urban energy flow processes in the beijing tianjin hebei jing jin ji urban agglomeration combining multi regional input output tables with ecological network analysis abstract regional disparity is due to economic development physical geography and lifestyle jing jin ji urban agglomeration is advocating integrated development but its development is not so smooth the goals of this research are to identify the energy utilization characteristics of the three regions and their ecological roles and to promote the integrated development of this agglomeration system to do so we used the concept of urban metabolism and abstracted sectors and energy flows as nodes and paths in a network model based on multi regional input output tables in china in 2002 and 2007 the monetary values in the tables can be converted into physical units furthermore combining these tables with ecological network analysis can assess the indirect energy consumption of each sector then its embodied energy consumption will be accounted for also this method can reflect the roles producer or consumer of the three regions and of the five sectors in each region in regional energy exchanges the results showed that hebei had the largest embodied energy consumption in both years with beijing coming second the ecological roles of the three regions did not change greatly between 2002 and 2007 hebei acted as a producer and beijing and tianjin served as consumers exploitation relationships were dominant in both years this analysis provided insights that will support planning to adjust the industrial structure and future integrated development of the agglomeration

the drivers of international migration to the uk a panel based bayesian model averaging approach a heterogeneous panel based bayesian model averaging approach is used to identify the robust economic and policy drivers of international migration to the uk from 14 different source regions over 1980 2007 around three quarters of the increase in net immigration over the last decade which is particularly pronounced for selected source regions is associated with structural change which may be attributed to uk and foreign immigration policy the remainder of the rise is largely explained by friends and family effects there are considerable uncertainties associated both with the effects of particular economic drivers of immigration and with forecasts of immigration

government policy under price uncertainty a source of volatility in illegal immigration this paper provides an alternative explanation for why illegal immigration can exhibit substantial volatility we develop a model economy where migrants make decisions in the face of uncertain border enforcement and transfers from the host country the uncertainty is extrinsic a sunspot and arises due to ambiguity regarding government policy the sunspot manifests itself as uncertainty in the commodity price of money immigration volatility stems from both the trade off between the marginal benefits and costs transfers and enforcement to migrating and the existence of a sunspot finally we examine the impact of changes in government policies on migration levels resume politique gouvernementale quand il y a incertitude des prix une source de la volatilite de l immigration illegale ce texte propose une explication de rechange de la volatilite substantielle de l immigration illegale on developpe un modele d economie ou les immigrants prennent leurs decisions sur la base d une appreciation incertaine de la vigueur de la police des frontieres et des transferts qu on peut attendre du pays hote l incertitude est extrinseque comme les taches solaires elle emerge de l ambiguite des politiques publiques la tache solaire se manifeste dans le prix de la monnaie en termes de biens la volatilite de l immigration emerge a la fois de la relation d equivalence entre les avantages et les couts difficultes aux frontieres marginaux a la migration et l existence d une tache solaire a exploiter enfin on examine l impact des changements dans les politiques publiques sur les niveaux d immigration

how efficiently is capital allocated evidence from the knitted garment industry in tirupur this paper studies the effect of community identity on investment behaviour in the knitted garment industry in the south indian town of tirupur we document very large and systematic differences in both levels of capital stock and the capital intensity of production in firms owned by people from two different community groups we argue that the differences in investment cannot be explained by productivity differences alone we suggest that the most likely explanation is that the two communities differ in their access to capital

family and community networks in mexico u s migration a household s decision to send migrants is based on infornation it has on the entry costs expected returns and risks of migration information and assistance flow from both family migrant networks and community migrant networks using data from a national survey of rural mexican households we show the importance of networks in both the decision to migrate and the level of migration we find that community and family networks are substitutes in assisting migration suggesting that once migration is well established in a community family networks become less important in addition the development of strong community networks erases the role of household characteristics in migration allowing those initially least favored to also participate in migration finally we show that network density at points of destination in the united states strongly affects where individuals choose to migrate

seasonal migration to mitigate income seasonality evidence from bangladesh in northwest bangladesh some 36 percent of poor households migrate every year during the lean monga period to cope with seasonal deprivation analysis of household survey data shows that the probability of seasonal migration is high for households with a high dependency ratio high dependency on wage employment and in villages with high unemployment but low in villages with microcredit access findings show that seasonal migration helps households to smooth consumption and those non migrant households who suffer during monga will likely benefit from deciding to migrate but the cost of migration and lack of networking are potential barriers the paper is structured as follows section one gives introduction the second section discusses the data and its major characteristics such as the incidence of seasonal migration as a coping strategy and its relation to seasonal hardships measured by starvation and meal rationing the third section presents an analytical framework of how seasonal migration can help smooth consumption during the lean season the fourth section analyses the determinants of seasonal migration while the fifth section assesses the potential effect of seasonal migration on rural households consumption smoothing behavior finally section six summarizes the study findings and their policy implications

seasonal migration and agricultural production in vietnam abstract when markets are incomplete migration can have multiple effects on agricultural production i use instrumental variables techniques to explore the effects of seasonal migration on agricultural production in rural vietnam during the 1990s using network variables specific to vietnam as instruments i find that migrant households in north vietnam appear to move out of rice production and into the production of other crops inputs used by migrant households decrease relative to similar non migrant households the evidence is consistent with a shift from labor intensive into land intensive crops rather than productivity changes or the use of additional capital in production

media exposure and internal migration evidence from indonesia abstract this paper investigates the impact of television on internal migration in indonesia we exploit the differential introduction of private television throughout the country and the variation in signal reception due to topography to estimate the causal effect of media exposure our estimates reveal important long and short run effects an increase of one standard deviation in the number of private tv channels received in the area of residence as an adolescent reduces future inter provincial migration by 1 7 2 7 percentage points and all migration inter and intra provincial by 3 9 6 8 percentage points short run effects are similar in magnitude we also show that respondents less exposed to private television are more likely to consider themselves among the poorest groups in society as we discuss in a stylized model of migration choice under imperfect information these findings are consistent with indonesian citizens over estimating the net gains from internal migration when access to television is limited

a note on defensive expenditures harmonised law diverse results in the context of many environmental hazards there is scope for self defence by victims multiple equilibria arise in a model of bilateral precaution under a regime of strict but incompletely enforced environmental liability this means that the same system of environmental law instigated in two economies may lead to very different outcomes it impacts upon policy analysis in a variety of ways and provides a channel for cultural factors to matter we explore the positive and normative effects of subsidising self defence

employment with connections negative network effects abstract in less developed countries it is widely observed that employers hire workers through employee referrals in this paper we show an extension of this kind of networks that may decrease applicants payoffs while a diversification of the networks can raise referred applicants payoffs we also discuss the effect of the extension of interlinked contracts on farmers wages

ethnic discrimination and the migration of skilled labor we develop a model of interdependency between emigration education investment and discrimination in the context of an ethnically divided developing economy assuming a rent extraction basis for discrimination we first endogenize ethnic discrimination in the benchmark case of an economy closed to migration and then explore how migration prospects affect ethnic inequality under the free migration assumption we find the intuitive result that migration prospects have a protective effect on the minority immigration restrictions set by receiving countries on the other hand have the paradoxical effect of creating migration flows that would otherwise have remained latent

migration and child development during the food price crisis in el salvador abstract migration is often used as parts of both ex post and ex ante strategies to mitigate risks to household incomes there is little empirical evidence however of the way that migration actually helps households in times of shocks in this paper i describe how the peak of the worldwide food price crisis affected anthropometric statistics among young children in el salvador and how households with access to international migrants were not affected as negatively as households without such access in 2008 el salvador experienced food price inflation of 15 and the evaluation of red solidaria el salvador s conditional cash transfer program shows that height for age haz z scores among children under 3 years old declined by 0 2 standard deviations on average in this paper i use the red solidaria evaluation data to assess whether children in households with access to remittances or international migrants were better off than households without access to migration income using both repeated cross sectional data and individual panel data i find that as theory would expect children in households with access to international migrants have much lower declines in their haz scores

wage rigidity and job creation recent research in macroeconomics emphasizes the role of wage rigidity in accounting for the volatility of unemployment fluctuations we use worker level data from the cps to measure the sensitivity of wages of newly hired workers to changes in aggregate labor market conditions the wage of new hires unlike the aggregate wage is volatile and responds almost one to one to changes in labor productivity we conclude that there is little evidence for wage rigidity in the data

brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries winners and losers using new data on emigration rates by education level we examine the impact of brain drain migration on human capital formation in developing countries we find evidence of a positive effect of skilled migration prospects on gross human capital formation in a cross section of 127 countries for each country of the sample we then estimate the net effect of the brain drain using counterfactual simulations countries combining relatively low levels of human capital and low emigration rates are shown to experience a beneficial brain drain and conversely there are more losers than winners and the former tend to lose relatively more than what the latter gain

the excess sensitivity of layoffs and quits to demand excessive layoffs in bad times and excessive quits in good times both stem from the same weakness in practical employment arrangements the specific nature of worker firm relations creates a situat

the impact of migration on food consumption patterns the case of vietnam abstract this paper explores the relationship between migration and consumption patterns using panel data from the 2004 and 2006 vietnam household living standards surveys employing an instrumental variable approach to control for the endogeneity of migration our results indicate that short term migration has a positive effect on overall per capita food expenditures per capita calorie consumption and food diversity long term migration also appears to be positively related to consumption but impacts are often insignificant and of a lesser magnitude than short term migration the results provide no evidence of negative effects of migration and support the view that short term migration is a mechanism by which households maintain food security the results suggest that to improve food security the vietnamese government should enact policies that facilitate short term migration flows as well as the transferring of remittances

technology diffusion and international income convergence abstract a macroeconomic model of international income convergence driven by differences in technology is presented ldc firms adopt foreign technology by paying an upfront cost of adaptation and early adopters create a positive externality for followers in equilibrium adoption is gradual and so is income convergence because of the externality small differences in adoption costs across ldcs can lead to large differences in long run income during convergence the ldc economy is dualistic with large high technology firms operating alongside small traditional establishments the effects of trade policy and direct foreign investment are also examined

the impact of climate change on the labor allocation empirical evidence from china abstract climate change may significantly affect the labor market by generating disproportionate damage to marginal returns to labor across sectors however this potentially important channel through which climate change may affect social welfare has not received the attention it deserves we provide the first estimate of the long term effects of climate change on the labor market based on the hedonic approach which accounts for individual long term adjustments to climate change using a panel of field survey data from 8076 working age residents in 279 rural communities in china we find that a 1 c increase from current mean temperature will reduce an average rural resident s time allocated to farm work by 7 0 increase the time allocated to off farm work by 7 8 and reduce the time allocated to leisure by 0 8 we also find differential responses to climate change across gender higher temperatures mainly shift males time from leisure to off farm work but mainly shift females time from farm work to off farm work

a closer look at the determinants of international migration decomposing cultural distance abstractusing a modified gravity model and three measures of cultural distance we employ the zero inflated negative binomial estimation technique to examine the impact of cultural distance on international migration flows we confirm the finding of prior studies that there exists a negative relationship between composite measures of cultural distance and immigrant flows extending the literature we decompose our composite cultural distance measures into their component dimensions to examine potential variability in the influences of individual dimensions on international migration we find the cultural dimensions that reflect individualism uncertainty avoidance and perceived gender roles are typically more influential in determining immigrant flows than are other cultural dimensions

migration with endogenous moving costs we study a dynamic model of labor migration in which moving costs decrease with the number of migrants already settled in the destination this assumption is supported by sociological studies of migrant networks with endogenous moving costs migration occurs gradually over time once it starts it develops momentum and migratory flows may increase even as wage differentials narrow in addition migration tends to follow geographical channels and low moving cost individuals migrate first these patterns are consistent with historical evidence from the great black migration of 1915 1960 in the united states much of which cannot be reconciled with existing migration models excerpt

bandwagons and the threat of chaos interpersonal effects revisited abstract this paper extends granovetter and soong s work on bandwagons by introducing interpersonal effects at the level of preferences rather than at the level of demand it is found that markets generally will not follow the first order difference equations analyzed by g s because consumers will form expectations based on the market s entire history rather than the last period alone when those expectations are adaptive and the rate of expectations adjustment sufficiently low the threat of unstable and chaotic dynamics is eliminated the paper also describes the efficiency problems generated by interpersonal effects

the economic impact of the famine in the short and long run both short and long term economic consequences of the irish famine of the period 1845 1849 are reviewed the author concludes that the famine completely altered the structure of the irish labor market and that the migration associated with the famine resulted in the integration of ireland with world labor markets and a significant increase in irish wages annotation

the effect of male migration on employment patterns of women in nepal what is the impact of male migration on the labor market behavior of women in nepal the instrumental variable full information maximum likelihood method is applied to data from the 2004 nepal household survey to account for unobserved factors that could simultaneously affect men s decision to migrate and women s decision to participate in the labor market the results indicate that male migration has a negative impact on the level of the labor market participation by women in the migrant sending household there is evidence of substantial heterogeneity based on both observable and unobservable characteristics in the impact of male migration the findings highlight the important gender dimension of the impact of predominantly male migration on the well being of sending households strategies for economic development in nepal should take into account such gender aspects of the migration dynamics

the pursuit of opportunity explaining selective black migration abstract this paper examines the destination choices of black migrants during the great migration as previous research has shown educated blacks were more likely to relocate to the north in the pre world war ii era this analysis shows that this tendency can be attributed to the better educated migrants ability to finance transportation costs greater responsiveness to intercity wage differentials and stronger distaste for southern disamenities after 1940 the destination choice gap closed largely because migrant responses to wage differentials and valuation of southern disamenities changed these changes are observed both in the population at large and within birth year cohorts

a competitive model of worker replacement and wage rigidity we adapt the models of menzio and moen 2010 and snell and thomas 2010 to consider a labor market in which firms can commit to wage contracts but cannot commit not to replace incumbent workers workers are risk averse so that there exists an incentive for firms to smooth wages real wages respond in a highly nonlinear manner to shocks exhibiting downward rigidity and magnifying the response of unemployment to negative shocks we also consider layoffs and show that for a range of shocks labor hoarding occurs while wages are cut we argue these features are consistent with recent evidence jel e32 j41

selection and network effects migration flows into oecd countries 1990 2000 abstract this paper presents empirical evidence on immigration flows into the oecd countries during the period 1990 2000 our results indicate that network effects are strong but vary between different groups of welfare states and between countries according to the type of immigration policy being applied network effects seem to be less important in the nordic countries which also seem to attract immigrants from the lowest income level source countries we do not find clear evidence that selection effects measured by migration flows being sensitive to differences in public social expenditures have had a major influence on the observed migration patterns until now this may partly be explained by restrictive migration policies which may have dampened the potential selection effects

return migration wage differentials and the optimal migration duration in simple static models migration increases with the wage differential between host and home country in a dynamic framework and if migrations are temporary the size of the migrant population in the host country depends also on the migration duration this paper analyses optimal migration durations in a model which rationalises the decision of the migrant to return to his home country despite persistently higher wages in the host country the analysis shows that if migrations are temporary the optimal migration duration may decrease if the wage differential grows larger using micro data for germany the second part of the paper provides empirical evidence which is compatible with this hypothesis

network effects and the dynamics of migration and inequality theory and evidence from mexico international migration is costly and initially only the middle class of the wealth distribution may have both the means and incentives to migrate which can increase inequality in the sending community however the migration networks formed lower the costs for future migrants which can in turn lower inequality this paper shows both theoretically and empirically that wealth has a nonlinear effect on migration and then examines the empirical evidence for an inverse u shaped relationship between emigration and inequality in rural sending communities in mexico after instrumenting we find that the overall impact of migration is to reduce inequality across communities with relatively high levels of past migration we also find some suggestive evidence for an inverse u shaped relationship among communities with a wider range of migration experiences

migration and rural welfare the impact of potential policy reforms in europe summary this paper uses an agricultural household model in an imperfect market environment and data from burkina faso to explore the impact of potential immigration policy reforms in europe on the welfare of rural households simulation results demonstrate that in contrast to continental migration increased intercontinental migration has strong positive household welfare effects similarly an increase in the stay abroad of intercontinental migrants impacts positively on welfare of the migrant sending household results of these simulations lend support to the introduction of a tmp which would in addition to facilitating migration control in host economies improve the welfare of sending households by allowing for increased engagement in intercontinental migration the temporary nature of such a program would ensure that dutch disease effects would be mitigated through eventual migrant return

migration networks as a response to financial constraints onset and endogenous dynamics abstract a migration network is modeled as a mutually beneficial cooperative agreement between financially constrained individuals who seek to finance and expedite their migration the cooperation agreement creates a network established migrants contract to support the subsequent migration of others in exchange for receiving support themselves when the model is expanded to study cooperation between more than two migrants it emerges that there is a finite optimal size of the migration network consequently would be migrants in the sending country will form a multitude of networks rather than a single grand network

the effect of implicit contracts on the movement of wages over the business cycle evidence from micro data in this paper we address the question of whether wages are affected by labor market conditions in a manner more consistent with a contract approach than with a standard spot market model from a simple implicit contract model we derive implications about the links between wages and past labor market conditions using individual data from the current population survey and the panel study of income dynamics we find that an implicit contract model with costless mobility describes these links better than either a simple spot market model or an implicit contract model with costly mobility

brain drain and ldcs growth winners and losers we present an empirical evaluation of the growth e ects of the brain drain for the source countries of migrants using recent us data on migration rates by education levels carrington and detragiache 1998 we nd empirical support for the bene cial brain drain hypothesis in a sample of 50 developing countries at the country level we distinguish between winners and losers among source countries while the number of winners is smaller these include nearly 80 of the total population of developing countries jel classi cation f22 j24 o15

family attachment and the decision to move by race abstract blacks in the united states move less than whites despite having many characteristics that are commonly associated with high geographical mobility such as high unemployment low rate of home ownership low marriage rate and settlement in areas where unemployment is high we find that this puzzle can be explained by the effects of family ties both nuclear and extended families which we proxy using data from the university of michigan s psid the results are robust to different specifications and estimation techniques

threshold models of interpersonal effects in consumer demand abstract whether one buys may be determined in part by how many others have when the correlation is positive we refer to bandwagon effects and when negative reverse bandwagons we construct demand schedules in the presence of such effects and with simple assumptions about supply investigate the existence of and approach to equilibrium stable price quantity equilibria exist but for many plausible parameter values equilibria are asymptotically unstable and system trajectories consist of cycles that can move with slight parameter changes via successive bifurcations into what has been called chaotic dynamics essentially indistinguishable from random noise these conditions occur despite assumptions of erfect information profit maximizing firms and utility maximizing individuals

understanding different migrant selection patterns in rural and urban mexico abstract the productive characteristics of migrating individuals emigrant selection affect welfare the empirical estimation of the degree of selection suffers from a lack of complete and nationally representative data this paper uses a dataset that addresses both issues the enet mexican labor survey which identifies emigrants right before they leave and allows a direct comparison to non migrants this dataset presents a relevant dichotomy it shows negative selection for urban mexican emigrants to the united states for the period 2000 2004 together with positive selection in mexican emigration out of rural mexico to the united states in the same period three theories that could explain this dichotomy are tested whereas higher skill prices in mexico than in the us are enough to explain half of the negative selection result in urban mexico its combination with network effects and wealth constraints fully accounts for positive selection in rural mexico

short term labour migration from the republic of armenia to the russian federation we explore the determinants of short term labour migration from armenia to russia based on a unique panel dataset a dynamic switching regression model with endogenous switching is applied our evidence pinpoints migration experience the expected individual income gap from migration low job opportunities in armenia and the possibility of diversifying income risks as the most important determinants family ties turn out to be insignificant the hypothetical income gap is about 280 per cent several explanations are provided for the fact that some individuals do not migrate in spite of a large income gap

assessing the nonlinearity of the calorie income relationship an estimation strategy with new insights on nutritional transition in vietnam abstract assessing the nonlinearity of the calorie income relationship is a crucial issue when evaluating policies aimed at fighting against malnutrition a natural choice would be to adopt a fully nonparametric specification of the relationship in order to let the data reveal its nonlinearity but we would be faced with the problem of the curse of dimensionality due to the presence of many control variables in addition to income here we first propose to estimate generalized additive models where only income is supposed to enter nonlinearly in the specification second we use a recent cross validation procedure in order to choose among various competing specifications including the parametric double log specification widely used in the literature in addition to gam specifications this methodology is implemented for each of the six waves of the vietnam household living standard survey from 2004 to 2014 the calorie income relationship is nonlinear whatever the wave a strong response of calorie intake to an increase in income for poorest households is highlighted showing that there is still room for income based policies to fight against malnutrition a byproduct of this methodology is the decomposition of the evolution of average calorie intake between the two waves in the part due to population change and that coming from the change in calorie income relationship shedding new light on the nutritional transition in vietnam

a model of multiple equilibria in geographic labor mobility abstract we develop a model of double matching in the labor market and the social environment in order to explain different migration patterns in response to local economic shocks this approach explains the different behaviors of workers in different groups regions or countries in an endogenous way by showing the existence of multiple equilibria rather than in an exogenous manner by introducing ex ante regulations or unemployment benefits this model can also explain why individuals from some communities form sister communities in some cases and not in others

economies of scale household size and the demand for food household scale economies are plausibly attributed to shared household public goods that make larger households better off at the same level of per capita resources larger households should therefore have higher per capita consumption of private goods such as food provided that they do not substitute too much toward the effectively cheaper public goods the evidence shows exactly the opposite data from rich and poor countries indicate that at constant per capita total expenditure the per capita demand for food decreases with household size and that it does so most in the poorest countries where substitution should be the least

job recruitment networks and migration to cities in india abstract economists have focused on job search and supply side explanations for network effects in labour transactions this paper develops and tests an alternative explanation for the high prevalence of network based labour market entry in developing countries in our theoretical framework employers use employee networks as screening and incentive mechanisms to improve the quality of recruitment our framework suggests a negative relationship between network use and the skill intensity of jobs a positive association between economic activity and network use and a negative relationship between network use and pro labour legislation furthermore social identity effects are expected to intensify when compared to information sharing and other network mechanisms using data from an all india employment survey we implement a novel empirical strategy to test these relationships and find support for our demand side explanation

analysis of food demand in vietnam and short term impacts of market shocks on quantity and calorie consumption a complete demand system for vietnam was estimated using household survey data results showed that demand for rice with respect to prices and expenditure is relatively inelastic compared to other foods demand for food in general tends to be less elastic at higher levels of income and for urban households in the short term a market shock such as a 10 decrease in income or a 30 increase in rice prices forces households to spend a larger portion of their expenditure on rice at the expense of other foods low income households face a higher risk of undernourishment as their daily calorie intake is more negatively affected by the shocks than high income households the results suggest the importance of policies that provide necessary safety net programs for the poor

efficiency gains from liberalizing labor mobility in this paper we quantify the effect of a complete liberalization of cross border migration on the world gdp and its distribution across regions we build a general equilibrium model endogenizing bilateral migration and income disparities between and within countries our calibration strategy uses data on effective and potential migration to identify total migration costs and visa costs by education level data on potential migration reveal that the number of people in the world who have a desire to migrate is around 400 million this number is much smaller than that predicted in previous studies and reflects the existence of high incompressible migration costs in our benchmark framework liberalizing migration increases the world gdp by 11 5 12 5 percent in the medium term our robustness analysis reveals that the gains are always limited in the range of 7 0 percent with schooling externalities to 17 9 percent if network effects are accounted for

migration and incomes in source communities a new economics of migration perspective from china the objective of this paper is to understand the effects of china s migration on source communities and to discuss their policy implications we draw from new economics of labor migration nelm theory to understand how migration and migrant remittances can relax or tighten market constraints in china s rural economy using simultaneous equation econometric techniques and household survey data from china we estimate net sectorspecific effects of migration on rural household income focusing on farm production and self employment our econometric findings indicate that the loss of labor to migration has a negative effect on household cropping income in source areas however we provide evidence that remittances sent home by migrants positively compensate for this lost labor effect contributing to household incomes directly and indirectly by stimulating crop and possibly self employment production this finding offers evidence in support of the nelm hypothesis that remittances loosen constraints on production in the imperfect market environments characterizing rural areas in less developed countries taking into account both the multiple effects of migration and the change in household size participating in migration increases household per capita income between 14 and 30 percent migration and incomes in source communities a new economics of migration perspective from china china is experiencing the largest peacetime flow of labor out of agriculture ever witnessed in world history solinger 1999 rozelle et al 1999 despite the rapid expansion of labor migration china s work force is still disproportionately employed in agriculture compared to other countries at similar levels of per capita gdp taylor and martin 2001 hence as china s economy continues to expand the flow of labor to urban areas will continue and even accelerate johnson 1999 the massive flow of labor away from farms has intensified research interest in china s migration in recent years however as in the broader literature on migration in less developed countries most recent studies on china s migration have focused on determining the size and composition of the labor flow macroeconomic implications of increased migration and the effects of migration on urban areas zhao 1999 yang 1999 1997 less emphasis has been placed on researching the effects of migration on the rural communities that migrants leave even though evidence shows that the rural household in the village of origin is typically the central concern of all those involved in migration both those who leave and those who stay behind exceptions include wang and zuo 1999 bai 2001 moreover the recent increase in migration has left policy makers particularly concerned regarding the way source communities will be affected moa 1999 they are concerned that as labor flows away from farms food production and crop income will decline potentially threatening china s food security furthermore policy makers are concerned about the increasing gap between urban and rural household incomes if migration exacerbates this gap some fear that as it grows rural residents eventually will flood cities ill equipped to absorb them others fear that discontent over a rising urban rural income gap could even spill over into political unrest yang 1999 because china s markets and other modern economic institutions are still relatively undeveloped migration may play a pivotal role in creating or overcoming constraints caused by the lack of well functioning markets and or institutions knight and song 1999 benjamin and brandt 2000 the new economics of labor migration nelm literature analyzes migration as a household decision rather than as an individual decision stark 1991 the nelm hypothesizes that rural households facing imperfect market environments decide

interdependence between energy and metals in china evidence from a nexus perspective abstract the lack of knowledge about the interdependence between energy and metals hinders sustainable management of the two essential resources in this study a hybrid framework which combines the environmentally extended input output analysis eeioa and ecological network analysis ena was constructed to evaluate energy metals use and flows within china s economic system in 2012 from the perspective of nexus furthermore the structural properties of nexus networks and mutual relationships between sectors were simultaneously explored the results show that hybrid energy direct energy metals related energy and hybrid metals direct metals energy related metals used by all the sectors were 1 22 and 1 05 times their direct energy and direct metals use respectively in both hybrid energy and metal networks mining industry and construction industry had a strong control and dependence relationship over 50 with other sectors reflecting the tight inter sectoral connection between energy use and metals use therefore stabilizing these main control and dependence pathways is essential to the system s effective operation in addition alleviating excess industrial capacity and optimizing economic structure are two effective measures to improve the currently low energy metals circulation efficiency within china s economy system by revealing the nexus between energy and metals in china this study provides important policy implications for trade offs and synergies between energy and metals use

job selection and wages over the business cycle we consider a model with on the job search where current wages depend only on current aggregate labor market conditions and idiosyncratic match specic productivities we show theoretically that the model replicates the ndings in bils 1985 and beaudry and dinardo 1991 on the history dependence in wages we develop a method to measure match qualities in the data and show empirically that various variables summarizing past aggregate labor market conditions have explanatory power for current wages only because they are correlated with match qualities they lose any predictive power once match qualities are accounted for

the impact of the great migration on mortality of african americans evidence from the deep south the great migration the massive migration of african americans out of the rural south to largely urban locations in the north midwest and west was a landmark event in u s our paper shows that this migration increased mortality of african americans born in the early twentieth century south this inference comes from an analysis that uses proximity of birthplace to railroad lines as an instrument for migration

assessing the importance of tiebout sorting local heterogeneity from 1850 to 1990 this paper argues that long run trends in geographic segregation are inconsistent with models where residential choice depends solely on local public goods the tiebout hypothesis we develop an extension of the tiebout model that predicts as mobility costs fall the heterogeneity across communities of individual public good preferences and of public good provision must weakly increase given the secular decline in mobility costs these predictions can be evaluated using historical data we find decreasing heterogeneity in policies and proxies for preferences across i a sample of u s municipalities 1870 1990 ii all boston area municipalities 1870 1990 and iii all u s counties 1850 1990

a life cycle model of outmigration and economic assimilation of immigrants in germany this paper estimates a structural dynamic life cycle model of outmigration where in each period immigrants choose whether to work in the host country not to work but remain in the host country or outmigrate the model incorporates several features of existing life cycle theories of outmigration but distinguishes itself by introducing uncertainty in about future earnings and preferences which allows immigrants to revise their duration decisions throughout their migration experience because immigrants simultaneously face a migration and a work decision in each period the economic assimilation rates commonly used to assess the performance of immigrants in the host economy are endogenously determined and estimated a feature previously ignored in the literature we overcome the problem of not directly observing outmigration movements by using panel attrition as a proxy variable and use a simple method to correct for the fact that part of the attrition is not a consequence of outmigration estimates are used to predict changes in life cycle patterns of outmigration behavior estimation results indicate that outmigration does not depend exclusively on earnings differentials estimated assimilation rates are found to be robust to selection effects immigrants are found to be forward looking decision makers and simulations show that predicted migration durations are very sensitive to changes in their economic environment and differ considerably from those of a myopic model

quantifying the sustainability of economic resource networks an ecological information based approach abstract sustainability as a concept has multiple disparate perspectives stemming from different related disciplines which either maintain ambiguous interpretations or concentrate on metrics pertaining to single aspects of a system given the embedded multi dimensionality of sustainability systemic approaches are needed that can cope with interactions of different dimensions past efforts for measuring sustainability holistically have taken an accounting approach based on the availability and efficiency of resource flows however an accounting approach fails to fully incorporate the intensive parameters pertaining to sustainability an ecological information based approach is a promising holistic measurement which incorporates both intensive and extensive dimensions of sustainability this paper evaluates this approach by applying it to six economic resource trade flow networks virtual water oil world commodity oecd bric commodity oecd bric foreign direct investment and iron and steel from the perspective of biomimicry it appears that these networks can achieve higher levels of efficiency without weakening their robustness to resource delivery the trends of measured efficiency and redundancy of the studied networks are demonstrated to be useful in reflecting long term changes while the trend in robustness levels were found to exhibit similar behavior to an ecosystem in its early phase of development

insider bargaining power starting wages and involuntary unemployment recent analyses of wage bargaining has emphasized the distinction between insiders and outsiders yet one typically assumes that insiders and recently hired outsiders are paid the same wage we con

the spatial mismatch hypothesis what has the evidence shown this paper reviews 20 years worth of empirical evidence on the spatial mismatch hypothesis after briefly surveying the relevant models from urban and labour economics and recent trends in employment and population suburbanisation the empirical evidence on spatial effects is examined this literature includes evidence on the effects of residential segregation residential suburbanisation and employment suburbanisation and direct measures of access such as travel times the most recent evidence suggests that spatial mismatch is relevant for explaining black white employment differences though the magnitudes of these effects remain unclear

the empirical content of nash bargained household behavior in households whose allocation decisions can be represented as nash bargained household decisions extrahousehold environmental parameters eeps serve as pure shifters of the threat points the comparative statics of changes in demands due to changes in these eeps are given these are incorporated into a comprehensive statement of the empirical content of nash bargained household behavior including a nash generalization of barten s 1966 fundamental matrix equation of the theory of consumer demand estimation and data requirements are discussed along with nested testing of the following structure the neoclassical model is nested in the nash bargained model which in turn is nested in an unrestricted model of household demands emphasized throughout is the enriched menu of explanatory variables for demand analysis provided by the nash model as well as the model s ability to jointly analyze i household formation and ii intrahousehold allocation decisions

seeking asylum in europe seeking asylum in europe over the last three decades the annual number of applications for asylum in the countries of the european union has increased from about 15 000 to more than 300 000 this has sparked a political backlash a revolution in policy a lively academic debate but very little economic analysis although the causes of asylum flows and the effects of policy are much discussed they have rarely been the subject of quantitative analysis this article examines the evolution of asylum flows and asylum policy across the eu since the early 1980s it investigates the effects of war and conflict economic incentives and asylum policies on the total numbers and on the proportions going to the different countries of the eu special attention is given to the growth of policy restrictiveness across the eu and to the harmonization of asylum policies contrary to some views policy has worked to stem the flows but it has been overwhelmed by other forces timothy j hatton

networks and selection in international migration to spain we offer fresh evidence on the effect of migrant networks on two essential aspects of migration 1 the total scale of migration and 2 the skill composition of migration our analysis is for the remarkable case of spain which experienced a full blown immigration boom from the mid 1990s up to the global financial crisis to accommodate flexible substitution patterns across alternative migrant destinations we use a three level nested multinomial logit model we find a strong positive network effect on the scale of migration and a strong negative effect on the ratio of high skilled to low skilled migrants simplifying restrictions on the structure of cross destination substitutability are rejected by the data jel f22 j61

heaven s swing door endogenous skills migration networks and the effectiveness of quality selective immigration policies a growing number of oecd countries are leaning toward the adoption of selective immigration policies which are expected to raise the quality or education level of migrants this view neglects two important dynamic effects the role of migration networks which could reduce the quality of migrants and the responsiveness of education decisions to the prospect of migration we propose a model of self selection into migration with endogenous education choices which predicts that migration networks and the quality of migrants can be positively associated when destination countries adopt sufficiently selective immigration policies empirical evidence presented as background motivation suggests that this is indeed the case

mobility costs frictional unemployment and efficiency with imperfect job information flows it is plausible that the distribution of job offerings becomes more attractive when there are more vacancies and more unemployed with word of mouth communication this condition is derived given this condition steady state equilibrium is not efficient with welfare increased by the introduction of unemployment compensation even though all agents are risk neutral in this way workers become more selective in the jobs they accept

networks in the modern economy mexican migrants in the u s labor market this paper attempts to identify job networks among mexican migrants in the u s labor market the empirical analysis uses data on migration patterns and labor market outcomes based on a sample of individuals belonging to multiple origin communities in mexico over a long period of time each community s network is measured by the proportion of the sampled individuals who are located at the destination the united states in any year we verify that the same individual is more likely to be employed and to hold a higher paying nonagricultural job when his network is exogenously larger by including individual fixed effects in the employment and occupation regressions and by using rainfall in the origin community as an instrument for the size of the network at the destination

local and personal networks in employment and the development of labor markets evidence from the cut flower industry in ethiopia summary we examine the roles of local and personal networks in the employment process and the emergence and development of the labor market in ethiopia s growing cut flower industry using primary survey data of 320 workers randomly sampled from all 64 farms we find that workers who were recruited informally using the social ties were paid less than the formally recruited workers at hiring however these workers quickly increased their productivity and the effect of social ties on wages disappeared over time further we find that the development of labor market for this newly emerged industry took place particularly within the industrial cluster

the great mexican emigration abstract in this paper we examine net emigration from mexico over the period 1960 to 2000 the data are consistent with labor supply shocks having made a substantial contribution to mexican emigration accounting for two fifths of mexican labor flows to the united states over the last two decades of the twentieth century net emigration rates by mexican state birth year cohort display a strong positive correlation with the initial size of the mexican cohort relative to the corresponding u s cohort in states with long histories of emigration the effects of cohort size on emigration are relatively strong consistent with the existence of preexisting networks

responsible mineral and energy futures views at the nexus societal prosperity is underpinned by access to the increasingly interdependent resources of minerals and energy in an era of mineral resource constraints and radical transition in the energy sector this paper reviews the extent to which a long term view of production and use is adopted in both fields a long term view including the mineral energy nexus is deemed to be necessary although not sufficient for managing future resource constraints and energy transitions alarmingly it identifies that the future of minerals resources and production is generally considered 5 10 years ahead rather than several decades or more as for energy additionally the sectors are generally studied independently rather than with a focus on the nexus with these findings as evidence of an unaddressed problem the paper then focusses on the current forces for change in the minerals industry namely community drivers regarding social licence to operate new technologies and consumer and government drivers on responsible minerals as discussions of sustainable development become displaced by the emerging discourse of responsible minerals what is adopted and discarded whilst responsible minerals considers chain of custody it does not adopt a long term view and overlooks the mineral energy nexus using three illustrative cases at the nexus of i rare earths renewables ii coal steel and iii uranium nuclear we extend the theoretical discussion on responsible with a range of contemporary examples from the perspectives of producing australia and consuming countries japan switzerland and propose a research agenda for an expanded notion of responsible minerals which recognises the complexity of the mineral energy nexus and connects it to progressing sustainable futures

migration incentives migration types the role of relative deprivation the authors explore the role of relative deprivation versus absolute income as an incentive for migration in developing countries in section i of this paper we outline the relative deprivation model of migration and present an illustration of the divergent policy implications of a relative deprivation model versus an absolute income model an attempt is made to identify distinct empirical implications of relative and absolute income motives for migrating in section ii a migration decision model is estimated and is used to explore absolute and relative income motives for internal and international migration in a sample of rural mexican households as well as to test the extent to which discontinuity in labour markets shapes the choice of migrant destination in section iii we present our conclusions excerpt