public prioritisation of energy affordability in the uk much research has focused on the so called energy trilemma i e three leading energy policy issues energy security affordability and climate change mitigation whilst substantial understanding exists of why people support climate friendly energy policies little is known about why they think affordability is important particularly what leads members of the public to identify this policy goal as more important than other objectives here we examine this question via a nationally representative survey of 2441 uk residents and demonstrate that concerns about personal costs explain a small amount of variation in the prioritisation of affordability as an energy policy goal a range of other factors also significantly contribute one such factor is beliefs about who is responsible for energy transitions these findings suggest policy actions to address affordability concerns should go beyond energy prices and include additional considerations such as distributive justice and equality

geo economic approach to energy security measurement principal component analysis abstract currently there is no single accepted methodology for measuring energy security while the prevailing scientific attitude is that energy security should be defined and quantified in a way to be able to follow rapid developments on the global economic and geopolitical scene considering the fact that the national economies represent an integral part of a dynamic international economy where external shocks global financial and economic crisis political conflicts war etc have the impact on energy prices and energy security in general the paper proposes a new geo economic concept of energy security the new approach differs from the existing ones as regards the fact that in addition to basic indicators it takes into account sovereign credit rating as a measure of economic financial and political stability as one of the decisive factors which determines global energy trade and the ability of national economies to be stable and secure when it comes to energy determination and testing of geo economic index of energy security was conducted by using the principal component analysis in the european union and in the selected countries of the world over a period of ten years 2004 2013 the measured values of a newly proposed geo economic index of energy security demonstrate significant deviations from the data obtained by using usual indicators of energy security observed individually gdp per capita has the greatest impact on the change in final value of geo economic index of energy security while the impact of sovereign credit rating is slightly less the study has shown that the least impact on energy security is exerted by energy dependence which is traditionally used as a proxy indicator of energy security and production of energy from renewable sources which is defined by the eu policy as one of the methods for the improvement of energy security due to the results obtained it is necessary to conduct further analysis of sovereign credit rating and to review the type and significance of the impact of energy dependence indicator as a measure of energy security in general

evaluating energy security in the asia pacific towards a more comprehensive approach the energy security conundrum how to equitably provide available affordable reliable efficient and environmentally benign energy services is a technology and policy challenge perhaps unlike any other the recent article on an energy security in the asia pacific by vlado vivoda is an excellent starting point for how to best capture the unique energy security challenges facing the region this article builds on vivoda s work but also points out some shortcomings with his analysis

optimal production with learning by doing abstract this paper characterizes optimal production over time when production cost is a decreasing function of past accumulated output when production exhibits learning by doing monopolistic competitive and socially optimal solutions are considered

application of sample selection model to double bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation studies modeling households behavior with the data from a contingentvaluation cv survey is often complicated by samplenon response which can cause non response bias and sampleselection bias leading to inconsistent parameter estimates and adistorted mean willingness to pay estimate this paper reportsthe results of empirical tests for both biases using householdsurvey data in which the double bounded dichotomous choice cvquestion involved the benefit of a tap water quality improvementpolicy in korea no non response bias but sample selection bias is detected in the sample to correct for sample selection bias a sample selection model is employed the authors also discusshow failure to correct for bias may distort aggregate benefitestimates

measuring the economic benefits of recycling the case of the waste agricultural film in korea recently increase of the waste agricultural film waf raises the loss of the resources and produces the environmental damage in korea the korean government has established the basic plan for increasing the recycling rate and abating the environmental damage the objective of this paper is to estimate the economic benefits attached to the policy of recycling the waf using contingent valuation method aiming to provide policy makers with useful information to make an informed public decision in recycling the waf the overall results show that the respondents well accepted the contingent market and would be willing to pay a significant amount for the proposed policy of recycling the waf the mean willingness to pay and the truncated mean willingness to pay per household were 4641 korean won us 3 6 and 5730 korean won us 4 4 respectively total economic benefits for the population amounted to approximately 14 33 billion korean won us 11 02 million per year this quantitative information can be use

india s energy security a sample of business government civil society and university perspectives this article explores the concept of energy security perceived and understood by a sample of government business civil society and university stakeholders in india based on a literature review the authors hypothesize what energy experts suggest energy security is for india the article then tests these hypotheses through the use of a survey completed by 172 indian respondents the article begins by describing its methodology before summarizing the results of the literature review to distill seven working hypotheses related to energy security in india these hypotheses relate to 1 security of energy supply 2 equitable access to energy services 3 research and development of new energy technologies 4 energy efficiency and conservation 5 self sufficiency and trade in energy fuels 6 nuclear power and 7 the energy water nexus it then tests these hypotheses with our survey instrument before concluding with implications for energy policy in india and beyond

evaluating energy security in the asia pacific region a novel methodological approach this paper establishes an energy security assessment instrument based on a new and expanded conceptualisation of energy security the instrument is a systematic interrogative tool for evaluating energy security of individual states or regions it consists of eleven broad energy security dimensions associated with the current global energy system these energy security dimensions take into account numerous quantitative and qualitative attributes of each country s energy security and policy and include both traditional energy security concerns and many new factors such as environmental socio cultural and technological another dimension largely absent from previous analyses is the existence of and the issues addressed in energy security policy in each country this instrument serves as an assessment system with which to evaluate energy security in the asia pacific region the existing studies on energy security in the asia pacific region suffer from serious limitations no study to date examines regional energy security policies by adopting a more comprehensive energy security definition as a starting point most studies also focus on a single country or issue even if they examine energy security in major regional economies they lack critical comparative analysis the instrument is valuable as it may be utilised to draw a comprehensive map of regional energy security situation which can also include comparative analysis of energy security characteristics across the asia pacific region ultimately it may be utilised to set up a framework for improved regional energy cooperation with the aim of providing regional leaders with a blueprint for improving regional energy security and policy

public and private returns from joint venture research an example from agriculture public research institutions are turning increasingly to the private sector for additional financial support such a trend in the short run lessens the need for public research expenditures but may in the long run prove to be very costly to the economy as a whole this is because private funding increases the chance that the direction of research will shift so that private benefits are enhanced such a shift is especially costly if public research funds are then not forthcoming that would have the potential of producing the maximum level of benefits to the economy as a whole a case study of canadian barley research is used to illustrate this problem

votes and regional economic growth evidence from turkey in countries where governments disproportionate power over the bureaucracy is coupled with a strong political polarization can votes for the national incumbent party buy preferential policy treatment and faster regional economic growth the article tests such question on turkey s 81 provinces over 2004 12 results uncover a link between votes and faster regional growth as well as a small influence of preferential allocations in explaining it yet after addressing potential endogeneity economic performance is almost entirely explained by standard drivers primarily human capital endowment results suggest that the impact of electorally motivated distributive politics on regions economic performance is extremely limited

a critical evaluation of exchange rate policy in turkey abstract this paper reviews and critically evaluates the exchange rate policy followed in turkey in the post 1980 period during which a far reaching program of liberalization has been launched we conclude that the new exchange rate policy has been essential for turkey s regaining its creditworthiness furthermore it has positively contributed to growth of output and exports and to expansion of tradables production relative to nontradables persistence of inflation and weakness of private investment in tradables overshadow the successes recorded in other areas and cast doubt over the sustainability of turkey s outward orientation we argue that the root cause of these problems has been inconsistencies between overall economic policies rather than the exchange rate policy itself we compare the period of real appreciations since late 1998 with the earlier period of real depreciations and draw policy implications

giving respondents time to think in contingent valuation studies a developing country application abstract this paper evaluates whether the time given people to think about their responses to cvm valuation questions influences their answers our study was conducted in nigeria as part of an evaluation of rural households willingness to pay for public taps and private connections to improved drinking water systems respondents who were allowed time to evaluate the proposed water system bid significantly less than those who did not have that time moreover this conclusion was upheld regardless of whether the water system was a public tap or a private connection

the methodological challenges of creating a comprehensive energy security index this short article defends the methods utilized in creating an energy security index it explains why an energy security index is needed and then justifies research interviews as a data collection tool next it responds to the three strands of professor cherp s critique before offering a few general conclusions for readers concerned about energy security

differing cultures of energy security an international comparison of public perceptions this study reviews how energy users perceive the importance of energy security dimensions it asks how does the sense of energy security vary with culture its primary source of data is a summary of survey distributed in eight languages to almost 2500 respondents in brazil china denmark germany india kazakhstan japan papua new guinea saudi arabia singapore and the united states it utilizes an energy literacy test in denmark as a secondary data tool the survey results are used to test nine hypotheses about national economic political professional and epistemic cultures the study concludes by affirming the complexity of energy security as a cultural topic by emphasizing how answers among respondents tended to converge more than diverge and by calling for further research

polices for increasing energy efficiency thirty years of experience in oecd countries energy efficiency improvement was an important phenomenon in the global energy balance over the past 30 years without energy efficiency improvements the oecd nations would have used approximately 49 more energy than was actually consumed as of 1998 this paper first reviews energy intensity trends for the major oecd nations since 1973 considering how much of the overall reduction in e gdp was due to energy efficiency improvement and how much was due to structural change the bulk of the paper examines the energy efficiency policies and programs adopted in japan united states and western europe commenting on their effectiveness and energy savings impacts where possible the paper also reviews the energy efficiency policies and programs adopted in california this experience shows that well designed policies can result in substantial energy savings as demonstrated in the united states where nine specific policies and programs reduced primary energy use in 2002 by approximately 11 substantial energy savings also occurred in japan some european countries and in the electricity sector in california

assessing long term energy security the case of electricity in the united kingdom there is a growing body of research into the potential security risks and trade offs which may emerge over the long term development of energy systems as part of this body of research this paper aims to develop and demonstrate a set of indicators for assessing the security of long term national electricity scenarios this paper extends the empirical work of existing frameworks by including reliability and cost parameters alongside a range of other important aspects of energy security such as diversity trade and acceptability and by using both qualitative and quantitative indicators without aggregation in order to identify trade offs this paper uses the indicators to assess the energy security implications of three plausible long term scenarios for the uk electricity system the results indicate that a major risk may be experienced by a lack of flexible responsive supply capacity in low carbon electricity pathways reducing overall energy demand is found to be the most beneficial policy for improving energy security in terms of generating benefits in multiple dimensions the paper finds that energy security is often conceptualised as the avoidance of causes of insecurity such as insecure fuel imports but that an equally important aspect of security lies in maximising responses to insecurity for example by increasing the flexibility and responsiveness of both supply and demand

consumer s surplus without apology the purpose of this paper is to settle the controversy surrounding consumer s surplus and by so doing to validate its use as a tool of welfare economics i will show that observed consumer s surplus can be rigorously utilized to estimate the unobservable compensating and equivalent variations the correct theoretical measures of the welfare impact of changes in prices and income on an individual i derive precise upper and lower bounds on the percentage errors of approximating the compensating and equivalent variations with consumer s surplus these bounds can be explicitly calculated from observable demand data and it is clear that in most applications the error of approximation will be very small in fact the error will often be overshadowed by the errors involved in estimating the demand curve the results in no way depend upon arguments about the constancy of the marginal utility of income consequently this paper supplies specific empirical criteria which can replace the apologetic caveats frequently employed by those who presently apply consumer s surplus moreover the results imply that consumer s surplus is usually a very good approximation to the appropriate welfare measures to preview below i establish the validity of these rules of thumb for a

implications for the energy policy derived from the relation between the cultural dimensions of hofstede s model and the consumption of renewable energies abstract this paper aims to determine the relation between national culture and the consumption of renewable energies in several european countries according to the renewable energy directive of the european commission there have been set common goals for the share of consumption of renewable energies in the european union but each country is responsible for the action plan to achieve these targets these targets have been set based on the initial values of the renewable energies and on the natural resources of each country cultural aspects and energy consumption patterns have not been taken in consideration for the analysis of the willingness and motivation of consumers to switch towards renewable energies in this paper a panel data analysis has been carried out in order to measure the relation between hofstede s cultural dimensions and the share of renewable energies in final consumption the results show a highly significant relation between the masculinity index and the share of renewable energies and an acceptable relation for the long term orientation index the energy policy of the european union and of its countries should consider the cultural characteristics in the development of the national action plans for the implementation of renewable energies

letting the energy gini out of the bottle lorenz curves of cumulative electricity consumption and gini coefficients as metrics of energy distribution and equity energy services are fundamental determinants of the quality of life as well as the economic vitality of both industrialized and developing nations few analytic tools exist however to explore changes in individual household and national levels of energy consumption and utilization in order to contribute to such analyses we extend the application of lorenz curves to energy consumption we examined the distribution of residential electricity consumption in five countries norway usa el salvador thailand and kenya these countries exhibit a dramatic range of energy profiles with electricity consumption far more evenly distributed across the population in some industrialized nations than others and with further significant differences in the lorenz distribution between industrialized and industrializing economies the metric also provides critical insights into the temporal evolution of energy management in different states and nations we illustrate this with a preliminary longitudinal study of commercial and industrial electricity use in california during the economically volatile 1990s finally we explore the limits of lorenz analyses for understanding energy equity through a discussion of the roles that variations in energy conversion efficiency and climate play in shaping distributions of energy consumption the lorenz method which is widely employed by economists to analyze income distribution is largely unused in energy analysis but provides a powerful new tool for estimating the distributional dimensions of energy consumption its widespread use can make significant contributions to scientific and policy debates about energy equity in the context of climate change mitigation electric power industry deregulation and restructuring and the development of national infrastructure

long term energy services security what is it and how can it be measured and valued abstract the paper reviews some recent approaches towards measuring the extent of long term energy security and security externality valuation it starts out to discuss the contextual connotations of notions of energy security in medium to long term time frames and reviews some indicators that have been proposed to quantify it special attention is paid to two of these approaches which the authors helped to develop i e diversity based indices and the supply demand index the paper takes issue with conventional welfare economic approaches that neglect i the scope on the demand side for raising security and ii negative feedback mechanisms of socio political impacts of international rent transfers in fossil fuels exporting countries the concept of energy services security is proposed with a demand side focus this enables application of an integrated approach to gauge the resilience of a society to meet the needs of its population for energy services over longer timescales ahead from various interrelated perspectives propositions are made on the attribution of security externalities to the use of fossil fuels policies and suggestions for further improvements of measures for energy services security

residential energy efficient technology adoption energy conservation knowledge and attitudes an analysis of european countries abstract relationships between measures of household energy use behavior and household characteristics are estimated using a unique dataset of approximately 5000 households in 10 eu countries and norway family age composition patterns are found to have a distinct impact on household energy use behavior households with young children are more likely to adopt energy efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy savings for environmental reasons by contrast households with a high share of elderly members place more importance on financial savings and have lower levels of technology adoption energy conservation practice use and knowledge about household energy use education levels also matter with higher levels associated with energy efficient technology adoption and energy conservation practice use similarly university education increases the stated importance of energy savings for greenhouse gas reductions and decreases the stated importance for financial reasons education impacts also vary greatly across survey countries and there is some evidence of an eastern western european divide with respect to attitudes towards energy savings these cross country differences highlight the need to balance a common eu energy efficiency policy framework with flexibility for country specific policies to address unique constraints to energy efficient technology and conservation practice adoption

indicators for energy security the concept of energy security is widely used yet there is no consensus on its precise interpretation in this research we have provided an overview of available indicators for long term security of supply sos we distinguished four dimensions of energy security that relate to the availability accessibility affordability and acceptability of energy and classified indicators for energy security according to this taxonomy there is no one ideal indicator as the notion of energy security is highly context dependent rather applying multiple indicators leads to a broader understanding incorporating these indicators in model based scenario analysis showed accelerated depletion of currently known fossil resources due to increasing global demand coupled with increasing spatial discrepancy between consumption and production international trade in energy carriers is projected to have increased by 142 in 2050 compared to 2008 oil production is projected to become increasingly concentrated in a few countries up to 2030 after which production from other regions diversifies the market under stringent climate policies this diversification may not occur due to reduced demand for oil possible benefits of climate policy include increased fuel diversity and slower depletion of fossil resources

an international assessment of energy security performance energy security has in recent years grown as a salient policy and political issue to better understand energy security and sustainability concerns this study s main objective is to present an energy security index which measures national performance on energy security over time based on three years of research involving interviews surveys and an international workshop this study conceptualizes energy security as consisting of the interconnected factors of availability affordability efficiency sustainability and governance it then matches these factors with 20 metrics comprising an energy security index measuring international performance across 18 countries from 1990 to 2010 it offers three case studies of japan top performer laos middle performer and myanmar w orst performer to provide context to the index s results it then presents four conclusions first a majority of countries analyzed have regressed in terms of their energy security second despite the near total deterioration of energy security a great disparity exists between countries with some clear leaders such as japan third tradeoffs exist within different components of energy security fourth creating energy security is as much a matter of domestic policy from within as it is from foreign policy without

option price estimates for water quality improvements a contingent valuation study for the monongahela river abstract we present the findings from a contingent valuation survey designed to estimate the option price bids for the improved recreation resulting from enhanced water quality in the pennsylvania portion of the monongahela river the findings are based on a survey design that used professional interviewers to conduct personal interviews determined from a representative sample of 393 households in addition the research suggests that protest bids and outliers be viewed similarly accordingly a new technique for identifying outlying responses is proposed the findings suggest that the question format affects the option price estimates and that criteria for determining the final sample of responses can have an important influence on contingent valuation results

diversification of oil import sources and energy security a key strategy or an elusive objective this paper explores the relationship between the diversification of sources of imported oil and energy security of oil importing countries it examines the importance of diversification policy for oil importers explains why oil importers implement oil diversification policy and contextualizes the oil import diversification strategy in the overall energy security policy of oil importers the paper analyzes the factors and the contexts that affect the level of importance assigned to oil import diversification policy in oil importing countries and the limitations that may affect the successful implication of oil import diversification policy the examples are drawn from the world s top three oil importers the united states japan and china the policymakers in these and other oil importing countries place much importance on energy security the diversification of oil import sources is used as one of the strategies to enhance energy security in oil importing countries this paper is important for policymakers in oil importing countries as it provides them with a qualitative conceptual framework with which to evaluate the need to diversify their countries sources of imported oil and with which to identify the likely limitations to the successful implementation of oil import diversification policy

analysing rationing policies drought and its effects on urban users welfare analysing rationing policies during drought the aim of this paper is to study the impact on consumers of rationing policies implemented during water shortages water scarcity gives rise to the need for rationing and various methods including supply cutoffs can be used a model is devised to quantify the welfare losses associated with qualitive and quantitive restrictions based on virtual prices and using the consumer surplus as a welfare measurement welfare variations for different users have been calculated to achieve the aim information relative to seville spain has been used analysing the drought period that took place in the first half of the 1990s it has been possible to observe the main source that led to welfare losses for each kind of user

an overview of turkey s experience with economic liberalization and structural adjustment abstract turkey s recovery from its debt crisis during the 1980s provides a good example for study the most successful aspect of turkish experience was the remarkable growth in exports liberal policies were implemented extensively to restructure the economy but in terms of their impact on the real economy the outcome has been disappointing while income distribution deteriorated internal resource mobilization failed to materialize successful growth in exports was only partly influenced by economic policies such as subsidies which fell outside the liberal category under present circumstances where self sustaining growth is increasingly urgent explicit policies targeting private investment have become necessary

energy policymaking in denmark implications for global energy security and sustainability denmark is arguably the most energy secure and sustainable country in the organization of economic cooperation and development oecd the country has reduced its dependence on foreign sources of energy to zero and become self sufficient in its own energy production and use offering important lessons for other nations around the world this study explores the core of denmark s successful approach a commitment to energy efficiency prolonged taxes on energy fuels electricity and carbon dioxide and incentives for combined heat and power chp and wind turbines through these commitments the study shows how denmark transitioned from being almost 100 percent dependent on imported fuels such as oil and coal for their power plants in 1970 to becoming a net exporter of fuels and electricity today the country leads the world in terms of exportation of wind energy technology with a hold on roughly one third of the world market for wind turbines it was able to phase out the use of virtually all oil fired power plants in less than five years and implemented a progressive moratorium on future coal fired power plants in the 1990s their most recent strategy seeks to achieve 30 percent of total energy supply from renewable energy by 2025

contingent valuation in korean environmental planning a pilot application to the protection of drinking water quality in seoul this paper describes the application of the contingent valuation cv or willingness to pay wtp survey technique to a problem of public policy evaluation in seoul korea matters of principal interest include the definition of the problem and policy protection of seoul s drinking water supply from disruption by slugs of contaminants in the source river the han adjustments to standard cv techniques and assumptions required by the cultural and physical reality of seoul the representativeness of the spatially drawn sample estimation of the willingness to pay equation as a check on theoretical validity and the policy implications of the results the bottom line is asserted to be that cv may be especially valuable in countries such as korea that have serious environmental problems and a history of not producing data that might be used in alternative indirect benefit estimation exercises further it appears that if care is exercised in adjusting to local reality the method can be made as successful as it has been in the u s and northern europe

empowered evaluating japan s national energy strategy under the dpj administration abstract in august 2009 after 54 years of virtually unbroken rule japan s liberal democratic party ldp was ousted from power by the democratic party of japan dpj the dpj s campaign platform included a pledge to facilitate extreme reductions in greenhouse gas ghg emissions yet at the cop16 meeting in cancun japan announced that it would not accept further emission reduction targets without broader commitment from all nations this paper seeks to explain this dichotomy by employing a targeted stakeholder evaluation based on surveys with 321 japanese citizens to assess the extent to which influential stakeholder groups in japan supports a potentially costly transition to a low carbon energy infrastructure amidst severe economic challenges that the nation faces findings help explain japan s adversarial role in cop16 negotiations in cancun despite the stated ghg reduction ambitions of japan s current ruling party the analysis concludes that if the dpj does embrace aggressive co2 reduction targets in the future the strategic focus will likely mirror the former ruling party s energy policy of bolstering nuclear power generation capacity and promoting energy efficiency improvements while exhibiting lukewarm commitment to supporting capacity development in alternative sources of energy supply such as solar panels and wind turbines