fuzzy multi objective approach for optimal selection of suppliers and transportation decisions in an eco efficient closed loop supply chain network abstract establishment of a closed loop supply chain clsc network has attracted immense significance due to government policies and societal demand for environmental consciousness however to enhance the financial and ecological impact of the network the forward and reverse supply chain networks must integrate well so that decisions taken in both areas complement each other in this study we propose an eco efficient clsc design for extending the existing supply chain of an indian firm that assembles inkjet printers the network design is configured as a multi objective model in a multi period setting and is mathematically formulated into a mixed integer programming problem with fuzzy objectives fuzziness provides flexibility to the decision makers because they must accommodate the conflicting nature of the objectives the fuzzy multi objective model incorporates the firm s economic and environmental concerns into the decision making process by selecting environmentally responsible suppliers to procure components based on sustainable criteria choosing appropriate recovery options for end of use eou inkjet printers and planning an efficient transportation network design for reducing the carbon emission of the distribution and collection activities the uniqueness of the proposed fuzzy clsc optimization model lies in providing an integrated decision making framework that can aid the manufacturer in making crucial strategic tactical and operational decisions of optimal selection of suppliers component order allocation recovery flow allocation and vehicle routing planning the novelty of the model also lies in simultaneously minimising the overall cost of the activities undertaken maximizing the performance of the component suppliers and minimising the carbon emissions of the associated transportation activities a weighted fuzzy mathematical programming approach is utilised for generating a fuzzy properly efficient solution as the desired compromised solution for the clsc network problem configuration the relevance of the model is justified using a real data set derived from a case study of the firm based in the northern capital region ncr of india the findings indicate that the proposed integrated clsc network model enables the firm in gaining sustainably from the numerous electronic product reuse opportunities in the indian market further while costly to begin with choosing suppliers with higher sustainable performance and vehicles with lesser emission rate could substantially enhance firm s sustainable image and result in higher profits in the future

a two echelon sustainable supply chain coordination under cap and trade regulation this paper analyses the decision behaviour and coordination mechanisms for a two echelon sustainable supply chain under a cap and trade regulation in a make to order setting carbon emissions are generated primarily by the downstream manufacturing process and the market demand of the supply chain is affected by two decision variables the sustainability level and the selling price the impact of the unit emissions trading price on the optimal decision variables in both centralized and decentralized systems is revealed the comparison of decentralized and centralized systems shows that the increase in total profit in centralized system is at most 1 3 that in decentralized system to achieve the same profit as the centralized system we consider two contracts to coordinate the sustainable supply chain revenue sharing and two part tariff contracts by analysing the conditions for a win win outcome we prove that only the two part tariff contract can lead to perfect coordination finally sensitivity analysis of the key parameters is undertaken as part of a numerical example illustrating the theoretical results

stochastic lot sizing manufacturing under the ets system for maximisation of shareholder wealth abstract the issues of carbon emission and global warming have increasingly aroused worldwide attention in recent years despite huge progresses in carbon abatement few research studies have reported on the impacts of carbon emission reduction mechanisms on manufacturing optimisation which often leads to decisions of environmentally unsustainable operations and misestimation of performance this paper attempts to explore carbon management under the carbon emission trading mechanism for optimisation of lot sizing production planning in stochastic make to order manufacturing with the objective to maximise shareholder wealth we are concerned not only about the economic benefits of investors but also about the environmental impacts associated with production planning numerical experiments illustrate the significant influences of carbon emission trading pricing and caps on the dynamic decisions of the lot sizing policy the result highlights the critical roles of carbon management in production planning for achieving both environmental and economic benefits it also provides managerial insights into operations management to help mitigate environmental deterioration arising from carbon emission as well as improve shareholder wealth

agriculture led growth foodgrains versus export crops in madagascar abstract this article compares the growth generating power of alternative agricultural development strategies in madagascar projections from a semi input output model and a recently developed social accounting matrix suggest that both paddy and export crops stimulate strong linkages with other sectors of the malagasy economy but since paddy output can be increased at lower cost investment in rehabilitating small irrigated rice perimeters generates 40 to 100 more gdp than a comparable investment in coffee production paddy also generates greater employment and a more equitable income distribution

optimal production and carbon emission reduction level under cap and trade and low carbon subsidy policies abstract in recent years massive carbon emissions have caused serious global environmental damage such as a worsening greenhouse effect and thick haze to curb carbon emissions as well as maintain sustainable economic development governments promote the development of low carbon economy by issuing multiple policies among which the cap and trade policy ctp and low carbon subsidy policy lcsp are widely adopted moreover manufacturers are increasingly adopting carbon emission reduction technology to produce greener products considering related government policies and rising environmental awareness among consumers to give policy making insights to governments as well as production and carbon emission reduction decision making insights to manufacturers this paper investigates the impacts of ctp and lcsp on the production and carbon emission reduction level of a manufacturer and explores which policy is better for society the results show that the carbon emission reduction level increases as the carbon trading price increases whereas it is independent of the unit low carbon subsidy interestingly the carbon trading price does not always have a negative effect on the manufacturer s profit and the cap does not always produce a positive effect on the manufacturer s profit more importantly we find that lcsp is more beneficial to society when the environmental damage coefficient is less than a threshold but otherwise ctp is more beneficial

operations research for green logistics an overview of aspects issues contributions and challenges the worldwide economic growth of the last century has given rise to a vast consumption of goods while globalization has led to large streams of goods all over the world the production transportation storage and consumption of all these goods however have created large environmental problems today global warming created by large scale emissions of greenhouse gasses is a top environmental concern governments action groups and companies are asking for measures to counter this threat operations research has a long tradition in improving operations and especially in reducing costs in this paper we present a review that highlights the contribution of operations research to green logistics which involves the integration of environmental aspects in logistics we give a sketch of the present and possible developments focussing on design planning and control in a supply chain for transportation inventory of products and facility decisions while doing this we also indicate several areas where environmental aspects could be included in or models for logistics

multi product inventory model for cold items with cost and emission consideration while sharing storage and transportation units is common for many product types cold items usually have different temperature requirements and as a result not all items can share a holding transportation unit consequently the type of products and their compatibility with other products needs to be considered in the inventory model in this paper we propose multi product inventory models for cold items the models determine the inventory levels that minimize either the cost or carbon equivalent emissions we model the compatibility of items as a constraint in the inventory model to solve the model we first find an appropriate family of products that can share a storage transportation unit then for each family of products we develop an approximate solution method to determine the order quantity of each product within a family numerical experiments demonstrate the solution procedure and provide managerial insights into cold item inventory policies

modeling agricultural growth multipliers agriculture s potential as an engine of third world growth depends in large part on the size of the production and consumption linkages it stimulates in rural regions current estimates of agricultural growth multipliers within rural regions vary widely not only because economic structures differ across regions but also because the array of fixed price models most commonly used embody widely differing basic assumptions among fixed price models the semi input output formulation projects the most plausible multipliers but even they overstate the magnitude of growth multipliers by 10 to 25 according to the price endogenous model developed here

the trade off between economic efficiency and food self sufficiency in using sudan s irrigated land resources abstract a shift in sudan s food production strategy towards more reliance on the irrigated sector for food supply has been induced by the severe food shortages following the early 1980s drought and reduced availability of food aid coupled with the high yield potential of irrigated wheat under modern technology revealed by recent research results this led to significant expansions in the areas of irrigated food crops especially wheat after 1989 this paper used domestic resource cost analysis to examine whether the expansion in irrigated wheat production represents the most efficient option for using sudan s irrigated land resources as compared to cotton the country s most important cash crop competitor at the 1993 prices medium staple cotton dominated various wheat technologies in terms of economic efficiency an efficiency frontier was constructed to evaluate the sensitivity of competitiveness results to changes in productivity gains and price shifts wheat yields currently achieved by average farmers on the scheme need to increase by more than 50 for wheat to compete with cotton at the 1996 prices in other words currently one ha of exported cotton generates economic returns that are sufficient to import about 50 more wheat than can be domestically produced from the same ha under average farmers practices in gezira in addition to its superiority over wheat in economic efficiency terms cotton has larger employment benefits than wheat being the more labour intensive enterprise this means that expanding irrigated wheat production in gezira for food self sufficiency at the expense of cotton reduces employment opportunities in addition to compromising economic efficiency priority should therefore be given to increased investment in research on improving cotton production technology marketing and lint quality on the other hand it is important to introduce more effective policy measures for faster adoption of improved wheat technologies to close the gap between potential and current yield levels

revenue management for durable goods using trade ins with certified pre owned options abstract the economics research suggests that firms can use trade ins as a revenue management device for price discrimination between new and replacement buyers of durabprle goods offering different prices to different groups of customers creates a market segmentation effect this study examines such an effect by considering trade ins and certified pre owned options for a durable goods firm where certified pre owned cpo represents the used goods market generated from the return flow of trade in transactions the optimal pricing and or trade in rebate is determined and the strategic choice between the two options is examined an analytical model is developed that incorporates the key durable goods features into model formulation specifically the deterioration rate or durability in a reverse measure and the variation in quality of the used goods our research findings indicate that i the magnitude of trade in rebates increases with the deterioration rate and quality variation ii the segmentation effect outweighs the cannibalization effect when the deterioration rate is moderately high iii the strategic choice of trade ins and cpo options is critically dependent on these two features and iv the majority of profit improvement is generated from trade in provisions although the cpo option can serve as a second profit boosting device

an optimization model for a monopolistic firm serving an environmentally conscious market use of chemical reaction optimization algorithm this work considers a monopolist firm which faces the following twin challenges of serving an environmentally sensitive market the first challenge is the demand s elasticity to emissions and price to entice its emission conscious customers and generate higher demand the firm incrementally invests in cleaner production technologies it also adopts a voluntary limit on its emissions from transportation however such investments and penalty lead to the second challenge of reduced net profit to address above trade off a non linear programming nlp model with a maximization quadratic profit function has been formulated recently developed chemical reaction optimization algorithm with superior computational performance has been adopted to solve the nlp the output of the model provides near optimal monopolistic price best attainable reduction in manufacturing emissions through proportional investment and makes a choice of suitable mode of transportation for each type of product offered by the firm three types of sensitivity analyses were performed by varying contextual parameters customers emission elasticity penalty charged per unit emission and investment coefficient the results underpin the importance of investments in cleaner technologies and the need of financial aids for profit maximizing firms operating in cleaner markets this work provides a decision making tool to determine the near optimal degree of each of the above dimension in multiple business fronts

effective location models for sorting recyclables in public management abstract the recycling of urban solid wastes is a critical point for the closing supply chains of many products mainly when their value cannot be completely recovered after use in addition to environmental aspects the process of recycling involves technical economic social and political challenges for public management for most of the urban solid waste the management of the end of life depends on selective collection to start the recycling process for this reason an efficient selective collection has become a mainstream tool in the brazilian national solid waste policy in this paper we study effective models that might support the location planning of sorting centers in a medium sized brazilian city that has been discussing waste management policies over the past few years the main goal of this work is to provide an optimal location planning design for recycling urban solid wastes that fall within the financial budget agreed between the municipal government and the national bank for economic and social development moreover facility planning involves deciding on the best sites for locating sorting centers along the four year period as well as finding ways to meet the demand for collecting recyclable materials given that economic factors consumer behavior and environmental awareness are inherently uncertain future outcomes to deal with these issues we propose a deterministic version of the classical capacity facility location problem and both a two stage recourse formulation and risk averse models to reduce the variability of the second stage costs numerical results suggest that it is possible to improve the current selective collection as well as hedge against data uncertainty by using stochastic and risk averse optimization models

optimal delivery strategies considering carbon emissions time dependent demands and demand supply interactions abstract the study addresses a distributor s delivery strategy problem with consideration of carbon emissions retailers time dependent demands and demand supply interactions a mathematical programming model is formulated for solving optimal number and time window of service cycles a case study is presented the results show that the distributor would adopt a frequent delivery strategy if carbon taxes are insufficiently high providing the retailers with price discounts does not work out since retailers would value the delays in receiving their ordered products more than the compensations of less frequent delivery given by the distributor in response to carbon taxes models with demand supply interactions can result in larger profit and market share than those without demand supply interactions this study sheds new light to the distributors the retailers and the regulators in greening the logistics transport

a stochastic aggregate production planning model in a green supply chain considering flexible lead times nonlinear purchase and shortage cost functions in this paper we develop a stochastic programming approach to solve a multi period multi product multi site aggregate production planning problem in a green supply chain for a medium term planning horizon under the assumption of demand uncertainty the proposed model has the following features i the majority of supply chain cost parameters are considered ii quantity discounts to encourage the producer to order more from the suppliers in one period instead of splitting the order into periodical small quantities are considered iii the interrelationship between lead time and transportation cost is considered as well as that between lead time and greenhouse gas emission level iv demand uncertainty is assumed to follow a pre specified distribution function v shortages are penalized by a general multiple breakpoint function to persuade producers to reduce backorders as much as possible vi some indicators of a green supply chain such as greenhouse gas emissions and waste management are also incorporated into the model the proposed model is first a nonlinear mixed integer programming which is converted into a linear one by applying some theoretical and numerical techniques due to the convexity of the model the local solution obtained from linear programming solvers is also the global solution finally a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed model

low carbon production with low carbon premium in cap and trade regulation abstract manufacturers face a choice of whether to reduce their carbon emissions through employing low carbon technologies though many carbon regulations are set up to curb carbon emissions some firms choose not to take low carbon production because the additional cost of low carbon progressing is high however low carbon production would be a better alternative when we consider consumer s low carbon premium in the cap and trade system in this work we solve the manufacturer s multi product joint pricing and production problem when consumers value the low carbon product higher than the ordinary product our findings provide firms with conditions where low carbon production is profitable furthermore we find that the cap and trade would constrain the total carbon emissions and promote low carbon production simultaneously under certain conditions

cash crops in developing countries the issues the facts the policies the issue of cash crops is profoundly controversial the debate uses different definitions of the term and slides across levels of analysis from the household to the international economy it also cuts across arguments crops countries and time periods this paper sets out to order the debate it deals first with definitions and taxonomy and then reviews issues connected with cash crops and a growth b distribution c food security d dependency and e the environment the paper concludes that with appropriate policies cash crops can offer a route to equitable growth

design of sustainable supply chains under the emission trading scheme increase in environmental concerns together with legislations are forcing industries to take a fresh look at the impact of their supply chain operations on the environment this paper introduces a mixed integer linear programming based framework for sustainable supply chain design that considers life cycle assessment lca principles in addition to the traditional material balance constraints at each node in the supply chain indeed the framework distinguishes between solid and liquid wastes as well as gaseous emissions due to various production processes and transportation systems the framework is used to evaluate the tradeoffs between economic and environmental objectives under various cost and operating strategies in the aluminum industry the results suggest that current legislation and emission trading schemes ets must be strengthened and harmonized at the global level in order to drive a meaningful environmental strategy moreover the model demonstrates that efficient carbon management strategies will help decision makers to achieve sustainability objectives in a cost effective manner

inventory management under joint product recovery and cap and trade constraints abstract the influence of environmental legislation in inventory control policies is explored previous work on product recovery is extended using the introduction of a cap and trade mechanism in an infinite horizon inventory system in which demand and returns are uncertain demand is met through two different sources namely manufacturing and remanufacturing which differ in cost and greenhouse gas emissions the main contributions of this paper are 1 comparison of system operation in terms of cost and environmental performance under conventional and green inventory policies and 2 managerial insights into the structure of green inventory policies to illustrate the impact of a cap and trade scheme a numerical example is used we solved the problem as a markov decision process and characterized the inventory policies based on the optimal replenishment strategy we also conducted a sensitivity analysis to examine the effect of underlying environmental parameters such as the emission cap and the allowance price in the policy structures the results indicate that decisions are sensitive to carbon prices the inventory policy could play an important role in compliance with environmental legislation although there is threshold carbon price beyond which the company must focus on strategic decisions rather than tactical decisions

carbon footprint and responsiveness trade offs in supply chain network design concern related to sustainability and greenhouse gases has grown among citizens as well as firms which are increasingly committing to carbon emission reduction targets however firms emissions come from direct and indirect sources and from the different stages of their supply chain therefore comprehensive supply chain approaches are essential to ensure the cost effectiveness of carbon management strategies these approaches should capture operational and environmental trade offs arising from the interaction between different supply chain processes such as procurement manufacturing transport and inventory management considering all these processes we propose a model for supply chain network design that takes demand uncertainty into account and includes decisions on supply chain responsiveness under different carbon policies caps on supply chain carbon footprints caps on market carbon footprints and carbon taxes our model supports the analysis of the effect of different policies on costs and optimal network configuration and allows us to distinguish between different product types functional or innovative products with detailed numerical examples we illustrate the type of analysis and managerial insights that can be derived with our model which include the assessment of supply chains potential for carbon abatement the study of the effect of different carbon policies on supply chain costs and network design the analysis of the impact of various product characteristics the test of an alternative profit maximisation model and the determination of the value of a supply chain carbon tax that should induce specific levels of carbon abatement

the role of co opetition in low carbon manufacturing abstract low carbon manufacturing has become a strategic objective for many developed and developing economies this study examines the role of co opetition in achieving this objective we investigate the pricing and emissions reduction policies for two rival manufacturers with different emission reduction efficiencies under the cap and trade policy we assume that the product demand is price and emission sensitive based on non cooperative and cooperative games the optimal solutions for the two manufacturers are derived in the purely competitive and co opetitive market environments respectively through the discussion and numerical analysis we uncovered that in both pure competition and co opetition models the two manufacturers optimal prices depend on the unit price of carbon emission trading in addition higher emission reduction efficiency leads to lower optimal unit carbon emissions and higher profit in both the pure competition and co petition models interestingly compared to pure competition co opetition will lead to more profit and less total carbon emissions however the improvement in economic and environmental performance is based on higher product prices and unit carbon emissions

structural shifts in the manufacturing export performance of oecd economies summary this paper identifies structural shifts in manufacturing export performance of the major oecd economies the particular emphasis of this study is to see whether the longer run responses of a country s exports to the growth in world demand have undergone trend changes the econometric work focuses on the time variation in income elasticities from an export demand model over the period 1963 89 it thus covers a period in which there was a substantial slow down in world economic growth and in which the manufacturing sectors in advanced economies underwent substantial restructuring in the wake of the two oil price shocks and the competitive challenges of japan and the nics the exercise attempted to evaluate the relative successes and failures of the different oecd economies to maintain or improve their positions in the higher quality income elastic segments of world trade evidence was found for trend improvements in the income elasticity for uk exports from the early 1980s onwards and a trend decline for that of the us over the same period the effects of non tariff protection against japanese exports also showed up in our results and an attempt was made to separately identify its effects

timing and eco nomic efficiency of climate friendly investments in supply chains abstract emission trading schemes such as the european union emissions trading system euets attempt to reconcile economic efficiency with ecological efficiency by creating financial incentives for companies to invest in climate friendly innovations using real options methodology we demonstrate that under uncertainty economic and ecological efficiency continue to be mutually exclusive this problem is even worse if a climate friendly project depends on investing in of a whole supply chain we model a sequential bargaining game in a supply chain where the parties negotiate over implementation of a carbon dioxide co2 saving investment project we show that the outcome of their bargaining is not economically efficient and even less ecologically efficient furthermore we show that a supply chain becomes less economically efficient and less ecologically efficient with every additional chain link finally we make recommendations for how managers or politicians can improve the situation and thereby increase economic as well as ecological efficiency and thus also the eco efficiency of supply chains

r d and manufacturing production specialization in developed economies a study of the relation between technology and manufacturing production specialization in a series of developed economies is performed by means of models relating indicators of revealed symmetric comparative advantage of value added and exports to similar measures of comparative performance of r d expenditure capital intensity total factor productivity and wage costs the production and r d specialization are shown to be substantial and sticky this contrasts with the evidence of a substantial degree of convergence in the patterns of the other variables regression estimates show that although all variables play their part the impact of comparative r d efforts on production specialization is by far the strongest this impact is found to be stronger in the smaller economies and it is especially important in research intensive industries the influence of comparative wages is moreover found to be positive here suggesting the dominance of a labour skill and efficiency wage effect over a wage cost comp

production planning of multi stage multi option seru production systems with sustainable measures abstract with the concerns over climate change and the escalation in worldwide population sustainable development attracts more and more attention of academia policy makers and businesses in countries sustainable manufacturing is an inextricable measure to achieve sustainable development since manufacturing is one of the main energy consumers and greenhouse gas contributors in the previous researches on production planning of manufacturing systems environmental factor was rarely considered this paper investigates the production planning problem under the performance measures of economy and environment with respect to seru production systems a new manufacturing system praised as double e ecology and economy in japanese manufacturing industries we propose a mathematical model with two objectives minimizing carbon dioxide emission and makespan for processing all product types by a seru production system to solve this mathematical model we develop an algorithm based on the non dominated sorting genetic algorithm ii the computation results and analysis of three numeral examples confirm the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm

the carbon constrained eoq model with carbon emission dependent demand abstract currently companies are looking for solutions to reduce carbon emissions associated with their operations operational adjustments such as modifications in batch sizes or order quantities have proven to be an effective way to decrease emissions in this paper a novel model is proposed that takes into account the link between an inventory policy eoq total carbon emissions and both price and environmental dependent demands in the case of an exogenous price two optimal quantities are determined which maximize a retailer s profit and which minimize carbon emissions conditions that allow a company to maximize profit while minimizing emissions and mechanisms that allow a firm to maximize its profit and to decrease its carbon emissions are determined in the case of an endogenous price some empirical results are also discussed when a firm optimizes its profit through both its selling price and its order quantity some experiments match empirical observations on the one hand an environmental strategy is more significant for cheaper and green labeled products on the other hand a public mechanism such as a carbon tax will decrease total and marginal emissions

the role of technology in market shares dynamics the paper presents the estimation of an empirical model of market share dynamics for five industrialized countries and 18 industries the emphasis is put on the importance of non price factors of competitiveness whereas most traditional explanations rest on the influence of relative prices among the former type of factor the role of variables reflecting technological advantage is privileged in particular the role of innovations has received considerable attention in the literature on international trade as well as the literature on endogenous growth in this spirit the paper introduces patent counts and investment as explanatory variables for the export market share the results show that non price variables have an important impact on the determinations of long run competitiveness

a bi objective stochastic programming model for a centralized green supply chain with deteriorating products in recent years consumers and legislation have been pushing companies to design their activities in such a way as to reduce negative environmental impacts more and more it is therefore important to examine the optimization of total supply chain costs and environmental impacts together however because of the recycling of deteriorated items the environmental impacts of deteriorating items are more significant than those of non deteriorating ones the objective of this paper is to develop a stochastic mathematical model and to propose a new replenishment policy in a centralized supply chain for deteriorating items in this model we consider inventory and transportation costs as well as the environmental impacts under uncertain demand several transportation vehicles producing various greenhouse gas ghg levels are considered the best transportation vehicles and inventory policy are determined by finding a balance between financial and environmental criteria in this way we develop a linear mathematical model and present a numerical example from the real world to demonstrate its applicability and effectiveness we then perform a sensitivity analysis and provide some managerial insights finally more promising directions are suggested for future research

political feasibility of structural adjustment in africa an application of sam mixed multipliers abstract the implementation of structural adjustment programs saps has often been undermined by opposition from politically powerful groups who are favored by existing policies to assess the political sustainability of saps this paper uses social accounting matrices for three african countries to model the income effects of stylized saps on different socioeconomic groups the analysis reveals wide variation in the likelihood for typical saps to be acceptable to political elites while generating growth in the rest of the economy the presence of a rural elite or strong farm nonfarm linkages can enhance the political sustainability of saps

district level economic linkages in kenya evidence based on a small regional social accounting matrix abstract this paper explores the nature and extent of the economic linkages in a small regional economy defined by a market center and its hinterland in kenya the analysis is based on a set of income and employment multipliers derived from a social accounting matrix estimated for the region issues considered include the impact of production activities on regional value added and employment the influence of sectoral production on the level of household income and the impact of household expenditure on regional value added and the relative significance of production and consumption linkages in terms of stimulating aggregate income the above questions are examined under the assumption of complete excess capacity in regional production and under the assumption of supply constraints in agriculture the usefulness of the analysis for district level economic planning is demonstrated

technological competition and trade performance this paper estimates a demand system for oecd exports differentiated by country of origin for two isic industries non electrical machinery electrical machinery and for total manufacturing exports it develops a generalized form of the aids demand system in which research and development r d effort enters in a number of ways to affect a particular supplier s competitiveness r d activity relative to competitors affects on the one hand relative cost competitiveness and on the other hand the producer s position in the quality spectrum of products offered on international markets one of the interesting insights gained from the study is that effectiveness of r d effort can differ much across different economies it is conjectured that a country s position in an international catching up process may be partly responsible for such differences as well as labour market dynamics which link increased labour costs to cost and quality improvements

the transmission of production fluctuations and technical change in a village economy a social accounting matrix approach rural poverty in india remains a pervasive and pressing problem of development despite the favorable performance of agricultural production which has nearly doubled in the last 2 decades 1 defining the poverty line as the level of income that permits an intake of 2 250 calories per day the incidence of poverty was 39 in the late nineteenfifties two decades later the latest available estimates for 1977 78 show that 39 of the population is still below the poverty line 2 because the increase in agricultural production is concentrated in areas with irrigation or assured rainfall much of the poverty is located in the unirrigated semi arid regions of irregular rainfall and it remains an important social issue the apparent failure of economic growth per se to decrease the incidence of poverty among other reasons led policymakers in india as elsewhere to formulate in the mid seventies specific antipoverty programs that focused on creating employment and production assets for the poor the search for solutions to the problem of rural poverty requires both a better understanding of its dynamics and of the effectiveness and limitations of these and other programs this article a case study of a village is a step in this direction it presents simulations of the impact of weather induced fluctuations in production and of the process of investment and accumulation in the village which reveal the most vulnerable groups in need of compensatory programs it also shows the important welfare effects that investment programs can have on the village economy any study of rural poverty in india must contend with the fact that it is not a homogeneous phenomenon in addition to the geographical variation in its incidence and causes rural poverty is also socially highly differentiated even in a small geographical region such as a village systematic differences arise between groups of poor house

performance evaluation and a flow allocation decision model for a sustainable supply chain of an apparel industry abstract there is a growing concern that business enterprises and their supply chains focus primarily on economic activities and ignore their impact on the environment and society this paper aims to help decision makers managers and practitioners to achieve economic growth societal development and environmental protection by developing sustainable supply chain performance measures and proposes a partner selection and flow allocation decision making model survey data from 278 business organizations from the indian apparel industry supply chain network were used and an integrated method of structural equation modeling fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy multi objective linear programming was applied to the proposed model the results of the structural equation modeling analysis indicate that the survey respondents considered sustainable production performance to be of prime importance which thus indicates its significance in developing a sustainable supply chain for the apparel industry to illustrate the use of the proposed model for partner selection and flow allocation decision making real time data from an apparel manufacturer are presented optimal results were obtained for two strategies sustainability and cost saving to show a cost benefit trade off when developing a sustainable supply chain using comparative performance a decision maker can choose an appropriate strategy based on cost benefit analysis of the presented trade offs

evolutionary framework design in formulation of decision support models for production emissions and net profit of firm implications on environmental concerns of supply chains abstract there have been increased investments in cleaner technologies and adoption of a voluntarily limit on transportation emissions by the global firms to handle the environmental concerns of supply chains and to increase demand for finished goods consequences are the reduction in net profit for the firm to address this trade off between the net profit and environmental concerns the formulation and optimization of a compact model are needed development of these models requires a thorough understanding of the nature of the impact of three inputs investment coefficient penalty per unit emission and customer s emission elasticity on production emissions and net profit past studies revealed that a compact model comprising the interactive effect of these inputs on the production emissions and net profit is not yet formulated therefore this study illustrates the development of an evolutionary framework of an advanced multi gene genetic programming in the formulation of functional expressions for the net profit and production emissions based on the three inputs investment coefficient penalty per unit emission and customer s emission elasticity of the monopolist firm the sensitivity and parametric based 2 d analysis determine the relationships and found that the penalty per unit emission is dominant input for reducing emissions and maintaining net profit simultaneously the contribution of this work lies in designing of an evolutionary framework in the development of empirical explicit expressions which can easily be optimized analytically to keep production emissions and net profit balanced

a century of evolution from harris s basic lot size model survey and research agenda abstract determining the economic lot size has always represented one of the most important issues in production planning this problem has long attracted the attention of researchers and several models have been developed to meet requirements at minimum cost in this paper we explore and discuss the evolution of these models during one hundred years of history starting from the basic model developed by harris in 1913 up to today following harris s work a number of researchers have devised extensions that incorporate additional considerations the evolution of eoq theory strongly reflects the development of industrial systems over the past century here we outline all the research areas faced in the past by conducting a holistic analysis of 219 selected journal papers and trying to give a comprehensive view of past work on the eoq problem finally a new research agenda is proposed and discussed

a carbon market sensitive optimization model for integrated forward reverse logistics globalized supply chains volatile energy and material prices increased carbon regulations and competitive marketing pressure for environmental sustainability are driving supply chain decision makers to reduce carbon emissions enterprises face the necessity and the challenge of implementing strategies to reduce their supply chain environmental impact in order to remain competitive one of the most important strategic issues in this context is the configuration of the logistics network the decision concerning the design of an optimal network of the supply chain plays a vital role in determining the total carbon footprint across the supply chain and also the total cost therefore the logistics network should be designed in a way that it could reduce both the cost and the carbon footprint across the supply chain in this context this research proposes a quantitative optimization model for integrated forward reverse logistics with carbon footprint considerations by integrating the carbon emission into a quantitative operational decision making model with regard to facility layout decisions the proposed research incorporates carbon emission parameters with various decision variables and modifies traditional integrated forward reverse logistics model into decision making quantitative operational model minimizing both the total cost and the carbon footprint the proposed model investigates the extent to which carbon reduction requirements can be addressed under a particular set of parameters such as customer demand rate of return of products etc by selecting proper policy as an alternative to the costly investment in carbon reducing technologies to solve the quantitative model this research implements a modified and efficient forest data structure to derive the optimal network configuration minimizing both the cost and the total carbon footprint of the network a comparative analysis shows the outperformance of the proposed approach over the conventional genetic algorithm ga for large problem sizes

managing carbon footprints in inventory management abstract there is a broad consensus that mankind must reduce carbon emissions to mitigate global warming it is generally accepted that carbon emission trading is one of the most effective market based mechanisms to curb the amount of carbon emissions this paper investigates how firms manage carbon footprints in inventory management under the carbon emission trading mechanism we derive the optimal order quantity and analytically and numerically examine the impacts of carbon trade carbon price and carbon cap on order decisions carbon emissions and total cost we make interesting observations from the numerical examples and provide managerial insights from the analytical results

a sustainable production inventory model for a controllable carbon emissions rate under shortages abstract carbon emissions are the key factor of global warming nowadays some countries have focused on reducing carbon emission carbon tax and cap policies are the key mechanism utilized in many countries to achieve this keeping this issue in mind a sustainable economic production quantity sepq carbon tax and cap model has considered for a controllable carbon emissions rate by investing in green technology gt efforts under different with and without shortage situations this study has three models a a sustainable economic production quantity carbon tax and cap model with no shortages b a sustainable economic production quantity carbon tax and cap with partial backordering and c a sustainable economic production quantity carbon tax and cap with full backordering with and without green technology investment a solution methodology has been proposed for determining the optimal strategies of cycle time green technology investment and the fraction period length in positive inventory level several numerical examples have studied to validate the sustainable economic production quantity models the results of this paper are a sustainable economic production quantity carbon tax and cap partial backlogging case has a better justifiable profit with the highest cycle time and the lowest value of the fraction length period as well as the lower green technology investment cost compared with other models finally sensitivity analysis has provided with the managerial implication of the optimal feasible solution with respect to some key parameters

design for the environment impact of regulatory policies on product development abstract globally automakers are facing pressure from their stakeholders to follow sustainable business practices and produce products that are less harmful to the environment the introduction of gas guzzling automobiles in the us market despite the increasingly stringent emission norms highlights the widening gap between the goals of the regulators and the automakers demanding a fresh outlook at the regulatory framework in this paper we therefore propose a composite regulatory standard that not only allows the regulators to control various environmental standards but also provides automakers with an opportunity to exploit scale economies and synergies in product development our results show that under composite regulations sufficiently high economies of scale will ensure higher traditional and environmental qualities as well as higher profits for the automaker while operating in two markets as opposed to a single market we also find under the composite regulations that when more demanding norms are in place despite positive synergies between traditional and environmental quality attributes higher environmental quality is not guaranteed unless the scale economies are sufficiently high our work has implications for regulatory authorities in evaluating alternative policy design under heterogeneous market characteristics and technological synergies

the role of innovation in bilateral oecd trade performance this paper tests an empirical model of the determinants of bilateral oecd trade with particular emphasis on the role of innovation variation in the relationship across countries and sectors is analysed two innovation proxies and actual data on innovations are used a positive relationship is found between relative innovation and bilateral trade performance at an aggregate level and for a number of manufacturing sectors sectors are also categorized as either net users or producers of innovations differences in innovation appear to have more of an impact on trade performance for the net producers of innovations than the net users of innovations

agricultural growth linkages in guatemala new insights from a value chain approach the agricultural growth linkage debate substantiates that agriculture contributes to economic growth through its linkages to other sectors this paper contributes to the debate by combining a value chain approach with input output analysis results for guatemala show that the sectors linked to agriculture are predominantly informal sectors and that these sectors create less value added but more employment than formal sectors it is also demonstrated that forward linkages are more important than backward linkages in conclusion agricultural linkages to forward sectors have a high potential to generate employment and value added and therefore should be supported by development policies

impact of global cotton markets on rural poverty in benin world cotton prices fell by about 40 over 2001 2002 focusing attention on the effect of subsidies for cotton growers in depressing world prices this paper combines farm survey data from benin with assumptions about the decline in farm level prices to estimate the direct and indirect effects of cotton price reductions on rural income and poverty in benin the results indicate that there is a strong link between cotton prices and rural welfare in benin a 40 reduction in farm level prices of cotton results in an increase in rural poverty of 8 points in the short run and 6 7 points in the long run under the assumptions of the partial input output model we estimate the multiplier to be in the range of 2 96 meaning that 1 us of reduced income by cotton growers results in a contraction of 2 96 us in overall income finally econometric analysis of the determinants of the demand for hired agricultural labor suggests that falling cotton prices will not greatly reduce labor demand since the labor intensity of cotton is similar to that of competing crops in benin overall the study demonstrates the impact of changes in world cotton prices on rural poverty in benin thus highlighting the likely negative effects of cotton subsidies in the united states and elsewhere on benin farmers

environmentally responsible inventory models non classical models for a non classical era abstract mathematical models of inventory typically include the three inventory associated costs of surplus shortage and ordering these classic inventory models are then analysed so as to choose inventory parameters that usually minimise the total cost of operating the inventory system being investigated unfortunately classic inventory models do not provide a meaningful basis for analysing many real and increasingly important practical inventory problems and situations it is therefore not surprising that over recent years several authors have discussed these issues in broad terms and suggested that a new paradigm needs to be developed this paper develops some specific aspects of this discussion in particular the paper identifies a range of inventory problems that are not covered appropriately by traditional inventory analysis one of these is to design responsible inventory systems i e systems that reflect the needs of the environment the paper then examines the importance of inventory planning to the environment in greater detail for example packaging is important not only because of its costs and the protection that it provides to the inventory items but also because of its eventual effects on the environment in terms of the use of resources and potential landfill for similar reasons waste which can result from poor inventory management is highly important the location of stores is important because location affects transport costs thus the influence of the secondary aspects of most inventory models packaging waste and location are important but even more important are the inter relations with the total system in particular the location of the manufacturing plants and the effect that inventory planning has on the logistics chain potentially have considerable environmental implications inventory is part of a wider system however until the cost charged for an activity reflects the true environmental cost of that activity it is likely that decisions will be made on the basis of erroneous data in that situation we are faced with either determining the environmental cost of specific actions or to use environmental costs that are somewhat contrived in which case it may be more sensible to use very different performance measures and models the paper discusses these ideas and ways in which inventory policies may reassure us with our environmental concerns

assessing the impact of cost optimization based on infrastructure modelling on co2 emissions traditionally logistics design is driven by a need to reduce costs and improve customer service recently the environmental concerns from transport have been increasingly discussed the traffic levels and associated energy consumption are influenced by supply chain structure modal split and vehicle utilization this paper aims to assess the impact of the traditional cost optimization approach to strategic modelling on overall logistics costs and co2 emissions by taking into account the supply chain structure number of depots and different freight vehicle utilization ratios 90 75 and 60 the simulation model based on a european case study from the automotive industry considers strategic and operational level decisions simultaneously the analysis shows that the optimum design based on costs does not necessary equate to an optimum solution for co2 emissions therefore there is a need to address economical and environmental objectives explicitly as part of the logistics design

the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from freight transport by pooling supply chains it is well known that freight consolidation is an effective way to improve the utilization of logistics resources in fact today this policy is locally and fragmentally implemented at the operational level we propose here to explore the environmental impact of pooling of supply chains at the strategic level merging supply chains with real data from two main french retailers and through an optimization model we compute co2 emissions for two transport modes road and rail as regards the general dependency of the emissions produced by the modes of transport on their loads the emissions functions of the two modes are both piecewise linear and discontinuous functions the supply network pooling proposed here is an efficient approach to reducing co2 emissions even if the attention is focused on the emissions the transportation costs are also studied and analyzed

waste paper procurement optimization an agent based simulation approach abstract this paper proposes an agent based simulation model to study and analyse the performance of various procurement and production policies in the recycled paper industry the proposed model includes the recycled pulp production process as well as the waste paper inventory and procurement processes a detailed simulation model developed in partnership with a large recycled pulp producer in north america was developed in order to emulate the procurement manager s behaviour therefore based on the observed behaviour of the procurement manager a procurement behaviour model which takes both market price and inventory requirement into account is introduced this paper also introduces a waste paper market model that simulates a market price and enables the control of price forecast accuracy two series of experiments were carried out in order to study the performance of procurement and production policies in several productions contexts results show that production volume flexibility has a negative impact on costs inventory and quality however it is possible to partially reduce these issues with the introduction of contracts with volume flexibility although only a limited effect has been observed in our experiments a more significant strategy to improve costs consists in reducing production rate to the minimum level required to meet demand

evolution of sustainability in supply chain management a literature review abstract an ever increasing demand for products and their consumption has put pressure on industrial output and their supply chains and that demand has resulted in negative impacts on the environment and society increasing rates of pollution and environmental calamities caused by industrial production have urged several researchers and industry experts to work on sustainable production and consumption issues within the context of sustainable supply chain management sscm this paper comprehensively covers the exponential growth of the topic through an evolutionary lens this article attempts to understand the evolution of sustainability issues by analysing trends across industries economies and through the use of various methodologies a comprehensive thematic analysis was performed on 1068 filtered articles from 2000 to 2015 highlighting the development and importance of the body of knowledge the study proposes a conceptual framework to classify various factors along the triple bottom line pillars of sustainability issues in the context of supply chains an in depth study is conducted on 190 articles covering all pillars of sustainability as per the proposed conceptual framework on sscm we observe that studies focusing on all three dimensions of sustainability are comparatively scarce more focus on industry specific studies is required because problems addressing industries that are serious polluters especially those in emerging economies remains largely unaddressed it is observed that the studies addressing social issues are scarce and more focus is required on the measurement of social impacts along the supply chain finally we propose future avenues to extend research on the sscm domain while keeping in mind the need to address industry specific and economy specific problems from the triple bottom line perspective

supply chain coordination with green technology under cap and trade regulation abstract cap and trade regulation is generally accepted as one of the most effective market based mechanisms to curb carbon emissions in this paper we study the production and emission abatement decisions of a make to order supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer under cap and trade regulation specifically the manufacturer can reduce unit product carbon emission by using green technology with the cooperation of a retailer by certain contracts who sell the products to environment concerned consumers wholesale price and cost sharing contracts are considered in the supply chain we list some main conclusions here first as carbon trading price increases the optimal production quantities the optimal abatement levels firstly decrease increase and then remain constant second both wholesale price and cost sharing contracts can coordinate the supply chain last combining the optimal operational decisions under the two contracts with two part tariff agreement we design a contract in which the retailer pays a lump fee to the manufacturer and find that there is an interval of the lump fee to achieve pareto improvement for the two firms

environmental performance impacts of vendor buyer coordination abstract effective coordination is a hallmark of successful supply chain management without such coordination vendors and buyers will act independently to make decisions that optimize their own objectives e g maximize their respective profits or minimize their costs this non coordinated approach is unlikely to be optimal when one considers the supply chain as a whole most vendor buyer coordination research concentrates only on an objective of minimizing total system costs but with the increasing environmental awareness in business and the general public many organizations acknowledge that strategies and practices which incorporate environmental considerations are essential to acquire a competitive advantage the objectives of this research are concerned not only with the economic impact of vendor buyer coordination on the organizations involved but also with the wider effects on society such as the effects of pollution on the environment this research demonstrates how to effectively incorporate environmental issues into vendor buyer coordination first we study the impacts of cost minimizing vendor buyer coordination models on environmental performance when compared with independent non coordinated optimization second we develop a single vendor multi buyer coordination model that includes both costs and environmental performance measures in its objective function a numerical example and a real case study show how both the total system cost and the environmental performance can be simultaneously improved

farm nonfarm linkages in rural sub saharan africa this paper is an accumulation over the past 25 years of a body of detailed work examining the structure of africa s rural nonfarm economy first it systematically reviews empirical evidence on the nature and magnitude of the african rural nonfarm economy it then explores differences across locality and size across countries and over time in an effort to assess likely patterns of growth a subsequent review of key production and consumption parameters allows an estimate of the magnitude of the agricultural growth multipliers in africa the paper concludes with a brief discussion of policies and programs that will be necessary if farm nonfarm growth linkages are to achieve their full potential

inventory pooling with environmental constraints using copulas abstract pooling is a best practice in inventory management for economic objectives in this paper we investigate whether pooling stays advantageous if environmental sustainability is considered in addition to the economic performance i e we analyze whether pooling could have a negative impact on the environment and evaluate the resulting trade off between economic and environmental performance within the newsvendor framework we consider three pooling models pooling via centralized ordering physical centralization including inventory allocation to the retailers with priority allocation and transshipments in addition we include environmental constraints based on carbon emissions covering all manufacturing and logistics operations of the product we characterize the optimal policy of the pooling models with emission constraints make a detailed comparison between the models and compare them to the decentralized i e no pooling case using copulas to model the joint distribution of dependent demands we prove that the profit decreases with increasing demand dependence further if the environmental constraint is binding optimal inventory level and emissions decrease with increasing demand dependence and pooling harms the environment compared to the case of no pooling additionally we numerically evaluate the impact of copulas and characterize when the economic and environmental performance of pooling can be balanced

modelling food logistics networks with emission considerations the case of an international beef supply chain intrinsic characteristics of food products and processes along with growing sustainability concerns lead to the need for decision support tools that can integrate economic considerations with quality preservation and environmental protection in food supply chains in this study we develop a multi objective linear programming molp model for a generic beef logistics network problem the objectives of the model are i minimizing total logistics cost and ii minimizing total amount of greenhouse gas emissions from transportation operations the model is solved with the ee constraint method this study breaks away from the literature on logistics network models by simultaneously considering transportation emissions affected by road structure vehicle and fuel types weight loads of vehicles traveled distances return hauls and product perishability in a molp model we present computational results and analysis based on an application of the model on a real life international beef logistics chain operating in nova andradina mato grosso do sul brazil and exporting beef to the european union trade off relationships between multiple objectives are observed by the derived pareto frontier that presents the cost of being sustainable from the point of reducing transportation emissions the results from the pie chart analysis indicate the importance of distances between actors in terms of environmental impact moreover sensitivity analysis on practically important parameters shows that export ports capacities put pressure on the logistics system decreasing fuel efficiency due to the bad infrastructure has negative effects on cost and emissions and green tax incentives result in economic and environmental improvement

agricultural technology and farm nonfarm growth linkages abstract agricultural growth stimulates rural nonfarm activity by boosting demand for production inputs and consumer goods but different kinds of agricultural technology promote different patterns of nonfarm linkages to explore how key features of agricultural technology affect growth in the rural nonfarm economy this paper reviews an array of cross section and time series evidence bearing on the dynamics of the rural nonfarm economy then using consumption and production parameters associated with different agricultural technologies it introduces a simple model which isolates the effects of different technologies on nonfarm growth linkages

the single period inventory model under dual sourcing and product carbon footprint constraint abstract important drivers for environmental sustainability efforts in purchasing and supply management are top management initiatives and compliance with laws and regulations on the other hand market forces are largely ignored although it is shown that the product carbon footprint contained on the product s eco label influences the purchasing decisions of consumers if it is disclosed by several companies in an industry then the product carbon footprint turns out to be a relevant competitive differentiator i e the company with lower emissions can increase its market share in this paper we consider the single period inventory model with product carbon footprint constraint an upper bound for the carbon footprint is specified as a benchmark derived either from the company s environmental target or from an industry standard in the case of one supply option the optimal order quantity is characterized by a one sided control limit policy especially for high profit products the environmental constraint is binding thus has a negative impact on the economic performance i e expected profit if a second supply option exists in the resulting dual sourcing framework with quick response two scenarios with different additional costs and emissions for the second emergency order are considered in the first scenario for both options the same supplier is used it applies to an offshore supplier because a fast transportation mode is considered here the structure of the optimal first order quantity is a two sided control limit policy in scenario two the second order comes from a different onshore supplier by comparing the fast and the onshore scenario the trade off between economic expected profit and environmental expected emissions performances is discussed

business expenditures on r d and trade performances in australia is there a link this article empirically examines the dynamic causal link between business research and development r d expenditures and trade performance in australia based on cointegration and error correction modelling granger causality tests variance decomposition and impulse response functions are used for this purpose the results show that a long run relationship exists between the trade variables and r d expenditure and a unidirectional causality run from r d expenditure to exports imports and net exports further the variance decomposition and impulse response functions confirm that a significant portion of fluctuations in the trade variables beyond the sample period is explained by r d expenditure therefore government policies that lift expenditures on business r d are shown to contribute to the narrowing of australia s chronic trade deficits

analyzing the impacts of carbon regulatory mechanisms on supplier and mode selection decisions an application to a biofuel supply chain this paper analyzes the impacts of carbon regulatory mechanisms on replenishment decisions in a biofuel supply chain we employ mathematical models for operations which integrate replenishment and supplier transportation mode selection decisions these models explicitly account for carbon emissions that may result from transportation and inventory storage activities this research is motivated by observations indicating that nearly 19 of the energy consumption and 25 of the energy related carbon dioxide emissions worldwide arise from transportation because freight transportation is expected to continue to grow we consider the impacts of different carbon regulatory mechanisms on transportation and inventory replenishment decisions in a biofuel supply chain a set of extensive numerical experiments uses the biofuel supply chain context to analyze the impacts of different regulatory mechanisms including carbon cap carbon tax carbon cap and trade and carbon offset on performance we use existing methodologies to calculate emissions as a function of distance traveled load weight and transportation mode used we also use publicly available data to derive representative biomass transportation costs as a consequence our numerical results are meaningful and give a realistic representation of the relationships between emissions from different transportation modes and the resulting costs the results of our computational experiments indicate that carbon regulatory mechanisms have a non trivial impact on replenishment schedules and as a consequence costs and emissions in the supply chain

towards supply chain sustainability economic environmental and social design and planning abstract costumers and governments are pressuring companies to become more sustainable however the lack of research on how to incorporate these issues makes this a challenging task to fill this gap a generic multi objective mathematical programming model for the design and planning of supply chains integrating the three dimensions of sustainability is presented the economic pillar of sustainability is addressed in this work considering the costs of the supply chain then recipe an environmental assessment methodology indicated in the literature and by the european commission as the most developed one currently available is for the first time applied to supply chain design optimization finally a social indicator appropriate to assess strategic decisions is proposed this social indicator considers the impact of social and political concerns on company s performance the relevance of this model as a decision support system is highlighted with its application to a real case study of a portuguese battery producer and distributor a set of strategies to select the best solution among the obtained optimal ones is presented results show that the model allows improvements in all the three dimensions of sustainability and offers important managerial insights