earnings inequality among males in the united states trends and the effect of labor force growth we analyze the variance of log earnings within labor force cohorts of u s males with particular attention to the influence of labor force growth rates estimates with data from the 1968 79 current population surveys reveal increases in earnings inequality within labor force cohorts even after we control for the level of education experience and unemployment a model of human capital investment is used to analyze differences among cohorts in the life cycle profile of the variance of log earnings it is shown that a pattern of sharply increasing and then declining labor force growth rates will tend to raise the return on human capital investment and thereby increase the variance of postschooling investment and log earnings early in the life cycle this positive effect on relative earnings inequality should decline with experience and possibly become negative because of the post world war ii baby boom and baby bust recent labor force entrants have faced just such a pattern of actual and projected labor

corporatism and unemployment in the 1980s and 1990s a number of studies have found an association between corporatist institutions and low unemployment in the 1970s and or 1980s three gaps in our understanding of corporatism s labor market effects are addressed here 1 which of the two principal forms of corporatism corporatist wage setting or union participation in economic policymaking or both generates these effects 2 what are the causal mechanisms 3 did these effects continue in the 1990s in the face of globalization restrictive monetary policy growing dissension within labor movements and related developments the impact of corporatism across 16 affluent oecd countries in the 1980s and 1990s is assessed using pooled time series cross section analysis the results suggest that wage coordination was conducive to low unemployment in the 1980s because it fostered moderation in labor costs spurred faster economic growth and encouraged governments to more aggressively pursue policies to reduce unemployment in the 1990s this effect disappeared largely because unemployment outcomes in low wage coordination countries improved rather than because unemployment outcomes in high wage coordination countries deteriorated union participation in economic policymaking was associated with low unemployment throughout the two decades conditional on the presence of leftist government union participation appears to have had this effect mainly via government policy

in search of smoking guns what makes income inequality vary over time in different countries we investigate the forces affecting the distribution of income by analyzing an unbalanced panel of information for 16 industrialized countries for the years 1966 through 1994 income inequality is measured with the gini coefficient of equivalent disposable income individuals are the unit of analysis the statistical analysis uses panel methods the results suggest that many factors affect the development of income inequality some factors are strictly economic a decreased industrial sector generally fosters inequality and some support is found for the view that increased trade of manufactured goods from developing countries is also a factor other forces are outside a strictly defined market sphere low inequality is found when a large proportion of the labor force belongs to a trade union and also when there is a large public sector in addition demographic circumstances are important since the proportion of the population under age 15 has a positive effect on inequality we find however no association between the unemployment rate and inequality

globalization and the great u turn income inequality trends in 16 oecd countries the debate on the resurgence of income inequality in some advanced industrial societies has often focused on the impact of an increasingly integrated world economy typified by growing capital mobility heightened international competition and an increase in migration this study represents one of the first systematic cross national examinations of the role of globalization in the inequality u turn results indicate on the one hand that total inequality variation is principally affected by the percentage of the labor force in agriculture followed by the institutional factors union density and decommodification and only then by globalization on the other hand longitudinal variation in inequality while still dominated by the percentage of the labor force in agriculture is also principally affected by aspects of globalization such as southern import penetration and direct investment outflow and to a lesser extent by migration in other words globalization explains the longitudinal trend of inc

the transition to the knowledge economy labor market institutions and income inequality in advanced democracies the transition from fordism to the knowledge economy in the world s advanced democracies was underpinned by the revolution in information and communications technology ict the introduction and rapid diffusion of ict pushed up wages for college educated workers with complementary skills and allowed top managers and ceos to reap greater rewards for their own talents despite these common pressures income inequality did not rise to the same extent everywhere income in the anglo saxon countries remains particularly unequally distributed to shed new light on this puzzle the authors carry out a panel data analysis of eighteen oecd countries between 1970 and 2007 their analysis stands apart from the existing empirical literature by taking a comparative perspective the article examines the extent to which the relationship between the knowledge economy and income inequality is influenced by national labor market institutions the authors find that the expansion of knowledge employment is positively associated with both the 90 10 wage ratio and the income share of the top 1 percent but that these effects are mitigated by the presence of strong labor market institutions such as coordinated wage bargaining strict employment protection legislation high union density and high collective bargaining coverage the authors provide robust evidence against the argument that industrial relations systems are no longer important safeguards of wage solidarity in the knowledge economy

the bargaining system and performance a comparison of 18 oecd countries theoretical reasoning disagrees about what type of bargaining system performs best the authors have tested the explanatory power of three competing hypotheses neoliberalism corporatism and the hump shape hypothesis all of these hypotheses lack empirical support due to two main shortcomings first they ignore that wage restraint raises three distinct types of collective action problems second they do not consider qualitative differences among the national bargaining systems particularly the role of the state that do not allow analysis to construct such ordinal rankings of bargaining coordination as adopted by all previous empirical studies proceeding from a revised hypothesis and new measures of national bargaining systems the authors have found a nonlinear relationship between the bargaining system and economic performance in a way that economy wide wage coordination is superior only when the bargaining system is able to make local bargaining comply with coordination activities

unequal organizations or unequal attainments an empirical comparison of sectoral and individualistic explanations for aggregate inequality explanations derived from the sectoral perspective in sociology and the humancapital screening perspectives in economics are used to predict income inequality in the american states the sectoral perspective is represented by an indicator of the dispersion of concentration in product markets across manufacturing establishments within each state and by the dispersion of employment across enterprises in eight size categories individualistic explanations favored by neoclassical economists are operationalized with the dispersion in educational attainments and by the dispersion in the age experience of the labor force with the percentage of blacks and three additional variables in the equations four hypotheses receive consistent support the strongest determinant of income inequality is the dispersion in educational attainments but the indicator of concentration is significant in all equations states with more blacks and greater variance in establishment size also were likely to be comparatively unequal these results are consistent with both the individualistic emphasis in the neoclassical perspective and the emphasis on economic power in the sectoral perspective they also indicate that studies of income inequality by human capital economists may have been biased by a failure to control for the institutional variables that are emphasized in sectoral theories

on data a case study of the evolution of income inequality across time and across countries this paper takes income distribution as a case study of the role of data in economics after describing the transformation which has taken place with regard to the availability of data on income inequality it discusses how the comparability of these estimates is brought into question by differences in methodology that cannot be eliminated by simple adjustments recent analyses of the relationships between income inequality and growth or globalisation are shown to be based on time series plagued by discontinuities which can seriously affect regression results the paper concludes by calling for greater attention to data quality in applied economics

income inequality and co2 emissions in the g7 1870 2014 evidence from non parametric modelling abstract we examine whether income inequality effected carbon emissions in what are now the world s wealthiest countries over the period 1870 2014 employing a non parametric panel estimation method with cross sectional and time varying coefficients we find that the relationship between income inequality and co2 emissions is highly non linear in terms of signs and significance the nonparametric coefficient function for income inequality is found to vary over the period 1870 2014 income inequality exhibits a significant positive effect from 1870 to 1880 and a significant negative impact from 1950 to 2000 on co2 emissions we also find that for extended periods between 1881 and 1949 and between 2000 and 2014 there is no significant relationship between the two variables

the driving forces of the level and the growth rate of real per capita income in indonesia we investigate the driving forces behind the level and the growth rate in real per capita gross domestic product gdp in indonesia the ultimate reasons and the proximate causes underlying indones

dependency disarticulation and denominator effects another look at foreign capital penetration less developed countries desparately need capital to develop but countries dependent on foreign capital face slower economic growth higher income inequality and possibly impaired domestic capital formation these conclusions emerge from a reassessment of glenn firebaugh s broad critique of capital dependency research which exposed an important error in earlier studies the solution charts new theoreticall ground by factoring dependency effects into the differential productivity of foreign and domestic investment and the negative externalities from foreign capital penetration the revised formulation is applied to cross national analyses of economic growth decapitalization and income inequality the findings consistently support capital dependency theory

macroeconomic performance and collective bargaining an international perspective this paper critically reviews the research on how collective bargaining systems influence macroeconomic performance in industrialized countries the review considers effects of bargaining level coordination and corporatist institutional arrangements key empirical results turn out to be quite fragile and much of the paper explores issues of measurement and specification that account for the fragility the paper concludes that complementarities between key institutions and between institutions and the economic environment may be more important for macroeconomic performance than the effects of individual institutions and it suggests research strategies

interpreting consumers a hermeneutical framework for deriving marketing insights from the texts of consumers consumption stories the author describes and illustrates a hermeneutically grounded interpretive framework for deriving marketing relevant insights from the texts of consumer stories and gives an overview of the phi

cooperation and political economic performance in affluent democratic capitalism research on comparative political economic performance has traditionally followed two separate tracks one concerned with collective economic gain growth and efficiency and the other focused on distribution and redistribution cooperative institutions offer a key to understanding cross national variation among the affluent capitalist democracies in both facets of political economic performance these institutions cluster along two dimensions neocorporatism and firm level cooperation pooled time series analysis for 18 nations over 1960 89 suggests that 1 neocorporatism is a major source of distributive redistributive policies and outcomes and of several sources of collective gain 2 firm level cooperation is a key contributor to economic growth

demythologizing consumption practices how consumers protect their field dependent identity investments from devaluing marketplace myths marketplace myths are commonly conceptualized as cultural resources that attract consumers to a consumption activity or brand this theoretical orientation is prone to overstating the extent to which consumers identity investments in a field of consumption are motivated by an associated marketplace myth we provide a theoretical corrective to this tendency by investigating consumers who have become vested in a commercially mythologized consumption field through an incremental process of building social connections and cultural capital for these consumers the prevailing marketplace myth is experienced as a trivialization of their aesthetic interests rather than as a source of identity value in response they employ demythologizing practices to insulate their acquired field dependent social and cultural capital from devaluation our findings advance theorizations concerning marketplace myths and consumer identity work and explicate the sociocultural forces that deter consumers from abandoning a consump

does foreign capital harm poor nations new estimates based on dixon and boswell s measures of capital penetration l a s efforce de mesurer l impact economique de la penetration du capital et de l investissement etranger sur l economie des pays en voie de developpement il examine et critique le mode d evaluation de la production propose par w j dixon et t boswell il estime qu il convient de distinguer investissement local et investissement etranger il presente les differents types d interpretation et etudie un certain nombre de donnees collectees concernant le panama la jamaique le liberia la guinee et enfin trinidad et tobago il se demande d une part si l investissement local et preferable a l investissement etranger et d autre part si ce dernier appauvrit les pays en voie de developpement il s interroge sur le bien fonde de la theorie de la dependance

a new data set measuring income inequality this article presents a new data set on inequality in the distribution of income the authors explain the criteria they applied in selecting data on gini coefficients and on individual quintile groups income shares comparison of the new data set with existing compilations reveals that the data assembled here represent an improvement in quality and a significant expansion in coverage although differences in the definition of the underlying data might still affect inter temporal and international comparability based on this new data set the authors do not find a systematic link between growth and changes in aggregate inequality they do find a strong positive relationship between growth and reduction of poverty

unions taxes and the structure of multinational enterprises abstract this note analyzes how a firm s relationship with unions or tax authorities influences its basic structure in particular it is shown that the prospect of capture by unions or tax authorities of part of the rents associated with the firm s investments leads it to open more plants than is technologically efficient thus unions and taxes are an independent reason for a firm s expansion nationally and for foreign direct investment

promise and pitfalls in the use of secondary data sets income inequality in oecd countries as a case study this paper examines the role of secondary data sets in empirical economic research taking the field of income distribution as a case study we illustrate problems faced by users of secondary statistics showing how both cross country comparisons and time series analysis can depend sensitively on the choice of data after describing the genealogy of secondary data sets on income inequality we consider the main methodological issues and discuss their implications for comparisons of income inequality across oecd countries and over time the lessons to be drawn for the construction and use of secondary data sets are summarized at the end of the paper

money supply class power and inflation monetarism reassessed recent sociological work shows that pro market neoliberal policies across advanced capitalist countries are due to distributional struggle between classes in the 1970s and 1980s the orthodox monetarist view alternatively sees neoliberal reform as a nonpolitical attempt to end the stagflation crisis of the 1970s from this perspective monetary and fiscal expansions brought high inflation and central bank discipline and government austerity is the solution but the recent trend of low inflation despite accelerating money growth and government spending contradicts this view analyses of time series cross section data for 23 oecd countries from 1960 to 2009 support the thesis that the rise and fall of inflation is more about distribution of power between labor and capital than about monetary and fiscal discipline inflation in the 1970s originated from a strong working class and hurt capital more than it did workers while neoliberal repression of workers power has kept inflation low from the 1980s onwa

a cohort analysis of wages in indonesia this article uses repeated cross sectional data for the years 1986 to 1998 to examine how the median and spread in the distribution of wages among workers of different age and gender were affected by the economic growth and contraction in output during this period it finds that it is mainly the younger cohorts of male and female workers that have reaped the benefits of the growing employment and wages in the formal sector the growing wage sector has been absorbing many of the young entrants into the labour market but more male workers than female workers the increases in the median wages of these younger cohorts have been accompanied by a rise in the inequality of earnings the level as well as the increase in dispersion is also higher for females of younger cohorts than male cohorts the declines in real wages since the 1997 crisis have been relatively evenly distributed among male and female workers and across different age cohorts while the impact of the crisis on wage inequality has been mixed

income inequality development and dependence a reconsideration we reconsider the role of foreign investment in income inequality in light of recent critiques that question the results of quantitative cross national research on foreign capital penetration we analyze an unbalanced cross national data set in which countries contribute different numbers of observations with a maximum of 88 countries and 488 observations dated from 1967 to 1994 random effects regression models that control for unmeasured country heterogeneity are used to investigate effects of foreign capital penetration on inequality measured as the gini coefficient against the background of an internal developmental model of inequality we adapt firebaugh s 1992 1996 critique of the literature on the effect of foreign investment on economic growth to the study of income inequality and find that the stock of foreign direct investment has an effect on inequality that is independent of the mechanisms identified by firebaugh we explore tsai s 1995 claim that the effect of foreign capital penetration is spurious and find that foreign stock has a significant positive effect on inequality net of region specific differences an alternative interpretation of the findings of the foreign investment inequality literature is discussed in light of the discovery of an inverted u shaped relationship between income inequality and foreign investment stock per capita we conclude that thinking on the relationship between income inequality and investment dependence should be revised in light of an investment development path relating the inflow and outflow of foreign capital to economic development

globalization and global inequality assessing the impact of the rise of china and india 1980 20051 this article uses updated purchasing power parity measurements of countries income and a new strategy for approximating global inequality to examine how global income inequality as a combination of increasing average within country inequality and decreasing between country inequality changed in the period 1980 2005 in view of the overwhelming influence of china and india on trends in global inequality change the authors base their strategy on estimating the change in world average within country inequality from change in within country inequality of these two countries the authors find that global inequality decreased continuously throughout the period they also project that global inequality will likely rise again in the next 25 years unless the stellar economic performance of china and india spreads widely to other developing countries

explaining deindustrialization globalization failure or success although sociologists have expressed growing interest in globalization they have devoted little sustained empirical attention to the many claims made in its name i focus on the link that has been drawn between globalization and the deindustrialization of the advanced industrial societies to examine this i employ a pooled time series of cross sections data set that combines observations on 18 oecd nations across the 1968 1992 period fixed effects regression models that control for unmeasured country specific effects reveal support for arguments that implicate foreign direct investment and north south trade in the declining percentage of the labor force employed in manufacturing in the oecd countries regression results also show that deindustrialization across this period is largely explained by a model that combines an attention to the post golden age troubles of northern manufacturing with classic generalizations of the process of development interpretation of the empirical findings is tempered by an exercise in counterfactual history which reveals that deindustrialization would have been considerable in these countries even if the upswings in direct investment and southern imports had not occurred or if the performance of the manufacturing sector had been stronger

determinants of labour s income share in the era of financialisation numerous studies have analysed the decline in the labour share of income but only few have linked it to the increase in financialisation the process of financialisation can roughly be described as an increasing importance of the financial sector that had an impact on the distribution between wages and profits on the one hand and retained earnings and financial income in the form of dividends and interests on the other hand this article seeks to explore the relationship between financialisation and labour s share of income using a time series cross sectional dataset of 13 countries over the time period from 1986 until 2007 the results suggest that there is indeed a relationship between increasing dividend and interest payments of non financial corporations and the decline of the share of wages in national income other factors that can account for the decline relate to globalisation and a decrease in the bargaining power of labour

book reviewinequality poverty and history jeffrey g williamson basil blackwell cambridge ma 1991 isbn 1 55786 118 8 pp vii 151 19 50

wage setting institutions and pay inequality in advanced industrial societies the distribution of pay differs significantly across countries and over time among advanced industrial societies in this paper institutional and political determinants of pay inequality are studied in sixteen countries from 1980 to 1992 the most important factor in explaining pay dispersion is the level of wage setting i e whether wages are set at the level of the individual the plant the industry or the entire private sector the impact of centralization is the same whether centralization occurs via collective bargaining or via government involvement in private sector wage setting the concentration of unions and the share of the labor force covered by collective bargaining agreements also matter after controlling for wage setting institutions other variables such as the governing coalition the size of government international openness and the supply of highly educated workers have little impact economic political and norm based explanations for the association of centralization with egalitarian outcomes are discussed

the economics of immigration this literature review concerns the impact of immigration on the economy of the host country focusing on the experience of the united states the emphasis is on the period from the 1970s to the 1990s the author shows that research earlier in this period generally concluded that the economic effects of immigration were positive but that more recent research on later migrations have generally concluded that immigration may be having an adverse effect on the earnings of native unskilled workers and be placing an increased burden on welfare programs the importance of such economic analysis for the formulation of appropriate migration policies is stressed

differences and changes in wage structures preface introduction and summary richard b freeman lawrence f katz 1 a comparison of changes in the structure of wages in four oecd countries lawrence f katz gary w loveman david g blanchflower 2 international differences in executive and managerial compensation john m abowd michael l bognanno 3 the gender earnings gap some international evidence francine d blau lawrence m kahn 4 international wage curves david g blanchflower andrew j oswald 5 the changing structure of male earnings in britain 1974 1988 john schmitt 6 real wages employment and wage dispersion in u s and australian labor markets robert g gregory francis vella 7 labor markets and economic growth lessons from korea s industrialization 1970 1990 dae il kim robert h topel 8 wage differentials in italy market forces institutions and inflation christopher l erickson andrea c ichino 9 the swedish wage structure the rise and fall of solidarity wage policy per anders edin bertil holmlund 10 getting together and breaking apart the decline of centralized collective bargaining richard b freeman robert s gibbons 11 earnings inequality in germany katharine g abraham susan n houseman 12 a comparative analysis of east and west german labor markets before and after unification alan b krueger jorn steffen pischke contributors author index subject index

level of economic development and income inequality evidence from the postwar developed world using a recent high quality panel dataset on income distribution for 19 developed countries the postwar relation between the level of economic development and income inequality is estimated in terms of several kuznets type specifications contrary to what one might expect on the basis of kuznets s hypothesis inequality does not decline with an increase in income even at such high levels of development but shows an uninverted u pattern that is characterized by an initial decline and a subsequent increase in income inequality the estimates suggest that the position noted for the postwar united states is shared widely in the developed world

toward a theory of status consumption in less industrialized countries how does status consumption operate among the middle classes in less industrialized countries lics those classes that have the spending power to participate effectively in consumer culture globalization research suggests that bourdieu s status consumption model based upon western research does not provide an adequate explanation and what we call the global trickle down model often invoked to explain lic status consumption is even more imprecise we study the status consumption strategies of upper middle class turkish women in order to revise three of bourdieu s most important concepts cultural capital habitus and consumption field to propose a theory specific to the lic context we demonstrate that cultural capital is organized around orthodox practice of the western lifestyle myth that cultural capital is deterritorialized and so accrues through distant textbook like learning rather than via the habitus and that the class faction with lower cultural capital indigenizes the consumption field to sustain a national social hierarchy

play at any cost how cosplayers produce and sustain their ludic communal consumption experiences communal consumption is often described as inherently playful with previous research mainly focusing on successful ludic communal experiences and largely disregarding its potential pitfalls moreover the marketer is usually seen as the primary facilitator of ludic experiences which has marginalized the role of the consumer this article explores how consumers produce and sustain ludic consumption community experiences in the face of growing instrumental costs it assumes a practice theory lens and is based on an ethnographic inquiry into cosplay which is a time and resource intensive form of pop culture masquerade and craft consumption prolonged engagement in the cosplay community leads to growing emotional material temporal and competence related costs which hinder playful experiences consumers practice modularization reinforcement and collaboration to overcome these costs and maintain the important ludic sensations that motivate communal engagements

reversal of fortunes the rise and fall of lifetime earnings of iranian men abstractthe islamic revolution of 1979 the 8 year war with iraq 1980 88 and the collapse of oil prices in 1986 dealt huge blows to iran s economy in this article we use a pseudopanel constructed from annual multiple surveys during 1984 2004 to analyze changes in cohort earnings and consumption through these tumultuous times using well known techniques we decompose the changes in median cohort earnings of men into cohort age and year effects our results show that cohorts born before 1950 who were well into their careers at the time of the revolution enjoyed a steady increase in lifetime earnings however those born after the mid 1960s who started their careers during the revolution and the war with iraq experienced losses relative to previous cohorts in contrast to earnings per capita expenditures do not indicate a declining cohort trend for younger cohorts when we restrict the year effects to cyclical variation only the cohort effects show a rising trend we interpret the difference in

the kuznets curve and the great u turn income inequality in u s counties 1970 to 1990 the authors examine the determinants of inequality in the distribution of family income in approximately 3 100 counties of the united states in 1970 1980 and 1990 such a study provides a window on global trends in social inequality during the period which spans the tail end of the kuznets curve and the more recent upswing in income inequality results from random effects regression models that control for unmeasured heterogeneity among states reveal the continued importance of the kuznetsian pattern of declining inequality with economic development a positive effect of urbanization on inequality a declining positive impact of sector dualism an increasing positive effect of educational heterogeneity and a persistent effect of racial dualism several variables associated with the recent upswing in inequality have significant effects female labor force participation negative female headed households positive percent of the population over age 65 changes from positive to negative over the period manufacturing employment negative and unemployment ambiguous they also discuss methods of estimating the gini coefficient for income inequality at the county level and measures of sector farm nonfarm dualism racial black white dualism and educational heterogeneity

growth effects of foreign and domestic investment over tha past few years numerous studies in sociology have concluded that foreign investment harms poor nations these studies have focused on the coefficient for foreign capital stock controlling for flow new investment and defying logic have inferred that a negative coefficient for stock reflects dependency effects that retard economic growth since capital stock is the denominator for investment rate the greater the stock the lower the investment rate for a given level of new investment hence the negative coefficient for capital stock found in dependency studies indicates a beneficial investment effect not a harmful effect this point is demonstrated by reanalysis of the data used in dependency studies in these data foreign investment spurs growth earlier analysts have concluded otherwise only because their conclusions have belied their findings

economic globalization domestic politics and income inequality in the developed countries a cross national study this article assesses the impact of economic globalization and domestic political factors on income inequality and state redistribution in the developed countries over the past two decades using household level data from the luxembourg income study that are more detailed accurate and cross nationally comparable than those used in previous empirical work it examines three major modes of international integration trade direct foreign investment and international financial flows as well as four domestic political variables the partisan balance of national cabinets electoral turnout union density and the centralization of wage setting institutions the study finds only scattered relationships between global integration and income distribution or redistribution but reasonably strong positive relationships between several domestic political variables and an egalitarian distribution of income and or extensive state redistribution these findings are consistent with a growing number of studies that emphasize the resilience of domestic political factors in the face of economic globalization

free trade old and new challenges the paper analyses the old and new challenges to the theory and policy of free trade the old challenges have sought to undermine the case for free trade by citing one or another type of market imperfection thus the postwar period has seen two such challenges factor market imperfections were analysed in the 1950s to 197os product market imperfections in the i980s the new challenges are twofold one comes from the demands for fair trade as a precondition for free trade the other from the concern that free trade while efficient immiserises the unskilled in the richer countries having given a harry johnson lecture four years ago in london i was startled to be invited to give yet another one today but then i recalled his unmatched productivity his articles continued to be published even after his death the pipelines in several journals being full of them it is only appropriate then that he be honoured many times over also in these days of preoccupation with increasing returns to scale such a proliferation of lectures in the memory of a great economist is doubly fitting since harry johnson was in the english tradition of taking his theory from the real world s problems and then taking it back to talk penetratingly about them i thought it appropriate to address the earlier johnson lecture to the threats posed currently to the multilateral trading system by increasing resort

income disparities and employment and occupational changes in new york preston v and mclafferty s 1993 income disparities and employment and occupational changes in new york reg studies 27 223 235 to determine how deindustrialization and the growth of service employment have affected geographic disparities in income within urban areas we examined empirically the spatial distribution of household income in the new york cmsa between 1960 and 1980 and the associations between income growth and employment and occupational change geographic disparities in median household income increased as wealth dispersed to the periphery and income grew slowly in counties adjacent to manhattan despite the loss of 400 000 manufacturing jobs total employment increased albeit unevenly on the periphery employment in all sectors grew rapidly while the inner counties lost manufacturing jobs loss of blue collar workers did not alter occupational segregation substantially correlation analysis revealed that income growth was associated significantly with employment growth in all sect

determinants of relative poverty in advanced capitalist democracies using relative poverty measures based on micro level data from the luxembourg income study in conjunction with pooled time series data for 14 advanced capitalist democracies between 1970 and 1997 the authors analyze separately the rate of pretax transfer poverty and the reduction in poverty achieved by systems of taxes and transfers socioeconomic factors including de industrialization and unemployment largely explain pre tax transfer poverty rates of the working age population in these advanced capitalist democracies the extent of redistribution measured as poverty reduction via taxes and transfers is explained directly by welfare state generosity and constitutional structure number of veto points and the strength of the political left both in unions and in government

trade globalization since 1795 waves of integration in the world system the term globalization as used by social scientists and in popular discourse has many meanings we contend that it is important to distinguish between globalization as a contemporary political ideology and what we call structural globalization the increasing worldwide density of large scale interaction networks relative to the density of smaller networks we study one type of economic globalization over the past two centuries the trajectory of international trade as a proportion of global production is trade globalization a recent phenomenon a long term upward trend or a cyclical process using an improved measure of trade globalization we find that there have been three waves since 1795 we discuss the possible causes of these pulsations of global integration and their implications for the early decades of the twenty first century