co2 emissions of china s food industry an input output approach in a joint u s china statement on climate change the chinese government declared to peak co2 emissions around 2030 this demonstrates the government s determination to deal with carbon emission and climate change although the food industry is not a carbon emission intensive industry its large scale makes the emission reduction in the industry very important based on the input output structural decomposition method this paper calculates the co2 emissions of china s food industry from 1991 to 2012 and decomposes the change in co2 emissions of the industry during 1992 1997 1997 2002 2002 2007 and 2007 2010 into four main effects emission factor energy structure energy intensity and total output including four sub effects intermediate use domestic final demand import substitution and export extension the results show that changes in co2 emissions in the food industry mainly depends on total output effect and energy intensity effect energy intensity effect is the most important factor reducing co2 emissions as it reduced cumulative 213 million tons mt co2 emissions of the industry among total output effect the effects of intermediate use and domestic final demand are the two biggest contributors to carbon emissions finally we provide some policy advices for constraining and reducing co2 emissions of china s food industry the advices include increasing r d investment and the substitution of energy with other input factors to decrease energy intensity increasing the added value of the food industry optimizing the energy structure with more clean and low carbon energy and maintaining the prices of raw materials of the food industry i e agricultural products with taxes or subsidies

multi region input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the feedback effects energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output framework despite the increasing interest in using the multi regional input output mrio model by researchers few studies have looked into the mechanism of feedback effects we introduce a method called the stepwise distribution of emissions embodied in trade swd eet to reveal how the emissions embodied in trade are absorbed by a country s final demands through a series of allocation steps a country s indirect absorption patterns and its indirect trade balance of emissions from bilateral trade with other countries are also studied based on the proposed method an empirical study using the data of asian economies shows significant differences in the consumption based emission estimates for some economies due to feedback effects through international trade the differences can be largely captured by the first step or the first two steps of the adjustment procedure in the swd eet analysis other findings and some recommendations are also presented

co2 emissions embodied in china s exports from 2002 to 2008 a structural decomposition analysis abstract this study examines the annual co2 emissions embodied in china s exports from 2002 to 2008 using environmental input output analysis four driving forces including emission intensity economic production structure export composition and total export volume are compared for their contributions to the increase of embodied co2 emissions using a structural decomposition analysis sda technique although offset by the decrease in emission intensity the increase of embodied co2 emissions was driven by changes of the other three factors in particular the change of the export composition was the largest driver primarily due to the increasing fraction of metal products in china s total export relevant policy implications and future research directions are discussed at the end of the paper

a multi regional input output analysis of the pollution haven hypothesis from the perspective of global production fragmentation pollution haven hypothesis is an important debate on the environmental effects of international trade the pattern of which has been reshaped obviously by global production fragmentation recently the production process is distributed globally and the pollution haven effect of international trade is becoming more complicated for instance intermediate product trade corresponds to the largest share of embodied emissions and the share of emissions induced by the global value chain related trade is increasing gradually the aim of this paper is to make a comprehensive analysis on the pollution haven hypothesis in carbon emissions embodied in three different trade patterns from global bilateral and national perspectives we propose a method to parcel the pollution haven hypothesis in a multi regional input output analysis and discuss the contribution of production fragmentation for global emissions it is found that international production fragmentation generates global emissions savings the intermediate product trade has a negative balance of avoided emissions the final product trade becomes increasingly less environmentally effective during the period 1995 2009 there are significant differences in the environmental effects of different trade patterns for each country

further evidence on the marginal gains in accuracy of alternative levels of specificity of the producer price indexes in the process of evaluating the reliability of the current cost data required to be disclosed by its statement no 33 fasb 1979 the financial accounting standards board fasb is soliciting empirical evidence on the accuracy of price indexes for estimating the current cost of machinery and equipment see fasb 1983 sunder and waymire 1983 presented some preliminary evidence that the marginal gains in accuracy from increasing the specificity of price indexes utilized as measurement techniques for three approximations of the u s economy were not substantial their hypothetical economies consisted of portfolios of 15 68 and 199 commodities represented by selected price indexes from the two digit three digit and four digit producer price indexes ppi respectively most of the indexes they selected represent inventorytype commodities in the absence of actual price data the sunder and waymire 1983 methodology provides a means to assess only the relative efficiency of various aggregations of the ppi to estimate the current costs of assets

china s balance of emissions embodied in trade approaches to measurement and allocating international responsibility international trade is characterized not only by the flow of capital and goods but also by the energy and emissions embodied in goods during their production this paper investigates the evolving role that chinese trade is playing in the response to climate change by estimating the scale of emissions embodied in china s current trade pattern and demonstrating the magnitude of the difference between the emissions it produces some of which are incurred to meet the consumption demands of the rest of the world and the emissions embodied in the goods it consumes estimating china s emissions on a consumption rather than a production basis both lowers its responsibility for carbon dioxide co2 emissions in 2006 from 5 500 to 3 840mtco2 and reduces the growth rate of emissions from an average of 12 5 per cent p a to 8 7 per cent p a between 2001 and 2006 the analysis indicates that a reliable consumption based accounting methodology is feasible and could improve our understanding of which actors and states are responsible for emissions for example recent emissions reductions by developed countries may lack credibility if production has merely been displaced to countries such as china moreover in the current institutional context production methodologies encourage leakages through trade that may do more to displace than to reduce emissions both equity and efficiency concerns therefore suggest that emissions embodied in trade should receive special attention in the distribution of post kyoto abatement burdens

examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 2 review of input output models for the assessment of environmental impacts embodied in trade this paper offers a detailed review of recently described single and multi region input output models used to assess environmental impacts of internationally traded goods and services it is the second part of a two part contribution in part 1 turner k lenzen m wiedmann t and barrett j in press examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 1 a technical note on combining input output and ecological footprint analysis ecological economics we describe how to enumerate the resource and pollution content of inter regional and inter national trade flows with the aim to illustrate an ideal accounting and modelling framework for the estimation of ecological footprints a large number of such environment economic models have been described but only in the last few years models have emerged that use a more sophisticated multi region multi sector input output framework this has been made possible through improvements in data availability and quality as well as computability we identify six major models that employ multi sector multi region input output analysis in order to calculate environmental impacts embodied in international trade results from the reviewed studies demonstrate that it is important to explicitly consider the production recipe land and energy use as well as emissions in a multi region multi sector and multi directional trade model with global coverage and detailed sector disaggregation only then reliable figures for indicators of impacts embodied in trade such as the ecological footprint can be derived

an analysis of the driving forces of co2 emissions embodied in japan china trade abstract by using the latest china japan input output data sets and the index decomposition analysis ida approach this article analyzes the driving forces of co2 emissions embodied in trade between the two countries during 1990 2000 we found that the growth of trade volume had a large influence on the increase of co2 emissions embodiments in bilateral trade the dramatic decline in carbon intensity of the chinese economy is a primary cause in offsetting co2 emissions exported from china to japan over 1995 2000 we argue that a better understanding of the factors affecting co2 emissions embodied in international trade will assist in seeking more effective climate policies with wider participation in the post kyoto regime

emissions embodied in chinese exports taking into account the special export structure of china abstract quantification of co 2 emissions embodied in china s trade is important for an informed debate on whom to blame for the recent rise in chinese emissions or the calculation of border carbon adjustments applying input output io techniques we calculate these emissions in 1 a standard model 2 a regionally disaggregated model taking into account that export production is concentrated in more advanced and more emission efficient provinces and 3 in a model with export processing taking into account that almost half of the chinese exports rely on a large share of imported intermediates and little domestic value and emissions added we compare year 2007 emissions embodied in chinese exports in a unified framework we also report emissions embodied in chinese imports used for intermediate production of exports by combining calculations for china with data from global io models we find that both a model with 30 provinces 1730 mt co 2 and a model accounting for export processing 1630 mt yield lower chinese emissions embodied in exports compared to the standard model 1782 mt in the regional model emissions are even lower 1522 mt if interprovincial trade is not taken into account

from production based to consumption based national emission inventories abstract under the united national framework convention of climate change unfccc countries are required to submit national emission inventories nei to benchmark reductions in greenhouse gas ghg emissions depending on the definition and system boundary of the nei the mitigation options and priorities may vary the territorial system boundary used by the unfccc has been critiqued for not including international transportation and potentially causing carbon leakage to address these issues past literature has argued in favour of using consumption based nei in climate policy this article discusses several issues in moving from the standard production based nei to consumption based nei first two distinct accounting approaches for constructing consumption based nei are presented the approaches differ in the allocation of intermediate consumption of imported products second a consistent method of weighting production based and consumption based nei is discussed this is an extension of the previous literature on shared responsibility to nei third due to increased uncertainty and a wide system boundary it may be difficult to implement consumption based nei directly into climate policy several alternative options for incorporating consumption based inventories into climate policy are discussed

embodied carbon in china s foreign trade an online sci e and ssci based literature review abstract this paper systematically presents a survey of the empirical literature studying the embodied co2 emissions in china s foreign trade ecct based on the bibliometric method and the online version of science citation index expanded sci e and social sciences citation index ssci this study summarizes the latest publications regarding ecct in peer reviewed journals in terms of quantities most productive countries institutions authors citations and disciplines by using synthetic analysis of keyword frequency this study reveals the most popular methodologies applied in measuring ecct discusses the variation of numerical results in the literature and reasons and countermeasures for the results uncertainties continuous investigation of the literature releases the methodology employed for measuring ecct becoming more reasonable and the results more critical however the numerical results of ecct are of great discrepancies within given year by different considerations on methodology specification accounting principles and data sources and processing for instance the estimates of co2 embodied in china s exports changed from 478 mt to over 3000 mt and those of in china s imports ranged from 140 mt to over 1700 mt in 2007 therefore overcoming data inherent limitations and reducing discrepancies among available databases should be urgently considered the results imply that the prospective research tendencies on ecct are to 1 improve china s regional input output data and energy intensity data to more precise estimates under global perspective 2 estimate china s carbon emission at firm level by different firm ownerships in production and consumption worldwide 3 assess china s carbon emission from processing or non processing trade by compiling more detailed multi regional input output table 4 evaluate city level carbon mitigation capacity in china under global mrio model 5 explore new carbon management experience in china s carbon trading market and new trade expansion policy of one belt and one road in her new growth era

analysis of co2 emissions embodied in china s bilateral trade a non competitive import input output approach co2 emissions embodied in international trade are critical to the national carbon mitigation strategy studies estimating embodied co2 emissions in china often overestimate actual values this work calculates china s co2 emissions embodied in bilateral trade with the usa european union japan and other countries using a modified non competitive import input output method and latest data the results show that net co2 emissions embodied in china s trade in 2007 were only 400 million tons much lower than previous estimations accordingly china s co2 emission on the consumption side in 2007 dropped to 5 628 billion tons with the transfer part accounting for 6 6 of total co2 emissions calculated for the production side it is concluded that because co2 emissions embodied in trade are not as great as previously estimated china should place more emphases on energy saving and emission reduction on its own side instead of emission transfer to substantially mitigate co2 emissions

ghg emissions embodied in macao s internal energy consumption and external trade driving forces via decomposition analysis abstract as a member of the kyoto protocol macao faces the enormous challenge to tackle with energy conservation and greenhouse gas ghg emission reduction though many studies have been devoted to understanding macao s ghg emissions from energy consumption and external trade an investigation of the underlying driving forces is still absent therefore this study decomposed the energy related emissions change and imbalance in embodied emissions of external trade during 2000 2011 respectively by using the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi method the economic scale effect and energy structure change were identified as the main driving factors of macao s increasing energy related emissions while trade structure and embodied emission intensity contributed to make macao a net importer of embodied emissions however some variations can be seen during the period concerned then the underlying reasons for the two decomposition results were further investigated on account of the results and analysis instructive policy implications can be put forward for macao to better proceed with energy conservation and emissions reduction

input output analysis of carbon emissions embodied in china japan trade abstractenergy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers all over the world by using the bilateral trade input output btio approach this study investigates the co2 emissions embodied in china japan trade during 1995 2009 and attempts to identify the driving forces for the change in co2 emissions embodied in china s exports to japan during that period by using structural decomposition analysis sda result shows that co2 emissions embodied in china s exports increased by about 100 from 1995 to 2009 whereas those embodied in china s imports increased by about 500 during the same period result of this research also reveals that the scale effect had a large influence on the increase in co2 emissions embodied in china japan trade the technical effect greatly decreased co2 emissions embodied in china s exports to japan but obviously increased those embodied in imports the influence of the structural effect was relatively small and insignificant in

a review of recent multi region input output models used for consumption based emission and resource accounting abstract the interest in consumption based emission and resource accounting has grown significantly many studies juxtapose consumer emissions carbon footprint and producer territorial emissions of greenhouse gases in order to demonstrate the effects of trade on the national emission budget to this end a respectable number of studies have been undertaken worldwide in order to estimate emissions embedded in international trade of numerous countries and world regions input output approaches and increasingly multi region input output mrio models are commonly chosen as they provide an appropriate methodological framework for complete carbon footprint estimates at the national and supra national level with increasing processing capabilities of computers and a wider availability of economic accounts environmental accounts and trade data such models are now being implemented on a wide scale after a brief overview of salient single region input output studies i provide an in depth review of the most recent multi region input output models used for the purpose of consumption based environmental accounting the main methodological features and important results are described for around twenty studies covering the years 2007 to 2009 this is followed by a detailed review of studies dealing with uncertainty in mrio analysis an area which has not received a lot of attention so far i conclude that further research is mainly needed in two areas a improvements in data availability and quality and b improvements in the accuracy of mrio modelling

will economic restructuring in china reduce trade embodied co2 emissions we acknowledge the support of the national social science foundation of china project no project no 09 zd029 and the institute for energy environment and economy at tsinghua university which is supporting tianyu qi s doctoral research as a visiting scholar at the massachusetts institute of technology we further acknowledge the support of eni s p a icf international and shell international ltd initial sponsors of the china energy and climate project in the mit joint program on the science and policy of global change at mit none of the sponsoring organizations played a role in the study design collection analysis or interpretation of the data used for this study nor did they influence our decisions to submit the article for publication and all errors are our own we also acknowledge general industrial and government sponsors of the joint program on the science and policy of global change http globalchange mit edu sponsors all

embodied energy and intensity in china s normal and processing exports and their driving forces 2005 2015 abstract international trade has important impacts on a country s energy consumption this paper first uses the time series 2005 2015 extended input output database to study china s embodied energy and intensity in both normal and processing exports structural decomposition analysis sda is then applied to analyze the driving forces behind the embodiment changes the empirical results show that china s energy embodied in both normal and processing exports first increased in 2005 2008 dropped in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and then rose again after 2009 and finally dropped in 2014 2015 the embodied energy in trade as a percentage of total energy consumption in china was relatively stable before and after the global financial crisis at around 28 over the 2005 2008 period and 22 over the 2009 2015 period the contribution of the aggregate embodied intensity aei of exports to china s aggregate energy intensity dropped from 30 in 2005 to 21 in 2015 among china s trading partners the united states japan and korea together accounted for around half of china s embodied energy and aei in exports in 2005 but their shares dropped to only one third in 2015 energy efficiency improvement played the key role in reducing the embodied energy and intensity in china s exports similar analysis can be applied to other regions and indicators

china s provincial co2 emissions embodied in international and interprovincial trade trades create a mechanism of embodied co2 emissions transfer among regions causing distortion on the total emissions as the world s second largest economy china has a large scale of trade which results in the serious problem of embodied co2 emissions transfer this paper analyzes the characteristics of china s co2 emissions embodied in international and interprovincial trade from the provincial perspective the multi regional input output model is used to clarify provincial co2 emissions from geographical and sectoral dimensions including 30 provinces and 28 sectors two calculating principles production accounting principle and consumption accounting principle munksgaard and pedersen 2001 are applied the results show that for international trade the eastern area accounts for a large proportion in china s embodied co2 emissions the sectors as net exporters and importers of embodied co2 emissions belong to labor intensive and energy intensive industries respectively for interprovincial trade the net transfer of embodied co2 emissions is from the eastern area to the central area and energy intensive industries are the main contributors with the largest amount of direct co2 emissions the eastern area plays an important role in co2 emissions reduction the central and western areas need supportive policies to avoid the transfer of industries with high emissions

the global co2 emissions growth after international crisis and the role of international trade in this paper we decompose the driving forces of global co2 emissions for the post crisis era 2008 2011 from both production based and consumption based aspects the results suggest that non oecd economies have become the major drivers for the rapid global growth of co2 emissions after the crisis more specifically the increasing consumption and investment of non oecd economies as well as stagnation of their emission intensity reductions have largely contributed to global growth of co2 emissions after 2009 on the contrary oecd economies have a less carbon intensive life style coupled with a decrease in investment and stagnation of consumption the oecd economies have successfully reduced both their production based and consumption based emissions however the magnitude of their reduction is much lower than the increase led by non oecd economies in addition both oecd and non oecd economies have started to increase their purchases of intermediate and final products from non oecd economies such changes of international trade caused an additional 673 mt of global emissions from 2008 to 2011 the results of our decomposition provide both worries about and insights into future global climate change mitigation

economic gains and environmental costs from china s exports regional inequality and trade heterogeneity abstract as the world s factory processing exports comprise a remarkable share of china s total exports by fully taking the special characteristics of processing trade into account this paper comprehensively investigates the unbalanced distribution of trade related economic benefits and environmental costs across different regions in the years of 2007 and 2012 we find a serious regional mismatch between trade related pollutions and economic gains with the coastal region gaining more economically but emitting less whereas the inland regions gain less but emit more we also conclude that trade related value added and air pollutions would be overestimated significantly if trade heterogeneity was not correctly captured processing exports are cleaner but result in greater regional inequality in terms of trade related economic gains and environmental costs although the regional inequality induced by processing exports presented a decreasing trend over the period 2007 2012 the electricity generation sector plays a dominant role in this outcome coastal regions should transfer more trade related economic gains to help sustainable development in inland regions

environmental footprints of agriculture embodied in international trade sensitivity of harvested area footprint of chinese exports abstract consumption based accounting seeks to link a population s lifestyles to their environmental impact input output analysis ioa serves well in this approach as it covers all traded products their full supply chains and explicitly delineates final consumption however using ioa comes at the expense of precision due to aggregation error there has been a recent discussion on the plausibility of ioa results of agricultural pressures we look at the harvested area footprint of chinese exports open the black box of the results of ioa and provide a detailed composition of the footprint this helps to understand whether its size is a result of the poor precision of ioa methods or whether it is based on plausible production patterns of the exported products we hybridize the exiobase database identify the most important exported products apply structural path analysis in order to identify the most important production nodes in their production paths and apply a sensitivity analysis over the model we show that the results of the hybrid mrio method are generally robust to assumptions our results indicate that while the uncertainty of the sign of net trade footprint can be high the uncertainty of national environmental footprint accounts is low

china s carbon emissions embodied in normal and processing exports and their driving forces 2006 2012 abstract this paper constructed a time series extended input output dataset 2006 2012 to analyze china s carbon emissions embodied in both normal and processing exports at a detailed 135 sector level the structural decomposition analysis sda was further applied to shed light on the driving forces behind the changes in their embodied emissions over the entire time period this empirical study confirms the importance of using the extended model for analyzing the trade related embodiment especially for processing exports the embodied emissions in both normal and processing exports first increased from 2006 to 2008 then dropped during the global financial crisis 2008 2009 and then rose again after 2009 the embodied emissions as a percentage of total co2 emissions were quite stable before and after the global financial crisis at around 24 over the 2006 2008 period and 18 over the 2010 2012 period from 2006 to 2012 emission intensity played the key role in reducing the embodied emissions around 595 mt co2 while the total export effect contributed the most to the increase in embodied emissions around 552 mt co2 similar analysis can be applied to other indicators such as energy water ghg emissions pollutants and materials

promises and pitfalls in environmentally extended input output analysis for china a survey of the literature abstract as the world s largest developing economy china plays a key role in global climate change and other environmental impacts of international concern environmentally extended input output analysis ee ioa is an important and insightful tool seeing widespread use in studying large scale environmental impacts in china calculating and analyzing greenhouse gas emissions carbon and water footprints pollution and embodied energy this paper surveys the published articles regarding ee ioa for china in peer reviewed journals and provides a comprehensive and quantitative overview of the body of literature examining the research impact environmental issues addressed and data utilized the paper further includes a discussion of the shortcomings in official chinese data and of the potential means to move beyond its inherent limitations

the responsibility for carbon emissions and carbon efficiency at the sectoral level evidence from china this work reviews benefit based principles to measuring responsibility for carbon emissions at the sectoral level using environmental input output analysis several new emissions multipliers are proposed to measure sectoral carbon efficiency these principles are used in an empirical analysis of carbon emissions in china and differences between the principles are compared the results indicate that all principles considered can prevent double counting of emissions but that different principles may lead to significantly different attributions of responsibility for carbon emissions and to different multiplier values for particular sectors electricity and heat supply is found to be the sector with the highest emissions responsibility under all but the consumer responsibility principle as well as the highest carbon multiplier under all principles however this sector s responsibility under producer responsibility principles is greater than that under other principles basic metals and transportation and post and telecommunication are among the top five sectors with the greatest responsibilities under all but the consumer responsibility principle whereas construction has the highest consumer responsibility among all sectors the pros and cons and policy implications of each principle are also discussed

input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade and the driving forces processing and normal exports in recent years energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade and the driving forces have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output framework most previous studies however do not differentiate different input structures in manufacturing processing exports and normal exports using china as an example this paper exemplifies how implications of results obtained using different export assumptions differ the study posits that the utilization of traditional i o model results in an overestimation of emissions embodied in processing exports and an underestimation in normal exports the estimate of co2 emissions embodied in china s exports drops by 32 when the extended i o model is used the choice of export assumption has more impact on the decomposition results for processing exports the study further highlights that for a country with an export structure similar to china it is meaningful to look into the impact of export assumption in embodied emission studies

an empirical test of the effect of asset aggregation on valuation accuracy significant increases in the general price level during the past two decades have precipitated an ongoing debate concerning possible inadequacies of financial reports and taxation laws based on historical costs many proposed solutions have centered on various methods of asset valuation two american accounting association committees 1964 and 1966 suggested that direct methods of valuation estimation appraisal market quotation were theoretically preferred but that adjustments by price indices could be used as surrogates regarding the latter however there is some uncertainty about how many price indices should be used in the valuation process some suggest that a number of price indices will be necessary to ensure reasonably accurate valuations arthur andersen co 1979 in contrast others suggest that the use of numerous indices may not significantly improve valuation accuracy boersema 1974 and sunder s 1978 analysis shows that the use of additional indices sometimes results in less accurate valuation the purpose of this paper is to offer empirical evidence concerning the effect of the number of price indices on the accuracy of valuation in section 1 i briefly review prior works that have addressed similar research questions the methodology is described in section 2 followed by the results and analysis in section 3 section 4 contains the limitations and conclusions of the study

economic gains and environmental losses from international trade a decomposition of pollution intensity in china s value added trade abstract based on a multi regional input output model this study explores the temporal changes and driving forces of china s environmental losses relative to its economic gains from international trade with each of its 45 trading partners from 1995 to 2015 we find that china suffered larger environment losses per us value added through exports than almost all of its trading partners over time the environmental losses paid by china declined quicker than that of its bilateral trading partners the decomposition results of our research further show that the technology effect played a dominant role in this decline moreover the phenomenon that developed economies have outsourced dirty intermediate production stages to emerging economies via trade in intermediate goods has led to the emerging economies suffering greater environmental losses over time for certain economic gains from international trade

firm ownership china s export related emissions and the responsibility issue abstract china s co 2 emissions and those embodied in its exports have been extensively studied one often neglected aspect is the prevalence of foreign invested enterprises fies in china s exports for which a substantial portion of benefits return to the investing countries in this paper we revisit china s export related co 2 emission responsibilities by viewing them from a new gross national income perspective using a recently developed environmental input output framework one which distinguishes firms by ownership and trade mode we find that china s co 2 emissions responsibility for each yuan of national income from fie exports is actually higher than that attributable to chinese owned enterprise coe exports the result has a somewhat surprising implication it suggests another source of conflict between china s and global interest in reducing co 2 emissions from a purely chinese as opposed to global standpoint a higher share of exports by coes rather than fies is favorable even though coes emit more co 2 when producing each unit of exports this finding should sound an additional warning to those who still think that global climate change mitigation can be effectively pursued by allocating country by country emissions responsibility

the effects of direct trade within china on regional and national co2 emissions curbing national carbon emissions and clarifying regional carbon reduction responsibility are two challenges faced by china both of which are influenced by interregional trade to exclude the influence of trade balance this paper proposes a methodology to parcel the pollution haven hypothesis into a multi regional input output model applies it to a longer time gap which is made up of two representative periods of chinese economy 1997 2002 and 2002 2007 and clarifies the provincial and sectoral contributions to national emissions we find that 1 embodied co2 emissions first remain relatively stable and then increase sharply for the two periods and the changing trends are mainly determined by the decreasing carbon intensity and the expanding trade scale respectively 2 with the secondary industry as the main contributor regional carbon spillover is mainly concentrated in the coastal provinces but it contributes to an increase of co2 emissions in the central and western regions 3 the coastal and inland provinces contribute to the increase of national carbon emissions through interregional imports and exports respectively but the pollution haven hypothesis is not obvious and is only observed in 2002

upgrading or downgrading china s regional carbon emission intensity evolution and its determinants one of china s major national targets is to environmentally upgrade its economy in this paper we define environmental upgrading as lowering the carbon intensity the disparities among china s regions suggest to examine china s carbon emission performance at the regional level for this purpose we use inter regional input output tables for 2002 2007 and 2012 that distinguish processing exports from ordinary exports the regional emission intensities eis show environmental downgrading in the period 2002 2007 and upgrading during 2007 2012 to identify the determinants of the evolution of regional eis we have employed a multiplicative structural decomposition analysis changes in direct emission coefficients and changes in production technology are found to be the major determinants however next to these standard determinants we also evaluate the effects on the changes in regional eis of changes in inter regional trade and changes in inter regional spillovers changing inter regional trade is found to have increased the ei significantly in western and central regions this suggests that more dirty production was shifted from coastal to inland regions our study yields clear policy recommendations for achieving china s transformation to a low carbon economy c 2020 elsevier b v all rights reserved

driving factors of carbon embodied in china s provincial exports in this paper we use the multi regional input output model mrio and logarithm mean divisia index approach to analyze the changes in china s carbon embodied in exports cee at the national and provincial levels the results indicate that the total cee and the cee of 17 provinces including all eastern provinces decreased between 2007 and 2010 the largest decrease in total cee is caused by an input structural effect which decreases the cee of most of the provinces the technique effect arising from changes in provincial carbon intensities causes the second largest decrease in total cee and it effectively reduces the cee of most of the provinces especially the eastern provinces changes in the export composition of most of the provinces also decrease the provincial cee a change in the provincial distribution of exports decreases the cee in 11 provinces on the one hand and increases the cee in 19 provinces on the other hand a change in export volume increases the cee of each province and the whole country but its total effect is evidently lower than the input structural effect and the technique effect c 2015 elsevier b v all rights reserved

input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade competitive versus non competitive imports energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output framework in the literature two different approaches to deal with emissions embodied in a country s imports can be found one of the approaches is based on the assumption of competitive imports while the other is based on the assumption of non competitive imports we show that the implications of the results obtained using different imports assumptions are not the same the approach using the competitive imports assumption gives estimates larger than those obtained using the non competitive import assumption the differences between the two embodiment estimates come from the transition of embodied emissions in china s imports for intermediate consumption to those in china s exports this explains why relatively high estimates of co2 emissions embodied in china s exports are reported in several recent studies appearing in energy policy

co2 emissions per value added in exports of china a comparison with usa based on generalized logarithmic mean divisia index decomposition abstract this study first analyzes co 2 emissions per value added epv in exports of china during 1995 2009 and compares it with that of usa second a generalized logarithmic mean divisia index glmdi method is proposed to decompose the epv gaps between china and usa into five effects this method generalizes existing lmdi methods and makes the multiplicative decomposition of a sum of several terms possible then attribution analysis on value added coefficient effect is conducted results show that aggregate epv of china s exports is 4 20 mt billion us dollars in 1995 which decreases to 2 48 in 2009 for usa it is 0 66 0 33 respectively epv of china s exports is several times greater than that of usa at sectoral level industrial sectors and transport sectors are top sectors with large epv in china s exports which corresponds to the case of usa epv gaps of the service sectors between china and usa have become increasingly prominent since 2000 decomposition results show that emission coefficients value added coefficients and input output structure are the main driving factors of the expanding epv gaps between china and usa attribution analysis on value added coefficient effect the fastest growing effect shows that electrical and optical sector has been the largest contributor to epv gaps between china and usa resulting from value added coefficient effect since 1998 and its effect sharply increases during 1995 2009 policy implications derived are finally discussed

input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the effects of sector aggregation abstract energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output analysis framework it is well known that both sector aggregation and spatial aggregation affect the results obtained in such studies with regard to the latter past studies are often conducted at the national level irrespective of country or economy size for a large economy with the needed data studies may be conducted at different levels of spatial aggregation we examine this problem analytically by extending the work of su et al su b huang h c ang b w zhou p 2010 input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the effects of sector aggregation energy economics 32 1 166 175 on sector aggregation we present a numerical example using the data of china and by dividing the country into eight regions it is found that the results are highly dependent on spatial aggregation our study shows that for a large country like china it is meaningful to look into the effect of spatial aggregation

calculation of embodied energy in sino usa trade 1997 2011 abstract in order to find efficient trade measures to reduce china s energy consumption and to provide theoretical support for the climate talks between china and america we investigate the impact of sino usa trade on energy consumption from the perspective of embodied energy an environmental input output life cycle assessment eio lca model was established to calculate the total energy consumption coefficient the direct consumption coefficient and the complete consumption coefficient of the sectors of the national economies of china and america after taking into consideration the data of every sector of the national economy in sino usa trade energy embodied in the import and export trade between china and america was calculated to verify the real energy flows in sino usa trade the research results suggest the following china is the net exporter of embodied energy in sino usa trade and coal crude oil and natural gas are the major components in 1997 2011 the net exports of china s embodied energy totaled 1523 082 200 t of standard coal the amount of china s energy consumption increased by 895 527 900 t of standard coal and america s energy consumption decreased by 11 871 200 t of standard coal as a result of sino usa trade on this basis corresponding policies and recommendations are proposed

china s emissions embodied in exports how regional and trade heterogeneity matter abstract trade facilitates the shifts of emissions from one place to another although studies have shown that regionally disaggregated model and model that distinguishes processing exports at national level are necessary to estimate the embodied emissions in china s exports no study evaluates this issue by simultaneously taking both regional and trade heterogeneity into account to fill this gap we re estimate the co2 emissions embodied in china s exports at both regional and industrial level by using the newly developed inter regional input output iriop model that distinguishes processing trade from other trade at regional level results show that comparing to the iriop model the traditional multi regional input output mrio model has overestimated the environmental loss from exports by 14 25 in 2002 and 7 20 in 2012 for different regions the largest bias is found in regions and industries with the highest processing export shares therefore the iriop model gives more accurate accounting on the regional environmental loss due to national exports and thus is important for establishing effective emission mitigation policies

china s foreign trade and climate change a case study of co2 emissions abstract the globalization of trade has numerous environmental implications trade creates a mechanism for consumers to shift environmental pollution associated with their consumption to other countries carbon leakage exerts great influences on international trade and economy applying an input output approach the paper estimates the amount of carbon dioxide co2 embodied in china s foreign trade during 1997 2007 it is found that 10 03 26 54 of china s annual co2 emissions are produced during the manufacture of export goods destined for foreign consumers while the co2 emissions embodied in china s imports accounted for only 4 40 1997 and 9 05 2007 of that we also estimate that the rest of world avoided emitting 150 18 mt co2 in 1997 increasing to 593 mt in 2007 as a result of importing goods from china rather than manufacturing the same type and quantity of goods domestically during 1997 2007 the net additional global co2 emissions resulting from china s exports were 4894 mt then the paper divides the trade embodied emissions into scale composition and technical effect it was found that scale and composition effect increased the co2 emissions embodied in trade while the technical effect offset a small part of them finally its mechanism and policy implications are presented

the effect of trade between china and the uk on national and global carbon dioxide emissions we estimate the amount of carbon dioxide embodied in bi lateral trade between the uk and china in 2004 developing and applying the method of shui and harriss 2006 tile role of co2 embodiment in us china trade energy policy 34 4063 4068 the most recently available data on trade and co2 emissions have been updated and adjusted to calculate the co2 emissions embodied in the commodities traded between china and the uk it was found that through trade with china the uk reduced its co2 emissions by approximately 11 in 2004 compared with a non trade scenario in which the same type and volume of goods are produced in the uk in addition due to the greater carbon intensity and relatively less efficient production processes of chinese industry china uk trade resulted in an additional 117 mt of co2 to global co2 emissions in the same one year period compared with a non trade scenario in which the same type and volume of goods are produced in the uk this represents an additional 19 to the reported national co2 emissions of the uk 555 mt y in 2004 and 0 4 of global emissions these findings suggest that through international trade very significant environmental impacts can be shifted front one country to another and that international trade can but does not necessarily result in globally increased greenhouse gas emissions these results are additional to the environmental consequences of transporting goods which are not robustly quantified here c 2008 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

spatial spillover effects in determining china s regional co 2 emissions growth 2007 2010 abstract this study proposes an alternative input output based spatial structural decomposition analysis to elucidate the importance of domestic regional heterogeneity and inter regional spillover effects in determining china s regional co 2 emissions growth our empirical results based on the 2007 and 2010 chinese inter regional input output tables show that changes in most regions final demand scale final expenditure structure and export scale have positive spatial spillover effects on other regions co 2 emissions growth changes in most regions consumption and export preference help reduce other regions co 2 emissions changes in production technology and investment preferences may exert positive or negative effects on other region s co 2 emissions growth through domestic supply chains for some regions the aggregate spillover effect from other regions may be larger than the intra regional effect in determining regional emissions growth all these facts can significantly help provide a better deeper understanding of the driving forces behind the growth of regional co 2 emissions and can thus enrich the policy implications concerning a narrow definition of carbon leakage through domestic inter regional trade as well as a relevant political consensus about responsibility sharing between developed and developing regions inside china

multiplicative structural decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy and emission intensities abstract aggregate intensity indicators such as the ratio of a country s energy and emissions to its gdp are often used by researchers and policymakers to study energy and environmental performance this paper analyzes the relationship between energy or emissions and value added or gdp from a different viewpoint namely from the demand rather than the production perspective using the input output i o framework the aggregate embodied intensity aei defined as the ratio of embodied energy or emissions to embodied value added can be defined at the aggregate final demand category and sectoral levels the total aggregate intensity can be presented as a weighted sum of the aeis at the final demand category or sectoral level changes of the aei at different levels can be decomposed to identify the driving forces using multiplicative sda a study using the latest 2007 and 2012 datasets of china indicates that a its aggregate intensity of co 2 emissions was mainly determined by the aei in investment and b the emission intensity effect generally contributed the most to the aei ratio changes at different levels the proposed framework can be applied to other aggregate intensity indicators and extended to multi country region analysis

trade from resource rich countries avoids the existence of a global pollution haven hypothesis abstract free trade agreements are currently receiving much attention in the media and politics one important question concerning free trade is its effect on the environment for example in carbon dioxide emissions the goal of this paper is to provide evidence on the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis using a multi regional input output approach for six regions and the rest of the world as a whole our findings indicate that in the period from 1995 to 2009 international trade has allowed the global economy to reduce its overall co2 emissions compared to a hypothetical situation without international trade the total amount of emissions saved was 15 06 gt in the period under consideration however not all of the seven regions in our model have been able to reduce their co2 emissions through trade global value chains have led to china becoming a pollution haven for other regions and its exports have increased world emissions to 1 28 gt co2 in 2008 however what allows a net saving of emissions on a global scale is the supply of energy and natural resources from a set of peripheral economies which in our geographical categorization are mostly integrated in the region of the rest of the world

the effects of border crossing frequencies associated with carbon footprints on border carbon adjustments abstract the fragmentation of production across national boundaries has become an important feature of the world economy this present paper adopts the viewpoint that not only the size and composition of carbon footprints are relevant but also the border crossing frequency associated with these carbon footprints which is defined as the number of borders a product crosses in a supply chain this process will affect the spatial accounting of the carbon emissions produced to support the economic activity the calculation of border crossing frequencies of carbon footprint is accomplished by decomposing the leontief inverse matrix derived from the world input output database we find that the aggregated average border crossing frequencies of carbon footprints show an increasing tendency which is influenced by the economic crisis obviously the policy application focuses on the united states which we assume to levy carbon tariffs on foreign emissions embodied in imports we find that the indirect carbon tariff on emissions embodied in international trade take a significant share the border carbon adjustments are mainly targeted at emissions generated in china which also pays the greatest share of the tariff burden the implication of carbon tariffs faces the problem of multiple taxation

technology adjusted national carbon accounting for a greener trade pattern abstract crediting green trade patterns is essential for effective national carbon accounting neither production nor consumption based accounting satisfies this condition thus kander et al kander a jiborn m moran d d wiedmann t o 2015 national greenhouse gas accounting for effective climate policy on international trade nature climate chang 5 5 431 435 proposed a technology adjusted consumption based carbon accounting method that focuses on interregional differences in sectoral carbon intensity the intermediate input structure is also closely related to the production technology level therefore this study recommends a new technology adjusted consumption based carbon accounting framework that distinguishes between direct and cumulative exports forward and backward industrial linkages and different trade patterns based on the consideration that production based accounting will remain the core indicator for regional emissions in the near future this study proposes a technology adjusted production based accounting framework the empirical study is based on the world input output database and the results indicate that technology adjusted carbon accounting will redraw the global emissions map if the intermediate input linkage is considered the technology adjusted carbon accounting method satisfies the conditions of additivity sensitivity monotonicity and scale invariance through proper selection of the world average emissions multipliers

revisiting drivers of energy intensity in china during 1997 2007 a structural decomposition analysis the decline of china s energy intensity slowed since 2000 during 2002 2005 it actually increased reversing the long term trend therefore it is important to identify drivers of the fluctuation of energy intensity we use input output structural decomposition analysis to investigate the contributions of changes in energy mix sectoral energy efficiency production structure final demand structure and final demand category composition to china s energy intensity fluctuation during 1997 2007 we include household energy consumption in the study by closing the input output model with respect to households results show that sectoral energy efficiency improvements contribute the most to the energy intensity decline during 1997 2007 the increase in china s energy intensity during 2002 2007 is instead explained by changes in final demand composition and production structure changes in final demand composition are mainly due to increasing share of exports while changes in production structure mainly arise from the shift of chinese economy to more energy intensive industries changes in energy mix and final demand structure contribute little to china s energy intensity fluctuation from the consumption perspective growing exports of energy intensive products and increasing infrastructure demands explain the majority of energy intensity increase during 2002 2007

recalculating co2 emissions from the perspective of value added trade an input output analysis of china s trade data abstract using traditional trade statistics to calculate co 2 emissions embodied in international trade results in significant miscalculations and a deeper divide between countries the aim of this research is to provide a reasonable estimate of carbon emissions to help policymakers in each country address their actual share of responsibility this study employs the world input output database and the gross export decomposition methodology to recount the co 2 emissions embodied in china s international trade from the perspective of value added trade the result shows that reliance on traditional statistics caused a significant overestimation of china s imports and exports us 398 77 billion and us 504 46 billion for china s imports and exports respectively our findings suggest that 177 24 million tons of carbon emissions embodied in imports and 907 636 million tons of carbon emission embodied in exports were over calculated the result obtained with traditional calculation methods has artificially increased the responsibility share of china in the global emissions reduction we also compare the co 2 emission coefficients of china with those of other countries our findings suggest that the high emission coefficients of most chinese industrial sectors determine the carbon emissions embodied in china s exports to be higher than in its imports

provincial responsibility for carbon emissions in china under different principles abstract by applying a multi regional input output model the study compares the provincial responsibility for carbon emissions and provincial carbon multipliers in china under seven responsibility allocating principles including three basic principles the production income and consumption principles and four shared responsibility principles the income weighted consumption weighted comprehensive and weighted comprehensive principles empirical results indicate that carbon multipliers of provinces under these principles are significantly different from one another the carbon multipliers of provinces with higher ratios of carbon intensive sectors in their outputs are also larger at the same time the carbon multipliers of the same sector in the provinces are significantly different from one another changing the principle causes significant changes in the responsibility for carbon emissions of some provinces but only slight changes in the responsibilities of some other provinces however the responsibilities of provinces with large economic sizes output are always the largest whereas provinces with the smallest economic sizes are always the smallest regardless of the principles further this study proposes a series of regional policies for carbon mitigation according to provincial carbon multipliers and responsibility allocation features under the different principles

input output and structural decomposition analysis of singapore s carbon emissions singapore is an island city state it lacks conventional energy resources and is alternative energy disadvantaged in the past decade 2000 2010 its energy related carbon emissions increased from 37 8 to 44 4 million tonnes of co2 this paper analyses the city state s carbon emissions from the demand perspective using the input output i o method and investigate the drivers of emission changes using structural decomposition analysis sda it is the first comprehensive analysis of singapore s emissions using the i o framework the results obtained show that exports accounted for nearly two thirds of its total emissions and growth in its emissions in the last decade was largely export driven emissions increased as export oriented industries and export volume expanded fuel switching and energy efficiency however helped to lower growth in emissions besides exports household related emissions accounted for about a quarter of singapore s total emissions the emissions related to different household groups remained fairly stable as increases in embodied indirect emissions were offset by decreases in direct emissions the high income household group registered the largest increase in direct emissions while the middle income household group registered the largest increase in embodied emissions the policy implications of our findings are discussed

bi lateral co2 emissions embodied in australia china trade abstract this paper quantifies the co 2 emissions embodied in bi lateral trade between australia and china using a sectoral input output model the results revealed 1 that china performs lower than australia in clean technology in the primary manufacturing energy sectors due to their overuse of coal and inefficient sectoral production processes and 2 that china had a 30 94 mt surplus of bi lateral co 2 emissions in 2010 2011 and 3 overall global emissions were reduced by 20 19 mt through australia china trade in 2010 2011 the result indicates that the greater the energy efficient a country among the trading partners the lower will be the overall global co 2 emissions global emissions decreased mainly because china consumed australian primary products rather than producing them australia is an energy efficient producer of primary products relative to china the bilateral trade compositions and trade volume played an important role in lowering global emissions and therefore one can view proposed china australia free trade agreement positively in reducing global emissions however for the sustainable development china should strengthen clean energy use and both countries should adopt measures to create an emission trading scheme in order to avoid protectionism in the form of future border price adjustments

inter industrial carbon emission transfers in china economic effect and optimization strategy abstract understanding inter industrial carbon emission transfers and their economic effect informs approaches to achieve emission reduction objectives and promote industrial economic development this paper applies input output theory to explore ways to optimize carbon emission transfers between industrial sectors first china s inter industrial carbon emission imports and exports were measured for years 2002 2005 2007 and 2010 next the economic effects of inter industrial carbon emission transfers were assessed finally strategies to optimize the carbon emission transfer structure were proposed with the goal of achieving a win win between industrial carbon emission reduction and economic development key study conclusions are as follows 1 inter industrial carbon emission imports and exports in china are significant and are increasing each year traditional energy industries have high carbon emission imports processing and manufacturing industries have high carbon emission exports and most light industries have relatively low levels of both carbon emission imports and exports 2 carbon emission transfer imports or exports can promote industrial development combining both imports and exports leads to variable economic effects within specific industries 3 to achieve the dual goals of carbon emission reduction and economic development four strategies are proposed to optimize carbon emission transfer structures in different industries

co2 emissions embodied in china us trade input output analysis based on the emergy dollar ratio to gain insight into changes in co2 emissions embodied in china us trade an input output analysis based on the emergy dollar ratio edr is used to estimate embodied co2 emissions a structural decomposition analysis sda is employed to analyze the driving factors for changes in co2 emissions embodied in china s exports to the us during 2002 2007 the results of the input output analysis show that net export of co2 emissions increased quickly from 2002 to 2005 but decreased from 2005 to 2007 these trends are due to a reduction in total co2 emission intensity a decrease in the exchange rate and small imports of embodied co2 emissions the results of the sda demonstrate that total export volume was the largest driving factor for the increase in embodied co2 emissions during 2002 2007 followed by intermediate input structure direct co2 emissions intensity had a negative effect on changes in embodied co2 emissions the results suggest that china should establish a framework for allocating emission responsibilities enhance energy efficiency and improve intermediate input structure

impact of inter sectoral trade on national and global co2 emissions an empirical analysis of china and us abstract this paper attempts to discuss the co2 emissions embodied in sino us international trade using a sector approach based on an input output model established in this study we quantify the impact of sino us international trade on national and global co2 emissions our initial findings reveal that in 2005 the us reduced 190 13 mt co2 emissions through the consumption of imported goods from china while increasing global co2 emissions by about 515 25 mt similarly china reduced 178 62 mt co2 emissions through the consumption of us goods while reducing global co2 emissions by 129 93 mt sino us international trade increased global co2 emissions by 385 32 mt as a whole of which the chemical fabricated metal products non metallic mineral products and transportation equipment sectors contributed an 86 71 share therefore we suggest that accelerating the adjustment of china s trade structure and export of us advanced technologies and experience related to clean production and energy efficiency to china as the way to reduce the negative impact of sino us trade on national and global co2 emissions this behavior should take into account the processing and manufacturing industries as a priority especially the chemical fabricated metal products non metallic mineral products and transportation equipment sectors

driving factors of carbon emissions embodied in china us trade a structural decomposition analysis abstract based on the environmental multi regional input output model this study employed structural decomposition analysis to investigate the driving factors of carbon emissions embodied in china us trade over the period of 1995 2009 effective driving factors were classified into six groups and each group included both factors at home and abroad the results show that factors trade structure of intermediate products at home and export market shares of final products at home presented the largest positive impacts to increments in carbon emissions embodied in chinese exports to the us while the majority of negative impacts was generated by changes in energy intensities at home the increment in carbon emissions embodied in us exports to china was mostly contributed by total demands abroad impacts of other driving factors were much smaller at the sectoral level both positive and negative impacts of driving factors were largely limited to a few sectors e g textiles products machinery transport equipment and electrical equipment here positive impacts were mostly contributed by export market shares of final products at home and total demands abroad and negative impacts were mainly contributed by energy intensities at home policy implications deduced from the results were discussed

carbon emissions embodied in demand supply chains in china abstract using the multi regional input output model mrio the paper distinguishes the carbon emissions embodied in commodities for domestic final consumption cbes consumption based emissions and those for export ebes export based emissions and then calculates carbon emissions embodied in the demand supply chains for consumption and export based on technical coefficients matrix of the mrio for one country taking china as an example we provide a dynamic analysis of cbes ebes and carbon emissions embodied in consumption and export demand supply chains at the sub national level based on the mrio tables for 1997 and 2007 the results show that in china the transferred carbon emissions embodied in demand supply chains driven by consumption and export both showed rapid growth during 1997 2007 and the net transferred carbon emissions embodied in the demand supply chains showed an increasing trend as well less developed regions with abundant fossil fuels tend to net flow out carbon emissions

accounting the effects of wto accession on trade embodied emissions evidence from china abstract the indicators of the emissions embodied in exports the balance of emissions embodied in trade and the net emissions contributed by trade are used to measure the trade embodied environmental impacts from various angles a counterfactual scenario of without wto accession is formed as the comparative baseline with the support of a dynamic computable general equilibrium model then the difference between factual and counterfactual scenarios is worked out to reflect the impact of china s wto accession on emissions embodied in trade according to the present study wto accession produced a measureable increment of the emissions embodied in exports through exports expansion which slightly intensified environmental stress in china if considering the difference in emissions embodied in exports and imports then the difference of the balance of emissions embodied in trade between factual and counterfactual scenarios indicate that china has suffered more local emissions than its trade partners after its wto accession if considering the offset effect of imports embodied emissions to domestic emissions then the difference of the net emissions contributed by trade between factual and counterfactual scenarios indicate that wto accession had a trivial effect on aggregating trade embodied emissions the study results suggest that china should continue pushing for trade liberalization and at the same time reduce the adverse effects on the environment by reducing its total emissions intensity of domestic production and optimizing trade structure

accuracy of linear valuation rules in industry segmented environments industry vs economy weighted indexes abstract the comparative ability of valuation rules using economy weighted versus industry weighted price indexes to estimate the unobserved economic value of a basket of assets in modelled industry weighted indexes do not necessarily provide valuations of higher accuracy than economy weighted indexes dominance depends on 1 the relative magnitude of the mean and variability of price changes and 2 the magnitude of errors of measurement in the current price data larger measurement errors favor economy weighted indexes larger mean and variability of prices changes favor industry weighted indexes

the role of co2 embodiment in us china trade abstract this study examines the influence of us china trade on national and global emissions of carbon dioxide co2 the three basic questions are as follows 1 what amount of co2 emissions is avoided in the us by importing chinese goods 2 how much are co2 emissions in china increased as a result of the production of goods for export to the us and 3 what are the impacts of us china trade on global co2 emissions our initial findings reveal that during 1997 2003 1 us co2 emissions would have increased from 3 to 6 if the goods imported from china had been produced in the us 2 about 7 14 of china s current co2 emissions were a result of producing exports for us consumers and 3 us china trade has increased global co2 emissions by an estimated 720 million metric tons we suggest that the export of us technologies and expertise related to clean production and energy efficiency to china could be a win win strategy for both countries for reducing their trade imbalance and mitigating global co2 emissions improved international accounting methodologies for assigning responsibility for co2 emissions must be designed to account for the dynamic nature of international trade

preferences of scotch malt whisky consumers for changes in pesticide use and origin of barley abstract in a case study related to scotch malt whisky production this study analyses consumers perceptions and preferences regarding two aspects that have emerged in the debate on sustainable production and consumption and on environmentally responsible food choice namely i the use of pesticides in agriculture and ii the provenance of food ingredients we carried out a choice experiment to investigate preferences and estimate willingness to pay of scotch malt whisky consumers for pesticide use restrictions and the potential impact on the production of one of its essential ingredients barley using latent class models we find that about half of the respondents are non demanders with respect to both attributes and only a third of the sample population are willing to pay for further pesticide restrictions demand for more environmentally responsible production of scotch malt whisky is therefore limited indicating that in the case of scotch malt whisky consumers are not likely to be key to driving sustainable production with respect to barley provenance being able to claim a 100 scottish product could be a plausible commercial option for some producers to pursue in a competitive market methodologically the scale adjusted latent class model proved to be successful in uncovering preference heterogeneity and its sources in including non demanders in the analysis and in accounting for differences in scale amongst respondents

green growth planning a multi factor energy input output analysis of the canadian economy abstract incorporating socioeconomic and environmental considerations into energy decisions is necessary when tackling climate change and accelerating green growth in this work we propose a novel extension of the multi factor energy input output model to support evidence informed energy policy making and green growth planning through the introduction of eight different multipliers and two green growth indexes we demonstrate the approach through application at the national scale in canada in particular we quantitatively assess the extent to which changes in final demand impact the domestic and imported primary and renewable energy flows co2 emissions economic expansion and energy job earnings the results point to a potential path of green growth in canada prioritizing activities that generate economic and job growth at minimal environmental pressure i e fewer co2 emissions economic activities that are critical for stimulating green growth in the short to medium run are identified and recommendations are made regarding a longer structural change path for improving the supply chains of other economic activities this work provides insights to decision makers seeking strategies e g policy reforms or targeted public expenditure strategies to accelerate green growth planning on a national scale

the embodied energy in trade what role does specialization play abstract many industrialized countries are net importers of embodied energy and emissions while many developing countries are net exporters we examine the role of specialization in driving these trade patterns by conducting a spatial index decomposition analysis on the embodied energy in net exports for 41 economies the results reveal that industrialized countries have generally offshored energy intensive production which many developing countries specialize in we find that specialization on average makes the biggest contribution accounting for roughly 50 of a country s embodied energy in net exports however other factors namely energy intensity and the trade balance combine to make an equally important contribution in summary specialization despite its significant role is not the only cause of the embodied energy trade patterns observed between industrialized and developing countries