price competition and market structure the impact of cartel policy on concentration in the uk this paper examines the impact of firms conduct on market structure it studies the evolution of concentration in uk manufacturing following the abolition of cartels using a theoretical framework based on sutton s theory of market structure and a panel data set of four digit industries over 1958 1977 the econometric results suggest that the intensity of price competition has a positive impact on concentration in exogenous sunk cost industries as well as in advertising intensive and r d intensive industries the concentration market size relationship while negative in exogenous sunk cost industries breaks down in industries with high advertising or r d intensity

is trade good or bad for the environment sorting out the causality we seek to contribute to the debate over globalization and the environment by asking what is the effect of trade on a country s environment for a given level of gdp we take specific account of the endogeneity of trade using exogenous geographic determinants of trade as instrumental variables we find that trade tends to reduce three measures of air pollution statistical significance is high for concentrations of so2 moderate for no2 and lacking for particulate matter although results for other environmental measures are not as encouraging there is little evidence that trade has a detrimental effect on the environment

competition and the relative productivity of large and small firms using a comprehensive dataset on the incidence of price fixing across british manufacturing industries in the 1950s i compare collusive and competitive industries and find evidence of a negative relationship between collusion and the labour productivity of larger firms relative to smaller firms in particular collusion is associated with a reduction or even a reversal of the productivity gap between larger and smaller firms this result is robust to controlling for the potential endogeneity of collusion

emissions embodied in chinese exports taking into account the special export structure of china abstract quantification of co 2 emissions embodied in china s trade is important for an informed debate on whom to blame for the recent rise in chinese emissions or the calculation of border carbon adjustments applying input output io techniques we calculate these emissions in 1 a standard model 2 a regionally disaggregated model taking into account that export production is concentrated in more advanced and more emission efficient provinces and 3 in a model with export processing taking into account that almost half of the chinese exports rely on a large share of imported intermediates and little domestic value and emissions added we compare year 2007 emissions embodied in chinese exports in a unified framework we also report emissions embodied in chinese imports used for intermediate production of exports by combining calculations for china with data from global io models we find that both a model with 30 provinces 1730 mt co 2 and a model accounting for export processing 1630 mt yield lower chinese emissions embodied in exports compared to the standard model 1782 mt in the regional model emissions are even lower 1522 mt if interprovincial trade is not taken into account

comparisons of initial carbon allowance allocation rules in an o2o retail supply chain with the cap and trade regulation abstract this paper focuses on an o2o retail supply chain in the context of low carbon environment the decision models are constructed under three cases without cap and trade regulation cap and trade regulation based on grandfathering mechanism and cap and trade regulation based on benchmarking mechanism the emission reduction strategies of the supply chain members in the three cases are then discussed the paper compares the effects of the grandfathering and benchmarking mechanisms on the firm s decisions profits and social welfare firstly the results show that the unit carbon quota plays a decisive role in firm s decisions compared with the grandfathering methodology the benchmarking one can more effectively push manufacturers to produce low carbon products and motivate retailers to promote low carbon products secondly it is profitable for the retailer to cooperate with a manufacturer who has lower emission reduction cost simultaneously the retailer will prefer the benchmarking mechanism to the grandfathering mechanism thirdly for the government it is beneficial to use grandfathering mechanism for low carbon emission firms and use benchmarking mechanism for high carbon emission firms also the paper provides government and firms with conditions where the benchmarking allocation method is more suitable for sustainable development the government s decision on benchmarks is a critical factor in maximizing the social welfare

co2 emissions from household consumption in india between 1993 94 and 2006 07 a decomposition analysis abstract co 2 emission from anthropogenic activities is one of the major causes of global warming india being an agriculture dependent country global warming would mean monsoon instability and consequent food scarcity natural disasters and economic concerns however with proper policy interventions co 2 emissions can be controlled input output analysis has been used to estimate direct and indirect co 2 emissions by households for 1993 94 1998 99 2003 04 and 2006 07 complete decomposition analysis of the changes in co 2 emissions between 1993 94 and 2006 07 has been done to identify the causes into pollution energy intensity structure activity and population effects according to broad household consumption categories results indicate that activity structure and population effects are the main causes of increase in co 2 emission from household fuel consumption to identify the causes at the sectoral level a second decomposition has been done for changes between 2003 04 and 2006 07 to identify the causes in the next stage finally alternative energy policy options have been examined for each consumption category to reduce emissions combined strategies of technology upgradation fuel switching and market management in order to reduce co 2 emissions for sectors like batteries other non electrical machinery construction and electronic equipments including television for which all the effects are positive need to be adopted

will economic restructuring in china reduce trade embodied co2 emissions we acknowledge the support of the national social science foundation of china project no project no 09 zd029 and the institute for energy environment and economy at tsinghua university which is supporting tianyu qi s doctoral research as a visiting scholar at the massachusetts institute of technology we further acknowledge the support of eni s p a icf international and shell international ltd initial sponsors of the china energy and climate project in the mit joint program on the science and policy of global change at mit none of the sponsoring organizations played a role in the study design collection analysis or interpretation of the data used for this study nor did they influence our decisions to submit the article for publication and all errors are our own we also acknowledge general industrial and government sponsors of the joint program on the science and policy of global change http globalchange mit edu sponsors all

market power productivity and the eu single market program evidence from a panel of italian firms abstract this paper provides empirical evidence on the impact the eu single market program has exerted on market power and total factor productivity in a large sample of italian firms both market power and total factor productivity are estimated by applying several extensions of the methodology developed by hall main findings can be summarised as follows firstly for the sample of 1992 most sensitive firms market power decreases by 50 in the smp implementation period compared to previous years whereas no clear pattern emerges for the other sub samples of firms secondly and less conclusively only for the sub sample of 1992 most sensitive firms a positive transitory shock to productivity growth rates is observed immediately after the announcement of the reform project overall these results are consistent with the long standing view that economic integration reduces firms market power and increases productivity via the removal of non tariff barriers

impact of plant size and focus on productivity an empirical study recent popular business literature has suggested that there is a significant trend in the united states for firms to decrease the size and increase the focus of manufacturing plants they operate and that this leads to higher productivity this paper tests empirically the validity of these claims we analyze data on virtually the entire population of manufacturing plants in the united states and find that contrary to the popular business literature the average size of plants increased during the period 1972 1984 however consistent with the popular notion the rate of growth in plant size slowed considerably and even turned negative for a category of large plants plant focus did increase during this period we then investigate the relationship between productivity and plant characteristics including plant size and plant focus overall our results do not support the popular argument that reduction in plant size results in productivity gains however we do find support for this argument in some two digit sic industries also scale economies in the entire population decreased over the period 1972 1982 we also find only limited support for the popular argument that plant focus increases productivity

apples to kangaroos a framework for developing internationally comparable carbon emission factors for crop and livestock products abstract consumption based greenhouse gas accounting which encompasses emissions from a nation s domestic final consumption as well as emissions embodied in imports is gaining favor in the climate change literature for its effectiveness and consideration of equity unfortunately the calculation of emissions embodied in the trade of agricultural food products is hindered by a lack of consistent and comparable emission factors food import quantities for every country are readily available through the united nations food and agriculture organization unfortunately the carbon emission factors necessary to calculate the embodied emissions in imported foods are largely unavailable or unreliable for many countries on top of this different methodologies for determining carbon emission factors provide varying estimates based on different assumptions the differences in these assumptions and methodologies can mean that attempts to compare and combine emissions based on factors from different countries become less of a comparison of apples to apples and more of an apples to oranges or even apples to kangaroos exercise this study proposes a method to combine the food and agriculture organization s available greenhouse gas data production data and agricultural yields and scaling it against benchmarks in the literature to estimate a time series of crop and livestock carbon emission factors that are internally consistent within the food and agriculture organization s data set and comparable from nation to nation the framework provided is then used to produce a sample set of carbon emission factors for chinese agricultural import suppliers to determine the embodied greenhouse gases in china s food imports

considering environmental implications of distribution channel choices a comparative study based on game theory abstract recently with the rapid development of e commerce in the world the total scale of online shopping has reached a notably high level the environmental benefits of online retailing have been highlighted in many studies but many factors could have contributed to opposing results motivated by the new sharp expansion of online shopping in china we employ a game theoretic based model to make a comparative study of the environment impacts of single channel traditional retail channel and dual channel online direct channel and traditional retail channel supply chains by taking product characteristics customers distribution range and propensities into account to the best of our knowledge no previous researchers have considered these factors simultaneously numerical analyses are applied to illustrate the model and demonstrate the influences of these factors on channel selection decisions and their resulting effects on the environment our results provide a reference for companies to decide whether to add an online direct channel for a specific product the conclusions can also benefit the government in guiding companies to distribute products in more eco friendly ways

promises and pitfalls in environmentally extended input output analysis for china a survey of the literature abstract as the world s largest developing economy china plays a key role in global climate change and other environmental impacts of international concern environmentally extended input output analysis ee ioa is an important and insightful tool seeing widespread use in studying large scale environmental impacts in china calculating and analyzing greenhouse gas emissions carbon and water footprints pollution and embodied energy this paper surveys the published articles regarding ee ioa for china in peer reviewed journals and provides a comprehensive and quantitative overview of the body of literature examining the research impact environmental issues addressed and data utilized the paper further includes a discussion of the shortcomings in official chinese data and of the potential means to move beyond its inherent limitations

co2 emissions energy consumption trade and income a comparative analysis of china and india in order to prevent the destabilisation of the earth s biosphere co2 emissions must be reduced quickly and significantly the causes of co2 emissions by individual countries need to be apprehended in order to understand the processes required for reducing emissions around the globe china and india are the two largest transitional countries and growing economies but are in two entirely different categories in terms of structural changes in growth trade and energy use co2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels have significantly increased in the recent past this paper compares china and india using the bounds testing approach to cointegration and the ardl methodology to test the long and short run relationships between growth trade energy use and endogenously determined structural breaks the co2 emissions in china were influenced by per capita income structural changes and energy consumption a similar causal connection cannot be established for india with regard to structural changes and co2 emissions because india s informal economy is much larger than china s india possesses an extraordinarily large number of micro enterprises that are low energy consumers and not competitive enough to reach international markets understanding these contrasting scenarios is prerequisite to reaching an international agreement on climate change affecting these two countries

what determines cartel success following george stigler 1964 many economists assume that incentive problems undermine attempts by firms to collude to raise prices and restrict output but the potential profits from collusion can create a powerful incentive as well theory cannot tell us a priori which effect will dominate whether or when cartels succeed is thus an empirical question we examine a wide variety of empirical studies of cartels to answer the following questions 1 can cartels succeed 2 if so for how long 3 what impact do cartels have 4 what causes cartels to break up we conclude that many cartels do survive and that the distribution of duration is bimodal while the average duration of cartels across a range of studies is about five years many cartels break up very quickly i e in less than a year but there are many others that last between five and ten years and some that last decades limited evidence suggests that cartels are able to increase prices and profits to varying degrees cartels can also affect other non price variables including advertising innovation investment barriers to entry and concentration cartels break up occasionally because of cheating or lack of effective monitoring but the biggest challenges cartels face are entry and adjustment of the collusive agreement in response to changing economic conditions cartels that develop organizational structures that allow them the flexibility to respond to these changing conditions are more likely to survive price wars that erupt are often the result of bargaining issues that arise in such circumstances sophisticated cartel organizations are also able to develop multipronged strategies to monitor one another to deter cheating and a variety of interventions to increase barriers to entry

the effects of direct trade within china on regional and national co2 emissions curbing national carbon emissions and clarifying regional carbon reduction responsibility are two challenges faced by china both of which are influenced by interregional trade to exclude the influence of trade balance this paper proposes a methodology to parcel the pollution haven hypothesis into a multi regional input output model applies it to a longer time gap which is made up of two representative periods of chinese economy 1997 2002 and 2002 2007 and clarifies the provincial and sectoral contributions to national emissions we find that 1 embodied co2 emissions first remain relatively stable and then increase sharply for the two periods and the changing trends are mainly determined by the decreasing carbon intensity and the expanding trade scale respectively 2 with the secondary industry as the main contributor regional carbon spillover is mainly concentrated in the coastal provinces but it contributes to an increase of co2 emissions in the central and western regions 3 the coastal and inland provinces contribute to the increase of national carbon emissions through interregional imports and exports respectively but the pollution haven hypothesis is not obvious and is only observed in 2002

a comparative analysis of carbon emissions from online retailing of fast moving consumer goods online retailing can lower the environmental impact of shopping under specific circumstances as a result of the numerous variables involved most of the studies that have compared the carbon footprints of online and conventional retailing only take a partial view to make a more holistic assessment this study develops a framework that accounts for all the relevant environmental factors relating to retail e commerce activities variables related to consumer shopping behaviour such as basket size transport mode trip length and trip frequency are included in the analysis this framework is used to build a life cycle analysis model the model is applied to different online retail methods for fast moving consumer goods in the united kingdom we find that within the last mile link to the home the nature of the consumer s behaviour in terms of travel choice of e fulfilment method and basket size are critical factors in determining the environmental sustainability of e commerce the nature and routing of van deliveries the amount and type of packaging used and the energy efficiency of shop and e fulfilment centre operations are also identified as significant contributors to climate change potential the results of this study indicate ways in which e commerce can be made more environmentally sustainable encouraging consumers to reduce complementary shopping trips and maximise the number of items per delivery this study identifies the strengths and weaknesses of a range of e retail channels and provides a basis for future research on the environmental sustainability of online retailing of fast moving consumer goods

the effect of competition on wages and productivity evidence from the united kingdom abstract i examine the impact of competition on wages and productivity using a panel data set of u k manufacturing industries over 1954 1973 the introduction of cartel law in the united kingdom in the late 1950s caused an intensification of price competition in previously cartelized manufacturing industries but it did not affect those industries that were not cartelized the econometric results from a comparison of the two groups of industries before and after the introduction of cartel law provide strong evidence of a negative effect of collusion on labor productivity growth there is no evidence of any effect of collusion on wages these results are robust to controlling for the potential endogeneity of collusion and are further strengthened by a comparison with u s data

driving factors of carbon embodied in china s provincial exports in this paper we use the multi regional input output model mrio and logarithm mean divisia index approach to analyze the changes in china s carbon embodied in exports cee at the national and provincial levels the results indicate that the total cee and the cee of 17 provinces including all eastern provinces decreased between 2007 and 2010 the largest decrease in total cee is caused by an input structural effect which decreases the cee of most of the provinces the technique effect arising from changes in provincial carbon intensities causes the second largest decrease in total cee and it effectively reduces the cee of most of the provinces especially the eastern provinces changes in the export composition of most of the provinces also decrease the provincial cee a change in the provincial distribution of exports decreases the cee in 11 provinces on the one hand and increases the cee in 19 provinces on the other hand a change in export volume increases the cee of each province and the whole country but its total effect is evidently lower than the input structural effect and the technique effect c 2015 elsevier b v all rights reserved

china s foreign trade and climate change a case study of co2 emissions abstract the globalization of trade has numerous environmental implications trade creates a mechanism for consumers to shift environmental pollution associated with their consumption to other countries carbon leakage exerts great influences on international trade and economy applying an input output approach the paper estimates the amount of carbon dioxide co2 embodied in china s foreign trade during 1997 2007 it is found that 10 03 26 54 of china s annual co2 emissions are produced during the manufacture of export goods destined for foreign consumers while the co2 emissions embodied in china s imports accounted for only 4 40 1997 and 9 05 2007 of that we also estimate that the rest of world avoided emitting 150 18 mt co2 in 1997 increasing to 593 mt in 2007 as a result of importing goods from china rather than manufacturing the same type and quantity of goods domestically during 1997 2007 the net additional global co2 emissions resulting from china s exports were 4894 mt then the paper divides the trade embodied emissions into scale composition and technical effect it was found that scale and composition effect increased the co2 emissions embodied in trade while the technical effect offset a small part of them finally its mechanism and policy implications are presented

the effect of trade between china and the uk on national and global carbon dioxide emissions we estimate the amount of carbon dioxide embodied in bi lateral trade between the uk and china in 2004 developing and applying the method of shui and harriss 2006 tile role of co2 embodiment in us china trade energy policy 34 4063 4068 the most recently available data on trade and co2 emissions have been updated and adjusted to calculate the co2 emissions embodied in the commodities traded between china and the uk it was found that through trade with china the uk reduced its co2 emissions by approximately 11 in 2004 compared with a non trade scenario in which the same type and volume of goods are produced in the uk in addition due to the greater carbon intensity and relatively less efficient production processes of chinese industry china uk trade resulted in an additional 117 mt of co2 to global co2 emissions in the same one year period compared with a non trade scenario in which the same type and volume of goods are produced in the uk this represents an additional 19 to the reported national co2 emissions of the uk 555 mt y in 2004 and 0 4 of global emissions these findings suggest that through international trade very significant environmental impacts can be shifted front one country to another and that international trade can but does not necessarily result in globally increased greenhouse gas emissions these results are additional to the environmental consequences of transporting goods which are not robustly quantified here c 2008 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

what determines productivity lessons from the dramatic recovery of the u s and canadian iron ore industries following their early 1980s crisis great lakes iron ore producers had faced no competition from foreign iron ore in the great lakes steel market for nearly a century as the 1970s closed in the early 1980s as a result of unprecedented developments in the world steel market brazilian producers were offering to deliver iron ore to chicago the heart of the great lakes market at prices substantially below prices of local iron ore the u s and canadian iron ore industries faced a major crisis that cast doubt on their future in response to the crisis these industries dramatically increased productivity labor productivity doubled in a few years whereas it had changed little in the preceding decade materials productivity increased by more than half capital productivity increased as well i show that most of the productivity gains were due to changes in work practices work practice changes reduced overstaffing and hence increased labor productivity by increasing the fraction of time equipment was in operating mode changes in work pra

global warming agreements international trade and energy carbon embodiments an input output approach to the italian case abstract in the kyoto protocol the absence of green house gases ghgs commitments of developing countries non annex i and the more flexible terms of implementation which are allowed to countries shifting toward a market economy transition economies naturally lead to the absence or to less constraining national measures and policies of reduction of the ghgs emissions which in turn may determine a comparative advantage in the production of the highest energy carbon intensive commodities for these countries these arguments are valid also considering the future implementation of the european emission allowance trading scheme eats thus developing countries may become a haven for the production of not environmental friendly commodities in this case the so called pollution haven hypothesis stating that due to freer international trade the comparative advantage may change the economic structure and consequently the trade patterns of the countries linked by trade relationships could occur this would lead to the increase of the transfers of energy and carbon embodied in traded commodities from developing countries and transition economies toward kyoto or eats constrained countries the aim of this paper is to verify if for italy as a kyoto and eats complying country evidence of a change in the trade patterns occurred on the basis of the pollution haven hypothesis does exist and to estimate the magnitude of the under estimation of the carbon actually emitted the carbon leakage the input output model has been used to calculate the intensities of energy consumption and the related green house gases emission for each italian economic sector

digitalization and energy consumption does ict reduce energy demand abstract this article investigates the effect of digitalization on energy consumption using an analytical model we investigate four effects 1 direct effects from the production usage and disposal of information and communication technologies ict 2 energy efficiency increases from digitalization 3 economic growth from increases in labor and energy productivities and 4 sectoral change tertiarization from the rise of ict services the analysis combines empirical and theoretical findings from debates on decoupling energy consumption from economic growth and from debates on green it and ict for sustainability our main results effects 1 and 3 tend to increase energy consumption effects 2 and 4 tend to decrease it furthermore our analysis suggests that the two increasing effects prevail so that overall digitalization increases energy consumption these results can be explained by four insights from ecological economics a physical capital and energy are complements in the ict sector b increases in energy efficiency lead to rebound effects c ict cannot solve the difficulty of decoupling economic growth from exergy d ict services are relatively energy intensive and come on top of former production in future digitalization can only boost sustainability when it fosters effects 2 and 4 without promoting effects 1 and 3

temporal change of china s pollution terms of trade and its determinants abstract based on the world input output database wiod this study employed a revised pollution terms of trade ptt indicator to investigate the temporal change of china s environmental cost relative to its economic gains from international trade from 1995 to 2009 the results show that china has ptt larger than 1 indicating that china emits more emissions to obtain each unit of value added from exports than its trade partners over the period china s ptt first decreased from 1995 to 2001 and then increased from 2001 to 2009 the further decompositions show that improving technology is the leading driving force to decrease ptt while the change in global trade pattern is the leading force increasing ptt especially after 2001 we further decomposed the temporal change of china s ptt by income group of the trading partners the results show that the change in the global trade pattern is the crucial driving force behind the different changes of ptt by income group

eco efficiency in the era of electronic commerce should eco effectiveness approach be adopted abstract in the 1980s when pcs were first introduced a vision arose of the paperless office yet it did not yield the anticipated environmental benefits nowadays such optimism about the implications of information technology and in particular e commerce continues to proliferate today but will e commerce turn out to be a success story or another unrealised utopia drawing on content analysis and concept development methods this paper discusses a number of observations of interest in the literature that taken together point out that eco efficiency is not sufficient to be the leadership strategy of choice for forecasting and reducing environmental damage arising from the implementation of e commerce rather utilizing an emerging concept of eco effectiveness together with eco efficiency may offer a model for managing the environmental consequences of e commerce yet to wield more influence the current concept of eco effectiveness needs to be expanded in order to complement and not to replace eco efficiency

energy and carbon embodied in the international trade of brazil an input output approach abstract all goods and services produced in an economy are directly and or indirectly associated with energy use and according to the type of fuel utilized with co2 emissions as well international trade is an important factor in shaping the industrial structure of a country and consequently in affecting a country s energy use and co2 emissions this study applies input output techniques to the brazilian economy to evaluate the total impacts of international trade on its energy use and co2 emissions a commodity by industry io model in hybrid units energy commodities in physical units and non energy commodities in monetary units is applied to the brazilian economy in 1995 results show that total energy embodied in the exports of non energy goods of brazil equals 831 pj while total carbon embodied is 13 5 mtc these amounts are larger than the relevant amounts embodied in the imports of non energy goods respectively 679 pj and 9 9 mtc these figures are better understood by contrasting them with the total energy use and the corresponding total carbon emissions of the brazilian economy in 1995 estimated by this work 6781 pj and 99 4 mtc respectively this means that international inflows and outflows of energy embodied in non energy goods are in the order of 10 and 12 of the total energy use while inflows and outflows of carbon embodied in non energy goods are approximately 10 and 14 of the corresponding total carbon emissions of the brazilian economy in 1995 the general picture is that brazil is not only a net exporter of energy 153 pj and of carbon 3 6 mtc embodied in the non energy goods internationally traded by the country in 1995 but also that each dollar earned with exports embodied 40 more energy and 56 more carbon than each dollar spent on imports these findings suggest that brazilian policy makers should be concerned about the extra impacts international trade policy may have on energy use and carbon emissions of the country

foreign trade and declining pollution in sweden a decomposition analysis of long term structural and technological effects this article examines whether there exists any causal relationship between foreign trade and declining pollution in developed countries in other words do developed countries outsource their problems to less developed countries rather than solve them the case study is the swedish economy and the two environmental indicators employed are energy consumption and co2 emissions no causal relationships are found since sweden has long been a net exporter of embodied energy and co2 and continues to be so after 1970 when energy consumption stabilizes and co2 emissions decline in addition the ratios of net exported energy and co2 to total consumption remain stable which means there were no effects on the energy intensity or co2 intensity either these results suggest that internal forces like efficiency improvements changed consumption patterns and transformation of the energy system have been crucial for relative environmental improvement in sweden while foreign trade has played no role

price competition non price competition and market structure theory and evidence from the uk this paper examines the impact of price competition on advertising r and d expenditure and market structure a general theoretical result is derived which restricts the space of possible outcomes regarding the behaviour of concentration and advertising r and d expenditure following an intensification of price competition the theory is tested using uk data on the evolution of competition concentration and advertising over 1954 77 the econometric results suggest that the introduction of restrictive practices legislation in the uk caused a rise in concentration in previously cartelized high advertising manufacturing industries and probably also a fall in advertising intensity

in which industries is collusion more likely evidence from the uk i examine the factors facilitating or hindering collusion using a comprehensive data set on the incidence of price fixing across uk manufacturing industries in the 1950s the econometric results suggest that collusion is more likely the higher the degree of capital intensity and less likely in advertising intensive than in low advertising industries there is also some evidence of a non monotonic relationship between market growth and the likelihood of collusion there is no clear link between concentration and the incidence of collusion

the role of co2 embodiment in us china trade abstract this study examines the influence of us china trade on national and global emissions of carbon dioxide co2 the three basic questions are as follows 1 what amount of co2 emissions is avoided in the us by importing chinese goods 2 how much are co2 emissions in china increased as a result of the production of goods for export to the us and 3 what are the impacts of us china trade on global co2 emissions our initial findings reveal that during 1997 2003 1 us co2 emissions would have increased from 3 to 6 if the goods imported from china had been produced in the us 2 about 7 14 of china s current co2 emissions were a result of producing exports for us consumers and 3 us china trade has increased global co2 emissions by an estimated 720 million metric tons we suggest that the export of us technologies and expertise related to clean production and energy efficiency to china could be a win win strategy for both countries for reducing their trade imbalance and mitigating global co2 emissions improved international accounting methodologies for assigning responsibility for co2 emissions must be designed to account for the dynamic nature of international trade

co2 emissions in australia economic and non economic drivers in the long run abstractaustralia has sustained a relatively high economic growth rate since the 1980s compared to other developed countries per capita co2 emissions tend to be highest amongst oecd countries creating new challenges to cut back emissions towards international standards this research explores the long run dynamics of co2 emissions economic and population growth along with the effects of globalization tested as contributing factors we find economic growth is not emission intensive in australia while energy consumption is emissions intensive second in an environment of increasing population our findings suggest australia needs to be energy efficient at the household level creating appropriate infrastructure for sustainable population growth high population growth and open migration policy can be detrimental in reducing co2 emissions finally we establish globalized environment has been conducive in combating emissions in this respect we establish the beneficial effect of economic globalization

cartel overcharges survey and meta analysis abstract the article presents a novel meta regression analysis of the size of cartel overcharges from a sample of more than 800 observations collected from a wide variety of published sources the analysis of a subsample of 395 cartel episodes finds that duration legal environment and organizational characteristics of cartels explain variation in overcharge rates to a greater extent than the type of publication or the method of calculation overcharges tend to be significantly higher for durable international cartels secular decline is observed as antitrust enforcement regimes have stiffened