is the energy led growth hypothesis valid new evidence from a sample of 85 countries abstract the energy growth literature contains a large number of discussions on the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth the central debate focuses on whether energy consumption contributes or not to economic growth since it has direct implications for the formulation of strategic policies nevertheless current studies cannot provide a conclusive suggestion due to mixed causality results this inconclusive evidence is potentially attributed to model specifications and the stage of economic development of the countries under investigation hence this study attempts to empirically re investigate the validity of the energy led growth hypothesis using a different model specification and different stages of economic development for 85 selected countries around the globe overall although the causality results are mixed among countries we do find a systematic pattern in particular granger causality models with three and four variables are more likely to support the hypothesis compared to their counterparts that contain only two variables in addition both developed and developing countries are more likely to support the energy led growth hypothesis compared to the less developed or low income countries therefore causality results are very sensitive to the choice of the model specification along with the stages of economic development finally energy conservation policies should only focus on low income countries as these policies may not retard the process of economic growth

disaggregate energy consumption employment and income in turkey the purpose of this paper is to contribute to literature on energy consumption and economic growth relationship by examining how much of the variance in national income growth can be explained by the growth of different sources of energy consumption and employment in turkey we use the recently developed generalized forecast error variance decomposition technique of koop et al j econom 74 1996 119 and pesaran and shin econ lett 58 1998 17 to determine the information content of the growth rate of energy consumption waste seems to have the largest initial impact followed by oil however over a 3 year horizon lignite appears to explain the largest forecast error variance of gdp the total energy consumption explains 21 of forecast error variance of gdp energy consumption appears to be almost as important as employment in turkey therefore policy makers may be interested in identifying the energy dependencies of economic growth in allocating the energy investment budget

a defense of compulsive measures against child labor abstract this research characterizes policies likely to trigger the onset of a growth enhancing fertility transition even for an economy with initially a low per capita income the environment considered is one where children s time has an economic value and schooling and child labor are the main competing claims on a child s time using a one parent family overlapping generations model i argue that compulsive measures against child labor are justifiable as an integral part of an intervention that combines incentives and regulations in order to eliminate child labor the analysis highlights fertility and child labor dynamics as shaped by the relative cost of children

on the causal dynamics between emissions nuclear energy renewable energy and economic growth this paper examines the causal relationship between co2 emissions nuclear energy consumption renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a group of 19 developed and developing countries for the period 1984 2007 using a panel error correction model the long run estimates indicate that there is a statistically significant negative association between nuclear energy consumption and emissions but a statistically significant positive relationship between emissions and renewable energy consumption the results from the panel granger causality tests suggest that in the short run nuclear energy consumption plays an important role in reducing co2 emissions whereas renewable energy consumption does not contribute to reductions in emissions this may be due to the lack of adequate storage technology to overcome intermittent supply problems as a result electricity producers have to rely on emission generating energy sources to meet peak load demand

a theory of interregional tax competition a general equilibrium model is constructed to study tax competition where local governments compete for capital by holding down property tax rates and public expenditure levels an exact definition of tax competition is provided and both the existence and nonexistence of tax competition are shown to be theoretically possible it is argued however that tax competition must occur under empirically reasonable conditions inefficiency in public production is also explicitly modeled the amount of capital used to produce a given level of public service output is shown to be greater than that which is required to minimize costs evaluated at the prices facing private firms

fiscal policy deficits and politics of subnational governments the case of the german laender the first part of the paper briefly describesinstitutional aspects of the german federal system andexamines the economic and fiscal performance of thegerman laender since 1970 taking into account theinstitutional settings especially the fact that thegerman laender cannot set tax rates individually wedevelop a highly stylized model of subnationalgovernments that do not have access to the tax rateinstrument and thus have to use expenditures as apolicy variable the model implies an expendituresmoothing policy of subnational governments andcomplements the famous tax smoothing model theempirical section examines whether governments ofvarious ideology show significant differences infiscal stabilization policy our results indicatethat regional differences in public debt accumulationand public expenditure policy in general is largelydetermined by interregional differences in economicperformance whereas we do not find any significantimpact on the ideological composition of the laendergovernments

on measuring child costs with applications to poor countries the theoretical basis for measuring child costs is discussed and detailed consideration is given to two straightforward procedures for calculation engel s food share method and rothbarth s adult good method each of these methods embodies different definitions of child costs so that the same empirical evidence can generate quite different estimates depending on the method used it is shown that true costs are generally overstated by engel s method and understated by rothbarth s procedure although the latter unlike the former can provide a sensible starting point for cost measurement our estimates from sri lankan and indonesian data suggest that children cost their parents about 30 40 percent of what they spend on themselves

public capital and the demand for private inputs abstract this paper investigates the impact the provision of public capital has on the demand for private inputs using a cost function with public capital included as a fixed unpaid factor of production the productivity effects of public capital provision are recovered by using duality theory the model is applied to a panel of 31 two digit industries of the west german manufacturing industry it is shown that private and public capital are complements whereas a substitutive relation emerges for labour the empirical evidence suggests that the provision of public capital has a stabilizing but steadily decreasing impact on private input demand

determinants of long run unemployment this paper investigates the determinants of long run unemployment and growth by extending the endogenous growth model of howitt and aghion 1998 to allow for a more general treatment of the labor market in the spirit of pissarides 1990 we find that i both long run growth and unemployment depend not only on factors that affect long run growth as identified in endogenous growth models with full employment but also on certain labor market parameters ii long run unemployment may rise or fall with growth depending on the model s parameters and iii though government policies that promote growth indirectly through improvement in labor market efficiency always reduce the long run unemployment rate policies that directly encourage investment in research and development may increase the unemployment rate

human capital family planning and their effects on population growth statistical evidence at the household level suggests that fertility and child mortality are related to factors specified by economic models of family resource allocation and behavior several of these factors such as women s education and family planning appear to decrease both fertility and child mortality leaving in doubt what net effects these human capital and social welfare programs have had on the recent slowing of world population growth the specific factors considered here include family planning programs human capital endowments of women and men natural resource wealth other economic structural determinants of the costs and benefits of children and the availability of nutritional inputs cross sectional relationships are reported and changes within countries are analyzed with fixed effect methods using data for 68 lowincome countries for the last two decades

the economics of child labor if child labor as a mass phenomenon occurs not because of parental selfishness but because of the parents concern for the household s survival the popular argument for banning child labor loses much of its force however this assumption about parental decision making coupled with the assumption of substitutability in production between child and adult labor could result in multiple equilibria in the labor market with one equilibrium where children work and another where adult wage is high and children do not work the paper establishes this result and discusses its policy implications copyright 1998 by american economic association

regional allocation of public infrastructure investment the case of greece lambrinidis m psycharis y and rovolis a 2005 regional allocation of public infrastructure investment the case of greece regional studies 39 1231 1244 this paper develops a model on the determinants of the regional allocation of public infrastructure investment and applies it to greece for 1982 94 using panel methods of estimation the principal conclusions are that regional allocations of infrastructure investment 1 were negatively associated with regional product per capita as well as with population size and population density 2 were positively associated with the existing stock of infrastructure capital as well as with the share of agriculture in regional gross domestic product and 3 were increased across prefectures in years preceding national elections these results are related to national and european regional policy

renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies abstract increased economic growth and demand for energy in emerging economies is creating an opportunity for these countries to increase their usage of renewable energy this paper presents and estimates two empirical models of renewable energy consumption and income for a panel of emerging economies panel cointegration estimates show that increases in real per capita income have a positive and statistically significant impact on per capita renewable energy consumption in the long term a 1 increase in real income per capita increases the consumption of renewable energy per capita in emerging economies by approximately 3 5 long term renewable energy per capita consumption price elasticity estimates are approximately equal to 0 70

renewable and non renewable energy consumption growth nexus evidence from a panel error correction model abstract unlike previous renewable energy consumption growth studies this study examines the relationship between renewable and non renewable energy consumption and economic growth for 80 countries within a multivariate panel framework over the period 1990 2007 the pedroni 1999 2004 heterogeneous panel cointegration test show a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp renewable energy consumption non renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force with the respective coefficient estimates positive and statistically significant there is little difference in the elasticity estimates with respect to renewable and non renewable energy consumption the results from the panel error correction model reveal bidirectional causality between renewable and non renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run also there is bidirectional short run causality between renewable and non renewable energy consumption indicative of substitutability between the two energy sources

renewable energy and macroeconomic efficiency of oecd and non oecd economies abstract this article analyzes the effects of renewable energy on the technical efficiency of 45 economies during the 2001 2002 period through data envelopment analysis dea in our dea model labor capital stock and energy consumption are the three inputs and real gdp is the single output increasing the use of renewable energy improves an economy s technical efficiency conversely increasing the input of traditional energy decreases technical efficiency compared to non oecd economies oecd economies have higher technical efficiency and a higher share of geothermal solar tide and wind fuels in renewable energy however non oecd economies have a higher share of renewable energy in their total energy supply than oecd economies

the impact of public infrastructure capital on regional manufacturing production cost seitz h and licht g 1995 the impact of public infrastructure capital on regional manufacturing production cost reg studies 29 231 240 the paper presents an analysis of the impact of public infrastructure capital on manufacturing production cost in the 11 west german states we present a simple theoretical model of a cost minimizing firm in which the stock of public capital is included as a proxy for public services provided to firms as a fixed unpaid factor of production duality theory is used to recover the productivity effects of public infrastructures by calculating the cost saving effects that are associated with public services using a translog cost function we present panel estimates for the manufacturing industry in the 11 states of west germany with labour buildings and machinery as private factors of production the results strongly indicate significant cost reducing effects of public infrastructure services and suggest that public capital formation encourages private investment s

renewable and non renewable energy consumption and economic activities further evidence from oecd countries this article examines the dynamic relationship between renewable and non renewable energy consumption and industrial output and gdp growth in oecd countries using data over the period of 1980 2011 the panel cointegration technique allowing structural breaks is used for empirical investigation the results show that there is a long term equilibrium relationship among non renewable and renewable energy sources industrial output and economic growth the panel causality analyses show bidirectional causality between industrial output and both renewable and non renewable energy consumption in the short and long run however there is evidence of bidirectional short run relationship between gdp growth and non renewable energy consumption while unidirectional causality between gdp growth and renewable energy consumption these results indicate that oecd economies still remain energy dependent for their industrial output as well as overall economic growth however expansion of renewable energy sources is a viable solution for addressing energy security and climate change issues and gradually substituting renewable to non renewable energy sources could enhance a sustainable energy economy

on the effectiveness of private and public capital this study assesses the effectiveness of private and public capital investments in the performance of manufactures within the framework of the duality theory the response of costs of production and input utilization to changes in the stocks of private and public capital is measured by the appropriate elasticities obtained from a cost function instead of considering private capital either as a variable or fixed input on a priori grounds its nature is checked that is the study discriminates between a long and a short run situation the empirical exercise is made for the manufacturing industries in the spanish regions

solow meets leontief economic growth and energy consumption abstract this paper proposes a methodology that integrates a growth model with an input output model to analyze the impacts of economic growth on the consumption of energy the integration between the models is carried out by calibrating the growth module which incorporates energetic inputs renewable and nonrenewable in the production function and implementing shocks by the supply side capital labor renewable and nonrenewable energy in the input output model this allows us to verify the pattern of energy consumption for each sector in the input output matrix we apply this methodology to study the energy consumption of eleven economic sectors in brazil using data from the brazilian national accounts and input output matrix ibge and the national energy report ben we conduct experiments involving changes in technological progress growth rate extraction and regeneration rates of both renewable and nonrenewable resources and population growth to analyze the impact of changes in the parameters of the model on the sectoral output growth rate and consequently on the consumption of energy in each economic sector

energy consumption and economic growth evidence from the commonwealth of independent states abstract this study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for eleven countries of the commonwealth of independent states over the period 1991 2005 within a multivariate panel data framework based on pedroni 1999 pedroni 2004 heterogeneous panel cointegration test and corresponding error correction model cointegration is present between real gdp energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and labor force with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the results of the error correction model reveal the presence of unidirectional causality from energy consumption to economic growth in the short run while bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the long run thus the results lend support for the feedback hypothesis associated with the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth

school attendance and child labor a model of collective behavior this paper theoretically investigates how community approval or disap proval aects school attendance and child labor and how aggregate behavior of the community feeds back towards the formation and persistence of an anti or pro schooling norm the proposed community model continues to take aggregate and idiosyncratic poverty into account as an important driver of low school attendance and child labor but it provides also an explanation for why equally poor villages or regions can display dierent attitudes towards schooling distinguishing between three dierent modes of child time allocation school attendance work and leisure the paper shows how the time costs of schooling and child labor productivity con tribute to the existence of a locally stable anti schooling norm it proposes policies that eectively exploit the social dynamics and initiate a permanent escape from the anti schooling equilibrium an extension of the model explores how an education contingent subsidy paid to the poorest families of a community manages to initiate a bandwagon eect towards education for all the optimal mechanism design of

energy consumption and economic growth nexus for 17 highly developed oecd countries further evidence based on bootstrap corrected causality tests abstract unlike previous energy consumption economic growth studies this study examines the relationship among energy consumption economic growth employment and gross fixed capital formation for 17 highly developed oecd countries by employing both the toda yamamoto procedure which based on asymptotic critical values and the bootstrap corrected causality test since non normality of the error term harms the validity of the toda yamamoto procedure this study finds that there is very small bias due to the assumption of normality furthermore using different information criterions importance of lag length is tested findings indicate that selection of lag length is important for denmark ireland norway and spain it is concluded that while there exists uni directional causality running from energy consumption to real gdp for japan bi directional causality is found for italy new zealand norway and spain on the other hand uni directional causality from gdp to energy is found for australia canada and ireland whereas no causal nexus is found for all of other nine countries our analyses covering the sample periods imply that japan italy new zealand norway and spain should not follow energy conservation policy at the aggregated level since the reduction of energy damages the economic growth

demographic change human capital accumulation and r d based growth employing an overlapping generations model of r d based growth with endogenous fertility and education decisions we examine how demographic changes induced by an increase in life expectancy influence the long run growth rate of the economy we demonstrate that life expectancy when relatively low high positively negatively affects economic growth this paper also compares the growth implications of child education subsidy policies i e policies for enhancing basic education and child rearing subsidy policies i e pro natal policies and demonstrate that while the child education subsidies consistently foster economic growth child rearing subsidies may negatively affect economic growth

geography health and the pace of demo economic development abstract this paper investigates the impact of subsistence consumption and extrinsic and intrinsic causes of child mortality on fertility and child expenditure it offers a theory for why mankind multiplies at higher rates at geographically unfavorable tropical locations placed into a macroeconomic framework this behavior creates an indirect channel through which geography shapes economic performance it is explained why it are countries of low absolute latitude where we observe exceedingly slow if not stalled economic development and demographic transition

mortality risks education and child labor in this paper we investigate the role of young adult mortality on child labor and educational decisions we argue that mortality risks are a major source of risks in returns to education in developing countries we show that in the absence of appropriate insurance mechanisms the level of child labor is inefficient but it can be too high or too low it is too high when parents are not very altruistic and anticipate positive transfers from their children in the future uncertain returns to education endogenous mortality or imperfect capital markets unambiguously increase child labor when the level of child labor is inefficiently high we also show that a cash transfer conditional on child s schooling can always restore efficiency regarding child labor c 2006 elsevier b v all rights reserved

energy consumption and economic growth nexus in portugal italy greece spain and turkey an ardl bounds test approach 1965 2009 abstract the paper examines the nexus between primary energy consumption and growth in portugal italy greece spain and turkey pigst with annual time series data from 1965 to 2009 pigst are southern european economies which have experienced several episodes that make them of particular interest to the study of periods of economic expansion and stagnation an ardl bounds test approach is a suitable technique to examine energy growth nexus within the context of countries with both sporadic shocks outliers and permanent shocks structural breaks empirical results suggest bidirectional causality between energy and growth in both the long run and short run supporting the feedback hypothesis the results reveal themselves to be robust to panel framework an energy conservation policy will reduce gdp growth while a saving phenomenon is observed since one additional unit of product requires less than one unit of energy

parental choice of human capital investment abstract in this paper we present a model in which parents make schooling decisions for their children we compare two educational regimes public and private education in the private education regime all human capital investment decisions are made by individuals under public education the government uses income tax revenue to finance one input to schooling in the private education regime cycles may occur even though there are constant returns to scale in the augmentable factors in the public education regime there are no cycles but poverty traps may occur

the effects of child mortality changes on fertility choice and parental welfare empirical studies have overwhelmingly shown that a lower child mortality rate leads to lower fertility yet it has not been possible to satisfactorily analyze this relationship in even the simplest theoretical models this paper attempts to bridge this gap between theory and the empirical literature the paper also presents results on the effects of child mortality changes on parental welfare the analysis captures the dynamic stochastic feature of fertility choice subsumes other endogeneous choices e g the quality of the children and treats the number of children as a discrete variable this added realism is important for the analysis

intergenerational trade longevity and economic growth we develop an overlapping generations model of endogenous growth in which human capital is the engine of growth and the generations are linked through material and emotional interdependencies within the family parents invest in their children to achieve both old age support care and emotional gratification and material support from children is determined through self enforcing implicit contracts we show that optimal intergenerational trade can then lead to maximization of growth opportunities our model produces a theory of the demographic transition linking longevity fertility and economic growth we also show that while population aging may raise the growth rate an increase in young age longevity is likely to produce a greater increase in the growth rate and a reduction in the fertility rate in a growth equilibrium these predictions and the model s implications concerning the behavior of private savings during the takeoff period appear consistent with empirical evidence

renewable energy consumption co2 emissions and oil prices in the g7 countries abstract economic and societal issues related to energy security and global warming is placing greater emphasis on the consumption of renewable energy this paper presents and estimates an empirical model of renewable energy consumption for the g7 countries panel cointegration estimates show that in the long term increases in real gdp per capita and co2 per capita are found to be major drivers behind per capita renewable energy consumption these results are robust across two different panel cointegration estimators oil price increases have a smaller although negative impact on renewable energy consumption deviations from equilibrium are driven mostly by the error correction term as opposed to short term shocks short term deviations from the long term equilibrium take anywhere from between 1 3 years france and 7 3 years japan to correct

renewable energy consumption and economic growth evidence from a panel of oecd countries abstract this study examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of twenty oecd countries over the period 1985 2005 within a multivariate framework given the relatively short span of the time series data a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship the heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the granger causality results indicate bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run

energy consumption and growth in south america evidence from a panel error correction model abstract this study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of nine south american countries over the period 1980 2005 within a multivariate framework given the relatively short span of the time series data a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship pedroni s heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp energy consumption the labor force and real gross fixed capital formation with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the granger causality results indicate both short run and long run causality from energy consumption to economic growth which supports the growth hypothesis

the u s demographic transition between 1800 and 1940 the u s went through a dramatic demographic transition in 1800 the average woman had 7 children and 94 percent of the population lived in rural areas by 1940 the average woman birthed just 2 kids and only 43 percent of populace lived in the country the question is what accounted for this shift in the demographic landscape the answer given here is that technological progress in agriculture and manufacturing explains these facts

measuring the contribution of public infrastructure capital in sweden the authors purpose is to examine ways of evaluating and measuring the contribution of public infrastructure capital to private sector output and productivity growth in sweden they do this by specifying and implementing empirically a number of alternative econometric models using annual data for sweden from 1960 to 1988 applying a dual cost function approach they find that increases in public infrastructure capital ceteris paribus reduce private sector costs the authors compute that amount of public infrastructure capital that would rationalize the cost savings incurred by the private business and manufacturing sectors and find that the amount that can be rationalized in this manner is less than what was in fact available in 1988 but that the extent of excess public infrastructure capital has been falling in the 1980s copyright 1992 by the editors of the scandinavian journal of economics

population technology and growth from malthusian stagnation to the demographic transition and beyond this paper develops a unied growth model that captures the historical evolution of population technology and output it encompasses theendogenous transitionbetween three regimes that have characterized economic development the economy evolves from amalthusianregime wheretechnologicalprogressis slow andpopulationgrowthprevents anysustainedriseinincomepercapita intoapost malthusianregime wheretechnological progress rises and population growth absorbs only part of output growth ultimately a demographic transition reverses the positive relationship between income and population growth andtheeconomyentersamoderngrowthregimewithreducedpopulationgrowth

economic welfare impacts from renewable energy consumption the china experience over the last years renewable energy sources have increased their share on electricity generation of china due to environmental and security of supply concerns in this work author assesses the role of both the amount and share of renewable energy consumption in economic welfare using cobb douglas type production functions this assessment is carried out by multivariate ols and spss software for china from 1978 to 2008 results indicate that a 1 increase in renewable energy consumption rec increases real gdp by 0 120 gdp per capita by 0 162 per capita annual income of rural households by 0 444 and per capita annual income of urban households by 0 368 respectively the impact of renewable energy consumption share srec on economic welfare is insignificant and an increasing share of rec negatively affects economic welfare growth to a certain extent in this paper the cost structural demand accounting mechanism and policy reasons of renewable energy development are interpreted marginal effects analysis show that the shape of sound and robust renewable energy institutions and policies would matter for increasing the standards of economic welfare in the context of speeding up renewable energy development and increasing share of renewable energy consumption especially the goal oriented policy refinement should be addressed efficiently in improvement households income while increasing share of renewable energy consumption c 2011 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

the impact of infrastructure expenditure types on regional income in turkey kara m a tas s and ada s the impact of infrastructure expenditure types on regional income in turkey regional studies infrastructure investments that enhance regional economic performance and competitiveness fall into two categories economic and social economic infrastructure investments i e highways power generation and water facilities can directly increase regional production potential and social infrastructure investments i e education and healthcare can aid regional income by improving labour productivity this study identifies how different types of infrastructure expenditures affect regional incomes in turkey as per results drawn from data of 2004 08 infrastructure expenditures enhance regional income in turkey social infrastructure investments and education expenditures demonstrate greater impact on regional income

long run technical change and multifactor productivity growth in us manufacturing this study utilizes a translog cost function to produce econometric estimates of the separate influences of technical change versus scale efficiency in contributing to multifactor productivity growth within the us manufacturing sector the analysis generates two digit industry specific parameters that capture the effects of output versus time related shifts in the cost function over the 1949 1991 period thus initial evidence concerning the relative importance of technical progress versus scale cannot be provided as a source of productivity gains within two digit industries the parametric estimates of total factor productivity growth are compared with existing divisia measures to explore the shortcomings of the growth accounting technique these long run patterns hold implications for the productivity convergence hypothesis traced to knowledge spillovers between industries

population growth and human capital investments theory and evidence this paper presents evidence from empirical studies that test hypotheses derived from models of household behavior pertaining to the interrelationships among population growth human capital and economic development these studies have exploited quasi natural experiments embodied in the cross area variability in the wage rates of children in a number of low income countries the intercouple variation in the biological propensity to conceive and the geographically selective introduction of new high yielding seed varieties in india in the period 1961 71 the different varieties of evidence support the hypotheses that alterations in the returns to human capital associated with exogenous technical change lead simultaneously to increases in human capital investments and to reductions in fertility and that the costliness of fertility control is a significant but modest factor in inhibiting human capital investments

renewable energy consumption and growth in eurasia this study examines the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for 13 countries within eurasia over the period 1992 2007 within a multivariate panel data framework the heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium relationship exists between real gdp renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and labor force the results from the error correction models indicate bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short run and long run thus the empirical findings lend support for the feedback hypothesis of the interdependent relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth

public infrastructure and regional economic development a simultaneous equations approach an analysis of how central bank exchange market intervention can affect both the level of exchange rates and the risk premium in asset returns showing how the risk premium is related to the conditional variances of intervention and other exogenous processes

energy consumption and gdp in turkey is there a co integration relationship energy consumption and gdp are expected to grow by 5 9 and 7 annually until 2025 in turkey this paper tries to unfold the linkage between energy consumption and gdp by undertaking a co integration analysis for turkey with annual data over the period 1970 2003 the analysis shows that energy consumption and gdp are co integrated this means that there is a possibly bi directional causality relationship between the two we establish that there is a unidirectional causality running from gdp to energy consumption indicating that energy saving would not harm economic growth in turkey in addition we find that energy consumption keeps on growing as long as the economy grows in turkey

energy consumption income and carbon emissions in the united states abstract this paper investigates the effect of energy consumption and output on carbon emissions in the united states earlier research focused on testing the existence and or shape of an environmental kuznets curve without taking energy consumption into account we investigate the granger causality relationship between income energy consumption and carbon emissions including labor and gross fixed capital formation in the model we find that income does not granger cause carbon emissions in the us in the long run but energy use does hence income growth by itself may not become a solution to environmental problems

child mortality child labour and economic development the paper presents a model where the interplay between fertility child labour and education can explain economic stagnation when parents live in an environment of high child mortality if in contrast child mortality is low the solution of the parental decision problem leads to perpetual economic growth the two long run states are connected by a path of demographic transition and economic take off along which the incidence of child labour disappears the paper also discusses alternative policies to escape from the low income equilibrium

a literature survey on energy growth nexus abstract this paper provides a survey of the recent progress in the literature of energy consumption economic growth and electricity consumption economic growth causality nexus the survey highlights that most empirical studies focus on either testing the role of energy electricity in stimulating economic growth or examining the direction of causality between these two variables although the positive role of energy on growth has become a stylized fact there are some methodological reservations about the results from these empirical studies a general observation from these studies is that the literature produced conflicting results and there is no consensus neither on the existence nor on the direction of causality between energy consumption electricity consumption and economic growth as a policy implication to avoid from conflicting and unreliable results the authors may use the autoregressive distributed lags bounds test two regime threshold co integration models panel data approach and multivariate models including new variables such as real gross fixed capital formation labor force carbon dioxide emissions population exchange rates interest rates etc thus the authors should focus more on the new approaches and perspectives rather than by employing usual methods based on a set of common variables for different countries and different intervals of time