on the robustness of robustness checks of the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis since its first inception in the debate on the relationship between environment and growth in 1992 the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis ekc hereafter has been subject of continuous and intense scrutiny the most recent line of investigation criticizes the ekc hypothesis on more fundamental grounds in that it stresses the lack of sufficient statistical testing of the empirical relationship and questions the very existence of the notion of ekc attention is in particular drawn on the stationarity properties of the series involved per capita emissions or concentrations and per capita gdp and in case of presence of unit roots on the cointegration property that must be present for the ekc to be a well defined concept only at that point can the researcher ask whether the long run relationship exhibits an inverted u pattern on the basis of panel integration and cointegration tests for sulfur stern 2004 and perman and stern 1999 2003 have presented evidence and forcefully stated that the ekc hypothesis does not exist in this paper we ask whether similar strong conclusions can be arrived at when carrying out tests of system fractional integration and cointegration as an example we use the controversial case of carbon dioxide emissions the results show that more ekcs come back into life relative to traditional integration cointegration tests however we confirm that the ekc hypothesis remains a fragile concept

the stochastic convergence of co2 emissions a long memory approach in response to equity concerns surrounding the spatial distribution of co2 emissions and assumptions of co2 convergence within some climate models this paper examines the convergence of co2 emissions within the oecd over the period 1870 2004 more specifically using the local whittle estimator and its variants we examine whether relative per capita co2 emissions are fractionally integrated that is they are long memory processes which although highly persistant may revert to the mean trend in the long run our results suggest that co2 emissions within 13 out of 18 oecd countries are indeed fractionally integrated implying that they converge over time albeit slowly interestingly though the countries whose emissions are not found to be fractionally integrated are some of the highest polluters within the oecd at least in per capita terms our results have implications both for future studies of co2 convergence and for climate policy

a dynamic approach to the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis states that pollution levels increase as a country develops but begin to decrease as rising incomes pass beyond a turning point in ekc analyses the relationship between environmental degradation and income is usually expressed as a quadratic function with the turning point occurring at a maximum pollution level other explanatory variables have been included in these models but income regularly has had the most significant effect on indicators of environmental quality one variable consistently omitted in these relationships is the price of energy this paper analyzes previous models to illustrate the importance of prices in these models and then includes prices in an econometric ekc framework testing energy income and co2 income relationships these long run price income models find that income is no longer the most relevant indicator of environmental quality or energy demand indeed we find no significant evidence for the existence of an ekc within the range of current incomes for energy in the presence of price and trade variables

questioning the empirical basis of the environmental kuznets curve for co2 new evidence from a panel stationarity test robust to multiple breaks and cross dependence abstract this paper investigates the time series properties of per capita co2 emissions and per capita gdp levels for a sample of 86 countries over the period 1960 2000 for that purpose we employ a state of the art panel stationarity test which incorporates multiple shifts in level and slope thereby controlling for cross sectional dependence through bootstrap methods our analysis renders clear cut evidence that per capita gdp levels are nonstationary for the world as a whole while per capita co2 is found to be regime wise trend stationary the analysis of country groups shows that for africa and asia per capita co2 is best described as nonstationary while per capita gdp appears stationary around a broken trend in addition we find evidence of regime wise trend stationarity in both variables for the country groups consisting of america europe and oceania the results of our analysis carry important implications for the statistical modelling of the environmental kuznets curve for co2 since the differing order of integration in both variables for the world as a whole and for africa and asia calls into question the validity of panel cointegration techniques which assume that both variables are nonstationary and cointegrated with one another cointegration techniques would not be appropriate either for the case of america europe and oceania which are characterised by per capita gdp and co2 emissions being stationary around a broken trend similar conclusions are reached when we analyse country groups based on levels of development failure to properly characterise the time series properties of the data by not controlling for an unknown number of structural breaks and for cross sectional dependence could be responsible for the fragility and lack of robustness surrounding the estimation of environmental kuznets curves

environmental kuznets curve in romania and the role of energy consumption abstract the aim of present study is to probe the dynamic relationship between economic growth energy consumption and co 2 emissions for period of 1980 2010 in case of romania in doing so ardl bounds testing approach is applied to investigate the long run cointegration between these variables our results confirm long run relationship between economic growth energy consumption and energy pollutants the empirical evidence reveals that environmental kuznets curve ekc is found both in long and short runs in romania further energy consumption is major contributor to energy pollutants democratic regime shows her significant contribution to decline co 2 emissions through effective implementation of economic policies and financial development improves environment i e reduces co 2 emissions by redirecting the resources to environment friendly projects

the econometrics of the environmental kuznets curve an illustration using australian co2 emissions four econometric issues associated with the estimation and testing of the environmental kuznets curve ekc are considered i model specification with respect to the order of the polynomial ii

co2 emissions non renewable and renewable electricity production economic growth and international trade in italy abstract this paper applies the autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration to investigate the dynamic causal relationships between co2 emissions per capita real gdp per capita per capita non renewable electricity production and per capita renewable electricity production and international trade in the case of italy from 1960 to 2011 we find cointegration among these variables in the presence of possible structural breaks and we overcome the problem of multicollinearity in the research design the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is validated analytically because the estimated pollution model indicates that economic growth leads to less pollution over time per capita renewable electricity production reduces the level of co2 emissions per capita in the short run and in the long run whereas international trade only impacts positively upon carbon dioxide emissions per capita in the long run international trade granger causes co2 emissions per capita and non renewable electricity production per capita moreover the results depict the existence of the long run unidirectional granger causality relation running from output per capita to renewable electricity production per capita and from non renewable electricity production per capita to renewable electricity production per capita the findings indicate that renewable electricity production is a key solution in reducing pollutant emissions over time this result should be of concern to policy makers

the environmental kuznets curve in the oecd 1870 2014 carbon dioxide co2 emissions play an important role in global warming consequently studying the relationship between co2 emissions and economic development is important especially when viewed from a historical perspective we test the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for a panel of 20 oecd nations dating back to the first globalization boom in the nineteenth century utilising recently developed panel data estimators that account for cross sectional dependence and parameter heterogeneity for the period 1870 to 2014 we find support for the ekc hypothesis for the panel as a whole with three of our preferred four estimators with turning points in income per capita that lie between 18 955 and 89 540 in 1990 us country specific results however only provide mixed support for the ekc hypothesis specifically we find evidence of an ekc for nine of the 20 countries with five exhibiting a traditional inverted u shaped relationship three exhibiting an n shaped relationship and one an inverted n shaped relationship

carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth panel data evidence from developing countries in this paper we test the environment kuznet s curve ekc hypothesis for 43 developing countries we suggest examining the ekc hypothesis based on the short and long run income elasticities that is if the long run income elasticity is smaller than the short run income elasticity then it is evident that a country has reduced carbon dioxide emissions as its income has increased our empirical analysis based on individual countries suggests that jordan iraq kuwait yemen qatar the uae argentina mexico venezuela algeria kenya nigeria congo ghana and south africa approximately 35 per cent of the sample carbon dioxide emissions have fallen over the long run that is as these economies have grown emissions have fallen since the long run income elasticity is smaller than the short run elasticity we also examine the ekc hypothesis for panels of countries constructed on the basis of regional location using the panel cointegration and the panel long run estimation techniques we find that only for the middle eastern and south asian panels the income elasticity in the long run is smaller than the short run implying that carbon dioxide emission has fallen with a rise in income

understanding environmental policy preferences new evidence from brazil we examine the relationship between socio economic factors and public opinion on environmental policies in brazil drawing on a survey conducted in june 2012 there are few systematic studies of the determinants of environmental preferences in emerging economies and brazil is a particularly interesting case because of its democratic political system rapid economic growth and importance for the global environment in general we find that the brazilian public is highly supportive of environmental protection to explain variation in environmental preferences we focus on the effects of income and education many previous studies suggest that both should have positive effects but the empirical evidence is mixed indeed we find that income has no effect on environmental preferences however education is a strong predictor of environmental preferences while college education is not necessary for environmental awareness there is a large difference between brazilians with primary and secondary education for policy the findings imply that investment in secondary education can raise environmental awareness regardless of income levels

the effects of environmental regulation and technical progress on co2 kuznets curve an evidence from china based on environmental kuznets curve theory a panel data model which takes environmental regulation and technical progress as its moderating factors was developed to analyse the institutional and technical factors that affect the path of low carbon economic development the results indicated that there was a co2 emission kuznets curve seen in china environmental regulation had a significant moderating effect on the curve and the inflection of co2 emissions could come substantially earlier under stricter environmental regulation meanwhile the impact of technical progress on the low carbon economic development path had a longer hysteresis effect but restrained co2 emission during its increasing stage and accelerated its downward trend during the decreasing stage which was conducive to emission reduction strict environmental regulation could force the high carbon emitting industries to transfer from the eastern regions to the central or the western regions of china which would make the co2 kuznets curve higher in its increasing stage and lower in its decreasing stage than that under looser regulation furthermore energy efficiency energy structure and industrial structure exerted a significant direct impact on co2 emissions we should consider the above factors as essential in the quest for low carbon economic development

optimal intensity targets for greenhouse gas emissions trading under uncertainty uncertainty is an obstacle for commitments under cap and trade schemes for emission permits we assess how well intensity targets where each country s permit allocation is indexed to its future realized gdp can cope with uncertainties in international greenhouse emissions trading we present some empirical foundations for intensity targets and derive a simple rule for the optimal degree of indexation to gdp using an 18 region simulation model of a cooperative global cap and trade treaty in 2020 under multiple uncertainties and endogenous commitments we show that optimal intensity targets could reduce the cost of uncertainty and achieve significant increases in global abatement the optimal degree of indexation to gdp would vary greatly between countries including super indexation in some advanced countries and partial indexation for most developing countries standard intensity targets with one to one indexation would also improve the overall outcome but to a lesser degree and not in all individual cases although target indexation is no magic wand for a future global climate treaty gains from reduced cost uncertainty and the potential for more stringent environmental commitments could justify the increased complexity and other potential downsides of intensity targets

a multiscale reassessment of the environmental kuznets curve for energy and co2 emissions abstract this paper investigates the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for total primary energy supply and co2 from fuel combustion over the period 1971 2015 our analysis has two distinguishing features firstly it adopts a robustness approach by a using both parametric and semi parametric methods and b analysing different geographical scales secondly it strictly adheres to the ekc narrative by a not using control variables and b taking energy and co2 in absolute rather than in per capita terms which is consistent with the fact that nature cares about absolute pressures we show how evidence for ekc changes depending on the model specification the sample and the used variables hence this paper contributes to explaining why the literature on the ekc gives mixed results the multiscale perspective and some theoretical considerations however tell how to perform the analysis appropriately thus we can affirm that both for co2 and energy the fragile evidence of ekc that was emerging at the end of the last century has vanished with the new wave of globalization there is only evidence of decreasing elasticities for very high income countries interestingly the great recession might have produced structural reductions in tpes and co2 in the affected countries finally the case of germany which shows ekc patterns indicates that active energy policies can reduce energy and co2 without harming the economy

the instability of the adjusted and unadjusted environmental kuznets curves abstract we test the stability of the unadjusted and adjusted environmental kuznets curves ekcs our results provide evidence in favour of a theoretically funded adjusted ekc hypothesis in which the impact of per capita gdp on co 2 emissions is evaluated conditionally to the effects of the industry mix and of the energy supply infrastructure in this specification the shape of the gdp co 2 relationship appears quite sensitive to changes in the estimation period in the final part of the paper signs and dynamics of fixed effects of individual countries in different specifications are interpreted as measures of virtuous or vicious of environmental behaviour

stoking the fires co2 emissions and economic growth abstract we examine the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions a greenhouse gas central to global warming predictions estimates derived from global panel data suggest a diminishing marginal propensity to emit mpe carbon dioxide as gdp per capita rises despite this global carbon dioxide emissions growth will continue at 1 8 percent per annum for the foreseeable future a result that is not sensitive to average output growth instead emissions growth continues because output and population will grow most rapidly in lower income nations with high mpes this latter feature emphasizes the distributional consequences of policies to reduce emissions

environmental performance in socially fragmented countries social fragmentation is often associated with reduced co operative behaviour which undermines public goods provision such as environmental protection the few studies linking social fragmentation and environmental performance have been confined to using ethnic fractionalisation as the only measure of social heterogeneity in this paper we contribute to the literature in a twofold manner first we bring into the analysis alternative measures of social fragmentation i e religious fractionalisation ethnic religious polarisation that have received considerable attention in development economics in recent years second this is the first study to our knowledge that makes use of a large panel dataset of several environmental indicators to explore links between ethnic religious diversity and the environment we find that all indices of social fragmentation are negatively linked to measures of environmental quality although for some of them the size of the effect is larger in the case of polarisation

determinants of co2 emissions in a small open economy abstract the aim of the paper is to explore the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide co2 emissions for a small open and industrialized country austria we test whether an environmental kuznets curve relationship also holds for a single country rather than concentrating on panel or cross section data for a set of countries a cubic i e n shaped relationship between gdp and co2 emissions is found to fit the data most appropriately for the period 1960 1999 and a structural break is identified in the mid seventies due to the oil price shock furthermore two variables are additionally significant import shares reflecting the well known pollution haven hypothesis and the share of the tertiary service sector of total production gdp accounting for structural changes in the economy emission projections derived from this single country specification support the widely held opinion that significant policy changes are asked for when implementing the kyoto protocol in order to bring about a downturn in future carbon emissions

environmental kuznets curve among brics countries spot lightening finance transport energy and growth factors abstract the environmental sustainability reforms considered the highly successful factor for the countries that devoted for green investment in transportation financial activities energy demand and growth factors this challenging task is monetized by fair environmental policies that integrated with the countries action plans brics countries is no exception that wider accepted this environmental task and provoked the need of healthy investment for sustainable growth this study reviewed finance transport energy and growth factors under environmental kuznets curve ekc framework in a panel of brics countries by utilizing a consistent time series data from 1990 to 2015 the study employed panel fixed effect regression to observe unmodeled heterogeneity among the cross section identifiers that vary over a period of time the results show that transport services and industry value added indvad both escalate fossil fuel ffuel energy consumption while financial factors environmental prices and renewable energy consumption rec decreases fossil energy in a region bank capital broad money supply domestic credit railways goods transported travel services and indvad considerably increases nitrous oxide emissions n 2 o whereas rec significantly decreases n 2 o emissions in a panel of countries greenhouse gas ghg emissions affected by domestic credit railways goods transported travel services and indvad there is a monotonic decreasing relationships between i per capita income and ffuel energy ii railways passenger carried and n 2 o emissions iii rec and ghg emissions and iv income and n 2 o emissions whereas there is an inverted u shaped relationship between broad money supply and n 2 o emissions and u shaped relationships between per capita income and ghg emissions the panel causality tests confirmed the bidirectional relationship between financial indicators and railways transportation while bank capital granger cause ffuel energy per capita income indvad and rec but not other way around in a panel of brics countries the inter temporal relationships show that bank capital indvad and price level will largely affect ffuel energy n 2 o emissions and ghg emissions respectively for the next 10 years period the results of the study emphasized the need of green policy instruments that should be connected with the country s policies and program for sustained growth

income risk of eu coal fired power plants after kyoto coal fired power plants enjoy a significant advantage relative to gas plants in terms of cheaper fuel cost this advantage may erode or turn into disadvantage depending on co2 emission allowance price financial risks are further reinforced when the price of electricity is determined by natural gas fired plants marginal costs we aim to empirically assess the risks in eu coal plants margins up to the year 2020 parameter values are derived from actual market data monte carlo simulation allows compute the expected value and risk profile of coal plants earnings future allowance prices may spell significant risks on utilities balance sheets

the turning points of carbon kuznets curve evidences from panel and time series data of 164 countries with the dramatic economic development global warming caused by carbon emission has become increasingly serious and carbon emission reduction therefore comes to be the principle in most countries turning point tp which represents carbon emission turns from increasing to decreasing tendency with the economic growth has become a major focus of political and academic concern however previous studies on tp were contextualized only in individual countries or regions but barely from a global perspective which are insufficient for solving the carbon emission as a global issue therefore this study aims to provide a global picture of the carbon emissions by identifying the tps of 164 countries and five panel groups i e global high income upper middle income lower middle income and low income levels in the world and the patterns of them the results show that 123 individual countries and all the five panel groups accept the carbon kuznets curve ckc hypothesis then the tps of them are identified in particular three close correlations are identified throughout the study 1 the proportion of the ckc hypothesis and income level i e the higher income level the larger proportion of countries meeting the ckc hypothesis 2 the tps and income level i e the higher income level the higher tp and 3 the turning years and income level i e the higher income level the shorter turning years the identified tps in this study provide valuable references for not only individual countries but also countries at different income levels to tailor their strategies and policies to finally achieve global carbon emission reduction

non renewable and renewable energy consumption and co2 emissions in oecd countries a comparative analysis abstract this paper attempts to explore the determinants of co 2 emissions using the stirpat model and data from 1980 to 2011 for oecd countries the empirical results show that non renewable energy consumption increases co 2 emissions whereas renewable energy consumption decreases co 2 emissions further the results support the existence of an environmental kuznets curve between urbanisation and co 2 emissions implying that at higher levels of urbanisation the environmental impact decreases therefore the overall evidence suggests that policy makers should focus on urban planning as well as clean energy development to make substantial contributions to both reducing non renewable energy use and mitigating climate change

economic growth and environmental degradation the environmental kuznets curve and sustainable development abstract in this paper we critically examine the concept of the environmental kuznets curve ekc it proposes that there is an inverted u shape relation between environmental degradation and income per capita so that eventually growth reduces the environmental impact of economic activity the concept is dependent on a model of the economy in which there is no feedback from the quality of the environment to production possibilities and in which trade has a neutral effect on environmental degradation the actual violation of these assumptions gives rise to fundamental problems in estimating the parameters of an ekc the paper identifies other econometric problems with estimates of the ekc and reviews a number of empirical studies the inference from some such ekc estimates that further development will reduce environmental degradation is dependent on the assumption that world per capita income is normally distributed when in fact median income is far below mean income we carry out simulations combining ekc estimates from the literature with world bank forecasts for economic growth for individual countries aggregating over countries to derive the global impact within the horizon of the bank s forecast 2025 global emissions of so 2 continue to increase forest loss stabilizes before the end of the period but tropical deforestation continues at a constant rate throughout the period

environmental kuznets curve for co2 in canada abstract according to the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis the relationship between per capita gdp and per capita pollutant emissions has an inverted u shape this implies that past a certain point economic growth may actually be profitable for environmental quality most studies on this subject are based on estimating fully parametric quadratic or cubic regression models while this is not technically wrong such an approach somewhat lacks flexibility since it may fail to detect the true shape of the relationship if it happens not to be of the specified form we use semiparametric and flexible nonlinear parametric modeling methods in an attempt to provide more robust inferences we find little evidence in favour of the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis our main results could be interpreted as indicating that the oil shock of the 1970s has had an important impact on progress towards less polluting technology and production

the environmental kuznets curve for pm2 5 pollution in beijing tianjin hebei region of china a spatial panel data approach abstract the purpose of this study is to exam the existence of environmental kuznets curve ekc of pm2 5 pollution in the beijing tianjin hebei bth region of china as one of the most important economic growth poles in china bth region has long been suffering from air pollution especially pm2 5 pollution thus in this study we utilized satellite observations of pm2 5 pollution and panel data of 13 cities in bth region from 1998 to 2016 to investigate the relationship between economic growth and pm2 5 pollution after verifying the spatial effect of pm2 5 pollution by spatial statistical analysis the spatial econometric model spatial durbin model sdm was chosen over the non spatial model in the examination of ekc the results showed that 1 the relationship between economic growth and pm2 5 pollution presented a significant inverted u shaped pattern though bth region is still in the upward section there is a hope that it will cross the point and enter the downward section in the future 2 the turning points of ekc would happen later with spatial effect considered compared to the result of non spatial model 3 the turning point of ekc would not happen until the region enter the post industrial economy stage moreover though some of the cities in bth region have entered post industrial stage none of them has cross the turning point of ekc results of this study indicate a promising future in the control of pm2 5 pollution as well as provide suggestions to put more emphasis on regional cooperative governance in air pollution control for the policy makers

energy consumption as a condition for per capita carbon dioxide emission growth the results of a qualitative comparative analysis in the european union abstract the problematic of climatic changes and the respective consequences raises the need to discuss the problem and define measures to control and or reverse them because one of the causes of climatic changes is the emission of greenhouse gases the european union defined the reduction of emissions as a main concern as well as increasing efficiency in the energy sector with the objective of analysing the main conditions affecting the growth of per capita emissions this paper uses a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis fsqca based on a sample of data from 2010 to 2014 the conditions evaluated were i gdp growth ii change in the share of gdp relating to private consumption iii change in the share of gdp relating to public consumption iv change in the share of gdp on investment v and energy consumption growth the main drivers contributing to reduced emissions were the crisis and energy consumption evaluation of the main factors affecting emissions growth is the main contribution of this study considering that economic growth is an obvious goal the european union must design measures encouraging investment in more efficient and less pollutant technologies which is also in accordance with oecd sustainability goals

investigation of the environmental kuznets curve for carbon emissions in malaysia do foreign direct investment and trade matter abstract environmental degradation has become a central issue of discussion among the economists and environmentalists in view of malaysia s position as one of the main contributors to co2 emissions in asia and its status as a fast growing economy it is vital therefore to conduct a study to identify the relationship between economic growth and co2 emissions for malaysia this study attempts to examine empirically the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for malaysia in the presence of foreign direct investment and trade openness both in the short and long run for the period 1970 to 2008 the bounds testing approach and granger causality methodology are applied to test the interrelationships of the variables the results of our study indicate that the inverted u shaped relationship does exist between economic growth and co2 emission in both the short and long run for malaysia after controlling for two additional explanatory variables namely fdi and trade importantly the results of the study also provide some crucial policy recommendations to the policy makers

shaping the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions at the local level evidence from spatial econometric models the debate over the correlation between economic growth and environmental pollution has attracted a great deal of attention from academic researchers and policy makers in recent years there has been excessive use of spatial econometric models and too much emphasis on statistical procedures in empirical studies in this study we contribute to the existing literature by conducting a more rigorous analysis of the relationship between economic growth and hbox co 2 emissions in chinese cities using spatial durbin models our results show that hbox co 2 emissions increase monotonically in relation to economic growth at the city level and that the driving effects of economic growth are slightly smaller in central china than in eastern and western china in addition to economic growth industry s share of the economy is a major driver of hbox co 2 emissions while technological improvement measured by energy intensity per unit of gross domestic product gdp and the effectiveness of environmental governance flatten the shape of the environmental kuznets curve we provide evidence of local spillover effects of explanatory variables on hbox co 2 emissions economic competition as well as technological diffusion are found to exist in chinese cities in relation to hbox co 2 emissions we also find carbon leakage between cities only if the per capita gdp of a given city is less than 493 in 2010 constant dollars results hold when robustness checks are performed policy makers should carefully consider regional differences and the inherent spatial interactions between factors when formulating carbon reduction policies

environmental performance corruption and economic growth global evidence using a new data set abstractthis study investigates the relationship between environmental performance corruption and economic growth using panel data of 87 countries covering the period from 2002 to 2012 the environmental performance index is used for the first time to evaluate the environmental quality on economic growth by employing both static and dynamic panel models we find that environmental performance is positively related to economic growth and is more significant in non organization for economic cooperation development oecd countries moreover when corruption is incorporated the empirical estimation results indicate that although lower corruption helps economic growth in non oecd countries the negative coefficients of the three interactive terms show that the positive effect of environment performance on economic growth will drop while greater environmental performance combined with natural resource abundance inevitably leads to inefficient bureaucracies and hence disadvantageous economic growth as

decoupling analysis and environmental kuznets curve modelling of provincial level co2 emissions and economic growth in china a case study abstract guangdong is one of the most representative provinces of china in terms of reflecting how the provincial level co2 emissions dynamically evolve with economic development during the process of industrialisation and urbanisation the present study combines decoupling analysis with environmental kuznets curve ekc modelling to systematically explore the interactions between co2 emissions and economic growth in guangdong from the short to long terms aiming to provide the referential significance of low carbon development to other chinese provinces empirical results indicate that co2 economy interactions in guangdong dynamically changed with time performing an effect of expansive weak decoupling during 1995 2014 and having a potential to achieve a strong decoupling in the long run the decoupling states of various sectors and their contributions to the provincial overall decoupling differed greatly and varied by time and household and service sectors played increasingly important roles overall the decoupling effect of provincial co2 emissions is distinctly affected by the stage of industrialisation and urbanisation renewable energy utilisation as well as low carbon technical progress therefore promoting co2 economy decoupling at the provincial level should be specific to the feature and development reality of various provinces

the impact of carbon emissions trading on the directed technical change in china abstract this paper focuses on whether carbon emissions trading cet has different impacts on the heterogeneous low carbon innovation and how cet affects the direction of technical change taking six cet pilot regions in china as research objectives we set two types of technology as the clean and the gray with cpc y02 patent codes and use the synthetic control method scm in quasi natural experiment moreover this paper analyzes how cet moderates the effects of other three factors that is control and command environment regulation foreign capital inflow and industry structure with different innovations the results show that the effects of cet on the direction of technical change are different across regions cet successfully induces technical change to the clean direction and restrains the gray direction in beijing and shanghai while promoting both innovations in tianjin and hubei only intensifying the gray in guangdong and chongqing these results indicate cet has a significant impact on both innovations but its impact on the direction of technical change seems to be neutral depending more on the balance between the new regulation and existing dependence on technological path in each region further research finds that cet amplifies the positive effect of industry structure upgrading on both kinds of innovations but the response of the clean is more sensitive than that of the gray moreover foreign capital inflow can promote the clean in the current period and inhibit the gray with lags and the significant interaction between cet and foreign capital inflow can not be found however the policy mixed cet with control and command regulation leads to more gray innovation the further analyses imply that cet can be a useful instrument leading to the right direction of technical change under certain backgrounds where industry structure is upgrading more open for foreign investment with less control and command regulations

carbon dioxide income and energy evidence from a non linear model abstract this study applies the panel smooth transition regression pstr model to explore the impacts of real income energy and investment on the co 2 income nexus for 99 countries covering the period from 1971 to 2010 we find that in the full sample as real income rises co 2 emissions rapidly increase first and then their increasing rate starts to slow down while the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for co 2 emissions is supported from the composite results of three income groups our results show that decreasing energy usage improving energy efficiency and enhancing clean energy usage could effectively ease the impacts of real income on co 2 emissions moreover countries with different energy trade conditions and income levels have different co 2 income correlations indicating that one size does not fit all

the importance of renewable energy consumption and fdi inflows in reducing environmental degradation bootstrap ardl bound test in selected 9 countries abstract this study examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption non renewable energy consumption foreign direct investment economic growth and carbon emissions for the nine countries i e denmark finland france india italy morocco norway portugal sweden identified in the climate change performance index ccpi 2018 report this study mainly aims to demonstrate the role of renewable energy consumption and foreign direct investment on co2 emissions in countries with high scores in the ccpi using the newly developed bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach for this purpose the unit root properties of the variables are determined by sharp and smooth structural break unit root test sor shahbaz et al 2018 we then conduct a bootstrap ardl test developed by mcnown et al 2018 to investigate the existence of cointegration we also use granger causality based on the bootstrap ardl approach to identify causal relationships between variables empirical analysis results show only a few cointegration relationships between variables exist however we have identified significant long term relationships between foreign direct investment renewable energy consumption and economic growth in some countries and our study includes important policy implications particularly for relationship among co2 emissions and foreign direct investment inflows

the heterogeneity of carbon kuznets curves for advanced countries comparing homogeneous heterogeneous and shrinkage bayesian estimators we investigate carbon kuznets curves ckc relationships for advanced countries grouped in policy relevant groups north america and oceania south europe north europe by means of various homogeneous heterogeneous and shrinkage bayesian panel estimators we try to provide an answer to the question how sensitive are the ckc estimates to changes in the level of parameters heterogeneity we do find that in coherence with their policy and economic commitment to carbon reductions and environmental market based instruments implementation bell shapes are present only for northern eu which leads the group of advanced countries the other two lag behind we show for the first time that ckc shapes are present if we net out europe of the southern and less developed countries this is coherent with the kuznets paradigm the negative side of the tale is that they characterize a bunch of few countries other advanced countries lag behind and are far from reaching a ckc dynamics heterogeneous and bayesian

re visiting the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for malaysia fresh evidence from ardl bounds testing approach abstract this study reinvestigates the presence of environmental kuznets curve ekc in the context of malaysia over the period of 1971 2012 for this purpose the impact of real gdp per capita financial development trade openness foreign direct investments and energy consumption on carbon dioxide co2 emissions is empirically examined within the ekc framework the study employed the autoregressive distribute lagged ardl bound test to investigate the long run relationship between the study variables for robustness the study conjointly applied the dynamic ordinary least square dols method the granger causality test is exercised to test the causal relationship among the variables for both short and long run empirical results of ardl bound test approach suggest the presence of ekc hypothesis for malaysia the granger causality test results indicate that energy consumption and carbon emissions have a bidirectional relationship while other variables uni directionally cause the co2 emissions whereas in the short run there is no bidirectional causality between the variables while uni directional causalities run from trade openness and fdi towards economic growth financial development and co2 emissions the unidirectional causality from other variables towards co2 emissions supports the evidence of the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis as this appears in the countries where the ekc is validated

carbon emissions energy consumption and economic growth an aggregate and disaggregate analysis of the indian economy abstract this study investigates the long and short run relationships among carbon emissions energy consumption and economic growth in india at the aggregated and disaggregated levels during 1971 2014 the autoregressive distributed lag model is employed for the cointegration analyses and the vector error correction model is applied to determine the direction of causality between variables results show that a long run cointegration relationship exists and that the environmental kuznets curve is validated at the aggregated and disaggregated levels furthermore energy total energy gas oil electricity and coal consumption has a positive relationship with carbon emissions and a feedback effect exists between economic growth and carbon emissions thus energy efficient technologies should be used in domestic production to mitigate carbon emissions at the aggregated and disaggregated levels the present study provides policy makers with new directions in drafting comprehensive policies with lasting impacts on the economy energy consumption and environment towards sustainable development

carbon dioxide emissions and global gdp abstract a positive relationship between carbon dioxide emissions the most important greenhouse gas ghg implicated in global warming and gdp is shown in this paper examining per capita income and co2 emissions of 137 countries across 21 years it also appears that as per capita incomes accelerate across countries emissions increases for the most part tend to decelerate it could be that higher income levels lead to increased demand for environmental protection only emissions reduction proposals that assure incomes will not be adversely affected particularly those of less developed countries ldcs will have any possibility of successful implementation

dynamic misspecification in the environmental kuznets curve evidence from co2 and so2 emissions in the united kingdom this study looks at the behaviour of emissions when in disequilibrium with respect to the environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship we use the non linear threshold cointegration and error correction methodology and a long dataset beginning in 1830 in an application to the united kingdom there is significant evidence that not only does the inverse u shape hold between per capita co 2 and so 2 emissions and gdp per capita but we also find that temporary disequilibrium from the long run ekc is corrected in an asymmetric fashion this may be due to the historical pressure of environmental regulation in the uk to reduce emissions that are higher than permitted however further analysis suggests that technological change can partially account for the asymmetric adjustment

the environmental kuznets curve ekc theory part b critical issues according to the environmental kuznets curve ekc theory the process of economic growth is expected to limit the environmental degradation created in the early stages of development the first article of this study reviews the empirical studies examining various factors other than income that may lead to an ekc pattern the current article reviews in the first part the major critiques on the ekc speculation which relate to the following issues the normal distribution of world income the feedback from environmental degradation to economic growth the characteristics of the pollutant in question various econometric issues the evolution of consumption when income rises and the assumption about a common developmental pattern in all countries the second part discusses additional matters reported indirectly in the literature and or must be further examined there are doubts whether the gdp series captures the transition of production to the three productive sectors in empirical estimations and whether services are less polluting compared to industry activities finally the original kuznets theory which laid the groundwork for the ekc concept does not seem to solve income inequality problems

the co2 emissions income nexus evidence from rich countries the paper attempts to test the environment kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for 36 high income countries for the period 1980 2005 the test is based on the suggestion of narayan and narayan 2010 various panel data unit root and co integration tests are applied carbon dioxide co2 emissions and gdp series are integrated of order one and co integrated especially after controlling for cross sectional dependence additionally the blundell bond system generalised methods of moments gmm is employed to conduct a panel causality test in a vector error correction mechanism vecm setting unidirectional causality running from real per capita gdp to per capita co2 emissions is uncovered in both the short run and the long run the empirical analysis based on individual countries provides evidence of an ekc for greece malta oman portugal and the united kingdom however it can be observed that for the whole panel a 1 increase in gdp generates an increase of 0 68 in co2 emissions in the short run and 0 22 in the long run the lower long run income elasticity does not provide evidence of an ekc but does indicate that over time co2 emissions are stabilising in the rich countries

a comparative study on decoupling relationship and influence factors between china s regional economic development and industrial energy related carbon emissions abstract to study the relationship between china s regional economic development and industrial carbon emission reveal the major influencing factors and mechanism of carbon emission change in all regions and provide theoretical evidence for governments to formulate emission reduction strategies and policies big data analysis and the tapio extended model were adopted to quantitatively analyse the decoupling relationship between carbon emission and economic growth in eight major regions of china between 1996 and 2012 logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi was also applied to decompose the main factors affecting carbon emission change in all regions the results show that 1 the proportions of industrial energy related to carbon emissions in central china and the beijing tianjin region decreased year by year while the opposite was the case in coastal areas of northern china furthermore the proportions in other regions basically remained unchanged 2 a weak decoupling relation between industry energy carbon emission and economic growth was found in most regions except in northwest china during the period 1996 2000 southwest china south and north coastal regions during the period 2001 2005 beijing and tianjin during the period 2010 2012 energy consumption decoupling factors exerted a consistent positive effect on industry energy carbon emission decoupling with decoupling impact greater than emission factors 3 the overall level of carbon emission reduction technology in china was low and backwards and limited contributions have been made to economic growth and industry energy carbon emission decoupling development emphases of decoupling should be put on energy saving technology promotion industry structure upgrading and energy structure improvement in the future 4 economic intensity effect has exerted the most powerful positive influence on carbon emissions except in developed areas and the positive effect was weaker than that in other regions

environment kuznets curve for co2 emissions a cointegration analysis for china abstract this study examines the long run relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of china by employing time series data of 1975 2005 in particular the study aims at testing whether environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship between co 2 emissions and per capita real gdp holds in the long run or not auto regressive distributed lag ardl methodology is employed for empirical analysis a quadratic relationship between income and co 2 emission has been found for the sample period supporting ekc relationship the results of granger causality tests indicate one way causality runs through economic growth to co 2 emissions the results of this study also indicate that the carbon emissions are mainly determined by income and energy consumption in the long run trade has a positive but statistically insignificant impact on co 2 emissions

gdp and environment pressure the role of energy in latin america and the caribbean abstract this paper analyzes the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption for a sample of 21 latin american and caribbean countries during the 1970 2007 period the investigation is made on the bases of the energy environmental kuznets curve eekc hypothesis using a panel data analysis energy consumption at aggregate level is used as an indicator of human environmental pressure and gdp per capita as an indicator of economic activity based in a cointegration approach our results does not support the existence of a stable long run relationship between the series rejecting the validity of such hypothesis for the selected sample over the 1970 2007 period

modeling the nexus between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth the effects of economic growth on the environment have received increased attention as global warming and other environmental problems become more serious many empirical studies explain the nexus between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth with such models as the environmental kuznets curve ekc theory however the assumptions of these models have never received strict verification with a large available data set and therefore may not be appropriate to describe the relationship in this study the nexus is modeled for 67 countries from 1971 to 2010 using a novel symbolic regression method from the experimental results several conclusions as follows could be reached firstly there is no universal model fitting every country and symbolic regression could discover a set of reasonable models for a specific country or region secondly four models including the inverted n shaped m shaped inverted u shaped and monotonically increasing are frequently found without domain experts intervention in these countries whereas the m shaped model has received little attention in previous studies but exhibits promising performance thirdly the relationship is diversified due to the difference of regions and economic development where developed countries generally follow the inverted n shaped and m shaped models to explain the relationship whereas developing countries are more likely to refer to the inverted n shaped inverted u shaped and monotonically increasing models finally several policy suggestions are presented

searching for a kuznets curve in environmental efficiency using kernel estimation abstract the paper constructs environmental efficiency indexes for a sample consisting of high and low income countries using nonparametric production frontier techniques and then establishes an environmental kuznets relationship for environmental efficiency by nadaraya watson kernel estimation methodology

system dynamics modelling and the environmental kuznets curve in ecuador 1980 2025 abstract is it possible for a country in the process of development to comply with the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis in the medium term this is the question that inspired this study this paper is an extension of a previous study focused on economic development and co2 emissions in the coming years in ecuador robalino lopez et al submitted for publication the main goal of this paper is to analyze whether the ekc hypothesis holds within the period 1980 2025 under four different scenarios this paper uses co integration techniques stock and watson 2010 to test the existence of the ekc hypothesis in ecuador in the medium term using jaunky s 2011 specification our proposal goes a step further than previous contributions and intends to see under which conditions a country could approach the fulfilment of this hypothesis in the medium term results do not support the fulfilment of the ekc nevertheless our estimations show that ecuador could be on the way to achieving environmental stabilization in the near future if economic growth is combined with an increase in the use of renewable energies an improvement of the productive sectoral structure and the use of a more efficient fossil fuel technology

a test of environmental kuznets curve for haze pollution in china evidence from the penal data of 27 capital cities abstract the mounting environmental crisis especially the large scale and continuous haze pollution is the most pressing challenge for china during rapid urbanization process this study is aimed at examining the relationship between haze pollution and economic growth and its turning points for different regions in china based on the panel data of 27 capital cities and municipalities in china during 2011 2015 we constructed the parameter estimation model after conducting the unit root cointegration and hausman tests based on the basic and extended models we find that the relationship between haze pollution and economic growth in china is not a typical inverted u shaped environmental kuznet curve ekc by introducing variables such as industrial structure foreign trade and energy intensity this study demonstrates that adjusting industrial structure and improving energy efficiency are effective means for haze pollution control grouping regressions reveal that regional differences exist in the relationships between haze pollution and economic growth and their tuning points for instance there was a u shaped relationship for the central region while there were inverted n shaped relationships for eastern western and northeastern regions policy implications are thus summarized for different regions in terms of balancing economic growth and environmental protection

richer and cleaner a study on carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries abstract the climate change debate has drawn attention to the problem of greenhouse gases emissions into the atmosphere one of the most important issues in the policy debate is the role that should be played by developing countries in joining the commitment of developed countries to reduce ghg emissions and particularly co2 emissions this debate calls into play the relationship between energy consumption co2 emissions and economic development in this paper we use a panel data model for 110 world countries to estimate the relationship between co2 emissions and gdp and to produce emission forecast the paper contains three major results i the empirical relationship between carbon dioxide and income is well described by non linear gamma and weibull specifications as opposed to more usual linear and log linear functional forms ii our single equation reduced form model is comparable in terms of forecasted emissions with other more complex less data driven models iii despite the decreasing marginal propensity to pollute our forecasts show that future global emissions will rise the average world growth of co2 emissions between 2000 and 2020 is about 2 2 yr while that of non annex 1 countries is posted at 3 3 yr

exploring the relationship between energy usage segregation and environmental degradation in n 11 countries numerous studies regarding the economic growth environmental pollution link have struggled to determine the effects of various forms of energy consumption on environmental degradation particularly in the context of emerging economies this study examines the environmental kuznets curve ekc for co2 emissions in n 11 countries during 1990 2014 by segregating three forms of energy consumption renewable biomass and non renewable urbanization and trade openness are additional explanatory variables that are used in the empirical framework using the generalized moments method gmm the empirical evidence confirms the presence of an n shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation for n 11 countries this study analyzed the interaction effects among trade openness biomass consumption and economic growth these interactions had a negative impact on co2 emissions levels of n 11 countries suitable policy recommendations have been provided based on the detailed results

exploring the existence of kuznets curve in countries environmental efficiency using dea window analysis abstract this paper using data envelopment dea window analysis and generalized method of moments gmm estimators examines the existence of a kuznets type relationship between countries environmental efficiency and national income specifically it measures the environmental efficiency of 17 oecd countries by constructing environmental efficiency ratios for the time period 1980 2002 the analysis with the application of dynamic panel data reveals that there isn t a kuznets type relationship between environmental efficiency and income allowing for dynamic effects we find that the adjustment to the target ratio is instantaneous we also find that increased economic activity does not always ensure environmental protection and thus the path of growth is important in addition to the growth itself

reassessing the environmental kuznets curve for co2 emissions a robustness exercise the number of studies seeking to empirically characterize the reduced form relationship between a country economic growth and the quantity of pollutants produced in the process has recently increased significantly in several cases researchers have found evidence pointing to an inverted u benvironmental kuznetsq curve in the case of co2 however the evidence is at best mixed in this paper we reconsider that evidence by assessing how robust it is when the analysis is conducted in a different parametric setup and when using alternative emissions data from the international energy agency relative to the literature our contribution can be viewed as a robustness exercise in these two respects the econometric results lead to two conclusions firstly published evidence on the ekc does not appear to depend upon the source of the data at least as far as carbon dioxide is concerned secondly when an alternative functional form is employed there is evidence of an inverted u pattern for the group of oecd countries with reasonable turning point regardless of the data set employed not so for non oecd countries as the ekc is basically increasing slowly concave according to the iea data and more bellshaped in the case of cdiac data d 2005 elsevier b v all rights reserved

time trends and persistence in the global co2 emissions across europe we analyze the evolution across time of co2 emissions in the european union eu using advanced econometric techniques in time series analysis we estimate the time trends along with the orders of integration of series corresponding to global co2 emissions in eu member states using both parametric and semiparametric methods the results show that there is a significantly negative trend only in the case of the uk this being also a country where the trend shows mean reversion at the other extreme spain italy greece and bulgaria are some of the countries where co2 emissions show positive trends and orders of integration that are substantially above unity moreover we examine the co2 emissions of the eu as a whole china and the us finding some support for mean reversion only in the second case therefore there is less urgent need for policy reforms in the u k and somehow china than in the rest of the eu or the us

pooled mean group estimation of an environmental kuznets curve for co2 abstract we apply the pooled mean group estimator to test for the existence of an environmental kuznets curve for co2 in 22 oecd countries this approach allows for more flexible assumptions in a panel data framework the period goes from 1975 to 1998

do global co2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption exhibit long memory a fractional integration analysis abstractin this article we use an autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average approach to measure the degree of fractional integration of aggregate world co2 emissions and its five components coal oil gas cement and gas flaring we find that all variables are stationary and mean reverting but exhibit long term memory our results suggest that both coal and oil combustion emissions have the weakest degree of long range dependence while emissions from gas and gas flaring have the strongest with evidence of long memory we conclude that transitory policy shocks are likely to have long lasting effects but not permanent effects accordingly permanent effects on co2 emissions require a more permanent policy stance in this context if one were to rely only on testing for stationarity and non stationarity one would likely conclude in favour of non stationarity and therefore that even transitory policy shocks have permanent effects our fractional integration analysis highlights that this i

an empirical study of the impact of corruption on environmental performance evidence from panel data this paper extends the empirical debate on the effects of corruption on environmental degradation by considering a recently available measure of environmental quality the environmental performance index this indicator is more comprehensive than the measures of air pollutant emissions commonly used in the literature and in particular can also capture the impact of pollution on human health this allows for a better understanding of the actual effects of a wide range of human activities on the ecosystem from a panel data analysis two regularities emerge first corruption deteriorates the overall environmental quality this effect is robust and persistent second our findings highlight the improvement of environmental quality as income rises even at an initial level of development this is not in contradiction with the ekc hypothesis because an increase in income levels provides positive externalities on the whole environmental quality by compensating the mere negative effects induced by industrialization on the emission levels as a consequence in emerging economies policies fighting corruption and enhancing development are very likely to improve the environmental performances

taking the u out of kuznets a comprehensive analysis of the ekc and environmental degradation unlike most environmental kuznets curve ekc studies which focus on narrow measures of pollution as proxies for environmental quality we test the validity of the ekc using the ecological footprint ef a more comprehensive measure of environmental degradation we find no empirical evidence of an ekc relationship between the ef and economic development and only limited support for such a relationship among the components of the ef in addition we discover that energy is largely responsible for the lack of an ekc relationship and that energy consumption levels would have to be cut by over 50 in order for a statistically significant ekc relationship to emerge from the data overall these results suggest that growth alone will not lead to sustainable development

carbon intensity in production and the effects of climate policy evidence from swedish industry we analyze carbon intensity performance at firm level and the effectiveness of the swedish co2 tax carbon intensity performance is derived from a production technology and measured as changes in t

energy saving in uk fe colleges the relative importance of the socio economic groups and environmental attitudes of employees abstract sustainable development within the educational sector provides an important opportunity to conserve energy and resources however much of the current debate on energy efficiency focuses on new builds or technical measures to adapt established premises the potential to harness the energy saving behaviour of employees is neglected previous research has shown that within the domestic environment participants socio economic characteristics and environmental attitudes are strongly linked to their propensity to make energy savings and promote energy conservation the objectives of this research are to examine whether these same principles could be applied to a business environment in particular the educational sector this research focused on staff at a typical college of further education in the uk two questionnaires were used as the most appropriate research tool for this investigation this analysis is based on data from 330 employees at a further educational college in staffordshire the results indicate that energy saving behaviour is important across a wide sector of variables with home owner status social altruism and home installation of green measures determining people s views and opinions although the results have made positive correlation the analysis also exposed the need for a major change in the patterns of human behaviour towards environmentally sustainable alignment data from staff who did not want to take part in the surveys was also analysed for motivations and reasons recommendations were made for further study in this sector

china s carbon dioxide emissions an interprovincial comparative analysis of foreign capital and domestic capital abstract against the background of china s further relaxation of foreign investment control and implementation of energy conservation and emissions reduction the data of 30 provinces in china from 2001 to 2015 were used to measure the carbon dioxide emissions levels foreign direct investment stock and domestic capital stock in various regions the impulse response function variance decomposition and panel causality test in the panel vector autoregressive model evaluated in detail the impact of foreign capital inflows domestic capital inputs and economic growth on co2 emissions in regions of different energy intensity the study found that on the whole foreign direct investment has no significant impact on china s carbon dioxide emissions china s carbon dioxide emissions are mainly driven by domestic investment and economic growth the sub regional analysis based on different energy intensities shows that in areas of low energy intensity and medium energy intensity foreign direct investment has a significant impact on co2 emissions and the contribution of foreign investment to co2 emissions is between 12 2 and 14 1 the panel causality test found that in the short term foreign direct investment and domestic capital have significant predictive effects on carbon dioxide in various regions

hidden regimes and the demand for carbon dioxide from motor gasoline abstract perhaps the most tactile source of anthropogenic carbon dioxide co2 emissions stem from vehicle use because consumers are well aware of their price and quantity decisions it is likely that consumer demand for co2 emissions from motor gasoline are quite responsive to the overall state of the economy using a structurally identified markov switching demand model i find that co2 emissions respond asymmetrically to changes in income and the price of gasoline in expansionary and contracting states of the economy the findings of this paper indicate that flexible policy instruments have the potential to mitigate undue burden on consumers and producers compared to their static counterparts

is there an environmental kuznets curve for sulfur abstract most existing estimates of the environmental kuznets curve ekc for sulfur which use samples of mainly high income countries indicate a maximum emissions turning point at middle to lower high income levels of gdp per capita we use a larger and more globally representative sample than previous sulfur ekc studies we find that sulfur emissions per capita are a monotonic function of income per capita when we use a global sample and an inverted u shape function of income when we use a sample of high income countries a model estimated in first differences results in a monotonic ekc when estimated with both high income and global samples reductions in emissions are time related rather than income related

aspects of governance and hbox co _2 co 2 emissions a non linear panel data analysis the reduction of hbox co 2 emissions has been at the centre of worldwide debates on environmental issues though its inclusion as one of the millennium development goals mdgs by the united nations has changed the focus of relative literature among many one of the world bank s recipes to achieve a higher position toward mdgs has been to undertake reforms for a better governance while the majority of researches focus has been on one single aspect and its relationship with the environment some studies have simultaneously considered two governance dimensions in this paper we focus on the role of several aspects of governance on hbox co 2 emissions this provides us with a chance to explore the possible impacts of all aspects of governance on a more direct measure of emissions that is different to previous researches which have focused on the indirect transmission and considered the maximum of two using the iv method within panel data analysis we show that only one single aspect of governance control of corruption has a negative significant effect on hbox co 2 emissions and its effect has a non linear relationship the non linearity exists in both parametric and nonparametric analysis after controlling for endogeneity

a panel data heterogeneous bayesian estimation of environmental kuznets curves for co2 emissions this article investigates the environmental kuznets curves ekc for co2 emissions in a panel of 109 countries during the period 1959 to 2001 the length of the series makes the application of a heterogeneous estimator suitable from an econometric point of view the results based on the hierarchical bayes estimator show that different ekc dynamics are associated with the different sub samples of countries considered on average more industrialized countries show evidence of ekc in quadratic specifications which nevertheless are probably evolving into an n shape based on their cubic specification nevertheless it is worth noting that the eu and not the umbrella group led by us has been driving currently observed ekc like shapes the latter is associated to monotonic income co2 dynamics the eu shows a clear ekc shape evidence for less developed countries consistently shows that co2 emissions rise positively with income though there are some signs of an ekc analyses of future performance neverthe

gospel or disaster an empirical study on the environmental influences of domestic investment in china abstract since the beginning of china s reform and opening up in late 1970s the contradiction between environmental quality and economic development has become increasingly acute as the main driving force of development china s fixed asset investment fai has grown rapidly in the meanwhile china s energy consumption surged and the environmental pressures mounted the surge in fai may have great influences on the environmental quality on the one hand the rapid increase in fai facilitated the development of the secondary industry especially energy and pollution intensive industries which brought about significant amount of energy related pollution on the other hand growing investment on environmental investment is expected to slow environmental deterioration moreover the environmental quality and domestic investment may have potential spatial correlations in this paper after fully accounting for the spatial dependence the relationship between domestic investment and environmental quality in china is quantitatively investigated using co2 and so2 as two representative pollutants the estimation results indicate that the spatial dependence indeed exists and total effects of fai on pollutant emissions are positive however there is no evidence that environmental protection investment had expected effects to effectively curb pollutant emissions in china

a nonparametric analysis of energy environmental kuznets curve in chinese provinces energy resources are an important material foundation for the survival and development of human society and the relationship between energy and economy is interactive and complementary this paper analyzes the energy consumption economic growth nexus in chinese provinces using novel and recent nonparametric time series as well as panel data empirical approaches the dataset covers 30 provinces over the period of 1980 2018 the empirical analysis indicates the presence of a nonlinear functional form and smooth structural changes in most of the provinces the nonparametric empirical analysis validates the presence of a nonlinear unit root problem in energy consumption and economic growth and nonlinear cointegration between the variables additionally the nonparametric panel cointegration test reports evidence of convergence in energy consumption and economic growth patterns across the provinces the nonparametric regression analysis finds economic growth to have a positive effect on average on energy consumption in all provinces except for beijing further the energy environmental kuznets curve exists between economic growth and energy consumption in 20 out of 30 chinese provinces the granger causality analysis reveals the presence of a mixed causal relationship between economic growth and energy consumption the empirical findings have important implications for chinese authorities in planning for improving energy efficiency decoupling between economic growth and energy consumption and reducing the environmental footprint of provinces