meat meets meta a quantitative review of the price elasticity of meat the price elasticity of meat has been estimated in numerous studies that utilize a variety of disparate modeling procedures in light of differences in the literature a meta analysis is performed to assess the sensitivity of the meat price elasticity to a number of characteristics including the type of meat specification of demand nature of data estimation method characteristics of the publication outlet and location of demand the results from estimating linear and box cox meta regressions coupled with different panel data treatments reveal that these characteristics have differing influence on the reported price elasticity

accounting for future costs in medical cost effectiveness analysis most medical cost effectiveness analyses include future costs only for related illnesses but this approach is controversial this paper demonstrates that cost effectiveness analysis is consistent with lifetime utility maximization only if it includes all future medical and non medical expenditures estimates of the magnitude of these future costs suggest that they may substantially alter both the absolute and relative cost effectiveness of medical interventions particularly when an intervention increases length of life more than quality of life in older populations current methods overstate the cost effectiveness of interventions which extend life compared to interventions which improve the quality of life

academic pay in the united kingdom and the united states the differential returns to productivity and the lifetime earnings gap this paper estimates earnings functions for two samples of u k and u s academic economists despite significant differences in compensation schemes a comparably specified human capital earnings model does a good job explaining earnings variations for academic economists in both countries our estimates suggest that rewards for research are more immediate and direct in the united states because of the national salary scale the payoffs to experience and seniority are greater and the payoffs to research are lower in the united kingdom than in the united states after adjusting for productivity and demographic factors we find that u s economists are paid approximately 40 more than otherwise equivalent economists in the united kingdom simulating career age earnings profiles for both markets we find that the earnings gap widens with experience for relatively productive research economists and may even narrow with age for relatively less productive research economists nevertheless the cumulative lifetime earnings foregone are substantial for research and nonresearch economists in the united kingdom

the measurement of individual utility and social welfare it has been suggested by a number of economists that decisions about how to allocate scarce health care resources should be informed by the cost per quality adjusted life years qalys of the different alternatives one of the criticisms of the qaly approach is that it is based on the measurement of individual utility yet the values elicited are used to inform social choice in this respect it is argued that the qaly approach fails to take account of distributional issues that are known to be important in the context of health care this paper addresses this issue and presents an approach grounded in microeconomic theory that is flexible enough to deal with a wide range of efficiency equity trade offs while making the nature of the trade off transparent in addition it is an approach that is relatively simple to investigate empirically and the results of a preliminary study are presented as illustration of this

cracks in the glass ceiling gender and promotion in the economics profession gender differences in promotion within the economics profession have long been a concern of the committee on the status of women in the economics profession cswep in a descriptive analysis of the aea universal academic questionnaire rebecca blank 1996 finds that hires and promotions to the associateand fullprofessor levels have averaged 4 2 and 2 7 percentage points below the share of female assistants and associates professors respectively thus women appear to be underrepresented in senior positions suggesting they may face a glass ceiling this paper uses unique panel data for american economic association aea members to examine formally whether there are differences across gender in promotion probabilities an academic labor market beyond its direct interest to economists is well suited to study possible gender differences in promotion because departments can be ranked within the profession and because professors can be ranked within a department by a welldefined promotion hierarchy a focus on academic economists offers an additional advantage in that on the job productivity can be measured directly by research output other promotion studies have had limited controls for productivity and have used cross sectional data which do not permit controls for unobserved ability e g rudolf winter ebmer and josef zweimuller 1997 failure to account for gender differences in unobserved productivity could produce biased inference prior promotion studies also have generally relied on job advancement indexes that limit the distinction between initial job assignment i e an

the normative economics of health care finance and provision whereas in many countries the crisis in medical care has been seen in terms of excess spending on health services in the uk it has been seen at least by most of those who manage and work in the nhs as a crisis of underfunding this has come about as the result of the government s successful attempts to restrain the rate of growth of real spending on the nhs which in turn reflects the government s belief that its principal effective weapon against what it perceives to be inefficiency in the nhs is to challenge management itself reformed and to some extent liberated by systematic financial squeezes the same concern has given rise to a host of proposals for reform of the nhs most of which involve a much greater role for private insurance private finance of other kinds such as out of pocket payments and private provision of health care itself

measurement of health state utilities for economic appraisal health status measurement for use in economic appraisal of health care programmes is reviewed in this paper with particular emphasis on utility measurement a framework for economic appraisal is presented displaying the various components that must be measured and showing how the three forms of analysis cost effectiveness analysis cost benefit analysis and cost utility analysis relate to the framework and to each other one of the components in the framework is health status it can be measured using ad hoc numeric scales willingness to pay receive or health state utilities the determination of health state utilities is reviewed covering the following issues alternative sources of utilities health state descriptions multi attribute utility approach determination of appropriate subjects utility aggregation and accuracy three measurement techniques for health state utilities are described in detail rating scale standard gamble and time trade off the use of these methods is described for both chronic and temporary health states and for both health states considered better than death and those considered worse than death

a revisionist perspective of european research in economics abstract the study by kalaitzidakis et al eur econom rev 113 1999a 1150 1168 hereafter kms continues to exert significant influence on the literature that evaluates the relative publication performance of european centres of research in economics the current paper argues that the methodology employed by kms is deficient and that it is not the methodology these authors intended to employ i utilise an improved approach to revise the original rankings that relied on publication output from 1991 to 1996 and to update the relevant findings using 1997 2002 data the revised rankings differ greatly from those reported by kms the results also suggest that there have been dramatic shifts in the relative ranking of the various european institutions over time as expected rankings are sensitive to the choice of journals considered however ranking sensitivity is considerably more pronounced with respect to changes in individual performance over time than to the group of journals used to measure performance

assessing editorial preferences towards industrial organization articles in order to evaluate the relative importance of articles on industrial organization published in major generalist or specialized scientific journals this empirical study has used the new 1991 jel classification system by regrouping contributions according to the type of article theoretical analysis industrial policy or industry studies a rate of multiple reference index has been introduced to examine the degree of relation between these three categories and used as a proxy for editorial preferences towards the type of treatment of the subject usually expected by the journal the article contents of nine generalist and five specialized journals are analysed for the two periods 1991 1995 and 1996 2000

research productivity of the economics profession in east asia i introduction research productivity is often ranked for economics departments based on page counts of journal publications for example graves marchand and thompson 1982 while others rate the departments by the number of citations attributed to their faculty for example davis and papanek 1984 recently scott and mitias 1996 used flow and stock concepts in their departmental rankings while the flow of research can be counted to give credit to the department where authors are affiliated at the time of publication the stock ranking counts a currently affiliated faculty s stock of past and current research the alternative rankings also use different sets of journals as well as varied weighting schemes to standardize the length of journal pages and to adjust for journal quality while several different methods have been used to rank economics departments in the united states no such assessment has been done for east asian universities this article aims to fill this gap by ranking economics professions in east asia based solely on research productivity for the purpose of comparison with u s universities our methodology closely follows that of scott and mitias 1996 with some variations in the sample length first the ranking counts the stock of past and current research for example hogan 1984 laband 1985 conroy and dusansky 1995 scott and mitias 1996 and dusansky and vernon 1998 fine research scholars move from one university to another a phenomenon that sometimes leads to dramatic changes in school performance however labor mobility depends to some extent on the degree of importance of research to which a university is attached more open and research oriented schools often hire researchers and their accompanying stock of published research from other institutions in the region or more often from abroad while others more or less insulate themselves from inflows of new research a more accurate reflection of current reality is therefore to know who is at a particular university today not who was at it in the past thus economics faculty affiliated with east asian universities during the autumn 1997 semester are counted for the stock ranking in east asia the economics faculty include all economists in business schools as well as all in economics departments 1 faculty names were obtained directly from department chairs and each school s home page on the internet second the basic ranking relies on page counts of articles published in a set of 36 quality journals over the period 1990 96 page counts are employed to capture many variations in the length of articles across journals the econlit cd rom september 1997 includes all international journals that have appeared in the journal of economic literature the choice of a set of quality journals is however open to question graves marchand and thompson 1982 for example examined publications in a set of 24 journals hogan 1984 looked at a set of 4 laband 1985 a set of 27 bairam 1994 a set of 5 and conroy and dusansky 1995 and dusansky and vernon 1998 each a set of 8 journals the criterion employed here for top 36 journals relies on the choice in scott and mitias 1996 in which the original set of top 24 journals in graves marchand and thompson 1982 was updated 2 to check the sensitivity of our findings with alternative sets of journals we ranked these schools based on top 24 and top 42 journals the list of 42 top journals was provided to us by dusansky and vernon 1998 3 third standardized page counts are employed for example graves marchand and thompson 1982 hirsch austin brooks and moore 1984 conroy and dusansky 1995 scott and mitias 1996 and dusansky and vernon 1998 the scott mitias 1996 conversion factors are used for the basic ranking in which the number of pages published in 36 journals were standardized to the average length of a page in the aer