an analysis of the driving forces of energy related carbon dioxide emissions in china s industrial sector abstract both energy consumption and the growth of carbon dioxide co2 emissions in china are attributed to the industrial sector energy conservation and co2 emissions reduction in china s industrial sector is decisive for achieving a low carbon transition we analyze the change of energy related co2 emissions in china s industrial sector from 1991 to 2010 based on the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi method results indicate that industrial activity is the major factor that contributes to the increase of industrial co2 emissions while energy intensity is the major contributor to the decrease of co2 emissions industry size shows a varying trend interchanging intervals of growth along the study period moreover both energy mix and carbon intensity of energy use have negative effects on the increase of co2 emissions the cointegration method is adopted to further explore determinants of co2 emissions in china s industrial sector results show that there exists a long run relationship between industrial co2 emissions and affecting factors such as co2 emissions per unit of energy consumption industrial value added labor productivity and fossil fuel consumption china s industrial co2 emissions are mainly attributed to the coal dominated energy structure policy suggestions are thus provided to reduce industrial co2 emissions in china

productivity convergence in the european regions 1980 2003 a sectoral and spatial approach this article analyses the evolution of the eu productivity between 1980 and 2003 both across regions and sectors by making use of various techniques cross section nonparametric and spatial approaches it concludes that 1 the regional and sectoral dispersion of productivity is quite high 2 the gains experienced in aggregate productivity are due entirely to the sectors productivity growth effect 3 there is a weak beta convergence process at the aggregate and sectoral levels 4 the accounting decomposition of the aggregate productivity convergence process reveals the sectoral productivity growth effect to be the only responsible factor for regional catching up 5 finally there are clear signs of spatial dependence which when properly addressed increase the speed of convergence at the aggregate level

impacting practice through ib scholarship toy recalls and the product safety crisis ib research has made significant contributions in understanding mnes yet examples of scholarship that have had a demonstrable impact on practice and policy are rare this article presents research we conducted in the wake of the 2007 global product safety crisis as one such example we reflect on it to suggest that ib research can enhance its impact by focusing attention on issues that affect both mnes and societies and by using available data to arrive at even basic explanations and solutions to inform practice and prompt further academic research

china and intellectual property rights a challenge to the rule of law china is not meeting its international obligations to protect intellectual property rights iprs harming the innovation process in china and elsewhere we review the benefits of ipr protection and discuss the magnitude and cost of china s ipr violations we also emphasize that these violations undermine the international rule of law and impair china s legitimacy as a leader in evolving global governance institutions we criticize the argument that china will endogenously improve ipr protection due to internal pressures from its domestic ip sector as the united states and some other countries did in the past china s governance institutions are very different from those of the liberal western democracies past and present as china has a weak internal rule of law a fragmented governance system and cultural traditions that favor collective over individual rights as china s ip sector develops its ipr governance regime might even be used as a strategic tool to further disadvantage foreign ipr holders we argue that china should play a lead role in any international ipr reforms but that it must first establish legitimacy by meeting its current international ipr commitments we conclude that other countries should take action to pressure china to meet its ipr obligations

a small monetary system for the euro area based on german data previous euro area money demand studies have used aggregated national time series data from the countries participating in the european monetary union emu however aggregation may be problematic because macroeconomic convergence processes have taken place in the countries of interest therefore in this study quarterly german data until 1998 are combined with data from the euro area from 1999 until 2002 and these series are used for fitting a small vector error correction model for the monetary sector of the emu a stable long run money demand relation is found for the full sample period moreover impulse responses do not change much when the sample period is extended by the emu period provided the break in the extended data series is captured by a simple dummy variable copyright 2006 john wiley sons ltd

foreign actors and intellectual property protection regulations in developing countries international agreements and institutions affect innovation in developing countries we analyze the impact of advanced country multinational enterprises amnes and supranational organizations on the regulatory adoption of global intellectual property protection standards in particular we investigate 60 developing countries that signed the trade relate aspects of intellectual property rights trips agreement of the world trade organization in 1994 our empirical findings show that a greater involvement of amnes in the domestic innovation systems of developing countries results in more stringent trips adoption and convergence to advanced country ip protection standards this relationship is positively moderated by country dependency on supranational organizations such as the international monetary fund this analysis contributes to the literature on institutional change and institutional voids it provides insights into the influence of external actors on the underlying change processes

managing the mne subsidiary advancing a multi level and dynamic research agenda abstract multinational enterprise mne subsidiaries abroad are important organizations in their own rights they typically hold some of the mne s most critical resources and operate at the forefront of complex international environments in this review we identify and organize theoretical and empirical research on subsidiary management based on over 600 articles in leading academic journals we develop a conceptual framework that integrates complementary streams of theoretical and empirical research with the subsidiary as its focal unit of analysis in particular we review six lines of research on subsidiary scope practices knowledge management engagement with local market and nonmarket actors performance and individuals within subsidiaries we highlight theoretical perspectives that have contributed to and been advanced by research on mne subsidiaries based on the review we explore future research agendas linking the contemporary research themes with two main thrusts first subsidiary management is a multi level phenomenon that would benefit from more microfoundational research second subsidiary management operates at key interfaces of technology paradigm shifts and of disruptions in the political and institutional environment research into the dynamics of subsidiary management would thus enhance our understanding of international business in a volatile global economy

driving factors of electric carbon productivity change based on regional and sectoral dimensions in china abstract in order to reduce carbon emissions and maintain economic development in the power industry of china the improvement of electric carbon productivity ecp creates more efficiency the carbon emission estimation in the power industry is significant to the ecp calculation in this study thus to make the ecp calculation more reasonable and fair this study estimates carbon emissions from the power industry by the consumption based accounting principle considering power transfers among the provinces in addition this research analyzes seven driving factors of ecp change in china by exploring the time series decomposition 2003 2015 from the power consumption perspective the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi method takes the regional and departmental dimensions into consideration by applying the data from 30 provinces including province level municipalities and three industrial sectors between 2010 and 2015 the influencing factors of ecp in each province and each industrial sector are discussed the results show that 1 regional and industrial sector ecp per capita gdp are the driving factors of increasing ecp conversely environmental efficiency of power consumption industrial structure effect from the perspective of power consumption economic efficiency effect of power consumption and the ratio of total population to electric co2 emissions play leading roles in the decline of ecp 2 from 2003 to 2015 there are four distinct stages of the ecp changes 3 the sub regional decomposition indicates during 2010 2015 the main power exporters have higher or medium level ecp and the main power importers with rapid economic development manifest lower or medium level ecp 4 instead of solely focusing on gdp the chinese government should pay more attention to increasing the economic and environmental efficiency of power utilization 5 the sub sector decomposition shows during 2010 2015 although the economic and environmental efficiency of power utilization are negative in the secondary industry they are the greatest among the three industrial sectors and the influence of the economic scale effect is stronger than that of technological impact on different industrial sectors finally several conclusions are obtained which might be useful for the central and local governments to improve the national and regional ecps

productivity across industries and countries time series theory and evidence the authors examine whether convergence in aggregate productivity is also occurring at the industry level in fourteen oecd countries from 1970 to 1987 using both cross section and time series methods they find convergence in some sectors such as services however surprisingly the authors find that convergence does not hold for the manufacturing sector decomposing aggregate convergence into industry productivity gains and changing sectoral shares of output they find the service sector to be responsible for the bulk of cross country convergence to the united states the authors develop a new result on the asymptotic normality of panel unit root estimators to formally test within sector convergence copyright 1996 by mit press

determinants of patent rights a cross national study abstract this paper presents an index of patent rights for 110 countries for the period 1960 1990 the index is used to examine what factors or characteristics of economies determine how strongly patent rights will be protected the evidence does indicate that more developed economies tend to provide stronger protection but the underlying factors which influence patent protection levels are the country s level of research and development r d activity market environment and international integration which are correlated with its level of development the results qualify however that r d activity influences patent protection levels after a nation s research sector reaches a critical size an implication of this is that to raise patent protection levels in weakly protecting countries it is important to foster a significant research base in those countries and thereby create incentives for protecting patent rights

the lmdi approach to decomposition analysis a practical guide in a recent study ang energy policy 32 2004 compared various index decomposition analysis methods and concluded that the logarithmic mean divisia index method is the preferred method since the literature on the method tends to be either too technical or specific for most potential users this paper provides a practical guide that includes the general formulation process summary tables for easy reference and examples

accounting for china s regional carbon emissions in 2002 and 2007 production based versus consumption based principles abstract analysing the characteristics of virtual carbon flows among regions is essential for china to deploy effective regional mitigation strategies this study established a multi regional input output model to assess the characteristics of interregional carbon flows and account for carbon emissions by different regions according to one production based and two consumption based accounting principles results indicate that interregional carbon flows grew from 136 4 mtc in 2002 to 377 8 mtc in 2007 the proportion of total national emissions represented by interregional carbon flows rose from 15 2 in 2002 to 21 1 in 2007 therefore different accounting principles tend to have more and more different impacts on the emission responsibility that a region is assumed to take according to the results under different accounting principles the northeast and northwest regions will need to assume much greater emission responsibilities under the production based principle than under either of the consumption based principles the eastern coastal and southern coastal regions in contrast will need to assume much greater emission responsibilities under the two consumption based principles moreover the carbon flows from the central and northwest regions to the eastern coastal region were the greatest contributors to both the total interregional carbon flows in 2007 and the growth in interregional carbon flows from 2002 to 2007 given this situation and considering the economic disparity among these regions methods similar to the joint implementation could be considered when discussing the regions emission responsibilities results also indicate that the total use direct emission principle is a more feasible and practical consumption based choice

a consumption based approach to carbon emission accounting sectoral differences and environmental benefits in recent years there has been growing concern about the emission trade balances of countries this is due to the fact that countries with an open economy are active players in international trade trade is not only a major factor in forging a country s economic structure but contributes to the movement of embodied emissions beyond country borders this issue is especially relevant from the carbon accounting policy and domestic production perspective as it is known that the production based principle is employed in the kyoto agreement the research described herein was designed to reveal the interdependence of countries on international trade and the corresponding embodied emissions both on national and on sectoral level and to illustrate the significance of the consumption based emission accounting it is presented here to what extent a consumption based accounting would change the present system based on production based accounting and allocation the relationship of co2 emission embodied in exports and embodied in imports is analysed here international trade can blur the responsibility for the ecological effects of production and consumption and it can lengthen the link between consumption and its consequences input output models are used in the methodology as they provide an appropriate framework for climate change accounting the analysis comprises an international comparative study of four european countries germany the united kingdom the netherlands and hungary with extended trading activities and carbon emissions moving from a production based approach in climate policy to a consumption based principle and allocation approach would help to increase the efficiency of emission reductions and would force countries to rethink their trading activities in order to decrease the environmental load of production activities the results of this study show that it is important to distinguish between the two emission accounting approaches both on the global and the local level

the structural reshaping of globalization implications for strategic sectors profiting from innovation and the multinational enterprise the rapid reshaping of the global economic order requires fundamental shifts in international business scholarship and management practice new forms of protectionist policies new types of internationalization motives and new tools of techno nationalism may lead to what we call bifurcated governance at the macro level and value chain decoupling at the micro level as a result innovation networks will require novel reconfigurations we examine the emerging constraints on multinational enterprises imposed by a bifurcated world order we also discuss how the dynamic capabilities framework can guide scholars and managers alike to achieve new forms of evolutionary fitness

provincial responsibility for carbon emissions in china under different principles abstract by applying a multi regional input output model the study compares the provincial responsibility for carbon emissions and provincial carbon multipliers in china under seven responsibility allocating principles including three basic principles the production income and consumption principles and four shared responsibility principles the income weighted consumption weighted comprehensive and weighted comprehensive principles empirical results indicate that carbon multipliers of provinces under these principles are significantly different from one another the carbon multipliers of provinces with higher ratios of carbon intensive sectors in their outputs are also larger at the same time the carbon multipliers of the same sector in the provinces are significantly different from one another changing the principle causes significant changes in the responsibility for carbon emissions of some provinces but only slight changes in the responsibilities of some other provinces however the responsibilities of provinces with large economic sizes output are always the largest whereas provinces with the smallest economic sizes are always the smallest regardless of the principles further this study proposes a series of regional policies for carbon mitigation according to provincial carbon multipliers and responsibility allocation features under the different principles

footnotes on jibs 1970 2016 these footnotes on the journal of international business studies jibs 1970 2016 are intended to introduce the journal to scholars outside the international business ib discipline the footnotes include a brief citation and keywords analysis the citation analysis in the first part highlights the key players and key references in the ib field and it celebrates the rich history of jibs itself the second part discusses the main subject matter addressed in refereed jibs articles through an analysis of keywords these footnotes are timely as the journal nears 50 years of publication excellence and an increasing interest in ib phenomena can be witnessed in a variety of management disciplines we describe the intellectual shoulders upon which authors of future publications in jibs as well as designers of new ib curricula can stand

increasing carbon and material productivity through environmental tax reform abstract environmental tax reform etr a shift in taxation towards environmental taxes has been implemented on a small scale in a number of european countries this paper first gives a short review of the literature about etr an appendix briefly describes the model used for a modelling exercise to explore through scenarios with low and high international energy prices the implications of a large scale etr in the european union sufficient to reach the eu s emission reduction targets for 2020 the paper then reports the results of the exercise the etr results in increased carbon and materials but reduced labour productivity with the emission reductions distributed across all sectors as a reduction in the demand for all fossil fuels there are also small gdp increases for most but not all eu countries for all the scenarios and for the eu as a whole both the environmental and macroeconomic outcomes are better with low than with high energy prices because the former both increases the scale of the etr required to reach the targets and reduces the outflow of foreign exchange to pay for energy imports etr emerges from the exercise as an attractive and cost effective policy for environmental improvement

the measurement of firm specific indexes of technical change this paper proposes a methodology for obtaining estimates of firm specific technical change econometrically and contrasts those estimates with a multilateral total factor productivity index based on a panel data set of airlines two measures are contrasted in a variety of ways to the extent that output characteristics differ as in the case of airlines the two measures differ significantly both measures are regressed on a variety of factors potentially influencing technical efficiency confirming that improvements in fuel efficiency and load factor have played major roles with hubbing and competition playing smaller roles in explaining efficiency improvements copyright 1995 by mit press

an institution based view of global ipr history leveraging the use of history to advance international business research this article focuses on the crucial debate over intellectual property rights ipr between the united states and china ironically during the 19th century the united states was not a leading ipr advocate as it is today but was a leading ipr violator developing an institution based view of ipr history we identify three underlying theoretical mechanisms that help to explain ipr in the two countries path dependence long term processes and institutional transitions we argue that both the us refusal to protect foreign ipr in the 19th century and the current chinese lack of enthusiasm to meet us ipr demands embody rational responses to their respective situations however given long term processes with intensifying isomorphic pressures institutional transitions in favor of better ipr protection are quite possible finally going above and beyond these two countries we draw on the ipr history in over ten other countries to develop a more globally generalizable framework which in turn contributes to the key question of how history matters

regional growth and convergence evidence from the united states tsionas e g 2000 regional growth and convergence evidence from the united states reg studies 34 231 238 the paper considers regional convergence in the us both g and convergence tests indicate that in the period 1977 96 regional incomes do not converge yet kernel density estimates of the distribution show some variation in the tail characteristics of the distribution using finite normal mixtures to examine time invariance of the distribution in a more formal way the paper concludes that the distribution of the logarithms of regional income has indeed shown very little time variation the distribution of income percentages shows some mobility there is a structural break in mixing probabilities mixing means and variances but the mobility is not strong enough to imply a radical change in the co movement patterns of regional means tsionas e g 2000 la croissance et la convergence regionales des preuves provenant des etats unis reg studies 34 231 238 cet article cherche a etudie

real convergence in europe how robust are econometric inferences the paper examines the convergence properties of productivity in fifteen european countries over the period 1960 1997 european productivity is estimated using modified translog production systems with a completely general intertemporal structure to capture the notion that trade may have an influence on aggregate convergence imports are included in the production function stationarity tests are used to test for convergence around a common long run trend including unit root tests the kpss and bayesian tests as well as testing based on fractional differencing parameter estimation for long memory models it is found that convergence inferences are sensitive to the type of test employed