public research and industrial innovations in germany this paper deals with the effects of publicly funded research at universities polytechnics and federal research labs on industrial innovations in germany we discuss the characteristics of companies that benefit from the findings of public research institutions in questioning 2 300 companies we found that less than one tenth of product or process innovating firms introduced innovations between 1993 and 1995 that would not have been developed without public research these new products amount to approximately 5 percent of all new product sales regressions show that firms own r d support the ability to absorb the findings of public research and turn them into innovations contrary to the widely held opinion that proximity to public research institutions does promote collaboration between firms and public research and increase the amount of received knowledge spillovers we found no higher probability of publicly supported innovations for firms in germany that are located near universities or polytechnics

international scientist mobility and the locus of knowledge and technology transfer abstract despite the growing interest of scholars and policymakers to better understand the determinants for researchers in public science to transfer knowledge and technology to firms little is known how temporary international mobility of scientists affects both their propensity to engage in knowledge and technology transfer ktt as well as the locus of such transfer based on a sample of more than 950 german academics from science and engineering faculties we investigate how the duration and the frequency of scientists visits at research institutions outside their home country affect ktt activities we find that most mobile scientists engage in ktt to firms both in the host and in their home country suggesting that ktt activities to firms abroad do not substitute or crowd out but complement ktt to firms in the home country we further find that the longer research visits abroad are the higher the likelihood that scientists engage in ktt to firms again both in the host and the home country however the more frequently scientists visit institutions abroad the more likely they are to engage in ktt to firms only in their home country our results therefore provide evidence for the benefits of brain circulation the article contributes to the growing strand of the literature on scientist mobility and on the determinants of industry science linkages at the individual level

faculty entrepreneurship and economic development the case of the university of calgary abstract the common perception of universities as merely institutions of higher learning is giving way to one where universities are viewed as engines of economic growth and development this study documents the entrepreneurial activities of the faculty of the university of calgary as well as the impact the university has had and the impact its recent budgetary problems might have on such activities results indicate that nearly 100 new ventures with at least one full time employee were started by faculty or were started as a consequence of significant faculty inputs these ventures in turn have generated at least 723 new jobs in alberta furthermore our projections suggest that faculty entrepreneurs will create approximately 14 ventures per year in the near future implications for the role universities and governments should play to encourage faculty entrepreneurship are discussed

licensing of university inventions the role of a technology transfer office abstract we develop a theoretical model to explain the specific role of technology transfer offices ttos in licensing university inventions using a framework where firms have incomplete information on the quality of inventions we develop a reputation argument for the tto to reduce the asymmetric information problem our results indicate that a tto is often able to benefit from its capacity to pool innovations across research units and to build a reputation within universities we identify when the technology seller will have an incentive to shelve some of the projects thus raising the buyer s beliefs on expected quality this results in fewer but more valuable innovations being sold at higher prices we explain the importance of a critical size for the tto to be successful as well as the stylized fact that ttos may lead to fewer licensing agreements but higher income from innovation transfers

global and domestic utilization of industrial relevant science patent citation analysis of science technology interactions and knowledge flows abstract the development of science based technologies may draw heavily on codified and tacit outputs from both domestic research bases and foreign sources having a view of the scientific underpinnings of these technical innovations and related knowledge diffusion and utilization processes especially those concerning public financed basic research is of major importance to policymakers nowadays some of those scientific and technical inputs are pivotal to technical inventions and are acknowledged as such by explicit references citations to related research papers in the reference list on the corresponding patents this case study deals with citations to dutch authored research papers on uspto patents granted during the period 1987 1996 results of the citation analysis reveal several important features of contributions made by the dutch science base to dutch invented and or foreign invented patents such as 1 a marked overall increase of patent citations to dutch research papers and 2 significant differences between domestic and foreign citation patterns where 3 domestic citation links are dominated by author inventor self citations and patents originating from the large r d intensive multinational firms such as philips these findings provide new empirical evidence that patent citation analysis produces systemic quantitative data providing strategic background information regarding nation specific and sector specific factors in domestic and cross border science technology linkages and knowledge flows

spillovers and governance an analysis of knowledge and reputational spillovers in information technology investigating spillovers potential costs and benefits to a firm that extend beyond an individual transaction i integrate transaction cost theory and the knowledge based view of the firm in an effort to better understand the efficient governance of knowledge contracts with detailed task descriptions were associated with transactions with the potential to generate new and reusable knowledge the risk of a firm s technology spilling over to others and the risk of reputation impairing spillovers were associated with suppliers using their own employees rather than subcontractors thus results suggest that the creation and protection of knowledge are key factors in understanding governance decisions

policy changes and the dynamics of capacity expansion in the swiss electricity market abstract capacity of supply is a crucial matter in electricity markets as it directly influences reliability of supply price volatility and blackout risk in this paper we analyse the dynamics of capacity expansion in the swiss electricity market and the impact of different policies such as nuclear phaseout and management of electricity exchanges imports and exports policies this article develops the conceptualization model presented in ochoa p 2007b policy changes in the swiss electricity market a system dynamics analysis of likely market responses socio economic planning sciences 41 4 336 349 we build a system dynamics model based on the dynamics of capacity expansion explained in the latter paper and present and analyse different scenarios we conclude that international electricity exchanges are important for the swiss market as they help to lower costs and to increase the income of the utility companies however we illustrate the need for explicit policies for managing imports and exports of electricity to avoid import dependence from neighbouring countries

innovation regimes r d and radical innovations in telecommunications abstract by introducing the concept of innovation regimes the aim of this article is to show how the rapid pace of technological development in the telecom sector may be explained by the close links between the sector s own r d and the creation of numerous innovations many of which are radical in contemporary innovation theory a theoretical antinomy exists whereas the creation of incremental innovations is variously explained in terms of rational responses to markets dynamics of technological regimes dominant design etc radical innovations in contrast are explained in terms of serendipity chance or haphazard scientific discoveries evidence from analysis of innovations in the telecom sector suggests that innovation regimes have provided a capability of coordination direction and leadership in the creation of many of the radical technological innovations that have emerged in the sector thus one may claim that the strong innovation regimes and high r d intensity of the telecom sector at least until recently have provided a capability of creating innovations on purpose for a purpose the policy implications of this contradict some of the assumptions on which the prevailing market oriented r d governance models and policies are based and which are supported by contemporary innovation theories

in defense of the nsf economics program abstract the nsf economics program funds basic research in economics across all its disparate fields its budget has experienced a long period of stagnation and decline with its real value in 2013 below that in 1980 and having declined by 50 percent as a percent of the total nsf budget the number of grants made by the program has also declined over time and its current budget is very small compared to that of many other funders of economic research over the years nsf supported research has supported many of the major intellectual developments in the discipline that have made important contributions to the study of public policy the public goods argument for government support of basic economic research is strong neither private firms foundations nor private donors are likely to engage in the comprehensive support of all forms of economic research if nsf were not to exist select universities with large endowments are more likely to have the ability to support general economic research in the abse

academic research and industrial innovation the purpose of this study is to estimate the extent to which technological innovations in various industries have been based on recent academic research and the time lags between the investment in recent academic research projects and the industrial utilization of their findings because no attempt to my knowledge has been made to estimate the social rate of return from academic research we also make some rough and tentative estimates of this sort while the results are subject to many limitations discussed below they should be of interest to public policy makers concerned with science and technology as well as to

assessing spillovers from universities to firms evidence from french firm level data we assess the importance of information flows from universities to innovative firms and determine the relative contribution of formal collaboration and pure knowledge spillovers in this process we find that spillovers provide the most benefit to firms that imitate existing technologies or those that are involved in incremental innovation on the other hand highly innovative firms appear to derive most benefit from collaborative research with foreign universities indeed highly innovative firms are at the frontier of the academic knowledge in their industry therefore they only marginally benefit from aggregate or industry wide spillovers they require new forms of academic knowledge that they acquire through formal cooperation with foreign universities

the economic impacts of academic spin off companies and their implications for public policy abstract the importance of academic research ar to economic growth is widely accepted but quantification of incremental impacts and their attribution to any one country s expenditures is difficult yet quantitative justification of government ar funding is highly desirable we therefore attempt to quantify one impact which can be directly and causally attributed to one country s funding spin off companies we focus on ar in the non medical natural sciences and engineering nsexm in a whole country canada applied disciplines are sometimes assumed to be the most commercializable so we also separately investigate an especially basic science physics using a novel methodology we estimate the lifetime impacts of companies spun off directly from ar performed in 1960 1998 and compare the impacts with all government funding direct and indirect over the same period this picks up virtually all funding and most company formation since wwii up to 1998 such long term studies are rare but essential since we show that successful spin offs grow often exponentially over several decades with very conservative assumptions and allowing for the time value of money the impacts exceed government funding by a substantial margin physics actually fares 30 60 better than the combined nsexm this reflects more successful companies rather than greater numbers and therefore does not seem inconsistent with earlier studies on company numbers firm lifetimes are long with canadian impacts truncated primarily by some foreign acquisitions we argue that the spin off impacts represent incremental contributions to gdp much larger even on a time discounted basis than the government funding and directly attributable to it governments will also receive more in additional tax than they spent the impacts therefore provide a quantitative justification for the public investment allowing the much more important but less quantifiable long term benefits to be regarded as a free bonus the very good showing of physics also suggests that reduced emphasis on basic work or on the basic disciplines could actually weaken the commercialization of ar

institutions supporting technical advance in industry elsewhere 1982 economists beliefs that modern capitalism is a fine innovation generating machine have no intellectual grounding in contemporary neoclassical theory the twin theorems take technologies as given the apparent effectiveness of capitalism in this arena must reside in characteristics and mechanisms other than those featured in the microeconomic theory textbooks in our book we attempt to analyze these it also is true that the capitalist engine is a much more complicated one than many economists seem to think i presently am

the economic impact of canadian university r d abstract canadian university research expenditures and those of graduate students produce a gross static economic impact upon the canadian gross domestic product gdp which considerably overestimates the net static impact of university research moreover the net static impact because it keeps constant the economic structure and the productivity of factors of production does not account for the principal beneficial impact of university research the building of human capital and the transfer of knowledge technology all of this leads to an increase in productivity and thus in the size of the gdp this effect is called the dynamic impact this article besides comparing succinctly the gross impact with the net static impact develops a practical method to measure the dynamic impact of university research in a way this method provides another benchmark besides the peer review to judge the relevance of university r d

price indexes for r and d inputs 1969 1983 this paper presents the first r and d price indexes based largely on actual prices and expenditures reported by firms the results based on a carefully designed sample of about 100 firms show that the gnp deflator which is used in the official government r and d statistics has tended to underestimate the rate of inflation in r and d for managerial and economic purposes such as r and d budgeting and productivity studies these indexes should be of widespread use

in defence of the linear model an essay this essay discusses the strength and weaknesses of the so called linear model lm of innovation it is a reaction to the habit of criticising it as over simplistic mechanistic or simply blatantly wrong we argue that while some criticisms are of course well grounded many others are instead based on loose interpretations and unwarranted assumptions in order to separate the wheat from the chaff this essay first presents a comprehensive description of the linear model and differentiates it from the caricature many refer to second we discuss the main criticisms put forward and argue that many of them are not at all destructive but can be easily accepted within a refined version of the lm third we discuss the policy implications often derived or said to derive from the lm to argue that the lm itself is distinctively policy neutral other assumptions have to be added to justify alternative policy implications

globalisation of knowledge production and regional innovation policy supporting specialized hubs in the bangalore software industry abstract this paper is concerned with the changing role of regional innovation systems and regional policies in supporting the transition of indigenous firms in developing countries from competing on low costs towards becoming knowledge providers in global value chains special attention is paid to policies supporting the emergence and development of the regional innovation system in this transition process regional innovation systems in developing countries have very recently started to be conceptualised as specialized hubs in global innovation and production networks asheim b coenen l vang lauridsen j 2007 face to face buzz and knowledge bases socio spatial implications for learning innovation and innovation policy environment and planning c government and policy 25 5 655 670 chaminade c vang j 2006a innovation policy for small and medium size smes in asia an innovation systems perspective in yeung h ed handbook of research on asian business edward elgar cheltenham maggi c 2007 the salmon farming and processing cluster in southern chile in pietrobello c rabellotti r eds upgrading and governance in clusters and value chains in latin america harvard university press a specialized hub refers to a node in a global value chain that mainly undertakes one or a few of the activities required for the production and development of a given good or service or serves a particular segment of the global market in global value chains firms in developing countries have traditionally been responsible for the lowest added value activities however a few emerging regional innovation systems in developing countries are beginning to challenge this scenario by rapidly upgrading in the value chain there is however still only a poorly developed understanding of how the system of innovation emerges and evolves to support this transition process and what the role of regional innovation policy is in building the regional conditions that support indigenous small and medium size enterprises smes in this transition process this paper aims at reducing this omission by analyzing the co evolution of the strategies of indigenous smes and the regional innovation system of bangalore india

factors affecting university industry r d projects the importance of searching screening and signalling this paper presents an empirical analysis of the determinants of research cooperation between firms and public research organisations pros for a sample of innovating small and medium sized enterprises smes the econometric analysis is based on the results of the know survey carried out in seven eu countries during 2000 in contrast to earlier works that provide information about the importance of pros research we know the number of firm pro collaborative research and development r d projects this allows us to study the determinants of firm collaboration with pros in terms of both the propensity of a firm to undertake r d projects with a university do they cooperate or not and the extent of this collaboration number of r d projects two questions are addressed which firms cooperated with pros and what are the firm characteristics that might explain the number of r d projects with pros the results of our analysis point to two major phenomena first the propensity to forge an agreement with an academic partner depends on the absolute size of the industrial partner second the openness of firms to the external environment as measured by their willingness to search screen and signal significantly affects the development of r d projects with pros our findings suggest that acquiring knowledge through the screening of publications and involvement in public policies positively affects the probability of signing an agreement with a pro but not the number of r d projects developed in fact firms that outsource research and development and patent to protect innovation and to signal competencies show higher levels of collaboration

the economic impact of licensed commercialized inventions originating in university research abstract the purpose of this article is to estimate quantitatively the contribution that university licensing makes to the national u s economy as regions and nations face increased economic problems they seek ways to augment opportunities for economic growth and to identify areas where public funding can be cut it is now well recognized that the research university can be a significant engine of economic growth and job creation university research and research related activities contribute in many important ways to modern economies notably through increased productivity of applied rd provision of highly valued human capital embodied in faculty and students development of equipment and instrumentation used by industry in production and research and creation of concepts and prototypes for new products and processes which may have some unexpected and large social and economic impacts yet clear documentation of the proportional contributions these make to economic growth remains elusive this article provides detailed estimates of the economic impact on the u s national economy of one core university activity licensing of university inventions to industry our approach combines licensing data for u s universities with national input output i o model coefficients and provides more valid and complete estimates of the national economic impacts of university licensing of intellectual property than have previously been available our results estimate national economic impact expressed as annual increases in gross domestic product gdp in total industry output and employment generated over a 15 year period summing over the entire 15 years for which we have data 1996 2010 we estimate that assuming no product substitution effects and a 2 10 royalty fee the total contribution of university licensing to gross industry output is at least 162 1 billion and as much as 686 9 billion 2005 dollars estimates based on 5 royalty rates yields an estimated impact of 293 3 billion 2005 dollars over the period assuming 2 royalty fees and no product substitution effects we estimate that over a 15 year period university licensing agreements based on product sales contributed at least 70 5 billion and as much as 277 6 billion 2005 dollars to the u s gdp with a moderately conservative estimate based on 5 royalty rates such agreements contributed more than 122 2 billion 2005 dollars the i o model also calculates the number of jobs person years of employment directly created or supported per million dollars of final purchases estimates of the total number of additional jobs created as a function of year due to university licensed products assuming no product substitution effects ranged from about 7000 jobs in 1996 to 23 000 in 2010 or more than 277 000 person years of employment over the entire 15 year period because of uncertainty we also provide estimates of the economic impact of university licensing income based on a range of product substitution rates 5 10 and 50 the magnitude of the estimated impact depends significantly on the assumptions made for example the royalty fees and substitution rates but even the most conservative yet reasonable assumptions yield estimates of very large impacts on gdp industry output and employment major discoveries emanating from academic and or publicly funded research have had enormous global economic and social impacts that are obvious but difficult to predict and quantify e g google the world wide web nanotechnologies etc although this article examines the economic impact of only a select technology transfer activity it nevertheless offers quantitative evidence that the economic impact of university research and technology transfer activities is significant

firms transfer strategies with universities and the relationship with firms innovation performance based on a representative sample of swiss firms we empirically investigated strategies for knowledge and technology transfer ktt activities between business firms and universities as well as other public research institutions based on a cluster analysis of 19 different forms for ktt three types of ktt strategies were identified they were significantly correlated mainly to i the absorptive capacity of a firm ii several factors hampering ktt activities and iii some characteristics of the transfer process such as the number of partners the existence of contacts to foreign universities and the utilization of the mediating services of transfer offices furthermore it was found that ktt strategies related to the core transfer activities such as r d contracts are stronger correlated with innovation performance compared to strategies related to softer transfer forms copyright 2009 the author 2009 published by oxford university press on behalf of associazione icc all rights reserved oxford university press

learning from one another international policy emulation and university industry technology transfer cross border emulation of economic and technology policies among industrial economy governments has become common in recent years and spans policies ranging from intellectual property rights to collaborative r d recent initiatives by a number of industrial economy governments suggest considerable interest in emulating the bayh dole act of 1980 a piece of legislation that is widely credited with stimulating significant growth in university industry technology transfer and research collaboration in the united states i examine the effects of bayh dole on university industry collaboration and technology transfer in the united states emphasizing the lengthy history of both activities prior to 1980 and noting the extent to which these activities are rooted in the incentives created by the unusual scale and structure by comparison with western europe or japan of the us higher education system efforts at emulation of the bayh dole policy by other governments are likely to have modest success at best without greater attention to the underlying structural differences among the higher education systems of these nations copyright 2011 the author 2011 published by oxford university press on behalf of associazione icc all rights reserved oxford university press

scientific linkages and firm productivity panel data evidence from taiwanese electronics firms using a panel of electronics firms listed on the taiwan stock exchange this paper explores the spillover of scientific research to the private sector by looking at the impact of the intensity a patent s backward citation of scientific publications relative to citation of other patents on the patent owning firm s productivity to identify the causal effect we use measures of a firm s financial constraints as instrumental variables to account for the potential endogeneity of scientific citation intensity of a patent the empirical results suggest that the citation of scientific publications by a patent has a strong and positive effect on the patent owning firm s productivity