faculty ratings of major economics departments by citations the predominant ranking criterion for judging the comparative quality of economics departments has been the faculty publication record in a set of major journals in this tradition is a recent article which generates rankings based on volume of pages published in twenty four top journals during 1974 78 philip graves et al 1982 separate rankings are calculated for total and per capita contributions and credit is accorded to the institution at which the author is employed at the time of publication 2

country of origin effects on product evaluations this article reviews the literature regarding the effect of country of origin on buyer evaluations of products the issue is important for countries especially resource poor developing countries that need to increase manufactured exports and for firms that source products in countries different from where sold marketing inferences are drawn and implications for future research are developed

state lottery adoptions as policy innovations an event history analysis two types of explanations of state government innovation have been proposed internal determinants models which posit that the factors causing a state government to innovate are political economic and social characteristics of a state and regional diffusion models which point toward the role of policy adoptions by neighboring states in prompting a state to adopt we show that the two are conceptually compatible relying on mohr s theory of organizational innovation then we develop and test a unified explanation of state lottery adoptions reflecting both internal and regional influences the empirical results provide a great degree of support for mohr s theory for the empirical analysis we rely on event history analysis a form of pooled cross sectional time series analysis which we believe may be useful in a wide variety of subfields of political science event history analysis may be able to explain important forms of political behavior by individuals organizations or governments even if they occur only rarely

standardization preferences a function of national culture work interdependence and local embeddedness both theoretical and empirical studies of professional service employee standardization preferences are relatively scarce using responses from 398 employees of an international public relations firm this study finds that employees from high power distance high uncertainty avoidance and high context cultures prefer greater standardization whereas employees from high individualism cultures prefer less standardization additionally work interdependence is positively associated with standardization preferences whereas local embeddedness is negatively associated with standardization preferences

patterns of control in u s uk and european multinational corporations this paper examines the type and level of control exercised by the parent headquarters of 50 u s uk and european multinational corporations over their foreign subsidiaries patterns of control in the 3 national groups differ in significant ways and these differences seem to have important implications for other characteristics of a company s organization design and managerial style

patterns of productivity in the finance literature a study of the bibliometric distributions this study finds a bibliometric regularity in the finance literature that the number of authors publishing n papers is about 1 nc of those publishing one paper we find that the finance literature conforms very well to the inverse square law c 2 if data are taken from a large collection of journals when applied to individual finance journals we find that values of c range from 1 95 to 3 26 we also find that top rated journals have higher concentrations among their contributors this implies that the phenomenon success breeds success is more common in higher quality publications it is frequently observed in bibliometric matters and in various social phenomena that success breeds success a frequently cited paper is more likely to be cited again than one little cited an author of many papers is more likely to publish again than one who has published little a journal which has been frequently consulted is more likely to be consulted again than one of previously infrequent use this is analogous to the folk saying the rich get richer and the poor get poorer lotka s law of scientific productivity is an example of such empirical laws lotka 1926 proposes an inverse square law relating authors of scientific papers to the number of papers written by each author specifically using data in the decennial index of chemical abstracts and in the name index of auerbach s geschichtstafeln der physik lotka plots the number of authors against the number of contributions made by each author on a logarithmic scale lotka finds that the points are closely scattered around a straight line having a slope of approximately negative two on the basis of this empirical observation lotka concludes the following in the cases examined it is found that the number of persons making 2 contributions is about one fourth of those making one the number making 3 contributions is about one ninth etc the number making n contributions is about 1 n2 of those making one and of all contributors the proportion that make a single contribution is about 60 percent thus lotka s empirical finding can be summarized by the equation an a1 n2 n 1 2 3 1

specifying a model of state policy innovation how should policy innovations undertaken by states be modeled frances stokes berry and william d berry presented an event history analysis of the determinants of lottery adoptions by state governments in the june 1990 issue of this review howard front argues that the way berry and berry tested for interaction among variables is invalid on the grounds that what they take to be empirical results are only artifacts of the model specification in response the berrys elaborate their original model and add alternative specifications

a synthesis of foreign direct investment theories and theories of the multinational firm this paper first presents a taxonomy of the foreign direct investment theories following the market imperfections paradigm it then focuses on recent developments pertaining to the theory of the multinational firm specifically the appropriability internalization and diversification theories subsequently the multinational phenomenon is seen as the result of an international differentiation of activities and an intrafirm integration across national borders all this within a markets and hierarchies approach last the paper points to areas for future research

contagion effects and ethnic contribution networks many political behavior theories explicitly incorporate the idea that context matters in politics nonetheless the concept of spatial dependence in particular that behavior in geographic units is somehow related to and affected by behavior in neighboring areas is not extensively explored the study of campaign finance is no exception research in this area concentrates on the attributes of the individual donor leaving context underexplored concepts such as contribution networks for instance are not rigorously tested this article reexamines the impact of conventional socio demographic covariates on campaign donation behavior by ethnic contributors and explicitly models spatial effects the spatial analysis reveals that patterns of campaign donations are geographically clustered exhibiting both spatial dependence implying a neighborhood effect and spatial heterogeneity implying a regional effect and that this clustering cannot be explained completely by socio economic and demographic variables while socio demographic characteristics are important components of the dynamic underlying campaign contributions there is also evidence consistent with a contagion effect whereby ethnic contribution networks are fueling funds to candidate coffers

managers gender role attitudes a country institutional profile approach in this paper we use the country institutional profile to investigate how selected cognitive normative and regulative aspects of various countries relate to traditional gender role attitudes of managers from these countries our cross level analyses using hierarchical linear modeling control for a number of individual characteristics i e age education gender and social class results support our hypotheses that managers traditional gender role attitudes relate positively to nation level uncertainty avoidance and power distance moreover the results support our predictions that gender egalitarian normative institutions degree of regulation and degree of educational development are negatively related to managers traditional gender role attitudes however results reject our hypotheses regarding nation level religiosity assertiveness and masculinity not showing the proposed relationship with managers traditional gender role attitudes implications for research and practice are discussed

u s china trade negotiations practices procedures and outcomes this study sought to examine and identify 1 the mechanics of u s china trade negotiations 2 how a company prepares for such negotiations 3 the factors that contribute to the success or failure of such negotiations and 4 the outcomes of such negotiations data pertaining to these characteristics were collected from 138 u s firms engaged in china trade relationships between certain variables such as extent of preparation for the negotiations type of programs used and incidences of success were examined based on these results implications for management were drawn

publish or perish what the competition is really doing this study provides comprehensive publications performance data over a twenty five year period for finance doctorates these data indicate that publishing one article per year in any finance journal or finance accounting economics or business journal over any prolonged period of time is a truly remarkable feat met by only 5 percent of the graduates tenure screens combining various quantity and quality requirements are examined to assess their ability to predict future publication productivity faculty and administrators seeking defensible benchmarks for evaluating faculty research productivity in finance will find that these data and results are particularly useful copyright 1992 by american finance association

the eclectic paradigm of international production a restatement and some possible extensions this article reviews some of the criticisms directed towards the eclectic paradigm of international production over the past decade and restates its main tenets the second part of the article considers a number of possible extensions of the paradigm and concludes by asserting that it remains a robust general framework for explaining and analysing not only the economic rationale of economic production but many organisational and impact issues in relation to mne activity as well

the impact of journals and authors on international business research a citational analysis of jibs articles in this paper we use citational analysis to examine the influence of individuals and disciplines on international business research we collected citational data over the ten year period 1984 to 1993 from every issue of the journal of international business studies we found that management economics marketing and finance disciplines have had significant influence on international business research and identified researchers such as dunning porter vernon casson rugman and hofstede as having made significant contributions to international business research

emerging themes in international business research this study is motivated by two research questions 1 which recent contributions have been driving the research agenda in international business 2 which emerging themes in the literature are likely to set the stage for future work to examine these questions the study examined scholarly work in international business over the time period 1996 2006 in six leading international business journals journal of international business studies management international review journal of world business international marketing review journal of international marketing and international business review next a delphi study of the most prolific authors in these journals over the same time period was conducted to delineate a future research agenda in international business addressing these two research questions provides us with a more complete understanding of the progress made to date in international business research and provides a glimpse of the future

scholarships citations and salaries economic rewards in economics while substantial attention has been paid to the determinants of academics earnings 5 7 8 14 15 this literature has by implication suggested that the mere fact of having spent more time in the profession and the publication of more scholarly articles and books are the major determinants of salary differences our purpose here is to introduce a new determinant the quality of one s scholarly research measured by the frequency of references to that work as an additional objective measure of productivity we expect that this proxy for the extent of a scholar s influence on the work of other researchers is rewarded by the market in addition to giving a more complete picture of the determination of salaries in academic labor markets our approach should be useful in establishing a better framework for the evaluation of issues of discrimination in such markets than has been presented before 2 9

motives of non american firms investing in the united states non american firms have recently begun investing larger sums of money in the u s such increased activity has created a great deal of interest and concern the growth in foreign direct investment and findings of a mailed questionnaire will be reviewed in this article factor analysis was utilized to help isolate the salient motives for these investment activities although the size of the u s market and the attractiveness of a new market or the desire to preserve the existing u s market were the most frequently cited reasons for new investment in the u s factor analysis reveals that these reasons merely reinforce the primary motive namely the desire to benefit from a higher level of u s technology and innovation

a model of welfare competition with evidence from afdc in this paper we test empirically for strategic behavior among the states using the cash support program aid to families with dependent children afdc to motivate the empirical work we adapt wildasin s model of income redistribution 1991 american economic review 81 757 773 to a model of interjurisdictional welfare competition although welfare competition may be generated from different frameworks we choose wildasin s model to illustrate how welfare benefit interdependence is genereated in the context of welfare migration we estimate a representative reaction function for afdc using both cross sections and pooled cross section data after controlling for other determinants of afdc benefit levels and for spatial error autocorrelation we find evidence showing competition 2000 academic press

methodological and theoretical issues and advancements in cross cultural research this paper summarizes the issues and concerns of critics of cross cultural research and discusses how they are being addressed by researchers given the state of the art and the complexity of this field of research the author recommends more inductive research and the pursuit of appropriate but not overambitious sampling designs so as to increase our understanding of cultures and encourage the building of richer theory bases taking an optimistic view of the field the author predicts useful contributions by researchers which will enrich the art and science of cross cultural management

contributions to financial crisis research an assessment of the literature in social science citation index journals from 1990 to 2008 research in the field of financial crisis has generated a considerable amount of literature in the past yet there has neither been any study to assess the contributions to the literature made by individuals or institutions nor any to measure the impact of the articles and researchers this study represents an attempt to 1 investigate the major journals in publishing financial crisis research 2 assess the contributions of individual researchers and institutions using the credited contribution approach and 3 measure the impact of individual publications and individual researchers on the financial crisis literature through citation analysis based on the publications in social science citation index ssci journals from 1990 to 2008 the findings provide a useful benchmark for assessing individual and institutional research productivity and trends for future research and venues for publications are identified

an assessment of the measurement of performance in international business research a sizeable body of international business ib research is devoted to building knowledge about the determinants of organizational performance a key precursor to accurately diagnosing why some organizations succeed in the international marketplace while others struggle is operationalizing performance appropriately yet to date no systematic investigation has considered how well ib research measures performance we examine the measurement of performance in 96 articles published in the academy of management journal administrative science quarterly journal of marketing journal of marketing research journal of international business studies management science organization science a nd thestrategic management journal between 1995 and 2005 the findings reveal that most studies do not measure performance in a manner that captures the multifaceted nature of the construct we describe the implications of these results and offer suggestions for improving future practice journal of international business studies 2008 39 1064 1080

the effect of political events on united states direct foreign investment a pooled time series cross sectional analysis this paper examines the effect of political events on the manufacturing direct foreign investment mdfi decisions of u s multinational corporations the relationship between political events and nonpolitical factors and mdfi is investigated through regression analysis of pooled time series 21 years and cross sectional 24 countries data and through various tests of the homogeneity of the relationship across groups of countries the study finds that the relationship between political events in mdfi is different for less developed countries as opposed to developed countries for the less developed countries both inter nation and intra nation conflict and cooperation affect mdfi in contrast u s mdfi in developed countries appears to be affected only by inter nation conflict and cooperation

spatial effects in dyadic data political units often spatially depend in their policy choices on other units this also holds in dyadic settings where as in much of international relations research analysis focuses on the interaction or relation between a pair or dyad of two political units yet with few exceptions social scientists have analyzed contagion in monadic datasets only consisting of individual political units this article catego rizes all possible forms of spatial effect modeling in both undirected and directed dyadic data where it is possible to distinguish the source and the target of interaction for example exporter0importer aggressor0victim and so on this approach enables scholars to formulate and test novel mechanisms of contagion thus ideally paving the way for studies analyzing spatial dependence between dyads of political units to illus trate the modeling flexibility gained from an understanding of the full set of specifi cation options for spatial effects in dyadic data we examine the diffusion of bilateral investment treaties between developed and developing countries building and extend ing on elkins guzman and simmons s 2006 study however we come to different conclusions about the channels through which bilateral investment treaties diffuse rather than a capital importing country being influenced by the total number of bits signed by other capital importers as modeled in their original article we find that a capital importing country is more likely to sign a bit with a capital exporter only if other competing capital importers have signed bits with this very same capital exporter similarly other capital exporters bits with a specific capital importer influ ence an exporter s incentive to agree on a bit with the very same capital importer

the decision maker and export entry and expansion this paper examines the varied empirical findings of the relationship between firm individual characteristics and foreign entry expansion behavior the results support the view that such activity is neither exclusively determined by structural or managerial factors and is really the result of interaction between both types of variables the paper proposes that foreign entry and expansion can best be understood as an adoption of innovation type behavior

foreign investment and economic development conflict and negotiation this paper is part survey part essay the survey consists of a partial review of the literature on the subject of foreign direct investment in developing countries with particular emphasis on conflict and its resolution through negotiation after a brief discussion of the objective functions guiding the strategies of both main actors the paper turns to a review of the substantive and institutional context surrounding the negotiation process between multinational firms and host countries next follow some general principles common to most negotiations drawn from the experience obtained in other fields and a discussion of the relevant literature on international business negotiations last the essay integrates the various threads of analysis into a series of normative conclusions which while not pretending to be imperial are offered as challenges for further study

using geographic information systems to study interstate competition scholars have proposed two distinct explanations for why policies diffuse across american states 1 policymakers learn by observing the experiences of nearby states and 2 states seek a competitive economic advantage over other states the most common empirical approach for studying interstate influence is modeling an indicator of a state s policy choice as a function of its neighbors policies with each neighbor weighted equally this can appropriately specify one form of learning model but it does not adequately test for interstate competition when a policy diffuses due to competition states responses to other states vary depending on the size and location of specific populations we illustrate with two substantive applications how geographic information systems gis can be used to test for interstate competition we find that lottery adoptions diffuse due to competition rather than to learning but find no evidence of competition in state choices about welfare benefits our empirical approach can also be applied to competition among nations and local jurisdictions

the effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode characteristics of national cultures have frequently been claimed to influence the selection of entry modes this article investigates this claim by developing a theoretical argument for why culture should influence the choice of entry two hypotheses are derived which relate culture to entry mode choice one focusing on the cultural distance between countries the other on attitudes towards uncertainty avoidance using a multinomial logit model and controlling for other effects the hypotheses are tested by analysing data on 228 entries into the united states market by acquisition wholly owned greenfield and joint venture empirical support for the effect of national culture on entry choice is found

equity joint ventures and theory of the multinational enterprise this paper extends the internalization approach to the theory of the multinational enterprise mne to include an expanded role for equity joint ventures using the transaction cost paradigm of williamson this paper explains why joint ventures may sometimes be preferred over wholly owned subsidiaries also presented is empirical work on joint venture performance in developing countries which demonstrates that under certain conditions joint ventures can be the optimal mode of foreign direct investment 1987 jibs journal of international business studies 1987 18 1 16

the knowledge network of international entrepreneurship theory and evidence the knowledge network associated with the young and emerging field of international entrepreneurship is defined through a bolean search progression of key words on the ssci data bases from 1992 to 2000 the knowledge network of an applied field portrays and usually follows the actual developmental path of its corresponding field some 287 articles document the early emergence of international entrepreneureship as a field of scholarly inquiry when a field is young and in need of theoretical foundations the knowledge networks of other fields may provide for those early needs this is the case of international entrepreneurship the rich theoretical foundations of the two fields of international business and entrepreneureship among others have nourished and accelerated the internationalization process of entrepreneurship a detailed analysis of 7 651 citations contained in the contributions of the 287 documents reported here traces international entrepreneurship s rich yet young developmental path this analysis reveals a wealth of information for example the lists of highly cited books articles authors and their affiliated institutions presented here

internalization and the mne a note on the spread of ideas this paper examines the reasons for the impact of buckley and casson s the future of the multinational enterprise 1976 on research in international business ib earlier work concentrated on ownership specific advantages or locational determinants rather than the central concept of internalization the few exceptions were incomplete or not well known internalization as applied to the mne spread rapidly because of the appeal to ib researchers of an analytically powerful idea that was based on institutional economics and involved an accessible methodology the spread was also helped by the parallel growth of transaction costs in the domestic theory of the firm and the publication activity of the authors and their associates

the stampede toward hofstede s framework avoiding the sample design pit in cross cultural research we propose a method to design better multi country samples for international business studies using hofstede s framework and aimed at determining the effects of national culture on various business phenomena we describe typical research scenarios then develop sets of algorithms that calculate indexes reflecting the power of different samples for hypotheses testing the indexes were computed from hofstede s data then rank ordered the top multi country samples are presented in tables for selection when designing studies

foreign direct investment in the united states the state of knowledge in research this article categorizes and summarizes the major writings published during the 1970s concerning foreign direct investment in the united states it is based on the authors analysis of more than 100 works published in the english language in addition to analyzing what has been published the article also suggests directions for future research

sourcing strategies of european and japanese multinationals a comparison based on a typology of sourcing strategies this study identifies various sourcing patterns adopted by european and japanese multinational manufacturing firms in serving the u s market the study has found that the product s market performance is not at all related to its life cycle stage in world trade or to production location but is positively related to the internal components sourcing and negatively related to the product adaptation the findings strongly support levitt s call for a global product

equity joint ventures and the theory of the multinational enterprise this paper extends the internalization approach to the theory of the multinational enterprise mne to include an expanded role for equity joint ventures using the transaction cost paradigm of williamson this paper explains why joint ventures may sometimes be preferred over wholly owned subsidiaries also presented is empirical work on joint venture performance in developing countries which demonstrates that under certain conditions joint ventures can be the optimal mode of foreign direct investment

government intervention in less developed countries the experience of multinational companies it is a fact of international business that governments intervene in the operations of foreign direct investors these government actions create a high level of uncertainty in international planning and are very costly to the foreign investor it appears however that not all firms experience the same degree of intervention within almost all nations the government appears to intervene in some foreign companies more than in others at one extreme some firms are forced out of the nation while at the other extreme firms tend to grow and prosper the purpose of this paper is first to explain these different experiences of foreign firms and then to address the question how can foreign firms reduce the amount of intervention they experience the conclusions are based on the intervention histories of more than 100 firms

the cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories this paper summarizes the author s recently published findings about differences in people s work related values among 50 countries in view of these differences ethnocen tric management theories those based on the value system of one particular country have become untenable this concept is illustrated for the fields of leadership organization and motivation a key issue for organization science is the influence of national cultures on introduction management twenty or even 10 years ago the existence of a relationship be management and tween management and national cultures was far from obvious to many and it national cultures may not be obvious to everyone even now in the 1950s and 60s the dominant be lief at least in europe and the u s was that management was something univer sal there were principles of sound management which existed regardless of na tional environments if national or local practice deviated from these principles it was time to change local practice in the future the universality of sound manage ment practices would lead to societies becoming more and more alike this ap plied even to the poor countries of the third world which would become rich as well and would be managed just like the rich countries also the differences be tween management in the first and second world capitalist and socialist would disappear in fact under the surface they were thought to be a lot smaller than was officially recognized this way of thinking which dominated the 1950s and 60s is known as the convergence hypothesis during the 1970s the belief in the unavoidable convergence of management prac tices waned it was too obviously in conflict with the reality we saw around us at the same time supranational organizations like the european common market which were founded very much on the convergence belief had to recognize the stubbornness of national differences even within existing nations regional dif ferences became more rather than less accentuated the welsh the flemish the basques the bangladeshi the quebecois defended their own identity and this was difficult to reconcile with a management philosophy of convergence it slowly became clear that national and even regional cultures do matter for management the national and regional differences are not disappearing they are here to stay in fact these differences may become one of the most crucial problems for man agement in particular for the management of multinational multicultural orga nizations whether public or private

patterns of strategic control within multinational corporations the management of multinational operations is often required to balance conflicting priorities between responsiveness at the national subsidiary level and central coordination for global competitiveness such balancing requires that relevant data be brought to bear on decisions that consensus be created among key managers and that relative power among them be carefully balanced in large complex mncs the balancing process can be institutionalized through the structuring of relationships between headquarters and subsidiaries

publishing international business research a survey of leading journals this paper argues that given the proliferation of journals within which to publish international business research authors need to identify objectives for their research and develop a publishing strategy to ensure the appropriate and timely publication of their work based on archival data and a survey of journal editors this study provides information about seventy nine english language business publications to help authors develop such as strategy

ranking the international business journals this study seeks to assess and rank the relative quality of 30 international business journals using both a citation analysis and a survey approach journal rankings are presented using both approaches in addition to a composite ranking the rankings provide an objective analysis of journal quality for tenure and promotion committees for ib researchers considering journal submission options and provide the academic community with a better understanding of which international business publication outlets are the most influential in guiding research in this discipline

repatriation of corporate executives an empirical study the effective management of corporate executives returning from foreign assignments has received little attention from academic researchers this study is based on questionnaires completed by members of the american society of personnel administration international aspi the focus of the study was directed at problems that occurred in repatriating executives programs used by corporations to repatriate returning executives and examines why programs have not been instituted by multinational corporations

what differences in the cultural backgrounds of partners are detrimental for international joint ventures an international joint venture implies that a firm has to cooperate with a partner with a different cultural background in this study hypotheses about which differences in national culture are most disruptive for international joint ventures were developed and tested using hofstede s five dimensions the study focused on how these dimensions affect the survival of international joint ventures as well as their incidence relative to wholly owned subsidiaries the hypotheses were tested on longitudinal data about 828 foreign entries of twenty five dutch multinational in seventy two countries between 1966 and 1994 the database which spans almost three decades was also used to provide new evidence on a key assumption of hofstede s work that cultural values are stable over time

understanding the tax revolt eight explanations numerous explanations of the tax revolt have been offered since california s adoption of proposition 13 in 1978 unfortunately many of these explanations remain untested or have been tested inappropriately and the explanations are often jumbled together in a fashion that precludes theoretical clarity we extract eight explanations from the literature each of which assumes that the tax revolt is a systematic national phenomenon that is a function of individual level social economic and political factors having tested these explanations by means of a discriminant analysis of data from the 1978 american national election study we find little empirical corroboration for any of them this leads us to consider two alternative research programs one of which interprets the tax revolt within a symbolic politics framework

tax innovation in the states capitalizing on political opportunity this paper assesses the factors that prompt states to adopt taxes during the twentieth century we test five explanations of state tax innovation derived from the literature economic development fiscal health election cycle party control and regional diffusion using event history analysis a pooled cross sectional time series technique while little support is found for the economic development and party control explanations our empirical results are highly consistent with a political opportunity explanation of state tax adoptions 1 the presence of a long time until the next election 2 the existence of a fiscal crisis and 3 the presence of neighboring states that have previously adopted a tax all create opportunities for politicians to shield themselves from the political costs of supporting a tax increase and are all shown by empirical analysis to increase the probability of a tax adoption this empirical evidence is consistent across different tax instruments and different periods of analysis throughout the twentieth century

bursting bubbles on the rationality of hyperinflations in optimizing models abstract it is well known that perfect foresight maximizing models frequently possess a continuum of equilibria in some of these equilibria the price level is explosive even in models in which the money supply is constant this paper shows that a sufficient condition to rule out these unstable paths is given by the assumption that there is a smallest non zero unit of output

ruling out speculative hyperinflations the role of the government abstract in this paper we show that if the government can levy taxes to back the currency speculative hyperinflations are ruled out as equilibrium outcomes this is so even though convertibility is never observed in equilibrium the only observational difference between a pure fiat money economy and a convertible economy as the one described in this paper is the potential of the former to exhibit speculative hyperinflations the lack of empirical support for those speculative paths can be taken as evidence against interpreting modern economies as pure fiat money systems

key characteristics in the choice of international technology transfer mode the choice between licensing and direct investment as a vehicle for international technology transfer is hypothesized to be related to characteristics of the individual technology parent corporation and the host country involved in the transfer a set of hypotheses regarding these relationships are developed and tested in a logit statistical model for a sample of 1 226 technology transfers we find that hypotheses regarding the effects of technology and parents characteristics are strongly supported by this analysis hypotheses regarding the effect of host country characteristics on transfer patterns receive mixed support

membership of editorial boards and rankings of schools with international business orientation using 4 year data 1990 1994 1998 and 2002 we have provided a ranking of schools with international business ib orientation based on the membership of editorial boards of 30 leading international business journals participation on the editorial boards of quality journals is highly selective and should provide a quality indication of the schools both quality unadjusted and adjusted board membership based ranking are calculated in this study several interesting findings are worth noting first us schools play a significant leadership role among the leading ib programs second the findings of this study also show the major contribution of non us schools which confirms the importance of the global nature of the ib discipline third the top ranked schools share a number of characteristics finally the correlation among different ranking criteria can be low particularly for the top ranked schools suggesting that care should be exercised in interpreting school ranking

modes of foreign entry a transaction cost analysis and propositions a frontier issue in international marketing is the appropriate choice of entry mode in foreign markets the objective of this paper is to offer a transaction cost framework for investigating the entry mode decision this framework provides 1 a theoretical basis for systematically interrelating the literature into propositions 2 propositions about interactions which resolve the apparently contradictory arguments advanced to date specifically the paper illustrates the feasibility of clustering 17 entry modes into the degree of control the mode provides the entrant proposes that the most appropriate i e most efficient entry mode is a function of the tradeoff between control and the cost of resource commitment advances testable propositions delimiting the circumstances under which each mode maximizes long term efficiency