citizens of the green world cosmopolitan orientation and sustainability contemporary consumer markets are characterized by both a heightened need for sustainability and an increasingly cosmopolitan lifestyle this article bridges these two trends and studies two untapped questions 1 how do cosmopolitan consumers relate to sustainable behavior and 2 how should environmental messages be framed to successfully target cosmopolitan consumers four studies in three countries show that high cosmopolitan consumers demonstrate environmental concern and engage in sustainable behavior to successfully target this promising segment with sustainable products or messages to promote sustainable behavior marketers and public policymakers should highlight the benefit of these products behaviors for the global rather than the local environment however the findings also show that high cosmopolitan consumers can be successfully targeted to support local environmental initiatives when activating their local identification the article offers implications for businesses non government organizations and public policymakers in designing effective messages to promote sustainable behavior

information processing theory and the multinational enterprise this paper attempts to extend information processing theory so that it can be meaningfully applied to mncs a specific multidimensional framework is developed that can be used to measure the information processing capacities of macro level features of mnc organizational design an applied example transnationalism is used to illustrate how to apply the framework and demonstrate that it can contribute meaningful new insight to this complex organizational problem

cosmopolitan consumers as a target group for segmentation for international companies the literature recommends directing segmentation efforts at customer characteristics rather than country characteristics consumers degree of cosmopolitan orientation has been suggested as a powerful segmentation base as this characteristic is expected to drive consumers tastes and preferences to advance research on this segmentation base this article offers a conceptualization of the consumer cosmopolitanism construct by 1 delineating its conceptual domain 2 highlighting its key dimensions namely open mindedness diversity appreciation and consumption transcending borders and 3 examining its links with theoretically relevant variables specifically consumer ethnocentrism and global consumption orientation based on the aforementioned conceptualization a consumer research specific and psychometrically sound measurement instrument the c cosmo scale is subsequently developed and tested in a series of complementary studies finally empirically based insights into the characteristics of cosmopolitan consumers are offered by 1 profiling them on consumption relevant variables innovativeness risk aversion susceptibility to normative influence consumer ethnocentrism and demographic characteristics 2 examining the link between consumer cosmopolitanism and willingness to buy foreign products and 3 developing an empirically based typology of cosmopolitan local consumers using a cluster analysis approach from a managerial perspective findings suggest that the identification and subsequent targeting of cosmopolitan consumers may well represent an appropriate strategy for internationally active companies

combining results of different models the case of a levy on the dutch nitrogen surplus economic instruments such as levies are considered by the dutch government for reducing the harmful effects of the production and application of manure to analyse these levies a framework which makes it possible to combine and to choose among different types of research is developed the results are integrated along the line of the marginal abatement cost curve the problems related to integrating different types of research are taken into account the method developed allows every farmer to react to a levy differently a levy turns out to be more effective to reduce the nitrogen surplus on farm level in the pig fattening sector when compared to the pig breeding sector but even a levy of 2 guilders kg of nitrogen does not remove the total manure surplus in the pig sector and results in large profit losses further research is needed to underpin the empirical input required by the model

japanese and american management theory z and beyond this article analyzes studies comparing japanese and american managers workers and societies in order to consider questions raised by william ouchi s book theory z how american business can meet the japanese challenge the analysis results in 2 general observations 1 theory z management is not likely to become the accepted norm in american companies to the extent that it has in japan and 2 the major conceptual or theoretical lesson we can learn from the japanese is the potential values of developing a management system that is internally consistent that fits societal norms and expectations and that obtains support from the major institutional actors in the world of work

deeds not words a cosmopolitan perspective on the influences of corporate sustainability and ngo engagement on the adoption of sustainable products in china to make a business case for corporate sustainability firms must be able to sell their sustainable products the influence that firm engagement with non governmental organizations ngos may have on consumer adoption of sustainable products has been neglected in previous research we address this by embedding corporate sustainability in a cosmopolitan framework that connects firms consumers and civil society organizations based on the understanding of responsibility for global humanity that underlies both the sustainability and cosmopolitanism concepts we hypothesize that firms sustainability engagement and their ngo engagement influence consumer adoption of sustainable products empirically we investigate the adoption of sustainable eco circle products made from recycled fibers marketed by li ning a china based global sportswear brand we apply a stepwise regression approach to test our hypotheses with paper and pencil survey data from 217 chinese consumers we find adoption to be positively associated with consumers sustainability attitude but not with firms sustainability engagement for firm ngo engagement these relationships are reversed adoption is positively associated with firm ngo engagement but not with consumers related attitude our results present a picture of the chinese context in which there is a business case for corporate sustainability if firms words about sustainable product strategies are supported by signals from civil society about firm deeds the results imply that in a chinese context firms need to be particularly aware of the role of ngos when hoping to be rewarded for sustainability

assessing the effects of culture on managerial attitudes a three culture test cross cultural studies are inherently difficult because the typical research design fails to differentiate cultural from other environmental influences the present study uses a research design that attempts to isolate the influence of culture japanese chinese and mexican managers their ethnic american counterparts and anglo americans are used to test the model results indicate unique persistent cultural characteristics with the cultural effect varying among the three groups of managers

global connectedness and dynamic green capabilities in mnes we study how global connectedness can help mnes become more environmentally sustainable based on the idea that environmental sustainability requires dynamic capabilities we define dynamic green capability as the ability to build complementary green competences and reconfigure organizationally embedded resources to pursue competitive advantage in a rapidly changing stakeholder environment we argue that mnes with greater global connectedness in terms of international diversification or international environmental certification possess knowledge advantages in cultivating dynamic green capabilities we extend the sensing seizing reconfiguring framework and propose that global connectedness substitutes for sensing as a driver of seizing by providing direct access to relevant green knowledge pools around the world and that it complements seizing as a driver of reconfiguring by strengthening the knowledge routines needed to integrate green competences

methodological and theoretical issues and advancements in cross cultural research this paper summarizes the issues and concerns of critics of cross cultural research and discusses how they are being addressed by researchers given the state of the art and the complexity of this field of research the author recommends more inductive research and the pursuit of appropriate but not overambitious sampling designs so as to increase our understanding of cultures and encourage the building of richer theory bases taking an optimistic view of the field the author predicts useful contributions by researchers which will enrich the art and science of cross cultural management

corporate leaders in britain and america a cross national analysis this study tested for the extent of similarity between 1708 american senior vice presidents and those of 418 british counterparts the sample was drawn from the fortune 500 and the times 500 being representative of the top management teams of the largest national companies dominating domestic economies

on levies to reduce the nitrogen surplus the case of dutch pig farms pig farms in the netherlands pay a zero or low price for using the environment as a consequence the environment is overused the dutch government wants to reduce the emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus possible instruments are regulation and levies in this study a levy on feed and a levy on the nitrogen surplus are investigated by incorporating a bad output in the production model the model is estimated using panel data of dutch pig farms over the period 1975 1989 levies on nitrogen turn out to be more cost effective than levies on feed

environmentally sustainable household consumption from aggregate environmental pressures to priority fields of action unsustainable consumption patterns of the north or rather of the global affluent consumers class have been identified by agenda 21 as one of the key driving forces behind the unsustainable development however neither accounting based on the system of national accounts sna nor household economics provide the proper instruments to assess the environmental impact of household decision making eco efficiency assessments as familiar in the business sector provide no appropriate tool for households as an alternative an environmental space based assessment scheme is suggested covering the major pressures on the environment caused by household decisions the methodology is used twice once to analyse the environmental relevance of the main activity clusters of household consumption and once to identify the dominant acts of consumption within each cluster the latter provide the basis for deriving environmental performance indicators a rough analysis of household influence potentials permits to identify housing eating and mobility as the three priority fields for action for minimising the environmental impact of households extending the influence analysis actor matrixes are derived allocating influence and thus responsibility for environmental pressures to different groups of economic agents

short run and long run dynamics of farm land allocation panel data evidence from denmark1 this study develops and estimates a dynamic multi output model of farmers land allocation decisions that allows for the gradual adjustment of allocations that can result from crop rotation practices and quasi fixed capital constraints estimation is based on micro panel data from danish farmers that include acreage output and variable input utilization at the crop level results indicate that there are substantial differences between the short run and long run land allocation behaviour of danish farmers and that there are substantial differences in the time lags associated with different crops to our knowledge this is the first dynamic micro model of land allocation estimated on data from the temperate climate zone since similar farming conditions are found in northern europe and parts of the united states and canada this result may be of wider interest

a comparison of canadian and japanese cognitive styles implications for management interaction many american and canadian companies seeking to form joint ventures and alliances with japanese companies or to negotiate contracts with them have discovered that the interaction can be difficult and frustrating value differences and preferences for different management practices have been identified that contribute to these interaction problems however little research has investigated potential differences in cognitive style that might also contribute to intercultural conflict this study compares samples of canadian and japanese mba students using the myers briggs type inventory mbti and links the findings to interaction difficulties reported in the literature

measuring consumers willingness to pay at the point of purchase abstract economists psychologists and marketing researchers rely on measures of consumers willingness to pay wtp in estimating demand for private and public goods and in designing optimal price schedules existing market research techniques for measuring wtp differ in whether they provide an incentive to consumers to reveal their true wtp and in whether they simulate actual point of purchase contexts the authors present an empirical comparison of several procedures for eliciting wtp that are applicable directly at the point of purchase in particular the authors test the applicability of becker degroot and marschak s 1964 well known incentive compatible procedure for assessing the utility of lotteries to measuring consumers wtp in three studies the authors explore the reliability validity and feasibility of the procedure and show that it yields lower wtp estimates than do non incentive compatible methods such as open ended and double bounded contingent valuation they show experimentally t

external effects of agricultural production in italy and environmental accounting this paper deals with the valuation of some negative external effects arising from agricultural production in italy external effects are treated in a transformation function as a bad output additional to the normal output of a production activity in this case we can distinguish a price component or shadow price of the external effect and a quantity component and estimate them separately in order to calculate the price component of the external effects we first estimate one point on the marginal external costs curve and then try to obtain the whole curve i e external costs associated to different levels of emissions in different years as to the quantity component net emissions of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium have been estimated the aggregate value of external effects is then calculated for thirty years from 1961 to 1991 and deducted from the value added of the agricultural sector as a first step towards the correction of national accounting aggregates to take environmental degradation into account

celebrity endorsements in emerging markets align endorsers with brands or with consumers this paper investigates country of origin co effects as they relate to celebrity endorsements across multiple studies in emerging markets the authors show that consumers evaluations depend on the match between 1 celebrity co and consumer co termed consumer co fit and 2 celebrity co and brand co termed brand co fit if there is a trade off between consumer co fit and brand co fit the authors identify contingencies e g ethnocentrism levels that determine which type of co fit leads to higher evaluations furthermore the authors develop prescriptions for segmentation in emerging markets and specify when these prescriptions differ from those prescribed by prior international business research

a cross cultural comparative study of managerial job attitudes effective managerial performance is influenced by the types of rewards which managers seek in their work environment and by their perceptions of the degree to which their job expectations are being satisfied this research provides empirical evidence on the nature of job related values and outcomes in 4 countries canada france japan and the uk the survey data reveal that the types of job outcomes sought by managers differ significantly from one culture to another the results should be of practical value to companies seeking to develop more effective management motivational devices in the countries studied moreover the approach and methodology may provide a useful model for further cross cultural studies

when in rome the effects of cultural adaptation on intercultural business negotiations drawing on social identity and similarity attraction theories as well as empirical studies in intercultural communication hypotheses were developed to test the effects of three degrees of adaptive behaviors during intercultural buyer seller negotiations hypotheses covered both the positive and negative effects of adaptation on the adjudged interpersonal attractiveness of the adaptor these hypotheses were tested in two experimental studies using scenario based manipulations the first study looked at american subjects responses to adaptive behaviors of japanese business people to test the generalizability of these findings to a less familiar culture a replication looking at american subjects responses to adaptive behaviors of korean business people was also conducted the findings partially support the notion that moderate adaptation may be the optimal strategy in intercultural negotiations moderate adaptation was found to improve the adjudged attraction of the japanese business people relative to no adaptation and substantial adaptation however this finding was not replicated with korean business people

understanding the domain of cross national buyer seller interactions cross national face to face selling has thus far received very little scholarly treatment in marketing literature with few notable exceptions most existing research in this area has been fragmentary and opportunistic these problems are largely because of the lack of a broad generalizable framework within which to conceptualize and execute research studies in offering such a conceptual framework this article looks at buyer seller interactions from a communication perspective

australian and japanese value stereotypes a two country study australians and japanese working in australian and japanese organizations in both countries were involved in a research project that estimated stereotypical views of national culture respondents rated the importance of cultural values in australia and japan using the list of values lov instrument the results of a discriminant analysis suggested that potentially detrimental misunderstandings about their respective cultures may exist between australians and japanese engaged in mutual international business

what we talk about when we talk about global mindset managerial cognition in multinational corporations recent developments in the global economy and in multinational corporations have placed significant emphasis on the cognitive orientations of managers giving rise to a number of concepts such as global mindset that are presumed to be associated with the effective management of multinational corporations this paper reviews the literature on global mindset and clarifies some of the conceptual confusion surrounding the construct we identify common themes across writers suggesting that the majority of studies fall into one of three research perspectives cultural strategic and multidimensional we also identify two constructs from the social sciences cosmopolitanism and cognitive complexity that underlie the perspectives found in the literature we then use these two constructs to develop an integrative theoretical framework of global mindset we then provide a critical assessment of the field of global mindset and suggest directions for future theoretical and empirical research

from the editors experimental designs in international business research the question that motivated this editorial was where are the ib experiments the short answer is that experiments are largely absent from the ib literature and we argue that they shouldn t be experimental methods offer the opportunity to significantly improve the evidence for the causal relationships in international business research in a variety of ways in this article we highlight the value and limitations of experiments in ib research and explain the basic tenets of experimental design and thinking with the goal of encouraging the submission of more papers with an experimental design to jibs