factor endowments factor proportions and the allocative efficiency of u s interregional trade the heckscher ohlin h o theory of trade has been subjected to numerous international tests based upon the empirical evidence presented in the literature it appears that the theory s explanatory power of the actual pattern of international trade is somewhat limited this may not be surprising however when one considers a host of extraneous factors such as tariffs quotas and other policy and institutional barriers to trade which distort the pattern of trade on the other hand some of the requisites of the h o theory are more nearly satisfied in interregional trade within a nation the extent of policy distortions on the overall pattern of commodity trade should be far less in interregional trade than in international trade likewise both production technologies and demand conditions assumed to be identical between nations in the h o theory should be more nearly so among regions within a nation while the theoretical basis of regional trade is of course the same as that of international trade it is primarily for these reasons that a number of researchers have more recently turned to interregional trade for the purpose of testing the h o theory the current literature on the u s regional comparative advantage includes the contributions by moroney and walker 1966 moroney 1972 1975 estle 1967 and klaasen 1973 whereas these studies focused primarily on the pattern of regional production as revealed by value added concentration ratios for the u s south the major objectives of this paper are i to design and perform factor proportion tests based upon the actual interregional pattern of trade and ii to investigate one neglected empirical aspect of the h o theory bearing upon the substitutive role that commodity trade plays for direct factor mobility in section ii we present estimates of the regional distribution of major input supplies in the united states the input classes considered are capital equipment human capital labor and renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in particular we have found that there are fairly distinct differences among u s census regions pertaining to relative aggregate input supplies defined by physical capital labor ratio human capital labor ratio renewable natural resource labor ratio and nonrenewable resource labor ratio section iii presents the methodology and major empirical findings of the factor proportions test as adapted to interregional trade section iv extends the analysis to consider an alternative hypothesis of the h o theory based on the substitutive relationship between direct factor movements and commodity trade as embedded in the original h o theory this aspect of the theory has not been explicitly dealt with in the empirical literature and we consider its practical implication concerning the allocative efficiency of trade a summary section concludes the paper

the stochastic convergence of co2 emissions a long memory approach in response to equity concerns surrounding the spatial distribution of co2 emissions and assumptions of co2 convergence within some climate models this paper examines the convergence of co2 emissions within the oecd over the period 1870 2004 more specifically using the local whittle estimator and its variants we examine whether relative per capita co2 emissions are fractionally integrated that is they are long memory processes which although highly persistant may revert to the mean trend in the long run our results suggest that co2 emissions within 13 out of 18 oecd countries are indeed fractionally integrated implying that they converge over time albeit slowly interestingly though the countries whose emissions are not found to be fractionally integrated are some of the highest polluters within the oecd at least in per capita terms our results have implications both for future studies of co2 convergence and for climate policy

economic growth and pollutant emissions in tunisia an empirical analysis of the environmental kuznets curve abstract this paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and pollutant emissions for a small and open developing country tunisia during the period 1961 2004 the investigation is made on the basis of the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis using time series data and cointegration analysis carbon dioxide co 2 and sulfur dioxide so 2 are used as the environmental indicators and gdp as the economic indicator our results show that there is a long run cointegrating relationship between the per capita emissions of two pollutants and the per capita gdp an inverted u relationship between so 2 emissions and gdp has been found with income turning point approximately equals to 1200 constant 2000 prices or to 3700 in ppp constant 2000 prices however a monotonically increasing relationship with gdp is found more appropriate for co 2 emissions furthermore the causality results show that the relationship between income and pollution in tunisia is one of unidirectional causality with income causing environmental changes and not vice versa both in the short run and long run this implies that an emission reduction policies and more investment in pollution abatement expense will not hurt economic growth it could be a feasible policy tool for tunisia to achieve its sustainable growth in the long run

convergence in per capita carbon dioxide emissions among g7 countries a tar panel unit root approach the subject of this paper is the examination the convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions of the g7 countries during the 1960 2005 period in a nonlinear panel analysis framework in this approach first the linearity of the series was tested and when the linearity was rejected the threshold autoregressive tar panel unit root test which splits the data into two regimes was employed to examine the stationarity properties of the series because the null of linearity was rejected in the first step we tested the stationarity of the series using the tar panel unit root test in the tar panel unit root test we found that the united kingdom was the transition country whose per capita carbon dioxide co2 emissions determined the switch from one regime to the other the results showed that convergence existed in the first regime and divergence in the second when we tested whether absolute or conditional convergence existed we found that the per capita co2 emissions were conditionally converging in the first regime

is there a turning point in the relationship between income and energy use and or carbon emissions abstract we analyze the effect of fuel mix model specification and the level of development on the presence and size of a turning point in the relationship between income and energy use and or carbon emissions the results indicate that fuel mix the specification for income and the level of economic development affect conclusions about whether there is a turning point in the relationship between economic activity and energy use and carbon emissions including fuel shares generally reduces the size of a turning point that is estimated from a panel that includes observations from both oecd and non oecd nations but this result varies according to the level of development for oecd nations there is limited support for a turning point in the relationship between income and per capita energy use and or carbon emissions for non oecd nations there is no turning point in the relationship between income and either energy use or carbon emissions instead the relationship is positive together the results indicate that forecasters and policy makers should not depend on a turning point in the relationship between income and energy use or carbon emissions to reduce either

persistence mean reversion and non linearities in emissions evidence from the brics and g7 countries the ministerio de economia y competitividad eco2014 55236 juncal cunado gratefully acknowledges financial support from the ministerio de economia y competitividad eco2014 55496

per capita carbon dioxide emissions convergence or divergence understanding and considering the distribution of per capita carbon dioxide co2 emissions is important in designing international climate change proposals and incentives for participation i evaluate historic international emissions distributions and forecast future distributions to assess whether per capita emissions have been converging or will converge i find evidence of convergence among 23 member countries of the organisation for economic co operation and development oecd whereas emissions appear to be diverging for an 88 country global sample over 1960 2000 forecasts based on a markov chain transition matrix provide little evidence of future emissions convergence and indicate that emissions may diverge in the near term i also review the shortcomings of environmental kuznets curve regressions and structural models in characterizing future emissions distributions

testing the heckscher ohlin vanek theory with a natural experiment i use the historical episode of near elimination of commuting from the west bank into israel to test three key predictions of the heckscherohlinvanek model of trade and find strong support for them on the production side i use variation between districts and find that wage changes were not correlated with the size of the shock to the labour force factor price insensitivity and that districts that received larger influx of returning commuters shifted production more towards labour intensive industries rybczynski effect on the consumption side data are consistent with identical homothetic preferences which combined with the production results supports the heckscherohlinvanek theorem on the factor content of trade

the economic returns to schooling in the west bank and gaza strip the author uses micro data from the labor force surveys conducted in the west bank and the gaza strip during 1981 91 to show that during 1981 87 wage differences between schooling groups fell by well over one half this sharp reduction is associated with large increases in the size of the educated palestinian labor force since the returns to schooling for israeli jews were stable the decline in returns to schooling for palestinians is consistent with the notion that the returns to schooling in the territories were determined largely by the forces of supply and demand in a segmented market for skilled labor copyright 1995 by american economic association

economic segmentation worker power and income inequality how economic segmentation generates income inequality constitutes a central question for theories of economic and social organization and of socioeconomic achievement previous research emphasizes two sources of the structural variation in income 1 employers with large amounts of resources for a variety of reasons may find it in their interests to pay workers higher wages and 2 some workers are able to acquire power against their employers as well as against other workers and can therefore extract higher earnings in this paper we investigate several issues involved in the links among economic segmentation worker power and income inequality we argue that the structure of economic segmentation is multidimensional and reflects such distinct concepts as concentration economic scale state intervention in the market capital intensity and organization size worker power also is derived from diverse sources such as union membership occupational skill and licensing class position and tenure wi

a total eclipse of the heart compensation strategies in entrepreneurial nonprofits abstract we examine how shifting resource dependencies influence compensation strategy during commercial transitions within entrepreneurial nonprofits analyzing a longitudinal sample of 4732 organizations we show how compensation strategies shift non linearly as nonprofits transition from contributed resource dependence to market based resource dependence dynamic quadratic models unveil a dual threshold of commercialization concerning this transition nonprofits at moderate stages of commercialization contend with competing dependencies from both contributed and market based sources resulting in a decrease in compensation spending and an increase in part time employment at higher stages contributed resource dependence is eclipsed by market based dependence reflected in increasing compensation spending and full time employment

measurement of the factor content of foreign trade with traded intermediate goods abstract in a recent article helpman 1984 develops readily testable bilateral restrictions in a model of international trade which preserves the spirit of heckscher ohlin trade theory important in any empirical exploration of the heckscher ohlin model is the decision of whether to employ direct or direct plus indirect calculations in determining the factor content of trade this paper extends helpman s analysis to a world of freely traded intermediate goods and shows that direct factor content calculations are the theoretically appropriate measure for use in evaluating these empirical implications of the heckscher ohlin model

why some jobs command wage premiums a test of career tournament and internal labor market hypotheses the wage premiums associated with jobs in a large organization were identified through comparing their pay to the prevailing wages in the relevant outside labor markets we then examined the characteristics of those jobs to investigate why some commanded larger premiums than others jobs at the tops of promotion ladders jobs requiring many organization specific skills and to a lesser extent jobs with access to influence commanded greater wage premiums wages above market rates appear important in supporting the internal labor market mechanisms associated with these jobs findings may clarify the factors compensation managers should consider when positioning wage rates examination of these issues is a potentially important bridge between the study of internal labor markets in organizational research and the study of wages in economics

the co2 emissions income nexus evidence from rich countries the paper attempts to test the environment kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for 36 high income countries for the period 1980 2005 the test is based on the suggestion of narayan and narayan 2010 various panel data unit root and co integration tests are applied carbon dioxide co2 emissions and gdp series are integrated of order one and co integrated especially after controlling for cross sectional dependence additionally the blundell bond system generalised methods of moments gmm is employed to conduct a panel causality test in a vector error correction mechanism vecm setting unidirectional causality running from real per capita gdp to per capita co2 emissions is uncovered in both the short run and the long run the empirical analysis based on individual countries provides evidence of an ekc for greece malta oman portugal and the united kingdom however it can be observed that for the whole panel a 1 increase in gdp generates an increase of 0 68 in co2 emissions in the short run and 0 22 in the long run the lower long run income elasticity does not provide evidence of an ekc but does indicate that over time co2 emissions are stabilising in the rich countries

understanding organizational wage structures a resource dependence approach data on the salaries for high level administrative positions in 608 colleges and universities were used to examine the relative salaries for six positions controlling for other factors we found t

are co2 emission levels converging among industrial countries time paths of carbon dioxide emissions intwenty one industrial countries are examinedfrom 1960 1997 to test for stochastic andconditional convergence both panel unit roottests and cross section regressions areperformed overall we find significantevidence that co2 emissions haveconverged

the general validity of the heckscher ohlin theorem despite a number of attempts to extend it the heckscher ohlin theorem remains woefully restricted in terms of the generality of the assumptions needed for its proof in its traditional form as a statement about the commodity composition of trade the theorem is valid only in the highly abstract environment of the two factor two good twocountry model that has been the mainstay of trade theory for half a century a weaker version of the theorem involving the factor content of trade rather than its commodity composition has been proved for any number of factors goods and countries but this generality has so far been bought only at the cost of other and perhaps equally restrictive assumptions 2 the purpose of this paper is to provide statements and proofs of the heckscher ohlin h o theorem that are more general than those currently available the approach taken is similar to that used in my 1980 article for an extension of the theory of comparative advantage in terms of correlations between autarky prices and trade in section i i lay out the assumptions on which the analysis is based these assumptions provide the outlines of a reasonably general model in which there may be any numbers of goods and factors and in which factor prices may be equalized or not trade impediments in the form of tariffs or export taxes are permitted though transportation costs are not 3 in section ii i discuss the difficulty of inferring the factor content of trade in a world of unequal factor prices and i provide several alternative definitions of that concept for use later in the paper these together with the assumptions of section i are used in section iii to prove a theorem on the value at autarky prices of the factor content of trade in section iv this theorem is used to prove a first corollary that makes a more direct statement about the pattern of trade it says that worldwide there must be a negative correlation between the factor content of trade by factor and country and the corresponding autarky factor prices it is precisely these autarky factor prices that constitute the ohlin measure of factor scarcity therefore the corollary provides a formal statement of the general idea that countries tend to export the services of those factors which they have in relative abundance and it may be regarded as a generalization of the factor content version of the h o theorem finally a generalization of the commodity version of the theorem is proved in section v the concept of a covariance is generalized university of michigan i have benefitted greatly from the comments of paul degrauwe wolfgang mayer michael mussa carl simon and robert stern as well as others who participated in seminars at the universities of michigan chicago and cincinnati and at the national bureau of economic research an anonymous referee also made valuable comments with additional goods and factor price equalization the theorem runs afoul of the indeterminacy of production and trade noted by paul samuelson 1953 and james melvin 1968 without factor price equalization trade impediments and intermediate production can cause reversals of the pattern of trade as shown in my 1979 article if additional factors and countries are also added it becomes difficult even to state the theorem let alone to prove it 2melvin stated such a theorem for the three good two factor case and jaroslav vanek 1968 proved it for the general case but only by assuming factor price equalization trent bertrand 1972 and jon harkness 1979 were able to drop the factor price equalization assumption but replaced it with restrictions on consumption of either goods or factors by country of origin it is unclear to me however that these restrictions can ever be met in a model that is otherwise plausible harkness 1978 has also used the factor content version of the theorems as the motivation for a regression equation relating commodity trade to factor intensities this bears some resemblance to my analysis below in section v see however james anderson 1981 and edward leamer and harry bowen 1981 who have criticized his result with a reply by harkness 1981 3for ease of exposition i do not allow here for transportation costs these were included in an earlier version of this paper following the technique in my 1980 article

reassessing the environmental kuznets curve for co2 emissions a robustness exercise the number of studies seeking to empirically characterize the reduced form relationship between a country economic growth and the quantity of pollutants produced in the process has recently increased significantly in several cases researchers have found evidence pointing to an inverted u benvironmental kuznetsq curve in the case of co2 however the evidence is at best mixed in this paper we reconsider that evidence by assessing how robust it is when the analysis is conducted in a different parametric setup and when using alternative emissions data from the international energy agency relative to the literature our contribution can be viewed as a robustness exercise in these two respects the econometric results lead to two conclusions firstly published evidence on the ekc does not appear to depend upon the source of the data at least as far as carbon dioxide is concerned secondly when an alternative functional form is employed there is evidence of an inverted u pattern for the group of oecd countries with reasonable turning point regardless of the data set employed not so for non oecd countries as the ekc is basically increasing slowly concave according to the iea data and more bellshaped in the case of cdiac data d 2005 elsevier b v all rights reserved

time trends and persistence in the global co2 emissions across europe we analyze the evolution across time of co2 emissions in the european union eu using advanced econometric techniques in time series analysis we estimate the time trends along with the orders of integration of series corresponding to global co2 emissions in eu member states using both parametric and semiparametric methods the results show that there is a significantly negative trend only in the case of the uk this being also a country where the trend shows mean reversion at the other extreme spain italy greece and bulgaria are some of the countries where co2 emissions show positive trends and orders of integration that are substantially above unity moreover we examine the co2 emissions of the eu as a whole china and the us finding some support for mean reversion only in the second case therefore there is less urgent need for policy reforms in the u k and somehow china than in the rest of the eu or the us