target zones and interest rate variability abstract for narrow exchange rate bands and for reasonable parameter values the interest rate differential s asymptotic unconditional variability is increasing in the width of the exchange rate band whereas for wide exchange rate bands it is slowly decreasing in the exchange rate band the interest rate differential s instantaneous conditional variability is decreasing in the width of the exchange rate band a narrow target zone differs from a completely fixed exchange rate regime in that the interest rate differential s instantaneous standard deviation is high and even increases when the zone narrows

optimal interest rate rules asset prices and credit frictions we study optimal taylor type interest rate rules in an economy with credit market imperfections our analysis builds on the agency cost framework of carlstrom and fuerst 1997 agency costs net worth and business fluctuations a computable general equilibrium analysis american economic review 87 893 910 which we extend in two directions first we embed monopolistic competition and sticky prices second we modify the stochastic structure of the model in order to generate a countercyclical premium on external finance this is achieved by linking the mean distribution of investment opportunities faced by entrepreneurs to aggregate total factor productivity we model monetary policy in terms of simple welfare maximizing interest rate rules we find that monetary policy should respond to increases in asset prices by lowering interest rates however when monetary policy responds strongly to inflation the marginal welfare gain of responding to asset prices vanishes within the class of linear interest rate rules that we analyze a strong anti inflationary stance always attains the highest level of welfare

the ir relevance of real wage rigidity in the new keynesian model with search frictions we explore the role of real wage dynamics in a new keynesian business cycle model with search and matching frictions in the labor market both job creation and destruction are endogenous we show that the model generates counterfactual inflation and labor market dynamics in particular it fails to generate a beveridge curve vacancies and unemployment are positively correlated introducing real wage rigidity leads to a negative correlation and increases the magnitude of labor market flows to more realistic values however inflation dynamics are only weakly affected by real wage rigidity this is because of the presence of labor market frictions which generate long run employment relationships the measure of real marginal cost that is relevant for inflation dynamics via the phillips curve contains a dynamic component that does not necessarily move with real wages

optimal monetary policy in a small open economy with home bias we analyze optimal monetary policy in a small open economy characterized by home bias in consumption peculiar to our framework is the application of a ramseytype analysis to a model of the recent open economy new keynesian literature we show that home bias in consumption is a su cient condition for inducing the monetary policy maker of an open economy to deviate from a strategy of strict markup stabilization and contemplate some optimal degree of exchange rate stabilization we focus on the optimal setting of policy both in the case of rms setting prices one period in advance and in a gradual fashion subject to adjustment costs while the rst setup allows us to analytically highlight home bias as an independent source of equilibrium

target zones and exchange rate dynamics this paper develops a simple model of exchange rate behavior under a target zone regime it shows that the expectation that monetary policy will be adjusted to limit exchange rate variation affects exchange rate behavior even when the exchange rate lies inside the zone and is thus not being defended actively somewhat surprisingly the analysis of target zones turns out to have a strong formal similarity to problems in option pricing and investment under uncertainty

job destruction and propagation of shocks this paper considers propagation of aggregate shocks in a dynamic general equilibrium model with labor market matching and endogenous job destruction cyclical fluctuations in the job destruction rate magnify the output effects of shocks as well as making them much more persistent interactions between capital adjustment and the job destruction rate play an important role in generating persistence propagation effects are shown to be quantitatively substantial when the model is calibrated using job flow data incorporating costly capital adjustment leads to significantly greater propagation

how long do unilateral target zones last abstract we examine the expected survival time of a unilateral exchange rate target zone when constraints on monetary policy prevent the central bank from exclusively focusing on defending the target zone generally the width of the target zone has a negligible effect on the expected survival time and the dominant determinants are reserve levels and the degree of real and monetary divergence between the country in question and the rest of the world for seemingly realistic parameters the expected survival time is fairly long a few decades rather than a few years

spurious welfare reversals in international business cycle models several papers have documented spurious welfare reversals incompletemarkets economy produces a higher level of welfare than the completemarkets economy this paper first demonstrates how conventional linearization can generate approximation errors that can result in welfare reversals using a two country production economy we argue that spurious welfare reversals are not only possible but also plausible under reasonable values for model parameters this paper then proposes an approximation method that modifies the conventional linearization by a bias correction this method can be easily implemented and approximates welfare as accurately as a second order perturbation method

price stability in open economies this paper studies the conditions under which price stability is the optimal policy in a two country open economy model with imperfect competition and price stickiness special conditions on the levels of country specific distortionary taxation and the intratemporal and intertemporal elasticities of substitution need to be satisfied these restrictions apply to both cooperative and non cooperative settings most importantly we show that cooperative and non cooperative solutions do not coincide despite market completeness and producer currency pricing in this framework our analysis suggests a role for international policy coordination

new keynesian phillips curve with bertrand competition and endogenous entry abstract we derive a new keynesian phillips curve under calvo staggered pricing and endogenous market structures with bertrand competition both strategic interactions and endogenous business creation strengthen the nominal rigidities price adjusters change their prices less when there are more direct competitors that do not adjust which reduces the slope of the phillips curve current and future firms entering in the markets decrease current inflation because they reduce markups and the welfare based price index endogenous entry amplifies the impact of both monetary and supply shocks we also characterize the optimal social planner allocation that can be replicated with a labor subsidy and a dividend tax both decreasing in the number of firms and zero producer price inflation the optimal ramsey allocation implies zero inflation tax in steady state

testing for indeterminacy an application to u s monetary policy reply this paper considers a prototypical new keynesian model in which the equilibrium is undetermined if monetary policy is passive the likelihood based estimation of dynamic equilibrium models is extended to allow for indeterminacies and sunspot fluctuations we construct posterior weights for the determinacy and indeterminacy region of the parameter space and estimates for the propagation of fundamental and sunspot shocks according to the estimated model u s monetary policy post 1982 is consistent with determinacy whereas the pre volcker policy is not we find that before 1979 indeterminacy substantially altered the propagation of shocks

optimal monetary policy in a phillips curve world abstract in this paper we study optimal monetary policy in a model that integrates the modern theory of unemployment with a liquidity model of monetary transmission two policy environments are considered period by period optimization time consistency and full commitment ramsey allocation when the economy is subject to productivity shocks the optimal policy is pro cyclical we also characterize the long term properties of monetary policy and show that with commitment the optimal inflation rate is inversely related to the bargaining power of workers both results find empirical support in the data

real wage rigidities and the new keynesian model most central banks perceive a trade off between stabilizing inflation and stabilizing the gap between output and desired output however the standard new keynesian framework implies no such trade off in that framework stabilizing inflation is equivalent to stabilizing the welfare relevant output gap in this paper we argue that this property of the new keynesian framework which we call the divine coincidence is due to a special feature of the model the absence of nontrivial real imperfections we focus on one such real imperfection namely real wage rigidities when the baseline new keynesian model is extended to allow for real wage rigidities the divine coincidence disappears and central banks indeed face a trade off between stabilizing inflation and stabilizing the welfare relevant output gap we show that not only does the extended model have more realistic normative implications but it also has appealing positive properties in particular it provides a natural interpretation for the dynamic inflation unemployment relation found in the data

unions power collective bargaining and optimal monetary policy we study ramsey policies and optimal monetary policy rules in a model with sticky prices and unionized labour markets collective wage bargaining and unions monopoly power dampen wage uctuations and amplify employment uctuations relatively to a dnk model the optimal

gaps and triangles we derive principles of optimal short run monetary policy in a real business cycles model with money and prices set in advance the optimal allocation is achieved under the friedman rule however given that policy the allocation is indeterminate we move away from the friedman rule take the interest rate path as exogenous and characterize the optimal money supply policy we identify the conditions under which it is optimal to replicate the allocation under exible prices in general sticky prices provide the planner with tools to improve upon a distorted exible prices allocation

ghg emissions control and monetary policy this paper examines the optimal environmental and monetary policy mix in a new keynesian model embodying pollutant emissions abatement technology and environmental damage the optimal response of the economy to productivity shocks is shown to depend crucially on the instruments policy makers have available the intensity of the distortions they have to address i e imperfect competition costly price adjustment and negative environmental externality and the way they interact

macroeconomic stabilization in developing economies are optimal policies procyclical abstract many empirical studies provide evidence that macroeconomic policies as well as capital flows exhibit procyclical characteristics in developing economies in particular kaminsky et al 2004 when it rains it pours procyclical capital flows and macroeconomic policies nber macroeconomics annual mit press demonstrate that a large group of middle income countries run contractionary policies and experience capital flight during times of recession this paper investigates the role of international financial markets in explaining these macroeconomic policy and capital flow characteristics an optimal fiscal and monetary policy problem is formulated and solved for a small open economy that faces a country specific interest rate spread in international financial markets it is found that in the presence of the country spread optimal fiscal and monetary policies as well as capital flows are procyclical under a reasonable parametrization optimal policies and capital flows turn countercyclical in the absence of the country spread this pattern is robust to a range of alternative model specifications

learning about monetary policy rules when labor market search and matching frictions matter abstract this paper examines the implications of labor market search and matching frictions for determinacy and e stability of rational expectations equilibrium ree in a sticky price model with interest rate policy when labor adjustment takes place solely at the extensive margin forecast based policy that meets the taylor principle is likely to induce indeterminacy and e instability regardless of whether it is strictly or flexibly inflation targeting when labor adjustment takes place at both the extensive and intensive margins the strictly inflation forecast targeting policy remains likely to induce indeterminacy but it generates a unique e stable fundamental ree as long as the taylor principle is satisfied therefore the presence of search and matching frictions changes the determinacy properties of a strictly inflation forecast targeting policy and alters its e stability properties when only an extensive margin is present but not when labor adjustment takes place at both margins

wages profits and rent sharing the paper suggests a new test for rent sharing in the u s labor market using an unbalanced panel from the manufacturing sector it shows that a rise in a sector s profitability leads after some years to an increase in the long run level of wages in that sector the paper controls for workers characteristics for industry fixed effects and for unionism lester s range of wages is estimated for rent sharing reasons alone at approximately 24 per cent of the mean wage

optimal fiscal and monetary policy some recent results this paper studies the quantitative properties of fiscal and monetary policy in business cycle models in terms of fiscal policy optimal labor tax rates are virtually constant and optimal capital income tax rates are close to zero on average in terms of monetary policy the friedman rule is optimal nominal interest rates are zero and optimal monetary policy is activist in the sense that it responds to shocks to the economy

rent sharing and wages evidence from company and establishment panels a central question in labor economics and macroeconomics is whether the textbook competitive model provides an adequate representation of the labor market using longitudinal data on companies and establishments this article suggests that it may not as predicted by rent sharing models of the labor market changes in profitability are shown to feed through into long run changes in wages these are not temporary wage effects and are not driven by the unionized workplaces in the data the article s estimates imply that for rent sharing reasons alone lester s range of wages is approximately 16

real wage determination and rent sharing in collective bargaining agreements the microeconomic forces that influence real wages are not fully understood this paper studies pay determination using data on approximately 600 labour contracts it finds that the real wage is an increasing function of past profitability in the employer s industry and a decreasing function of the level of unemployment in the employer s region these results are consistent with rent sharing theories

optimal monetary policy in economies with dual labor markets abstract we present a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium dsge new keynesian model with indivisible labor and a dual labor market a walrasian one where wages are fully flexible and a unionized one characterized by real wage rigidity we show that the negative effect of a productivity shock on inflation and the positive effect of a cost push shock are crucially determined by the proportion of firms that belong to the unionized sector the larger this number the larger are these effects consequently the larger the union coverage the larger should be the optimal response of the nominal interest rate to exogenous productivity and cost push shocks the optimal inflation and output gap volatility increases as the number of the unionized firms in the economy increases

optimal fiscal and monetary policy in an economy without capital abstract this paper is concerned with the structure and time consistency of optimal fiscal and monetary policy in an economy without capital in a dynamic context optimal taxation means distributing tax distortions over time in a welfare maximizing way for a barter economy our main finding is that with debt commitments of sufficiently rich maturity structure an optimal policy if one exists is time consistent in a monetary economy the idea of optimal taxation must be broadened to include an inflation tax and we find that time consistency does not carry over an optimal inflation tax requires commitment by rules in a sense that has no counterpart in the dynamic theory of ordinary excise taxes the reason time consistency fails in a monetary economy is that nominal assets should from a welfare maximizing point of view always be taxed away via an immediate inflation in a kind of capital levy this emerges as a new possibility when money is introduced into an economy without capital

optimal simple and implementable monetary and fiscal rules welfare maximizing monetary and fiscal policy rules are studied in a model with sticky prices money and distortionary taxation the ramsey optimal policy is used as a point of comparison the main findings are the size of the inflation coefficient in the interest rate rule plays a minor role for welfare it matters only insofar as it affects the determinacy of equilibrium optimal monetary policy features a muted response to output interest rate rules that feature a positive response to output can lead to significant welfare losses the welfare gains from interest rate smoothing are negligible optimal fiscal policy is passive the optimal monetary and fiscal rule combination attains virtually the same level of welfare as the ramsey optimal policy

welfare effects of a monetary union the role of trade openness this paper evaluates the welfare effects of a monetary union mu compared to a e oating exchange rate regime using a quantitative business cycle model of a two country world with sticky prices it is assumed that under a e oat there are shocks to the uncovered interest rate parity uip condition these shocks are shown to have a negative effect on welfare the detrimental effect is stronger the higher the degree of trade openness a mu eliminates uip shocks and it may thus raise welfare the welfare gain from mu is positively linked to openness jel e4 f3 f4

ramsey monetary policy with labor market frictions abstract traditional new keynesian models prescribe that optimal monetary policy should aim at price stability in the absence of a labor market frictions the monetary authority faces no unemployment inflation trade off the design of optimal monetary policy is analyzed here for a framework with sticky prices and matching frictions in the labor market optimal policy features deviations from price stability in response to both productivity and government expenditure shocks when the hosios 1990 on the efficiency of matching and related models of search and unemployment review of economic studies 57 2 279 298 condition is not met search externalities make the flexible price allocation unfeasible optimal deviations from price stability increase with workers bargaining power as firms incentives to post vacancies fall and unemployment fluctuates above the pareto efficient one

optimal fiscal and monetary policy with sticky prices in this paper i consider the role of state contingent inflation as a fiscal shock absorber in an economy with nominal rigidities i study the ramsey equilibrium in a monetary model with distortionary taxation nominal non state contingent debt and sticky prices with sticky prices the ramsey planner must balance the shock absorbing benefits of state contingent inflation against the associated resource misallocation costs for government spending processes resembling post war experience introducing sticky prices generates striking departures in optimal policy from the case with flexible prices for even small degrees of price rigidity optimal policy displays very little volatility in inflation tax rates display greater volatility compared to the model with flexible prices with sticky prices tax rates and real government debt exhibit behavior similar to a random walk for government spending processes resembling periods of intermittent war and peace optimal policy displays extreme inflation volatility even when the degree of price rigidity is large as the variability in government spending increases smoothing tax distortions across states of nature becomes increasingly important and the shock absorber role of inflation is accentuated

labor market search the taylor principle and indeterminacy abstract in a sticky price model with labor market search and matching frictions forecast based interest rate policy almost always induces indeterminacy when it is strictly inflation targeting and satisfies the taylor principle indeterminacy is due to a vacancy channel of monetary policy that makes inflation expectations self fulfilling the effect of this channel strengthens as the sluggishness of the adjustment of employment relative to that of consumption increases when this relative sluggishness is high the taylor principle fails to ensure determinacy regardless of whether the policy is forecast based or outcome based whether it is strictly or flexibly inflation targeting or contains policy rate smoothing

monetary contracting between central banks and the design of sustainable exchange rate zones abstract an exchange rate system is a contract which commits central banks to intervene in the foreign exchange market the design features of the system include the rules of intervention the limits placed on exchange rates and the crisis scenario describing possible transitions to new regimes this paper considers the various trade offs one faces in designing an exchange rate system one of these pertains to the amount of reserves which the central banks must have on hand in order to forestall a speculative attack and make the system sustainable the amount of reserves needed depends crucially on the assumed crisis scenario

optimal monetary policy with labor market frictions the role of the wage channel this paper introduces right to manage bargaining into a labor search model with sticky prices instead of standard efficient bargaining and examines the ramsey optimal monetary policy without real wage rigidity even when the steady state is inefficient price stability is nearly optimal in response to technology or government shocks right to manage bargaining creates the wage channel to inflation because there is a direct relationship between real wages and real marginal cost in the presence of the wage channel price markups consist of only real marginal cost and real wages and hours per worker are determined such as in the walrasian labor market

search and matching frictions and optimal monetary policy abstract a recent literature has merged the new keynesian and the search and matching frameworks which has allowed the former to analyze the joint dynamics of unemployment and inflation this paper analyzes optimal monetary policy in this kind of hybrid framework i show that zero inflation is optimal when all wages are nash bargained in every period and the economy s steady state is efficient in the more realistic case in which nominal wage bargaining is staggered a case against price stability arises in response to real shocks the central bank should use price inflation so as to avoid excessive unemployment volatility and excessive dispersion in hiring rates for a plausible calibration the welfare loss under the zero inflation policy is about three times as large as under the optimal policy

optimal monetary policy rules with labor market frictions abstract this paper studies optimal monetary policy rules in a framework with sticky prices matching frictions and real wage rigidities optimal policy is given by a constrained ramsey plan in which the monetary authority maximizes the agents welfare subject to the competitive economy relations and the assumed monetary policy rule i find that the optimal rule should respond to unemployment alongside with inflation this is so since models with matching frictions unlike standard new keynesian models feature a congestion externality that makes unemployment inefficiently high a strong response to inflation remains optimal while a response to output is always welfare detrimental

business cycles and labor market search the quantitative implications of labor market search for economic fluctuations are evaluated in the context of a real business cycle model incorporating labor market search into the model is found to improve its empirical performance along several dimensions in particular hours now fluctuate substantially more than wages and the contemporaneous correlation between hours and productivity falls in addition the model replicates the observation that output growth displays positive autocorrelation at short horizons overall the empirical results suggest that the labor market search environment embodies a quantitatively important propagation mechanism copyright 1996 by american economic association

optimal monetary policy with endogenous entry and product variety deviations from long run price stability are optimal in the presence of endogenous entry and product variety in a sticky price model in which price stability would be optimal otherwise long run inflation deflation is optimal when the benefit of variety to consumers falls short of exceeds the market incentive for creating that variety the desired markup price indexation exacerbates this mechanism plausible preference specifications and parameter values justify positive long run inflation rates however short run price stability around this non zero trend is close to optimal even in the presence of endogenously time varying desired markups that distort the intertemporal allocation of resources

a viable gold standard requires flexible monetary and fiscal policy national domestic credit expansion dce policies which offset the effect of money demand shocks on international gold reserves the gold standard collapses with certainty in finite time through a speculative selling attack against one of the currencies various policies for postponing a collapse are considered when a responsive dce policy eliminates the danger of a run on a country s reserves the exogenous shocks disturbing the system which previously were reflected in reserve flows now show up in the behaviour of the public debt unless the primary non interest government deficit is permitted to respond to these shocks the public debt is likely to rise or fall to unsustainable levels for the idealized gold standard analysed in the paper viability can be achieved only through the active and flexible use of monetary and fiscal policy

monetary policy and labor market frictions a tax interpretation replicating the flexible price allocation in models with nominal rigidities and labor market frictions that lead to an inefficient matching of unemployed workers with job vacancies even if feasible is generally not desirable we characterize the tax instruments that implement the first best allocation and examine the trade offs faced by monetary policy if these tax instruments are unavailable our tax interpretation helps explain why the welfare cost of inefficient labor market search can be large while the incentive to deviate from price stability is small gains from deviating from price

oligopolistic competition and optimal monetary policy abstract this paper studies optimal monetary policy in a dsge model with supply side strategic complementarity as arising from oligopolistic competition and nominal rigidities firms oligopolistic rents induce inefficient fluctuations through both intra temporal and intertemporal time varying wedges optimality requires the use of state contingent inflation taxes to smooth and reduce firms rents hence under optimal ramsey policy ppi deviates significantly from zero a comparison of welfare costs for a set of operational rules relatively to the ramsey plan shows that targeting the output gap the mark up and the asset price improves upon a rule with aggressive response to inflation

indeterminacy and fiscal policies in a growing economy this paper studies the dynamic properties of a standard one sector model of endogenous growth with inelastic labor supply in which capital taxes are used to nance public production and consumption services the government is benevolent and chooses its tax policy by taking into account the decentralized competitive equilibrium within this second best setup we establish conditions for multiple balanced growth paths in conjunction with indeterminacy of transitional dynamics the mechanism for global and local indeterminacy is a simple combination of public production services that provide production externalities to private rms and hence cause a wedge between private and social returns public consumption services that provide direct utility to households and endogenously chosen distorting taxes

optimal monetary policy optimal monetary policy maximizes the welfare of a representative agent given frictions in the economic environment constructing a model with two sets of frictions costly price adjustment by imperfectly competitive firms and costly exchange of wealth for goods we find optimal monetary policy is governed by two familiar principles first the average level of the nominal interest rate should be sufficiently low as suggested by milton friedman that there should be deflation on average yet the keynesian frictions imply that the optimal nominal interest rate is positive second as various shocks occur to the real and monetary sectors the price level should be largely stabilized as suggested by irving fisher albeit around a deflationary trend path since expected inflation is roughly constant through time the nominal interest rate must therefore vary with the fisherian determinants of the real interest rate although the monetary authority has substantial leverage over real activity in our model economy it chooses real allocations that closely resemble those which would occur if prices were flexible in our benchmark model there is some tendency for the monetary authority to smooth nominal and real interest rates

collapsing exchange rate regimes some linear examples abstract we construct a pair of linear examples to study the collapse time of a fixed exchange rate regime the first example is a perfect foresight continuous time model which allows calculation of the exact collapse time and the tracking of reserves the second example is a discrete time stochastic model which yields an endogenous probability distribution over the collapse time and produces a forward discount of the exchange rate

the significance and insignificance of demand analysis in evaluating promotion programs the estimated effects of promotion on demand are often small and insignificant yet the estimated effects of promotion on industry profit are often positive and large this puzzle is explained by demonstrating that in significance of promotion in a demand equation does not imply and is not implied by in significance of promotion in an industry profit equation a monte carlo example is provided the econometric modeling implications are discussed the short run marginal effect of a dollar of generic beef promotion on slaughter cattle industry profit is estimated to be about 9 84 with a standard error of 3 77 for 1997 the 1996 farm bill requires that check off based commodity promotion programs be evaluated at least once every five years this legislation has increased the interest in the effects of commodity promotion programs a

money in an estimated business cycle model of the euro area this article examines the role of money in a small scale dynamic general equilibrium model of the euro zone estimated by maximum likelihood the model allows for both intertemporal and intratemporal non separability in preferences we find first that real balances do not affect the marginal utility of consumption second money demand shocks mainly help to forecast real balances while real shocks explain the bulk of price output and interest rates fluctuations third the calculation of the natural rate of interest reveals that the evolution of the interest rate is mostly accounted for by the real sources of fluctuations

optimal fiscal and monetary policy under sticky prices this paper studies optimal fiscal and monetary policy under sticky product prices the theoretical framework is a stochastic production economy without capital the government finances an exogenous stream of purchases by levying distortionary income taxes printing money and issuing one period nominally risk free bonds the main findings of the paper are first for a miniscule degree of price stickiness i e many times below available empirical estimates the optimal volatility of inflation is near zero this result stands in stark contrast with the high volatility of inflation implied by the ramsey allocation when prices are flexible the finding is in line with a recent body of work on optimal monetary policy under nominal rigidities that ignores the role of optimal fiscal policy second even small deviations from full price flexibility induce near random walk behavior in government debt and tax rates third sluggish price adjustment raises the average nominal interest rate above the one called for by the friedman rule finally an interest rate feedback rule whereby the nominal interest rate depends on inflation and output fits well the data emanating from the ramsey economy however the fitted rule is not of the taylor type for the implied inflation coefficient is less than one and close to zero and the output coefficient is negative jel classification e52 e61 e63

endogenous business cycles with frictional labour markets we present a neoclassical model of capital accumulation with frictional labour markets under standard parameter values the equilibrium of the model is indeterminate and consequently displays expectations driven business cycles so called endogenous business cycles we study the properties of such cycles and find that the model predicts the high autocorrelation in output growth and the hump shaped impulse response of output found in us data important features that existing endogenous real business cycle models fail to explain the indeterminacy of the equilibrium stems from job search externalities and does not rely on increasing returns to scale as in most models

imitators and optimizers in a changing environment abstract we analyze the repeated interaction between an imitating and a myopically optimizing player in an otherwise symmetric environment of changing marginal payoff focusing on finite irreducible environments and the case of strategic substitutes we unfold a trade off between the degree of interaction and the size of environmental shocks the optimizer outperforms the imitator if interaction is weak or shocks are large as to the case of duopoly this translates into small cross price elasticities or large shocks in marginal cost and or the maximum willingness to pay in these cases a changing environment creates selection pressure against imitative behavior

optimal monetary policy and downward nominal wage rigidity in frictional labor markets empirical evidence suggests that nominal wages in the u s are downwardly rigid this paper studies the optimal long run inflation rate in a labor search and matching framework under the presence of downward nominal wage rigidity dnwr in this environment optimal monetary policy targets a positive inflation rate the annual long run inflation rate for the u s is around 2 percent positive inflation greases the wheels of the labor market by facilitating real wage adjustments and hence it eases job creation and prevents excessive increase in unemployment following recessionary shocks these findings are related to standard ramsey theory of wedge smoothing by following a positive inflation policy under sticky prices the monetary authority manages to reduce the volatility and the size of the intertemporal distortion significantly the intertemporal wedge is completely smoothed when prices are fully flexible since the optimal long run inflation rate predicted by this study is considerably higher than in otherwise neoclassical labor markets the nature of the labor market in which dnwr is studied can be relevant for policy recommendations

the lifetime of a unilateral target zone some extended results abstract in dumas and svensson journal of international economics 36 1994 467 the lifetime of a krugman quarterly journal of economics 106 1991 669 682 type target zone model is found to be extremely long this paper shows that the lifetime of the identical target zone regime can be much lower when real disturbances occur in particular the mean lifetime is found to be very low when real disturbances occur and the real exchange rate elasticity of the demand for domestic goods is very low it is also shown that allowing for monetary disturbances to have real effects has very little effect on the lifetime the results indicate the conditions under which real disturbances might trigger currency crises

capital regulation and monetary policy with fragile banks optimizing banks subject to runs are introduced in a macro model to study the transmission of monetary policy and its interplay with bank capital regulation when banks are risky a monetary expansion and a positive productivity shock increase bank leverage and risk risk based capital requirements amplify the cycle and are welfare detrimental within a class of simple policy rules the best combination includes mildly anticyclical capital ratios as in basel iii and a response of monetary policy to asset prices or bank leverage