identifying sectoral energy carbon water nexus characteristics of china abstract energy co2 emissions and water ecw are fundamentally linked holistic and in depth understanding of sectoral ecw nexus is essential to achieve socioeconomic sustainability this study employs environmental input output eio model to calculate the sectoral embodied ecw from 2002 to 2015 and adopts four indicators i e sectoral embodied ecw the proportion of direct ecw in embodied ecw and their changes to explore sectoral ecw nexus characteristics of china power egw and transport trs are key ecw nexus sectors in china with much larger embodied ecw and direct ecw sectors agriculture agr mining min and construction con show great changes in their ecw nexus characteristics between 2002 and 2015 sector agr is gradually becoming ecw intensive because agricultural modernization with the large scale adoption of modern water saving irrigation technologies leads to rapid increase in its energy and water use differentiated ecw related mitigation measures among sectors should be implemented through identifying their different ecw nexus characteristics as well as considering the synergies and co benefits of ecw related policies

a review of the water energy nexus abstract water and electricity are fundamentally linked at a basic level electricity generation requires water and water treatment and transportation use electricity historically there has been little reason to understand the nature of these links due largely to the presumption that water was not a threat to energy security nor electricity a threat to water security this presumption is now being challenged industry reforms increasing demand and more recently climate change are bringing into sharp focus the links between water and electricity in unprecedented ways general awareness of the links between water and electricity is increasing daily as the ramifications of the links are being felt the world over society s ability to deal with the challenges and uncertainties arising from the links between water and electricity is being hindered by limited understanding of the nature of the links and seeming lack of policy tools to effectively analyze them this paper reviews comprehensively the links between water and electricity presents a classification system for identifying links using the classification system this study further discusses these links by drawing upon examples from literature and follows with a synopsis of the nature of these links with this background the paper reviews and compares water energy studies in terms of scope objectives methodologies and key findings discusses major limitations of these studies and identifies important areas that would benefit from more in depth research this research contends that this type of approach is unsuitable in the longer term particularly when examining complex and multidimensional issues like the water energy nexus this work suggests that the nature of the nexus should and can be explored from a wider perspective by developing a suitable integrated methodological framework to serve as a platform for such exploration the purpose of this paper therefore is to outline the development of such a framework introduces integral theory and discusses how integral theory has shaped the development of the methodological framework employed in this research presents the framework and describes the suite of methods

water and energy price impacts on residential water demand in copenhagen while water price effects on residential water demand have been studied for several decades the impact of energy prices does not seem to have received much attention in this paper a residential water demand function derived from a model of household production of final consumption goods taking water energy and an aggregate of other goods as inputs is estimated on pooled time series data we find negative energy cross price elasticities around 0 2 and water price elasticities in the order of 0 1 or smaller

three lenses on the multinational enterprise politics corruption and corporate social responsibility scholars who analyze multinational enterprises mnes recognize the complex relationship between international business ib and society however compared with other ib topics research on politics corruption and corporate social responsibility three lenses on the mne remains somewhat embryonic with unresolved issues regarding frameworks measurement methods and theory this presents unique opportunities for integration and extension of disciplinary perspectives which we explore in this article we provide an introduction to potential linkages across these three lenses an agenda for additional theoretical and empirical research and a review of the papers in the jibs focused issue

impact of electricity prices and volumetric water allocation on energy and groundwater demand management analysis from western india abstract in recent years power tariff policy has been increasingly advocated as a mean to influence groundwater use and withdrawal decisions of farmers in view of the failure of existing direct and indirect regulations on groundwater withdrawal in india many researchers argue that pro rata electricity tariff with built in positive marginal cost of pumping could bring about efficient use of the resource though some argue that the levels of tariff in which demand becomes elastic to pricing are too high to be viable from political and socio economic points of view the paper presents a theoretical model to analyze farmers response to changes in power tariff and water allocation regimes vis a vis energy and groundwater use it validates the model by analyzing water productivity in groundwater irrigation under different electricity pricing structures and water allocation regimes water productivity was estimated using primary data of gross crop inputs cost of all inputs and volumetric water inputs the analysis shows that unit pricing of electricity influences groundwater use efficiency and productivity positively it also shows that the levels of pricing at which demand for electricity and groundwater becomes elastic to tariff are socio economically viable further water productivity impacts of pricing would be highest when water is volumetrically allocated with rationing therefore an effective power tariff policy followed by enforcement of volumetric water allocation could address the issue of efficiency sustainability and equity in groundwater use in india

the expansion of foreign direct investments discrete rational location choices or a cultural learning process it is recognized in the literature that experience may affect the cost and the uncertainty of operating in foreign markets and experience and market knowledge may therefore influence the location decisions of fdis economic theory does not however predict a general expansion pattern of fdis across industries on the other hand the theory associated with the internationalization process approach highlights the importance of cultural distance and predicts a movement from close to more distant markets as more experience is acquired by the firm the internationalization process approach is rooted in a behavioral theory of the firm

performance effects of added cultural distance in the path of international expansion the case of german multinational enterprises this paper contributes to the debate on the performance impact of added cultural distance in the multinational enterprise s mne s expansion path our research focuses on the ability of mnes to handle complexity associated with added cultural distance in international expansion and on the effect this may have on profitability we hypothesise that firms that make expansion moves involving a high level of added cultural distance per unit of time and those that expand in culturally distant countries in an irregular fashion that is with a higher variability will be less profitable we test these hypothesised relationships using detailed data on 2404 expansion moves undertaken by our panel of 91 german mnes whose expansion paths we tracked during periods ranging between 5 and 20 years

evidence on substitutability of adult and child labour whether child labour displaces adult labour giving rise to unemployment is a matter of their substitutability in production using a flexible form production function fitted to data on egypt s economy we generate hicks elasticities of complementarity own and cross price elasticities as well as simulate employment effects on adult labour as a result of changing the fixed quantity of labour in compliance with the international call to end child labour adult males appear to be complementary with and adult females substitutes for child labour although the employment effects of banning child labour are inconclusive

the eclectic paradigm of international production a restatement and some possible extensions this article reviews some of the criticisms directed towards the eclectic paradigm of international production over the past decade and restates its main tenets the second part of the article considers a number of possible extensions of the paradigm and concludes by asserting that it remains a robust general framework for explaining and analysing not only the economic rationale of economic production but many organisational and impact issues in relation to mne activity as well

free and slave labor in the antebellum south perfect substitutes or different inputs the substitutability between free and slave labor is examined and the permissibility of aggregating the two in to a single labor variab le is investigated using a translog production function slaves on large cotton farms worked in gangs free labor was not observed to do so despite this previous research has aggregated free and slave labor and employed functional forms imposing strong restrictions on substitution estimation of the translog function shows that simple additive aggregation is not acceptable on large farms slaves and free labor were complements while on small nongang farms they were substitutes copyright 1988 by mit press

the role of path dependency and managerial intentionality a perspective on international business research several decades of research in the field of international business have advanced various theories and studies on the internationalization of firms our assessment of the literature on internationalization shows that the focus has been primarily on path dependency and learning based aspects of internationalization while managerial intentionality and the possibility of managers making deliberate strategic choices towards further internationalization have not been very prominent in the ib literature we argue that internationalization paths and processes should be approached as a joint outcome of management intentionality and experience based learning in other words managers are assumed to have the ability and the intention to influence the evolutionary paths of the firm we derive a future research agenda that calls for the pursuit of this promising and emergent research stream moreover we develop a model integrating managerial intentionality knowledge experience and other factors institutional and selection forces to explain heterogeneous outcomes of internationalization positions paths and processes

on the growth of foreign affiliates multinational plant networks joint ventures and flexibility we take a flexibility perspective to analyse employment growth in a large sample of japanese manufacturing affiliates in nine asian countries during the years leading up to and into the asian financial crisis 1995 1999 we find that joint ventures are less flexible than wholly owned affiliates in responding to changing environmental conditions in the focal country and underperform in high growth environments multinational enterprises mnes use the flexibility created by their multinational plant network to adjust affiliate employment in response to labour cost changes in other countries in which they operate plants however no evidence was found that the presence of joint ventures in multinational plant networks reduces this network flexibility our findings suggest that more research is needed on the heterogeneous responses of mnes and their affiliates to changing economic environments

international new ventures revisiting the influences behind the born global firm there is a small but theoretically important literature on born globals or international new venture firms that positions itself in contrast to the more established sequential international entry literature in this paper we examine the pattern of entry into international markets for a set of international new ventures and show that they need not be a distinct breed of firms as previous research has portrayed absent a specific technological advantage the decision for a new venture to internationalize at inception is influenced by the size of its home market and by its production capacity as well as by cultural and economic forces that also influence other more traditional firms that stage their entry into international markets most importantly we demonstrate that the decision to internationalize or not should be considered jointly with the capacity allocation decision to specific international markets as analysing these separately may lead to biased results

multinational corporation internationalization in the service sector a study of japanese trading companies this paper extends chang s 1995 sequential investment theory to include multinational corporations mncs in service industries given this sector s large and growing impact on the global economy to facilitate an examination of service mnc internationalization patterns we develop a new typology of service investment i e core global related local unrelated global and unrelated local based on business relatedness and location specificity we test this typology on a sample of large japanese trading companies our results suggest that the initial investments of service mncs are closely related to their core businesses and are less location specific but that subsequent investments are less related to firms core services and are more location specific a pattern similar to the traditional view on manufacturing mncs we extend our analysis to examine several case studies to provide a richer context for these findings in addition we examine the performance implications of internationalization our findings suggest that firms that internationalize through early investments that are closely related to their core activities outperform those in unrelated businesses over time but that this performance gap between related and unrelated foreign investments diminishes in more advanced stages of internationalization

divergency between average and frontier production technologies an empirical investigation for bangladesh applied economic analysis and policy formation often relies on esttimated porduction technologies primal representations of production technologies can be specified as the average production function or as the stochastic frontier this paper uses nested and non nested specification tests and assessment of economic variables including elasticities and marginal products to evaluate systematic differences between the average production function and three different specifications of the stochastic frontier bangladesh serves as an illustrative example the importance emerges of first beginning any analysis of production technologies with nested hypothesis testing of inefficiency and non nested hypothesis testing for systematic but unknown differrences between the average and stochastic frontier functions followed by nested testing of the final form of the production technology

water competition through the water energy nexus assessing the economic impacts of climate change in a mediterranean context abstract the impacts of climate change on water resources availability are expected to be adverse especially in drier climate regions such as the mediterranean increased water scarcity will exacerbate competition for water resources not only between sectors but also between countries sharing transboundary river basins due to the mutual dependence of the energy sector on water resources and of the water services provision sector on energy inputs the water energy nexus is acknowledged as a major challenge for the near future with hydropower representing one of the most direct links in this nexus the aim of this paper is to assess the economy wide impacts of the concurrent effects of climate change driven impacts on water availability and the sectoral and regional competition for scarcer water resources in order to accomplish that goal an integrated modelling approach is developed where a computable general equilibrium model including raw water as a production factor is linked to times pt a bottom up model of the energy sector a case study is provided for the mediterranean country of portugal results for 2050 show that macroeconomic impacts are significant and encompass important inter sectoral differences that in turn depend on the degree of competition between sectors impacts are stronger when water consumption by spanish sectors is considered as this intensifies water scarcity in portugal thus the paper allows to gain insight in the broader water energy economy nexus and the additional costs that the dependence on water resources availability in transboundary river basins represents to an economy both aspects being of utmost importance for climate adaptation and energy policy making

do managers behave the way theory suggests a choice theoretic examination of foreign direct investment location decision making many empirical examinations of foreign direct investment location choice have relied on the use of secondary data and surveys on the choices made by firms about the form and location of overseas investment these studies have two inherent and related problems first they rely solely on the location choices made by different firms and assume that the domains of possible options considered were the same second there is an assumption about the rules used by firms to make these decisions yet the decisions are made by boundedly rational managers after reviewing the literature this study examines managers choices about foreign investment location through the use of structured experimentation the results show that in creating sets of investments to consider managers appear to follow fairly rational rules however the choice of actual investments appears less aligned to traditional models

the japanese beer wars initiating and responding to hypercompetition in new product development in the mid 1980s the japanese beer industry a stable oligopoly in which competition had traditionally been limited to well understood nonprice dimensions experienced an outbreak of new product hypercompetition which saw a ten fold increase in the industry s new product introduction rate produced a major shake up in firms competitive positions and forced firms to transform themselves in fundamental ways in order to compete effectively surprisingly this hyper competition occurred despite heavy government regulation of the industry driving it were a variety of demographic dietary social economic and distribution trends which affected demand for beer plus the existence of a major player asahi on the edge of bankruptcy and therefore sufficiently desperate to risk a frontal attack on the industry leader kirin at the firm level substantial internal change and the building of new organizational capabilities were required both to initiate and respond to hypercompetition examining in detail th

estimating the elasticity of substitution between restricted and unrestricted inputs in a regulated fishery a probit approach abstract catch effort vessel and skipper characteristic data for a sample of boats involved in the tasmanian rock lobster fishery in the 1983 1984 season are used to estimate a fishing effort production function nested in a cobb douglas fishery production function the initial effort function is translog but tests suggest that the ces form cannot be rejected the vessel s choice of fishing ground is modeled by a probit equation the output from which is included in the ols estimation of the production function the elasticity of substitution between the inputs which are restricted by regulation and the other inputs is of particular interest as it determines whether input restriction is an efficient form of regulation for the fishery the results suggest a value significantly less than unity

political behavior social responsibility and perceived corruption a structuration perspective this study unites the three lenses political behavior corporate social responsibility and corruption and evaluates the way in which multinational enterprises mnes manage political and social forces in a foreign emerging market using the theory of structuration as the conceptual foundation we propose that an mne s propensity to cooperate with the host government is positively related to its philanthropic contribution and resource accommodation whereas its propensity to be assertive with the host government is positively associated with its emphasis on ethics and organizational credibility we argue that when perceived corruption in the business segment increases an mne s propensity to cooperate and be assertive with the government decreases its focus on ethics heightens and its philanthropic contribution diminishes as to the three way interactions when perceived corruption in the business segment increases mnes that focus more on ethics have a greater propensity to use arm s length bargaining to deal with the government whereas those focusing less on ethics have a greater propensity to use social connections to deal with the government our analysis of sample mnes in china generally supports these propositions