information exchange in policy networks information exchange in policy networks is usually attributed to preference similarity influence reputation social trust and institutional actor roles we suggest that political opportunity structures and transaction costs play another crucial role and estimate a rich statistical network model on tie formation in the german toxic chemicals policy domain the results indicate that the effect of preference similarity is absorbed by institutional relational and social opportunity structures political actors choose contacts who minimize transaction costs while maximizing outreach and information we also find that different types of information exchange operate in complementary but not necessarily congruent ways

the use of eminent domain in land assembly the case of the tennessee valley authority eminent domain gives public agencies the right to acquire property from private individuals in exchange for just compensation following kelo vs new london 2005 the powers of eminent domain were extended opening the door for potential abuses of power by government officials in this paper i empirically investigate the use of eminent domain using newly digitized records from the tennessee valley authority tva which extensively used eminent domain to construct dams in the 1930s using a sample of families living in one reservoir location i find empirical evidence that land tenure the number of property holdings and debt levels affected the holdout decision suggesting that holdouts are individuals with high subjective values i then develop a screening model with asymmetric information in seller valuations to predict when eminent domain will be used and what settlement values and court awards would be i test the model s and find that individuals who held out increased their property value by about 5 and incentives to holdout existed only for individuals who received initially low settlement proposals

information holdouts and land assembly abstract this paper solves for the equilibria of a land assembly game there are multiple perfect bayesian equilibria but only one involves no play of weakly dominated strategies the equilibrium has three important characteristics first the develop s bid is uninformative the counteroffers of the landowners depend therefore only on their priors second there is a holdout problem smaller landowners ask larger per acre prices for their land this means that when there are many landowners the price will be larger if there is an agreement and mutually beneficial agreements will more frequently be missed third when the asking prices of the landowners are strategic complements some landowners can be induced to accept a low bid because this leads other landowners to moderate their own asking prices

holdout existence information and contingent contracting abstractthe holdout problem permeates policy discussions of legal issues involving bargaining for land acquisition and more broadly impacts multilateral bargaining between agents laboratory experiments investigate the scope of the holdout problem the research strategy incorporates as treatment variables available information and the exposure problem arising from the unavailability of contingent contracts an examination reveals that holdout can reliably produce large inefficiencies and lost opportunities for mutually advantageous trade the introduction of contingent contracts facilitates successful bargaining however buyers are not made significantly better off by contingent contracts

the relationships between science technologies and their industrial exploitation an illustration through the myths and realities of the so called european paradox abstract this paper discusses first the properties of scientific and technological knowledge and the institutions supporting its generation and its economic applications the evidence supports the broad interpretation that we call the stanford yale sussex synthesis second such patterns yield important implications with respect to the so called european paradox i e the conjecture that eu countries play a leading global role in terms of top level scientific output but lag behind in the ability of converting this strength into wealth generating innovations some descriptive evidence shows that contrary to the paradox conjecture europe s weaknesses reside both in its system of scientific research and in a relatively weak industry the final part of the paper identifies a few normative implications much less emphasis should be put on various types of networking and much more on policy measures aimed at strengthening both frontier research and european corporate actors

the evolution of the industrial organisation of the production of knowledge this work elaborates the notion of localised technological knowledge based upon the distinction between information competence and knowledge and analyses the emergence of the new knowledge industry the evolution of the organisation of knowledge production is analysed through four stylised modes scientific entrepreneurship institutional variety vertical integration and technological cooperation the new trends towards the growth of knowledge intensive business service industries are detected and underlined they are considered as the outcome of the institutional formation of a market for knowledge based upon a process of increasing appropriability of localised knowledge based on the blending of generic scientific information and competence and growing scope of applicability via computercommunication systems deverticalisation of research activities from the boundaries of corporations the specification of a demand for technological competence and the specialising of independent firms in the production of technological competence and knowledge

a growing trend toward knowledge work in canada abstract this paper answers three questions related to the growing trend toward knowledge occupations in canada i what was the magnitude of the trend between 1971 and 1996 ii was the trend a widespread phenomenon or was it restricted to specific industries iii what are the proximate causes of the trends using five censuses 1971 1981 1986 1991 1996 and the input output i o data the paper provides evidence that the canadian economy is becoming increasingly knowledge based although the upgrading trends differ across knowledge occupations moreover we find that this phenomenon is spread across all industrial sectors finally using a decomposition analysis borrowed from wolff and baumol three factors the substitution effect the productivity lag effect and the demand effect have been examined in order to shed some light on these trends we find that these effects vary according to the nature of the knowledge involved in these different groups of occupations thus reflecting not only the importance of the technological change skill bias but also the increasing complexity of controlling and managing the new economic activities

land aggregation using contingent and guaranteed payments this article explores the use of alternative payment mechanisms to overcome the holdout problem when multiple parcels of land must be acquired to complete a real estate development project purchase offers contingent upon successful land aggregation are compared to combination offers containing both guaranteed and contingent payments to determine which approach better mitigates holdout the distribution of gains between developers and landowners is also examined the results of a series of economic experiments suggest that contingent offers expedite land aggregation but developer payoffs are higher when combination offers are used the results offer insight to real estate developers participating in land aggregation and inform government entities considering the necessity of public sector intervention in real estate markets to encourage desired development projects

common trends and drivers of co2 emissions and employment a decomposition analysis in the industrial sector of selected european union countries the countries of the european union face the challenge of reversing the declining role of industry and achieving their targets for sustainable development combining industrial growth with fewer environmental repercussions and more jobs this paper uses a decomposition analysis in order to quantify the effect of the driving factors on two indicators of sustainable industrial development co2 emissions and employment in five european union countries during 2000 2011 the decomposition method applied is the log mean divisia index i and the models developed comprise some common or closely related driving factors the parallel investigation of the factors affecting the two indicators offers useful insights into relevant complementary and or antithetical effects the timeframe of the study is divided into two time periods before and after the start of the economic crisis 2000 2007 and 2007 2011 respectively this time division enables the evaluation of the impacts of the economic crisis directly on the drivers and indirectly on the two indicators it was deduced that in both time periods the two main drivers of industrial co2 emissions and employment were economic growth and resource intensity which counterbalance each other structural changes appeared to have a rather marginal effect even if the general tendency was the expansion of less energy labour intensive sectors finally changes in the fuel mix used in industry were beneficial to emissions reduction in all the examined countries especially in the second time period the results obtained show that the examined eu countries have not found a solid path towards sustainable and inclusive industrial development yet the stronger economies seem to move faster to this direction though

can a low carbon energy transition be sustained in post fukushima japan assessing the varying impacts of exogenous shocks abstract in the aftermath of the fukushima nuclear crisis japan began contemplating energy policy reforms that drew inspiration from low carbon research this article focuses on a question central to advancing low carbon research in japan and elsewhere namely how does an exogenous shock affect the onset magnitude and permanence of changes in electricity consumption the article employs intervention analysis with an autoregressive moving average arma model to answer this question the data analysis reveals that post fukushima electricity use underwent a sudden significant and sustained reduction across japan the shock not only affected the tokyo electric power company tepco coverage area but the more distant kansai electric power company kepco coverage area large electricity users responded with an immediate and significant reduction in electricity consumption that rebounded to below pre crisis levels households responded more gradually with no rebound two of the more interesting results from the data analysis the persistence in reductions in the more distant kepco coverage area and the rebound among large users are then explained with a review of survey data and policy trends overall the quantitative and qualitative evidence suggests that an exogenous shock may give rise to a reduction in electricity consumption but cannot sustain a low carbon transition

an experimental study of the holdout problem in a multilateral bargaining game abstract when an economic exchange requires agreement by multiple independent parties the potential exists for an individual to strategically delay agreement in an attempt to capture a greater share of the surplus created by the exchange this holdout problem is a common feature of the land assembly literature because development frequently requires the assembly of multiple parcels of land we use experimental methods to examine holdout behavior in a laboratory bargaining game that involves multi person groups complementary exchanges and holdout externalities the results of six treatments that vary the bargaining institution number of bargaining periods and the cost of delay demonstrate that holdout is common across institutions and is on average a payoff improving strategy for responders both proposers and responders take a more aggressive initial bargaining stance in multi period bargaining treatments relative to single period treatments but take a less aggressive bargaining stance when delay is costly nearly all exchanges eventually occur in our multi period treatments leading to higher overall efficiency relative to the single period treatments both with and without delay costs

holdout in the assembly of complements a problem for market design the colombian government s recent efforts to aggregate land for housing and infrastructure have run into holdout problems hundreds of distinct individual sellers must consent to assembly and many have demanded substantial disproportionate shares of the total aggregation surplus the federal communications commission fcc faces comparable challenges in its efforts to repurpose spectrum as profitable reallocation requires large contiguous spectrum blocks but spectrum ownership rights are fragmented among many sellers similar problems arise in a range of other contexts where a buyer attempts to aggregate complementary goods from many self interested sellers while mechanisms that fully respect sellers property rights 1 cannot alleviate these holdout problems traditional solutions such as the use of coercive government powers of eminent domain to expropriate property can encour age wasteful assemblies and undermine both owners property rights and social standards of fairness in section i we discuss the problems

technology systems and technology policy in an evolutionary framework the central purpose of this paper is to outline an evolutionary theory of technology policy and to connect it with the emerging literature on national systems of innovation any understanding of technology policy must be based on a clear understanding of the nature of technology and the important differences between science and technology technology can be treated in terms of knowledge skills and artifacts and in each case there are different variety generating mechanisms different selection processes and different institutional structures for policy purposes the degree of connection between these different dimensions of technology is at the core of technology policy c 1995 academic press inc copyright 1995 by oxford university press

using network analysis to understand public policy for wave energy abstract the uk s wave energy sector is at a pre commercial stage transitioning from prototype demonstration towards a revenue supported industry a host of advantages that could be realised through successful commercialisation include the potential to generate 40 50 twh yr 3 7bn of export and 10 000 jobs by 2020 with tidal despite this criticisms have been made about the lack of coordination between funding bodies communication between stakeholders and overly centralised actors although the value of strong problem solving networks has been noted problems arise in validating the presence nature and value of relationships as well as identification of tacit and informal linkages here network analysis is used to validate these criticisms and provide insight into sector activities it is shown that although high levels of interaction are occurring overall there are wide disparities prime movers are clearly present and less mature developers are isolated from the system as it develops norms and practices this combined with government fund gating has led to a matthew effect whereby some have access to finance and are shaping institutional norms while others struggle although convergence is expected a lack of public sector coordination transparency of decision making and comparability between devices has reduced both investor and stakeholder legitimacy

collaboration patterns external shocks and uncertainty swiss nuclear energy politics before and after fukushima abstract energy shocks like the fukushima accident can have important political consequences this article examines their impact on collaboration patterns between collective actors in policy processes it argues that external shocks create both behavioral uncertainty meaning that actors do not know about other actors preferences and policy uncertainty on the choice and consequences of policy instruments the context of uncertainty interacts with classical drivers of actor collaboration in policy processes the analysis is based on a dataset comprising interview and survey data on political actors in two subsequent policy processes in switzerland and exponential random graph models for network data results first show that under uncertainty collaboration of actors in policy processes is less based on similar preferences than in stable contexts but trust and knowledge of other actors are more important second under uncertainty scientific actors are not preferred collaboration partners

from market magic to calypso science policy a review of terence kealey s the economic laws of scientific research the current reconsideration of public research funding policies in the u s and u k and other industrialized economies makes it important that policy makers and the public understand the valid economic grounds for government support of science this review article of a book that which argues for the ending of all government support of non military r d provides an occasion to take stock of what is known about the subject the review concludes that the extreme laissez faire science policy arguments adroitly advanced by terrance kealey s book are analytically without foundation and are based upon distortions and misinterpretations of the evidence of economic history as well as on the misuse of econometric methods the problem is that mr kealey is an engaging writer and there still is in some policy circles an audience for his message hence to undo the damage will call for concerted and persistent efforts on the part of economists specializing in the economics of science and technology this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

energy shocks crises and the policy process a review of theory and application what motivates changes in energy policy typically the process begins with a notable exogenous event a shock often the shock leads to what is perceived to be a crisis this review essay surveys theories of crisis policymaking from the social science literature and considers their application to changes in energy policy two cases one from the u s the other from germany are examined in more detail from the standpoint of the theories discussed suggestions are made for improving energy policy analysis in the future

can buyer mobility reduce aggregation failures in land assembly abstract in this paper we examine whether site development competition can be used to facilitate land assembly in the absence of contingent contracts in particular we attempt to determine 1 whether competition can be induced among prospective sellers 2 whether or not competition increases aggregation rates and 3 what effects competition has on the distribution of surplus among the bargaining parties we also study the incidence with which a buyer endogenously chooses to deal with a single large parcel owner vs multiple small parcel owners to do so we make use of a laboratory experiment where all the relevant information about the project is common knowledge and landowner valuations are private information our results show that competition more than doubles aggregation rates with aggregation rates of approximately 40 in the baseline and at least 84 in the competitive treatments we also find that developers have a strong preference to make transactions with landowners who have consolidated land holdings doing so in 24 27 successful aggregations providing empirical evidence that there is a link between the transactions cost associated with land assembly and suburbanization as suggested by miceli and sirmans 2007

bargaining behavior and the tragedy of the anticommons abstract to date most experimental studies of the tragedy of the anticommons treat individuals preferences as common knowledge here we conduct experiments in which values are private information we vary the bargaining institution the buyer s signaled willingness to pay and the fraction of sellers whose inputs must be assembled in our experiments simultaneous bargaining gives the buyer a better tradeoff between the total price paid and the risk of failure than sequential bargaining when all sellers inputs are necessary when two thirds are necessary assembly failure virtually disappears but simultaneous bargaining still generates lower prices for the buyer

symmetric tragedies commons and anticommons an anticommons problem arises when there exist multiple rights to exclude in a lengthy law review paper michael a heller has examined the tragedy of the anticommons especially in regard to disappointing experiences with efforts to shift from socialist to market institutions in russia in an early footnote heller suggests that a formal economic model of the anticommons has not been developed this paper responds to heller s challenge we analyze the anticommons problem in which resources are inefficiently underutilized rather than overutilized as in the familiar commons setting the two problems are shown to be symmetrical in several respects we present an algebraic and geometric illustration and extend the discussion to several applications of greater importance we suggest that the construction is helpful in understanding the sources of major value wastage in modern regulatory bureaucracy the navigation of the danube is of very little use to the different states of bavaria austria and hungary in comparison of what it would be if any of them possessed the whole of its course till it falls into the black sea adam smith the wealth of nations 1776 bk 1 ch 3

the occupational dynamics of recent canadian engineering graduates inside and outside the bounds of technology abstract the increasing pervasiveness of new technologies in a multitude of occupations seems to have given a labour market advantage to engineers offering them a range of job opportunities outside the traditional bounds of technology with important financial and career rewards in this context the oecd technology economy programme tep raised concerns regarding the extent of the increasing availability and attractiveness of job opportunities outside the traditional fields of employment for recent engineering graduates they also however stressed that there was little hard information available to diagnose the problem in canada a series of databases the national graduates surveys allows us to conclude that i there has been no increase in the proportion of recent engineering graduates working in non technical occupations except for the management ladder especially engineering management ii when analysed in a static perspective non engineering occupations do not appear to have generally offered advantages over more traditional occupations and iii using a more dynamic mover stayer analysis which more fully exploits the longitudinal nature of the data non technical occupations and in particular the management ladder have offered certain advantages for at least some engineering graduates thereby raising some concerns in line with those expressed by the oecd tep

land use regulation and welfare we evaluate the effect of land use regulation on the value of land and on welfare our estimates are based on a decomposition of the effects of regulation into three components an own lot effect which reflects the cost of regulatory constraints to the owner of a parcel an external effect which reflects the value of regulatory constraints on one s neighbors a supply effect which reflects the effect of regulated scarcity of developable land using this decomposition we arrive at a novel strategy for estimating a plausibly causal effect of land use regulation on land value and welfare this strategy exploits cross border changes in development prices and regulation in regions near municipal borders our estimates suggest large negative effects of regulation on the value of land and welfare in these regions

free riders holdouts and public use a tale of two externalities free riders and holdouts are distinct market failures that potentially impede the completion of otherwise beneficial transactions the key difference is that the free rider problem is a demand side externality that requires taxation to compel payment for a public good while the holdout problem is a supply side externality that requires eminent domain to force the sale of land for large scale projects this paper highlights the distinction between these two problems and uses the resulting insights to clarify the meaning of the public use requirement of the fifth amendment takings clause

the holdout problem and urban sprawl experimental evidence abstract conventional wisdom as well as economic theory suggests it is more costly to reassemble fragmented land due to transactions costs and strategic bargaining costs both costs are expected to increase with the number of sellers inefficient allocation of land resources may result including property entropy parisi 2002 urban sprawl miceli and sirmans 2007 and deteriorating inner cities given the difficulty of observing actual values attached by buyers and sellers to land little empirical evidence exists to support the conventional wisdom and theoretical work we use experimental methods to examine transactions costs and strategic bargaining costs in a land assembly market game with one buyer 1 4 sellers and complementary exchanges the buyer s final earnings vary inversely with the number of sellers ceteris paribus indicating an incentive to purchase consolidated land delay costs reduce holdout but result in lower payoffs for both buyers and sellers competition between sellers reduces holdout and the buyer s total purchase price