linking namea and input output for consumption vs production perspective analyses evidence on emission efficiency and aggregation biases using the italian and spanish environmental accounts we integrate input output and namea tables for spain and italy in 1995 2000 and 2005 in order to address the hot policy issue of sustainable consumption and production a comparison of production and consumption perspectives may have relevant policy implications we deal with the domestic technology assumption and primarily the aggregation bias that may result when calculating indirect emission using different sector aggregations in the analyses e g 16 30 50 extended input output analysis provides analyses of the emissions embodied in domestic consumption and domestic production by considering the structure of intermediate inputs and environmental efficiency in each production sector our empirical findings show that different sectoral aggregation significantly biases the amount of emissions for the consumption perspective though differently in the two countries italy surprisingly show consumption production ratios around or lower than one but in line with some major work at eu level our results thus suggest that special attention must be paid when interpreting the ee ioa of country estimated amounts of embodied emissions both in domestic final demand and those directly associated with the production sectors when the sectoral aggregation level has a low definition as considered in some recent similar studies

brazilian socioeconomic development issues for the eighties since 1964 brazil has experienced rapid economic growth exclusionary politics and a persistently unequal distribution of income after 1973 rapid growth was maintained only at the cost of accelerating inflation and massive foreign borrowing while a process of political liberalization was begun a change in economic development strategy could increase the number of jobs created per unit of capital invested concentrate benefits on those who have least profited from the growth process to date decrease imports and increase the productivity of the poor such a strategy the outlines of which can be found in brazil s third national development plan makes good social as well as economic sense

identifying reduced form relations with panel data the case of pollution and income abstract in this paper we propose a solution to the non robustness that plagues the estimation of inverted u shaped relationships using panel data such as the relation between pollution and income when dependent and independent variable like pollution and income are both time related separating the effect of the independent variable from time effects brings about a fundamental identification dilemma the imposition of restrictions on the controls might drive the shape of the relationship between the dependent pollution and independent income variables our solution consists of imposing the very weak constraint that arbitrary cross sectional units have the same relationship we apply our methodology to two widely studied cases namely so 2 and co 2 emissions interestingly our estimates are insensitive to the required subjective choices but also strongly differ from the literature so far we find consistent positive income effects for both cases and time effect estimates with a clear u shaped trend for so 2 emissions but only slightly so for co 2 emissions

environmental performance innovation and spillovers evidence from a regional namea abstract the achievement of positive environmental performance ep at national level could strongly depend on differences in regional features namely productive specialization regulation stringency and innovation capabilities of both public institutions and the private business sector we present empirical evidence for a newly released namea available for the 20 italian regions in order to demonstrate the role played by sector innovation regional spillovers and environmental policies the italian north south divide regarding industrial development and productive specialization patterns seems to affect regional ep nonetheless such a pattern presents some interesting differences revealing a more heterogeneous distribution of emissions which may reflect the role of other driving forces in particular agglomerative effects seem to play a major role and the ep of neighboring regions influences the regional internal ep this means that together with the spatial concentration of specific sectors into restricted areas there is also some convergence in the adoption of cleaner or dirtier production process techniques finally interregional technological spillovers are more important than sector internal innovation for improving ep revealing that accounting for spatial features and linking ecological economics to regional economics are crucial in understanding the key drivers of ep

exports and growth critical minimum effort and diminishing returns abstract this paper provides some extensions and qualifications concerning the empirical evidence for the positive impact of exports on growth using a model of feder in particular the ideas of critical minimum effort and diminishing returns with respect to the export sector are given some empirical support

embodied pollution in trade estimating the environmental load displacement of industrialised countries abstract the present paper sets out to aid in the development of environmental load displacement indicators developing the notion of the environmental memory of physical flows we estimated embodied pollution in trade of 18 industrialized countries with a the rest of the world and b developing countries from 1976 to 1994 we found that in the last years of analysis total imports of japan usa and western europe have entailed in general larger air pollutant emissions than local exports the balance of embodied emissions in trade beet seems to follow an inverted u shape across time in japan and western europe and an n shape in the us in the period of analysis japanese and european environmental terms of trade with developing countries improved from the japanese and european point of view whereas american environmental terms of trade with developing countries deteriorated over time although there is no statistical trend between income and embodied emissions in imports in a cross section analysis there does seem to be a positive relationship between both variables at a national level the results suggest that despite many shortcomings this type of assessment may shed useful insights on the international aspects of sustainable development

below the line poverty in latin america abstract despite gains in basic welfare indicators poverty remains prevalent in latin america this paper surveys existing data on poverty in the region and discusses the relationship between growth inequality and poverty given the inequality of income distribution in latin america and the slow growth of output policies to overcome poverty must involve more efficient allocation of government resources redistribution and foreign aid

embedding the drivers of emission efficiency at regional level analyses of namea data abstract this paper provides new empirical evidence on regional national disparities in environmental efficiency based on analyses of namea data referring to italy and the lazio region where rome is the main city shift share analyses provide evidence on the drivers of environmental efficiency and on sector specificity our evidence shows that although the region around rome has achieved higher environmental performance compared to italy mainly thank to its being less industry based some critical points in the energy sector and in some services should be taken into account in shaping the future development of the region in addition the use of regional namea for econometric investigations of emission efficiency drivers at national level shows that though north south disparities favour northern and richer regions in accordance with development oriented dynamics environmental hot spots driven by specialisation and efficiency related issues also appear in some northern industrial regions further the role of public ad private r d is of main relevance in enhancing emission on economic value ratios environmental industrial and sector oriented policy making may derive valuable information from the evidence provided by our study that highlights how analytical exploitation of namea offers rich array of insights for regional policy making

can trade liberalization stimulate economic growth in africa abstract this paper examines changes in economic growth that are likely to result from changes in trade policies exports and investment in 12 sub saharan african ssa countries using a vector error correction model vecm our results indicate that trade policies exports and investment rate shocks have a significant impact on economic growth in 10 of the 12 ssa countries this suggests that it is possible to stimulate economic growth in some african countries through an outward looking strategy of export expansion more significantly the results further suggest the importance as well as the need for african countries to embark on trade liberalization policies in order to enhance economic growth in the current world economy

brazil s agrarian structure changes from 1970 through 1980 abstract structural patterns that accompany the growth and modernization of brazil s agrarian economy are identified despite increasing land concentration a rather large and disproportionate economic contribution of sizable numbers of very small farms is documented as is an enhanced vitality of larger farms meanwhile large quantities of unused agricultural land remain on many medium sized and large farms the expected inverse relationship between farm size and various measures of production per land unit is validated and reasons for the inverse relationship are deduced production is so large on small farms because their intensity of resource use overwhelms the facts that yields are greater and higher valued export crops are more usually found on large farms that capitalized intermediate and large farms seem destined to play a larger role in future production in brazil is argued but it is doubtful that the small farm and by implication the peasantry will disappear in the foreseeable future

income growth and atmospheric pollution in spain an input output approach abstract the relationships between economic growth and environmental pressures are complex since the early nineties the debate on these relationships has been strongly influenced by the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis which states that during the first stage of economic development environmental pressures increase as per capita income increases but once a critical turning point has been reached these pressures diminish as income levels continue to increase however to date such a delinking between economic growth and emission levels has not happened for most atmospheric pollutants in spain the aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between income growth and nine atmospheric pollutants in spain in order to obtain empirical outcomes for this analysis we adopt an input output approach and use namea data for the nine pollutants first we undertake a structural decomposition analysis for the period 1995 2000 to estimate the contribution of various factors to changes in the levels of atmospheric emissions and second we estimate the emissions associated with the consumption patterns of different groups of households classified according to their level of expenditure

impacts of regional productivity growth decoupling and pollution leakage abstractimpacts of regional productivity growth decoupling and pollution leakage regional studies this paper examines the issues of decoupling regional economic growth and pollution and the extent to which pollution effects spillover regional national borders specifically a uk regionally disaggregated computable general equilibrium cge model is used to investigate the relationship between economic growth and the level of co2 emissions posited by the environmental kuznets curve ekc conjecture using production accounting principle pap and consumption accounting principle cap environmental accounting methods the simulation results suggest that at the regional level the existence of an ekc relationship depends on the source of regional growth and the how this relationship is specified

modeling of industrial energy consumption an introduction and context industrial energy accounts for roughly one third of total global energy consumption and is expected to continue to use a similar share in the foreseeable future however this is one of the hardest end uses to analyze model and forecast the reasons for modeling industrial energy consumption are as varied as the ways in which energy is used in production processes this has led to the application of a broad set of emperical tools from several different disciplines in this article we provide an introduction and context for a compendium or survey of the methods used in this area this special issue of energy economics is designed to provide both newcomers and accomplished researchers with an overview of the current state of development in the are of industrial energy modeling

causality between exports and economic growth abstract this paper utilizes granger causality tests in investigating the relationship between exports and national income from a consistent data set for 47 developing countries in africa new empirical results as well as suggestions for future research are presented

factors shaping aggregate energy intensity trend for industry energy intensity versus product mix understanding the mechanisms of change of energy consumption in industry has attracted much attention since the 1973 world oil crisis a popular line of research has been to decompose changes in the aggregate energy intensity of industry to give the relative impacts arising from energy intensity change and product mix change using a decomposition technique many empirical studies covering a large number of countries have been reported the main objective of this paper is to put together the empirical results reported in these studies in a coherent framework and identify possible systematic features of particular interest are the basic trends in this line of research the relative importance of energy intensity change and product mix change possible variations over time and between country groups in the energy impacts of these changes and inconsistencies in findings among studies an overview of the decomposition technique including its strengths weaknesses and role in industrial energy consumption studies is also presented

environmental efficiency and labour productivity trade off or joint dynamics a theoretical investigation and empirical evidence from italy using namea in this paper we test an adapted ekc hypothesis to verify the relationship between environmental efficiency namely emissions per unit of value added and labour productivity value added per employee we exploit namea data on italy for 29 sector branches and 6 categories of air emissions for the period 1991 2001 we employ data on capital stock and trade openness to test the robustness of our results on the basis of the theoretical and empirical analyses focusing on innovation firm performances and environmental externalities we would expect a positive correlation between environmental efficiency and labour productivity a negative correlation between the emissions intensity of value added and labour productivity which departs from the conventional mainstream view the hypothesis tested is a critical one within the longstanding debate on the potential trade off or complementarity between environmental preservation and economic performance which is strictly associated with the role of technological innovation we find that for most air emission categories there is a positive relationship between labour productivity and environmental efficiency labour productivity dynamics then seem to be complementary to a decreasing emissions intensity in the production process taking a disaggregate sector perspective we show that the macro aggregate evidence is driven by sector dynamics in a non homogenous way across pollutants services tend always to show a complementary relationship while industry seems to be associated with inverted u shape dynamics for greenhouse gases and nitrogen oxides this is in line with our expectations in any case ekc shapes appear to drive such productivity links towards complementarity the extent to which this evidence derives from endogenous market forces industrial and structural change and policy effects is discussed by taking an evolutionary perspective to innovation and by referring to impure public goods arguments

tales of dissemination in small farm agriculture lessons for institution builders abstract this article describes patterns that are discernible across a dozen cases of good micro performance in agricultural research and extension in poverty stricken northeast brazil research meant to contribute toward a more grounded approach to remedying the problem of mediocre performance of these institutions elsewhere the good performances involved the presence of demanding user agencies outside extension and research shorter time horizons and more focused tasks localized credit subsidies with automatic sunset provisions and penalties for nonperformance a strong presence of municipal elites normally avoided in the design of such programs and an equally strong and complementary presence of more centralized public sector actors

polices for increasing energy efficiency thirty years of experience in oecd countries energy efficiency improvement was an important phenomenon in the global energy balance over the past 30 years without energy efficiency improvements the oecd nations would have used approximately 49 more energy than was actually consumed as of 1998 this paper first reviews energy intensity trends for the major oecd nations since 1973 considering how much of the overall reduction in e gdp was due to energy efficiency improvement and how much was due to structural change the bulk of the paper examines the energy efficiency policies and programs adopted in japan united states and western europe commenting on their effectiveness and energy savings impacts where possible the paper also reviews the energy efficiency policies and programs adopted in california this experience shows that well designed policies can result in substantial energy savings as demonstrated in the united states where nine specific policies and programs reduced primary energy use in 2002 by approximately 11 substantial energy savings also occurred in japan some european countries and in the electricity sector in california

thirty years of agricultural growth in brazil crop performance regional profile and recent policy review the postwar economic growth of brazil has received much attention in specialized and general literature on development structural change associated with rapid and sustained industrialization with strong backward linkages into intermediate capital goods sectors has been the focus of much of this work the costs benefits and distortions growing out of this secular process of economic growth have been documented highlighting the unusual performance of the brazilian economy among the middle income developing countries finally the important shift in policy regimes from import substitution in the 1950s to export substitution beginning in the late 1960s has been analyzed adding a rich base of data and results with which to evaluate the brazilian performance and test various hypotheses concerning the impact of selected policy parameters on efficiency growth and distribution 2 however until recently less attention has been devoted to a review of the performance of the agricultural sector within this scenario of rapid change and growth 3 this becomes important in interpreting trends in income distribution in the 1970s this article is directed toward filling this gap in part through reviewing the empirical record on the aggregate and regional performances of output area and yield of the cropproducing sector of brazilian agriculture over the 30 year period 195080 this is possible through the extensive time series on crop output in metric tons area in hectares and physical yields generated by the annual crop reporting series of the brazilian institute of geography and statistics fibge a series that accounts for 98 of all crop output in brazil during this period

perspectives on poverty and income inequality in brazil abstract exploratory analysis of the advance tabulations of the 1980 brazilian demographic census suggests the proportion of the population in poverty fell during the decade 1970 1980 the degree of inequality of the distribution of the income of individuals apparently remained about the same from 1970 to 1980 after rising in the 1960s this near constancy of the overall inequality of income distribution resulted from two offsetting changes a narrowing of the gap between rural and urban incomes and greater inequality within the rural sector

carbon dioxide emissions in the u s economy a structural decomposition analysis this paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of various influences on carbon dioxide emissions it incorporates methodological refinements of input output structural decomposition analysis which is the examination of economic change by means of a set of comparative static variations in key parameters of i o tables the analysis is performed using a two tiered klem model which allows for estimation of substitution and technological change effects within and between input aggregates the model is used to decompose the sources of change in co2 emissions in the u s over the 1972 82 timeframe using hybrid energy value tables for the initial and terminal years results show the significant effect of substitution within the energy sector and between energy and other inputs as the leading causes of the decline in carbon dioxide emissions

green technologies and environmental productivity a cross sectoral analysis of direct and indirect effects in italian regions abstract this paper provides empirical investigation of the effects of environmental innovations eis on environmental performances as proxied by the environmental productivity ep measure we focus on sectoral environmental productivity of italian regions by exploiting the regional accounting matrix including environmental accounts regional namea patent applications have been extracted by the patstat database and assigned to the environmental domain by adopting different international classifications of green technologies the latest release of the oecd env tech indicators and the union of this with the previously established wipo green inventory econometric results outline that regions sectors characterized by higher levels of green technologies gts are those facing better environmental performance these positive effects directly stem from the introduction of gt in the same sector as well as from the introduction of gt in vertically related sectors