co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth in china a panel data analysis this paper examines the causal relationships between carbon dioxide emissions energy consumption and real economic output using panel cointegration and panel vector error correction modeling techniques based on the panel data for 28 provinces in china over the period 1995 2007 our empirical results show that co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth have appeared to be cointegrated moreover there exists bidirectional causality between co2 emissions and energy consumption and also between energy consumption and economic growth it has also been found that energy consumption and economic growth are the long run causes for co2 emissions and co2 emissions and economic growth are the long run causes for energy consumption the results indicate that china s co2 emissions will not decrease in a long period of time and reducing co2 emissions may handicap china s economic growth to some degree some policy implications of the empirical results have finally been proposed

household carbon inequality in urban china its sources and determinants designing mitigation policies for households requires knowledge of household carbon distributions this study surveys the household carbon inequality in urban china and analyzes its sources and determinants using weighted household survey data different from existing literatures studying carbon inequality on the international or regional level we focus on the household aspect and first survey its characteristics by some comparisons by ascribing household carbon emissions calculated by the consumer lifestyle approach to several consumption categories with the method of gini coefficient decomposition we find that residential consumption with high carbon intensity is the most important source of household carbon inequality in urban china food consumption and the consumption of educational cultural and recreational services are the next largest sources because of the consumed quantities or carbon intensity the application of shapley decomposition shows the determinants of household carbon inequality in urban china and their contributions which are household demographic characteristics 59 74 household employment and income 24 31 household burdens 8 00 and household assets and financial plans 7 95 the policy implications of these results are also discussed

revisiting the tourism led growth hypothesis for turkey using the bounds test and johansen approach for cointegration abstract this paper empirically revisits and investigates the tourism led growth tlg hypothesis in the case of turkey by employing the bounds test and johansen approach for cointegration using annual data from 1960 2006 although gunduz and hatemi j 2005 is the tourism led growth hypothesis valid for turkey applied economics letters 12 499 504 support the tlg hypothesis for turkey suggesting unidirectional causation from tourism to economic growth by making use of the leveraged bootstrap causality tests and ongan and demiroz 2005 the contribution of tourism to the long run turkish economic growth ekonomick casopis journal of economics 53 9 880 894 suggest bidirectional causality between international tourism and economic growth in turkey this study does not find any cointegration between international tourism and economic growth in turkey therefore unlike the findings of gunduz and hatemi j 2005 and ongan and demiroz 2005 this study rejects the tlg hypothesis for the turkish economy since no cointegration was found and error correction mechanisms plus causality tests cannot be run for further steps in the long term

intertemporal lifestyle changes and carbon emissions evidence from a china household survey abstract this paper examines the endogenous evolution of household consumption patterns and household carbon emissions hces by integrating the analysis methods of income distribution with climate change based on a large scale household survey spanning from 2012 to 2016 in china we estimated the direct and indirect hces observed inverse u shaped carbon kuznets curves ckc and significant changes in hces over the period at the household level applying the oaxaca blinder method we decomposed factors causing the changes in hces and found that income and demographic effects contribute only 25 1 to the total increase of hces the other 74 9 remain unexplained and we define them as the effect of intertemporal lifestyle changes further analysis from multiple perspectives illustrates that the lifestyles of households across various social strata are becoming increasingly higher carbon intensive over time even though the income remains unchanged the findings indicate that existing modeling and projections of carbon emissions based on income and household characteristics may underestimate the future emissions pressure from the household sector hence we conclude that in order to reach more meaningful results the increasing effect of lifestyles should be taken into account when conducting climate change studies and formulating climate policies

product line design we characterize the product line choice and pricing of a monopolist from the upper envelope of net marginal revenue curves to the individual product demand functions the equilibrium product line constitutes those varieties yielding the highest upper envelope in a generalized vertical differentiation framework the equilibrium line is exactly the same as the first best socially optimal line these upper envelope and first best optimal line findings extend to symmetric cournot oligopoly

on the simple economics of advertising marketing and product design we propose a framework for analyzing transformations of demand such transformations frequently stem from changes in the dispersion of consumers valuations which lead to rotations of the demand curve in many settings profits are a u shaped function of dispersion high dispersion is complemented by niche production and low dispersion is complemented by mass market supply we investigate numerous applications including product design advertising marketing and sales advice and the construction of quality differentiated product lines we also suggest a new taxonomy of advertising distinguishing between hype which shifts demand and real information which rotates demand

energy consumption and urban sprawl evidence for the spanish case residential electricity consumption constitutes one of the largest sources of spanish final energy demand to improve electricity savings policies oriented towards efficiency in residential consumption such as replacement of appliances or the construction of nearly zero energy buildings have been suggested and implemented however the potential relevance of urban structural characteristics such as the increase in detached houses in sprawling residential areas has not often been considered the aim of this research is to analyse the relevance of living in a detached house located in a dispersed urban area to household electricity consumption thus an electricity consumption model is estimated by using household socioeconomic variables and including urban characteristics as its determinants such us the level of urban agglomeration or whether families live in detached sprawling homes the model is estimated by using 2014 household budget survey hbs microdata and applying ordinary least squares ols as well as quantile regressions qr as econometric procedures endogeneity problems are corrected by means of instrumental variables the results confirm that living in a detached house significantly increases electricity consumption whereas urban agglomerations have the opposite effect sprawl is occurring rapidly in spanish cities and according to our results it could constitute a relevant source of increase in electricity demand in the following years

the welfare effects of third degree price discrimination with nonlinear demand functions the welfare effects of third degree price discrimination are analyzed when demand in one market is an additively shifted version of demand in the other market and both markets are served with uniform pricing social welfare is lower with discrimination if the slope of demand is log concave or the convexity of demand is nondecreasing in the price the demand functions commonly used in models of imperfect competition satisfy at least one of these sufficient conditions

the effects of urban agglomeration economies on carbon emissions evidence from chinese cities abstract this study expounded the mechanism of the effects of urban agglomeration economies on carbon emissions based on the theory of agglomeration economies based on the stirpat model we built an econometric model we then used the method of spatial econometrics to estimate the effects of urban agglomeration economies on carbon emissions through matching the firm level data and panel data of 283 prefecture level and above cities from 2003 to 2010 in china the results reveal that both specialization and diversification agglomeration can significantly promote carbon emission reduction in local and neighboring cities through the agglomeration externalities specifically specialization agglomeration of low end technology industry has significant reduction effects on carbon emission of local and neighboring cities in most cases while the diversification agglomeration has increased it the specialization and diversification agglomeration of midrange technology industry have increased the carbon emissions of the local and neighboring cities furthermore the specialization and diversification agglomeration of high end technology industry have significant carbon emission reduction effects in varying degrees for the local and neighboring cities

indirect carbon emissions in household consumption evidence from the urban and rural area in china abstract resident energy consumption can be divided into direct and indirect parts and the indirect part is often considered to be much more important than direct part by some scholars in this paper on the basis of consumer lifestyle approach cla and the estimation of net primary productivity npp energy ecological footprint eef of indirect energy consumption is calculated using statistical data of chinese urban and rural areas from 1999 to 2010 and then improved stirpat stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology model is used to empirically study the influences of urbanization level economic level engel coefficient energy intensity and industry structure on indirect energy consumption given the consideration of potential multicollinearity the model is estimated using partial least square pls regression the results indicate that for urban residents the eef of indirect energy use is on the rise it is positively influenced by urbanization level per capita income and the ratio of tertiary industry but negatively influenced by engel coefficient and energy intensity for rural residents the eef is declining it is positively influenced by engel coefficient energy intensity and tertiary industry proportion while negatively influenced by urbanization level and per capita income combining these empirical findings and china s specific circumstances some policy recommendations are made

how does energy consumption affect china s urbanization new evidence from dynamic threshold panel models abstract energy consumption may play different roles at different stages of urbanization and economic growth given china s rapid economic development and urbanization process this study tries to explore the possible nonlinear relationship between energy consumption and urbanization in china against the background of promoting new type urbanization the level of china s urbanization is evaluated comprehensively using the entropy method a newly developed dynamic threshold panel model is employed to examine the nexus of energy consumption and comprehensive urbanization with full consideration of heterogeneous characteristics the panel data vector autoregression or pvar model is also used to estimate the direct effects of various energy consumption patterns on the urbanization the empirical results indicate that the nexus of energy consumption and urbanization is indeed nonlinear and that energy consumption is conducive to promote china s urbanization at the current stage of development however the positive effect decreases when there is an increase in energy consumption intensity and energy consumption scale whereas the effect increases with the promotion of energy consumption structure

the effect of new type urbanization on energy consumption in china a spatial econometric analysis abstract china s urbanization is rapidly proceeding while bringing marked impact on the energy consumption this paper contributes to current literature by using an improved spatial econometric model stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat to investigate the effect of urbanization on energy consumption for china s regions the impact of urbanization is further disaggregated into direct and indirect impacts from the perspective of spatial econometrics results show that if the urbanization level increases by 1 0 energy consumption levels will correspondingly decrease by 0 089 the spatial spillover effect on adjacent areas is positive a 1 0 increase in one specific area s urbanization level leads to a 0 136 increase in an adjacent area s energy consumption it is suggested that it is essential to devote major efforts to energy conservation in the process of improving the new type urbanization in particular disaggregating china s targets for controlling energy consumption into smaller targets for different regions will contribute to controlling the growth of energy consumption

exploring the influencing factors and decoupling state of residential energy consumption in shandong abstract this paper aims at analyzing the current situation of residential energy consumption in shandong identifying the influence factors governing energy consumption based on the lmdi log mean divisia index method and describing the decoupling relationship between residential energy consumption and residential income based on the tapio decoupling method the main results are as follows 1 the residential energy consumption structures of urban and rural have become multilevel furthermore the gap in per capital residential energy consumption between urban and rural regions narrowed 2 the energy intensity had an obvious inhibitory effect on decreasing urban residential energy consumption per capital income and population structure increased the urban residential energy consumption over the study period however per capital income and energy intensity played a more significant role in promoting rural residential energy consumption and the population structure decreased rural residential energy consumption during the study period the contributions from both energy consumption structure and total population effect were negligible 3 since 2000 the decoupling index for both urban and rural resident gradually declined which also shows that residential energy consumption in urban and rural regions was gradually less depend on residential income

proposal of a simple indicator for sustainable consumption classifying goods and services into three types focusing on their optimal consumption levels abstract we calculated optimal consumption patterns of japanese households using a linear programming model taking into account the different environmental burdens to be minimized ninety four industrial sectors and 94 commodities were defined in the model in terms of environmental burdens to be minimized this study considered energy consumption co 2 emission waste and no x emission according to the direction increase or decrease of adjusted final demand for a commodity in the household commodities were classified into three types 1 a commodity for which optimal demand should be decreased in all cases of reducing various environmental burdens 2 a commodity whose optimal demand should be increased in all cases and 3 a commodity whose optimal demand depends on the type of environmental burden among 63 commodities whose final demand was assumed to be adjustable 47 were categorized as commodity type 1 nine were categorized as commodity type 2 and seven belonged to commodity type 3 this work also characterized each type of commodity from the viewpoint of economic and environmental properties

applying quantile regression and shapley decomposition to analyzing the determinants of household embedded carbon emissions evidence from urban china abstract as co2 emissions differ in households with different characteristics mitigation policies still address the contributions of these characteristics and their effects on specific households using a representative resident survey in urban china this paper compares how household characteristics differ in their associations with household embedded carbon emissions heces at different levels by quantile regression then this paper analyzes the contributions of these characteristics by shapley decomposition the findings include the following i household income is the most important contributor to the difference of heces and its positive effect increases as heces rise ii the use of wealth has different effects on heces because household housing ownership and deposits contribute little to heces but the positive effects of household car ownership contribute 25 8 iii young people and children will emit more heces than adults the employed emit more than persons who are unemployed or retired iv education increases heces overall but mainly at the low quantiles the negative effect of the marriage increases as heces rise v income car ownership marital status size and constitution of households with high heces should be addressed to reduce the inequality of heces indeed education on the low carbon concept is another way forward

impact of marginal and intergenerational effects on carbon emissions from household energy consumption in china abstract as an important part of urban carbon emissions the carbon emissions from household energy consumption are increasing with the continuous improvement of chinese urbanization this study divides family population into 4 groups adolescents aged 0 17 young people aged 18 44 middle aged people aged 45 59 and elderly people aged 60 and older and develops a calculation model for carbon emissions of household energy consumption in accordance with the latest standards of the world health organization based on chinese family panel studies in 2016 results showed that the marginal and intergenerational effects coexist in various types of household energy consumption families with 3 5 people have the most economical consumption scale and the largest marginal sharing effect multigenerational families or families with a large proportion of middle aged and older people are beneficial in reducing household energy consumption this paper suggests it is important to fully consider the impact of the intergenerational effect marginal effect and cultural shock caused by the electronic information age on household energy consumption when formulating standards of household energy consumption

electricity consumption employment and real income in australia evidence from multivariate granger causality tests this paper examines the relationship between electricity consumption employment and real income in australia within a cointegration and causality framework we find that electricity consumption employment and real income are cointegrated and that in the long run employment and real income granger cause electricity consumption while in the short run there is weak unidirectional granger causality running from income to electricity consumption and from income to employment

does urbanization lead to more direct and indirect household carbon dioxide emissions evidence from china during 1996 2012 china is experiencing a stage of rapid urban development the energy consumption and related carbon dioxide emissions of households continue to increase this paper calculates direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions of households based on the input output method in china from 1996 to 2012 the results reveal that there were more total carbon dioxide emissions from urban households than from rural households far more indirect emissions from urban households than from rural households slightly more direct emissions from urban households than from rural households and differences in direct carbon dioxide emissions from various fuels and in indirect emissions from various sectors between urban and rural households to examine the causal relationship between urbanization and the carbon dioxide emissions of households cointegration and granger causality tests are applied a unidirectional causal relation was found running from urbanization to both direct and indirect household carbon dioxide emissions and the direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions of households would increase 2 9 and 1 1 respectively for every increase of one percent in urbanization we discuss the reasons of why the development of urbanization will lead to more household direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions and suggest certain policy implications for urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions based on the results of this study

residential electricity demand dynamics in turkey abstract this article provides fresh empirical evidences for the income and price elasticies of the residential energy demand both in the short run and long run for turkey over the period 1968 2005 using the bounds testing procedure to cointegration the computed elasticities of income and price are consistent with the previous studies and as expected the long run elasticities are greater than the short run elasticities an augmented form of granger causality analysis is implemented among residential electricity income price and urbanization in the long run causality runs interactively through the error correction term from income price and urbanization to residential energy but the short run causality tests are inconclusive the parameter stability of the short run as well as long run coefficients in the residential energy demand function are tested the results of these tests display a stable pattern

multiproduct pricing made simple we study pricing by multiproduct firms in the context of unregulated monopoly regulated monopoly and cournot oligopoly using the concept of consumer surplus as a function of quantities rather than prices we present simple formulas for optimal prices and show that cournot equilibrium exists and corresponds to a ramsey optimum we then present a tractable class of demand systems that involve a generalized form of homothetic preferences as well as standard homothetic preferences this class includes linear and logit demand within the class profit maximizing quantities are proportional to efficient quantities we discuss cost passthrough including cases where optimal prices do not depend on other products costs finally we discuss optimal monopoly regulation when the firm has private information about its vector of marginal costs and show that if the probability distribution over costs satisfies an independence property then optimal regulation leaves relative price decisions to the firm

indirect carbon emissions of urban households in china patterns determinants and inequality abstract the urban household sector is considered to be an essential source of climate change in order to obtain detailed information concerning the description of household consumption activities this paper combined consumer lifestyle approach and input output analysis to estimate indirect carbon emissions of urban household from 2002 to 2012 besides we further analysed the driving forces and inequality of indirect carbon emissions the results showed that the total indirect carbon emissions during the study period increased rapidly rising from 894 08 mtco2 to 1957 03 mtco2 more than 58 of carbon emissions were from 40 of the high income population the highest income group 10 of total urban households deduced 21 of urban indirect carbon emissions the per capita carbon emissions of different households showed a remarkable disparity and the per capita carbon emissions of high income groups decreased from 2011 to 2012 the effective mitigation efforts should focus on reducing carbon intensity and shifting consumption structure for high inequality consumption activities caused by rich households rich urban households should consume less goods and services from this consumption activities for high inequality consumption activities caused by low income households the redistribution of income from rich to poor and low carbon intensity lifestyles may be better options to reduce carbon emissions and inequalities of urban households

a machine learning analysis of the relationship among iron and steel industries air pollution and economic growth in china abstract the aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship among iron and steel industries air pollution and economic growth in china using monthly time series from 2000 to 2017 we adopt a long short term memory lstm approach the empirical results show that the relationship between economic growth and steel production is very strong in the first stage furthermore in our model we can see that the reduction of polluting emissions is linked to the principle of sustainable development in particular this phenomenon lies in the economic growth model responsible for the future generation

anarchy and identity is there escape from a self help system realists say no they assume states are egoistic actors in anarchy this means states must either look out for themselves or risk destruction structure generates a self help system constructivists think escape is possible because identities are made not given we should not make a priori assumptions of state egoism process generates self help process could also generate an other help security system this article introduces a third approach that uses social identity theory to argue that interstate relations are inherently competitive thus for cognitive and motivated rather than structural or social reasons competition which can be coercive or cooperative characterizes international politics

modeling and forecasting energy consumption in china implications for chinese energy demand and imports in 2020 the chinese economy is in a stage of energy transition from low efficiency solid fuels to oil gas and electric power from agriculture to urbanization and industrialization from heavy industry to lighter and high tech industry from low motorization to rapid growth of the motor vehicle population experts fear that continued rapid economic growth in china will translate into a massive need to expand imports of oil coal and gas we build an econometric model of the chinese energy economy based on the energy balance we use that model to forecast chinese energy consumption and imports to 2020 the study suggests that china will indeed require rapidly growing imports of oil coal and gas this growth is not so sensitive to the rate of economic growth as to increases in motorization it can be offset but probably only in small part by increasing domestic energy production or by improvements in the efficiency of use particularly in the production of electric power

impact of household consumption on co2 emissions danish household consumption increased by 58 over the period 1966 1992 while co2 emissions only increased by 7 using decomposition analysis we investigated the global co2 impact of danish household consumption from 1966 to 1992 our conclusion is that overall growth in private consumption but not changes in the composition of consumption is the key to understanding the increase in co2 emissions however the effect of growth in private consumption has been partly offset by substantial energy conservation in the energy supply and manufacturing sectors

monopoly price discrimination and demand curvature this paper presents a general analysis of the eects of monopolistic third degree price discrimination on welfare and output when all markets are served su cient conditions involving straightforward comparisons of the curvatures of the direct and inverse demand functions in the dierent mar kets are presented for discrimination to have negative or positive eects on

integrated weighting approach to carbon emission quotas an application case of beijing tianjin hebei region abstract the coordinated development of beijing tianjin hebei region has been included in the chinese 12th five year plan as a national strategy accordingly the cooperation of energy saving and environmental protection is an important part at the present stage establishing carbon emission trading market in china is regarded as an effective measure to reduce and control carbon dioxide emission meanwhile it is an important task for government to allocate carbon emission quotas among regions in order to explore the cross provincial carbon trading market mode of china this paper aims to construct a comprehensive index and use the integrated weighting approach to simulate the carbon quota allocation of beijing tianjin hebei region the results show that firstly the indicator of responsibility which is about 0 56 is given relatively more weight among the three indicators by comparison the weights of capacity and potential are 0 13 and 0 30 secondly the provinces with strong economic ability and lower carbon reduction potential may get fewer proportions of carbon emission quotas such as beijing thirdly since undertaking the function transfer and dispersal of beijing and tianjin hebei should have a relatively high carbon emission quotas in the future carbon trading market these results may provide insightful support for decision makers to promote collaborative carbon reduction and allocate carbon quotas in beijing tianjin hebei region of china

monopoly with incomplete information recent theoretical research on principal agent relationships has emphasized incentive problems that arise when the parties involved are constrained by either asymmetric information or their inability to monitor each other s actions here we concentrate on the former constraint and consider the case of a single principal the monopolist the main contribution is to show that under a separability assumption strong conclusions can be drawn about the nature of optimal incentive schemes although the primary focus is on optimal quantity discounts in a monopolized market the results also shed light on related topics such as optimal income taxation and commodity bundling

monopoly product differentiation and economic welfare abstract this paper discusses the pricing behavior of a monopolistic producer supplying several quality differentiated goods by using a model of a lancasterian characteristic approach with consumer s taste pattern dispersed it examines how finer product differentiation which is made by the producer by means of the introduction of a new good changes the price structure and consumer s welfare it will be establised that the entry of a new good imposes quite different impacts on the price of the goods of higher quality and on those of lower quality goods

effects of urbanisation on energy consumption in china as a key issue in china s economic development urbanisation creates increasing pressure on energy supply and the natural environment thus a better understanding of the relationship between urbanisation and energy consumption is necessary for chinese decision makers at various levels to address energy security and sustainable economic and social development this paper empirically investigates the effects of china s urbanisation on residential energy consumption rec and production energy consumption pec through a time series analysis the results show that compared with rural areas urbanisation slows per capita rec growth because of the economy of scale and technological advantages associated with urbanisation but has greater promotional effects on the growth of rec and the improvement of rec structure the economic growth caused by urbanisation most significantly contributes to an increase in pec whereas technological advancement was found to reduce the scale of pec except from 2001 to 2005 finally the structural effect of the energy supply increased rather than decreased china s pec and the effect of industrial structure adjustment on pec was found to be insignificant

energy and economic growth in the usa a multivariate approach abstract this paper examines the causal relationship between gdp and energy use for the period 1947 90 in the usa the relationship between energy use and economic growth has been examined by both biophysical and neoclassical economists in particular several studies have tested for the presence of a causal relationship in the granger sense between energy use and economic growth however these tests do not allow a direct test of the relative explanatory powers of the neoclassical and biophysical models a multivariate adaptation of the test vector autoregression var does allow such a test a var of gdp energy use capital stock and employment is estimated and granger tests for causal relationships between the variables are carried out although there is no evidence that gross energy use granger causes gdp a measure of final energy use adjusted for changing fuel composition does granger cause gdp

drivers of urban and rural residential energy consumption in china from the perspectives of climate and economic effects abstract in this study we investigate the driving forces behind the changes in residential energy consumption rec in china s urban and rural areas over the 2001 2012 period based on the logarithmic mean divisia index method the rec changes are decomposed into seven driving forces which are climate change energy price energy expenditure mix energy cost share in total expenditure expenditure share in income per capita income and population effects according to the results climate effect due to increasing days with abnormal temperature energy cost share effect characterized by more expenditure to be paid for energy use income effect describing constant income growth in the residential sector definitely increase rec in both urban and rural areas in contrast energy prices and energy expenditure mix effects negatively contribute to the rec increase respectively because of the increase in energy prices and the transition from the low priced energy to high priced energy expenditure share and population effects play opposite roles in urban and rural areas and the reasons and implications are analysed in depth

systemic conflict and regional monetary integration the case of europe existing explanations of european monetary integration emphasizing economic interdependence issue linkage institutions and domestic politics take a predominantly regional approach in the international monetary thesis developed here i argue that u s policy disturbances transmitted through the international monetary system created compelling incentives for european states to cooperate on exchange rate and monetary policy i develop a general theory of macroeconomic power based on open economy macroeconomics and show how the exercise of such influence can drive regional monetary integration this article then tests the international thesis with reference to monetary integration within the european union by examining four periods in which the united states acted to stabilize the international monetary system and seven episodes in which it disrupted the system european governments and central banks reduced regional monetary cooperation when the united states supported system stability and strengthened it after each episode of disruption the evidence thus strongly supports the inference that the link is causal

what drives intersectoral co2 emissions in china abstract aiming to identify the intersectoral linkage of larger co2 emissions sectors this paper studies the co2 emissions elasticity of technical and final demand coefficients using the input output technique the results show that the greatest emission coefficient elasticities are those related to transactions between construction and manufacture of non metallic mineral products between gross fixed capital formation and construction and between agriculture and processing and manufacture of food and production and supply of electric power and heat power and mining and washing of coal all these transactions between these sectors imply that co2 emissions control policy only for a specific sector maybe have no obvious co2 emissions mitigations if national government promote the growth of those sectors which have the biggest emission coefficient sensitivity with it now chinese government formulates the policy to promote new type urbanization urbanization will cause the gross fixed capital formation in construction and the more demands for the products of manufacture of non metallic mineral products production smelting and pressing of ferrous metals and supply of electric power and heat power so how to balance the carbon emissions in larger emissions sectors and rapid urbanization is a big challenge for decision makers

low carbon behavior approaches for reducing direct carbon emissions household energy use in a coastal city abstract household carbon emissions from energy use are rapidly increasing in conjunction with growing urbanization their reduction is critical for local urban climate improvement and the sustainable development of cities low carbon behavior is proved as a key element determining residents lifestyle understanding how that behavior affects household energy use will be useful in promoting low carbon households in this study xiamen a coastal city was divided into areas at high and low risk of flooding we used the path analysis method integrated with behavior and socioeconomic factors to explore the mechanisms of low carbon behavior effects on household direct energy use and related carbon emissions we found that socioeconomic conditions combined with low carbon behavior had direct and indirect impacts on household carbon emissions low carbon behavior in the high risk area contributed most to reducing carbon emissions education level was the important factors in the low risk area government led policies encouraging low carbon behavior were effective in reducing household carbon emissions in the high risk area however in low risk areas education about a low carbon lifestyle is an effective means for reducing carbon emissions

ekc analysis for studying economic growth and environmental quality a case study in china compared with the extensive research on the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality in developed countries there is a paucity of an empirical research on studying the relation for developing countries based upon the environmental kuznets curve ekc theory this paper develops regression models for investigating the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality in china the ekc analysis based on six pollution indices is illustrated with a case study in jiaxing of zhejiang china

import demand of crude oil and economic growth evidence from india abstract this study establishes a long run equilibrium relationship among quantity of crude oil import income and price of the imported crude in india for the time span 1970 1971 to 2005 2006 using autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds testing approach of cointegration empirical results show that the long term income elasticity of imported crude in india is 1 97 and there exists a unidirectional long run causality running from economic growth to crude oil import so reduction of crude oil import will not affect the future economic growth in india in the long run india should take various energy efficiency and demand side management measures in transport sector along with other measures like expanding and strengthening indigenous resource base substituting imported fuels by domestic fuels and de controlling the price of petroleum products to reduce its import dependence

a note on the effect of cost changes on prices in a recent article in this journal sumner 1981 took an ingenious approach to estimating the level of monopoly power in the cigarette industry he noted that differences in marginal costs exist in the industry due to varying levels of state taxes the sales prices established will satisfy the equation p i liq l mr mc where p price and q the elasticity of demand for the product in question if elasticity is a constant observing the change in marginal cost and the change in price enables one to infer the elasticity of demand perceived by the firm elasticity could then be used as a proxy for the firm s market power this technique turns out to be of very limited applicability however because it is extremely sensitive to the functional form assumed for the demand curve consider the general problem of a firm facing constant marginal costs of c in maximizing profits the firm solves

ensuring effectiveness of information to influence household behaviour abstract the behaviour of household members has a significant impact on the resulting energy consumption of a household studies show that within the same buildings with the same installations energy consumption can be reduced by an average of 37 by a more economical behaviour there exists therefore a large potential to reduce the demand by influencing behaviour the question remains how this potential can be addressed vito conducted in collaboration with the catholic university of louvain la neuve the serec project this project investigated the socio economic factors influencing residential energy consumption furthermore in the larger framework different tools have been developed several were tested and evaluated in a number of dwellings in this research they address both energy consumption for heating as well as electricity consumption the tools are completely different but all were designed to help make householders aware of their energy related behaviour and to provide recommendations on energy saving measures for each case potential changes in habits were followed up the observed range is quite large as full scale audits of every dwelling were performed as general comparisons of annual consumption were made to gain more insight into the effectiveness of the tools several families participated in in depth sociological interviews the overall results show the strengths and weaknesses of the different tools more generally the results reveal some of the key properties of recommendations that are necessary to ensure effectiveness for behavioural change

coal consumption co2 emission and economic growth in china empirical evidence and policy responses this article investigates the relationship between coal consumption and income in china using both supply side and demand side frameworks cointegration and vector error correction modeling show that there is a unidirectional causality running from coal consumption to output in both the short and long run under the supply side analysis while there is also a unidirectional causality running from income to coal consumption in the short and long run under the demand side analysis the results also reveal that there is bi directional causality between coal consumption and pollutant emission both in the short and long run hence it is very difficult for china to pursue a greenhouse gas abatement policy through reducing coal consumption switching to greener energy sources might be a possible alternative in the long run

examining carbon emissions economic growth nexus for india a multivariate cointegration approach abstract the study probes cointegration and causality between carbon emissions and economic growth for india using ardl bounds testing approach complemented by johansen juselius maximum likelihood procedure in a multivariate framework by incorporating energy supply investment and employment for time span 1971 2006 the study fails to establish long run equilibrium relationship and long term causality between carbon emissions and economic growth however there exists a bi directional short run causality between the two hence in the short run any effort to reduce carbon emissions could lead to a fall in the national income this study also establishes unidirectional short run causality running from economic growth to energy supply and energy supply to carbon emissions the absence of causality running from energy supply to economic growth implies that in india energy conservation and energy efficiency measures can be implemented to minimize the wastage of energy across value chain such measures would narrow energy demand supply gap absence of long run causality between carbon emissions and economic growth implies that in the long run focus should be given on harnessing energy from clean sources to curb carbon emissions which would not affect the country s economic growth

nuclear learning and u s soviet security regimes the concepts of regimes and learning have been developed in the liberal theory of international relations but their application has been mostly in the area of international political economy u s soviet relations are generally explained solely in terms of realist theory the dichotomy is unfortunate because both strands of theory have something to contribute although the injunctions of an overall regime do not govern the u s soviet security relationship it is possible to identify the injunctions and constraining effects of regimes in subissues of the security relationship in five areas of the nuclear relationship destructive power control problems proliferation arms race stability and deterrent force structure it is possible to identify different degrees of learning and to see how such learning affects and is affected by the development of regimes looking at the u s soviet security relationship in terms of learning and regimes raises new questions and opens a research agenda which helps us to think more broadly about the processes of political change in this area

does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower co2 emissions a cross country analysis despite the relationship between urbanization energy use and co2 emissions has been extensively studied in recent years little attention has been paid to differences in development stages or income levels most previous studies have implicitly assumed that the impact of urbanization is homogenous for all countries this assumption can be questionable as there are many characteristic differences among countries of different levels of affluence this paper investigates empirically the effects of urbanization on energy use and co2 emissions with consideration of the different development stages using the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat model and a balanced panel dataset of 99 countries over the period 1975 2005 the findings suggest that the impact of urbanization on energy use and emissions varies across the stages of development surprisingly urbanization decreases energy use in the low income group while it increases energy use in the middle and high income groups the impact of urbanization on emissions is positive for all the income groups but it is more pronounced in the middle income group than in the other income groups these novel findings not only help advance the existing literature but also can be of special interest to policy makers and urban planners

household consumption associated fossil fuel demand and carbon dioxide emissions the case of greece between 1990 and 2006 abstract this paper explores how greece s household consumption has changed between 1990 and 2006 and its environmental implications in terms of fossil fuel demand and carbon dioxide co2 emissions the results show that the 44 increase in greece s household expenditure between 1990 and 2006 was accompanied by a 67 increase in fossil fuel demand of this total indirect demand accounted for approximately 60 throughout the 16 year period increasing by 56 overall whereas direct fossil fuel demand grew by 80 the results also show that associated co2 emissions increased by 60 resulting in a relative decoupling from energy demand this relative decoupling is shown to be due to fossil fuel mix changes from the supply side rather than action from consumers these insights highlight the opportunities for demand side policies to further reduce fossil fuel demand and co2 emissions allowing greece to set more proactive and ambitious post kyoto targets

panel estimation for co2 emissions energy consumption economic growth trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries abstract this paper empirically examines the dynamic causal relationships between carbon dioxide emissions energy consumption economic growth trade openness and urbanization for the panel of newly industrialized countries nic using the time series data for the period 1971 2007 using four different panel unit root tests it is found that all panel variables are integrated of order 1 from the johansen fisher panel cointegration test it is found that there is a cointegration vector among the variables the granger causality test results support that there is no evidence of long run causal relationship but there is unidirectional short run causal relationship from economic growth and trade openness to carbon dioxide emissions from economic growth to energy consumption from trade openness to economic growth from urbanization to economic growth and from trade openness to urbanization it is found that the long run elasticity of carbon dioxide emissions with respect to energy consumption 1 2189 is higher than short run elasticity of 0 5984 this indicates that over time higher energy consumption in the newly industrialized countries gives rise to more carbon dioxide emissions as a result our environment will be polluted more but in respect of economic growth trade openness and urbanization the environmental quality is found to be normal good in the long run

the heterogeneous effect of democracy political globalization and urbanization on pm2 5 concentrations in g20 countries evidence from panel quantile regression abstract pm2 5 emissions have serious adverse impacts on health and impede transport activities especially air and highway consequently policymakers and economists have focused on this issue the primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of democracy political globalization and urbanization on pm2 5 concentrations within g20 countries ecological modernization theory is used to gain the best understanding of the impact of these driving forces on pm2 5 concentrations and obtains an analytical framework the method utilized is the panel quantile regression which takes into account the unobserved individual and distributional heterogeneity the results demonstrate that first the direct effect of democracy on pm2 5 concentrations is significantly positive in countries with higher emissions and has no impact on lower emission countries second the direct effect of political globalization on pm2 5 concentrations is significantly positive and especially greater in extremely low and high emission countries third persuasive evidence proves the existence of an environmental kuznets curve between urbanization and pm2 5 concentrations additionally this paper further assesses the direct and indirect influence mechanisms of democracy and political globalization on pm2 5 concentrations across pollution levels both have a positive negative indirect effect on pm2 5 concentrations in countries with higher lower emissions through its effect on gdp per capita the total effect appears positive suggesting that the increase in democracy and political globalization degrade environmental quality these results provide policymakers with critical policy recommendations that contribute to the reduction of pm2 5 concentrations and ensure sustainable economic development in the g20 countries

identifying the impacts of income inequality on co2 emissions empirical evidences from oecd countries and non oecd countries abstract the emergence of environmental quality challenges is rooted in social problems which mainly come from income inequality and power gap income inequality and climate change have been highlighted as hindering the achievement of sustainable development and environmental protection globally though existing literature has estimated the influences of income inequality on co2 emissions relatively little is known about the long run and short run effects from a cross national perspective therefore the aim of this study is to shed light on the long run and short run relationships between income inequality and per capita co2 emissions based on balanced country level panel dataset for 78 countries from 1990 to 2017 in order to understand how a country s economic level affects the link between inequality and co2 emissions this study classified the sample countries into three groups oecd countries low income non oecd countries and high income non oecd countries the fmols and dols model is applied to examine the relationship between the income inequality and per capita co2 emission meanwhile the estimates of an ardl model revealed the long run and short run effects our empirical results indicate that there is a long term cointegration relationship between income inequality and per capita co2 emissions higher income inequality promotes emission reductions in oecd countries and high income non oecd countries while the influences are insignificant in low income non oecd countries in the long run per capita income carbon intensity population size and urbanization were also considered in this study the estimates of an ardl model indicate that whilst income inequality does not have a significant impact on co2 emissions in the short run per capita national income positively affects co2 emissions meaning that income growth will accelerate emissions carbon intensity positively affects co2 emissions in the long term indicating that increased income facilitates increased energy use and emissions but that progress in co2 recycling technology may ultimately reduce emissions neither population size nor urbanization rate exerted any obvious effects on per capita co2 emissions from a policy perspective governments have an onerous task ahead of them in balancing economic efficiency and distributary justice lastly we provide insights for policy makers that in order to realize the goal of emission reductions in the long run it may be best to proceed by making reasonable national income redistribution policies and by adjusting the welfare system

energy requirements of households in brazil abstract in this study we determine the total direct plus indirect energy requirements of a given set of brazilian households we use a generalized input output model in order to calculate the energy embodied in goods and services purchased by households of different income level in 11 capital cities of brazil our results show that on average the total energy intensity of household expenditure increases with income level although there is a considerable spread in energy intensities within income classes as well as disparities between regions of the country the total yearly average energy requirement per household in brazil in 1995 96 was 173 6 gj 61 of which was indirect with 32 8 gj for the lower income level 66 of which was indirect and 602 2 gj for the higher income level 62 of which was indirect of this total average energy requirement 76 was required for only three consumption categories utilities 31 mobility 28 and shelter 17 this analysis calls for the attention that has to be given not only to the direct energy consumption as motor fuels and electricity for example but also to the consumption categories that encompass an important part of the indirect energy requirement of households in capital cities in brazil

environment kuznets curve for co2 emissions a cointegration analysis for china abstract this study examines the long run relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of china by employing time series data of 1975 2005 in particular the study aims at testing whether environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship between co 2 emissions and per capita real gdp holds in the long run or not auto regressive distributed lag ardl methodology is employed for empirical analysis a quadratic relationship between income and co 2 emission has been found for the sample period supporting ekc relationship the results of granger causality tests indicate one way causality runs through economic growth to co 2 emissions the results of this study also indicate that the carbon emissions are mainly determined by income and energy consumption in the long run trade has a positive but statistically insignificant impact on co 2 emissions

internalizing co2 emissions via central banks financials evidence from the world researchers and policy makers have suggested tools to mitigate co2 emissions worldwide however there appears to be uncertainty in terms of policy effectiveness the objective of this paper is to develop an innovatively effective co2 internalizing mechanism worldwide which builds on currency in circulation as its core operational tool the study is based on a large sample of countries findings show that urbanization electric power consumption and trade positively impact on co2 emissions no evidence is found in favour of the environmental kuznets curve while the use of renewable energy reduces the level of co2 emissions the paper proposes a central bank carbon dioxide emissions internalizing fund which rests on quantitative and qualitative tools to ensure a truly effective mechanism in co2 emissions abatement quantitatively this implies the use of a direct tax on currency in circulation and a conversion penalty in the fund qualitatively there is the need to establish a global institution which would ensure that funds flow to the most polluting sectors in each country in view of unleashing the strongest decline in co2 emissions

multiplicative structural decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy and emission intensities abstract aggregate intensity indicators such as the ratio of a country s energy and emissions to its gdp are often used by researchers and policymakers to study energy and environmental performance this paper analyzes the relationship between energy or emissions and value added or gdp from a different viewpoint namely from the demand rather than the production perspective using the input output i o framework the aggregate embodied intensity aei defined as the ratio of embodied energy or emissions to embodied value added can be defined at the aggregate final demand category and sectoral levels the total aggregate intensity can be presented as a weighted sum of the aeis at the final demand category or sectoral level changes of the aei at different levels can be decomposed to identify the driving forces using multiplicative sda a study using the latest 2007 and 2012 datasets of china indicates that a its aggregate intensity of co 2 emissions was mainly determined by the aei in investment and b the emission intensity effect generally contributed the most to the aei ratio changes at different levels the proposed framework can be applied to other aggregate intensity indicators and extended to multi country region analysis

a quantile approach to assess the effectiveness of the subsidy policy for energy efficient home appliances evidence from rizhao china abstract a one year subsidy program for energy efficient home appliances has been implemented in china we construct a dataset consisting of participant and non participant households in both urban and rural areas of rizhao city by applying a quantile regression and counterfactual analysis this study disentangles the impact of this subsidy program and inherent household attributes on per capita residential electricity consumption first contrary to the mean regression the elasticity of electricity consumption to household s income age education and energy saving awareness varies markedly across the electricity consumption distribution and shows discrepancy between urban and rural areas second while inherent household attributes are identified as a primary determinant to the changes in residential electricity consumption the effect induced by the subsidy incentive is more significant at the middle of the electricity consumption distribution than at the tails third there are significant rebound effects that lead to overall increase in household electricity consumption our results suggest that the disparity between urban and rural regions and targeted consumer behavior changes should be taken into account to ensure the effectiveness of a future energy efficient subsidy program

impacts of household income change on co2 emissions an empirical analysis of china abstract sustained increase in chinese household income has exerted positive impact on the consumption of goods and services this paper aims to analyze the unequal impacts of household consumption across different income households on the whole co2 emissions by utilizing a semi closed input output model and hypothetical extraction method the semi closed input output model moves household consumption activities into the intermediate use along with dividing urban and rural households to several groups by their income levels and the hypothetical extraction method hem is used to estimate the reductions of co2 emissions relative to total emissions after extracting the consumption of each household group the results show that 1 the impact on co2 emissions generated by urban households consumption are 1 8 times as much as that of rural ones 2 excluding consumption of higher income households from the economy would cause greater co2 emission reductions than lower ones specifically urban highest income households have the most relative reductions of co2 emissions which are 12 2 in 2007 and 13 8 in 2012 while for rural highest income households are 5 1 in 2007 and 5 1 in 2012 and urban and rural highest income households are respectively 3 8 and 1 8 times on the relative reductions of the lowest income ones 3 the relative reductions of household co2 emissions from food sectors is the most while from residence sectors is the least based on the above conclusions this paper puts forward consumption based policy implications

carbon dioxide co2 emissions during urbanization a comparative study between china and japan as the world s largest emitter of co2 china is facing increasing domestic and international pressures on emissions mitigation considering japan s leading position in energy conservation this paper conducts a comparative study between china and japan at the urbanization stages to analyze the similarities as well as differences of influencing factors of co2 emissions results indicate that although co2 emissions in japan and china showed the similar characteristics of rigid growth during the urbanization processes significant differences exist in factors such as co2 emissions per capita energy structure and energy intensity between the two countries which are the determinants for co2 emissions growth a cointegration model is constructed to examine the long run equilibrium relationship between co2 emissions and factors including gdp urbanization level energy intensity and cement manufacture empirical results show that there is a quadratic relationship between income growth and co2 emissions granger causality test is then adopted to explore the causal relationships among the variables the future co2 emissions and emission reduction potentials in china are estimated based on scenario analysis finally japan s valuable experience of reducing energy intensity and optimizing energy structure is concluded to provide important policy implications for china s strategic low carbon planning and low carbon transition

when is price discrimination profitable we consider a general model of monopoly price discrimination and characterize the conditions under which price discrimination is and is not profitable we show that an important condition for profitable price discrimination is that the percentage change in surplus i e consumers total willingness to pay less the firm s costs associated with a product upgrade is increasing in consumers willingness to pay we refer to this as an increasing percentage differences condition and relate it to many known results in the marketing economics and operations management literatures

promoting sustainable consumption in china a conceptual framework and research review various theories and approaches have been introduced in the debate on how to address sustainable consumption in this study we first discuss different theoretical perspectives on sustainable consumption particularly developed in the fields of economics social psychology and environmental sociology we argue that neither an individualist nor a system or structural perspective alone is sufficient for understanding and analysing the transition towards sustainable consumption therefore we propose to apply the social practices approach spa that combines both human agency and social structures to understand sustainable consumption issues following the spa framework we review and summarize research on sustainable consumption in china in particular on three consumption fields food housing energy and mobility it is found that introducing more efficient production technology is commonly taken as the focal point in these sectors when sustainable consumption was introduced to china despite a rising interest in consumers perceptions of products sustainability in recent years research has rarely paid any attention to consumers behavioural change or to the transition dynamics towards sustainable consumption in general individualist perspectives have largely dominated chinese sustainable consumption research this paper proposes to move attention to a better understanding of chinese consumption issues by emphasizing the link between the provision of sustainable products and the diverse sustainable consumption practices also images of food energy mobility and other consumption products that are undergoing transitions need to be considered in future research as these have consequences for socio technical changes material infrastructures and for lifestyle innovations

the indirect energy consumption and co2 emission caused by household consumption in china an analysis based on the input output method in recent decades china s rapid economy development has been coupling with the steadily increasing household consumption which in turn leads to ever growing energy consumption and co2 emission with a focus on the decade of 2000 2010 this study examines the energy consumption and co2 emission caused by household consumption using the input output method as well as the influencing factors of the indirect co2 emission the results show that first the indirect energy consumption and co2 emission appear the main parts of total energy consumption and co2 emission caused by household consumption accounting for 69 77 and 77 84 respectively second the indirect co2 emission indicates an increasing trend mainly driven by per capita household consumption and energy intensity finally the five sectors with relatively higher direct or total co2 emission intensity are the key sectors for reducing co2 emission in china i e 1 production and distribution of electric power and heat power pdeh 2 smelting and pressing of metals spm 3 processing of petroleum coking processing of nuclear fuel ppcpn 4 manufacture of non metallic mineral products mnm and 5 manufacture of chemical materials mcm

the impact of urbanization on co2 emissions evidence from developing countries abstract this paper analyzes the impact of urbanization on co2 emissions in developing countries from 1975 to 2003 it contributes to the existing literature by examining the effect of urbanization taking into account dynamics and the presence of heterogeneity in the sample of countries the results show an inverted u shaped relationship between urbanization and co2 emissions indeed the elasticity emission urbanization is positive for low urbanization levels which is in accordance with the higher environmental impact observed in less developed regions among our contributions is the estimation of a semi parametric mixture model that allows for unknown distributional shapes and endogenously classifies countries into homogeneous groups three groups of countries are identified for which urbanization s impact differs considerably for two of the groups a threshold level is identified beyond which the emission urbanization elasticity is negative and further increases in the urbanization rate do not contribute to higher emissions however for the third group only population and affluence but not urbanization contribute to explain emissions the differential impact of urbanization on co2 emissions should therefore be taken into account in future discussions of climate change policies

international regimes and alliance behavior explaining nato conventional force levels with the end of the cold war the military posture of the north atlantic treaty organization nato has entered a period of profound change prior to the recent dramatic political events in europe however nato conventional force levels in the central region had been remarkably stable for some three decades this article seeks to explain this record of stability in terms of three widely used theories of international relations it argues that balance of power theory and public goods theory cannot alone provide a satisfactory account rather these traditional approaches for understanding alliance behavior must be supplemented by regime theory which emphasizes the constraining effects of enduring institutional factors even in the face of structural change specifically it shows how an international regime has influenced the provision of conventional forces in the central region by alliance members more generally this analysis seeks to contribute to the literature on international regimes in three ways first it demonstrates that regimes do matter by providing an example of their importance for explaining state behavior and international outcomes second it extends regime theory to relations among military allies third it elaborates a comprehensive model for understanding why states actually comply with regime injunctions the model stresses both the ways in which regimes effectively modify the international environment within which states operate altering the costs and benefits associated with different courses of action and the ways in which participating states may internalize regime norms and rules thereby making compliance increasingly automatic

china s carbon emissions from urban and rural households during 1992 2007 in china rapid economic growth has stimulated fast urban expansion and rural household income and consumption expenditure in current paper an input output method is used to determine the impact of china s increased urban and rural household consumption on carbon emissions the results shows that the direct and indirect co 2 emission from household consumption accounted for more than 40 of total carbon emissions from primary energy utilization in china in 1992 2007 the population increase expansion of urbanization and the increase of household consumption per capita all contribute to an increase of indirect carbon emissions while carbon intensity decline mitigates the growth of carbon emissions therefore at the domestic level household consumption is of great significance for co 2 emission which could be mitigated through changing the composition of goods and services consumed by households and switching to consumption pattern of less carbon intensive products the government must consider the substantial contribution of household consumption to carbon emissions when china is encouraging consumption in order to address the current global financial crisis c 2011 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

residential electricity demand in taiwan this paper examines the residential demand for electricity in taiwan as a function of household disposable income population growth the price of electricity and the degree of urbanization short and long term effects are separated through the use of an error correction model in the long run the income elasticity is unit elastic the own price effect is negative and inelastic in an error correction framework the short run income and price effects are small and less than the long run effects cooling degree day effects have a positive impact on short run consumption we have used a proxy variable urbanization to capture economic development characteristics and changes in electricity using capital stocks not explained by income the variable provides significant explanatory power to the model both in the short and long run we interpret it as controlling for economic development factors not captured by the pure income effect and we think it holds promise for explaining residential electricity consumption in other developing countries

neorealism and neoliberalism the classic dialectic between realist and liberal theories of international politics as expressed by robert o keohane ed in neorealism and its critics and richard rosecrance the rise of the trading state can be transcended neither paradigm singularly explains international behavior realism is the dominant approach but liberal theories of transnationalism and interdependence help to illuminate how national interests are learned and changed keohane and fellow critics argue that neorealism articulated definitively in kenneth waltz s theory of international politics 1979 elegantly systematizes realism but concentrates on international system structure at the expense of system process focused tightly on the concept of bipolarity waltz s theory tends toward stasis the unit state level unproductively becomes an analytical dumping ground as a neoliberal counterpoint rosecrance s argument does not go far enough in the tradition of commercial liberalism he argues that an open trading system offers states maneuverability through economic growth rather than through military conquest he tempers his argument with realist considerations of prudence but fails to clarify realist liberal links in his theory or to explore fully the connections between power and non power incentives influencing states behavior a synthesis of neorealism and neoliberalism is warranted a systemic theory using the former to analyze at the level of structure the latter more often at the level of process

energy consumption carbon emissions and economic growth in china abstract this paper investigates the existence and direction of granger causality between economic growth energy consumption and carbon emissions in china applying a multivariate model of economic growth energy use carbon emissions capital and urban population empirical results for china over the period 1960 2007 suggest a unidirectional granger causality running from gdp to energy consumption and a unidirectional granger causality running from energy consumption to carbon emissions in the long run evidence shows that neither carbon emissions nor energy consumption leads economic growth therefore the government of china can purse conservative energy policy and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth

the properties of product line prices abstract we study multi product cournot suppliers a monopoly is a special case who offer menus of differentiated qualities under conditions that include linear and constant elasticity demand specifications the equilibrium price for each quality is equal to its price in a single product cournot market a corollary is this a monopolist who naively ignores the substitutability of her products by choosing the standalone monopoly price for each quality successfully implements the optimal discriminatory scheme under other reasonable specifications the equilibrium prices are close to the single product prices we also evaluate the impact of minimum quality standards

the elements of the structures of international systems structural international theory has become largely a matter of elaborating the effects of anarchy simple hunter gatherer band societies however perfectly fit the waltzian model of anarchic orders but do not experience security dilemmas or warfare pursue relative gains or practice self help balancing they thus demonstrate that the effects of anarchy where they exist are not effects of anarchy undermining mainstream structural international theory as it has been practiced for the past three decades starting over i ask what one needs to differentiate how actors are arranged in three simple anarchic orders forager band societies hobbesian states of nature and great power states systems the answer turns out to look nothing like the dominant tripartite ordering principle functional differentiation distribution of capabilities conception based on these cases i present a multidimensional framework of the elements of social and political structures that dispenses with anarchy is truly structural in contrast to the independent variable agent centric models of waltz and wendt and highlights complexity diversity and regular change in the structures of international systems

evaluating the relationships among economic growth energy consumption air emissions and air environmental protection investment in china abstract this paper analyzed the interactions among china s economic growth and its energy consumption air emissions and air environmental protection investment during 2000 2007 conventional energy and emergy are applied to quantify energy consumption and emissions impact respectively the five indicators based on money energy and emergy including ratio of nonrenewable energy to renewable energy rnr energy use per unit gdp eupg environmental cost per unit gdp ecpg impact of emissions per unit energy consumption iepec and environmental benefit per unit environmental protection investment ebpei are presented to depict the relationships among economic growth and energy consumption and impact of air emissions and air environmental protection investment the results show that energy consumption rapidly rises with china s fast economic growth however energy efficiency and environmental loading intensity from energy consumption are reduced simultaneously but their improvements fall far behind economic growth rate impact of air emissions mainly composed of impact of emissions on human health especially dust is slightly decreased the performance of air environmental protection investment is obviously declined in the study period generally speaking the conflict among economy energy and air environment protection is slightly mitigated but still acute due to great dependence of china s economy on fossil energy and inefficient environmental protection measures finally this paper discusses the corresponding issues and then puts forward some related suggestions

third degree price discrimination and consumer surplus this paper considers the effects of monopoly third degree price discrimination on aggregate consumer surplus discrimination is likely to reduce surplus relative to that obtained with a uniform price but surplus can rise under reasonable conditions if the ratio of the pass through coefficient to the price elasticity at the uniform price is higher in the market with the higher price elasticity then surplus is larger with discrimination for a large set of demand functions the relatively high pass through coefficient implies a large price reduction in this market with logit demand functions surplus is higher with discrimination if pass through is above 0 5

identifying common features among household consumption patterns optimized to minimize specific environmental burdens abstract this study seeks to find common features in a set of simulated japanese household consumption patterns each of which was optimized to reduce a particular type of environmental burden to this end an input output system comprising some 500 commodity and fixed capital formation sectors was formulated that relates japanese household consumption of these commodities to the generation of 13 types of environmental burden clustered in 6 key problem areas based on this system a linear programming model was developed and was used to compute a set of 13 household consumption patterns optimized for minimizing each of the environmental burdens in turn each of these singly optimized patterns was then characterized as to how it impacts on the magnitude of the other 12 environmental burdens by examining the commonalties and differences among these optimal patterns we then classified consumer commodities into 3 types providing a simple indicator with which to steer towards consumption patterns with less environmental impact than today s

distributional incidence of green electricity price subsidies in china abstract distributional incidences are fundamental to environmental and energy policies a condition that has led to controversies on the equity of environmental and energy policy using data from china s urban household income and expenditure survey data from 2007 this study quantified the distributional effects of the green electricity price subsidy policy among chinese urban household and compared its effects by using lifetime income and annual income to classify households respectively the results show that total electricity subsidies are mainly driven by indirect electricity subsidies by using lifetime income to classify households subsidies to households in the poorest two groups accounted for less than 10 2 of the total subsidies whereas money distributed to households in the top two deciles reached 35 4 the comparison using annual income to group households also demonstrated the similar impact of the green electricity price subsidy policy china s future market reforms should allow electricity prices to reflect pollution abatement costs additionally a multi step block electricity price schedule can reduce the regressivity of the policy

power and interdependence revisited ten years ago we published power and interdependence 1 the passage of a decade makes this an appropriate time to reread and reevaluate that book and to take stock of the research program to which it contributed in doing this we hope to deepen and enrich scholarly understanding of the politics of interdependence and to stimulate reflection on directions for the field of international relations over the next decade 2 such a reappraisal seems particularly opportune given the changes in world politics and especially in american policy that have marked the intervening years stanley j michalak commented in 1979 that the authors may cringe from the analogy but power and interdependence may well become the politics among nations of the 1970s 3 but from the perspective of the late 1980s the world may look different while the 1970s were seen as the decade of interdependence many observers regard the use of force and concern for security as characteristic of the 1980s indeed the view is widespread in some circles that the 1980s resemble the 1950s more than the 1970s and that hans j morgenthau s work is more relevant to contemporary issues of world politics than power and interdependence

exploring the relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission in mena countries abstract this study explored the relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission in the mena countries the panel model was utilized taking the period 1980 2009 into consideration pedroni cointegration test results showed that urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission were cointegrated the dynamic ols results also showed that there was a long run bi directional positive relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission however the significance of the long run relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission varied across the countries based on their level of income and development moreover long and short run bi directional causal relationships were found between the variables based on the granger causality test results from the results of this study it is important for the urban planners and policy makers in the mena countries to slow the rapid increase in urbanization the level of energy consumption and co2 emission in the mena countries increased more than double thus slowing down the urbanization level can help reduce the level of pollution and energy consumption in addition the increased energy efficiency implementation of energy savings projects energy conservation and energy infrastructure outsourcing reduce the level of pollution produced by urban areas

how urbanization affects energy use in developing countries abstract this paper identifies mechanisms whereby urbanization affects energy consumption industrialization and urbanization accompany each other during economic development but urbanization exerts a number of independent influences on energy use it permits economies of scale in production but requires more transportation food must be transported to urbanized populations and relatively smaller agricultural populations must modernize entailing considerable increases in agricultural energy use in cities a number of production activities which were domestically provided in rural areas using human or animal energy shift to sources outside the household using modern energy sources the largest single source of change in energy use is personal transportation passenger transport in cities is heavily weighted towards fuel using modes particularly as incomes increase to assess the overall impact a regression analysis of 59 developing countries for 1980 is conducted holding constant per capita income and the extent of industrialization the elasticity of energy consumption per capita and per dollar of gdp is between 0 35 and 0 48

investigation of pollution haven hypothesis for china an ardl approach with breakpoint unit root tests abstract china is experiencing a stage of l type economy while climate change challenge appears tougher and tougher however up to now there exists no consensus about whether the influx of foreign direct investment should be responsible for domestic co 2 mounting situation the study aims to investigate the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis phh in china using 1980 2012 annual time series data to achieve this goal the autoregressive distributed lag cointegration ardl approach is used to examine the hypothesis and gross domestic product gdp gdp square energy use inward foreign direct investment fdi economic freedom urbanization financial development as well as trade openness are included as major drivers of co 2 emissions unlike many previous studies we also perform breakpoint unit root tests and incorporated a structural break into our model the results of bounds test show that there is a stable long run relationship between chosen variables in each model co 2 emissions will increase by 0 058 with 1 increase in inward fdi of gdp which indicates that phh does exist in china since china could be regarded as a model for developing countries the results of our study are useful for other developing countries

path analysis of factors impacting china s co2 emission intensity viewpoint on energy abstract to explore the means of achieving carbon intensity targets in china this study empirically discusses the key factors influencing the co2 emission intensity and the causal relationships among these factors based on a path analysis using panel data six factors are included in the analysis gross domestic product gdp per capita a technology effect te energy price ep industrial structure is energy structure es and foreign direct investment fdi the study period is divided into three stages 1991 2002 2003 2014 and 1991 2014 improving t is the most significant way to decrease the emission intensity followed by fdi in each stage the effects of a ep es and fdi on the emission intensity mainly come from indirect contributions through te and is and the effects of te and is arise primarily through direct contributions improving a promotes the development of te in each stage and the adjustment of is in 1991 2002 but increases the proportion of secondary industry in 2003 2014 a rising ep negatively affects te in 2003 2014 improving the fdi promotes the development of te in each stage but is not conducive to the adjustment of is in 2003 2014