urban energy flow processes in the beijing tianjin hebei jing jin ji urban agglomeration combining multi regional input output tables with ecological network analysis abstract regional disparity is due to economic development physical geography and lifestyle jing jin ji urban agglomeration is advocating integrated development but its development is not so smooth the goals of this research are to identify the energy utilization characteristics of the three regions and their ecological roles and to promote the integrated development of this agglomeration system to do so we used the concept of urban metabolism and abstracted sectors and energy flows as nodes and paths in a network model based on multi regional input output tables in china in 2002 and 2007 the monetary values in the tables can be converted into physical units furthermore combining these tables with ecological network analysis can assess the indirect energy consumption of each sector then its embodied energy consumption will be accounted for also this method can reflect the roles producer or consumer of the three regions and of the five sectors in each region in regional energy exchanges the results showed that hebei had the largest embodied energy consumption in both years with beijing coming second the ecological roles of the three regions did not change greatly between 2002 and 2007 hebei acted as a producer and beijing and tianjin served as consumers exploitation relationships were dominant in both years this analysis provided insights that will support planning to adjust the industrial structure and future integrated development of the agglomeration

the life cycle effects of house price changes we develop a life cycle model that explicitly incorporates the dual feature of housing as both a consumption good and an investment asset our analysis indicates that the consumption and welfare consequences of house price changes on individual households vary significantly in particular the non housing consumption of young and old homeowners is much more sensitive to house price changes than that of middle aged homeowners more importantly while house price appreciation increases the net worth and consumption of all homeowners it only improves the welfare of old homeowners renters and young homeowners are worse off due to higher lifetime housing consumption costs

analysis of changing hidden energy flow in vietnam abstract the energy consumption in production process is changing especially in developing countries by substituting technology input output analysis for energy flows has been developing and is one of the best solutions for investigating macroscopic exchanges of both economy and energy since each element in the leontief inverse contains both direct and indirect effects of any change in final demand to separate those direct and indirect effects the power series expansion is available in this work the changes of embodied energy intensity in vietnam from 1996 to 2000 were analyzed using the structural decomposition and its power series expansion by illustrating the change of causal relationship between direct energy consumption and embodied energy consumption the change of hidden energy flow which indicates how the changing embodied energy builds up the change of direct energy consumption in every sector can be seen in the case study the rice processing sector which is one of the important food processing sectors in vietnam is focused by drawing a diagrammatic map for the change of hidden energy flow it is clarified that in the case of raising embodied energy intensity cultivation sector and trade and repaired service sector are the main contributors and on the contrary in the case of reducing embodied energy intensity paper pulp sector is the main contributor

inequality and rules in the governance of water resources this paper considers two types of farmer with unequal land endowments who voluntarily contribute to a joint project for the maintenance of an irrigation network the collective output water is distributed according to some allocation rule and used by each farmer in combination with land to produce a final good the analysis shows that the initial degree of inequality affects the allocation rule that maximises the amount of water collectively provided specifically two forces act in opposite directions the first effort augmenting force pushes the distribution of water towards the agent with the higher return to water in the attempt to maximise the aggregate level of effort this is the prominent force when efforts are highly substitute if efforts display some degree of complementarity the effort mix alongside with aggregate effort becomes important a second effort mix force then emerges that favours more egalitarian or even progressive water allocation rules

spatial evolution of social norms in a common pool resource game we study the conditions for the emergence of cooperation in a spatial common pool resource cpr game we consider three types of agents cooperators defectors and enforcers the role of enforcers is to punish defectors for overharvesting the resource agents are located on a circle and they only observe the actions of their two nearest neighbors their payoffs are determined by both local and global interactions and they modify their actions by imitating the strategy in their neighborhood with the highest average payoffs on average using theoretical and numerical analysis we find a large diversity of equilibria to be the outcome of the game in particular we find conditions for the occurrence of equilibria in which the three strategies coexist we also derive the stability of these equilibria finally we show that introducing resource dynamics in the system favors the occurrence of cooperative equilibria

china s balance of emissions embodied in trade approaches to measurement and allocating international responsibility international trade is characterized not only by the flow of capital and goods but also by the energy and emissions embodied in goods during their production this paper investigates the evolving role that chinese trade is playing in the response to climate change by estimating the scale of emissions embodied in china s current trade pattern and demonstrating the magnitude of the difference between the emissions it produces some of which are incurred to meet the consumption demands of the rest of the world and the emissions embodied in the goods it consumes estimating china s emissions on a consumption rather than a production basis both lowers its responsibility for carbon dioxide co2 emissions in 2006 from 5 500 to 3 840mtco2 and reduces the growth rate of emissions from an average of 12 5 per cent p a to 8 7 per cent p a between 2001 and 2006 the analysis indicates that a reliable consumption based accounting methodology is feasible and could improve our understanding of which actors and states are responsible for emissions for example recent emissions reductions by developed countries may lack credibility if production has merely been displaced to countries such as china moreover in the current institutional context production methodologies encourage leakages through trade that may do more to displace than to reduce emissions both equity and efficiency concerns therefore suggest that emissions embodied in trade should receive special attention in the distribution of post kyoto abatement burdens

examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 2 review of input output models for the assessment of environmental impacts embodied in trade this paper offers a detailed review of recently described single and multi region input output models used to assess environmental impacts of internationally traded goods and services it is the second part of a two part contribution in part 1 turner k lenzen m wiedmann t and barrett j in press examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 1 a technical note on combining input output and ecological footprint analysis ecological economics we describe how to enumerate the resource and pollution content of inter regional and inter national trade flows with the aim to illustrate an ideal accounting and modelling framework for the estimation of ecological footprints a large number of such environment economic models have been described but only in the last few years models have emerged that use a more sophisticated multi region multi sector input output framework this has been made possible through improvements in data availability and quality as well as computability we identify six major models that employ multi sector multi region input output analysis in order to calculate environmental impacts embodied in international trade results from the reviewed studies demonstrate that it is important to explicitly consider the production recipe land and energy use as well as emissions in a multi region multi sector and multi directional trade model with global coverage and detailed sector disaggregation only then reliable figures for indicators of impacts embodied in trade such as the ecological footprint can be derived

do house prices drive consumption growth the coincident cycles of house prices and consumption in the uk this paper uses a realistic structural lifecycle model of consumption and housing decisions to understand how data might distinguish different mechanisms that explain the correlation between house prices and consumption the model includes price and earnings shocks estimated from data the latter including aggregate and idiosyncratic components and incorporates realistic features of the uk mortgage market we simulate the model using more than 30 years of realized shocks and under counterfactual scenarios our results confirm the intuition of earlier studies house price shocks should have a larger effect on the consumption of older households and earnings shocks on young households

home equity in retirement retired homeowners dissave more slowly than renters which suggests that homeownership affects retirees saving decisions we investigate empirically and theoretically the life cycle patterns of homeownership housing and nonhousing assets in retirement using an estimated structural model of saving and housing decisions we find first that homeowners dissave slowly because they prefer to stay in their house as long as possible but cannot easily borrow against it second the 1996 2006 housing boom significantly increased homeowners assets these channels are quantitatively significant without considering homeownership retirees net worth would be 28 44 lower depending on age

energy embodied in the international trade of china an energy input output analysis abstract growing international trade has not only positively affected the people s republic of china s china s economic development but also expanded the exportation of energy embodied in goods during their production this energy flow out will pose risks to china s rational utilization of natural resources as well as environmental protection in this paper we evaluate the energy embodied in goods produced in china during 1992 2005 and use input output structural decomposition analysis to identify five key factors causing the changes of energy embodied in exports direct primary energy efficiency primary energy consumption structure structure of intermediate inputs structure of exports and scale of exports for the three sub periods of 1992 1997 1997 2002 and 2002 2005 results show that china is a net exporter of energy and the energy embodied in exports tends to increase over time the expanding total volume of exports and increasing exports of energy intensive goods tend to enlarge the energy embodied in exports within all three sub periods but these driving forces were offset by a considerable improvement of energy efficiency and changes in primary energy consumption structure from 1992 to 2002 and the effects of structure of intermediate input only in the sub period from 1992 to 1997 from 2002 to 2005 the sharp augmentation of energy embodied in exports was driven by all the five factors our research has practical implications for the chinese economy results of this study suggest that the energy embodied in trade should receive special attentions in energy policies design to limit the energy resource out flow and pollution generation

the tragedy of the commons and socialization theory and policy we revisit the tragedy of the commons in an dynamic overlapping generations economy peopled of shepherds who decide how many sheep they let graze on a common parcel of land while relying on di fferent forms of rationality nash players pure or impure kantian players we examine the dynamics of heterogeneity and land congestion when the prevalance of those di fferent forms of rationality evolves over time follow ing a vertical oblique socialization process a la bisin and verdier 2001 we study the impacts of a quota and of a tax on the congestion of land and we show that introducing a quota may in some cases reduce the proportion of kantians pure and impure and worsen the tragedy of commons with respect to the laissez faire finally we examine whether a government should promote either a pure or an impure kantian morality by comparing the relative fi tness of pure impure kantians and their interactions with the congestion of land

the impact of domestic trade on china s regional energy uses a multi regional input output modeling to systematically reveal how domestic trade impacts on china s regional energy uses an interprovincial input output modeling is carried out to address demand derived energy requirements for the regional economies in 2007 based on the recently available data both the energy uses embodied in final demand and interregional trade are investigated from the regional and sectoral insights significant net transfers of embodied energy flows are identified from the central and western areas to the eastern area via interregional trade shanxi is the largest energy producer and interregional embodied energy deficit receiver in contrast to guangdong as the largest energy user and surplus receiver by considering the impacts of interregional trade the energy uses of most eastern regions increase remarkably for instance shanghai hainan zhejiang beijing jiangsu and guangdong have their embodied energy requirements 87 49 19 97 13 64 12 60 6 46 and 6 38 times of their direct energy inputs respectively in contrast the embodied energy uses of some central and western regions such as inner mongolia shanxi xinjiang shaanxi and guizhou decrease largely the results help understand the hidden network linkages of interregional embodied energy flows and provide critical insight to amend china s current end reduction oriented energy policies by addressing the problem of regional responsibility transfer

the transmission of sustainable harvesting norms when agents are conditionally cooperative experimental and observational studies have highlighted the importance of agents being conditionally cooperative when facing a social dilemma we formalize this mechanism in a theoretical model that portrays a small community having joint access to a common pool resource the diffusion of norms of cooperation takes place via interpersonal relations while individual agents face the temptation of higher profits by overexploiting the resource agents remain conditionally cooperative unless other individuals are misbehaving already we can observe a bubble of conditional cooperators slowly building up followed by a sudden burst which means that a transition from a cooperative social norm to non cooperation occurs interestingly in some parameter regions alternative stable states and limit cycles arise the latter implies that the same community goes through such a transition repeatedly over long time spans history thus repeats itself in the form of the creation and erosion of social capital

booms and busts in the uk housing market the often volatile behaviour of uk house prices between 1957 and 1994 is analysed in an annual econometric model theory suggests that financial liberalisation of mortgage markets in the 1980s should have led to notable shifts in house price behaviour the evidence supports the predictions of theory suggesting shifts took place in wealth effects as in the consumption function and that real interest rates and income expectations became more important the presence of transactions costs suggests important nonlinearities in house price dynamics the paper also contains an explicit econometric treatment of expectations demography supply spillovers from the rented sector and of composition biases in the official house price index

the uk consumption boom of the late 1980s aggregate implications of microeconomic evidence two competing explanations of the uk consumer boom in the late 1980s are the financial liberalisation imperfect housing market hypothesis of muellbauer and murphy and the expectations hypothesis of king we use 15 years of family expenditure surveys and cohort analysis to investigate to what extent these two hypotheses agree with observed changes in consumption patterns we find that the housing markets explanation accounts for much of the increase by older cohorts but cannot be reconciled with the marked rise in expenditure levels of younger households a simple simulation exercise shows instead that the expectations hypothesis can generate increases of expenditure by young consumers of the magnitude observed in our data

optimal embodied energy abatement strategy for beijing economy based on a three scale input output analysis abstract energy strategies in china s 11th and 12thzfive year plan failed to reduce the total energy consumption and misled the implementation of energy saving measures as they were focused towards the direct energy input as well as formulated based on incomplete energy consumption information therefore an optimal energy abatement strategy built on comprehensive information on overall embodied energy consumption is in urgent need adopting the three scale input output analysis this study uses beijing as a case to depict a specific urban economy s overall energy consumption impacted by local direct energy use domestic and foreign trade the results show that energy embodied in domestic trade dominated beijing s energy consumption while local direct energy is accounting for less than 1 3 of beijing s total embodied energy consumption the quantity of energy embodied in imports far exceeds that embodied in exports making the city a net embodied energy importer and indicating that policies considering direct energy use only will cause energy leakage problem these findings suggest that the current measures such as displacing energy intensive sectors to other regions lead to local reduction but overall rise moreover analysis for five abatement scenarios average intensity share absolute share discriminatory absolute and discriminatory intensity was carried out to figure out the optimal abatement strategy for beijing due to less loss of potential output it is found that intensity share scenario is the optimal one among all the scenarios concerned analysis in this study suggests that each region should break limits of self centered perceptions and multi scale governance for more appropriate responsibility assignment is recommended for overall energy abatement

analysis of energy embodied in the international trade of uk interest in the role embodied energy plays in international trade and its subsequent impact on energy security has grown as a developed nation the uk s economic structure has changed from that of a primary producer to that of a primary consumer although the uk s energy consumption appears to have peaked it imports a lot of energy embodied in international trade alongside the more obvious direct energy imports the uk has seen increasing dependency on imported fossil energy since the uk became a net energy importer in 2005 in this paper an energy input output model is established to calculate not only the amount of fossil energy embodied in uk s imports and exports but also the sector and country distributions of those embodied fossil energy the research results suggest the following uk s embodied fossil energy imports have exceeded embodied fossil energy exports every year since 1997 uk embodied energy imports through the so called made in china phenomena are the largest accounting for 43 of total net fossil energy imports if net embodied fossil energy imports are considered the gap between energy consumption and production in uk is much larger than commonly perceived with subsequent implications to the uk s energy security

wealth inequality and intergenerational links previous work has had difficulty generating household saving behaviour that makes the distribution of wealth much more concentrated than that of labour earnings and that makes the richest households hold onto large amounts of wealth even during very old age i construct a quantitative general equilibrium overlapping generations model in which parents and children are linked by accidental and voluntary bequests and by earnings ability i show that voluntary bequests can explain the emergence of large estates while accidental bequests alone cannot and that adding earnings persistence within families increases wealth concentration even more i also show that the introduction of a bequest motive generates lifetime savings profiles more consistent with the data

embodied energy and intensity in china s normal and processing exports and their driving forces 2005 2015 abstract international trade has important impacts on a country s energy consumption this paper first uses the time series 2005 2015 extended input output database to study china s embodied energy and intensity in both normal and processing exports structural decomposition analysis sda is then applied to analyze the driving forces behind the embodiment changes the empirical results show that china s energy embodied in both normal and processing exports first increased in 2005 2008 dropped in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and then rose again after 2009 and finally dropped in 2014 2015 the embodied energy in trade as a percentage of total energy consumption in china was relatively stable before and after the global financial crisis at around 28 over the 2005 2008 period and 22 over the 2009 2015 period the contribution of the aggregate embodied intensity aei of exports to china s aggregate energy intensity dropped from 30 in 2005 to 21 in 2015 among china s trading partners the united states japan and korea together accounted for around half of china s embodied energy and aei in exports in 2005 but their shares dropped to only one third in 2015 energy efficiency improvement played the key role in reducing the embodied energy and intensity in china s exports similar analysis can be applied to other regions and indicators

china s changing energy intensity trend a decomposition analysis china experienced a dramatic decline in energy intensity from the onset of economic reform in the late 1970s until 2000 but since then the rate of decline slowed and energy intensity actually increased in 2003 most previous studies found that most of the decline was due to technological change but disagreed on the role of structural change to the best of our knowledge no decomposition study has investigated the role of inter fuel substitution in the decline in energy intensity or the causes of the rise in energy intensity since 2000 in this paper we use logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi techniques to decompose changes in energy intensity in the period 1980 2003 we find that 1 technological change is confirmed as the dominant contributor to the decline in energy intensity 2 structural change at the industry and sector sub industry level actually increased energy intensity over the period of 1980 2003 although the structural change at the industry level was very different in the 1980s and in the post 1990 period 3 structural change involving shifts of production between sub sectors however decreased overall energy intensity 4 the increase in energy intensity since 2000 is explained by negative technological progress 5 inter fuel substitution is found to contribute little to the changes in energy intensity

family labor supply and asset returns abstract we study how shocks to wages and asset prices affect consumption and labor supply decisions of two earner households in a life cycle framework with housing and flexible preferences we provide a micro foundation of the wealth effects on consumption and labor supply we find evidence for non separability between non durable consumption housing services and hours of work the results also highlight the importance of family labor supply in understanding how households respond to shocks to financial and housing markets

estimates of electricity saving potential in chinese nonferrous metals industry the paper analyzes the electricity saving potential of nonferrous metals industry in china the cointegration method is applied to estimate electricity intensity of chinese nonferrous metals industry in an effort to predict future electricity saving potential the results show that there is a long run equilibrium between electricity intensity and factors such as r d intensity industrial electricity price enterprise scale and labor productivity by means of scenario analysis we evaluate different possible measures that might be adopted to narrow down the electricity efficiency gap between nonferrous metals industry in china and that of japan the results indicate that more active electricity conservation policies are needed in order to reduce the electricity intensity of chinese nonferrous metals industry we also find that the electricity efficiency gap could be significantly narrowed by 2020 if proper electricity conservation policy is adopted finally based on the results of the scenario analysis future policy priorities are suggested

a note on imitation based competition in common pool resources the tragedy of the commons refers to the dissipation of common ressources when several appropriators have access to it the nash equilibrium in common pool resource games describes such an overexploitation phenomena however some empirical facts and experimental results suggest that the degradation may exceed the nash equilibrium prediction rapid exhaustion of resources can then be explained by learning processes based on imitation behavior indeed when the number of players is limited the evolutionary outcome implies a higher level of dissipation than the nash equilibrium

promises and pitfalls in environmentally extended input output analysis for china a survey of the literature abstract as the world s largest developing economy china plays a key role in global climate change and other environmental impacts of international concern environmentally extended input output analysis ee ioa is an important and insightful tool seeing widespread use in studying large scale environmental impacts in china calculating and analyzing greenhouse gas emissions carbon and water footprints pollution and embodied energy this paper surveys the published articles regarding ee ioa for china in peer reviewed journals and provides a comprehensive and quantitative overview of the body of literature examining the research impact environmental issues addressed and data utilized the paper further includes a discussion of the shortcomings in official chinese data and of the potential means to move beyond its inherent limitations

trade off analysis between embodied energy exports and employment creation in china moving towards sustainable consumption in china must factor in the drivers of production china s domestic energy demand is affected not only by domestic demand but also by foreign trade the accounting of energy embodied in china s international trade has attracted much attention in recent years in fact embodied energy imports exports are a part of the normal pattern of economic phenomena occurring through international trade with exports of embodied energy contributing significantly to china s economic development this research suggest that china s net embodied energy exports remained relatively stable before 2002 and then increased dramatically from 73 mtoe in 2002 to 502 mtoe by 2007 with an average annual growth rate of 47 2 over that period the total employment creation reliant on these exports is 191 3 million people including direct employment of 44 1 million people and indirect employment of 147 2 million people in 2007 and the total employment creation increased quickly between 2002 and 2007 with an average annual growth rate of 9 1 the share of employment created by exports in china s total employment increased from 16 5 in 1997 to 18 6 in 2002 and a more dramatic increase can be observed in 2007 of 28 1 the exports oriented sectors in china are energy intensive from the perspective of embodied energy consumption and the energy intensive exports are located in nearly the same sectors as the labor intensive exports china will find it difficult to sustain the trade off in costs due to unemployment if it wishes to reduce embodied energy exports china needs to exercise patience and long term reform to change the current development model because of its large economy and population base

primary energy and greenhouse gases embodied in australian final consumption an input output analysis input output modeling of primary energy and greenhouse gas embodiments in goods and services is a useful technique for designing greenhouse gas abatement policies the present paper describes direct and indirect primary energy and greenhouse gas requirements for a given set of australian final consumption it considers sectoral disparities in energy prices capital formation and international trade flows and it accounts for embodiments in the gross national expenditure as well as the gross domestic product primary energy and greenhouse gas intensities in terms of mj and kg co2 e are reported as well as national balances of primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions

energy requirements of sydney households supporting the lifestyles of the populations of modern cities requires vast quantities of natural resources and leads to environmental stresses such as air and water pollution research into the metabolism of cities therefore aims at understanding the physical flows into within and out of cities with a view to reducing the use of resources and the environmental impacts one important physical indicator is energy use most studies on cities only consider direct or end user energy consumption since the function of cities is to serve the lives of their residents indirect energy use in cities or energy embodied in the consumption of goods and services by its residents can be regarded as being as important as direct energy use however physical models of cities are extremely complex and have difficulty in dealing with boundary issues and hence the indirect resource requirements in this paper we use input output analysis and detailed household expenditure data to yield comprehensive energy use breakdowns for the 14 statistical subdivisions of sydney multivariate regression and structural path analysis spa are used to interpret the results clear correlations can be drawn between energy use and income household size age and degree of urbanity the structural path analysis is used to demonstrate how significant differences in lifestyles between inner and outer areas of sydney leads to different energy use characteristics this final consumption based approach to analysing the energy requirements for households has important implications for measures aimed at reducing energy use which tend to only consider direct energy use d 2004 elsevier b v all rights reserved

a model of housing in the presence of adjustment costs a structural interpretation of habit persistence building on the model of sanford j grossman and guy laroque 1990 this paper provides a model of household consumption and portfolio allocation which incorporates the role of housing as both a consumption good and as a component of wealth the model captures the following features of the household s problem a utility depends probably nonseparably on two distinct goods nondurable consumption and housing b nondurable consumption can be adjusted cost lessly but housing is subject to an adjustment cost c households face housing price risk in the sense that the relative price of housing varies over time and d in addition to the house the household can invest in a wide variety of financial assets this single reasonably tractable model generates testable implications for portfolio allocation risk aversion asset pricing and the dynamics of nondurable consumption because the original grossman and laroque model considers a utility function in which the durable good is the sole argument and thus abstracts completely from nondurable consump tion their analysis cannot address either the potential spillover effects of the adjustment costs of the durable good on the dynamics of nondurable consumption or the implications for portfolio allocation of housing risk arising from variation in the relative price of housing in addition to generating implications for issues on which the original grossman and laroque model was silent the housing model delivers a strikingly different message concerning asset pricing that is in contrast to the grossman and laroque result that the consumption based capital asset pricing model consumption capm fails the housing model implies that the consumptioncapm holds we assume that the household incurs an adjustment cost when altering the holding of the dura ble good or house although financial assets can be bought and sold costlessly consumption of the nondurable good can also be adjusted costlessly when choosing a new house the consumer takes into account the fact that the consumption of housing services will be constant at the new level until the subsequent stopping time when it is again worthwhile to incur the adjustment cost thus the home purchase decision is endogenous and fully rational but because of the adjustment cost infrequent in this continuous time setting the household s decision process has a recursive structure at each instant the household first decides whether it is optimal to sell the house immediately on those rare occasions that it is optimal to incur the adjustment cost the household sells the old house and buys a new one instantaneously if the household decides that it is not optimal to sell the house immediately it then determines its optimal holdings of financial assets and optimal level of nondurable consumption conditional on the current housing stock in essence because of the adjustment costs associated with the durable good the current

revisiting china africa trade from an environmental perspective international trade patterns can be seen as ways to redistribute natural resources and manufactured products by means of convergence and divergence pathways in support of production and consumption processes worldwide by making needed resources to potential users individuals and economies trade acts as a driver of resource extraction processing degradation especially if this is facilitated by market dynamics in which prices are determined by contingent factors that have no links to the environmental dynamics of resource generation and do not match the real quality of natural capital and ecosystems services involved a fair trade relationship should take these aspects into proper account in so promoting additional criteria for resource value and as a consequence towards efficient resource use and cleaner production processes a comprehensive cost and benefit evaluation to consider the economic and ecological impacts is therefore a much needed prerequisite for a balanced trade relationship to conduct this evaluation we firstly choose the trade data of china with south africa sudan algeria nigeria egypt and morocco in the years 2001 2004 2008 and 2012 as sample set then we apply the emergy accounting approach to the international trade dynamic between china and above selected african countries to quantify the exchange of natural capital and ecosystem services among partners including resources that support know how and technology exchange as well as to identify benefits and compensation measures that may increase trade balance and equity via the prevention of uncompensated resource exploitation by accounting for the environmental support embodied in traded resources and their capability to support an economic process the emergy approach applied in this study provides a complementary tool to economic evaluation which enables a more comprehensive understanding of trade beyond the monetary terms of trade in terms of the total emergy exchange the investigated african countries with the exception of south africa and sudan receive more emergy from china over the investigated period which appears to suggest a reversal of the typical trend in which industrialized economies exploit african countries and return small or no benefit to their economies however the composition of the emergy trade indicates that china s import from africa is mainly composed of primary products whereas manufactured products dominate its export this composition is likely to promote the chinese economy supporting resource processing and jobs as well as increase the lifestyle of the wealthy fractions of the african population as a result of increased access to consumer goods however in turn it may contribute to heavier pollution in china and certainly does not favor the development of local industry in africa thus more balanced import and export relations and trade structure that simultaneously involves human and natural capital will be helpful to construct a cooperative relationship

booms and busts consumption house prices and expectations over much of the past 25 years house price and consumption growth have been closely synchronized three main hypotheses for this have been proposed increases in house prices raise household wealth and so their consumption house price growth reduces credit constraints by increasing the collateral available to homeowners and house prices and consumption are together influenced by common factors using microeconomic data we find that the relationship between house prices and consumption is stronger for younger than older households contradicting the wealth channel we suggest that common causality has been the most important factor linking house prices and consumption

china s energy consumption under the global economic crisis decomposition and sectoral analysis abstract it is now widely recognized that there is a strong relationship between energy consumption and economic growth most countries energy demands declined during the economic depression of 2008 2009 when a worldwide economic crisis occurred as an export oriented economy china suffered a serious exports decline in the course of the crisis however it was found that energy consumption continued to increase against such a background this paper aims to assess and explain the factors causing the growth of energy consumption in china first we will explain the impact of domestic final use and international trade on energy consumption by using decomposition analysis second embodied energy and its variation across sectors are quantified to identify the key sectors contributing to the growth lastly the policy implications for long term energy conservation are discussed the results show that the decline in exports was one of the driving forces for energy consumption reduction in the crisis but that the growth of domestic demand in manufacturing and construction largely stimulated by economic stimulus plans had the opposite effect on energy consumption international trade contributed to decreasing energy consumption of china during and after the crisis because the structure of exports and imports changed in this period

trade and consumption of energy varieties empirical analysis of selected west africa economies abstract this paper examined the relationship between consumption of energy varieties total electricity and road transport and trade export and import in selected west african countries data spanning 1971 to 2010 was used to estimate vector error correction models vecm for 6 countries based on data availability empirical analysis showed that there is insignificant linkage between consumption of energy varieties and export of benin however there is a one way positive linkage running from energy varieties to import of the country for cote d ivoire energy varieties have insignificant relationship with export and import however while inverse relationship runs from export to both electricity and road transport energy consumption positive direct association runs from import to total energy and transport energy consumption with respect to ghana positive causality runs from electricity and road transport energy consumption to export however there is a significant positive feedback effect between import and electricity as well as road transport energy consumption for nigeria there is a significant positive link running from both electricity and road transport energy consumption to export and import senegal s case suggests a bi directional inverse linkage between export and total energy consumption for togo both export and import are insignificantly linked with energy use these mixed findings generate different policy implications across the selected west african countries which are well articulated in the paper

how do consumers respond to house price declines abstract movements in house prices and consumer spending are closely correlated in many developed nations much debate exists on whether this relationship is causal arising from either wealth effects or via borrowing constraints this paper uses a unique survey question on consumer responses to house price falls to explain the relationship between house price movements and consumer spending among households in the united kingdom 30 of households report they would cut back consumption as a direct response to house price falls households who reported they were borrowing constrained were much more likely to report they would cut consumption

is consumption growth consistent with intertemporal optimization evidence from the consumer expenditure survey in this paper we show that some of the predictions of models of consumer intertemporal optimization are in line with the patterns of nondurable expenditure observed in u s household level data we propose a flexible specification of preferences that allows multiple commodities and yields empirically tractable equations we estimate preference parameters using the only u s micro data set with complete consumption information we show that previous rejections can be explained by the simplifying assumptions made in previous studies we also show that results obtained using good consumption or aggregate data can be misleading

readjustment potentials in industrial energy efficiency and structure abstract with the availability of input output data for 1977 it is possible to analyze the short run effects of the 1974 energy price increase as well as other factors on the energy efficiency of the industries of the economy such an analysis is conducted here using a number of measures derived through the energy input output model attention is focused on patterns of energy use changes in energy intensities through time and the factors which underlie these changes a specific measure of the degree to which energy substitution is attributable to changes in direct and indirect energy requirements is developed and estimated results show that large changes in the economy s overall industrial energy requirements are not observed between 1963 and 1977 however for individual fuels large changes in intensity values are not at all uncommon among industries

is the uk balance of payments sustainable the uk current account deficit john muellbauer and anthony murphy the uk has a large and persistent current account deficit policy makers argue that the deficit is easily financed temporary and therefore not a sign of structural weakness we examine the conditions in which it is appropriate for a country to overspend its current income with the intention of repaying loans out of future income these include an increase in international capital mobility larger net holdings of foreign assets and expectations of faster productivity growth all three apply to the uk so official reasoning is in part correct even so for several decades there has been a trend deterioration of uk trade performance most markedly in manufacturing and we detect no underlying improvement in the 1980s we highlight structural deficiencies in both demand and supply on the demand side we show the importance of rising house prices and easier consumer credit in fuelling the consumer boom to an unwarranted extent this we trace to unjustifiable subsidies to house ownership on the supply side we stress vastly inadequate investment in skill formation education and physical capital these structural deficiencies lead us to a less optimistic view than official policy we draw the policy lessons for the uk and consider whether continental europe will face similar problems as financial markets are liberalized

what induced china s energy intensity to fluctuate 1997 2006 abstract china is the second largest energy consumer in the world during 1997 2002 china s energy intensity declined by 33 however it rose by 10 7 over 2003 2005 and declined by 1 2 in 2006 what induced china s energy intensity to fluctuate so drastically industry accounts for approximately 70 of the total energy consumption in china in this paper we decompose china s industrial energy intensity changes between 1997 and 2002 into sectoral structural effects and efficiency effects measured by sectoral energy intensities at two digit level and including the shifts of product mix in the sub sector or firm level using tornqvist and sato vartia index methods the results show that in this period efficiency effects possibly contributed to a majority of the decline while the contribution from structural effects was less during 2003 2005 the excessive expansion of high energy consuming sub sectors and the high investment ratio were foremost sources of the increasing energy intensity attributed to the government efforts the energy intensity has started to decline slightly since july 2006 in future to save more energy in addition to technical progress china should attach more importance to optimizing its sectoral structure and lowering its investment ratio

german s oil footprint an input output and structural decomposition analysis abstract it is generally thought that the country with net exports in goods is also a net exporter of energy embodied in goods in this work we report a paradox phenomenon which shows that germany was a net goods exporter but also a net importer of embodied oil based on the multi region input output model and structural decomposition analysis this paper comprehensively analyzed the changing trend and main driving factors of oil footprints in german trade the results showed that germany s embodied oil exports increased by 35 06 with the expansion of trade scale and germany s net imports of embodied oil fell by 45 49 during the study period although the focus of embodied oil transfer in trade was eu countries the embodied oil trade volume between germany and developing countries especially china grew rapidly from sectoral level heavy manufacturing and transport industry dominated more than 70 of the germany s embodied oil trade the decomposition analysis showed that the scale effect of final demand was the main factor that contributed to the growth of oil footprints in germany s international trade which offset the inhibition of oil consumption intensity the effect of production structure played an important role in the embodied oil trade and the low oil intensive industrial structure was the main reason why germany was a net importer of embodied oil

humps and bumps in lifetime consumption in this article we argue that the life cycle model that allows demographics to affect household preferences and relaxes the assumption of certainty equivalence can generate hump shaped consumption profiles over age that are very similar to those observed in household level data sources and in particular match the differences in shape across different education groups liquidity constraints or myopia are not required to explain the empirical features of observed life cycle patterns

an overview of energy consumption of the globalized world economy abstract for the globalized world economy with intensive international trade an overview of energy consumption is presented by an embodied energy analysis to track both direct and indirect energy uses based on a systems input output simulation in 2004 the total amounts of energy embodied in household consumption government consumption and investment are 7749 874 and 2009 mtoe million tons of oil equivalent respectively the united states is shown as the world s biggest embodied energy importer 683 mtoe and embodied energy surplus receiver 290 mtoe in contrast to china as the biggest exporter 662 mtoe and deficit receiver 274 mtoe energy embodied in consumption per capita varies from 0 05 uganda to 19 54 toe rest of north america based on a forecast for 2005 2035 china is to replace the united states as the world s leading embodied energy consumer in 2027 when its per capita energy consumption will be one quarter of that of the united states

total factor energy efficiency of regions in china abstract this paper analyzes energy efficiencies of 29 administrative regions in china for the period 1995 2002 with a newly introduced index most existing studies of regional productivity and efficiency neglect energy inputs we use the data envelopment analysis dea to find the target energy input of each region in china at each particular year the index of total factor energy efficiency tfee then divides the target energy input by the actual energy input in our dea model labor capital stock energy consumption and total sown area of farm crops used as a proxy of biomass energy are the four inputs and real gdp is the single output the conventional energy productivity ratio regarded as a partial factor energy efficiency index is computed for comparison in contrast to tfee our index is found fitting better to the real case according to the tfee index rankings the central area of china has the worst energy efficiency and its total adjustmentof energy consumption amount is over half of china s total regional tfee in china generally improved during the research period except for the western area a u shape relation between the area s tfee and per capita income in the areas of china is found confirming the scenario that energy efficiency eventually improves with economic growth

sustainable resource use and economic dynamics we argue that the sustainable use of natural resources has to be placed in a dynamic perspective both in theoretical modelling and in applied research this can be achieved by applying endogenous growth theory and other recent advances in dynamic theory in this paper we discuss five contributions that combine the topics of natural resource use and economic dynamics in particular we show the common features of these contributions thereby providing an overview of a very active and promising research area

measuring structural change and energy use decomposition of the us economy from 1997 to 2002 abstract the steadily increasing focus on energy production and consumption has led to growing research attention to patterns of energy use within economies of particular interest has been comparing the driving forces of increasing efficiency and economic structural change input output analysis ioa and decomposition analysis have become critical tools for performing such analyses this study analyzes aggregate energy use in the united states in 1997 and 2002 to discover the causes of changing energy usage and flows results show that rising population and household consumption acted to drive up energy demand but this driving force was offset by considerable structural change within the economy particularly related to a quickly increasing trade deficit in manufacturing goods thus while total energy intensity the ratio of energy use to economic output declined by approximately 12 between 1997 and 2002 changes in the structure of the economy explain this drop more than increased energy efficiency the level of aggregation at which decomposition analyses are run was identified as a crucially sensitive parameter for the determination of structural change and future studies should specifically address the amount of detail necessary to adequately measure changes in economic structure

the coevolution of economic institutions and sustainable consumption via cultural group selection abstract empirical research has identified various institutions that improve resource longevity by supporting individual resource conservation however the mechanisms by which these institutions emerge have not been established we speculate that economic institutions which support resource conservation such as property regimes and systems of production may emerge via a process of cultural group selection amongst social ecological systems to explore this proposition we develop a multilevel selection model of resource management institutions with endogenous group dynamics the endogenous design permits us to determine whether a given social adaptation is due to individual or group level evolution we demonstrate how resource conservation and supporting economic institutions coevolve and reveal when cultural group selection is involved in the model sustainable societies emerge in only a minority of cases simulations reveal that property norms facilitate sustainable outcomes most followed by social group marking and production norms we describe the institutional transitions which occur along the evolutionary trajectory most likely to achieve sustainability analysis of the model reveals that when groups compete indirectly for survival in a harsh environment cultural group selection favors institutions that support resource conservation however when groups compete for abundant resources institutions emerge to support overconsumption

on the application of input output analysis to energy issues abstract the paper develops a static input output i o framework for analysing energy issues in the short run in addition to reviewing the conventional static i o model the paper discusses two problems in its applications i interdependence between the projected sectoral output in the multiplier analysis and ii definition of substitution effect in changing the energy input coefficient the corresponding modifications will be analysed an unconventional supply driven i o model is also discussed here in order to improve the completeness on the application of the input output model

structural decompositions of energy consumption between 1995 and 2009 evidence from wiod abstract energy is key to achieving sustainable development this paper explicitly distinguishes between the supply side of energy consumption and demand side of energy consumption and investigates the factors that affect the energy consumption across economies using data from the world input output database wiod this paper decomposes the relative changes of energy consumption into intensity effect production structure structural change in final demand total final demand effect and household consumption then it further decomposes production structure into inter industry structural effect and trade effect in intermediate inputs overall energy consumption growth is mainly driven by total final demand 55 04 increase at the world level but can be significantly reduced by intensity effect due to technological change 21 02 decrease at the world level there is heterogeneity of structure related effects across economies and within the same economy in both aspects of energy consumption in addition the trade effect and household effect are relatively small this paper provides an empirical framework for analyzing energy consumption in a globalizing world and suggests tailored and integrated energy policies

relationship between energy intensity and economic growth new evidence from a multi country multi sector data set this paper revisits the relationship between energy intensity and economic growth using a flexible piecewise linear regression model based on a panel data set of 137 economies during 1990 2014 the analysis identifies a threshold effect of income growth on energy intensity change although energy intensity is negatively correlated with income growth throughout the entire sample and study period the declining rate significantly slows by more than 30 percent after the level of per capita income reaches 5 000 based on index decomposition the analysis also finds that although structural change is important for intensity levels in all countries the efficiency effect is more important in higher income countries the results suggest that when countries move beyond lower middle income levels energy efficiency policies become far more critical for sustaining the rate of improvement in energy efficiency

emergy network analysis of chinese sectoral ecological sustainability abstract ecological sustainability of the chinese economy is vital for china as well as for the world by integrating environmental input output analysis emergy theory and a complex network model into one framework this paper explores chinese sectoral ecological sustainability with the most recent 2012 input output table the results show that there are significant differences in emergy intensities among sectors the non metal mining sector is the most emergy intensive sector at 6 06e 17 sej 10000 yuan followed by the metal mining sector additionally output connections have a positive impact on the emergy yield ratio input connections exert a negative impact on the emergy yield ratio and pagerank centrality has a positive effect on the environmental loading ratio this paper updates the chinese sectoral emergy assessment identifies key sectors in the chinese ecological network and analyzes the impact of network indicators on sectoral emergy performance these analyses will be useful in updating the guide for adjusting industrial structure in china

factors shaping aggregate energy intensity trend for industry energy intensity versus product mix understanding the mechanisms of change of energy consumption in industry has attracted much attention since the 1973 world oil crisis a popular line of research has been to decompose changes in the aggregate energy intensity of industry to give the relative impacts arising from energy intensity change and product mix change using a decomposition technique many empirical studies covering a large number of countries have been reported the main objective of this paper is to put together the empirical results reported in these studies in a coherent framework and identify possible systematic features of particular interest are the basic trends in this line of research the relative importance of energy intensity change and product mix change possible variations over time and between country groups in the energy impacts of these changes and inconsistencies in findings among studies an overview of the decomposition technique including its strengths weaknesses and role in industrial energy consumption studies is also presented

promoting green productivity growth for china s industrial exports evidence from a hybrid input output model abstract stimulated by low labor cost and loose environmental regulations china s industrial exports have benefited significantly since joining the world trade organization wto however the extensive growth model in the past several decades has led to environmental degradation china is now shifting her development pattern to a more sustainable model using a hybrid input output model this paper found that total energy coefficients fell sharply between 1997 and 2002 and 2007 and 2012 the total energy consumption and co2 emission embodied in china s industrial exports grew by more than 100 from 2002 to 2007 with little variation from 2007 to 2012 subsequently malmquist luenberger productivity index mlpi is employed to assess the green productivity growth in the sector the decomposition of the mlpi is further conducted this suggests that efficiency changes from 2002 to 2007 and 2007 to 2012 are lower than 1 indicating that technical change is the main contributor to mlpi finally policy implications are provided with emphasis on dissemination of new conservation technologies

structural path and decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy intensities in china 2012 2017 abstract the dependence of the economic development of a region on its energy consumption is a major challenge for developing countries the aggregate embodied energy intensity aei based on an input output framework reflects the interaction between regional economy and energy consumption driven by final demand studying the change in aei from the perspective of sector production and final demand can effectively control the source and trend of energy intensity change in order to control the growth of energy intensity however there is a relative lack of studies determining the causes of aei changes from the perspective of sectors and final demands this study attempted to identify the influencing factors of aei changes and establish an aei based environmental policy in china a multiplicative structural decomposition analysis and a structural path analysis were used to study the aei under conditions of different final demands sectors and transmission layers along with the factors influencing aei changes in china from 2012 to 2017 our results indicate that the final demand category of gross fixed capital formation made the largest contribution to aei changes in 2012 and 2017 and the multiplicative intensity factor significantly inhibited the decrease in aei among the sectors studied only a few were found to significantly affect the change in aei with s11 processing of petroleum coking and nuclear fuel s12 chemical industry and s14 smelting and rolling of metals being the key sectors that input high energy consumption products to other sectors

tightening belts to buy a home consumption responses to rising housing prices in urban china abstract this paper measures the impact of housing price changes on household consumption at the city level using the universe of credit and debit card transactions in china from 2011 to 2013 in sharp contrast to the literature on the us housing market our analysis shows a large and negative housing price elasticity of consumption a 10 increase in housing prices would lead to a 9 reduction in non housing spending we argue that the negative elasticity is driven by the combination of a strong investment incentive in housing and heavy borrowing constraints faced by households this finding is corroborated by the fact that households increase their savings as housing prices increase our analysis suggests that the negative impact of housing price increases on consumption was an important factor behind the low growth rate in household consumption relative to the growth of disposal income during the sample period

input output simulations of energy environment economy interactions in the uk this paper shows how a number of the complex interrelationships between energy environment and economic welfare can be investigated with the aid of a 10 sector input output i o model of the uk with pollution emission coefficients and a european sulphur deposition vector the paper reviews relevant past applications of i o analysis in the energy environment area and describes the endam program and its operation it is used to simulate the effects of a variety of policies and possibilities not only through changes in exogenous variables final demand and income taxes and transfers but also through changes in the structural matrices and their coefficients in each case the full effects direct indirect and income induced can be traced and the changes in comparative static equilibrium values discovered in this way policy issues connected with energy use and environmental impacts employment and economic welfare have been investigated

the effect of trade between china and the uk on national and global carbon dioxide emissions we estimate the amount of carbon dioxide embodied in bi lateral trade between the uk and china in 2004 developing and applying the method of shui and harriss 2006 tile role of co2 embodiment in us china trade energy policy 34 4063 4068 the most recently available data on trade and co2 emissions have been updated and adjusted to calculate the co2 emissions embodied in the commodities traded between china and the uk it was found that through trade with china the uk reduced its co2 emissions by approximately 11 in 2004 compared with a non trade scenario in which the same type and volume of goods are produced in the uk in addition due to the greater carbon intensity and relatively less efficient production processes of chinese industry china uk trade resulted in an additional 117 mt of co2 to global co2 emissions in the same one year period compared with a non trade scenario in which the same type and volume of goods are produced in the uk this represents an additional 19 to the reported national co2 emissions of the uk 555 mt y in 2004 and 0 4 of global emissions these findings suggest that through international trade very significant environmental impacts can be shifted front one country to another and that international trade can but does not necessarily result in globally increased greenhouse gas emissions these results are additional to the environmental consequences of transporting goods which are not robustly quantified here c 2008 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

can an emission trading scheme promote the withdrawal of outdated capacity in energy intensive sectors a case study on china s iron and steel industry abstract outdated capacity and substantial potential for energy conservation are the two main features of energy intensive sectors in developing countries such countries also seek to implement market based options to further control domestic carbon emissions as well as to promote the withdrawal of outdated capacity and upgrade production level this paper presents a quantitative assessment of the emission trading scheme ets for china s iron and steel industry the diverse array of normal and outdated capacities was modeled in a two country three good partial equilibrium model simulation results show that the abatement potential can be underestimated if the energy saving effects that result from emission abatement are not considered in the scenario analysis we demonstrated that the free allocation of allowances can cause a competitiveness distortion among domestic normal and outdated capacities given the government s intention to promote outdated capacity withdrawal and production level upgrading an output based allocation approach is strongly suggested for china s iron and steel sector

has energy conservation been an effective policy for thailand an input output structural decomposition analysis from 1995 to 2010 abstract thailand has depended heavily on imported fossil fuels since the 1990s which hindered the nation s economic development because it created uncertainty in the nation s fuel supply an energy conservation policy was implemented in 1995 to require industries to reduce their energy intensity ei and consumption immediately this study investigates the effectiveness of the policy between 1995 and 2010 using the hybrid input output approach surprisingly ei improvement was observed in only a few sectors such as transportation non metallic paper and textile an embodied energy decomposition analysis revealed that while households were the largest energy consumer in 1995 energy consumption in exports exceeded that of households in 2000 2005 and 2010 in addition structural decomposition analysis revealed the final demand effect was the strongest factor in determining the efficacy of energy conservation whereas the energy efficiency effect was not an effective factor as expected for decreasing energy consumption policy barriers and conflicting economic plans were factors that affected the outcome of these energy policies

energy requirements of consumption urban form climatic and socio economic factors rebounds and their policy implications household consumption requires energy to be used at all stages of the economic process thereby directly and indirectly leading to environmental impacts across the entire production chain the levels structure and determinants of energy requirements of household consumption therefore constitute an important avenue of research incorporating the full upstream requirements into the analysis helps to avoid simplistic conclusions which would actually only imply shifts between consumption categories without taking the economy wide effects into account this paper presents the investigation of the direct and indirect primary energy requirements of australian households contrasting urban suburban and rural consumption patterns as well as inter and intra regional levels of inequality in energy requirements furthermore the spatial and socio economic drivers of energy consumption for different categories of energy requirements are identified and quantified conclusions regarding the relationships between energy requirements household characteristics urban form and urbanization processes are drawn and the respective policy implications are explored

energy requirements of households in brazil abstract in this study we determine the total direct plus indirect energy requirements of a given set of brazilian households we use a generalized input output model in order to calculate the energy embodied in goods and services purchased by households of different income level in 11 capital cities of brazil our results show that on average the total energy intensity of household expenditure increases with income level although there is a considerable spread in energy intensities within income classes as well as disparities between regions of the country the total yearly average energy requirement per household in brazil in 1995 96 was 173 6 gj 61 of which was indirect with 32 8 gj for the lower income level 66 of which was indirect and 602 2 gj for the higher income level 62 of which was indirect of this total average energy requirement 76 was required for only three consumption categories utilities 31 mobility 28 and shelter 17 this analysis calls for the attention that has to be given not only to the direct energy consumption as motor fuels and electricity for example but also to the consumption categories that encompass an important part of the indirect energy requirement of households in capital cities in brazil

the spending and debt response to minimum wage hikes abstract immediately following a minimum wage hike household income rises on average by about 250 per quarter and spending by roughly 700 per quarter for households with minimum wage workers most of the spending response is caused by a small number of households who purchase vehicles furthermore we find that the high spending levels are financed through increases in collateralized debt our results are consistent with a model where households can borrow against durables and face costs of adjusting their durables stock jel d12 d14 d91 j38

houses as atms mortgage refinancing and macroeconomic uncertainty we estimate a structural model of household liquidity management in the presence of long term mortgages households face counter cyclical idiosyncratic labor income uncertainty and borrowing constraints which aect optimal choices of leverage precautionary saving in liquid assets and illiquid home equity debt repayment mortgage renancing and default taking the observed historical path of house prices aggregate

energy and carbon embodied in the international trade of brazil an input output approach abstract all goods and services produced in an economy are directly and or indirectly associated with energy use and according to the type of fuel utilized with co2 emissions as well international trade is an important factor in shaping the industrial structure of a country and consequently in affecting a country s energy use and co2 emissions this study applies input output techniques to the brazilian economy to evaluate the total impacts of international trade on its energy use and co2 emissions a commodity by industry io model in hybrid units energy commodities in physical units and non energy commodities in monetary units is applied to the brazilian economy in 1995 results show that total energy embodied in the exports of non energy goods of brazil equals 831 pj while total carbon embodied is 13 5 mtc these amounts are larger than the relevant amounts embodied in the imports of non energy goods respectively 679 pj and 9 9 mtc these figures are better understood by contrasting them with the total energy use and the corresponding total carbon emissions of the brazilian economy in 1995 estimated by this work 6781 pj and 99 4 mtc respectively this means that international inflows and outflows of energy embodied in non energy goods are in the order of 10 and 12 of the total energy use while inflows and outflows of carbon embodied in non energy goods are approximately 10 and 14 of the corresponding total carbon emissions of the brazilian economy in 1995 the general picture is that brazil is not only a net exporter of energy 153 pj and of carbon 3 6 mtc embodied in the non energy goods internationally traded by the country in 1995 but also that each dollar earned with exports embodied 40 more energy and 56 more carbon than each dollar spent on imports these findings suggest that brazilian policy makers should be concerned about the extra impacts international trade policy may have on energy use and carbon emissions of the country

consumption responses to a large shock to financial wealth evidence from italy we estimate marginal propensities to consume from wealth shocks for italian households early in the great recession large asset price shocks in 2007 2008 underpin instrumental variables a euro fall in risky financial wealth resulted in cuts in annual total non durable consumption of 8 5 9 5 5 5 7 cents we find small effects on food spending counterfactuals indicate financial wealth effects were relatively important for consumption falls in italy in 2007 08 the estimated effects are consistent with a simulated lifecycle model that captures the wealth shock also consistent with the model are findings of stronger wealth effects for agents who were pessimistic about stock returns

changes in carbon intensity in china empirical findings from 1980 2003 china experienced sustainable rapid economic growth over the period 1980 2003 but at the same time energy related carbon intensity showed a downward trend it begs the question therefore what factors were driving this decline in carbon intensity and will this decline be maintained in future moreover what measures can be adopted to ensure a continual decline in carbon intensity these questions led to increased research in the factors governing co2 emission in china this paper quantifies the driving force behind china s primary energy related carbon intensity and measures the material production sectors final energy related carbon intensity our results show that the overwhelming contributor to the decline of energy related carbon intensity was the reduction in real energy intensity however policies that focus only on the decline in energy intensity are insufficient to further decrease carbon intensity the change of primary energy mix can improve the decline of carbon intensity this should focus on the material production sectors development strategies and final energy use greater emphasis should be given to secondary industry which needs national and regional governments policy support

an analysis of co2 emissions of japanese industries during the period between 1985 and 1995 this paper examines the factors that have an effect on co2 emissions produced by japanese industries between 1985 and 1995 by using input output tables the effects of environmental technological changes etc and production technological changes ptc on co2 emissions are considered separately furthermore backward and forward linkage effects in each sector that shows the extent to which each sector spreads or receives co2 emissions impacts across all of sectors will be calculated the results show that both types of technologies contributed to a decrease in co2 emissions during the bubble economy of the late 1980s but not during the recession of the early 1990s trade factors succeeded in decreasing co2 emissions in both periods thus trade structures facilitated the turning of japan into a net importer of co2 emissions between 1985 and 1995 the backward and forward linkage effects also decreased during the boom of the late in 1980s but not the recession of the early 1990s while the chemical products and electrical machinery sectors continued to reduce both effects this indicates that both sectors were relatively successful in decreasing their co2 emissions impacts between 1985 and 1995

house prices and consumer spending recent empirical work shows large consumption responses to house price movements this is at odds with a prominent theoretical view which using the logic of the permanent income hypothesis argues that consumption responses should be small we show that in contrast to this view workhorse models of consumption with incomplete markets calibrated to rich cross sectional micro facts actually predict large consumption responses in line with the data to explain this result we show that consumption responses to permanent house price shocks can be approximated by a simple and robust rule of thumb formula the marginal propensity to consume out of temporary income times the value of housing in our model consumption responses depend on a number of factors such as the level and distribution of debt the size and history of house price shocks and the level of credit supply each of these effects is naturally explained with our simple formula

evaluating the effects of embodied energy in international trade on ecological footprint in china based on sub sectoral level of economy and detailed traded items embodied energy ee in international trade flow in china is estimated during 1996 2004 and the effects of ee on sustainability are quantified by using one of the most popular indicators ecological footprint ef a framework of ef method which is more relevant to realism of specific country is proposed in this paper the results show that china is a net importer of ee during the period covered by this study except for the year from 1997 to 1999 imported exported and net imported ee tends to increase sharply along time series net imported energy would increase 38 and energy consumption would increase 2 8 in 2004 if ee were taken into account footprint energy is the most important part of ef components and is significantly affected by ee and the effects of ee on ef are similar to that of footprint energy footprint energy ef and ecological deficit of 2004 will be underestimated about 2 92 1 36 2 83 respectively if ee is not taken into the national energy budget continuous increase of ef and ecological deficit along time series indicates that china is moving away from sustainability 1 47 times chinese territories are accurately occupied by china in 1996 while 1 71 times in 2004 obviously unsustainability procedure of china is accelerated by ee the contribution of ee to ef and ecological deficit is small in absolute terms expressed in per capita but the effects on whole nation are huge if the population of china multiplies them to curb the increase of ef and ecological deficit and to achieve the goal of sustainability some policy and measures are also proposed c 2006 elsevier b v all rights reserved

carbon dioxide emissions in the u s economy a structural decomposition analysis this paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of various influences on carbon dioxide emissions it incorporates methodological refinements of input output structural decomposition analysis which is the examination of economic change by means of a set of comparative static variations in key parameters of i o tables the analysis is performed using a two tiered klem model which allows for estimation of substitution and technological change effects within and between input aggregates the model is used to decompose the sources of change in co2 emissions in the u s over the 1972 82 timeframe using hybrid energy value tables for the initial and terminal years results show the significant effect of substitution within the energy sector and between energy and other inputs as the leading causes of the decline in carbon dioxide emissions

co2 emissions embodied in china us trade input output analysis based on the emergy dollar ratio to gain insight into changes in co2 emissions embodied in china us trade an input output analysis based on the emergy dollar ratio edr is used to estimate embodied co2 emissions a structural decomposition analysis sda is employed to analyze the driving factors for changes in co2 emissions embodied in china s exports to the us during 2002 2007 the results of the input output analysis show that net export of co2 emissions increased quickly from 2002 to 2005 but decreased from 2005 to 2007 these trends are due to a reduction in total co2 emission intensity a decrease in the exchange rate and small imports of embodied co2 emissions the results of the sda demonstrate that total export volume was the largest driving factor for the increase in embodied co2 emissions during 2002 2007 followed by intermediate input structure direct co2 emissions intensity had a negative effect on changes in embodied co2 emissions the results suggest that china should establish a framework for allocating emission responsibilities enhance energy efficiency and improve intermediate input structure

the role of co2 embodiment in us china trade abstract this study examines the influence of us china trade on national and global emissions of carbon dioxide co2 the three basic questions are as follows 1 what amount of co2 emissions is avoided in the us by importing chinese goods 2 how much are co2 emissions in china increased as a result of the production of goods for export to the us and 3 what are the impacts of us china trade on global co2 emissions our initial findings reveal that during 1997 2003 1 us co2 emissions would have increased from 3 to 6 if the goods imported from china had been produced in the us 2 about 7 14 of china s current co2 emissions were a result of producing exports for us consumers and 3 us china trade has increased global co2 emissions by an estimated 720 million metric tons we suggest that the export of us technologies and expertise related to clean production and energy efficiency to china could be a win win strategy for both countries for reducing their trade imbalance and mitigating global co2 emissions improved international accounting methodologies for assigning responsibility for co2 emissions must be designed to account for the dynamic nature of international trade

green growth planning a multi factor energy input output analysis of the canadian economy abstract incorporating socioeconomic and environmental considerations into energy decisions is necessary when tackling climate change and accelerating green growth in this work we propose a novel extension of the multi factor energy input output model to support evidence informed energy policy making and green growth planning through the introduction of eight different multipliers and two green growth indexes we demonstrate the approach through application at the national scale in canada in particular we quantitatively assess the extent to which changes in final demand impact the domestic and imported primary and renewable energy flows co2 emissions economic expansion and energy job earnings the results point to a potential path of green growth in canada prioritizing activities that generate economic and job growth at minimal environmental pressure i e fewer co2 emissions economic activities that are critical for stimulating green growth in the short to medium run are identified and recommendations are made regarding a longer structural change path for improving the supply chains of other economic activities this work provides insights to decision makers seeking strategies e g policy reforms or targeted public expenditure strategies to accelerate green growth planning on a national scale

energy intensity and embodied energy flow in australia an input output analysis abstract decoupling energy use from economic growth is critical for improving energy productivity and mitigating climate change input output databases have been increasingly utilised for consumption based energy accounting and for exploring both the direct and indirect influence of energy use this study performed an environmentally extended input output analysis of energy use in australia from 2006 to 2015 to investigate the total energy intensity of industry sectors and the embodied energy flow from sources of energy use to the final consumption of commodities between 2006 and 2015 the national direct energy intensity reduced by an average of 2 per annum nearly all industry sectoral groups reduced their total energy intensity because of direct energy intensity reduction from other or within industry sectoral groups the difference between the embodied energy use in the import and the export had widened making australia a greater net importer of embodied energy with significant outsourcing of direct energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions despite a slight reduction in per capita direct household energy use 3 the per capita indirect energy use embodied in household commodity consumption increased by 7 as indirect household energy use is more than three times direct household energy use improving end use energy efficiency should also consider the embodied energy in commodities structural decomposition analysis shows that for the studied period population growth and per capita demand for imported commodities are two major contributors for the increased total embodied energy in australia

the evolution of social norms in common property resource use the problem of extracting commonly owned renewable resources is examined within an evolutionary game theoretic framework it is shown that cooperative behavior guided by norms of restraint and punishment may be stable in a well defined sense against invasion by narrowly self interested behavior the resource stock dynamics are integrated with the evolutionary game dynamics effects of changes in prices technology and social cohesion on extraction behavior and the long run stock are analyzed when threshold values of the parameters are crossed social norms can break down leading generally to the lowering of the long run stock and possibly to its extinction copyright 1996 by american economic association

structural decomposition analysis of physical flows in the economy many environmental problems can be attributedto the extraction and emissions of physicalsubstances increasing our understanding of theeconomic and technological driving forcesbehind these physical flows can contribute tosolving the environmental problems related tothem the input output framework is a usefulsetting in which to integrate detailedinformation about economic structure andphysical flows in this article a specificmethod in input output analysis is reviewed namely structural decomposition analysis sda it is based on comparative static analysis which decomposes historical changes of a policyvariable into determinant effects sda has beenapplied for example to analyze the demand andtechnological driving forces of energy use co2 emissions and various other pollutantsand resources this article examines thetheoretical aspects of structuraldecomposition in particular those concerningphysical flows and environmental issues furthermore the article includes an extensivesurvey of empirical studies