after chayanov and lenin new paths of agrarian capitalism abstract the theory of peasant economy is dominated by two classic authors of largely contradictory views a v chayanov and v i lenin this paper begins by setting forth their contrasting interpretations of differentiation among the russian peasantry at the end of the nineteenth century and the contrasting theoretical frameworks of marginalism and marxism which underlie those interpretations it then proceeds to set its debate against certain aspects of current transformations in the agrarian structures of latin america which call for a transcendence of this classic debate in particular it is pointed out in conclusion that family farms far from being a feature of peasant societies are more common and more dominant in countries and regions which have experienced a relatively dynamic process of capitalist development

sharecropping and the capitalist transition in agriculture some evidence from the highlands of ecuador abstract sharecropping has been the subject of much debate among economists concerned with static efficiency and to some extent with equity this paper shifts the focus to the dynamics of structural change the research reported adds to the discussion a detailed account of a large number of sharecropping contracts and why they vary and offers a theory of the relationship between sharecropping as practised in the ecuadorian province of carchi and a particular pattern of structural change which is described as the transition to an agrarian structure dominated by capitalised family farms the prevalent use of wage labour on sharecropped land and the place of sharecropping in intergenerational asset transfers are shown to be important elements in explaining this transition

on the causal dynamics between emissions nuclear energy renewable energy and economic growth this paper examines the causal relationship between co2 emissions nuclear energy consumption renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a group of 19 developed and developing countries for the period 1984 2007 using a panel error correction model the long run estimates indicate that there is a statistically significant negative association between nuclear energy consumption and emissions but a statistically significant positive relationship between emissions and renewable energy consumption the results from the panel granger causality tests suggest that in the short run nuclear energy consumption plays an important role in reducing co2 emissions whereas renewable energy consumption does not contribute to reductions in emissions this may be due to the lack of adequate storage technology to overcome intermittent supply problems as a result electricity producers have to rely on emission generating energy sources to meet peak load demand

can land market reform mitigate the exclusionary aspects of rapid agro export growth abstract agro export growth has been associated with land concentration and employment instability in the wake of exclusionary agro export booms land market reform has been proposed as a way to improve peasant land access through the market developing a model of the economic competitiveness of different classes of producers this paper evaluates the likely effectiveness of land market reform while the model itself gives ambiguous answers numerical simulation identifies a large gap between market price and peasants abilty to pay for land among the components of land market reform policy progressive land taxation appears unlikely to close that competitiveness gap while farm land mortgage banks appear more likely to mitigate exclusionary aspects of growth

production externalities and long run equilibria bargaining and pigovian taxation this paper analyzes bargaining and pigovian taxation solutions to inefficiencies from production externalities with free entry the coase theorem fails in a decentralized context but remains valid if the property rights holder can act like a command economy planner a less powerful price taking rights holder s objective function is nonconcave causing an inefficient bargaining outcome bargaining complicates pigovian taxes with a nonlinear tax scheme required to sustain the optimum polluting firms pay a franchise tax whose revenue is given lump sum to consumers and face a marginal charge only on excess output which thus raises no revenue in equilibrium

nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in nine developed countries this article attempts to test the causal relationship between nuclear energy consumption and real gdp for nine developed countries for the period 1971 2005 by including capital and labour as additional variables using a modified version of the granger causality test developed by toda and yamamoto 1995 we found a unidirectional causality running from nuclear energy consumption to economic growth in japan netherlands and switzerland the opposite uni directional causality running from economic growth to nuclear energy consumption in canada and sweden and a bi directional causality running between economic growth and nuclear energy consumption in france spain the united kingdom and the united states in spain the united kingdom and the usa increases in nuclear energy consumption caused increases in economic growth implying that conservation measures taken that reduce nuclear energy consumption may negatively affect economic growth in france japan netherlands and switzerland increases in nuclear energy consumption caused decreases in economic growth suggesting that energy conservation measure taken that reduce nuclear energy consumption may help to mitigate the adverse effects of nuclear energy consumption on economic growth in canada and sweden energy conservation measures affecting nuclear energy consumption may not harm economic growth

pigou and coase in retrospect this paper documents through direct quotation and mathematical analysis the parallels between both the logic and the policy conclusions of a c pigou and r h coase it is shown that pigou s analysis encompasses the essential features of both the nature of the firm and the problem of social cost but more importantly pigou lays out the logical connection between the two an underlying theme is that particularly in the case of pigou much substance has been lost in mathematical translation had that substance not been forgotten the 1960 coase would not have had to attack pigou c 1993 academic press inc copyright 1993 by oxford university press

market failure and control of labour power towards an explanation of structure and change in indian agriculture part 1 1 although existing approaches do on occasion shed light on certain specific aspects of indian agriculture in general they run into problems of methodology or content or more frequently both in particular it is misleading to treat indian agri culture in peasant economy no markets or neoclassical perfect market terms and problematic to view it as semi feudal markets subordinate to extra economic factors 2 analysis of the relationships between farm size land productivity sharecropping and mechanisation suggest the need for an integrated model which emphasises both the unemployment and poverty of poor peasants and the problems of supervision and control of wage labour and tenants 3 proper appreciation of the interlinked role of these factors can help to explain the system s inability to combine the abundant labour of the poor with resources owned largely by the rich it can also go on to explain institutional responses like sharecropping as partial solutions to the problem of intensifying labour use and technological ones such as mechanisation as a means of delinking large farm growth from the need to intensify labour use 4 the tensions and choices between these responses underlie both the problem of stagnation and the phenomenon of switches from sharecropping to mechanisation 5 for associated reasons more rapid growth in indian agriculture is unlikely without major institutional changes to create much new employment and is likely to be more capital intensive than is usually assumed

estimation of short run and long run elasticities of energy demand from panel data using shrinkage estimators this article discusses the problem of obtaining short run and long run elasticities of energy demand for each of 49 states in the united states using data for 21 years estimation using the time series data by each state gave several wrong signs for the coefficients estimation using pooled data was not valid because the hypothesis of homogeneity of the coefficients was rejected shrinkage estimators gave more reasonable results the article presents in a unified framework the classical empirical bayes and bayes approaches for deriving these estimators

abusa the structural history of an economic contract this speculative essay seeks an interpretation of abusa a share cropping arrangement which has been of fundamental importance in the development of the ghanaian cocoa industry according to theoretical expectations such an arrangement is both inefficient and inequitable a pre modern or pre capitalist productive relationship which will inevitably yield to a pattern of fixed rents and wage labour here the role of abusa in the spectacular growth of the cocoa economy and in its recent decline is examined with reference to the development of individual contracts it is argued that this ontogenetic development of abusa is structured by the changing domestic circumstances of farm owner and farm worker their competing interests in a maturing cocoa farm are negotiated and expressed in a sequence of contractual arrangements which gives the worker increasing access to the land and the product of his own labour it is suggested that if the evolution of productive relations towards more evidently capitalist

pigou and coase a mathematical reconciliation abstract this paper provides a rigorous statement of the coase theorem and establishes a formal equivalence between abstract allocative mechanisms attributed to coase and pigou the model proceeds from output functions that reduce to production functions in special cases thereby capturing effects that are obscured by conventional production and cost functions the model also emphasizes fundamental differences in the characteristics of inputs particularly land that are implied in the construction of externality stories finally the model embodies a clear distinction between local e g nuisance and global e g pollution externalities the coase theorem as stated is valid only in the former case

2 the institutional structure of production 1 prize lecture to the memory of alfred nobel december 9 1991 this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

oil prices nuclear energy consumption and economic growth new evidence using a heterogeneous panel analysis abstract this paper applies panel data analysis to examine the short run dynamics and long run equilibrium relationships among nuclear energy consumption oil prices oil consumption and economic growth for developed countries covering the period 1971 2006 the panel cointegration results show that in the long run oil prices have a positive impact on nuclear energy consumption suggesting the existence of the substitution relationship between nuclear energy and oil the long run elasticity of nuclear energy with respect to real income is approximately 0 89 and real income has a greater impact on nuclear energy than do oil prices in the long run furthermore the panel causality results find evidence of unidirectional causality running from oil prices and economic growth to nuclear energy consumption in the long run while there is no causality between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in the short run

on the structure and form of the gdp nuclear nexus new perspectives and new findings much of the existing literature on the relationship between nuclear energy consumption and gross domestic product gdp deals only with the causal links between these two variables however very little attention has been paid to the structure and form of this relationship this paper first uses panel cointegration techniques to illustrate the form of an inverted u shaped curve that arises from pooled data then applies the iterative empirical bayesian procedure in order to account for the heterogeneity in the coefficients of the long term relationship the empirical results from a multivariate framework involving carbon dioxide co2 emissions reveal that for only 3 of the 21 nuclear countries studied a linear form of the relationship can be justified and that nuclear energy goes from being a normal good to being an inferior good for the majority of the sample countries

the polluter pays versus the pollutee pays principle under asymmetric information abstract this paper compares the pollutee pays principle with the polluter pays principle in a model of one sided externalities and asymmetric information even allowing for mitigation through contracts pollution reductions traded for subsidies or compensations will not result in the perfect information social optimum but will bias the outcome favoring the one with the property right while the pollutee pays principle allows for global incentive mechanisms such voluntary arrangements are severely restricted for the polluter pays principle indeed these conditions for an out of court settlements low damage and large benefits from pollution somehow contradict the polluter pays principle

coasean bargaining in the presence of pigouvian taxation coasean arguments against the pigouvian perspective are well established a central tenet in this criticism argues that a pigouvian tax may be a source of inefficiency if parties were to bargain in the presence of a pigouvian tax allocative inefficiencies would occur the so called buchanan stubblebine turvey theorem by analyzing a coasean environment where the appropriation of property rights is costly we show coasean bargaining in the presence of a pre existing pigouvian tax may be superior this has implications for policy where dual regulatory environments exist such as regulation at the state and federal level as well as environmental liability and litigation

taking the u out of kuznets a comprehensive analysis of the ekc and environmental degradation unlike most environmental kuznets curve ekc studies which focus on narrow measures of pollution as proxies for environmental quality we test the validity of the ekc using the ecological footprint ef a more comprehensive measure of environmental degradation we find no empirical evidence of an ekc relationship between the ef and economic development and only limited support for such a relationship among the components of the ef in addition we discover that energy is largely responsible for the lack of an ekc relationship and that energy consumption levels would have to be cut by over 50 in order for a statistically significant ekc relationship to emerge from the data overall these results suggest that growth alone will not lead to sustainable development

nuclear energy consumption oil prices and economic growth evidence from highly industrialized countries this study utilizes the johansen cointegration technique the granger non causality test of toda and yamamoto 1995 the generalized impulse response function and the generalized forecast error variance decomposition to examine the dynamic interrelationship among nuclear energy consumption real oil price oil consumption and real income in six highly industrialized countries for the period 1965 2008 our empirical results indicate that the relationships between nuclear energy consumption and oil are as substitutes in the u s and canada while they are complementary in france japan and the u k second the long run income elasticity of nuclear energy is larger than one indicating that nuclear energy is a luxury good third the results of the granger causality test find evidence of unidirectional causality running from real income to nuclear energy consumption in japan a bidirectional relationship appears in canada germany and the u k while no causality exists in france and the u s we also find evidence of causality running from real oil price to nuclear energy consumption except for the u s and causality running from oil consumption to nuclear energy consumption in canada japan and the u k suggesting that changes in price and consumption of oil influence nuclear energy consumption finally the results observe transitory initial impacts of innovations in real income and oil consumption on nuclear energy consumption in the long run the impact of real oil price is relatively larger compared with that of real income on nuclear energy consumption in canada germany japan and the u s

the spread of sharecropping in tuscany the political economy of transaction costs land tenure is central to many agricultural transformations the author examines one of these transformations the spread of sharecropping in late medieval and early modern tuscany previous research suggested that sharecropping spread as agricultural relations were refeudalized in contrast the author s analyses of fixed term and share term leasing sharecropping show that landlords used sharecropping when it lowered their overall costs of labor supervision and land management however to explain the spread of sharecropping the florentine political economy which created particular patterns of land management costs and labor supervision costs must also be considered florence was a well developed center for urban manufacturing landlords were frequently urban merchants and they resided in florence these factors were crucial in shaping agricultural relations landlords use of sharecropping to reduce the overall costs of land management and labor supervision increased as the distance from florence the site of landlords principal activities increased as the size of farms increased and when crops had high costs of labor supervision and land management thus the use of sharecropping to lower costs associated with agricultural production must be considered in the context of the tuscan political economy

fundamental nonconvexities in arrovian markets and a coasian solution to the problem of externalities abstract d starrett j econ theory 4 1972 180 199 argues that the presence of externalities implies fundamental nonconvexities which cause arrow markets to fail while this is true we argue this failure is due to the structure of the arrovian markets that starrett uses and not to the presence of externalities as such we provide an extension of a general equilibrium public goods model in which property rights are explicitly treated nonconvexities are not fundamental in this framework we define a notion of coasian equilibrium for this economy and show first and second welfare theorems in this context the first welfare theorem is a type of coase theorem journal of economic literature classification numbers d62 h41

ambivalence of class subjectivity the sharecroppers of the post bellum southern usa the paper argues that the economic literature on sharecropping uses a modernist notion of subjectivity that fails to explain the complexity of economic behaviour or the social context in which agency is formed i look at the case of economic subjectivity of southern sharecropping tenants in the post bellum usa using non determinist marxist class analysis together with the concept of subjectivity drawing from postcolonial theory in particular the work of homi bhabha i argue that this alternative approach to economic subjectivity which posits an ambivalent or contradictory subjectivity provides us with a better analytical grasp of economic agency and a better explanation of the perpetuation or demise of a productive form such as sharecropping copyright the author 2008 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press