real interest rates and endogenous growth in a monetary economy abstract in endogenous growth models where the engine of growth is human capital acquired via formal education inflation taxes may raise or lower real interest rates depending upon whether or not physical and or human capital are liquidity constrained cases are examined

alternative approaches to money and growth this paper reexamines the issue of money and growth in an economy with both endogenous labor supply and endogenous capital stock using three recently developed approaches the money in the utility function approach the cash in advance approach and the transactions costs approach by establishing a qualitative equivalence between alternative setups the authors find economically justifiable conditions such that all comparative statics results derived from the aforementioned approaches are identical copyright 1992 by ohio state university press

north south standards harmonization and international trade recent years have seen a surge in economic integration agreements eias and the development of non tariff measures ntms as a consequence a growing number of eias include provisions on ntms however little attention has been given in the literature to the effects of ntm liberalization in the context of eias in this paper we focus on provisions for technical regulations and analyze whether the north south harmonization of technical barriers affects international trade using a gravity equation it tests whether as a result of the deep integration associated with standards provisions included in the eia the southern partners trade expands with the north but at the expense of their trade with non bloc southern partners empirical results provide strong support for this conjecture moreover harmonization on the basis of regional standards negatively impacts the exports of developing countries to the north

market approval of phytosanitary active substances in europe an empirical duration analysis abstract the aim of this paper is to analyze empirically the main determinants of delays to market approval of active substances in europe an interesting feature of this regulation is that it is based on both a decentralized examination by the rapporteur country and a centralized examination by the european food safety authority efsa our econometric analysis is based on standard survival and competing risks models the data cover 393 active substances reviewed between 1993 and 2013 we show that the review process is affected by regulatory factors the characteristics of the active substances and the characteristics of agri chemical firms log logistic and log normal survival models are the preferred parametric specifications and the results suggest that the hazard function is non monotonic over time

measuring and decomposing the gender pay gap a new frontier approach abstract the gender pay gap measures the differences in the wages earned by female workers when compared to male workers accurately measuring the gender pay gap is an important exercise in order to assess how far we are from the ideal of equal pay for work of equal value determining the different sources of the gender pay gap is also very important in order to design appropriate policies for eliminating this gap we develop an enhanced method to measure and decompose the gender pay gap this method is based on the data envelopment analysis dea technique and on the malmquist index mi we use dea and the mi to construct an index reflecting an adjusted measure of the gender pay gap taking into account multiple productive characteristics and multiple types of pay furthermore we propose a decomposition of the gender pay gap into four components same gender pay gap cross gender frontier gap magnitude productive characteristics bias and pay package bias the method is applied to data relative to 15 712 men and 17 175 women working as business and administration associate professionals in the finance and insurance industry in 20 countries the results reveal the existence of a gender pay gap in all countries and that the value of the gap and of its components vary considerably between countries requiring different policies to tackle it

anticipated policy and endogenous growth in a small open monetary economy abstract this paper analyzes the effects of a preannounced change in the growth rate of credit in a small open economy the model based on an endogenous growth model introduces the adjustment costs for investment and the role of money in the production function and highlights the dynamic behavior of an open economy we show that an increase in the rate of anticipated credit growth lowers the steady growth rate of capital real money balances and real output we also find that the rate of depreciation of the domestic currency will rise steadily toward its stationary level the anticipated domestic credit growth hence exhibits monetary nonsuperneutrality in both the rate and the level of output in the intermediate and the long run

equal pay by gender and by nationality a comparative analysis of switzerland s unequal equal pay policy regimes across time what explains the adoption of two different policies on equal pay by gender epg and by nationality epn in switzerland and why is the liberal litigation based equal pay policy regime set up by the gender equality act of 1996 much less effective than the neocorporatist accompanying measures to the bilateral european union switzerland agreement on free movement of persons adopted in 1999 to ensure equal pay for workers of different national origins the formation of two different policy regimes cannot be explained by different levels of political will equally different varieties of capitalism cannot explain the setup of the two different equal pay policy regimes within the very same country instead our qualitative comparative analysis across time suggests that the differences can be best explained by a particular constellation of attributes namely the use of different policy frames that is anti discrimination in the epg and unfair competition in the epn case and the different setting of interest politics epitomised by the opposite stances adopted by switzerland s employer associations in the two cases

growth and the effects of inflation abstract in this paper we study the relationship between the rate of increase of the money supply and the rate of growth of output in an economy we show that in some models of endogenous growth inflation has direct effects on the growth rate of the economy despite this the estimated welfare cost of inflation from calibrated examples is similar to that found in exogenous growth models

disability job mismatch earnings and job satisfaction in australia we examine the relationship between disability job mismatch earnings and job satisfaction using panel estimation on data from the household income and labour dynamics in australia hilda survey 2001 08 while we do not find any relationship between work limiting disability and overskilling it appears that there is a positive relationship between work limiting disability and overeducation which is consistent with disability onset leading to downward occupational movement at least in relative terms we find a negative correlation between work limiting disability and both earnings and job satisfaction however there is only evidence of a causal relationship in terms of the latter where the impact of disability is found to be multifaceted

does the level of occupational aggregation affect estimates of the gender wage gap the traditional decomposition of the gender wage gap distinguishes between a component attributable to gender differences in productivity related characteristics and a residual component that is often taken as a measure of discrimination this study of data from the 1989 canadian labour market activity survey shows that when occupation is treated as a productivity related characteristic the proportion of the gender wage gap labeled explained increases with the number of occupational classifications distinguished however on the basis of evidence that occupational differences reflect the presence of barriers faced by women attempting to enter male dominated occupations the authors conclude that occupation should not be treated as a productivity related characteristic and in a decomposition of the gender wage gap that treats occupation as endogenously determined they find that the level of occupational aggregation has little effect on the size of the explained component of the gap

is money net wealth this paper develops a simple monetary model a hybrid of the sidrauski and overlapping generation frameworks in which new dynasties of infinitely lived agents continuously enter the economy it is shown that the long run nonsuperneutrality of money in life cycle models is a modality of the violation of the ricardian debt neutrality proposition the very same intergenerational redistribution effects which on the fiscal side are the source of debt nonneutrality are at work on the monetary side to create monetary wealth effects and make money nonsuperneutral in the long run copyright 1991 by economics department of the university of pennsylvania and the osaka university institute of social and economic research association

fiscal deficits and relative prices in a growing world economy abstract this paper studies the transmission of fiscal disturbances between countries and the effect of those disturbances on worldwide capital intensity in a context of growth the model developed to address these issues allows for the production of both nontradable and relatively capital intensive tradable goods a central finding is that factor markets can be a major channel for the communication of fiscal policy shocks to world interest rates to private saving decisions and ultimately to global asset supplies and their distribution among countries particular predictions of the model illustrate how changes in public debt ratios and shifts in government spending patterns affect resource allocation and the welfare of various generations both at home and abroad

gender wage inequality in inclusive and exclusive industrial relations systems a comparison of argentina and chile drawing on an empirical and comparative mixed methods analysis of argentina and chile this article investigates arguments about the role of inclusive versus exclusive industrial relations systems in promoting gender wage equity and enabling attractive wage returns to women investing in higher education our findings confirm the importance of argentina s inclusive industrial relations system in narrowing gender pay differences to a greater extent than chile nevertheless chile s industrial relations institutions are not wholly exclusive its high level statutory minimum wage has played a strongly distributive role in the 2000s and compressed wages in the lower half of the wage distribution also notable is the finding from quantile regression that highly educated women in high paid jobs enjoy a larger wage premium in the class equal argentina than in chile despite a far wider wage gap between low high educated workers in chile overall

friedman rule in a model with endogenous growth and cash in advance constraint this paper introduces money into an overlapping generations model with endogenous growth the model due to docquier et al 2007 exhibits a positive intergenerational externality which precludes its laissez fair equilibrium to be optimal even if the government can control the level of physical capital and set it to satisfy the modified golden rule the main message of the paper is that as long as the modified golden rule is attained friedman rule is optimal the result holds regardless of the ability of the government to internalize the externality and control the level of human capital other results include i violation of friedman rule for a different second best environment wherein human capital accumulation is controlled but not physical capital accumulation ii existence of a negative relationship between money growth rate and the economy s endogenous growth rate and iii non uniqueness of friedman rule

a short history of the gender wage gap in britain after closing dramatically during world war two the gender wage gap gwg was roughly constant in the decades prior to the equal pay act it closed substantially in the mid 1970s due to the act but the subsequent rate of narrowing has been very slow despite improvements in equal opportunities legislation and convergence in men s and women s educational attainment and work experience within cohort the gwg increases until employees reach their 40s after which it falls the gwg has closed across birth cohorts at all points in the adult life cycle but it remains substantial among those born in 1958 the raw gwg was 16 percentage points among workers aged 23 rising to 35 percentage points at 42 among those born 12 years later the gaps were 9 and 31 percentage points at age 26 and age 42 respectively regression adjustment for human capital investments reduces the size of the gap especially when accounting for full time work experience where differences open up between men and women in mid life following divergence of gender roles in the home results are insensitive to adjustments for sample attrition the gwg is a little larger early in the life cycle in both birth cohorts when accounting for non random selection into employment but selection plays no role later in life policy options for closing the remaining gap are considered

constructing polities and markets an institutionalist account of european integration as institutions and governance structures develop in modern markets they tend to feed back onto economic activity through such feedback loops market and political arenas can develop symbiotically into relatively coherent fields that gradually embed actors orientations and activities using these insights this article develops and tests a theory of european integration focusing on the case of the european community the first pillar of the european union traders organized interests courts and the ec s policy making organs over time have produced a self sustaining causal system that has driven the construction of the european market and polity the generality of this explanation to a sociology of markets and polity building projects is discussed in the conclusion

the impact of regulations on agricultural trade evidence from the sps and tbt agreements according to world trade organization rules countries may adopt regulations under the agreements on sanitary and phyto sanitary sps and technical barriers to trade tbt we analyze the structure of these measures in agricultural trade the inventory approach suggests that european countries have among the lowest coverage ratios of all oecd countries using a gravity equation we also estimate their stringency our results suggest that they significantly reduce developing countries exports to oecd countries but do not affect trade between oecd members furthermore european imports are more negatively influenced by sps and tbts than imports of other oecd countries

equal pay as a moving target international perspectives on forty years of addressing the gender pay gap this paper provides an overview of the key factors impacting upon the gender pay gap in the uk europe and australia forty years after the implementation of the first equal pay legislation the pay gap remains a key aspect of the inequalities women face in the labour market while the overall pay gap has tended to fall in many countries over the past forty years it has not closed in some countries it has been stubbornly resistant or has even widened in reviewing the collection of papers that make up this special issue we identify four broad themes with which to group the contributions and draw out the explanations for diverse trends theoretical and conceptual debates legal developments and their impacts wage setting institutions and changing employer demands and newly emerging pay inequalities between and within educational and ethnic groups across the four themes we underline how the trends in the gender pay gap capture the dynamism of inequalities as the market power of different groups and stakeholders changes over times three key dimensions emerge from the papers to provide a framework for future research and policy discourse the relationship between litigation and bargaining strategies the interaction between wage setting institutions and new organisational practices and the increasing and range of diversity or equality strands competing for equal treatment we conclude that progress towards closing the gender pay gap will not be easy will require a collective effort of various actors and will not be quick

money and endogenous growth the ramsey romer model of endogenous growth is extended to allow for holdings of real money balances and government debt as well as capital and for non interconnected generations of households tax financed increases in government consumption and debt depress growth prospects and boost inflation as long as a positive birth rate ensures that future taxes are shouldered by future yet unborn generations debt financed increases in government consumption depress growth and boost inflation even more money financed increases in government consumption depress growth less but increase inflation by more giving subsidies through an increase in monetary growth is non neutral since this increases real growth and thus inflation increases by a lesser amount than monetary growth bond financed increases in monetary growth lead to a larger increase in real growth and a smaller increase in inflation if there are cost adjustment for investment cuts in monetary growth and increases in government debt and government consumption induce an increase in the real interest rate copyright 1994 by ohio state university press

wage inequality and varieties of capitalism this article draws on a new data set that enables the authors to compare the distribution of income from employment across oecd countries specifically the article conducts a pooled cross sectional time series analysis of the determinants of wage inequality in sixteen countries from 1973 to 1995 the analysis shows that varieties of capitalism matter the authors find that the qualities that distinguish social market economies from liberal market economies shape the way political and institutional variables influence wage inequality of particular interest to political scientists is the finding that the wage distributive effects of government partisanship are contingent on institutional context union density emerges in the analysis as the single most important factor influencing wage inequality in both institutional contexts

increasing returns path dependence and the study of politics it is increasingly common for social scientists to describe political processes as path dependent the concept however is often employed without careful elaboration this article conceptualizes path dependence as a social process grounded in a dynamic of increasing returns reviewing recent literature in economics and suggesting extensions to the world of politics the article demonstrates that increasing returns processes are likely to be prevalent and that good analytical foundations exist for exploring their causes and consequences the investigation of increasing returns can provide a more rigorous framework for developing some of the key claims of recent scholarship in historical institutionalism specific patterns of timing and sequence matter a wide range of social outcomes may be possible large consequences may result from relatively small or contingent events particular courses of action once introduced can be almost impossible to reverse and consequently political development is punctuated by critical moments or junctures that shape the basic contours of social life

the mobility of labor and capital a study in international investment and labor flow list of tables acknowledgements introduction 1 foreign investment a neglected variable 2 the use of foreign workers 3 the new immigration 4 the globalization of production implications for labor migration 5 the rise of global cities and the new labor demand 6 the reconcentration of capital in the united states a new investment zone conclusion notes references index

income taxation and endogenous growth abstract this paper examines the long run effects of income taxation by using a perfect foresight optimizing model in which the steady state rate of economic growth is endogenously determined due to technical progress activities of private agents we show that a rise in the rate of income tax depresses the rate of economic growth in the long run we also show that the assumption concerning production structure of technical knowledge is crucial to our main conclusion

the effects of inflation on economic growth lessons from latin america this paper investigates the relationship between inflation and long run growth it presents an endogenous growth model that illustrates the channels through which inflation affects growth the model highlights the effects of inflation on the productivity of capital and the rate of capital accumulation the reduction in growth is caused by a diversion of resources away from activities that lead to faster rates of growth toward activities associated with reducing the costs of inflation the negative association between inflation and growth is assessed empirically for a sample group of latin american countries this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

from wage regulation to wage gap how wage setting institutions and structures shape the gender wage gap across three industries in 24 european countries and germany whilst a common and persisting feature of advanced market economies the gender wage gap nevertheless varies across countries amongst the factors affecting this wage gap industrial relations and industry differences still require further research using data from eu silc in 25 european countries this article analyses how national wage setting institutions impact wage differences between male and female full time employees in three distinct industries complementing the country comparison is an in depth study of the german case using data from the german linked employer employee database shedding light on the interaction of industry specific wage setting regulations and gender equity in living wages findings from the international comparison suggest a substantial gender wage gap for full time employees across industries with specific country patterns country patterns seem to be due to the overall influence of trade unions and the relationship between pay bargaining strategies and specific minimum wage policies the german case adds to these findings by analysing the impact of sectoral models of wage bargaining for industry specific gender wage gaps focussing on living wages for skilled full time employees

contradictions and misalignments in the eu approach towards the gender pay gap the aim of this paper is to highlight the tensions within the eu s governance architecture concerning pay equality specifically after a preliminary outline of the theoretical discussion on the eu s new old governance the analysis focuses on two empirical fields the first one enables an assessment of the contradictions between old and new governance in eu equal pay policy this analysis highlights the inconsistencies between the architecture of the antidiscrimination framework established following the eu s old governance by law approach and the assessment of equal pay public policy measures in the context of the eu s new governance by numbers approach to this extent the problems related to the political use of the unadjusted gender pay gap gpg indicator are pointed out the second empirical field enables an assessment of the tensions within the eu s new governance system itself specifically between the approach in the area of equal pay and in the area of economic policy with specific regard to the participatory role of the social partners in tackling the gpg if the role of the social partners is emphasised in several policy documents the potentialities of their action are seriously jeopardised by the push for decentralisation of collective bargaining aimed at anchoring wages to productivity fostered by the eu s governance reforms responding to the crisis in particular by the euro plus pact and by the six pack regulations of 2011 as the paper finally remarks both empirical fields of investigation confirm a narrowing down of pay equality in the context of an eu flexibility centred and neoliberalist political perspective

finite lifetimes and growth abstract in this paper we study the long run growth property of overlapping generations models it is shown that in one sector models with convex technologies the asymptotic growth rate must be zero this results because the young do not have sufficient income to purchase a large capital stock thus a policy of income redistribution to the young can generate growth even if financed by income taxation additionaly it is shown that two sector models and one sector models with nonconvex technologies are consistent with growth

are litigation and collective bargaining complements or substitutes for achieving gender equality a study of the british equal pay act we present a socio legal case study of the recent equal pay litigation wave in britain which saw an unprecedented increase in the number of claims triggered in part by the entry of no win no fee law firms into this part of the legal services market although the rise in litigation led to greater adversarialism in pay bargaining litigation and collective bargaining mostly operated as complementary mechanisms in advancing an equality agenda although there are limits to the effectiveness of law driven strategies in the face of organisational pressures to canalise and diffuse human rights litigation may be a more potent force for social change than some recent accounts have suggested

the effects of monetary policy in japan this article interprets time series facts regarding the sources of business fluctuations in japan and attempts to uncover possible characteristics of the effects of monetary policy over the last two decades it argues that given the institutional features of the bank of japan s operating procedures a simple recursive vector autoregressive var model that consists of interest rates money stock prices and output all in first differences may serve as a useful benchmark for japan the main finding is that monetary policy shocks in fact have a persistent effect on real output especially in the rise and fall of japan s bubble economy in the late 1980s

anticipated inflation in a monetary economy with endogenous growth this paper makes a new attempt to investigate the role of anticipatedmonetary growth in economic growth combining the barro 1990 rebelo 1991 type endogenous growth model with sidrauski s 1967 framework we show that the pre announcement of money supply behaviour may have significant effects on the rate of growth during the transition process the key factor indetermining adjustment patterns of the economy to anticipated monetary changes is the degree of relative risk aversion however changes in the rate of monetary growth do not affect the rate of long run growth regardless of the degree of relative risk aversion

towards a gendering of the labour market regulation debate gender equality has become an issue in the labour market regulation debate now that evidence suggests that regulation is not always a barrier to good employment performance recent contributions have focused on its impact in exacerbating within workforce inequalities including gender inequality this article reveals that the evidence supporting this proposition is thin and inconclusive and questions the search for a cross national relationship between regulations and gender this approach leaves out of consideration the differences in institutional interactions in specific national contexts and the differences in the institution of gender across time and space this critique is developed through more detailed and context specific analyses of interactions between gender and six areas of labour market regulation the article concludes by arguing that simply introducing a general gender variable into non gendered analyses of labour markets misleads more than informs and distracts from the development of regulations to promote gender equality copyright the author 2011 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

agricultural pesticides and land use intensification in high middle and low income countries abstract we study levels and trends in agricultural pesticide use for a large cross section of countries using fao data for the period 1990 2009 our analysis shows that a 1 increase in crop output per hectare is associated with a 1 8 increase in pesticide use per hectare but that the growth in intensity of pesticide use levels off as countries reach a higher level of economic development however very few high income countries have managed to significantly reduce the level of intensity of their pesticide use because decreases in insecticide use at higher income levels are largely offset by increases in herbicide and fungicide use the results also show very rapid growth in the intensity of pesticide use for several middle income countries such as brazil mexico uruguay cameroon malaysia and thailand complementing our analysis with data from the rotterdam convention on prior informed consent pic we show that hazardous pesticides covered in the pic procedure are more weakly regulated in lower than in higher income countries we discuss the policy challenges facing developing countries with a rapid growth in pesticide use and recommend a four pronged strategy including an environmental tax on pesticides with revenues allocated to long term investments in awareness building the development of integrated crop management methods and the setting of food safety standards the interactions between these measures should help contribute to the effectiveness of the overall strategy package

do sanitary phytosanitary and quality related standards affect international trade evidence from chilean fruit exports summary increasing awareness of food safety issues has led to intensive use of sanitary phytosanitary and quality related regulations and standards imposing a burden on exporting countries worldwide this study assesses the impact of such regulations and standards estimating a gravity model for chilean fresh fruit exports that incorporates a stringency perception index that comprises different dimensions of trade requirements our results suggest that an increase in stringency has a negative and substantial effect on exported volumes and the reduction is higher if stringency increases in developed countries results also showed that different dimensions have different effects on trade

monetary policy overlapping generations and patterns of growth this paper investigates the role of monetary policy in economic growth using an infinitely lived overlapping generations model with a simple convex technology that can yield endo genous growth we show that money supply behaviour of the government may have significant effects on the long run economic growth in addition to the effect on the long term growth rate of the economy the policy may determine whether the economy stays in the exogenous growth process restricted by the growth rate of labour supply or realizes the endogenous growth that sustains continuous growth of pep capita income and consumption effect of inflation on capital accumulation has been one of the central topics in macroeconomics using an ad hoc model tobin shows that a rise in the rate of inflation deepens capital formation whereas sidrauski presents an opti mizing model in which money is superneutral that is inflation has no effect on capital formation in the long run these studies have been extended by a number of studies such as dornbusch and frenkel 1973 and wang and yip 1992 however the concern of these studies is restricted to the analysis of the level effect of inflation on capital accumulation recent developments in endogenous growth theory present a useful analytical framework for re examin ing the effect of inflation on capital accumulation and economic growth in contrast to the strong emphasis on the importance of fiscal policy for long run economic growth seen in mino 1989 barro 1990 and king and rebelo 1990 the role of monetary policy has been mostly ignored in the endogenous growth literature recalling that the effect of money growth on capital formation has been the central issue in money and growth literature it is rather curious that recent studies on endogenous economic growth focus exclusively on the real side of the economy there is however a small number of authors investigating the role of money in endogenously growing economies marquis and reffet 1991 and mino 1991 introduce money into two sector models involving human capital accumulation via a cash in advance constraint they conclude that an increase in the rate of nominal money supply generally depresses the long term economic growth as long as the cash in advance con straint applies to investment demand for either physical or human capital wang and yip 1991 extend the uzawa lucas model of endogenous growth by assuming that households allocate their available time between production transaction and human capital formation the transaction time is assumed to be a decreasing function of real money balances and therefore a reduction in real balances arising from an increase in the monetary expansion rate increases c the london school of economics and political science 1995

the 40 year pursuit of equal pay a case of constantly moving goalposts progress towards equal pay is elusive this article reviews debates on and prescribed remedies for gender pay equality over the past 40 years of equal pay policy it looks at pay from four perspectives the economic the sociological the institutional and the organisational and explores how and why once an apparent remedy for unequal pay is pursued the goalposts tend to shift the argument is made that the difficulties in securing long term progress may be attributed to a number of factors including the multifaceted nature of pay as a social phenomenon the challenge of pursuing social objectives in a rapidly changing and fragmenting environment the need for political will not technical solutions to achieve redistribution and the potential for gender inequalities to re emerge in new forms

how far from harmonization are sanitary phytosanitary and quality related standards an exporter s perception approach harmonization of trade regulations and standards is perhaps the most contentious issue regarding export markets due to the impacts that it can have on trade we determine the extent of harmonization as perceived by exporters with respect to the major sanitary and phytosanitary standards spss and quality measures which chile faces in 16 international fresh fruit markets the methodology combined qualitative and quantitative techniques first the most relevant safety and quality standards and regulations were identified and ranked second a representative sample of exporters was interviewed to assess their perceptions regarding the level of stringency across markets and time for selected regulations perceptions were ranked on a likert scale and based on this scale a stringency index was constructed the results show that chile faces regulations which can be grouped into the following categories i phytosanitary measures ii tolerance limits for pesticide residues and contaminants iii hygiene requirements iv labeling marking and packaging v product and process standards and vi registration procedures and other import requirements the number of regulations varied among countries ranging from 13 to 3 out of the 14 considered in the study the most stringent country among the sample as perceived by exporters was mexico whereas the least stringent was saudi arabia additionally exporters agreed that stringency has increased over time with an average of 15 between 2005 and 2009

the gender wage gap among phds in the uk this article analyses the gender wage gap gwg among phd graduates in the uk 42 months after their graduation in 2004 5 we find a sizeable overall gwg of 19 log percentage points which is explained by a large wage premium for men outside academia compared to women and men in academia the gwg in academia is small in comparison whilst the gwg outside academia is very high six months after graduation and remains largely unaltered the gwg inside academia doubles in the following three years the oaxaca decomposition suggests that for this relatively homogeneous group the gwg cannot be explained by differences in endowments university and employment characteristics we find stark differences in wage patterns between the fields of study and a strongly increasing coefficient effect for higher quantiles

understanding the variations of unions litigation strategies to promote equal pay reflection on the british case despite their traditional mistrust of the use of the law and their uneasy relationship with the concept of equality british trade unions have used the law in various ways in order to advance both gender and pay equality since 1970 some trade unionists have been making use of european legislation to improve legal norms and build a strong body of case law they have developed legal expertise and detailed knowledge of the practicalities of the law and have supported numerous claims however this use of litigation has not developed consistently over time and across unions litigation has been quite controversial within the trade union movement this article seeks to investigate what are the conditions under which some trade unionists have decided to rely upon litigation to further their female members interests depending on the time period the article emphasises the crucial role these local trade unionists have played in the development of equal pay litigation the paper builds on a developmental approach that differentiates several stages or phases in which union s litigation strategies for equal pay figure differently

the strength of a weak agency enforcement of title vii of the 1964 civil rights act and the expansion of state capacity 1965 1971 this article analyzes the anomalous case of early title vii enforcement to challenge the standard political institutional pi account of state capacity title vii prohibited employment discrimination but the equal employment opportunity commission was granted scant enforcement resources yet the early eeoc aggressively enforced and developed title vii to solve the anomaly the authors integrate insights from the literatures on social movements and the sociology of law in the absence of conventional administrative resources apparently weak state agencies can expand their capacity through the legal strategy of broad statutory construction this strategy is more likely with the presence of social movement pressure from below the authors argue that state capacity is a moving target with state and societal actors building on legal as well as administrative resources to construct and transform capacity by reconceptualizing state capacity the authors contribute to nuanced explanations of state policy

to spray or not to spray pesticides banana exports and food safety how governments regulate food safety and environmental protection including pesticide residue levels has important implications for trade the world trade organization wto ministerial held in doha qatar in november 2001 included statements on standards and their impact on market access for developing countries these issues will continue to be important in trade policy dialogues it is assumed and evidence from recent analysis confirms that food safety standards can affect the ability of agricultural producers to meet regulatory standards set by importing countries the authors explore a fundamental question in food safety and environmental standards do regulations on pesticide have an effect on trade they examine regulatory data from 11 oecd importing countries and trade data from 19 exporting countries the results suggest that a 10 percent increase in regulatory stringency tighter restrictions on the pesticide chlorpyrifos leads to a decrease in banana imports by 14 8 percent this represents a significant impact on trade and affect prospects of developing countries who continue to rely on exports of agricultural commodities such as bananas the findings also suggest that the lack of consensus on international standards and divergent national regulations on pesticides is costly for example the authors estimate that if the world were to adopt a standard at a level of regulatory stringency suggested by codex the body charged with setting global standards in this area in contrast with one set at the level in place in the european union there would be a u s 5 3 billion loss in world exports

ethnicity and gender in the labour market in central and south eastern europe the roma are both the largest minority ethnic group in central and south eastern europe csee and the one that suffered most from transition to the market still today nearly 40 years after the introduction of the european union eu 1975 discrimination directive and with the end of the roma decade 2005 15 in sight people from the roma minority have unemployment rates far above and employment rates and wages far below those of majority populations one issue that has received relatively little attention concerns the double discrimination facing roma women not only do roma women face poorer employment and wage outcomes in the labour market than non roma women in most csee countries the gender earnings gap is significantly larger amongst roma compared to non roma this paper seeks to analyse and explain differences in the gender gap in the earnings of roma the paper employs a non parametric matching approach to identify the main factors underlying the gender difference educational attainment plays a relatively small role explaining only around one fifth of the gap industrial and occupational segregation appear to be playing a strong role as do the civil status of individuals household socio economic status and whether or not individuals live in a predominantly roma community

the structure and dynamics of eu federalism this article analyzes european union eu politics through the lens of comparative federalism the article assesses the contributions that rationalist and constructivist approaches can make to the analysis of eu federalism focusing on two broad questions first what explains shifts in authority from the state i e member states to the federal i e eu level second what explains the degree to which the federal government constrains state discretion this article develops testable hypotheses based on the rationalist and constructivist perspectives and presents a set of initial plausibility probes the article shows that there is considerable room for dialogue between rationalist and constructivist perspectives and together they can provide a more comprehensive explanation for the dynamics of eu federalism

australia s gender pay equity legislation how new how different what prospects australia s equal pay laws have recently been renovated through the workplace gender equality act 2012 and the fair work act 2009 in light of these changes it is timely to ask how effective australia s legislative approach is likely to be for progressing pay equity this article presents an analysis of australia s current equal pay provisions assessing their potential on the basis of their operation to date and through recent experience in canada and the uk although focused on outcomes we argue that australia s new workplace based mechanism under the workplace gender equality act may prove relatively ineffective in both diagnosing and remedying pay inequality in comparative perspective the fair work act provisions provide significant capacity to improve pay equity across large sectors of the labour market to date the use of these provisions point to some practical limitations in realising this potential moreover the inadequate legislative and policy integration between labour market sectoral workplace and individual approaches together with a wavering political commitment to equality legislation generally suggest gender pay inequity will remain a persistent feature of australian employment

saving two in a billion quantifying the trade effect of european food safety standards on african exports abstract a growing concern over health risks associated with food products has prompted close examination of sanitary and phytosanitary standards in industrialized countries this paper quantifies the impact of a new harmonized aflatoxin standard set by the eu on food exports from africa we employ a gravity model to estimate the impact of changes in differing levels of protection based on the eu standard in contrast to those suggested by international standards the analysis is based on trade and regulatory survey data for 15 european countries and nine african countries between 1989 and 1998 our results suggest that the implementation of the new aflatoxin standard in the eu will have a negative impact on african exports of cereals dried fruits and nuts to europe the new eu standard which would reduce health risk by approximately 1 4 deaths per billion a year will decrease these african exports by 64 or us 670 million in contrast to regulation set through an international standard

agricultural policies and trade paths in turkey in 1959 shortly after the european economic community was founded under the 1957 treaty of rome turkey applied for associate membership in the then six member common market by 1963 a path for integrating the economies of turkey and the eventual european union had been mapped as with many trade agreements agriculture posed difficult political hurdles which were never fully cleared even as trade barriers to other sectors were eventually removed and a customs union formed this essay traces the influences the turkey european union economic institutions have had on agricultural policies and the agriculture sector an applied general equilibrium framework is used to provide estimates of what including agriculture under the customs union would mean for the sector and the economy the paper also discusses the implications of fully aligning turkey s agricultural policies with the european union s common agricultural policy as would be required under full membership

gender pay gaps and the restructuring of graduate labour markets in southern europe in this article we investigate whether education job mismatches and growing occupational diversity are important explanatory factors of gender pay gaps amongst university graduates in southern europe namely in portugal spain and italy we use standard decomposition techniques and test the implications of controlling for selection bias our results indicate that over education and greater occupational segregation associated with the emergence of new graduate job profiles are important determinants of earnings inequality whilst our focus is on graduates early careers demonstrating that occupational assignment and selection into employment shape gender pay gaps amongst the highly skilled provides a more pessimistic view on the ability of educational expansion or equal pay legislation to significantly reduce gender pay inequality southern european economies are also particularly interesting to look at since there may be a greater degree of mismatch between the pace of higher education expansion and the changes in the job structure making women particularly vulnerable to over education

family policies wage structures and gender gaps sources of earnings inequality in 20 countries this study uncovers an unexpected effect of family friendly policies on women s economic attainments using hierarchical linear models the analysis combines individual level data obtained from th

explaining variation in the use of european litigation strategies european community law and british gender equality policy through the examination of one of the most successful cases of a european community ec law litigation strategy this article develops a general framework for understanding when and how the ec legal system will be successfully used by domestic groups to challenge national policy the authors show how the european legal system actually shifted the domestic balance of power in favor of equality actors allowing a previously weak domestic group to influence the united kingdom s gender equality policy at the height of conservative party rule expanding beyond the british case the article develops a series of hypotheses about when the ec legal tool is likely to be used by groups to influence national policy hypotheses that could account for cross national variation in the impact of european court of justice jurisprudence on domestic policy in areas outside of equality policy

do high performance work practices exacerbate or mitigate the gender pay gap the impact of performance oriented work practices on the gender pay gap has been the subject of considerable conjecture but little empirical investigation using the 2004 and 2011 british workplace employment relations surveys the analysis finds that whilst average earnings are significantly higher for men and women across private sector workplaces that have introduced so called high performance work practices the presence of such practices is not associated with a narrowing of the gender pay gap and if anything tends to exacerbate the differential in earnings between men and women data from the 2004 survey suggest that women are more likely to work in high performance workplaces but this is not the case for 2011 there is no evidence that gender segregation is significantly less in high performance workplaces than in workplaces taking a more traditional route policy makers and employing organisations therefore need to be careful in reconciling their performance and equality strategies in particular they need to examine whether the former are truly gender neutral this requires additional measures possibly the introduction of human resource audits in the public and private sectors

swimming upstream trends in the gender wage differential in the 1980s using michigan panel study of income dynamics data for 1979 and 1988 we analyze how a falling gender wage gap occurred despite changes in wage structure unfavorable to low wage workers the decrease is traced to gender specific factors which more than counterbalanced changes in measured and unmeasured prices working against women supply shifts net of demand were unfavorable for women generally and hurt high skilled more than middle and low skilled women by analyzing wages we find support for the notion of a gender twist in supply and demand having its largest negative effect on high skilled women

regulation distance labour segmentation and gender gaps existing theories on human capital labor market segmentation and discrimination fail to fully explain gender gaps for example the large gender gap in elite occupations where women apparently possess high labor market power this chapter seeks a more complete occupation related understanding through the interaction between labor segmentation regulation content and regulation distance the last referring to the extent to which employment of particular workers is un regulated regulation distance encompasses a continuum from regulation proximity to market proximity the domestic sphere the state unions and class relations all influence the content of regulation each of these also influences norms by which groups in power operate a greater reliance on the market does not necessarily remove pay distortions rather it might increase their impact through gendered norms