interaction among china carbon emission trading markets nonlinear granger causality and time varying effect abstract china makes great efforts to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate global greenhouse gas in order to identify the interaction among china cet markets this paper comprehensively investigates nonlinear granger causality and time varying effect in markets by using the hiemstra and jones hj test diks and panchenko dp test and time varying parameter structure vector autoregressive tvp svar model the empirical analysis has demonstrated china major cet markets significantly bidirectional nonlinear granger cause each other as to time varying effect we have obtained convincing findings that time varying impulse responses are among china major cet markets in the short term specifically guangdong hubei and shenzhen cet markets are time varying co movement negatively or positively related to each other over time implying there are deep bases for china national cet market construction furthermore the specific time point impulse effects support our discoveries in time varying impulse responses

price volatility in the carbon market in china abstract china is the world s largest developing country and a carbon dioxide emitter a functional carbon market can effectively reduce carbon emissions this paper uses the markov chain monte carlo stochastic volatility model and the wavelet multi resolution model to analyze the volatility of price returns and the dynamic characteristics of price fluctuations in the carbon pilot markets in hubei shanghai and shenzhen the price movements in these markets are compared to the emissions trading system of the european union eu ets the results show that there is a volatility clustering in the price of carbon trading in hubei shanghai shenzhen and the eu ets china s carbon pilot markets have a deficiency in terms of volatility stability as does the eu ets from a long term perspective china s carbon market lacks a detailed development plan which is vital because the construction of the market system is not yet optimal from a short term view china s carbon market is not active and the participants attitude toward risk is extremely sensitive

off the cliff and back credit conditions and international trade during the global financial crisis abstract we study the collapse of international trade flows during the global financial crisis using detailed data on monthly us imports we show that credit conditions were an important channel through which the crisis affected trade volumes by exploiting the variation in the cost of capital across countries and over time as well as the variation in financial vulnerability across sectors countries with higher interbank rates and thus tighter credit markets exported less to the us during the peak of the crisis this effect was especially pronounced in sectors that require extensive external financing have limited access to trade credit or have few collateralizable assets exports of financially vulnerable industries were thus more sensitive to the cost of external capital than exports of less vulnerable industries and this sensitivity rose during the financial crisis the quantitative implications of our estimates for trade volumes highlight the large real effects of financial crises and the potential gains from policy intervention

role of carbon swap trading and energy prices in price correlations and volatilities between carbon markets the present paper theoretically and empirically examines the role of carbon swap trading and energy prices in volatilities and price correlations between the eu and kyoto protocol emissions trading schemes a supply and demand based correlation model between eua and scer price returns is proposed in detail using inverse box cox type marginal abatement cost mac curves and simple emission reduction volume processes the model includes financial players eua scer swap transaction in boom periods of carbon prices using the logit model for eua and eua scer swap volume correlations and stronger energy price impacts on eua prices than scer prices using a mean reverting lognormal process for energy prices the empirical studies using eua and scer prices estimate the model parameters resulting in a positive eua volume impact on eua scer swap transactions and a positive energy price impact on eua prices it is shown that high eua scer price correlations during high eua price periods stemmed from eua scer swap transactions whereas high eua scer price correlations during the period of financial turmoil with low eua prices came from the drop in energy prices we also show that the leverage effects often observed in security markets exist in both the eua and scer markets according to the price volatility relation

measuring the efficiency of china s carbon market a comparison between efficient and fractal market hypotheses abstract in this study variance ratio test and detrended fluctuation analysis are adopted to measure the efficiencies of beijing guangdong hubei shanghai shenzhen tianjin and chongqing seven carbon markets in china the empirical results indicate that on the basis of efficient market hypothesis adopts variance ratio test hubei and guangdong markets are weak efficient beijing shenzhen and shanghai markets are inefficient and the efficiencies of tianjin and chongqing are uncertain under daily returns all seven carbon markets are weak efficient under weekly returns on the basis of fractal market hypothesis hurst exponents are obtained by detrended fluctuation analysis shanghai guangdong and hubei markets are weak efficient the other four markets are inefficient under daily returns beijing and hubei markets are weak efficient and the other five markets are inefficient under weekly returns on the whole the efficiencies of china s carbon markets are generally low combining the empirical results with the reality of china s carbon markets it s proved that the results of fractal market hypothesis are more convincing in comparison to efficient market hypothesis fractal market hypothesis can more effectively measure the efficiency of carbon market

the global financial crisis explaining cross country differences in the output impact abstract what explains differences in the crisis impact across developing countries and emerging markets using cross country regressions to assess the factors driving the growth performance in 2009 compared to pre crisis forecasts for that year we find that a small set of variables explain a large share of the variation in the growth impact countries with more leveraged domestic financial systems stronger credit growth and more short term debt tended to suffer a larger effect on economic activity although the relative importance of these factors differs across country groups for emerging markets this financial channel trumps the trade channel for a broader set of developing countries however the trade channel seems to have mattered with more open countries affected more strongly and those exporting food commodities being less hard hit exchange rate flexibility helped in buffering the impact of the shock particularly for emerging markets there is also some evidence that countries with a stronger fiscal position prior to the crisis were impacted less severely we find little evidence for the importance of other policy variables

china s carbon emissions trading overview challenges and future because china has emerged as the largest greenhouse gas ghg emitter in total annual emissions to accelerate the pace of ghg emission reduction in china is important to the success of global efforts in addressing climate change carbon trading is a market mechanism and key instrument in the mitigation of climate change this paper explores the policy process and development state to date of china s carbon trade market to understand the emergence and development of that market and to understand what barriers are hampering china s carbon trade market development to achieve this goal this paper introduces and analyzes china s status in the international market examines the factors driving carbon market launching by the chinese government and traces the development of mandatory carbon emission trading and voluntary emission trading it is argued that china s carbon trading market is confronted with challenges such as the absence of a functional carbon trading market inaccuracy of the quota allocation an imperfect trading mechanism and lagging legislation at the present stage shortcomings such as having no real time carbon price and dominated spot transactions differentiate china s trade market substantially from a functional system a quick market integration of china s carbon market appears remote it is suggested that specific measures be taken to promote the development of the chinese carbon trading market

does craigslist reduce waste evidence from california and florida abstract there is much discussion but little research on the environmental impacts of online platforms associated with the sharing economy economic theory suggests that falling transaction costs in secondhand markets increase incentives for people to exchange rather than discard used goods this paper uses difference in difference methods to estimate craigslist s effect on solid waste by exploiting a natural experiment in how the platform expanded across california and florida the econometric results suggest that craigslist reduced daily per capita solid waste generation by about one third of a pound though the estimates are not very precise a plausibility analysis of the weight of items posted on craigslist concludes that the 200 million annual for sale posts created by californians and floridians can reasonably account for waste reductions of roughly this magnitude

generation of household solid waste in oecd countries an empirical analysis using macroeconomic data while there are numerous studies that use household level and community level data to examine the determinants of household solid waste generation rates little empirical work has been previously undertaken using macroeconomic data using a cross sectional time series database of solid waste in countries that are part of the organisation for economic co operation and development oecd we provide evidence on the economic and demographic determinants of generation rates of household solid waste with respect to economic activity and population density the results are largely consistent with results found in previous studies however additional insights are gained on the effects of factors such as household size and composition as well as the degree of urbanization

intra industry foreign direct investment we use a new firm level data set that establishes the location ownership and activity of 650 000 multinational subsidiaries close to a comprehensive picture of global multinational activity a number of patterns emerge from the data most foreign direct investment fdi occurs between rich countries the share of vertical fdi subsidiaries which provide inputs to their parent firms is larger than commonly thought even within developed countries more than half of all vertical subsidiaries are only observable at the four digit level because the inputs they are supplying are so proximate to their parent firms final good that they appear identical at the two digit level we call these proximate subsidiaries intra industry vertical fdi and find that their location and activity are significantly different to the inter industry vertical fdi visible at the two digit level these subsidiaries are not readily explained by the comparative advantage considerations in traditional models where firms locate their low skill production stages abroad in low skill countries to take advantage of factor cost differences we find that overwhelmingly multinationals tend to own the stages of production proximate to their final production giving rise to a class of high skill intra industry vertical fdi

regional energy rebound effect the impact of economy wide and sector level energy efficiency improvement in georgia usa abstract rebound effect is defined as the lost part of ceteris paribus energy savings from improvements on energy efficiency in this paper we investigate economy wide energy rebound effects by developing a computable general equilibrium cge model for georgia usa the model adopts a highly disaggregated sector profile and highlights the substitution possibilities between different energy sources in the production structure these two features allow us to better characterize the change in energy use in face of an efficiency shock and to explore in detail how a sector level shock propagates throughout the economic structure to generate aggregate impacts we find that with economy wide energy efficiency improvement on the production side economy wide rebound is moderate energy price levels fall very slightly yet sectors respond to these changing prices quite differently in terms of local production and demand energy efficiency improvements in particular sectors epicenters induce quite different economy wide impacts in general we expect large rebound if the epicenter sector is an energy production sector a direct upstream downstream sector of energy production sectors a transportation sector or a sector with high production elasticity our analysis offers valuable insights for policy makers aiming to achieve energy conservation through increasing energy efficiency

personal carbon trading a critical survey part 2 efficiency and effectiveness abstract equity efficiency and effectiveness are three key criteria use to assess environmental policy instruments part 1 of this survey shows that in terms of equity tradable energy quotas teqs a widely discussed personal carbon trading pct scheme cannot be differentiated from cap and dividend c d or cap and share c s hence part 2 explores whether they can be differentiated in terms of efficiency and or effectiveness the paper reviews two studies that compare the efficiency of teqs and c d whilst their estimates of the costs and abatement potential of teqs differ neither study considers that there is a case on efficiency grounds for its implementation the paper goes on to sketch two arguments for the implementation of pct that might nevertheless be made on efficiency grounds and one relating to public acceptability that might be made on effectiveness grounds exploring the various public surveys conducted on the acceptability of pct the paper concludes that support for pct is not obviously greater than for alternative instruments and notes a methodological limitation in the work reviewed the paper concludes that to date the case against implementation of pct is stronger than the case for

carbon trade policy and carbon free trade areas this paper discusses both the potential contribution that trade policy initiatives can make towards the achievement of significant global carbon emissions reduction and the potential impacts of proposals now circulating for carbon reduction motivated geographical trade arrangements including carbon free trade areas we first suggest that trade policy is likely to be a relatively minor consideration in climate change containment the dominant influence on carbon emissions globally for the next several decades will be growth more than trade and its composition and in turn the size of trade seemingly matters more than its composition given differences in emission intensity between tradables and non tradables we then note that differences in emissions intensity across countries are larger than across products or sectors and so issues of country discrimination in trade policy and violations of mfn arise we next discuss both unilateral and regional carbon motivated trade policy arrangements including three potential variants of carbon emission reduction based free trade area arrangements one is regional trade agreements with varying types of trade preferences towards low carbon intensive products low carbon new technologies and inputs to low carbon processes a second is the use of joint border measures against third parties to counteract anti competitive effects from groups of countries taking on deeper emission reduction commitments a third is third country trade barriers along with free trade or other regional trade agreements as penalty mechanisms to pressure other countries to join emission reducing environmental agreements we differentiate among the objectives forms and possible impacts of each variant we also speculate as to how the world trading system may evolve in the next few decades as trade policy potentially becomes increasingly dominated by environmental concerns we suggest that the future evolution of the trading system will likely be with environmentally motivated arrangements acting as an overlay on prevailing trade and financial arrangements in the wto and imf and eventually movement to linked global trade and environmental policy bargaining

decoupling and displaced emissions on swedish consumers chinese producers and policy to address the climate impact of consumption abstract new developments in consumption based emissions accounting suggest that the reductions claimed by wealthy environmentally progressive nations have often come at the expense of increased emissions elsewhere and thus net growth in global ghg concentrations this paper traces sweden s attempts to translate growing recognition of displaced emissions into national environmental policy drawing on multi sited ethnographic research and policy analysis in sweden and china we argue that while the logical implications of consumption based analyses point to the need to address production and consumption as an integrated system complex governance challenges and the political precariousness of these ideas have thus far limited policy to the reinvention of consumer awareness campaigns and an international extension of long standing ecological efficiency efforts we argue that consumption based emissions indicators justify more ambitious demand side policy response

an econometric analysis of emission allowance prices knowledge of the statistical distribution of the prices of emission allowances and their forecastability are crucial in constructing among other things purchasing and risk management strategies in the emissions constrained markets this paper analyzes the two emission permits markets co2 in europe and so2 in the us and investigates a model for dealing with the unique stylized facts of this type of data its effectiveness in terms of model fit and out of sample value at risk forecasting as compared to models commonly used in risk forecasting contexts is demonstrated

transaction costs in pollution markets an empirical study this paper studies a market in pol lution permits launched in los angeles in 1994 this tradable permit market has been projected to lead to substantial cost savings due to the flex ibility it provides firms in terms of compliance with environmental regulation this paper shows that transaction costs can play an important role in the initial years of the program the transac tion cost variables have been defined to include search costs and information costs these costs are significant in explaining non participation of some firms in the market the study also draws policy implications for the development of future emissions trading programs jel q28 q25

a fuzzy stochastic model for carbon price prediction under the effect of demand related policy in china s carbon market abstract the establishment of china s carbon market has an obvious policy oriented feature and the carbon price is easily affected by demand related policies within a compliance period as prior models cannot help with clear simulation of the volatility of carbon price in china this paper develops a fuzzy stochastic model to predict such price under the effect of demand related policy first we quantify corporate final profit obtained from carbon trading based on different free allowance policies to measure the actual allowance demand in the carbon market second based on such demand we add the fuzzy number in each parameter of a stochastic differential equation and then develop a fuzzy stochastic model that can help to analyse the effect of demand related policy on carbon price in the immature carbon market third by analysing the demand related policy formulated in the second developing phase of the shanghai environment and energy exchange from nov 17 in 2016 through our model we predict the price trend after each demand related policy publication experimental results reveal the accurate fitting effect of the developed model that can help to estimate the supply and demand in the carbon market and evaluate the effectiveness of current carbon trading policy as well further our model can provide a robust theoretical implication for both corporate carbon trading strategies and governmental regulations on carbon demand related policy

carbon emissions trading scheme exploration in china a multi agent based model abstract to develop a low carbon economy china launched seven pilot programs for carbon emissions trading cet in 2011 and plans to establish a nationwide cet mechanism in 2015 this paper formulated a multi agent based model to investigate the impacts of different cet designs in order to find the most appropriate one for china the proposed bottom up model includes all main economic agents in a general equilibrium framework the simulation results indicate that 1 cet would effectively reduce carbon emissions with a certain negative impact on the economy 2 as for allowance allocation the grandfathering rule is relatively moderate while the benchmarking rule is more aggressive 3 as for the carbon price when the price level in the secondary cet market is regulated to be around rmb 40 per metric ton a satisfactory emission mitigation effect can be obtained 4 the penalty rate is suggested to be carefully designed to balance the economy development and mitigation effect and 5 subsidy policy for energy technology improvement can effectively reduce carbon emissions without an additional negative impact on the economy the results also indicate that the proposed novel model is a promising tool for cet policy making and analyses

exploring the effect of cap and trade mechanism on firm s production planning and emission reduction strategy abstract cap and trade mechanism has a significant effect on firm s production and operation decisions and carbon emissions this study develops a mathematical model to examine the effect of cap and trade mechanism on firm s production planning and emission reduction strategy based on the model the firm s critical production planning decisions such as the optimal production quantity optimal allowance selling price and the maximum profit under the cap and trade mechanism are derived firstly then based on the cost benefit analysis the conditions under which the firm makes the optimal emission reduction strategy between buying carbon allowance from the carbon trading market and conducting low carbon processing are identified the result suggests that when the low carbon processing cost is greater than the potential opportunity benefit the firm is inclined to purchase carbon allowance from the carbon trading market and vice versa finally a numerical analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of relevant factors such as carbon quotas carbon emission rate low carbon processing cost and transaction cost on firm s production and operation decisions the results indicate that under the cap and trade mechanism the transaction cost has a positive effect on allowance selling price the firm s optimal production quantity and maximum profit is positively related to carbon quotas while negatively related to carbon emission rate and low carbon processing cost this research contributes to enrich related literature and knowledge with regard to carbon emissions reduction at the firm level and highlight the critical importance of cap and trade mechanism in reducing carbon emissions

carbon trading thickness and market efficiency abstract this note tests for the efficient market hypothesis emh in the market for co 2 emission allowances in phase i and phase ii of the european union emissions trading scheme eu ets as usually is the case in emerging and non competitive markets such as the eu ets trading often not occurs on a frequent basis this has adverse implications for both the gains from permit trade as well as biases the emh tests variance ratio tests are employed to adjust for the thin trading effect the results indicate that phase i the trial and learning period was inefficient whereas the first period under phase ii shows signs of restoring market efficiency

on the efficiency of the european carbon market new evidence from phase ii i examine in the period 2008 2011 the efficiency of four carbon dioxide co2 emission allowance futures traded in the intercontinental exchange ice to this end i assess the profitability of trading strategies based on simple technical analysis rules and naive forecasts the results from 2010 onwards are consistent with weak market efficiency in turn this finding suggests that the european carbon market is gradually attaining a state of maturity

an econometric analysis of global waste paper recovery and utilization the main purpose of this paper is to provide aneconometric analysis of the most importantdeterminants of inter country differences inwaste paper recovery and utilization rates byemploying pooled t

decoupling waste generation from economic growth a cge analysis of the swedish case abstract over the past decades we have seen the quantities of solid waste increase in close relation to economic growth to tackle this problem of continuing waste growth the eu has on its agenda that waste generation should decouple from economic growth within the eu in the future sweden also has stated a target of non increasing future waste quantities the strength of the policy measures needed to attain this target is here illustrated by comparing the waste intensity outcomes in a decoupling scenario and a baseline scenario of the swedish economy 2006 2030 a computable general equilibrium cge model is used for linking waste generation to firms material input firms production and households consumption when projecting future quantities of hazardous and non hazardous waste in sweden we show that to offset the effect of economic growth on waste generation in the decoupling scenario the intensities of material related wastes must decrease at a yearly rate that is about twice the historically estimated reduction rate used in the baseline scenario the reduction in the intensities of waste related to firms production and households consumption must also be substantial compared to historical estimates

paying for pollution permits and charges tradeable emission permits are becoming an increasingly important instrument for controlling emissions for a variety of reasons emission permits are often allocated gratis conferring a windfall gain on the first generation of permit holders this paper examines how a regulator may capture this rent four different methods of rent capture profit output and input charges and an emission permit rental charge are compared with respect to their effects on efficiency and the relative burden placed on cleaner and dirtier firms in addition to generating revenue for the regulator certain charges coupled with emission permits may result in a better instrument than permits alone

modeling co2 emission allowance prices and derivatives evidence from the european trading scheme this paper studies the three main markets for emission allowances within the european union emissions trading scheme eu ets powernext nord pool and european climate exchange ecx the analysis suggests that the prohibition of banking of emission allowances between distinct phases of the eu ets has significant implications in terms of futures pricing motivated by these findings we develop an empirically and theoretically valid framework for the pricing and hedging of intra phase and inter phase futures and options on futures respectively

troubled banks impaired foreign direct investment the role of relative access to credit during the 1980 s theories were developed to explain the striking correlation between real exchange rates and foreign direct investment fdi however this relationship broke down for japanese fdi in the 1990 s as the real exchange rate appreciated while fdi plummeted we propose the relative access to credit hypothesis and show that unequal access to credit by japanese firms contributes to the explanation of declining japanese fdi using bank level and firm level data sets we find that financial difficulties at banks were economically and statistically important in reducing the number of fdi projects by japanese firms into the united states jel g21 f36

research on the efficiency of carbon trading market in china abstract in 2014 china proposed medium and long term low carbon development goals in china u s joint statement on climate change that the emission of carbon dioxide would reach its peak and the proportion of non fossil energy accounted for the primary energy consumption would increase to 20 in 2030 in order to achieve these goals the unified carbon emission trading system should be put into effect by 2017 the implementation of the unified carbon emission trading system depends on the effectiveness of the current carbon trading market in china on the basis of the effective market theory and fair game model the unit root test and the run test are developed to analyze the carbon emission market of four representative cities in china the results show that 1 the carbon trading market in china has only achieved weak efficiency while the semi strong efficiency and the strong efficiency have not been reached 2 with the expansion of the market scale the increase of trading volume the carbon trading market would converge from the state of inefficiency to weak form efficiency gradually and the carbon trading market in china shows signs of restoring market efficiency

case study on initial allocation of shanghai carbon emission trading based on shapley value abstract carbon emission trading is an effective measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide china has publicized plans to initiate the demonstration of carbon emission trading in seven regions as of 2013 initial allocation is fundamental but it proposes difficulty in the mechanism design of the carbon emission trading system benchmark grandfathering and the shapley value have been employed to simulate a specific case which consists of the initial allocation of carbon emission allowances of three power plants in shanghai china the results of the shapley value are regarded as a theoretical equitable reference the results of benchmark are similar to those of the shapley value however it is apparent that the allocation regarding grandfathering is inequitable considering other factors we proposed the following at the introduction of experimental stage free allocation pertaining to grandfathering can be adopted meanwhile benchmark should be prepared and adopted at the appropriate time furthermore a portion of the initial allowances can be reserved for auction and this portion for auction will escalate to the extent of 100 upon entering the formal stage in addition the tiered price mechanism and the subsidy policy are also suggested

the impacts of liquidity dynamics on emissions allowances price different evidence from china s emissions trading pilots abstract the liquidities of china s emissions trading markets have significant impacts on emissions allowances price movement and pricing efficiency liquidity measures on illiquidity ratio and trade values indicate hubei emissions allowances hbea product has the highest liquidity shenzhen allowances sza and guangdong emissions allowances gdea products have the higher liquidity than beijing emissions allowances bea and shanghai emissions allowances shea products while tianjin emissions allowances tjea product has the lowest market liquidity in considered china s emissions trading pilots the dynamics of the illiquidity ratios for all selected emissions allowances products are negatively related with emissions allowances returns and trade volumes for bea tjea sza and hbea products are also negatively related with emissions allowances returns the dynamics of daily illiquidity ratios and trade based liquidity in beijing tianjin guangdong shenzhen hubei emissions pilots have significant volatility clustering impacts on the variances of regional emissions allowances returns previous market shocks of overnight and intraday price variations have the more persistent influences on the gdea returns than hbea returns reflecting greater inter day price ranges clustering effect

market efficiency in the european carbon markets in this paper we study the relationship between futures and spot prices in the european carbon markets from the cost of carry hypothesis the aim is to investigate the extent of efficiency market the three main european markets bluenext eex and ecx are analyzed during phase ii covering the period from march 13 2009 to january 17 2012 futures contracts are found to be cointegrated with spot prices and interest rates for several maturities in the three co2 markets results are similar when structural breaks are taken into account according to individual and joint tests the cost of carry model is rejected for all maturities and co2 markets implying that neither contract is priced according to the cost of carry model the absence of the cost of carry relationship can be interpreted as an indicator of market inefficiency and may bring arbitrage opportunities in the co2 market

financial and legal constraints to growth does firm size matter using a unique firm level survey database covering 54 countries we investigate the effect of financial legal and corruption problems on firms growth rates whether these factors constrain growth depends on firm size it is consistently the smallest firms that are most constrained financial and institutional development weakens the constraining effects of financial legal and corruption obstacles and it is again the small firms that benefit the most there is only a weak relation between firms perception of the quality of the courts in their country and firm growth we also provide evidence that the corruption of bank officials constrains firm growth

estimating the gravity model without gravity using panel data this article examines the effects of zero trade on the estimation of the gravity model using both simulated and real data with a panel structure which is different from the more conventional cross sectional structure we begin by showing that the usual log linear estimation method can result in highly deceptive inference when some observations are zero as an alternative approach we suggest using the poisson fixed effects estimator this approach eliminates the problems of zero trade controls for heterogeneity across countries and is shown to perform well in small samples

decomposing the decoupling of co2 emissions and economic growth in brazil abstract this paper examines the occurrence of a decoupling between the growth rates in economic activity and co 2 emissions from energy consumption in brazil from 2004 to 2009 this decoupling was highlighted when economic activity and co 2 emissions moved in opposite directions in 2009 more generally we observe several periods of relative decoupling in brazil but not to the extent witnessed in 2009 to identify the determinants of emissions change we develop a decomposition model based on a log mean divisia index lmdi framework the results indicate that the carbon intensity and energy mix are the main determinant of emissions reduction in brazil between 2004 and 2009 modifications in the economy structure are also associated to emission mitigation in the period such evidence demonstrates similarities with events of decoupling registered for the interval 1980 1994 in brazil finds from brazil differ from observations in other countries in which improvement in energy intensity has been the most common determinant of emissions reduction

input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the effects of sector aggregation abstract energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output analysis framework it is well known that both sector aggregation and spatial aggregation affect the results obtained in such studies with regard to the latter past studies are often conducted at the national level irrespective of country or economy size for a large economy with the needed data studies may be conducted at different levels of spatial aggregation we examine this problem analytically by extending the work of su et al su b huang h c ang b w zhou p 2010 input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the effects of sector aggregation energy economics 32 1 166 175 on sector aggregation we present a numerical example using the data of china and by dividing the country into eight regions it is found that the results are highly dependent on spatial aggregation our study shows that for a large country like china it is meaningful to look into the effect of spatial aggregation

financial development and the instability of open economies this paper introduces a framework for analyzing the role of financial factors as a source of instability in small open economies our basic model is a dynamic open economy model with a tradeable good produced with capital and a country specific factor we also assume that firms face credit constraints with the constraint being tighter at a lower level of financial development a basic implication of this model is that economies at an intermediate level of financial development are more unstable than either very developed or very underdeveloped economies this is true both in the sense that temporary shocks have large and persistent effects and also in the sense that these economies can exhibit cycles thus countries that are going through a phase of financial development may become more unstable in the short run similarly full capital account liberalization may destabilize the economy in economies at an intermediate level of financial development phases of growth with capital inflows are followed by collapse with capital outflows on the other hand foreign direct investment does not destabilize

trader types and volatility of emission allowance prices evidence from eu ets phase i abstract this paper studies the relation between the trading activity of market participants and the volatility of the european emission allowance price during phase i of the european union emission trading system eu ets we focus on the contrasting roles of different trader types we find evidence of a positive and significant trading activity volatility relation which appears to be stronger when accounting for trader type the positive relation can be mainly attributed to energy providers in contrast industrial companies seem to have traded more frequently when volatility levels were lower finally the non liable players represented by financial intermediaries appear to have acted as a flexible counterparty trading more with the energy sector when volatility was higher and more with the industrial firms when volatility was lower we discuss possible explanations for these contrasted positions understanding the trading activity volatility link is relevant for evaluating the efficiency of the eu ets although the relation is generally positive many players remained often inactive and traded mostly when volatility levels were lower policies targeting the engagement of less active players could lead to a smoother incorporation of information into prices and to an increase in market efficiency

foreign direct investment and external financing conditions evidence from normal and crisis times this paper investigates the effects that external financing conditions in source and destination countries have on foreign direct investment fdi in normal and crisis times using a difference in differences approach we find that source and destination countries financial development have a strong positive impact on the relative volume of fdi in financially vulnerable sectors in normal times on the other hand during the 2008 2010 global financial crisis the relative volume of fdi in financially vulnerable sectors fell relatively more in financially developed source and destination countries most notably if these countries experienced a credit crisis

material accounting in a macroeconomic framework forecast of waste generated in manufacturing industries in norway this paper analyses the generation of waste inproduction processes using a technique based onthe physical law of conservation of mass according to this law mass going into aproduction process must equal the mass comingout of the same process the paper uses thismass balance perspective to refine a previouslydeveloped technique for forecasting wastequantities a macroeconomic model predicts theuse of intermediate inputs and production inmonetary units and by multiplying thesevariables with weight conversion factors weestimate physical amounts going into and out ofproduction the difference between input andoutput the residual consists of discharges toland water and air we predict a growth in theresiduals from manufacturing industries of 74 from 1993 to 2010 this growth is partly explained by an anticipated growth in material intensity

how to improve the market efficiency of carbon trading a perspective of china abstract emissions trading scheme ets is one of the effective measures to realize energy conservation and emission reduction in order to set up a nationwide carbon emissions trading mechanism seven ets pilots have been launched in china firstly based on empirical investigation and research of seven pilots this paper analyzed the market efficiency of ets pilots from four aspects carbon price trading volume market liquidity and information transparency the result showed that the market efficiency of ets pilots is not satisfactory in spite of the fact that system designs of ets have achieved preliminary result then the reason for low market efficiency of ets pilots was discussed from some factors such as institutional arrangements market participants the supply and demand etc finally this paper puts forward some policy suggestions to improve the market efficiency of china s carbon trading market

futures trading with information asymmetry and otc predominance another look at the volume volatility relations in the european carbon markets this paper constitutes the first exercise of analysing the european carbon market efficiency from a double perspective combining both nature of execution venues screen vs otc trading and their volatility liquidity relations using a bivariate asymmetric gjr garch model we first document that otc exchange traded trading volume shows consistent bi uni directional granger causality to our volatility estimates consistent with greater responsiveness of the otc exchange traded market to changes in market wide idiosyncratic risks second we report significant contemporaneous and lagged positive causality of otc derivatives volume on spot futures volatility confirming that the sequential information arrival hypothesis siah applies third we find that the one way causality from otc to futures volumes is mainly driven by heterogeneous investor beliefs trading volume provides an indication on how private information is dispersed and held at different levels rather than proxying information signal itself after rejecting execution venues substitutability we advocate for systematic clearing and netting of otc positions through a unique clearing house and reporting rules to identify speculation in line with mifid art 59 proposals

factors influencing willingness to accept different waste management policies empirical evidence from the european union abstract improving waste management strategies with more collaborative participation and responsibility of different public and private agents is a matter of increasing concern for academia and policy makers based on data from 28 european countries the present study unlike other previous studies analyzing the influence of individual drivers for waste generation or recycling evaluates different options for waste management government based fair consumer and producer responsibility for this the influence of individual and socio demographic characteristics age gender education level and occupational status contextual variables rural or urban country of origin and the environmental awareness of 23 976 individuals are considered being a woman being well educated having a good job and living in a rural or small town increase the probability of being a fair consumer while men and people living in a large town are more willing to entrust this responsibility to firms the government based solution is only chosen by low educated people finally individuals with the highest environmental awareness and effort prefer to pay while those who are less environmentally conscious prefer government action the findings show that factors explaining individual acceptance of these different waste management policies wmp are essential for implementing proactive and preventive approaches to enhance responsibility and involvement of all stakeholder groups consumers firms and institutions