estimates of the returns to quality and coauthorship in economic academia salaries of academic economists are studied to determine if individuals receive differential returns to publishing articles of varying quality and to coauthored versus single authored articles estimates based on detailed data and a flexible nonlinear least squares procedure indicate that substantial returns to quality exist and that an individual s return from a coauthored paper with n authors is approximately 1 n times that of a single authored paper

formulating research policy on expert advice abstract national research assessments represent the principal policy used by countries with public university systems to improve the quality of their universities research they typically employ expert panels of local academics to assess journal quality and use such assessments to reward publications we propose a model of how experts assess quality and test this model using data from the recent australian assessment controlling for objective quality we show that experts cognitive biases dominate their assessments consequently such assessments exaggerate the quality of the experts research and understate that of their colleagues our model can explain 95 of the variation in assessments

professional achievements and gender differences among academic economists i introduction while the academic labor market for economists attracts a good deal of attention among its participants work on the differences in remuneration for economic research and other professional characteristics between men and women in academic institutions has been limited this paper tests for gender differences using data on grants and grant applications from the national science foundation ault rutman and stevenson 1979 addressing issues of academic placement found that the highest rated institution at which an academic economist will be employed is the institution of first employment willis and pieper 1991 found that women who received doctorates in economics in the 1970s had a somewhat higher rate of placement at doctoral degree granting institutions than men but that there was no difference in the rank of the institutions for these placements lower tier institutions must offer promotions to attract candidates moore et al 1983 reported that the rank of the department at which one earned the doctorate is critically important in determining initial academic placement hamermesh johnson and weisbrod 1982 found that for those at prestigious departments increases in citations lead to salary increases but that the department s rank was not inversely related to salary in his review of work by sociologists youn 1988 reported that the prestige of an academic institution was positively related to the research productivity of its scientists there are two competing hypotheses that might explain this result better departments select better scientists achievement model or better departments foster greater productivity ascription model empirical efforts to distinguish between these hypotheses have been mixed the research on salary differentials in academia has generally found that there are significant gender differences that widen during the careers of men and women 1 barbezat 1991 the most recent evidence suggests that salary differentials in the academic community may have diminished somewhat since the 1960s but still remain weiler 1990 separated the influence of the department s rank on salary by treating it in a separate equation and found that standard formulations underestimate the degree of salary discrimination although important salary is not the only measure of achievement in academe promotion to a higher rank employment in key departments and the production of well placed articles all help determine an economist s influence in the profession but despite the dramatic increase in the percentage of women receiving the ph d during the past two decades the number of senior women at graduate institutions is still very low 2 to what extent does gender bias exist in economics departments as measured not only by salary but also by other achievements such as the likelihood of achieving a senior position or being employed by a top department is there a difference in the experiences of the younger cohorts compared to their more senior counterparts this paper attempts to answer these important questions by 1 taking into account the endogeneity of the variables that are usually treated as exogenous in models of salary determination and thereby broadening the characteristics that traditionally reflect discrimination and 2 using a new detailed data base developed from the national science foundation the results of this more complete model in which salary as well as other measures of professional achievement are explained show significant differences between men and women at the more senior level at the assistant professor level although the signs of the gender coefficients are consistent with a discrimination hypothesis the results are not statistically significant ii the model single equations using the techniques developed by oaxaca 1973 and blinder 1973 have long been used to estimate gender salary differentials in academia with productivity measures such as books and articles published administrative experience etc

citations and incentives in academic contests i consider a contest between scholars on the basis of three popular indices of citation there exist equilibria in which there are more and better quality papers in the total citations contest than in the h index contest in some cases the total citations contest yields the same quality of papers but more papers than the euclidean contest as the cost of writing a paper increases the h index is inferior to the total citations index in both the quality and quantity of papers this result is partly driven by how the number of papers constrains how the h index counts citations jel d72

two to tango gender differences in the decisions to publish and coauthor i introduction there is a well developed mythology regarding the presence of old boy networks and their importance in explaining gender differences in labor market outcomes as articulated by saloner 1985 nonetheless aside from works such as simon and warner 1992 there is relatively little empirical evidence examining the impact of networks on market outcomes how these effects differ by gender and whether gender differences in network access change over time as women become more well represented in a profession the paucity of empirical evidence arises in part from the difficulty of measuring the presence of such networks prior work including that of saint paul 2001 and erickson and jacoby 2003 has found evidence that networks facilitate the adoption of team oriented work practices and information sharing that increase average worker productivity in management and professional jobs on the other hand studies such as that by marmaros and sacerdote 2002 have also found that women have less access to networks than their male counterparts in both private and public sector jobs which has been shown to yield gender differences in job placement and other labor market outcomes this article considers how gender differences in networks are manifested in a specific male dominated profession i e academic economists and in a specific work related outcome i e the decision to coauthor articles in which access to networks is likely to be important the analysis uses uniquely detailed individual and job level data for phd economists included in nearly four decades of american economic association aea membership to examine the role of networks on the joint decision to publish and coauthor the unique matching process of phd economists between academic and nonacademic jobs and within the hierarchy of academic departments along with the relative ease of observing joint research provide a rare opportunity to distinguish differential network access and measure joint production the results demonstrate the importance of networks in the production of research output and that new female entrants into a male dominated profession do not have equal access to these professional networks the results also provide evidence that women are able to plug into networks over time as the profession becomes more gender representative our study contributes to the literature on the role of networks in the labor market in several ways first the profession of academic economist is well suited to this study because it is made up of workers who produce a relatively homogenous output i e scholarly journal articles and that share a common set of job related tasks i e teaching research and service second the incidence of coauthorship is an observable outcome measure of network utilization a phenomenon inherently difficult to measure in the tradition of the business productivity literature as found in sabel 1993 third there is extensive evidence in the literature that journal publications are positively linked to academic salaries as found in siegfried and white 1973 and sauer 1988 that the propensity to coauthor is positively associated with publication output as in as found in durden and perri 1995 and maske et al 2003 that there are gender differences in tendencies to coauthor as shown by ferber and teiman 1980 and mcdowell and smith 1992 and that there are gender differences in professional outcomes such as publications salary and promotion as seen in mcdowell 1982 hansen et al 1978 formby et al 1993 and broder 1993 cumulatively these studies suggest that understanding the determinants of coauthorship is important for evaluating the sources and the extent of gender inequity in the profession prior work on coauthorship behavior has analyzed patterns over time and across disciplines several studies including hudson 1996 mcdowell and melvin 1983 and barnett et al

on measuring child costs with applications to poor countries the theoretical basis for measuring child costs is discussed and detailed consideration is given to two straightforward procedures for calculation engel s food share method and rothbarth s adult good method each of these methods embodies different definitions of child costs so that the same empirical evidence can generate quite different estimates depending on the method used it is shown that true costs are generally overstated by engel s method and understated by rothbarth s procedure although the latter unlike the former can provide a sensible starting point for cost measurement our estimates from sri lankan and indonesian data suggest that children cost their parents about 30 40 percent of what they spend on themselves

the influence of household composition on household expenditure patterns theory and spanish evidence a concept of demographic separability is proposed that formalizes the notion that there are groups of goods adult goods that have little or no relationship to specific classes of household demographics the numbers or ages of children that there exist adult goods demographically separable from children is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the validity of rothbarth s method for measuring child costs we propose two different methods for testing demographic separability and present results from a 1981 survey of spain the econometric evidence is in fair agreement with the theoretical presuppositions

trends in rankings of economics departments in the u s an update economics departments in the u s are ranked based on 1 the number of pages published in thirty six economics journals 2 publications in five of the top journals 3 output per faculty member and 4 an index of the concentration of research in a department evidence shows that the top twenty departments have generally retained their positions since the 1970s but rather large changes have occurred in departments ranked from 240 to 100 an economists hall of fame is developed listing the top fifty individual producers of research in the thirty six journal set and the top five journals

revenue decentralization and inflation a re evaluation abstract a problematic feature of the existing empirical literature on the relationship between revenue decentralization rd and inflation is the use of inaccurate measures for rd using a newly constructed measure for rd that accounts for over time changes in sub national tax autonomy this paper finds that rd leads to lower inflation

do economics departments search optimally in faculty recruiting i introduction when an economics department decides to recruit new faculty it must decide in which fields to conduct the search casual observation suggests that the scope of recruiting searches varies widely with some departments searching primarily in a narrow subfield and others searching in several general or even all fields it is generally recognized that the very top departments tend to engage in very wide best athlete searches among departments that engage in narrower searches on the other hand it is not uncommon to hear complaints ex post that the search should have been broader is it therefore the case that these departments are making a suboptimal choice to search narrowly it would seem however that economic departments more so than other departments should be making economically rational decisions when choosing search scope 1 in this article we develop a simple model of how economics departments can optimally choose search scope in faculty recruiting we show that the optimal search scope is increasing in the quality rank of the department we use postings in job openings for economists joe to estimate the relationship between department rank and search scope and find that higher ranked departments engage in broader searches than lower ranked departments the relationship is robust to the exclusion of the top ranked departments from the sample because there is some debate about how well various department rankings reflect true department quality we instrument a reputation based ranking with a publication based ranking to correct for measurement error we find that a 10 place difference in department ranking is associated with 3 5 4 8 more journal of economic literature jel subfields in a position announcement ii the model we consider a simple model of a department s choice of the number of fields to search and show that the optimal number of fields searched is increasing in department quality other work on employer search has noted the benefits to some employers of broadening the applicant pool much like our finding that departments with higher quality standards will search more broadly barron et al 1985 show that employers will search over more candidates and or more intensively if the education requirements for the position are high barron et al 1997 argue that there is greater variation in productivity at higher levels of human capital therefore it is optimal for employers searching for workers with more formal education to spend more on search lang 1991 shows that employers for whom a job vacancy is the most costly will offer a higher wage therefore increasing the number of prospective applicants because the need to decide ex ante the fields to advertise in joe largely precludes the use of sequential search methods our model is essentially a fixed sample size search problem a key feature of our model is that each department has a quality cut off that reflects the department s ranking higher ranked departments will have higher quality cut offs applications below this cut off are thrown out without cost and applications above the cut off are reviewed more extensively with some positive cost 2 therefore if a high ranked department with a high quality cutoff searches narrowly it may not receive any applications above its cut off in addition because the higher ranked department can ignore most applications without cost the cost involved in expanding the search to other fields is lower than those incurred by lower ranked departments with lower cut offs these two effects will be important in explaining why a higher ranked department is better off expanding its search to more fields to formalize the model there are i 1 m fields in which a department can conduct its search each field searched by the department produces one applicant whose quality q sub i is a random draw from a uniform distribution on support 0 1

revenue decentralization and income distribution abstract due to varying local revenue collection capacities and interest group activities revenue decentralization rd may lead to increased inequality this paper provides empirical evidence however that if coupled with good governance rd could improve income distribution

further evidence on revenue decentralization and inflation abstract results from a panel regression study of 19 oecd member countries suggest that when the measure of revenue decentralization is limited to the revenues over which sub national governments have full autonomy its impact on inflation is not statistically significant

is it better to be a boy a disaggregated outlay equivalent analysis of gender bias in papua new guinea the demographic evidence of gender bias in many countries has provided an impetus for finding ways to study the status of women in developing countries because of the lack of accurate intra household data deaton 1989 introduced a method for using household expenditure data to infer discrimination in the allocation of goods between boys and girls few studies of discrimination using the method however have detected bias even though alternative indicators suggest it is a serious problem in this paper we study the case of papua new guinea a country in which there are many indicators of severe gender bias discrimination in the allocation of goods between boys and girls within households in papua new guinea is examined using deaton s outlay equivalent ratio method adding a boy to the household reduces expenditure on adult goods by as much as would a nine tenths reduction in total outlay per member but girls have no effect on adult goods expenditure the hypothesis of haddad and reardon 1993 that

productivity health and inequality in the intrahousehold distribution of food in low income countries a model is formulated incorporating linkages among nutrition labor market productivity health heterogeneity and the intrahousehold distribution of food and work activities in a subsistence economy empirical results based on a sample of households from bangladesh indicate that despite considerable intrahousehold disparities in calorie consumption households are averse to inequality furthermore consistent with the model the results also indicate that both the higher level and greater variance in the calories consumed by men relative to women reflect in part the greater participation by men in activities in which productivity is sensitive to health status copyright 1990 by american economic association

reconsidering gender bias in intrahousehold allocation in india abstract finding evidence of gender discrimination among children in the intrahousehold allocation of goods has often proven to be difficult this article uses data on education expenditures in india to test whether data aggregation data reliability and the statistical method used help explain this pattern results suggest that discrimination against girls is increasing in age and robust to the statistical method and the expenditure measure at the all india level although state level results are more sensitive i find that data aggregation and statistical method are important factors in detecting gender bias while data reliability does not seem to play a major role

what s an economics seminar worth information authors and organizers should know es de lille abstract this paper is an empirical study of the publication records of communications to a weekly seminar continued from 1997 we look at the quality of publications and also at the determinants of publications our results offer lessons for both presenters and organizers of research seminars in academia

can mentoring help female assistant professors interim results from a randomized trial while much has been written about the potential benefits of mentoring in academia very little research documents its effectiveness we present data from a randomized controlled trial of a mentoring program for female economists organized by the committee for the status of women in the economics profession and sponsored by the national science foundation and the american economics association to our knowledge this is the first randomized trial of a mentoring program in academia we evaluate the performance of three cohorts of participants and randomly assigned controls from 2004 2006 and 2008 this paper presents an interim assessment of the program s effects our results suggest that mentoring works after five years the 2004 treatment group averaged 4 more nsf or nih grants and 3 additional publications and were 25 percentage points more likely to have a top tier publication there are significant but smaller effects at three years post treatment for the 2004 and 2006 cohorts combined while it is too early to assess the ultimate effects of mentoring on the academic careers of program participants the results suggest that this type of mentoring may be one way to help women advance in the economics profession and by extension in other male dominated academic fields this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

the influence of economics on antitrust law economists today play prominent roles in formulating antitrust policy and litigating antitrust cases this paper explains why economics influences antitrust law and describes how economic theories enter and shape the antitrust system antitrust policy and doctrine change over time in response to developments in economic theory and the decentralization of the antitrust adjudication system and the wide latitude accorded judges in interpreting antitrust statutes ensure that legal rules will reflect advances in the economic literature concerning the appropriate content of standards governing business conduct i introduction twenty five years ago george stigler 1976 asked whether economists matter in the formulation of public policy a century of experience with the federal antitrust laws indicates that they do whereas assessments of their impact vary most observers regard economists as important participants in the antitrust system eisner 1991 emphasizes the modern imprint of chicago school economic perspectives upon antitrust enforcement and litigation rowe 1984 and hovenkamp 1989 show that economists and economic theory have influenced antitrust doctrine and policy throughout the period since the passage of the sherman act as a rough contemporary market test one can simply note the expanding number of economic consulting firms for whom antitrust counselling and litigation are staples of the practice 1 this allocation of society s resources is a reliable sign that economic analysis is significant in the prosecution and adjudication of antitrust cases this paper suggests why economists and economic learning matter to antitrust policy and describes how the work of economists affects antitrust litigation the discussion is divided into four parts the first identifies features of the antitrust system that permit or require economic ideas to be taken seriously the second part considers how antitrust relevant economic ideas are generated and absorbed into the antitrust system the third part examines factors that determine how deeply economic ideas influence antitrust adjudication the paper concludes by discussing how economics will influence the antitrust system in the sherman act s second century ii the openness of the antitrust system to economic ideas economic analysis influences antitrust litigation because the federal antitrust system is unusually permeable this permeability is the result of three important features of the antitrust system the first is the wide range of analytical criteria that courts are permitted to consider in resolving antitrust disputes federal judges play a central role in determining the content of the antitrust statutes outcomes under the sherman act depend crucially upon the construction of ambiguous terms such as conspiracy in restraint of trade and monopolize as salop and white 1988 37 point out the decision to cast the statutes in general terms has given judges substantial discretion to determine litigation outcomes by defining the content of the statutes operative terms in conferring this interpretive role upon the federal courts congress has allowed judges to devise standards of conduct at least in part by reference to the likely economic effects of various forms of business behavior despite sharp disagreement over the weight congress meant to accord productive and allocative efficiency as judicial decision making criteria 2 few scholars seriously argue that congress intended that courts treat such concerns as irrelevant economists would play a far less important part in antitrust adjudication if congress had precluded judicial consideration of efficiency in implementing statutory commands the open ended language and indeterminate goals of the antitrust statutes allow economists to affect adjudication and rule formulation to a degree unattainable under most other federal regulatory schemes

grading journals in economics the abcs of the abdc many institutions and governments grade academic journals for the evaluation of research in this paper we implement a multi bibliometric methodology for the evaluation of such a list of journal grades we examine the grades assigned by the australian business deans council abdc for over 750 journals in the fields of economics and statistics firstly we generate up to 48 bibliometric based grades for each journal based on the grade distribution implied by the abdc secondly we categorize the bibliometrics employing a cluster analysis of an interrater agreement statistic thirdly we present a visualization of the consistency of the grading by journal finally we list those journals where the majority of the matched bibliometrics indicate a higher or lower grade than their abdc grade

the review process in economics is it too fast rewards for publications in good economics journals are very high and submission fees and other monetary costs associated with submitting an existing manuscript are low consequently the editorial delay especially the first response time the time until the first editorial decision by postponing monetary rewards to publication constitutes the major submission cost from the author s perspective reducing the delay will induce many additional submissions of low quality papers to good journals increasing significantly the workload of editors and referees moreover the rejection rate will increase and cause papers to be rejected more times before publication offsetting at least some of the shorter first response times as a result the efforts of many editors to reduce the editorial delay although attracting more submissions to their journals may have adverse effects from a social perspective and the optimal delay might be longer than the current average of four months

fiscal decentralization central bank independence and inflation abstract we develop earlier cross sectional studies of inflation rates by adding the degree of tax centralization as another explanatory variable this makes central bank independence perform appreciably better as an explanatory variable also we find that centralized countries have higher inflation

do women shy away from competition do men compete too much we examine whether men and women of the same ability differ in their selection into a competitive environment participants in a laboratory experiment solve a real task first under a noncompetitive piece rate and then a competitive tournament incentive scheme although there are no gender differences in performance men select the tournament twice as much as women when choosing their compensation scheme for the next performance while 73 percent of the men select the tournament only 35 percent of the women make this choice this gender gap in tournament entry is not explained by performance and factors such as risk and feedback aversion only playa negligible role instead the tournament entry gap is driven by men being more overconfident and by gender differences in preferences for performing in a competition the result is that women shy away from competition and men embrace it

looking for boy girl discrimination in household expenditure data the ability to test for discrimination in the allocation of goods between boys and girls is hampered by a lack of data on intrahousehold distribution the analysis presented here allows inferences about intrahousehold allocation to be made from householdlevel expenditure data for a given level of income families with children will spend less on adult goods in order to purchase children s goods if household purchasing favors boys over girls smaller expenditures on adult goods would be made by families with boys as compared with those with girls a method for determining adult goods is described and the procedure for detecting gender bias is applied to data from c6te d lvoire and thailand the data show no evidence of discriminatio n between boys and girls in c6te d lvoire and a small and statistically insignificant bias in favor of boys in thailand how commodities are allocated among the members of a household has recently occasioned a good deal of interest assessments of poverty and income distribution based on household incomes or expenditures will be misleading if allocation within the household is unequal the position of women and girls has been of particular concern and there is a considerable amount of empirical evidence much of it from the indian subcontinent that documents discrimination against females see in particular bhagwati 1973 sen 1984 sen and sengupta 1983 miller 1981 bardhan 1982 and kynch and sen 1983 as well as survey papers by behrman 1987 and harriss 1987 much of the evidence is concerned with measurements of nutritional outcomes mortality and health status rather than with the direct allocation of goods by gender the difficulty in trying to determine the intrahousehold allocation of goods is that household budget surveys the obvious source of data record consumption not of individuals but of households and while attempts can be made to the author is a professor of public affairs and of economics and international affairs at princeton university and is a consultant to the population and human resources department of the world bank the author thanks dwayne benjamin who provided for excellent research assistance he is grateful to him and to members of the economic growth center at yale university for helpful comments this is a revised and shortened version of living standards measurement study working paper 39 the allocation of goods within the household adults children and gender june 1987 the results from thailand were not included in the working paper 1989 the international bank for reconstruction and development the world bank

how do journal quality co authorship and author order affect agricultural economists salaries utilizing an original data set containing annual salaries and peer reviewed publication histories for 326 faculty members from top ranked ph d granting programs we examine the labor market for academic agricultural economists the results suggest that higher quality publications have a greater impact on annual earnings that sole authored articles have a higher return than multi authored articles and that no wage premium exists for being the lead author of a non alphabetic article

the family gap for young women in the united states and britain can maternity leave make a difference in the united states and britain there is a family gap between the wages of mothers and other women differential returns to marital and parental status explain 40 50 of the gender gap another 30 40 is explained by women s lower levels of work experience and lower returns to experience taking advantage of quasi experiments in job protected maternity leave in the united states and britain this article finds that women who had leave coverage and returned to work after childbirth received a wage premium that offset the negative wage effects of children

reputation and earnings the roles of quality and quantity in academe we examine the determinants of professional reputation does quantity of exposures raise reputation independent of quality does quality of the most important exposure have extra effects on reputation in a very large sample of academic economists there is little evidence that a scholar s most influential work provides any extra enhancement of reputation quality rankings matter more than absolute quality quantity has a zero or even negative effect on proxies for reputation data on salaries however show positive effects of quantity independent of quality we test explanations for the differences between the determinants of reputation and salary jel l14 j31

women in economics moving up or falling off the academic career ladder copyright 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 by the american economic association

scholarships citations and salaries economic rewards in economics while substantial attention has been paid to the determinants of academics earnings 5 7 8 14 15 this literature has by implication suggested that the mere fact of having spent more time in the profession and the publication of more scholarly articles and books are the major determinants of salary differences our purpose here is to introduce a new determinant the quality of one s scholarly research measured by the frequency of references to that work as an additional objective measure of productivity we expect that this proxy for the extent of a scholar s influence on the work of other researchers is rewarded by the market in addition to giving a more complete picture of the determination of salaries in academic labor markets our approach should be useful in establishing a better framework for the evaluation of issues of discrimination in such markets than has been presented before 2 9

recognition for group work gender differences in academia abstract how is credit for group work allocated when individual contributions are not observed i use data on academics publication records to test whether demographic traits like gender influence how credit is allocated under such uncertainty while solo authored papers send a clear signal about ability coauthored papers are noisy providing no specific information about each contributor s skills i find that men are tenured at roughly the same rate regardless of coauthoring choices women however are less likely to receive tenure the more they coauthor the result is much less pronounced among women who coauthor with other women

gender and promotion in the economics profession the authors use unique panel data on american economic association members to test for gender differences in promotion in a profession with a well defined promotion and job hierarchy and in which men and women exhibit similar labor market attachment the results suggest that over the period from the 1960s through the early 1980s female economists had lower levels of professional attainment and career advancement than did their male colleagues with similar attributes these gender differences remain in evidence despite controls for unobserved heterogeneity and self selection between academic and non academic jobs there is evidence however that promotion prospects for female economists significantly improved during the 1980s not only at all ranks but also within both ph d granting institutions and non ph d granting institutions in fact the results reveal no unexplained gender specific differences in promotion by the end of the 1980s

collaboration incentives endogenous selection into single and coauthorships by surname initial in economics and management many prior studies suggest that default alphabetical ordering of coauthors in economicsconfers disproportionate professional advantages on those with an early surname initialbecause of the greater prominence it gives to the first author however these studies do notconsider that authors select into coauthorships according to the incentives identified wedevelop a model of endogenous selection into single and coauthorships around the principlethat no one wants to be second author when they expect to provide the larger contribution i e are of higher quality we test it with authorship data from economics with man agement which does not use default alphabetical ordering as a benchmark we predict foreconomics that lower quality authors with an early surname initial would be less desirablecoauthors whereas higher quality authors with a late initial would have a lower desire tocoauthor most desired are early initial authors of high quality who are therefore advan taged in forming high quality collaborations the combined effect predicts citation rankincreases with surname initial for single authored papers and decreases for coauthored we find both effects for economics when compared to management and absolutely ourfindings indicate that part of the advantage enjoyed by early surname initial authors in eco nomics could be due to the higher ability among them having more incentive compatiblecollaborators rather than merely to greater prominence

academic wage structure by gender the roles of peer review performance and market forces we focus on understanding the role of productivity in determining wage structure differences between men and women in academia the data arise from a pay equity study carried out in a single midwestern u s university over the 1996 1997 academic year econometric results confirm that external market forces exert influence over both male and female salary but peer review ratings play a significant role in male but not female earnings determination with similar results for objective measures of research teaching and service

the slowdown in first response times of economics journals can it be beneficial the first response time henceforth frt of economics journals has increased over the last four decades from 1 2 months to 3 6 months the optimal frt however is not zero because the frt deters submission of mediocre papers to good journals and consequently saves valuable time of referees and editors the change in the actual frt is in the same direction as the change in the optimal frt which has increased because of the availability of research on the internet prior to publication and because the costs of refereeing a paper have increased

gender and the consulting academic economist we surveyed academic economists on their experiences and perceptions of legal consulting nearly two thirds have consulting experience and 40 have consulted within the last 5 years base hourly rates average 244 with a median of 200 women are less likely than men to have served as consultants and charge lower rates than comparable men but there are few differences by gender in willingness to consult women report substantially more negative bias and are less likely to consult in complex cases or to have a high profile role in litigation jel j44 j71 k41

the impact of student debt on education career and marriage choices of female lawyers abstract we develop and estimate a dynamic model to study the impact of student debt on education career and marriage market choices of young female lawyers our model accounts for several important institutional features of the labor market for lawyers including differences in the work hours across occupational tracks and learning about the prospects of promotion to partner some female students need to take on large amounts of student debt to finance their education and hence start their careers with large amounts of negative wealth the empirical findings suggest that student debt has negative effects on marriage prospects career prospects and investments in educational quality of female lawyers the analysis also provides new insights into the design of public policies that aim to increase public sector employment we show that it is possible to design conditional wage or debt service subsidy programs that significantly increase public sector career choices at reasonable costs

moving out to move up dual career migration and work family tradeoffs using data from a survey of new entrants to the junior phd job market in economics this paper shows that dual career location problems compromise the personal and professional lives of early career phds contrary to the common assumption that couples who do not live together break up we find that living apart is a viable solution to location problems in the first year after graduate school surprisingly phds facing moderate location problems are more likely than those facing severe location problems to make career sacrifices on behalf of their relationship phds facing severe location problems are more likely to live apart jel j12 j44 a11

does raiding explain the negative returns to faculty seniority i introduction economists have studied various aspects of faculty mobility research shows that turnover is greater among nonunion faculty rees 1994 female faculty average slightly more employers than male faculty barbezat and hughes 2001 ginther and kahn 2004 1 the responsiveness of turnover to relative pay diminishes with rank ehrenberg kasper and rees 1991 and research productivity enhances prospects for upward mobility ault rutman and stevenson 1979 1982 coupe smeets and warzynski 2005 still questions remain unanswered where do faculty go when they leave a university how does faculty turnover vary with time at a university what percentage of faculty move upward and what percentage move downward because of tenure denials or the prospect of being turned down for tenure the present article contributes to our understanding of these issues but its primary objective was to use data on faculty mobility to provide insights on another issue returns to academic seniority the negative returns to seniority that many studies find are commonly attributed to one of two factors 2 the first view is that negative returns reflect monopsony power on the part of universities faculty with high mobility costs acquire high seniority and because they are unlikely to move they are paid less than equally productive faculty that employers view as more likely to leave a competing explanation is that highly productive faculty are raided according to this story returns to seniority are biased negatively because faculty with high seniority tend to have low unmeasured productivity the best faculty are bid away moving on to better jobs those who remain are the faculty without outside offers and the negative returns estimated for senior faculty actually reflect a penalty for low unmeasured productivity rather than a true penalty for seniority the raiding story has several implications first estimated returns to seniority should become less negative the more fully the productivity is measured second estimated returns should be less negative once we control for faculty who are bid away finally and of particular importance estimated returns to seniority should not be negative for faculty who are bid away the faculty for whom unmeasured productivity is presumably high with the right data set these hypotheses can be tested rejection of the raiding hypothesis would provide tacit evidence of monoposony in academic markets 3 this article contributes to the literature in several ways it is the first research to directly test the raiding hypothesis it provides a detailed look at faculty mobility in one segment of the academic labor market it extends and improves bratsberg ragan and warren 2003 in the following ways it expands the sample to cover three decades of faculty pay records it includes additional controls for productivity number and types of books recent and prospective articles and so forth resulting in the most complete specification of research productivity to date and it allows for heterogeneity in the seniority penalty via phd pedigree and direction of move finally it tests for the possibility that the academic job market does a better job of matching faculty and universities in recent years as might be expected because of the information revolution the sample consists of five public phd granting universities in the midwest we track all tenure track economics faculty employed in these universities over a 30 yr period we measure their productivity their pay and their mobility as such the study provides a rich and detailed investigation of one subset of economics programs it is possible that mobility may be greater in urban areas where faculty can more readily obtain alternative employment without relocating and prior research indicates that pay structures depend on the university s stature and its relative emphasis on research and teaching

fiscal decentralization central bank independence and inflation a panel investigation we reinvestigate the relationship between revenue decentralization rd central bank independence cbi and inflation by modifying the paper by eco 72 2001 95 we show that in contrast to the earlier findings rd has a negative impact on inflation if accompanied by both cbi and local accountability in low inflation countries however rd has a negative impact on inflation even without these additional factors though cbi accentuates this effect

reputational capital and academic pay geoffrey k turnbull i introduction economists continue to have a strong interest in academic labor markets as the steady stream of earnings studies over the past several decades readily attests the academic labor market draws the attention of economists not only because it is a topic of direct personal interest but also because it presents an opportunity to examine general theories of labor markets in a context with which the researcher has intimate experience nonetheless important questions about how the market values research teaching and service remain unanswered to what extent does the market reward quality versus quantity of published research or team production in the form of co authorship furthermore how durable is reputational capital for individuals whose research productivity diminishes during their career ultimately these questions relate in one way or another to the nature of the incentive structure faced by academic economists we provide new evidence concerning the role of research quality co authorship administrative service and teaching performance in the production of reputational capital in addition we explore the question of the durability of reputational capital once some of these activities cease we assume that the quantity and quality of published research largely determines an individual s reputational capital in the external market to help us sort out the separate effects on reputational capital of both the quality and quantity of research activity we measure research quality by both journal quality and career citations employing an interactive quantity quality term a related question concerns the role of team production in building an individual s reputational capital do individuals receive differential returns to publishing single authored versus co authored research papers this is an interesting question in light of the substantial increase in co authorship over the last few decades 1 one explanation of this trend is that the academic market has presented scholars with increasing opportunities for specialization in the production of knowledge and that team production involves the combination of complementary skilled researchers if team production reflects complementarities in the production of research we should observe little difference in the returns to single versus co authored work another explanation is that co authorship involves the combination of substitute skilled researchers so that co authorship presents a way for individuals to reduce their research efforts without reducing their individual measured research output to the extent that co authorshi p represents such substitution the market should fully discount the returns to multiple authored papers in this article we also move beyond identifying the factors that enhance an individual s reputation in the market to study the question of the durability of reputational capital some individuals quit publishing once they are tenured or promoted while others experience lengthy but temporary breaks in their flow of research output we examine the potential penalties associated with gaps in research output providing the first empirical evidence concerning the durability of reputational capital for academic economists in order to ensure that our analysis deals with these issues in a way that is most relevant to a large portion of the market for academic economists we use data from several research universities but restrict the sample frame to a single discipline economics much of the previous work estimating how publications or other factors affect academic salaries typically use data from a single university with earnings equations estimated across disciplines restricting the sample to a single discipline has the additional advantage of reducing potential heterogeneity problems associated with measuring productivity across disciplines in addition our data enable us more thoroughly to explore the empirical issues in the debate since they permit more precise measures of the past and current productivity of individuals engaged in comparable work

the effect of central bank independence on inflation in developing countries abstract ismihan and ozkan ismihan m ozkan f g 2004 does central bank independence lower inflation economics letters 84 305 309 provide theoretical support for prior studies empirical findings of positive or no significant relationship between central bank independence cbi and average inflation performance the present paper argues that these findings are spurious because the studies use an econometric methodology that does not account for the measurement error in their proxies for cbi this paper employs an econometric methodology that does account for this measurement error and finds a strong negative relationship between cbi and inflation even though the sample is limited to developing countries

the relative impacts of economics journals 1970 1990 our data collection and database assembly efforts were assisted by john p sophocleus mark gwartney michele butler and scott ralston we received extremely valuable computer programming assistance from jon brunson and edward novak constructive comments were receivedfrom two anonymous reviewers financial supportfrom the faculty development committee at salisbury state university is gratefully acknowledged

how serious is the neglect of intrahousehold inequality in this report the authors develop a framework for assessing the consequences of ignoring intrahousehold inequality in the measurement and analysis of poverty and inequality they apply this framework to data for the philippines and conclude that 1 the result of neglecting intrahousehold inequality will probably be considerable understatement of the levels of poverty and inequality with the philippine data measured levels of inequality and poverty were off 30 percent as a result of ignoring intrahousehold variation and 2 patterns of inequality revealed by household level data are somewhat different from patterns revealed by individual level data but the differences seem not to be dramatic to confirm these results the exercise should be repeated with data from other countries

english proficiency and labor market performance evidence from the economics profession this article investigates whether the global spread of the english language provides an inherent advantage to native english speakers this question is studied within the context of the economics profession where the impact of being a native english speaker on future publishing success is examined english speakers may have an advantage because they are writing in their native language the quality of writing is a crucial determinant of publishing success and all the top economics journals are published in english using a ranking of the world s top 2 5 of economists this article confirms that native english speakers are ranked 100 spots higher better than similar non native english speakers a variety of extensions examine and dispel many other potential explanations jel a11 j44 f66

the determinants of econometric society fellows elections we study the results of elections of fellows of the econometric society we aremotivated largely by the question of whether these elections are fair where our de ni tion of fairness is that votes are based solely on the quality of the candidates if so thenconditional on quality other characteristics of the candidates such as geographic locationor subspecialty should not in uence the probability of election we nd that conditionalon a number of measures of the quality of the candidates other characteristics do sig ni cantly predict election for example an australian econometrician is less likely to beelected than a north america based economic theorist this is true whether or not wecontrol for quality measures one might object that even fully informed individuals may differ in their assessment ofquality and that neither the voters nor the authors of this study are fully informed aboutcandidates quality this is true in any study of the impact of ascriptive characteristics onoutcomes we discuss various interpretations of our ndings in the conclusion but readersmust draw their own conclusions about what the results imply about the roles of qualityand fairness in this electoral process 1 the electoral institutionmost members of the economics profession consider election as a fellow as an honor it recognizes prior professional achievements within what are the more technical areasof economics there are roughly 500 living fellows names are placed on the ballot inone of two ways i by the nominating committee of the society or ii by petition ofat least three members who need not be but usually are current fellows the ballotcontains the candidate s name and current af liation a list of at most six publications ashort statement of the candidate s contribution to economics and an indication of whetherthe nomination was by committee or by endorsers and if the latter from 1990 through2000 the names of all the endorsers the ballot deadline is april 30 the electorate dues paying current fellows receive the ballot in early autumn alongwith the nomination form for each candidate mark their ballots and return them tothe society s of ce results are announced in december names on the ballot are inalphabetical order with a different starting point in each annual election voters checkthe names of individuals whom they wish to be elected a candidate is elected who isapproved on at least 30 percent of the ballots returned typically about half the eligiblefellows cast votes losing candidates can be nominated in later years by either of thetwo methods but the process must be undertaken de novo

are there gender differences in the job mobility patterns of academic economists labor economic theory posits that job mobil ity should affect worker salaries the degree to which this holds for academic faculty has received considerable attention prior empirical studies have estimated log wage regressions that control for both years of total work experience and years of seniority at the current institution in an effort to determine whether negative returns to seniority exist in academic labor markets for example bernt bratsberg james ragan and jim warren 2003 and william moore robert turnbull and geoffrey newman 1998 for aca demic economists michael ransom 1993 kevin hallock 1995 and emily hoffman 1976 for specific institutions debra a barbezat and michael r donihue 1998 and barbezat 1989 for

differences in citation patterns across journal tiers the case of economics we study how citation patterns differ between journal tiers in economics concretely we analyze citations patterns of more than 6 000 economics research articles published in top five second tier and top field economics journals between 1992 and 1996 in line with previous literature we find that top five journals articles generally receive more citations and that the life cycles of those citations are longer however their influence in term of citations is overestimated in its first twenty five years since publication the median top five article accumulates 4 25 around 3 as many citations when compared to the second tier and top field median article we show that this ratio is strongly associated with the field of economics research e g this ratio is the lowest for econometric methods papers and with articles impact e g in all fields of economics research except for theory this ratio decreases sharply as one moves toward high impact articles in term of citations

central bank independence and inflation good news and bad news abstract the bad news is that the findings of recent studies of central bank independence and inflation are very sensitive to outliers the good news is that evidence presented here reinforces the existing case for bank independence in high income economies

inflation and central bank independence a meta regression analysis using 59 studies we perform a meta regression analysis of studies examining the relationship between inflation and central bank independence cbi the studies considered are very different with respect to the cbi indicator used the sample of countries and time periods covered model specification estimators used and publication outlet we conclude that there is a significant publication bias however we also find a significant genuine effect of cbi on inflation differences between studies are not caused by differences in cbi indicators used

does central bank independence lower inflation this paper provides a potential explanation for the recent findings of no significant relationship between central bank independence cbi and lower inflation we argue that although cbi delivers lower inflation in the short term it may reduce the scope for productivity enhancing public investment and so harm future growth potential we also argue that the effects on growth make cbi less likely to achieve lower inflation in the long term

an investigation of the household economy coffee production and gender relations in papua new guinea using two years of intra household data from one area of the papua new guinea highlands this article examines the impact of gender relations on household coffee production poor relative labour returns for women and the unequal distribution of tasks within the household were found to exert considerable influence on the level of household success in cultivating coffee the article concludes with the construction of a model linking the intra household distribution of economic benefits determinants of household resource allocation and underdevelopment

land inheritance and schooling in matrilineal societies evidence from sumatra abstract this paper explores statistically the implications of the shift from communal to individualized tenure on the distribution of land and schooling between sons and daughters in matrilineal societies based on a sumatra case study the inheritance system is evolving from a strictly matrilineal system to a more egalitarian system in which sons and daughters inherit the type of land which is more intensive in their respective work effort while gender bias is either non existent or small in land inheritance daughters tend to be disadvantaged with respect to schooling the gender gap in schooling however appears to be closing for the generation of younger children

employers discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination this paper considers the linkage of empirical estimates of wage discrimination between two groups introduced by oaxaca 1973 to a theoretical model of employers discriminatory behavior it is shown that conditional on different assumptions about employers discriminatory tastes oaxaca s estimators of wage discrimination can be derived that the approach is more generally useful is demonstrated by deriving an alternative estimator of wage discrimination based on the assumption that within each type of labor e g unskilled skilled the utility function capturing employers discriminatory tastes is homogeneous of degree zero with respect to labor inputs from each of the two groups the estimators are compared empirically in an application to male female wage differentials

self selection and the earnings of immigrants this paper analyzes the way in which the earnings of the immigrant population may be expected to differ from the earnings of the native population because of the endogeneity of the decision to migrate the empirical study shows that differences in the u s earnings of immigrants with the same measured skills but from different home countries are attributable to variations in political and economic conditions in the countries of origin at the time of migration excerpt

outside offers and the gender pay gap empirical evidence from the uk academic labour market using a unique data source on academic economist labour market experiences we explore gender pay and promotions in addition to earnings and productivity measures we have information on outside offers and perceptions of discrimination we find both a gender promotions gap and a within rank gender pay gap a driving factor may be outside offers men receive more outside offers than women of comparable characteristics and gain higher pay increases in response this may arise due to discrimination we find that perceptions of discrimination and also outside job applications correlate with an individual receiving earnings below that expected given their characteristics

inflation and central bank independence revisited abstract king and ma economics letters 72 2001 95 claim that evidence which they report for a sample of 42 countries shows that central bank independence cbi and inflation are not significantly related the present paper argues that this putative failure of cbi to affect inflation is due to king and ma s use of an econometric methodology that does not account for the inaccuracy of their proxy for cbi employing an alternative econometric methodology that tackles the measurement error problem directly this paper finds a strong negative relationship between cbi and inflation

fiscal decentralization fiscal rules and fiscal discipline fiscal decentralization fd and fiscal rules fr are institutional mechanisms that are implemented by varying degrees in increasing number of countries this paper investigates empirically the effect of fr on the effectiveness of fd in achieving fiscal discipline panel evidence strongly supports that balanced budget and expenditure rules help fd to achieve this goal while debt rule has a direct disciplinary effect

fame and the fortune of academic economists how the market rewards influential research in economics we analyze the pay and position of 1 009 faculty members who teach in doctoral granting economics departments at fifty three large public universities in the united states using the web of science we have identified the journal articles published by these scholars and the number of times each of these articles has been subsequently cited in published research articles we find that research influence as measured by various measures of total citations is a surprisingly strong predictor of the salary and the prestige of the department in which professors are employed we also examine how coauthorship is rewarded by the market

the gender wage gap among phds in the uk this article analyses the gender wage gap gwg among phd graduates in the uk 42 months after their graduation in 2004 5 we find a sizeable overall gwg of 19 log percentage points which is explained by a large wage premium for men outside academia compared to women and men in academia the gwg in academia is small in comparison whilst the gwg outside academia is very high six months after graduation and remains largely unaltered the gwg inside academia doubles in the following three years the oaxaca decomposition suggests that for this relatively homogeneous group the gwg cannot be explained by differences in endowments university and employment characteristics we find stark differences in wage patterns between the fields of study and a strongly increasing coefficient effect for higher quantiles

the evolution of the scientific productivity of highly productive economists this paper studies the evolution of research productivity of a sample of economists working in the best 81 departments in the world in 2007 the main novelty is that in so far as a productivity distribution can be identified with an income distribution we measure productivity mobility in a dynamic context using an indicator inspired in an income mobility index suggested by fields 2010 for a two period world productivity is measured in terms of publications weighted by the citation impact of the journals where each article is published in the periodical literature we study the evolution of average productivity productivity inequality the extent of rank reversals and productivity mobility for seven cohorts as well as the population as a whole we offer new evidence confirming previous results about the heterogeneity of the evolution of productivity for top and other researchers however the major result is that contrary to what was expected for our sample of very highly productive scholars the effect of rank reversals between the two periods on overall productivity mobility offsets the effect of an increase in productivity inequality from the first to the second period in the youngest five out of seven cohorts jel a11 a12 b41 d63 i32

what s your identification strategy innovation in corporate finance research we study the diffusion of techniques designed to identify causal relationships in corporate finance research we estimate that the diffusion started in the mid 1990s lagged 20 years compared to economics and is now used in the majority of corporate finance articles consistent with recent theories of technology diffusion the adoption varies across researchers based on individuals expected net benefits of adoption younger scholars holders of phds in economics and those working at top institutions adopt faster adoption is accelerated through networks of colleagues and alumni and is also facilitated by straddlers who cross over from economics to finance our findings highlight new forces that explain the diffusion of innovation and shape the norms of academic research this paper was accepted by gustavo manso finance

employee buyout in a bargaining game with asymmetric information why are some firms purchased by their employees this paper explores this question theoretically suggesting that employees may attempt to overcome their informational handicap regarding firm profitability by making simultaneous offers on wages and a purchase price for the firm owners of relatively unprofitable firms will tend to sell out for low prices instead of paying high wages whereas owners of profitable firms will prefer to pay high wages over receiving low firm prices the buyout serves as a screening mechanism the probability of an employee buyout decreases with the employees outside options and increases with owners outside options copyright 1996 by american economic association

citations or journal quality which is rewarded more in the academic labor market research quality can be evaluated from citations or from the prestige of journals publishing the research we relate salary of tenured university of california uc economists to their lifetime publications of 5 500 articles and to the 140 000 citations to these articles citations hardly affect salary especially in top ranked uc departments where impacts of citations are less than one tenth those of journals in lower ranked departments and when journal quality is less comprehensively measured effects of citations on salary increase if journal quality is just measured by counting articles in journal tiers apparent effects of citations are overstated jel a14 j44

which journal rankings best explain academic salaries evidence from the university of california the ranking of an academic journal is important to authors universities journal publishers and research funders rankings are gaining prominence as countries adopt regular research assessment exercises that especially reward publication in high impact journals yet even within a rankings oriented discipline like economics there is no agreement on how aggressively lower ranked journals are down weighted and in how wide is the universe of journals considered moreover since it is typically less costly for authors to cite superfluous references whether of their own volition or prompted by editors than it is to ignore relevant ones rankings based on citations may be easily manipulated in contrast when the merits of publication in one journal or another are debated during hiring promotion and salary decisions the evaluators are choosing over actions with costly consequences we therefore look to the academic labor market using data on economists in the university of california system to relate their lifetime publications in 700 different academic journals to salary we test amongst various sets of journal rankings and publication discount rates to see which are most congruent with the returns implied by the academic labor market jel a14 i23 j44

gender biases in student evaluations of teaching abstract this article uses data from a french university to analyze gender biases in student evaluations of teaching sets the results of fixed effects and generalized ordered logit regression analyses show that male students express a bias in favor of male professors also the different teaching dimensions that students value in male and female professors tend to match gender stereotypes men are perceived by both male and female students as being more knowledgeable and having stronger class leadership skills which are stereotypically associated with males despite the fact that students appear to learn as much from women as from men

gender and promotions evidence from academic economists in france the promotion system for french academic economists provides an interesting environment to examine the promotion gap between men and women promotions occur through national competitions for which we have information both on candidates and on those eligible to be candidates thus we can examine the two stages of the process application and success women are less likely to seek promotion and this accounts for up to 76 percent of the promotion gap being a woman also reduces the probability of promotion conditional on applying although the gender difference is not statistically significant our results highlight the importance of the decision to apply

seniority and monopsony in the academic labor market workers with high seniority usually have higher wages than workers with low seniority and the same total labor marke t experience in contrast the results of this paper indicate that higher seniority is associated with lower salaries for university professors the author documents this finding for national surveys a nd individual institutions and explains it as due to monopsonistic discrimination by employers copyright 1993 by american economic association

cracks in the glass ceiling gender and promotion in the economics profession gender differences in promotion within the economics profession have long been a concern of the committee on the status of women in the economics profession cswep in a descriptive analysis of the aea universal academic questionnaire rebecca blank 1996 finds that hires and promotions to the associateand fullprofessor levels have averaged 4 2 and 2 7 percentage points below the share of female assistants and associates professors respectively thus women appear to be underrepresented in senior positions suggesting they may face a glass ceiling this paper uses unique panel data for american economic association aea members to examine formally whether there are differences across gender in promotion probabilities an academic labor market beyond its direct interest to economists is well suited to study possible gender differences in promotion because departments can be ranked within the profession and because professors can be ranked within a department by a welldefined promotion hierarchy a focus on academic economists offers an additional advantage in that on the job productivity can be measured directly by research output other promotion studies have had limited controls for productivity and have used cross sectional data which do not permit controls for unobserved ability e g rudolf winter ebmer and josef zweimuller 1997 failure to account for gender differences in unobserved productivity could produce biased inference prior promotion studies also have generally relied on job advancement indexes that limit the distinction between initial job assignment i e an

willful blindness the inefficient reward structure in academic research this article examines how economics departments judge research articles and assign credit to authors it begins with a demonstration that only strictly prorated author credit induces researchers to choose e cient sized teams nevertheless survey evidence reveals that most economics departments only partially prorate authorship credit implying excessive coauthorship indeed a half century increase in coauthorship may be better explained by incomplete proration than by any increased specialization among authors a possible explanation for the reliance on incomplete proration is the self interest of economists who are more likely to engage coauthorship full professors the self interest of senior faculty may also explain the relatively small role given to citations in senior promotions a rational response by economists to the under proration of author credit is to engage in false authorship although false authorship is of dubious ethical status it may have the perverse impact of improving the e ciency of team production grossly excessive coauthorship where little attention is paid to most authors listed on a paper as found in some other academic disciplines may be the path down which economics is headed if the reward structure is not altered jel a14 o30 i23

returns to articles versus pages in academic publishing do salary setters show article illusion the academic labor market rewards idea splitting where researchers publish several short articles rather than one long one there is a significant positive effect on salary from publishing more articles conditional on the total number of quality adjusted pages ever published

literacy and intrahousehold externalities abstract the size of the intrahousehold externality created when a literate household member provides literacy services to illiterate members is estimated in this paper using a model of children s height for age in papua new guinea this externality appears to be large these results support the use of a new measure of literacy developed by basu and foster 1998 to take account of the gains when illiterates live in households where at least one person is literate regional rankings change when the new measure of literacy is used suggesting that policies guided by the usual measure of adult literacy may overlook an important pathway for human development

market opportunities genetic endowments and intrafamily resource distribution child survival in rural india the authors examine how intrafamily resource allocations respond to changes in economic conditions and to genetic differences in children by estimating the determinants of variations in the sex specific survival differentials of rural indian children based on standard census and household survey data they explore in particular the hypothesis that such differences are related to the relative returns to survival with households selectively allocating resources to children in response to variation in sex differences in their expected earnings opportunities as adults data are from the 1961 census and a 1971 household survey excerpt

do academic salaries decline with seniority this article reexamines the negative seniority earnings relationship for academic economists the empirical results show that the anomalous negative seniority effect found in earlier academic market studies holds in the absence of direct measures of research productivity the negative effect however eventually disappears as more comprehensive measures of publishing citations and other productivity measures are included in the wage equation to control for the quantity and quality of faculty productivity faculty with greater seniority appear to be rewarded relatively less simply because many have been relatively less productive than their colleagues with less seniority at similar stages in their careers

gender differences in salary and promotion in the humanities in their annual review of academic salaries the american association of university professors observes large gender related salary differentials at doctoral level institutions male professors at the rank of full professor earn 11 4 more than women full professors data on academic labor markets from the survey of doctorate recipients to evaluate gender differences in salaries and promotion probabilities differences in employment outcomes by gender are found using two methods the oaxaca decomposition is used to examine salary differentials and duration analysis is used to estimate promotion to tenure while gender salary differences can largely be explained by academic rank substantial gender differences in promotion to tenure exist after controlling for productivity demographic characteristics and primary work activity

how economists allocate time to teaching and research abstract this study investigates three questions i are there differences in teaching and research behavior between economists and other professors ii do economists in the top 100 research dep

citations in economics measurement uses and impacts i describe and compare sources of data on citations in economics and the statistics derived from them constructing data sets of the post publication citation histories of articles published in the top five journals in the 1970s and 2000s i examine distributions and life cycles of citations compare citation histories of articles in different subspecialties in economics and present evidence on the history and heterogeneity of those journals impacts and the marginal citation productivity of additional coauthors i use a new data set of the lifetime citation histories of over 1 000 economists from thirty universities to rank economics departments by various measures and demonstrate the importance of intra and interdepartmental heterogeneity in productivity throughout the discussion summarizes earlier work including the impacts of citations on salaries and nonmonetary rewards and how citations reflect judgments about research quality in economics and the importance of economic ideas

women in the economics profession this article discusses evidence from recent literature on gender literature on gender differences among ph d economists it finds many gender similarities in accomplishments including undergraduate grades publication rates ceteris paribus and labor market commitment it finds no evidence of disadvantages for women in admissions to ph d programs or in nonacademic salaries yet gender differences remain ceteris paribus in gre scores attrition from ph d programs non tenure track academic jobs academic salaries and academic promotion rates the paper suggests that trends toward increasing percentage of females may be peaking particularly given recent drops in female undergraduate economics majors