a dynamic approach to the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis states that pollution levels increase as a country develops but begin to decrease as rising incomes pass beyond a turning point in ekc analyses the relationship between environmental degradation and income is usually expressed as a quadratic function with the turning point occurring at a maximum pollution level other explanatory variables have been included in these models but income regularly has had the most significant effect on indicators of environmental quality one variable consistently omitted in these relationships is the price of energy this paper analyzes previous models to illustrate the importance of prices in these models and then includes prices in an econometric ekc framework testing energy income and co2 income relationships these long run price income models find that income is no longer the most relevant indicator of environmental quality or energy demand indeed we find no significant evidence for the existence of an ekc within the range of current incomes for energy in the presence of price and trade variables

the long run relationship between productivity and capital abstract using panel cointegration techniques we show a cointegrating relationship exists between capital and productivity in 446 manufacturing industries panel dols and fmols estimates reveal that innovations to productivity increase and granger cause capital movements

questioning the empirical basis of the environmental kuznets curve for co2 new evidence from a panel stationarity test robust to multiple breaks and cross dependence abstract this paper investigates the time series properties of per capita co2 emissions and per capita gdp levels for a sample of 86 countries over the period 1960 2000 for that purpose we employ a state of the art panel stationarity test which incorporates multiple shifts in level and slope thereby controlling for cross sectional dependence through bootstrap methods our analysis renders clear cut evidence that per capita gdp levels are nonstationary for the world as a whole while per capita co2 is found to be regime wise trend stationary the analysis of country groups shows that for africa and asia per capita co2 is best described as nonstationary while per capita gdp appears stationary around a broken trend in addition we find evidence of regime wise trend stationarity in both variables for the country groups consisting of america europe and oceania the results of our analysis carry important implications for the statistical modelling of the environmental kuznets curve for co2 since the differing order of integration in both variables for the world as a whole and for africa and asia calls into question the validity of panel cointegration techniques which assume that both variables are nonstationary and cointegrated with one another cointegration techniques would not be appropriate either for the case of america europe and oceania which are characterised by per capita gdp and co2 emissions being stationary around a broken trend similar conclusions are reached when we analyse country groups based on levels of development failure to properly characterise the time series properties of the data by not controlling for an unknown number of structural breaks and for cross sectional dependence could be responsible for the fragility and lack of robustness surrounding the estimation of environmental kuznets curves

multiple equilibrium overnight rates in a dynamic interbank market game abstract we analyse a two period model of the interbank market i e the market where banks trade liquidity we assume that banks do not take the interbank interest rate as given but instead negotiate on interest rates and transaction volumes with each other the solution concept applied is the shapley value we show that there are a multiplicity of average equilibrium interest rates of the first period so that the average interest rate in this period does not convey any information on the expected liquidity situation on the interbank market as the banks control not only the transaction volumes but also the interest rates they can leave the interest rates constant and adjust the transaction volumes when for example a liquidity deficit becomes more likely

a dynamic panel study of economic development and the electricity consumption growth nexus abstract this study examines the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for 88 countries categorized into four panels based on the world bank income classification high upper middle lower middle and low income within a multivariate panel framework over the period 1990 2006 the larsson et al 2001 panel cointegration test indicates there is a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp coal consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force for the high upper middle and lower middle income country panels the results from the panel vector error correction models reveal 1 bidirectional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run for the high income and upper middle income country panels 2 unidirectional causality from electricity consumption to economic growth in the short run but bidirectional causality in the long run for the lower middle income country panel and 3 unidirectional causality from electricity consumption to economic growth for the low income country panel

co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth in bric countries abstract this paper examines dynamic causal relationships between pollutant emissions energy consumption and output for a panel of bric countries over the period 1971 2005 except for russia 1990 2005 in long run equilibrium energy consumption has a positive and statistically significant impact on emissions while real output exhibits the inverted u shape pattern associated with the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis with the threshold income of 5 393 in logarithms in the short term changes in emissions are driven mostly by the error correction term and short term energy consumption shocks as opposed to short term output shocks for each country short term deviations from the long term equilibrium take from 0 770 years russia to 5 848 years brazil to correct the panel causality results indicate there are energy consumption emissions bidirectional strong causality and energy consumption output bidirectional long run causality along with unidirectional both strong and short run causalities from emissions and energy consumption respectively to output overall in order to reduce emissions and not to adversely affect economic growth increasing both energy supply investment and energy efficiency and stepping up energy conservation policies to reduce unnecessary wastage of energy can be initiated for energy dependent bric countries

the environmental kuznets curve and the role of coal consumption in india cointegration and causality analysis in an open economy abstract this study investigates the dynamic relationship between coal consumption economic growth trade openness and co2 emissions in case of india in doing so narayan and popp journal of applied statistics 2010 37 1425 1438 structural break unit test is applied to test the order of integration of the variables long run relationship between the variables is tested by applying the ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration developed by pesaran et al journal of applied econometrics 2001 16 289 326 the results confirm the existence of cointegration for long run between coal consumption economic growth trade openness and co2 emissions our empirical exercise indicates the presence of environmental kuznets curve ekc in long run as well as in short run coal consumption as well as trade openness contributes to co2 emissions the causality analysis reports the feedback hypothesis between economic growth and co2 emissions and same inference is drawn between coal consumption and co2 emissions moreover trade openness granger causes economic growth coal consumption and co2 emissions

carbon emissions energy consumption and industrial growth in bangladesh empirical evidence from ardl cointegration and granger causality analysis abstract this research aims to examine the empirical cointegration long and short run dynamics and causal relationships between carbon emissions energy consumption and industrial growth in bangladesh over the period of 1972 2011 the ardl bounds testing methodology and granger causality test in an augmented var framework are applied the ardl bounds tests as well as additional cross checking test convincingly confirmed long run cointegration between carbon emissions energy consumption and industrial production in bangladesh the industrial production and energy consumption have significant positive impact on the carbon emissions both in the short and long runs likewise granger causality analysis indicated a unidirectional causation both from industrial production and energy consumption to carbon emissions i e the industrial development or economic development in bangladesh is taking place at the cost of environmental quality

co2 emissions non renewable and renewable electricity production economic growth and international trade in italy abstract this paper applies the autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration to investigate the dynamic causal relationships between co2 emissions per capita real gdp per capita per capita non renewable electricity production and per capita renewable electricity production and international trade in the case of italy from 1960 to 2011 we find cointegration among these variables in the presence of possible structural breaks and we overcome the problem of multicollinearity in the research design the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is validated analytically because the estimated pollution model indicates that economic growth leads to less pollution over time per capita renewable electricity production reduces the level of co2 emissions per capita in the short run and in the long run whereas international trade only impacts positively upon carbon dioxide emissions per capita in the long run international trade granger causes co2 emissions per capita and non renewable electricity production per capita moreover the results depict the existence of the long run unidirectional granger causality relation running from output per capita to renewable electricity production per capita and from non renewable electricity production per capita to renewable electricity production per capita the findings indicate that renewable electricity production is a key solution in reducing pollutant emissions over time this result should be of concern to policy makers

environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in pakistan cointegration and granger causality abstract the paper is an effort to fill the gap in the energy literature with a comprehensive country study of pakistan we investigate the relationship between co2 emissions energy consumption economic growth and trade openness in pakistan over the period of 1971 2009 bounds test for cointegration and granger causality approach are employed for the empirical analysis the result suggests that there exists a long run relationship among the variables and the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is supported the significant existence of ekc shows the country s effort to condense co2 emissions and indicates certain achievement of controlling environmental degradation in pakistan furthermore we find a one way causal relationship running from economic growth to co2 emissions energy consumption increases co2 emissions both in the short and long runs trade openness reduces co2 emissions in the long run but it is insignificant in the short run in addition the change of co2 emissions from short run to the long span of time is corrected by about 10 yearly

the toxic intensity of industrial production global patterns trends and trade policy this paper exploits a newly developed data set to investigate recent changes in the international distribution of industrial pollution in particular the authors examine three issues 1 the relationship between the toxic intensity of industrial production and the level of economic development 2 the impact of oecd environmental regulation on global changes in toxic intensity and 3 the relationship between trade policy and the toxic intensity of industrial production in ldc s 10 refs

an econometric study of co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade in turkey abstract this study attempts to empirically examine the dynamic causal relationships between carbon emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of turkey using the time series data for the period 1960 2005 this research tests the interrelationship between the variables using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure the bounds test results indicate that there exist two forms of long run relationships between the variables in the case of first form of long run relationship carbon emissions are determined by energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of second long run relationship income is determined by carbon emissions energy consumption and foreign trade an augmented form of granger causality analysis is conducted amongst the variables the long run relationship of co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade equation is also checked for the parameter stability the empirical results suggest that income is the most significant variable in explaining the carbon emissions in turkey which is followed by energy consumption and foreign trade moreover there exists a stable carbon emissions function the results also provide important policy recommendations

an investigation of co integration and causality between energy consumption and economic activity in taiwan applying hsiao a version of the granger causality method this paper examines the causality between energy and gnp and energy and employment by applying recently developed techniques of co integration and hsiao s version of the granger causality to taiwanese data for the 1955 1993 period the phillips perron tests reveal that the series with the exception of gnp are not stationary and therefore differencing is performed to secure stationarity the study finds causality running from gdp to energy consumption without feedback in taiwan it is also found that causality runs from gdp to energy but not vice versa

stoking the fires co2 emissions and economic growth abstract we examine the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions a greenhouse gas central to global warming predictions estimates derived from global panel data suggest a diminishing marginal propensity to emit mpe carbon dioxide as gdp per capita rises despite this global carbon dioxide emissions growth will continue at 1 8 percent per annum for the foreseeable future a result that is not sensitive to average output growth instead emissions growth continues because output and population will grow most rapidly in lower income nations with high mpes this latter feature emphasizes the distributional consequences of policies to reduce emissions

trade openness and environmental quality international evidence we examine the relationship between trade openness and the environment in a cross country panel using the emission of particulate matter pm10 as the basic indicator of environmental quality the panel cointegration test results show a long run relationship between particulate matter emissions trade openness and economic growth we find that increased trade openness leads to environmental degradation for the global sample however the results differ according to the income of countries trade openness has a benign effect on the environment in high income countries but a harmful effect in middle and low income countries these results are generally robust to different measures of trade openness and environmental quality interestingly and significantly the results are consistent with the popular notion that rich countries dump their pollution on poor countries finally we find evidence of a feedback effect between trade openness and particulate matter emissions for the global sample as well as different income groups of countries

economic growth energy conservation and emissions reduction a comparative analysis based on panel data for 8 asian pacific countries this study was conducted to evaluate the causality between energy consumption gdp growth and carbon emissions for eight asia pacific countries from 1971 to 2005 using the panel data the results indicate that there are long run equilibrium relationships between these variables additionally causality from energy consumption to co2 emissions was observed generally but there were some opposite relationships also parameter estimations of the panel data model indicate that there are great differences in the carbon emissions the efficiencies of energy use carbon emissions of unit gdp and unit energy consumption between developed and developing countries the base carbon emissions per capita energy consumption and efficiency of energy use in developing countries are far lower than in developed countries however the co2 emissions per unit of energy use is higher although developing countries may reduce their co2 emission per unit energy use total energy consumption will rise rapidly with economic development thus developing countries must determine how to undergo economic growth while conserving energy and reducing emissions to respond to global climate change it is necessary to develop innovative technology for energy use transform the energy structure and conduct the clean development mechanism

is there a relationship between public expenditures in energy r d and carbon emissions per gdp an empirical investigation abstract energy innovation plays a crucial role in the reduction of carbon emissions in order to design climate and energy policies that promote the development deployment and diffusion of new energy technologies policy makers not only require a theoretical understanding of the energy innovation system but also empirical evidence of the effects that policy actions have had this paper focuses on public energy r d a traditional and controversial option among the various climate technology policies and empirically analyses its relationship with carbon emissions per gdp i e carbon intensity and its two components energy intensity and the carbon factor evidence of the causality links that have prevailed in 13 advanced economies over the 1980 2004 period has been obtained through dynamic panel models our findings confirm that government r d spending is not sufficient by itself to boost the energy innovation process public energy r d has been successful in improving energy efficiency at country level but it has failed to have a significant impact on the carbon factor and carbon intensity at the same time the formation of energy r d budgets is found to be significantly affected by carbon trends

factors influencing co2 emissions in china s power industry co integration analysis more than 40 of china s total co2 emissions originate from the power industry the realization of energy saving and emission reduction within china s power industry is therefore crucial in order to achieve co2 emissions reduction in this country this paper applies the autoregressive distributed lag ardl co integration model to study the major factors which have influenced co2 emissions within china s power industry from 1980 to 2010 results have shown that co2 emissions from china s power industry have been increasing rapidly from 1980 to 2010 the average annual growth rate was 8 5 and the average growth rate since 2002 has amounted to 10 5 secondly the equipment utilization hour as an indicator of the power demand has the greatest influence on co2 emissions within china s power industry in addition the impact of the industrial added value of the power sector on co2 emissions is also positive from a short term perspective thirdly the granger causality results imply that one of the important motivators behind china s technological progress within the power industry originates from the pressures created by a desire for co2 emissions reduction finally this paper provides policy recommendations for energy saving and emission reduction for china s power industry

energy and economic growth in the usa a multivariate approach abstract this paper examines the causal relationship between gdp and energy use for the period 1947 90 in the usa the relationship between energy use and economic growth has been examined by both biophysical and neoclassical economists in particular several studies have tested for the presence of a causal relationship in the granger sense between energy use and economic growth however these tests do not allow a direct test of the relative explanatory powers of the neoclassical and biophysical models a multivariate adaptation of the test vector autoregression var does allow such a test a var of gdp energy use capital stock and employment is estimated and granger tests for causal relationships between the variables are carried out although there is no evidence that gross energy use granger causes gdp a measure of final energy use adjusted for changing fuel composition does granger cause gdp

relational incentive contracts with productivity shocks abstract this paper extends levin s 2003 relational contract model by having not only the agent s cost of effort agent s type but also the value of that effort to the principal principal s type subject to i i d shocks when optimal effort is fully pooled across agent types for multiple principal types it is also pooled across those principal types when optimal effort separates some agent types for multiple principal types efforts of those agent types may be separated across principal types but then somewhat perversely some agent type s effort is decreasing in the principal s value of effort when agent type is uniformly distributed that applies to agent types with lower effort cost so reducing the difference in effort between low and high effort cost types this result extends to the principal s type being observed only by the principal if the marginal cost of effort to the agent is sufficiently convex

a note on the causal relationship between energy and gdp in taiwan abstract this paper re examines the causality between energy consumption and gdp by using updated taiwan data for the period 1954 1997 as a secondary contribution we investigate the causal relationship between gdp and the aggregate as well as several disaggregate categories of energy consumption including coal oil natural gas and electricity applying granger s technique we find bidirectional causality between total energy consumption and gdp we find further that different directions of cause exist between gdp and various kinds of energy consumption

environmental kuznet s curve for india evidence from tests for cointegration with unknown structuralbreaks this study revisits the cointegrating relationship between carbon emission energy use economic activity and trade openness for india using threshold cointegration tests with a view to testing the environmental kuznet s curve hypothesis in the presence of possible regime shift in long run relationship of the variables for the period 1971 to 2008 the article confirms the existence of regime shift or threshold cointegration among the variables and environmental kuznet s curve for india it challenges previous empirical works for india which fail to establish cointegrating relationship among these variables and explains its logical and econometric reasons the study finds that the carbon emission is highly elastic with respect to real per capita income and energy use in india this finding is critical and warns successful design and execution of energy and environmental policy framework which would pave the low carbon sustainable growth path inindia

what proportion of renewable energy supplies is needed to initially mitigate co2 emissions in oecd member countries in spite of increasing numbers of countries having established renewable energy development mechanisms for carbon dioxide co2 emissions reduction the co2 emissions problem continues to worsen along with the growth of the world economy this leads us to examine the threshold effect of the proportion of renewable energy supply for co2 emissions reduction by means of the panel threshold regression model ptr economic growth and the price of energy are also both taken into account in the model in measuring the specific influence that each of them has on co2 emissions the empirical panel data encompass all 30 member countries of the oecd and cover a period of about a decade in length from 1996 to 2005 our empirical results provide clear evidence of the existence of a single threshold effect that may be divided into lower and higher regimes based on the specific estimates of the slope coefficients in each regime distinguished we find that a renewable energy supply accounting for at least 8 3889 of total energy supply would mean that co2 emissions would start to be mitigated furthermore real gdp and the cpi of energy are significantly and positively and insignificantly and negatively correlated with co2 emissions respectively these findings lead us to conclude that the authorities ought to enhance the proportion of renewable energy supply to more than 8 3889 of all energy supplied which might help resolve the dilemma between economic growth and co2 emissions realizing the effects of co2 emissions reduction via energy price reforms or the levying of a carbon tax levy may however still remain a puzzle

the nexus between carbon emissions energy consumption and economic growth in middle east countries a panel data analysis abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis assumes that there is an inverted u shaped relationship between environmental degradation and income per capita in other words as a country grows it is assumed that its environmental quality improves in this study we aim to test the ekc hypothesis for 12 middle east countries during the period 1990 2008 by employing recently developed panel data methods our results provide evidence contrary to the ekc hypothesis we found evidence favorable to the u shaped ekc for 5 middle east countries whereas an inverted u shaped curve was identified for only 3 middle east countries furthermore there appear to be no causal links between income and co 2 emissions for the other 4 countries regarding the direction of causality there appears to be a unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption in the short run in the long run however the unidirectional causality chain runs from energy consumption and economic growth to co 2 emissions we also suggest some crucial policy implications depending on these results

what role of renewable and non renewable electricity consumption and output is needed to initially mitigate co2 emissions in mena region abstract this study attempts to explore the causal relationship between renewable and non renewable electricity consumption output and carbon dioxide co 2 emissions for 10 middle east and north africa mena countries over the period of 1980 2009 the results from panel fully modified ordinary least squares fmols and dynamic ordinary least squares dols show that renewable and non renewable electricity consumption add in co 2 emissions while output real gross domestic product gdp per capita exhibits an inverted u shaped relationship with co 2 emissions i e the environment kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is validated the short run dynamics indicate the unidirectional causality running from renewable and non renewable electricity consumption and output to co 2 emissions in the long run there appears to be a bidirectional causality between electricity consumption renewable and non renewable and co 2 emissions the findings suggest that future reductions in co 2 emissions might be achieved at the cost of economic growth

participation in gvcs and co2 emissions abstract this paper attempts to explore the determinants of co2 emissions in the context of international trade while there exist studies that examine the roles of horizontal specialization and inter industry trade transactions little previous research attention has been paid to the roles of vertical specialization and intra industry trade transactions in affecting co2 emissions to fill the knowledge gap this study uses the panel data of 62 countries and regions for the period of 1995 2011 to estimate the effect of participation in global value chains gvcs on per capita co2 emissions major findings include 1 the relationship between participation degrees in gvcs and per capita co2 emissions is found to be inversely u shaped at the aggregate economy level and for most individual industries 2 per capita gdp shows an n shaped relationship with per capita co2 emissions and 3 benign drivers of co2 emissions include r d energy conservation and population control it can be concluded that countries with low gdp or gvc participation degrees are expected to experience worsening co2 emissions in the short or even medium run this trend however can be moderated or even reversed with more r d investments

causality between income and emission a country group specific econometric analysis abstract empirical studies of the environmental kuznets curve ekc examine the presence or otherwise of an inverted u shaped relationship between the level of pollution and the level of income customarily in the diagram of ekc the level of income is shown on the horizontal axis and that of pollution on the vertical axis thus it is presumed that the relationship between income and pollution is one of unidirectional causality with income causing environmental changes and not vice versa the validity of this presumption is now being questioned it is being asserted that the nature and direction of causality may vary from one country to the other in this paper we present the results of a study of income co 2 emission causality based on a granger causality test to cross country panel data on per capita income and the corresponding per capita co 2 emission data briefly our results indicate three different types of causality relationship holding for different country groups for the developed country groups of north america and western europe and also for eastern europe the causality is found to run from emission to income for the country groups of central and south america oceania and japan causality from income to emission is obtained finally for the country groups of asia and africa the causality is found to be bi directional the regression equations estimated as part of the granger causality test further suggest that for the country groups of north america and western europe the growth rate of emission has become stationary around a zero mean and a shock in the growth rate of emission tends to generate a corresponding shock in the growth rate of income in contrast for the country groups of central and south america oceania and japan a shock in the income growth rate is likely to result in a corresponding shock in the growth rate of emission finally causality being bi directional for the country groups of asia and africa the income and the emission growth rates seemed to reinforce each other

carbon dioxide emission and income a temporal analysis of cross country distributional patterns the existence of a cointegrating relationship between income and co2 emission for individual country groups suggests existence of a corresponding relationship between the inter country disparities in the levels of income and co2 emission this paper explores the relationship between the patterns of cross country distribution of income and co2 emission and temporal shifts in such a relationship this paper also examines how the mean level of per capita co2 emission and its distributional inequality are related to the corresponding mean income level and the distributional inequality of income the analysis is based on a cross country panel data set at the level of country group environmental quality demanded is treated as a private good and not as a public good as done in most other studies the technique of lorenz and specific concentration curve analysis are used as the basic analytical framework to argue that a measure of relative distributional inequality of income should be used as an explanatory variable in the environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship along with the mean income level in the empirical exercise johansen s cointegration analysis technique is used to explore existence of statistically significant cointegrating vector s relating mean level of emission and specific concentration ratio scr of emission to mean income level and lorenz ratio lr of income the empirical results confirm that the pattern of cross country income distribution has significant effect on the mean level of emission for all the country groups considered

examining carbon emissions economic growth nexus for india a multivariate cointegration approach abstract the study probes cointegration and causality between carbon emissions and economic growth for india using ardl bounds testing approach complemented by johansen juselius maximum likelihood procedure in a multivariate framework by incorporating energy supply investment and employment for time span 1971 2006 the study fails to establish long run equilibrium relationship and long term causality between carbon emissions and economic growth however there exists a bi directional short run causality between the two hence in the short run any effort to reduce carbon emissions could lead to a fall in the national income this study also establishes unidirectional short run causality running from economic growth to energy supply and energy supply to carbon emissions the absence of causality running from energy supply to economic growth implies that in india energy conservation and energy efficiency measures can be implemented to minimize the wastage of energy across value chain such measures would narrow energy demand supply gap absence of long run causality between carbon emissions and economic growth implies that in the long run focus should be given on harnessing energy from clean sources to curb carbon emissions which would not affect the country s economic growth

a multivariate cointegration analysis of the role of energy in the us macroeconomy abstract this paper extends my previous analysis of the causal relationship of gdp and energy use in the usa in the post war period a majority of the relevant variables are integrated justifying a cointegration analysis the results show that cointegration does occur and that energy input cannot be excluded from the cointegration space the results are plausible in terms of macroeconomic dynamics the results are similar to my previous granger causality results and contradict claims in the literature based on bivariate models that there is no cointegration between energy and output

income and emission a panel data based cointegration analysis this paper presents the results of an investigation of the causality issue of incomeemission relationship based on time series econometric techniques of unit root test cointegration and related error correction model for a panel data set here the nature of causality between per capita co2 emission pcco2 and per capita gdp pcgdp has been examined using a cross country panel data set covering 88 countries for the period 1960 90 using the panel unit root test procedure of im et al 1997 ips we have found that the hypothesis of unit root i e non stationarity of the time series of pcgdp and pcco2 can not be rejected for individual country groups as both the variables are found to follow i 1 process we next have performed the panel data co integration test and finally we have estimated the ecm for these country groups for which significant income emission cointegration was obtained to explore the nature of dynamics implicit in the given panel data set our findings suggest that there is more or less a bi directional causal relationship between income pcgdp and co2 emission pcco2 for africa central america america as a whole eastern europe western europe europe as a whole and the world as a whole that means the movement of the one variable directly affects the other variable through a feedback system thus the policy makers should be cautious to make proper decision about the control of emission level

greenhouse gas emissions energy consumption and economic growth a panel cointegration analysis from canadian industrial sector perspective abstract this paper investigates the long run and the causal relationship between greenhouse gas emissions energy consumption and economic growth for canadian industrial sectors over the period 1990 2007 the empirical findings suggest that in the long run equilibrium energy consumption has a positive and statistically significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions whereas a non linear relationship is found between greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth consistent with the environmental kuznets curve the short run dynamics conveys that there is a unidirectional granger causality running from energy consumption to greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth to greenhouse gas emissions and a weak unidirectional causality running from greenhouse gas emissions to energy consumption from economic growth to energy consumption in the long run however there seems to be a weak one way causality flowing from energy consumption and economic growth to greenhouse gas emissions

does disaggregated co2 emission matter for growth evidence from thirty countries abstract this paper investigates the causal relationship between economic growth and aggregated carbon dioxide co 2 emission as well as economic growth and disaggregated co 2 emission from burning fossil fuel coal oil and natural gas in addition the analysis extends the potential impact on economic growth if countries substitute co 2 emission from dirty energy coal by emission from relatively cleaner energy oil and natural gas the study carries out a panel analysis of 30 countries during 1960 2010 panel unit root tests cointegration techniques and causality tests are used to investigate these relationships using panel var in first differences framework the result indicates that there are feedback relationships in all cases except a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to coal induced co 2 emission utilizing wald test with linear restriction the result also finds that countries will be environmentally benefited if they substitute emission from coal by that of oil and natural gas that is if they substitute coal consumption by oil and natural gas consumption depending on the findings the paper suggests some essential policies

co2 emissions and economic activity heterogeneity across countries and non stationary series this paper explores the relationship between co2 emissions and economic activity for 31 countries 28 oecd brazil china and india during the period 1950 to 2006 using cointegration analysis single country long run relationships are estimated and equality in the functional form the parameters and the turning point when appropriate are rejected this confirms the relevance of considering the differences among countries in the relationship between air pollution and economic activity to avoid wrong estimations and conclusions

economic growth energy and environmental kuznets curve the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between income and carbon dioxide co2 emissions in the context of the environmental kuznets curve ekc which posits the existence of an inverted u shape relationship between environmental degradation and economic development for this purpose two empirical models are examined for both models the relationship between per capita income and per capita co2 emissions and the relationship among per capita income per capita energy use and per capita co2 emissions are analyzed respectively between 1980 and 2010 using the panel data estimation techniques with the application of driscoll kraay standard errors yet for the first model data are analyzed for 26 oecd countries with high income levels while for the second model data are examined for 52 emerging countries the results of both models show that n shape and an inverted n shape relationship for cubic functional form are observed thus the results do not support the ekc hypothesis which implies that environmental degradation cannot be solved automatically by economic growth

literature survey on the relationships between energy environment and economic growth abstract the aim of this study is to exhibit an exhaustive survey which is related to the great flight of the literature of energy environment growth nexus at the individual and regional scale studies covering the period from 1978 to 2014 the survey takes into consideration the sample country region etc periods covering econometric strategies and conclusions our survey is based on the causality direction among i the energy use variables electricity nuclear renewable and non renewable and output growth ii between economic growth and environment and between the three variables at the same time globally these surveys provide paradoxical and not conclusive results which energy consumption can boost economic growth through the productivity enhancement and it can boost also the environmental damages through the enhancement of pollutant emissions our survey sheds more the lights on the energy environment growth literature by giving an extensive listing 1978 2014 of these causal linkages among the energy use variables environment and economic growth for both individual and collective cases there is a unanimous consensus about the importance of dealing with such dynamic relationship which is seems to be a cornerstone element in setting any ambition strategies energy ecological and economics

decoupling co2 emission and economic growth in china is there consistency in estimation results in analyzing environmental kuznets curve china is one of the highest growth economies in the world and it has experienced a significant rise in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in recent decades its economic growth heavily depends on fossil fuels of coal and oil which led to huge amount of greenhouse gas emissions this study logically analyzes the nexus of co2 emissions economic growth and energy consumption by decoupling greenhouse gas emission of co2 and economic growth to provide more conclusive evidence on the phenomenon of the environmental kuznets curve ekc over the period 1970 2015 to achieve the objective of consistency in the estimation results the study applies different estimation techniques such as ardl auto regressive distributed lag model fmols fully modified ordinary least squares dols dynamic ordinary least squares and impulse response and variance decomposition in addition the business as usual inverted u shaped relationship between gdp per capita and an economy related co2 emission is hypothesized the result supports the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis from different techniques the turning point hovers around 744665 the estimation result indicates that china ekc turning point shows some inconsistencies when compared to other turning points obtained from different studies the inconsistency of the ekc turning point is attributed to the sensitivity of the result to different data source variables selection different pollutants and scope of the data although the ekc turning point of this present research differs from other china ekc turning points it gives a clear policy roadmap on the pursuance of long run economic growth in favour of environmental quality besides significance of the turning point lies with the need to explore other structural policies such as articulated demographic and energy policies rather than passively waiting for the arrival of the inflexion point one interesting findings of the analysis is the consistency of the estimation results from the different estimation techniques

evaluation of socio economic factors on co2 emissions in iran factorial design and multivariable methods abstract nowadays global co2 emissions play a focal role in the human sustainable development and environmental concern this paper investigates the relationships among co2 emissions and the efficient factors including energy consumption oil product gross domestic product gdp non oil gdp foreign direct investment fdi gas consumption citizen rate cost of energy number of vehicles and mean incoming urban and rural in iran over the period of 1976 2016 a factorial design was applied to screening the significant factors and their relations on carbon emissions the results indicated that energy consumption and its cost citizen rate non oil gdp and fdi have significant effects on co2 emissions and there is a linear relationship among these factors and co2 emissions the relationships among significant factors were evaluated for the first time by the latent variable modeling method using partial least square pls model the latent variable model results showed that the lower energy consumption leads to lower co2 emissions with a coefficient of 0 87 the results also indicated that citizen rate positively and fdi negatively the share of 13 and 4 are the other most important factors in raising co2 emissions by a directional relationship the share of energy cost and non oil gdp in explaining co2 emissions is minimal it was found that the chance of successful determination of critical factors on co2 emissions increases with these mathematical models

co2 emissions energy consumption economic and population growth in malaysia abstract this study investigates the dynamic impacts of gdp growth energy consumption and population growth on co2 emissions using econometric approaches for malaysia empirical results from ardl bounds testing approach show that over the period of 1970 1980 per capita co2 emissions decreased with increasing per capita gdp economic growth however from 1980 to 2009 per capita co2 emissions increased sharply with a further increase of per capita gdp this is also supported by the dynamic ordinary least squared dols and the sasabuchi lind mehlum u slm u test tests consequently the hypothesis of the ekc is not valid in malaysia during the study period the results also demonstrate that both per capita energy consumption and per capita gdp has a long term positive impacts with per capita carbon emissions but population growth rate has no significant impacts on per capita co2 emission however the study suggests that in the long run economic growth may have an adverse effect on the co2 emissions in malaysia thus significant transformation of low carbon technologies such as renewable energy and energy efficiency could contribute to reduce the emissions and sustain the long run economic growth

a dynamic demand model for liquor the case for pooling this paper estimates a dynamic demand model for liquor in the united states using panel data from 43 states because of taste changes over time and between states in liquor consumption purely time series or cross sectional studies do not elicit reliable price elasticity estimates this study makes the case for pooling and shows how one can control for individual state effects and endogeneity of the regressors using estimators suited for a dynamic demand model our results indicate that the long run price elasticity is in the 0 7 range the findings also support strong habit persistence a small positive income elasticity and very weak evidence of bootlegging from adjoining states the magnitude of the long run price effect suggests that sin taxes can serve not only as an important income source but also as a significant deterrent effect copyright 1995 by mit press

the effects of financial development economic growth coal consumption and trade openness on co2 emissions in south africa abstract this paper explores the effects of financial development economic growth coal consumption and trade openness on environmental performance using time series data over the period 1965 2008 in case of south africa the ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration has been used to test the long run relationship among the variables while short run dynamics have been investigated by applying error correction method ecm the unit root properties of the variables are examined by applying saikkonen and lutkepohl 2002 econometric theory 18 313 348 structural break unit root test our findings confirmed long run relationship among the variables results showed that a rise in economic growth increases energy emissions while financial development reduces it coal consumption has significant contribution to deteriorate environment in south african economy trade openness improves environmental quality by reducing the growth of energy pollutants our empirical results also verified the existence of environmental kuznets curve this paper opens up new insights for south african economy to sustain economic growth by controlling environment from degrdation through efficient use of energy

the relationship between energy consumption energy prices and economic growth time series evidence from asian developing countries this paper estimates the causal relationships between energy consumption and income for india indonesia the philippines and thailand using cointegration and error correction modelling techniques the results indicate that in the short run unidirectional granger causality runs from energy to income for india and indonesia while bidirectional granger causality runs from energy to income for thailand and the philippines in the case of thailand and the philippines energy income and prices are mutually causal the study results do not support the view that energy and income are neutral with respect to each other with the exception of indonesia and india where neutrality is observed in the short run c 2000 elsevier science b v all rights reserved jel classifications c22 q43 q48

co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade a south african perspective abstract the effect of trade liberalisation on environmental conditions has yielded significant debate in the energy economics literature although research on the relationship between energy consumption emissions and economic growth is not new in south africa no study specifically addresses the role that south africa s foreign trade plays in this context a surprising fact given trade is one of the most important factors that can explain the environmental kuznets curve this study employs recent south african trade and energy data and modern econometric techniques to investigate this the main finding of interest in this paper is the existence of a long run relationship between environmental quality levels of per capita energy use and foreign trade in south africa as anticipated per capita energy use has a significant long run effect in raising the country s co 2 emission levels yet surprisingly higher levels of trade for the country act to reduce these emissions granger causality tests confirm the existence of a positive bidirectional relationship between per capita energy use and co 2 emissions whilst the study also finds positive bidirectional causality between trade and income per capita and between trade and per capita energy use it appears however that trade liberalisation in south africa has not contributed to a long run growth in pollution intensive activities nor higher emission levels

the effects of internet usage and economic growth on co2 emissions in oecd countries a panel investigation this paper estimates the short and long run effects of internet usage and economic growth on carbon dioxide co2 emissions using oecd panel data for the period 1991 2012 the pedroni panel cointegration test confirms that the variables are cointegrated although pooled mean group pmg estimates indicate a positive significant long run relationship between internet usage and co2 emissions the coefficient is very small and no causality exists between them which both imply that the rapid growth in internet usage is still not an environmental threat for the region the study further indicates that economic growth has no significant short run and long run effects on co2 emissions internet use stimulates both financial development and trade openness the findings offer support in favor of the argument that oecd countries can promote their internet usage without being significantly concerned about its environmental consequences but the future emissions effect of internet usage cannot be ruled out as is evident from the variance decomposition analysis therefore this study recommends that in addition to boosting the existing measures for combating co2 emissions oecd countries need to use ict equipment not to simply reduce its own carbon footprint but also to exploit ict enabled emissions abatement potential to reduce emissions in other sectors such as the power energy agricultural transport and service sectors

a time frequency analysis of trade openness and co2 emissions in france abstract the paper explores the comovement between trade openness and carbon dioxide co2 emissions in france over the period 1960 2013 by using the wavelet tool the investigation offers detailed information about this interaction for different sub periods of time and frequencies it also reveals the lead lag nexus between variables under cyclical and anti cyclical shocks the main findings reveal no comovement at high frequency between trade openness and gas emissions confirming the neutral hypothesis on short term the co2 emissions positively drive the trade openness at medium frequency hence on medium term the inexistence of strong environmental rules stimulate the international trade especially the exports obtained based on pollutant capacities curiously the trade openness positively runs the gas emissions at low frequency herein on long term the interaction between trade and co2 emissions is driven by the business cycle

do population density economic growth energy use and exports adversely affect environmental quality in asian populous countries abstract this study aims to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide co2 emissions energy use economic growth exports and population density for a panel of 11 asian populous countries over the period of 1960 2014 the panel cointegration tests and panel granger causality tests are employed to examine this relationship the fully modified ordinary least squares fmols and dynamic ordinary least squares dols methods are used to explore the long run effects of other variables on the co2 emissions the main results are i energy use exports and population density adversely affect environmental quality in the long run ii there exists a short run unidirectional granger panel causality running from energy consumption gross domestic product gdp and exports to co2 emissions from energy consumption and exports to gdp from exports to energy consumption from population density to exports and a bidirectional panel causality between gdp and population density and iii a long run bidirectional granger causality between these variables is also present important policy implications are noted based on these findings