household carbon inequality in urban china its sources and determinants designing mitigation policies for households requires knowledge of household carbon distributions this study surveys the household carbon inequality in urban china and analyzes its sources and determinants using weighted household survey data different from existing literatures studying carbon inequality on the international or regional level we focus on the household aspect and first survey its characteristics by some comparisons by ascribing household carbon emissions calculated by the consumer lifestyle approach to several consumption categories with the method of gini coefficient decomposition we find that residential consumption with high carbon intensity is the most important source of household carbon inequality in urban china food consumption and the consumption of educational cultural and recreational services are the next largest sources because of the consumed quantities or carbon intensity the application of shapley decomposition shows the determinants of household carbon inequality in urban china and their contributions which are household demographic characteristics 59 74 household employment and income 24 31 household burdens 8 00 and household assets and financial plans 7 95 the policy implications of these results are also discussed

intertemporal lifestyle changes and carbon emissions evidence from a china household survey abstract this paper examines the endogenous evolution of household consumption patterns and household carbon emissions hces by integrating the analysis methods of income distribution with climate change based on a large scale household survey spanning from 2012 to 2016 in china we estimated the direct and indirect hces observed inverse u shaped carbon kuznets curves ckc and significant changes in hces over the period at the household level applying the oaxaca blinder method we decomposed factors causing the changes in hces and found that income and demographic effects contribute only 25 1 to the total increase of hces the other 74 9 remain unexplained and we define them as the effect of intertemporal lifestyle changes further analysis from multiple perspectives illustrates that the lifestyles of households across various social strata are becoming increasingly higher carbon intensive over time even though the income remains unchanged the findings indicate that existing modeling and projections of carbon emissions based on income and household characteristics may underestimate the future emissions pressure from the household sector hence we conclude that in order to reach more meaningful results the increasing effect of lifestyles should be taken into account when conducting climate change studies and formulating climate policies

tricks with hicks the easi demand system we invent implicit marshallian demands which combine desirable features of hicksian and marshallian demands we propose and estimate the exact affine stone index easi implicit marshallian demand system like the almost ideal demand aid system easi budget shares are linear in parameters given real expenditures however unlike the aid easi demands can have any rank and its engel curves can have any shape over real expenditures easi error terms equal random utility parameters to account for unobserved preference heterogeneity easi demand functions can be estimated using gmm or three stage least squares and like aid an approximate easi model can be estimated by linear regression

energy consumption and urban sprawl evidence for the spanish case residential electricity consumption constitutes one of the largest sources of spanish final energy demand to improve electricity savings policies oriented towards efficiency in residential consumption such as replacement of appliances or the construction of nearly zero energy buildings have been suggested and implemented however the potential relevance of urban structural characteristics such as the increase in detached houses in sprawling residential areas has not often been considered the aim of this research is to analyse the relevance of living in a detached house located in a dispersed urban area to household electricity consumption thus an electricity consumption model is estimated by using household socioeconomic variables and including urban characteristics as its determinants such us the level of urban agglomeration or whether families live in detached sprawling homes the model is estimated by using 2014 household budget survey hbs microdata and applying ordinary least squares ols as well as quantile regressions qr as econometric procedures endogeneity problems are corrected by means of instrumental variables the results confirm that living in a detached house significantly increases electricity consumption whereas urban agglomerations have the opposite effect sprawl is occurring rapidly in spanish cities and according to our results it could constitute a relevant source of increase in electricity demand in the following years

indirect carbon emissions in household consumption evidence from the urban and rural area in china abstract resident energy consumption can be divided into direct and indirect parts and the indirect part is often considered to be much more important than direct part by some scholars in this paper on the basis of consumer lifestyle approach cla and the estimation of net primary productivity npp energy ecological footprint eef of indirect energy consumption is calculated using statistical data of chinese urban and rural areas from 1999 to 2010 and then improved stirpat stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology model is used to empirically study the influences of urbanization level economic level engel coefficient energy intensity and industry structure on indirect energy consumption given the consideration of potential multicollinearity the model is estimated using partial least square pls regression the results indicate that for urban residents the eef of indirect energy use is on the rise it is positively influenced by urbanization level per capita income and the ratio of tertiary industry but negatively influenced by engel coefficient and energy intensity for rural residents the eef is declining it is positively influenced by engel coefficient energy intensity and tertiary industry proportion while negatively influenced by urbanization level and per capita income combining these empirical findings and china s specific circumstances some policy recommendations are made

exploring the influencing factors and decoupling state of residential energy consumption in shandong abstract this paper aims at analyzing the current situation of residential energy consumption in shandong identifying the influence factors governing energy consumption based on the lmdi log mean divisia index method and describing the decoupling relationship between residential energy consumption and residential income based on the tapio decoupling method the main results are as follows 1 the residential energy consumption structures of urban and rural have become multilevel furthermore the gap in per capital residential energy consumption between urban and rural regions narrowed 2 the energy intensity had an obvious inhibitory effect on decreasing urban residential energy consumption per capital income and population structure increased the urban residential energy consumption over the study period however per capital income and energy intensity played a more significant role in promoting rural residential energy consumption and the population structure decreased rural residential energy consumption during the study period the contributions from both energy consumption structure and total population effect were negligible 3 since 2000 the decoupling index for both urban and rural resident gradually declined which also shows that residential energy consumption in urban and rural regions was gradually less depend on residential income

proposal of a simple indicator for sustainable consumption classifying goods and services into three types focusing on their optimal consumption levels abstract we calculated optimal consumption patterns of japanese households using a linear programming model taking into account the different environmental burdens to be minimized ninety four industrial sectors and 94 commodities were defined in the model in terms of environmental burdens to be minimized this study considered energy consumption co 2 emission waste and no x emission according to the direction increase or decrease of adjusted final demand for a commodity in the household commodities were classified into three types 1 a commodity for which optimal demand should be decreased in all cases of reducing various environmental burdens 2 a commodity whose optimal demand should be increased in all cases and 3 a commodity whose optimal demand depends on the type of environmental burden among 63 commodities whose final demand was assumed to be adjustable 47 were categorized as commodity type 1 nine were categorized as commodity type 2 and seven belonged to commodity type 3 this work also characterized each type of commodity from the viewpoint of economic and environmental properties

applying quantile regression and shapley decomposition to analyzing the determinants of household embedded carbon emissions evidence from urban china abstract as co2 emissions differ in households with different characteristics mitigation policies still address the contributions of these characteristics and their effects on specific households using a representative resident survey in urban china this paper compares how household characteristics differ in their associations with household embedded carbon emissions heces at different levels by quantile regression then this paper analyzes the contributions of these characteristics by shapley decomposition the findings include the following i household income is the most important contributor to the difference of heces and its positive effect increases as heces rise ii the use of wealth has different effects on heces because household housing ownership and deposits contribute little to heces but the positive effects of household car ownership contribute 25 8 iii young people and children will emit more heces than adults the employed emit more than persons who are unemployed or retired iv education increases heces overall but mainly at the low quantiles the negative effect of the marriage increases as heces rise v income car ownership marital status size and constitution of households with high heces should be addressed to reduce the inequality of heces indeed education on the low carbon concept is another way forward

impact of marginal and intergenerational effects on carbon emissions from household energy consumption in china abstract as an important part of urban carbon emissions the carbon emissions from household energy consumption are increasing with the continuous improvement of chinese urbanization this study divides family population into 4 groups adolescents aged 0 17 young people aged 18 44 middle aged people aged 45 59 and elderly people aged 60 and older and develops a calculation model for carbon emissions of household energy consumption in accordance with the latest standards of the world health organization based on chinese family panel studies in 2016 results showed that the marginal and intergenerational effects coexist in various types of household energy consumption families with 3 5 people have the most economical consumption scale and the largest marginal sharing effect multigenerational families or families with a large proportion of middle aged and older people are beneficial in reducing household energy consumption this paper suggests it is important to fully consider the impact of the intergenerational effect marginal effect and cultural shock caused by the electronic information age on household energy consumption when formulating standards of household energy consumption

does urbanization lead to more direct and indirect household carbon dioxide emissions evidence from china during 1996 2012 china is experiencing a stage of rapid urban development the energy consumption and related carbon dioxide emissions of households continue to increase this paper calculates direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions of households based on the input output method in china from 1996 to 2012 the results reveal that there were more total carbon dioxide emissions from urban households than from rural households far more indirect emissions from urban households than from rural households slightly more direct emissions from urban households than from rural households and differences in direct carbon dioxide emissions from various fuels and in indirect emissions from various sectors between urban and rural households to examine the causal relationship between urbanization and the carbon dioxide emissions of households cointegration and granger causality tests are applied a unidirectional causal relation was found running from urbanization to both direct and indirect household carbon dioxide emissions and the direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions of households would increase 2 9 and 1 1 respectively for every increase of one percent in urbanization we discuss the reasons of why the development of urbanization will lead to more household direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions and suggest certain policy implications for urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions based on the results of this study

consumption inequality in canada 1997 to 2009 we assess the evolution of consumption inequality in canada over the years 1997 to 2009 we correct the imputation of shelter consumption for homeowners to allow for unobserved differences in housing quality correlated with selection into rental tenure and we account for measurement error in this imputation using the annual survey of household spending for years 1997 to 2009 we find that household level consumption inequality measured by the gini coefficient increased from 0 251 to 0 275 over 1997 to 2006 between 2006 and 2007 consumption inequality may have decreased and over 2007 to 2009 consumption inequality was flat over the entire period of 1997 to 2009 consumption inequality increased moderately the gini coefficient for individual level consumption inequality followed a similar pattern though the changes were smaller in magnitude we also explore a possible correction for tail non response bias in inequality measurement and find that the increase in measured consumption inequality is robust to this correction

indirect carbon emissions of urban households in china patterns determinants and inequality abstract the urban household sector is considered to be an essential source of climate change in order to obtain detailed information concerning the description of household consumption activities this paper combined consumer lifestyle approach and input output analysis to estimate indirect carbon emissions of urban household from 2002 to 2012 besides we further analysed the driving forces and inequality of indirect carbon emissions the results showed that the total indirect carbon emissions during the study period increased rapidly rising from 894 08 mtco2 to 1957 03 mtco2 more than 58 of carbon emissions were from 40 of the high income population the highest income group 10 of total urban households deduced 21 of urban indirect carbon emissions the per capita carbon emissions of different households showed a remarkable disparity and the per capita carbon emissions of high income groups decreased from 2011 to 2012 the effective mitigation efforts should focus on reducing carbon intensity and shifting consumption structure for high inequality consumption activities caused by rich households rich urban households should consume less goods and services from this consumption activities for high inequality consumption activities caused by low income households the redistribution of income from rich to poor and low carbon intensity lifestyles may be better options to reduce carbon emissions and inequalities of urban households

imputing rent in consumption measures with an application to consumption poverty in canada 1997 2009 we consider two econometric problems in the measurement of poverty both relating to rent imputation first we account for quality differences correlated with selection into owner occupied versus rental tenure this correction increases estimated household consumption by 5 over uncorrected estimates and decreases estimated poverty rates quite dramatically second we propose that measurement error induced by the imputation be corrected by imputing a consumption distribution rather than a consumption level for each household this correction increases estimated poverty rates slightly we use our methods to measure consumption poverty in canada and find that the imputation strategy used influences the patterns observed for example measured poverty among the elderly barely declines when one uses our methods in contrast to the almost 6 percentage point reduction we find using traditional methods in our assessment of the over time evolution of consumption poverty we find that substantial progress has been made on overall poverty and on child poverty but that poverty among the elderly hardly changed imputer le loyer dans les mesures de consommation une application a la pauvrete de consommation au canada 1997 2009 les auteurs considerent deux problemes econometriques dans la mesure de la pauvrete tous deux relies a l imputation du loyer d abord on prend en compte les differences de qualite liees au choix entre logement occupe par son proprietaire et logement locatif la correction accroit le niveau de consommation des menages de 5 par rapport aux estimations non corrigees et diminue les taux de pauvrete estimes de maniere dramatique ensuite on suggere que l erreur de mesure introduite par l imputation soit corrigee en derivant une distribution de consommation plutot qu un niveau de consommation pour chaque menage cette correction augmente la pauvrete estimee un peu les auteurs utilisent leurs methodes pour mesurer la pauvrete de consommation au canada et decouvrent que la strategie d imputation utilisee influence les patterns observes par exemple la pauvrete mesuree chez les aines diminue a peine quand on utilise leurs methodes contrairement a la diminution de presque 6 que proposent les methodes traditionnelles dans leur evaluation de l evolution de la pauvrete de consommation dans le temps ils decouvrent qu on a fait des progres substantiels pour ce qui est de la pauvrete en general et de la pauvrete des enfants mais que la pauvrete chez les aines n a a peu pres pas change

a machine learning analysis of the relationship among iron and steel industries air pollution and economic growth in china abstract the aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship among iron and steel industries air pollution and economic growth in china using monthly time series from 2000 to 2017 we adopt a long short term memory lstm approach the empirical results show that the relationship between economic growth and steel production is very strong in the first stage furthermore in our model we can see that the reduction of polluting emissions is linked to the principle of sustainable development in particular this phenomenon lies in the economic growth model responsible for the future generation

consumption and income inequality and the great recession abstract we examine changes in consumption and income inequality between 2000 and 2011 during the most recent recession unemployment rose and asset values declined sharply we investigate how the recession affected inequality while addressing concerns about underreporting in consumption data income inequality rose throughout the period from 2000 to 2011 the 90 10 ratio was 19 percent higher at the end of this period than at the beginning in contrast consumption inequality rose during the first half of this period but then fell after 2005 by 2011 the 90 10 ratio for consumption was slightly lower than it was in 2000

impact of household consumption on co2 emissions danish household consumption increased by 58 over the period 1966 1992 while co2 emissions only increased by 7 using decomposition analysis we investigated the global co2 impact of danish household consumption from 1966 to 1992 our conclusion is that overall growth in private consumption but not changes in the composition of consumption is the key to understanding the increase in co2 emissions however the effect of growth in private consumption has been partly offset by substantial energy conservation in the energy supply and manufacturing sectors

integrated weighting approach to carbon emission quotas an application case of beijing tianjin hebei region abstract the coordinated development of beijing tianjin hebei region has been included in the chinese 12th five year plan as a national strategy accordingly the cooperation of energy saving and environmental protection is an important part at the present stage establishing carbon emission trading market in china is regarded as an effective measure to reduce and control carbon dioxide emission meanwhile it is an important task for government to allocate carbon emission quotas among regions in order to explore the cross provincial carbon trading market mode of china this paper aims to construct a comprehensive index and use the integrated weighting approach to simulate the carbon quota allocation of beijing tianjin hebei region the results show that firstly the indicator of responsibility which is about 0 56 is given relatively more weight among the three indicators by comparison the weights of capacity and potential are 0 13 and 0 30 secondly the provinces with strong economic ability and lower carbon reduction potential may get fewer proportions of carbon emission quotas such as beijing thirdly since undertaking the function transfer and dispersal of beijing and tianjin hebei should have a relatively high carbon emission quotas in the future carbon trading market these results may provide insightful support for decision makers to promote collaborative carbon reduction and allocate carbon quotas in beijing tianjin hebei region of china

strategic facility location a review abstract facility location decisions are a critical element in strategic planning for a wide range of private and public firms the ramifications of siting facilities are broadly based and long lasting impacting numerous operational and logistical decisions high costs associated with property acquisition and facility construction make facility location or relocation projects long term investments to make such undertakings profitable firms plan for new facilities to remain in place and in operation for an extended time period thus decision makers must select sites that will not simply perform well according to the current system state but that will continue to be profitable for the facility s lifetime even as environmental factors change populations shift and market trends evolve finding robust facility locations is thus a difficult task demanding that decision makers account for uncertain future events the complexity of this problem has limited much of the facility location literature to simplified static and deterministic models although a few researchers initiated the study of stochastic and dynamic aspects of facility location many years ago most of the research dedicated to these issues has been published in recent years in this review we report on literature which explicitly addresses the strategic nature of facility location problems by considering either stochastic or dynamic problem characteristics dynamic formulations focus on the difficult timing issues involved in locating a facility or facilities over an extended horizon stochastic formulations attempt to capture the uncertainty in problem input parameters such as forecast demand or distance values the stochastic literature is divided into two classes that which explicitly considers the probability distribution of uncertain parameters and that which captures uncertainty through scenario planning a wide range of model formulations and solution approaches are discussed with applications ranging across numerous industries

a heuristic algorithm for solving large location inventory problems with demand uncertainty abstract in this paper we analyze a location inventory problem for the design of large supply chain networks with uncertain demand we give a continuous non linear formulation that integrates location allocation and inventory decisions and includes the costs of transportation cycle inventory safety stock ordering and facility opening then relying on the fact that the model becomes linear when certain variables are fixed we propose a heuristic algorithm that solves the resulting linear program and uses the solution to improve the variable estimations for the next iteration in order to show the efficiency of the algorithm we compare our results with those of the conic quadratic formulation of the problem computational experiments show that the heuristic algorithm can be efficiently used to find fast and close to optimal solutions for large supply chain networks finally we provide managerial insights regarding the ways in which demand uncertainty risk pooling and safety stocks at retailers affect the design of a supply chain

what drives intersectoral co2 emissions in china abstract aiming to identify the intersectoral linkage of larger co2 emissions sectors this paper studies the co2 emissions elasticity of technical and final demand coefficients using the input output technique the results show that the greatest emission coefficient elasticities are those related to transactions between construction and manufacture of non metallic mineral products between gross fixed capital formation and construction and between agriculture and processing and manufacture of food and production and supply of electric power and heat power and mining and washing of coal all these transactions between these sectors imply that co2 emissions control policy only for a specific sector maybe have no obvious co2 emissions mitigations if national government promote the growth of those sectors which have the biggest emission coefficient sensitivity with it now chinese government formulates the policy to promote new type urbanization urbanization will cause the gross fixed capital formation in construction and the more demands for the products of manufacture of non metallic mineral products production smelting and pressing of ferrous metals and supply of electric power and heat power so how to balance the carbon emissions in larger emissions sectors and rapid urbanization is a big challenge for decision makers

low carbon behavior approaches for reducing direct carbon emissions household energy use in a coastal city abstract household carbon emissions from energy use are rapidly increasing in conjunction with growing urbanization their reduction is critical for local urban climate improvement and the sustainable development of cities low carbon behavior is proved as a key element determining residents lifestyle understanding how that behavior affects household energy use will be useful in promoting low carbon households in this study xiamen a coastal city was divided into areas at high and low risk of flooding we used the path analysis method integrated with behavior and socioeconomic factors to explore the mechanisms of low carbon behavior effects on household direct energy use and related carbon emissions we found that socioeconomic conditions combined with low carbon behavior had direct and indirect impacts on household carbon emissions low carbon behavior in the high risk area contributed most to reducing carbon emissions education level was the important factors in the low risk area government led policies encouraging low carbon behavior were effective in reducing household carbon emissions in the high risk area however in low risk areas education about a low carbon lifestyle is an effective means for reducing carbon emissions

ensuring effectiveness of information to influence household behaviour abstract the behaviour of household members has a significant impact on the resulting energy consumption of a household studies show that within the same buildings with the same installations energy consumption can be reduced by an average of 37 by a more economical behaviour there exists therefore a large potential to reduce the demand by influencing behaviour the question remains how this potential can be addressed vito conducted in collaboration with the catholic university of louvain la neuve the serec project this project investigated the socio economic factors influencing residential energy consumption furthermore in the larger framework different tools have been developed several were tested and evaluated in a number of dwellings in this research they address both energy consumption for heating as well as electricity consumption the tools are completely different but all were designed to help make householders aware of their energy related behaviour and to provide recommendations on energy saving measures for each case potential changes in habits were followed up the observed range is quite large as full scale audits of every dwelling were performed as general comparisons of annual consumption were made to gain more insight into the effectiveness of the tools several families participated in in depth sociological interviews the overall results show the strengths and weaknesses of the different tools more generally the results reveal some of the key properties of recommendations that are necessary to ensure effectiveness for behavioural change

strategic facility location capacity acquisition and technology choice decisions under demand uncertainty robust vs non robust optimization approaches abstract this paper presents a robust optimization ro modeling approach to develop insights into strategic capacity planning and resource acquisition decisions including the facility location problem and the technology choice problem the main purpose of the proposed model and numerical experiments is to examine the effects of economies of scale economies of scope and the combined effects of scale and scope under uncertain demand realizations using robust optimization the type of capacities or technology alternatives that a firm can acquire can be classified on two basic dimensions the first dimension relates to the effects of scale via distinction between labor intensive technologies and capital intensive technologies the second dimension relates to the effects of scope via distinction between product dedicated and flexible technologies moreover each product dedicated and flexible technology can have different levels of labor or capital intensity leading to the joint effects of economies of scale and economies of scope extensive computational results document how the optimal technology choice patterns depend on the cost structures and levels of model robustness specified to accommodate uncertain demand realizations the results obtained by the two stage robust optimization approach are compared to the results obtained by a non robust approach

why is consumption more log normal than income gibrat s law revisited significant departures from log normality are observed in income data in violation of gibrat s law we identify a new empirical regularity which is that the distribution of consumption expenditures across households is within cohorts closer to log normal than the distribution of income we explain these empirical results by showing that the logic of gibrat s law applies not to total income but to permanent income and to maginal utility these findings have important implications for welfare and inequality

energy requirements of households in brazil abstract in this study we determine the total direct plus indirect energy requirements of a given set of brazilian households we use a generalized input output model in order to calculate the energy embodied in goods and services purchased by households of different income level in 11 capital cities of brazil our results show that on average the total energy intensity of household expenditure increases with income level although there is a considerable spread in energy intensities within income classes as well as disparities between regions of the country the total yearly average energy requirement per household in brazil in 1995 96 was 173 6 gj 61 of which was indirect with 32 8 gj for the lower income level 66 of which was indirect and 602 2 gj for the higher income level 62 of which was indirect of this total average energy requirement 76 was required for only three consumption categories utilities 31 mobility 28 and shelter 17 this analysis calls for the attention that has to be given not only to the direct energy consumption as motor fuels and electricity for example but also to the consumption categories that encompass an important part of the indirect energy requirement of households in capital cities in brazil

impacts of household income change on co2 emissions an empirical analysis of china abstract sustained increase in chinese household income has exerted positive impact on the consumption of goods and services this paper aims to analyze the unequal impacts of household consumption across different income households on the whole co2 emissions by utilizing a semi closed input output model and hypothetical extraction method the semi closed input output model moves household consumption activities into the intermediate use along with dividing urban and rural households to several groups by their income levels and the hypothetical extraction method hem is used to estimate the reductions of co2 emissions relative to total emissions after extracting the consumption of each household group the results show that 1 the impact on co2 emissions generated by urban households consumption are 1 8 times as much as that of rural ones 2 excluding consumption of higher income households from the economy would cause greater co2 emission reductions than lower ones specifically urban highest income households have the most relative reductions of co2 emissions which are 12 2 in 2007 and 13 8 in 2012 while for rural highest income households are 5 1 in 2007 and 5 1 in 2012 and urban and rural highest income households are respectively 3 8 and 1 8 times on the relative reductions of the lowest income ones 3 the relative reductions of household co2 emissions from food sectors is the most while from residence sectors is the least based on the above conclusions this paper puts forward consumption based policy implications

multiplicative structural decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy and emission intensities abstract aggregate intensity indicators such as the ratio of a country s energy and emissions to its gdp are often used by researchers and policymakers to study energy and environmental performance this paper analyzes the relationship between energy or emissions and value added or gdp from a different viewpoint namely from the demand rather than the production perspective using the input output i o framework the aggregate embodied intensity aei defined as the ratio of embodied energy or emissions to embodied value added can be defined at the aggregate final demand category and sectoral levels the total aggregate intensity can be presented as a weighted sum of the aeis at the final demand category or sectoral level changes of the aei at different levels can be decomposed to identify the driving forces using multiplicative sda a study using the latest 2007 and 2012 datasets of china indicates that a its aggregate intensity of co 2 emissions was mainly determined by the aei in investment and b the emission intensity effect generally contributed the most to the aei ratio changes at different levels the proposed framework can be applied to other aggregate intensity indicators and extended to multi country region analysis

promoting sustainable consumption in china a conceptual framework and research review various theories and approaches have been introduced in the debate on how to address sustainable consumption in this study we first discuss different theoretical perspectives on sustainable consumption particularly developed in the fields of economics social psychology and environmental sociology we argue that neither an individualist nor a system or structural perspective alone is sufficient for understanding and analysing the transition towards sustainable consumption therefore we propose to apply the social practices approach spa that combines both human agency and social structures to understand sustainable consumption issues following the spa framework we review and summarize research on sustainable consumption in china in particular on three consumption fields food housing energy and mobility it is found that introducing more efficient production technology is commonly taken as the focal point in these sectors when sustainable consumption was introduced to china despite a rising interest in consumers perceptions of products sustainability in recent years research has rarely paid any attention to consumers behavioural change or to the transition dynamics towards sustainable consumption in general individualist perspectives have largely dominated chinese sustainable consumption research this paper proposes to move attention to a better understanding of chinese consumption issues by emphasizing the link between the provision of sustainable products and the diverse sustainable consumption practices also images of food energy mobility and other consumption products that are undergoing transitions need to be considered in future research as these have consequences for socio technical changes material infrastructures and for lifestyle innovations

the indirect energy consumption and co2 emission caused by household consumption in china an analysis based on the input output method in recent decades china s rapid economy development has been coupling with the steadily increasing household consumption which in turn leads to ever growing energy consumption and co2 emission with a focus on the decade of 2000 2010 this study examines the energy consumption and co2 emission caused by household consumption using the input output method as well as the influencing factors of the indirect co2 emission the results show that first the indirect energy consumption and co2 emission appear the main parts of total energy consumption and co2 emission caused by household consumption accounting for 69 77 and 77 84 respectively second the indirect co2 emission indicates an increasing trend mainly driven by per capita household consumption and energy intensity finally the five sectors with relatively higher direct or total co2 emission intensity are the key sectors for reducing co2 emission in china i e 1 production and distribution of electric power and heat power pdeh 2 smelting and pressing of metals spm 3 processing of petroleum coking processing of nuclear fuel ppcpn 4 manufacture of non metallic mineral products mnm and 5 manufacture of chemical materials mcm

robust strategies for facility location under uncertainty abstract this paper considers a stochastic facility location problem in which multiple capacitated facilities serve customers with a single product and a stockout probabilistic requirement is stated as a chance constraint customer demand is assumed to be uncertain and to follow either a normal or an ambiguous distribution we study robust approximations to the problem in order to incorporate information about the random demand distribution in the best possible computationally tractable way we also discuss how a decision maker s risk preferences can be incorporated in the problem through robust optimization finally we present numerical experiments that illustrate the performance of the different robust formulations robust optimization strategies for facility location appear to have better worst case performance than nonrobust strategies they also outperform nonrobust strategies in terms of realized average total cost when the actual demand distributions have higher expected values than the expected values used as input to the optimization models

china s carbon emissions from urban and rural households during 1992 2007 in china rapid economic growth has stimulated fast urban expansion and rural household income and consumption expenditure in current paper an input output method is used to determine the impact of china s increased urban and rural household consumption on carbon emissions the results shows that the direct and indirect co 2 emission from household consumption accounted for more than 40 of total carbon emissions from primary energy utilization in china in 1992 2007 the population increase expansion of urbanization and the increase of household consumption per capita all contribute to an increase of indirect carbon emissions while carbon intensity decline mitigates the growth of carbon emissions therefore at the domestic level household consumption is of great significance for co 2 emission which could be mitigated through changing the composition of goods and services consumed by households and switching to consumption pattern of less carbon intensive products the government must consider the substantial contribution of household consumption to carbon emissions when china is encouraging consumption in order to address the current global financial crisis c 2011 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

an integrated approach for planning a long term care network with uncertainty strategic policy and equity considerations abstract considering key uncertainties and health policy options in the reorganization of a long term care ltc network is crucial this study proposes a stochastic mixed integer linear programming model for planning the delivery of ltc services within a network of care where such aspects are modeled in an integrated manner the model assists health care planners on how to plan the delivery of the entire range of ltc services institutional home based and ambulatory services when the main policy objective is the minimization of expected costs and while respecting satisficing levels of equity these equity levels are modeled as constraints ensuring the attainment of equity of access equity of utilization socioeconomic equity and geographical equity the proposed model provides planners with key information on when and where to locate services and with which capacity how to distribute this capacity across services and patient groups and which changes to the network of care are needed over time model outputs take into account the uncertainty surrounding ltc demand and consider strategic health policy options adopted by governments the applicability of the model is demonstrated through the resolution of a case study in the great lisbon region in portugal with estimates on the equity cost trade off for several equity dimensions being provided

capacity expansion under stochastic demands we consider the problem of optimally meeting a stochastically growing demand for capacity over an infinite horizon under the assumption that demand for product follows either a nonlinear brownian motion or a non markovian birth and death process we show that this stochastic problem can be transformed into an equivalent deterministic problem consistent with earlier work by a manne the equivalent problem is formed by replacing the stochastic demand by its deterministic trend and discounting all costs by a new interest rate that is smaller than the original in approximate proportion to the uncertainty in the demand

welfare analysis when people are different inequality and poverty estimation indeed all welfare analysis must deal with the fact that people are heterogeneous equivalence scales and indifference scales are tools that may be used for this an equivalence scale gives the relative costs faced by different people an indifference scale gives the relative cost of living for people in different types of households equivalence scales and indifference scales can be estimated using off the shelf household level consumer expenditure data and standard econometric techniques for nonlinear equation systems i offer a short introduction to the identification estimation and use of equivalence scales and indifference scales and argue that these are complementary tools in the analysis of inequality and poverty the methods are illustrated with canadian household expenditure data from the surveys of household spending 20042009 estimated equivalence scales for disability are presented along with estimated household model parameters and an analysis of consumption poverty

flexible production resources and capacity utilization rates a robust optimization perspective abstract this paper presents a novel application of robust optimization ro in the context of optimal choices of product dedicated and flexible capacities in a spatial setting specifically we examine the impact of acquiring flexible production technologies on a firm s overall capacity utilization rates under demand uncertainty uncorrelated negatively and positively correlated demands are considered we implement an efficient ro algorithm which can solve large samples of robust min max problems in a realistic amount of time this paper examines the impact of three critical factors that lead to different capacity utilization and resource flexibility outcomes the degree of solution robustness selected by the decision maker to accommodate uncertain demand realizations the flexible capacity costs relative to dedicated capacity costs and the level of correlation between product demands one of our results show that according to robust solutions the total capacity may not be fully utilized because of the distinction between largest in unit terms and costliest demand realizations the second result shows that increasing the proportion of flexible capacity can increase capacity utilization however our results report less than full utilization even when using flexible capacity only we show that the optimal amount of flexible capacity and its impact on overall capacity utilization rate substantially depends on demand correlation

evaluating the relationships among economic growth energy consumption air emissions and air environmental protection investment in china abstract this paper analyzed the interactions among china s economic growth and its energy consumption air emissions and air environmental protection investment during 2000 2007 conventional energy and emergy are applied to quantify energy consumption and emissions impact respectively the five indicators based on money energy and emergy including ratio of nonrenewable energy to renewable energy rnr energy use per unit gdp eupg environmental cost per unit gdp ecpg impact of emissions per unit energy consumption iepec and environmental benefit per unit environmental protection investment ebpei are presented to depict the relationships among economic growth and energy consumption and impact of air emissions and air environmental protection investment the results show that energy consumption rapidly rises with china s fast economic growth however energy efficiency and environmental loading intensity from energy consumption are reduced simultaneously but their improvements fall far behind economic growth rate impact of air emissions mainly composed of impact of emissions on human health especially dust is slightly decreased the performance of air environmental protection investment is obviously declined in the study period generally speaking the conflict among economy energy and air environment protection is slightly mitigated but still acute due to great dependence of china s economy on fossil energy and inefficient environmental protection measures finally this paper discusses the corresponding issues and then puts forward some related suggestions

managing liquidity optimal degree of centralization abstract large banking groups face the question of how to optimally allocate and generate liquidity in a central liquidity hub or in many decentralized branches we translate this question into a facility location problem under uncertainty we show that volatility is the key driver behind de centralization we provide an analytical solution for the 2 branch model and show that a liquidity center can be interpreted as an option on immediate liquidity therefore its value can be interpreted as the price of information i e the price of knowing the exact demand furthermore we derive the threshold above which it is advantageous to open a liquidity center and show that it is a function of the volatility and the characteristic of the bank network finally we discuss the n branch model for real world banking groups 10 60 branches and show that it can be solved with high granularity 100 scenarios within less than 30 s

identifying common features among household consumption patterns optimized to minimize specific environmental burdens abstract this study seeks to find common features in a set of simulated japanese household consumption patterns each of which was optimized to reduce a particular type of environmental burden to this end an input output system comprising some 500 commodity and fixed capital formation sectors was formulated that relates japanese household consumption of these commodities to the generation of 13 types of environmental burden clustered in 6 key problem areas based on this system a linear programming model was developed and was used to compute a set of 13 household consumption patterns optimized for minimizing each of the environmental burdens in turn each of these singly optimized patterns was then characterized as to how it impacts on the magnitude of the other 12 environmental burdens by examining the commonalties and differences among these optimal patterns we then classified consumer commodities into 3 types providing a simple indicator with which to steer towards consumption patterns with less environmental impact than today s

exploring the relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission in mena countries abstract this study explored the relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission in the mena countries the panel model was utilized taking the period 1980 2009 into consideration pedroni cointegration test results showed that urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission were cointegrated the dynamic ols results also showed that there was a long run bi directional positive relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission however the significance of the long run relationship between urbanization energy consumption and co2 emission varied across the countries based on their level of income and development moreover long and short run bi directional causal relationships were found between the variables based on the granger causality test results from the results of this study it is important for the urban planners and policy makers in the mena countries to slow the rapid increase in urbanization the level of energy consumption and co2 emission in the mena countries increased more than double thus slowing down the urbanization level can help reduce the level of pollution and energy consumption in addition the increased energy efficiency implementation of energy savings projects energy conservation and energy infrastructure outsourcing reduce the level of pollution produced by urban areas

distributional incidence of green electricity price subsidies in china abstract distributional incidences are fundamental to environmental and energy policies a condition that has led to controversies on the equity of environmental and energy policy using data from china s urban household income and expenditure survey data from 2007 this study quantified the distributional effects of the green electricity price subsidy policy among chinese urban household and compared its effects by using lifetime income and annual income to classify households respectively the results show that total electricity subsidies are mainly driven by indirect electricity subsidies by using lifetime income to classify households subsidies to households in the poorest two groups accounted for less than 10 2 of the total subsidies whereas money distributed to households in the top two deciles reached 35 4 the comparison using annual income to group households also demonstrated the similar impact of the green electricity price subsidy policy china s future market reforms should allow electricity prices to reflect pollution abatement costs additionally a multi step block electricity price schedule can reduce the regressivity of the policy

viewpoint measuring the well being of the poor with income or consumption a canadian perspective there is a long tradition of using consumption measures derived from statistics canada s household expenditures surveys to study material well being inequality and poverty we offer an introduction to this research income and consumption measures give different pictures of the patterns of material well being in canada but the differences are not as large as in the us we also provide a comparison to meyer and sullivan s results on data quality canadian expenditure surveys are of high quality unique aspects of these surveys variation in quality control measures over time and the possibility of comparing to income tax data provide important insights into the quality of survey data on income and consumption il existe une longue tradition d utilisation de mesures de consommation derivees de l enquete des depenses des menages de statistiques canada pour mesurer le bien etre materiel l inegalite et la pauvrete les auteurs presentent ces recherches les mesures de revenus et de consommation donnent des portraits differents des patterns de bien etre materiel au canada mais les differences ne sont pas aussi importantes qu aux etats unis on presente une comparaison avec les resultats de meyer et sullivan sur la qualite des donnees les enquetes sur les depenses sont de haute qualite au canada certains aspects uniques de ces enquetes variation dans les mesures de controle de qualite dans le temps et possibilite de comparer les donnees derivees des rapports d impot sur le revenu fournissent des apercus importants sur la qualite des donnees d enquetes sur le revenu et la consommation canadian economics association

path analysis of factors impacting china s co2 emission intensity viewpoint on energy abstract to explore the means of achieving carbon intensity targets in china this study empirically discusses the key factors influencing the co2 emission intensity and the causal relationships among these factors based on a path analysis using panel data six factors are included in the analysis gross domestic product gdp per capita a technology effect te energy price ep industrial structure is energy structure es and foreign direct investment fdi the study period is divided into three stages 1991 2002 2003 2014 and 1991 2014 improving t is the most significant way to decrease the emission intensity followed by fdi in each stage the effects of a ep es and fdi on the emission intensity mainly come from indirect contributions through te and is and the effects of te and is arise primarily through direct contributions improving a promotes the development of te in each stage and the adjustment of is in 1991 2002 but increases the proportion of secondary industry in 2003 2014 a rising ep negatively affects te in 2003 2014 improving the fdi promotes the development of te in each stage but is not conducive to the adjustment of is in 2003 2014