a dynamic approach to the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis states that pollution levels increase as a country develops but begin to decrease as rising incomes pass beyond a turning point in ekc analyses the relationship between environmental degradation and income is usually expressed as a quadratic function with the turning point occurring at a maximum pollution level other explanatory variables have been included in these models but income regularly has had the most significant effect on indicators of environmental quality one variable consistently omitted in these relationships is the price of energy this paper analyzes previous models to illustrate the importance of prices in these models and then includes prices in an econometric ekc framework testing energy income and co2 income relationships these long run price income models find that income is no longer the most relevant indicator of environmental quality or energy demand indeed we find no significant evidence for the existence of an ekc within the range of current incomes for energy in the presence of price and trade variables

decoupling china s carbon emissions increase from economic growth an economic analysis and policy implications as the world s second largest carbon emitter china has long been criticized as a free rider benefiting from other countries efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but not taking responsibility for its own emissions china has been singled out as one of the major targets at the subsequent negotiations after the kyoto meeting bq analyzing the historical contributions of interfuel switching energy conservation economic growth and population expansion to china s co2 emissions during 1980 97 this article clearly demonstrates that the above criticism is unjustified moreover given the fact that the role of china is an issue of perennial concern at the international climate change negotiations the article envisions some efforts and commitments that could be expected from china until its per capita income catches lip with the level of middle developed countries by emphasizing the it win win strategies these efforts and commitments are unlikely to jeopardize china s economic development and at the same time would give the country more leverage at the international climate change negotiations subsequent to the buenos sires meeting c 2000 elsevier science ltd all rights reserved

trust and communication mechanisms for increasing farmers participation in water quality trading trust and communication barriers have contributed significantly to the lethargic performance of many point nonpoint source water quality trading programs farmers are often reluctant to participate despite direct financial incentives yet the literature lacks a comprehensive investigation of how the social context affects trading outcomes we draw on social embeddedness theory to analyze three mechanisms of communicating with farmers and conduct a case study analysis of 12 water quality trading programs we find that employing trustworthy third parties or embedded ties may reduce farmers reluctance to participate although the most effective mechanism ultimately depends on local conditions and program objectives

the toxic intensity of industrial production global patterns trends and trade policy this paper exploits a newly developed data set to investigate recent changes in the international distribution of industrial pollution in particular the authors examine three issues 1 the relationship between the toxic intensity of industrial production and the level of economic development 2 the impact of oecd environmental regulation on global changes in toxic intensity and 3 the relationship between trade policy and the toxic intensity of industrial production in ldc s 10 refs

local rulemaking enforcement and compliance in state owned forest commons abstract the literature on rule compliance is divided between those urging greater autonomy for stakeholders in rulemaking processes and those arguing for increased enforcement however recent experimental evidence highlights the potential for synergies between participatory rulemaking and enforcement this paper therefore seeks to build upon these findings to explore the relationship between local rulemaking local monitoring and compliance in field settings the results which draw upon data about the behavior of 93 fuelwood user groups in state owned forest commons in asia africa and latin america suggest that the average group is more likely to comply with rules when local rulemaking is combined with local monitoring however in some contexts it appears that local rulemaking in particular and other institutional arrangements in general may yield similar results

decomposition of aggregate carbon intensity for the manufacturing sector comparison of declining trends from 10 oecd countries for the period 1971 1991 abstract as with total energy consumption or aggregate energy intensity changes in aggregate carbon intensity may also be decomposed or attributed to changes in various components including fuel mix for electricity generation final energy mix sub sectoral economic activity and sub sectoral energy intensities the adaptive weighted divisia rolling base year index specification is applied to total carbon emissions from the manufacturing sector of 10 oecd countries for the period 1971 1991 declines in aggregate carbon intensity for these countries range from 70 and may be primarily attributed to decreases in energy intensity i e increases in the average factor productivity of energy however these declines in aggregate carbon intensity appear to have a complex linkage to increases in energy prices as well as changes in other determinants of gross industrial output

prices technology and farm size in this paper we construct and empirically test a theory of the agricultural firm which explains the long term growth in farm size in the united states typically the u s farm unit is a family enterprise consequently the ratio of the opportunity cost of farm labor to the price of machinery services determines the size of the farm operation by influencing the machine labor ratio applying the model to u s data we explain virtually all of the growth in the machine labor ratio and in farm size over the 1930 70 period by changes in relative factor prices without reference to technological change or economies of scale

middlemen and peasants in rice marketing in the philippines abstract this paper reports the results of a field survey covering all links in the channel of rice marketing from farmers to consumers in laguna province philippines the survey revealed a highly competitive nature of rice marketing in this area where the countless number of middlemen compete in the procurement of paddy from farmers for rice mills leaving little room for monopoly monopsony exercises intense competition was also found in wholesaling by mills to retailers as well as retailing to consumers

determinants of co2 emissions in a small open economy abstract the aim of the paper is to explore the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide co2 emissions for a small open and industrialized country austria we test whether an environmental kuznets curve relationship also holds for a single country rather than concentrating on panel or cross section data for a set of countries a cubic i e n shaped relationship between gdp and co2 emissions is found to fit the data most appropriately for the period 1960 1999 and a structural break is identified in the mid seventies due to the oil price shock furthermore two variables are additionally significant import shares reflecting the well known pollution haven hypothesis and the share of the tertiary service sector of total production gdp accounting for structural changes in the economy emission projections derived from this single country specification support the widely held opinion that significant policy changes are asked for when implementing the kyoto protocol in order to bring about a downturn in future carbon emissions

contributions of weather and fuel mix to recent declines in us energy and carbon intensity a recent 1996 2000 acceleration of declines in energy andcarbon intensity in the u s remains largely unexplained this study usesdivisia decomposition and regression to test two candidate explanations fuel mix and weather the divisia method demonstrates that fuel mix doesnot explain the declines in carbon intensity the fuel mix both overalland for electricity generation became slightly more carbon intensiveover the study period though the slight trend reversed before the end ofthe period a regression based correction to the divisia indices accounting for variation in heating and cooling degree days indicatesthat warmer weather accounts for about 30 percent ofthe total declines this leaves declines of more than 2 percent per year and an accelerationof more than 1 percent over previous decade remaining to beexplained

the use of trade measures against illicit fishing economic and legal considerations illegal unreported and unregulated iuu fishing activities are a threat for both the marine environment and society by undermining effective management systems iuu fishing activities affect economic performance social welfare and compliance decisions so far traditional control and surveillance like measures have had a limited success in deterring iuu fishing so this paper aims at throwing light on several forms of trade related initiatives that can be more effective the paper suggests that both the effectiveness and further development of such measures strongly depend on the way they are designed especially with respect to their trade law compatibility however current discussions on future trade based policy developments within some key economic areas suggest that trade measures are a sound option for policy makers while the paper focuses on fisheries issues it is also expected to inform the international debate surrounding the sustainable use of natural resources in general as many sectors face similar biodiversity and trade challenges e g tropical forest mangroves etc

environmental policy and competitiveness the porter hypothesis and the composition of capital abstract the porter hypothesis suggests a win win situation in the sense that environmental policy improves both environment and competitiveness the suggestion received strong criticism from economists driven by the idea that if opportunities exist firms do not have to be triggered by an extra cost in this paper a model is developed which confirms this point but which also draws attention to some general mechanisms that relax the trade off considerably downsizing and modernization of firms subject to environmental policy will increase average productivity and will have positive effects on the marginal decrease of profits and environmental damage

toward a new conception of the environment competitiveness relationship accepting a fixed trade off between environmental regulation and competitiveness unnecessarily raises costs and slows down environmental progress studies finding high environmental compliance costs have traditionally focused on static cost impacts ignoring any offsetting productivity benefits from innovation they typically overestimated compliance costs neglected innovation offsets and disregarded the affected industry s initial competitiveness rather than simply adding to cost properly crafted environmental standards can trigger innovation offsets allowing companies to improve their resource productivity shifting the debate from pollution control to pollution prevention was a step forward it is now necessary to make the next step and focus on resource productivity

re inventing dualism policy narratives and modes of oil palm expansion in sarawak malaysia the policy narrative underpinning the current rapid expansion of large scale private oil palm plantations in sarawak malaysia implies a dualistic conception of the agrarian transformation underway such as prevailed in the 1950s this narrative is inconsistent with the history of smallholder commercialisation in sarawak post 1981 policy has sought to limit smallholder development and deliver large land areas to private estates thus re inventing a dualistic agrarian structure oil palm expansion in sarawak has various potential pathways and is driven in its present direction not by dualistic economics but the exercise of state power to maximise opportunities for surplus extraction and political patronage

integration and productivity satellite tracked evidence this paper introduces satellite tracked real time data from a large fishing firm managing its vertically horizontally and geographically linked ships to study the causal impact of integration on total factor productivity tfp after the firm acquired its vertically unintegrated contractual fish suppliers tfp increased 16 among newly integrated ships whereas it did not vary for already owned ships some classic mechanisms such as increased effort due to monitoring do not systematically explain tfp gains under integration whereas evidence on hold up threat alleviation is mixed importantly enhanced knowledge transfer and hierarchical authority enacting productivity improving operational practices among newly integrated ships are more likely explanations of the results this paper was accepted by bruno cassiman business strategy

the determinants of atmospheric so2 concentrations reconsidering the environmental kuznets curve this analysis explores the effects of income and the spatial intensity of economic activity on the atmospheric concentration of sulfur dioxide the results indicate that there is a u shaped relation between income and atmospheric concentration of so2 and an inverted u shaped relation between the spatial intensity of economic activity and so2 concentrations these results suggest that the spatial intensity of economic activity rather than income provides the impetus for policies and technologies that reduce so2 emissions based on this result the atmospheric concentration of so2 in developing nations may decline faster than indicated by previous analyses the potential for this decline depends on the rate at which income grows relative to population the trade off between the effects of income gains and the spatial intensity of economic activity on the atmospheric concentration of so2 is consistent with the notion that some environmental problems can be ameliorated by slowing population growth and increasing income levels

dynamic use of closures and imperfectly enforced quotas in a metapopulation the dynamic efficiency of closures in bioeconomic systems depends upon stock levels and in situ values that evolve over time and on relative costs of implementation a model of a harvested metapopulation is presented in which second best reduction of harvest from open access levels using input quotas balances monitoring costs against dynamic benefits of mitigating overharvesting temporary or permanent closures though generally still second best are preferable to quotas under certain conditions as demonstrated for a representative patch and time period interactions between patches are discussed numerical solutions illustrate comparative dynamics of closure use and show their potential benefits in a dynamic regulatory path

managing interacting species in unassessed fisheries abstract this paper addresses the management of multispecies fisheries and suggests the use of restricted fishing policies as an interesting option for unassessed fisheries as is the case within developing countries specifically we consider a predator prey system under two potential management policies an unrestricted regime where agents can compete to harvest from both species and a second one where they are allowed to harvest only predators the performance of both policies is compared from an ecological and an economic point of view for a sufficiently large number of agents or for strong biological interaction parameters the assumed restricted fishing policy yields both higher long run stock levels and profits thus this contribution suggests that such a policy while requiring weaker monitoring governance than instruments based on outputs such as quotas or taxes would meet environmental and economic objectives finally several features of the analysis are discussed including targeting prey instead of predator and the issue of compliance

economic man as a moral individual first there is the broadly ethical question how should one live to emphasize this connection is not the same as asserting that people will always act in ways they will themselves morally defend but only to recognize that ethical deliberations cannot be totally inconsequential to actual human behavior sen 1988 3 4 i introduction it is a plausible proposition that some people s behavior is affected significantly by moral considerations a growing literature in economics and related disciplines reviewed and analyzed in earlier work by two of the authors goldfarb and griffith 1991a griffith and goldfarb 1991b explores the possibility and desirability of incorporating these moral considerations into the economic analysis of individual behavior 1 a variety of approaches to introducing moral considerations into economic analysis have been put forward by contributors within economics including sen 1974 1977 1988 hirschman 1985 phelps 1975 vanberg 1988 brunner 1987 frank 1987 1988 hirshleifer 1985 mueller 1986 and schotter 1981 among others among related disciplines the philosophers gauthier 1986 and ulman margalit 1977 the sociologists coleman 1987 and etzioni 1986 1988 and the political scientist axelrod 1984 all present relevant analyses as our earlier review indicated these authors pursue three competing approaches introducing moral values as part of preference functions introducing moral norms or rules as constraints and introducing such norms as decision rules for coping with strategic interaction gaming situations we propose here a concrete method for including moral values in the economist s model of preferences our method maintains the standard economic framework of an agent maximizing his or her utility subject to constraints but modifies the utility function so that the enjoyment or utility from consuming a given set of goods varies in a lumpy or discontinuous way depending on the concurrent moral content of the individual s behavior moreover it offers an analytical representation of the linkage between preferring to act morally and the individual s being faced with possibly significant differences in constraints because of such moral considerations 2 the paper proceeds as follows section ii indicates where our approach fits in the existing literature incorporating moral values into preference functions section iii sets forth our approach to specifying these utility functions section iv suggests some extensions section v presents further discussion and conclusions ii relation to the literature while not directly inspired by the occupational choice literature our approach can be usefully viewed as an application of the economic model of occupational choice to modelling moral preferences 3 this approach helps fill an analytical gap between hochman and rodgers 1969 small modification of the standard microeconomic framework and the more extensive departures suggested by etzioni 1986 and sen 1974 1977 our model helps fill this gap by providing what we think is an intuitively appealing treatment of the discontinuous or lumpy content of important classes of moral decisions hochman and rodgers 1969 present an analysis of the possible relationship between moral and other values in the context of charitable transfers their analysis is now a standard ingredient in intermediate microeconomics textbooks 4 their interdependent utility approach puts impoverished individual y s income or utility into individual x s utility function one then analyzes the conditions under which individual x will either himself transfer resources to individual y or vote for a government program to make such a transfer this approach allows transfers that vary continuously from zero to very large amounts of money with decisions involving trade offs at the margin for our purposes this marginal trade off feature so useful for analyzing charitable transfers presents a very significant limitation when attempting to apply the model to a wider range of moral behavior

what is the role of openness for china s aggregate industrial so2 emission a structural analysis based on the divisia decomposition method abstract having observed the weaknesses in previous structural analyses on the role of environmental kuznets curve ekc the author proposes a detailed analysis using a rich data set of provincial level production and so2 emission intensity of 13 industrial sectors the latter represent more than 98 of the total industrial production in each chinese province for the period 1991 2001 through the use of the log mean divisia index decomposition method the variations in province level industrial so2 emissions with regard to the 1990 baseline level are decomposed into the contribution from three components scale composition and technical effects the following analysis seeks to explain how trade openness affects aggregate industrial so2 emission through its impact on the structural determinants for these three components of region specific environmental variations

from plantations to smallholder production the role of policy in the reorganization of the sri lankan tea sector summary the sri lankan tea sector has changed from one dominated by vertically integrated plantations to one where independent processors of black tea purchase their input green leaf tea from small independent growers this paper provides a unifying conceptual framework to characterize three major factors affecting the changes in vertical coordination arrangements transaction production and management costs regulation and government policy have altered these determinants of organizational change transaction costs have been reduced by state intervention into the price for green leaf which subsequently lowered the risk of processors re negotiating prices downward production costs which continue to be dominated by labor expenses due to the lack of technological developments for harvesting have increased more for plantations than independent producers due to union pressures

further investigations into the factors affecting compliance with uk fishing quotas this paper reports the results of a more recent study of quota compliance in the u k fishery that was investigated in an earlier article in this journal hatcher et al 2000 the study collected more detailed data on fishermen s perceptions and experience of enforcement and sought to measure the financial incentive to cheat in addition whereas the earlier study used a binary approach to modelling the data we employed an orderedresponse model and included a number of scale regressors without transformation although we still find some evidence of normative influences on violation levels the results suggest that conventional economic incentives predominate in the fishery

trade the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental kuznets curve examining the linkages abstract this paper examines the extent to which the ekc inverted u relationship can be explained by trade and specifically the migration or displacement of dirty industries from the developed regions to the developing regions the pollution haven hypothesis phh using detailed data on north south trade flows for pollution intensive products the evidence for the phh is assessed emissions of 10 air and water pollutants are then estimated controlling for trade openness structural change and dirty north south trade flows evidence of pollution haven effects is found although such effects do not appear to be widespread and appear to be relatively small compared to the roles played other explanatory variables

impacts of growth and structural change on co2 emissions of developing countries abstract carbon dioxide emissions the most significant greenhouse gas are growing at more rapid rates in developing economies relative to advanced economies this paper estimates the effects of the growth of gdp changes in industrial structure fuel mixes and energy efficiency on the carbon dioxide emissions of nine developing countries using a decomposition model policy implications for reducing emissions in the light of the findings are discussed

economic growth trade and energy implications for the environmental kuznets curve abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis asserts that pollution follows an inverted u path with respect to economic growth the ekc has been explained in terms of structural changes in the composition of economic output and increased environmental regulation at higher income levels while some authors have incorporated the impact of trade policy orientation on the ekc the impact of the actual movement between countries of goods that embody pollution has not been considered this paper attempts to econometrically quantify the effect using pooled cross country and time series data the ekc hypothesis is examined with respect to commercial energy consumption the source of many serious environmental problems it was found that while both industrializing and industrialized countries have added to their energy requirements by exporting manufactured goods the growth has been substantially higher in the former at the same time industrialized countries have been able to reduce their energy requirements by importing manufactured goods exports of manufactured goods by industrialized countries has thus been an important factor in generating the upward sloping portion of the ekc and imports by industrialized countries have contributed to the downward slope

factors shaping aggregate energy intensity trend for industry energy intensity versus product mix understanding the mechanisms of change of energy consumption in industry has attracted much attention since the 1973 world oil crisis a popular line of research has been to decompose changes in the aggregate energy intensity of industry to give the relative impacts arising from energy intensity change and product mix change using a decomposition technique many empirical studies covering a large number of countries have been reported the main objective of this paper is to put together the empirical results reported in these studies in a coherent framework and identify possible systematic features of particular interest are the basic trends in this line of research the relative importance of energy intensity change and product mix change possible variations over time and between country groups in the energy impacts of these changes and inconsistencies in findings among studies an overview of the decomposition technique including its strengths weaknesses and role in industrial energy consumption studies is also presented

the peasant in economic modernization peasants self employed tillers of soil whose farm production is based mainly on family labor as an integral part of household activities have been for thousands of years and still are today the majority of mankind their production mode represents a sharp contrast with the large internal organization of modern corporate firms characterized by a hierarchy of employees an apparently archaic style of peasant farming relative to modern corporate activities has often led to a presumption that the peasantry is a remnant of feudal society and bound to disappear as modernization proceeds as a corollary it has been argued that consolidation of peasants into large farm enterprises is desirable or necessary for promoting agricultural productivity growth consistent with modern economic development this perspective has been waning recently partly because of the disastrous experience of collective farming in former socialist economies as well as repeated failures in the attempt to develop large farms as both state and private enterprises in developing economies eicher and baker johnson and ruttan concurrently the high potential of peasants to achieve productivity growth has been recognized with the successful diffusion of modern high yielding varieties and related inputs the so called green revolution in asia yet pessimism about peasant agriculture persists and tends to distort the development strategy of the third world toward favoring large farm estates binswanger deininger and feder eicher and rukuni more ambiguous is the role of peasants in industrial and commercial development the traditional view from karl marx to w arthur

normative and social influences affecting compliance with fisheries regulations economic models of regulatory compliance in fisheries usually assume an instrumental determination of individual behavior in which the decision to comply or to violate depends primarily on the expected monetary costs and benefits policy implications tend as a result to focus only on deterrence that is increasing the expected monetary costs of violation more complete models of compliance behavior take into account factors such a social influence moral values and the perceived legitimacy of regulations and the regulatory authority the paper describes an investigation into the non monetary factors affecting compliance with output quota restrictions among fishermen in the united kingdom

farm mechanization scale economies and polarization the japanese experience abstract whether economies of scale are the major factor underlying concentration of agricultural land in large farms has long been under debate the case study of japanese agriculture for the past three decades confirmed the tendency observed from international comparison that increasing returns in agricultural production emerge when economic development reaches a stage at which real wage rates begin to rise sharply it was found that the effect of scale economies was highly significant even though the intersectoral labor market effect was greater on land concentration the results imply that developing countries need not worry about mechanization to cause more unequal land distribution if factor markets are not unduly distorted

dirty industries patterns of change in industrial countries this article concerns itself with the environmental role of heavily polluting industries since 1970 analysing its development in 11 basic industries as well as electricity production and road transport in 32 industrial countries it argues for a green industrial policy demonstrating that other mitigations of environmental pressure in industrial countries end of pipe treatment relocation to the third world structural change in the industrial sector and even environmentally oriented modernization have so far been unable to solve the problems of dirty industries although some approaches have shown some promise

air quality and economic growth an empirical study abstract in the present empirical study we have observed an inverse and sometimes u shaped relationship between environmental degradation and per capita real income as opposed to the inverted u shaped environmental kuznets curve ekc found in many earlier studies it was felt that a possible explanation of the observed pattern of relationship might be sought in the dynamics of the process of economic growth experienced by the countries concerned thus e g economic development may strengthen the market mechanism as a result of which the economy may gradually shift from non market to marketed energy resources that are less polluting this phenomenon may show up in the form of an inverse relationship as mentioned above also due to the global technical progress the production techniques available to the countries all over the world are becoming more and more capital intensive and at the same time less polluting this may mean that given the income level the pollution level decreases as the capital intensity of an economy rises in the present study it is indeed observed that as capital intensity increases the level of suspended particulate matter spm in the atmosphere decreases per capita real income is also found to be inversely related to spm partially but the interaction effect of per capita income and capital intensity on spm is observed to be positive this suggests that given the level of per capita income capital intensity a more capital intensive production technique a higher per capita income level would cause less pollution for spm a surprising result is also obtained i e a u turn is observed at a very high level of per capita real income i e us 12 500 at 1985 us prices this is possibly indicative of the fact that there are technological limits to industrial pollution control such that beyond a threshold level of income further rise in income cannot be achieved without environmental degradation

sources of growth a reconsideration and general equilibrium application to indonesia abstract a computable general equilibrium cge model of indonesia is developed in which total factor productivity growth in manufacturing is endogenously determined productivity growth is conceptualized as human and social capital accumulation mediated by learning and institutional development stimulated by the trade regime these factors are modeled as externalities determined by export growth and capital equipment imports the model is used to analyze the gains deriving from the externalities and subsidies that amplify their effects leading indonesia to acquire korea like institutions sooner the growth and fiscal implications of such counterfactual simulations are analyzed in a realistic general equilibrium framework with a fully articulated public sector

risk aversion experimental evidence from south african fishing communities we estimate the risk attitudes of a large sample of individuals from various fishing communities along the west coast of south africa female fishers and rights holders are found to be more risk averse than their male counterparts while rights holders are found to be less risk averse relative to subjects without fishing rights risk attitudes are found to be correlated with compliance with fisheries regulations in particular a greater degree of risk aversion translates into a reduction in compliance furthermore in the case of gender female fishers and rights holders are more likely to comply with fisheries regulations

changes in carbon intensity in china empirical findings from 1980 2003 china experienced sustainable rapid economic growth over the period 1980 2003 but at the same time energy related carbon intensity showed a downward trend it begs the question therefore what factors were driving this decline in carbon intensity and will this decline be maintained in future moreover what measures can be adopted to ensure a continual decline in carbon intensity these questions led to increased research in the factors governing co2 emission in china this paper quantifies the driving force behind china s primary energy related carbon intensity and measures the material production sectors final energy related carbon intensity our results show that the overwhelming contributor to the decline of energy related carbon intensity was the reduction in real energy intensity however policies that focus only on the decline in energy intensity are insufficient to further decrease carbon intensity the change of primary energy mix can improve the decline of carbon intensity this should focus on the material production sectors development strategies and final energy use greater emphasis should be given to secondary industry which needs national and regional governments policy support

using taxes to deter illegal fishing in itq systems we study the effects of different tax schemes used in fisheries management in combination with an individual transferable quota system we focus on the effects of taxes on equilibrium quota prices and on violations under the assumption that enforcement to induce compliance is imperfect and costly the use of taxes is motivated by the regulator s need to recover costs for enforcement activities we propose the use of a tax on the price of the processed products based on its impact on violations and the information that is required to implement it we also show that this tax has a double pay off for enforcement because it reduces the demand for illegal fishing and increases revenue for enforcement activities without producing a deadweight loss in the quota market we present an application of our model to the case of the red shrimp fishery in chile in our simulation example a tax of 7 on the price of fish exports could sufficiently reduce harvest demand and generate enough funding to completely eliminate quota violations which in the absence of taxes can be more than 100 of the total allowable catch at the same time this tax could increase the equilibrium quota price by 19

behavioural and material determinants of production relations in agriculture in this essay we develop a framework for analysing the major institutions governing the production and exchange of output and the primary factors of production in rural areas the analysis incorporates general considerations of risk and information constraints jointly with the principal material attributes of agriculture and of agricultural production factors the framework is used to analyse barriers to the existence of the major intertemporal and factor markets it is applied specifically to land scarce environments for which it provides an internally consistent explanation for many of the well documented institutional features of such settings in addition the analysis provides new implications for among other phenomena the inter relationships among ownership holdings operational scale family size and factor productivity for the scarcity of animal rental markets and use of animals as collateral for the renting out of land by small landowners and for the existence of plantations for certain crops

explaining non compliance in the norwegian coastal cod fishery an application of the multinomial logit establishing motive is central to the analysis of criminal behaviour this article analyses the range of motives for noncompliant behaviour among coastal cod fishermen a multinomial logit model is employed to analyse the reasons that underlie various motives the four motives compared in this study are economic technological and social and motives caused by bureaucracy and legitimacy problems the economic motive is found to be most important for coastal fishermen however the cross sectional data indicate that motives vary with fishing gear vessel length and fishermen s age the results indicate that identifying motives for noncompliant behaviour is not straightforward but is important for reducing the extent of infringements of the regulations fishermen who use gill net seine and long line for example are more often motivated to noncompliance by technical problems and bureaucracy than hand jig fishers the study suggests that in order to prevent noncompliance behaviour the authorities manageme

optimal governing instrument operation level and enforcement in natural resource regulation the case of the fishery most regulation studies have used industry output or inputs as the control variable s but these are only indirectly controlled by government action through its choice of governing instrument enforcement procedure and penalty structure and the operational level of each a model is developed which demonstrates how profit maximizing firms will react to these control variables taking into account the benefits extra production and costs possible penalties of noncompliance and the ability to avoid detection of noncompliance the optimal operation level for two sets of control variables is derived and discussed

international investment location decisions abstract in international location tournaments governments compete for foreign investment with tax and other short run incentives such tournaments can be won if agglomeration economies are sufficiently powerful to overcome investors desire to spread investments as a hedge against risk we focus on manufacturing investments by u s multinationals in the 1980s our econometric results suggest that agglomeration economies are indeed the dominant influence on investor calculations paradoxically short run incentives have limited apparent impact on location choice we conclude that high cost tournament play is unnecessary for countries with good infrastructure development specialized input suppliers and an expanding domestic market

factors behind the environmental kuznets curve a decomposition of the changes in air pollution the environmental kuznets curve theory suggeststhat economic growth in the long run may reduceenvironmental problems in this article we usea decomposition analysis to isolate eightdifferent factors in order to investigate theorigins of changes in emissions to air over theperiod from 1980 to 1996 among these factorsare economic growth changes in the relativesize of production sectors and changes in theuse of energy given constant emissions perproduced unit economic growth alone would havecontributed to a significant increase in theemissions this potential degradation of theenvironment has been counteracted by first ofall more efficient use of energy and abatementtechnologies in addition the substitution ofcleaner for polluting energy types and othertechnological progressions and politicalactions have reduced the growth in emissions consequently the growth in all emissions hasbeen significantly lower than economic growth and negative for some pollutants the results indicate that policymakers mayreduce emissions considerably through creatingincentives for lower energy use andsubstitutions of environmental friendly forenvironmental damaging energy types inaddition to support environmental friendlyresearch or to conduct direct emission reducingactions such as abatement requirements orbanning of environmental damaging products this is particularly relevant to countries andsectors with relatively high energy intensitiesand low pollution abatement

us environmental load displacement examining consumption regulations and the role of nafta abstract in light of concerns that structural changes to us production may not be accompanied by similar changes to us consumption this paper provides a detailed examination of us environmental load displacement over the period 1974 2001 the forces that drive such displacement are also examined with particular attention paid to the scale and composition of us consumption the share of imports in consumption the role of environmental regulations and the potential impact of nafta it is found that the usa as a whole has experienced environmental load displacement over the period under consideration with the extent of this displacement seeming to increase over the last decade it would appear to be the increasing scale of us trade that is increasing environmental load displacement indeed the composition of us imports and exports have become significantly cleaner over the period considered however although imports from mexico have grown more rapidly than exports to mexico no evidence is found to suggest that nafta is increasing displacement to mexico with regard to us domestic consumption patterns although they have become cleaner a greater share than ever is now met via imports sectoral pollution abatement costs are found to be a determinant of this increasing share of imports in domestic consumption