assessing income population and technology impacts on co2 emissions in canada where s the ekc abstract this study investigates the macroeconomic forces underlying carbon dioxide co2 emissions from fossil fuel use in canada in keeping with the relevant literature on environmental degradation three forces are expected to influence co2 emissions gross domestic product per capita gdp capita population and technological change while previous work has employed reduced form models that allow for non linear relationships between co2 and gdp capita it has been common practice to assume linear relationships between co2 and the latter two variables this study tests a more flexible model using a five region panel data set in canada over the period 1970 2000 findings indicate that gdp capita is unrelated to co2 that an inverted u shaped relationship exists with population and that a u shaped relationship exists with technology thus technological and population changes are supported over the commonly hypothesized environmental kuznets curve an inverted u shaped relationship between gdp capita and environmental degradation for affecting co2 emissions from fossil fuel use in canada

common ground between free traders and environmentalists we use a north south model with property right differences and resource dynamics to study the effects of trade on resource use and welfare autarky is likely to pareto dominate free trade in the long run when the environment is quite fragile and the result is reversed when the environment is quite resilient trade may cause an environmentally poor country to drag down its richer trading partner when they degrade their stocks which would be preserved under autarky it may enable the environmentally richer country to pull up its partner when they preserve their stocks which would be degraded under autarky

tax competition and tax co ordination under destination and origin principles a synthesis this paper proposes a general framework for analysing commodity tax competition under destination and origin principles based on three possible tax spillovers the consumer price spillover the producer price terms of trade spillover and rent spillovers a model is presented which can be extended to accommodate all three spillovers using this model many of the results in the existing literature can be derived compared and extended

equilibrium pollution taxes in open economies with imperfect competition abstract this paper argues that imperfect competition in global markets creates a strategic interaction between governments that can lead to the inefficient distortion of pollution taxes this distortion can be decomposed into a rent capture effect and a pollution shifting effect the rent capture effect lowers equilibrium taxes as each country attempts to gain a competitive advantage over its trading partner and thereby capture foreign rent through net exports the pollution shifting effect raises equilibrium taxes as each country attempts to transfer production and its associated pollution to the other country this effect vanishes if pollution is perfectly transboundary because shifted pollution causes as much damage to the domestic environment as does domestic pollution the net effect on symmetric equilibrium taxes is negative except in the special case of perfect competition with no transboundary pollution in this case the two effects are mutually offsetting and the nash equilibrium is efficient when pollution is at least partially transboundary there also arises the usual transboundary externality and this reinforces the negative net strategic effect giving rise to equilibrium taxes that are lower than what is globally efficient

second best taxation of emissions and polluting goods abstract this paper studies the problem of the design of an integrated system of second best emission and output taxes in a model where production costs are negatively correlated with their emissions it shows that i the first best pigouvian rule of equating the marginal private benefit of emissions in production to the marginal social damage of emissions must be modified in the second best ii implementation of the modified pigouvian rule requires all firms to face the same marginal emission tax equal to the marginal social damage of emissions plus an adjustment term reflecting optimal tax objectives iii it may not be necessary to directly tax the polluting goods the latter taxes can be subsumed in the emission tax function iv output taxes must be set solely on the basis of optimal tax objectives no pigouvian adjustment is required v if emission taxes are restricted to be proportional and commodity taxes are constrained the modified pigouvian rule will no longer be optimal vi if preferences are weakly separable in emissions and other goods the pigouvian rule remains valid the marginal emission tax is pigouvian and emission and commodity tax instruments can be set separately to address different objectives a proportional emission tax corrects for externalities while commodity taxes are determined solely on the basis of optimal tax considerations

the comparison between destination and origin principles under imperfect competition abstract especially but not only in the european union closer economic integration is putting increasing pressure on the destination principle under which goods entering international trade are normally taxed this has raised the possibility of switching to the origin principle which dispenses with problematic border tax adjustments this paper compares destination and origin principles under conditions of imperfect competition previous analyses which have considered only the competitive case have led to a qualified presumption in favour of the destination principle a series of results are established here for both cooperative and non cooperative tax setting which challenge that presumption under imperfect competition

the environmental kuznets curve in the oecd 1870 2014 carbon dioxide co2 emissions play an important role in global warming consequently studying the relationship between co2 emissions and economic development is important especially when viewed from a historical perspective we test the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for a panel of 20 oecd nations dating back to the first globalization boom in the nineteenth century utilising recently developed panel data estimators that account for cross sectional dependence and parameter heterogeneity for the period 1870 to 2014 we find support for the ekc hypothesis for the panel as a whole with three of our preferred four estimators with turning points in income per capita that lie between 18 955 and 89 540 in 1990 us country specific results however only provide mixed support for the ekc hypothesis specifically we find evidence of an ekc for nine of the 20 countries with five exhibiting a traditional inverted u shaped relationship three exhibiting an n shaped relationship and one an inverted n shaped relationship

trade in fossil fuel deposits for preservation and strategic action abstract in the world economy with interdependent markets for fossil fuel deposits and extracted fossil fuel some coalition of countries may fight climate change by purchasing and preserving fossil fuel deposits which would be exploited otherwise assuming that deposits are traded on a market with a uniform price we find that the outcome is efficient if the coalition is a price taker in both markets but inefficient if it acts strategically in the deposit market but not in the fuel market or acts strategically in both markets the latter result demonstrates that harstad s 2012 theorem 1 efficiency despite strategic action result is not robust with respect to changes in the concepts of the deposit market and market or bargaining power in a simplified parametric version of the game a strategically acting coalition buys fewer deposits consumes more fuel and puts up with higher climate damage than in first best

environmental kuznets curves new evidence on both panel and country level co2 emissions using data on per capita co2 emissions and per capita real gdp from fifteen countries spanning the period 1960 2013 this paper tests the validity of the environmental kuznets curve ekc using both panel based and time series based methodological approaches of cointegration given that the ekc hypothesis postulates an inverted u shaped relationship between emissions and output the study tests for cointegration between per capita co2 emissions per capita real gdp and the squared values of per capita real gdp the evidence from panel cointegration methodologies is mixed this result might arise due to time dependence of cointegrating coefficients the time varying cointegration approaches provide strong evidence in favor of time varying cointegration parameters furthermore based on the quantile cointegration approach the results indicate that the ekc hypothesis holds in 12 out of the 15 countries however even for these three countries the ekc hypothesis seems to hold at certain quantiles

environmental taxation tax competition and harmonization abstract this paper studies the tax competition problem in the presence of transboundary pollution it shows that economic integration causes the firms to adopt the same or less polluting technologies but it nevertheless increases aggregate emissions and lowers welfare second the paper examines the ramifications of partial tax harmonization policies it shows that harmonizing commodity taxes above their unrestricted nash equilibrium value may either increase or lower the equilibrium emission tax under the former firms opt for less polluting technologies aggregate emissions decrease and welfare improves on the other hand if emission tax goes down firms will choose more polluting technologies aggregate emissions will increase and welfare deteriorates finally harmonizing the emission tax above its unrestricted nash equilibrium value which leads the firms to adopt a less polluting technology also causes aggregate emissions to decline and overall welfare to increase

on the relationships between co2 emissions energy consumption and income the importance of time variation abstract the environment that governs the relationships between energy consumption carbon dioxide co2 emissions and gross domestic product gdp in the g7 countries changes over time due to variations in economic growth regulatory policy and technology using a novel approach that may detect causalities when the time constant hypothesis is rejected we find significant time varying granger causalities among the variables under consideration there is bidirectional causality between gdp and energy consumption for japan unidirectional causality running from gdp to energy consumption for italy and unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to gdp for the resource country canada moreover the results also show a bidirectional time varying causality between energy consumption and co2 emissions for the united states and causality from energy consumption to co2 emissions for france finally while we find significant time varying causalities running from gdp to co2 emissions for italy and japan the finding of inverted n shaped curves italy and japan lends no support to the traditional environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for these countries it implies that environmental policy and economic growth should go hand in hand other policy implications of the empirical results have been proposed

cointegration in panel data with structural breaks and cross section dependence summary the power of standard panel cointegration statistics may be affected by misspecification errors if structural breaks in the parameters generating the process are not considered in addition the presence of cross section dependence among the panel units can distort the empirical size of the statistics we therefore design a testing procedure that allows for both structural breaks and cross section dependence when testing the null hypothesis of no cointegration the paper proposes test statistics that can be used when one or both features are present we illustrate our proposal by analysing the pass through of import prices on a sample of european countries copyright 2013 john wiley sons ltd

do economic financial and institutional developments matter for environmental degradation evidence from transitional economies abstract several studies have examined the relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth however most of them did not take into account financial developments and institutional quality moreover stern stern d 2004 the rise and fall of the environmental kuznets curve world development 32 8 1419 1439 noted that there are important econometric weaknesses in the earlier studies such as endogeneity heteroscedasticity omitted variables etc the purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in the literature by investigating the linkage between not only economic development and environmental quality but also financial development and institutional quality we employ the standard reduced form modelling approach to control for country specific unobserved heterogeneity and gmm estimation to control for endogeneity our study considers 24 transition economies and panel data for 1993 2004 our results support the ekc hypothesis while confirming the importance of both institutional quality and financial development for environmental performance we also found that financial liberalization may be harmful for environmental quality if it is not accomplished in a strong institutional framework

revisiting the concept of environmental kuznets curve in period of energy disaster and deteriorating income empirical evidence from japan this study investigates the position of the japanese environmental kuznets curve in period of natural disaster and deteriorating income following the recent fukushima energy crisis the study aim to establish whether the ekc exist in period of energy disaster and deteriorating income to ensure this data from 1961 to 2012 was used while the zivot andrew structural break test the ardl bounds test were applied and these were validated using the innovation accounting test the finding of the study established the existence of inverted u shape suggesting the presence of ekc despite the deteriorating income of the country with the discovery of the existence of ekc in this study despite the dwindling productivity and revenue in japan this study challenged the ekc hypothesis and all existing studies on ekc by establishing that natural disasters are in themselves strong causative agents for the ekc to unfold and it is immaterial whether the economic fortunes of a country is increasing or decreasing the study further discovered energy consumption to be the major contributor of environmental degradation in japan while exports declines co2 emissions but imports adds to environmental degradation on the growth prospects of the japanese economy after the crisis the study discovered how energy consumption exports and imports contribute 33 55 1 027 and 7 126 to the country s economic growth respectively in return a minimum of 16 24 23 89 and 44 18 of co2 emissions was discovered the study proposed policy instruments that will help in realizing a balanced environment amidst efficient energy consumption and environmental management among others

non renewable and renewable energy consumption and co2 emissions in oecd countries a comparative analysis abstract this paper attempts to explore the determinants of co 2 emissions using the stirpat model and data from 1980 to 2011 for oecd countries the empirical results show that non renewable energy consumption increases co 2 emissions whereas renewable energy consumption decreases co 2 emissions further the results support the existence of an environmental kuznets curve between urbanisation and co 2 emissions implying that at higher levels of urbanisation the environmental impact decreases therefore the overall evidence suggests that policy makers should focus on urban planning as well as clean energy development to make substantial contributions to both reducing non renewable energy use and mitigating climate change

environmental kuznets curve for co2 in canada abstract according to the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis the relationship between per capita gdp and per capita pollutant emissions has an inverted u shape this implies that past a certain point economic growth may actually be profitable for environmental quality most studies on this subject are based on estimating fully parametric quadratic or cubic regression models while this is not technically wrong such an approach somewhat lacks flexibility since it may fail to detect the true shape of the relationship if it happens not to be of the specified form we use semiparametric and flexible nonlinear parametric modeling methods in an attempt to provide more robust inferences we find little evidence in favour of the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis our main results could be interpreted as indicating that the oil shock of the 1970s has had an important impact on progress towards less polluting technology and production

the spillover effects of good governance in a tax competition framework with a negative environmental externality we investigate the impact of a political regime shift affecting consumers business interests and lobby contributions when countries engage in tax competition in capital and a polluting resource when consumers have more influence than resource owners the resource tax rate and public spending rise while environmental damages lobbying contribution and the capital tax rate fall this response can spillover to other countries leading to lower welfare capital tax harmonization improves welfare of consumers and resource owners resource tax harmonization and governance harmonization both reduce the influence of lobbying and improve consumer welfare but resource owners are worse off

does trade openness improve environmental quality the literature on trade openness economic development and the environment is largely inconclusive about the environmental consequences of trade this study treats trade and income as endogenous and estimates the overall impact of trade openness on environmental quality using the instrumental variables technique we find that whether or not trade has a beneficial effect on the environment varies depending on the pollutant and the country trade is found to benefit the environment in oecd countries it has detrimental effects however on sulfur dioxide so2 and carbon dioxide co2 emissions in non oecd countries although it does lower biochemical oxygen demand bod emissions in these countries we also find the impact is large in the long term after the dynamic adjustment process although it is small in the short term

a test for parameter homogeneity in co2panel ekc estimations this paper casts doubt on empirical results based on panel estimations of an inverted u relationship between per capita gdp and pollution using a new dataset for oecd countries on carbon dioxide emissions for the period 1960 1997 we find that the crucial assumption of homogeneity across countries is problematic decisively rejected are model specifications that feature even weaker homogeneity assumptions than are commonly used furthermore our results challenge the existence of an overall environmental kuznets curve for carbon dioxide emissions

the interaction of population growth and environmental quality an important question for policy is whether holding constant per capita income and other relevant factors population pressures have a significant effect upon environmental degradation the authors examine the effect of population pressures upon deforestation in 64 developing countries in an attempt to provide relevant empirical findings data on deforestation were drawn from the food and agriculture organizations production yearbook results suggest that a relationship exists between per capita income and deforestation and that for africa rural population density shifts the relationship upward the increase in the rate of deforestation levels off as income increases the rate of growth in per capita income also has a significant negative impact upon deforestation although the magnitude of the effect is small the authors close in stressing that reducing the rate of population growth is not necessarily the best way to reduce the rate of deforestation deforestation in developing countries is really a problem of market failure since property rights are often neither defined nor enforced there is essentially no private cost of deforestation with no long term stake in the land people have no incentive to use land efficiently this situation must be addressed in conjunction with the problems of poverty and population growth

taxes and subsidies for pollution intensive industries as trade policy abstract this paper constructs a model of international oligopoly with negative externalities in production in which optimal environmental policy responses to foreign emission tax and subsidy programs can be calculated it is shown that by granting subsidies for abatement efforts or for a heavily taxed polluting input domestic net welfare is improved by capturing a greater share of the world market since the subsidy programs are supposed to improve the quality of the global environment they can be justified on environmental grounds in addition we show that a pigouvion emission tax restores efficiency in natural resource allocation whereas subsidy programs are in principle used as instruments in imperfectly competitive international markets

energy innovations ghg emissions nexus fresh empirical evidence from oecd countries abstract this study explores the impact of improvements in energy research development erd on greenhouse gas ghg emissions using environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for 28 oecd countries over the period of 1990 2014 in doing so we have employed a panel data where public budget in energy research development and demonstration erd d has transformed into a finite inverted v lag distribution model developed by de leeuw 1962 this model considers that energy innovation accumulates in time and presents empirical evidence how energy innovation contributes in reducing energy intensity and environmental pollution as well our results indicate that energy innovation measures require lapses of time to reach their full effect i e innovation applied to measures for environmental correction does not reach its whole effect immediately requiring instead a certain amount of time to pass innovation policies have recommended for improving environmental quality

home country political risk and foreign direct investment in the united states this study investigates the proposition that home country political risk factors influence outward foreign direct investment investment data from the u s department of commerce is used to model investment activity in the united states from various industrialized source countries foreign direct investment is regressed on home country domestic and international economic and political risk measures for the western industrial countries results indicate that investment activity from the ics in the u s is dependent on home country economic and political conditions

international transmission of environmental policy a new keynesian perspective in this paper we examine the international transmission of environmental policy using a new keynesian model of the global economy we first consider the case in which the quality of the environment affects utility but not productivity this allows us to look at the trade off between environmental quality and output we then consider the case in which the quality of the environment increases productivity but does not affect utility our main results show that in both cases a unilateral implementation of a more stringent environmental policy by the domestic country raises foreign welfare under a benchmark parameterization our modeling strategy allows an analysis of how nominal rigidities interact with the implementation of environmental reforms by allowing the domestic country to shift through exchange rate depreciation parts of the costs of more stringent environmental policies to the foreign one

which border taxes origin and destination regimes with fiscal competition in output and emission taxes abstract this paper posits a two stage game in tax regime and tax rates to study the property of second best emission and output taxes in a two country world with an atmospheric externality it shows that i either the destination destination or the origin origin tax regime may constitute the subgame perfect nash equilibrium of this game ii either regime may pareto dominate the other iii it is possible to have a prisoner s dilemma game where the origin origin regime pareto dominates but the choice of the destination regime is the dominant strategy for each country other results include iv under origin origin regime the output tax is used for fiscal competition the emission tax is set at a rate equal to the national marginal social damage of emissions and public goods are provided suboptimally v under destination destination regime the output tax is ineffective as an instrument for fiscal competition the emission tax is used not only for combating pollution but also for tax competition the tax is set at a rate below the national marginal social damage of emissions emissions are pushed above their closed economy level the provision of public goods are optimal

carbon dioxide emissions and global gdp abstract a positive relationship between carbon dioxide emissions the most important greenhouse gas ghg implicated in global warming and gdp is shown in this paper examining per capita income and co2 emissions of 137 countries across 21 years it also appears that as per capita incomes accelerate across countries emissions increases for the most part tend to decelerate it could be that higher income levels lead to increased demand for environmental protection only emissions reduction proposals that assure incomes will not be adversely affected particularly those of less developed countries ldcs will have any possibility of successful implementation

tax competition in vertically differentiated markets with environmentally conscious consumers this paper analyses the effects of tax competition on environmental product quality pollution and welfare in a two country vertically differentiated international duopoly in which consumers are environmentally conscious the firm in each country chooses first the environmental quality of its product which reflects the emissions generated in the production process and then the price in equilibrium one country will be more polluted than the other because firms choose different levels of environmental quality of their products we find that a country s optimal commodity tax is higher if the domestic firm is the more polluting supplier furthermore non cooperative commodity tax rates are inefficiently high in equilibrium this is because in this framework with environmentally aware consumers commodity taxes affect the choice of firms regarding their emissions therefore a domestic tax reduction not only raises the profits of the foreign firm but also lowers its emission levels resulting in higher welfare for the other country we also analyse the optimal cooperative and non cooperative commodity and emission taxes with border tax adjustments with these two policy instruments available commodity taxes are higher

dynamic misspecification in the environmental kuznets curve evidence from co2 and so2 emissions in the united kingdom this study looks at the behaviour of emissions when in disequilibrium with respect to the environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship we use the non linear threshold cointegration and error correction methodology and a long dataset beginning in 1830 in an application to the united kingdom there is significant evidence that not only does the inverse u shape hold between per capita co 2 and so 2 emissions and gdp per capita but we also find that temporary disequilibrium from the long run ekc is corrected in an asymmetric fashion this may be due to the historical pressure of environmental regulation in the uk to reduce emissions that are higher than permitted however further analysis suggests that technological change can partially account for the asymmetric adjustment

the dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on co2 emissions a revisited environmental kuznets curve approach this paper considers a revisited environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis with potential impact of renewable energy consumption on environmental quality to this end paper aims at investigating the validity of the ekc hypothesis employing the dependent variable of co2 emissions and regressors of gdp quadratic gdp and renewable energy consumption this paper hence analyzes this revisited ekc hypothesis to observe if i there exists an inverted u shaped relationship between environmental quality in terms of co2 emissions per capita income and per capita income squared and ii there exists a negative causality from renewables to co2 emissions within ekc model paper employs a panel data set of 17 oecd countries over the period 1977 2010 and launches panel fmols and panel dols estimations the findings support the ekc hypothesis for the panel and indicate that gdp per capita and gdp per capita squared have the impacts on co2 emissions positively and negatively respectively and that renewable energy consumption yields negative impact on co2 emissions another remark of this paper is that the validity of ekc does not depend on income level of individual countries of panel in which ekc hypothesis holds eventually paper argues that if countries carry out i policies i e for fair and easy access to the electricity from renewable sources and ii policies to increase renewables supply through i e improved renewable energy technologies they will be able to contribute to combating global warming problem as they increase their gdp s

are there environmental kuznets curves for us state level co2 emissions abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis argues that the relationship between the pollutant and output is inverted u shaped implying that environmental degradation increases with output during the early stages of economic growth but declines with output after reaching a specified threshold for the first time in the literature on the ekc hypothesis this paper assesses the validity of the hypothesis across 48 us states using the common correlated effects cce estimation procedure by pesaran 2006 which allows us to obtain results in the presence of cointegration in the relationship between carbon emissions and a measure of output and its squared value which captures the inverted u shaped relationship postulated by the ekc hypothesis the panel data approach allows the study individual members of the panel also resulting in efficiency gains that would not be associated with time series approaches based on the small sample size of 51 observations 1960 2010 the findings postulate that the ekc hypothesis holds in only 10 states with the remaining 38 states should be reforming their environmental regulatory policies to prevent environmental degradation coming only at the expense of production and economic growth as for the other 10 states given that a threshold has been achieved higher growth would be accompanied with lower emissions and hence no additional environmental policies are required

the role of economic theory in modelling the long run this argues for a closer link between the modelling of the long run relations in applied economics and the intertemporal equilibrium notion from economic theory this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

empirical study on the environmental kuznets curve for co2 in france the role of nuclear energy this paper attempts to estimate the environmental kuznets curve ekc in the case of france by taking the role of nuclear energy in electricity production into account we adopt the autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach to cointegration as the estimation method additionally we examine the stability of the estimated models and investigate the granger causality relationships between the variables in the system the results from our estimation provide evidence supporting the ekc hypothesis and the estimated models are shown to be stable over the sample period the uni direction running from other variables to co2 emissions are confirmed from the casualty tests specifically the uni directional causality relationship running from nuclear energy to co2 emissions statistically provides evidence on the important role of nuclear energy in reducing co2 emissions

commodity tax competition between member states of a federation equilibrium and efficiency we first describe regional market equilibria whereupon consumers of each region allocate their purchases of private goods between domestic and nondomestic ones according to the structure of relative prices taxes and transportation costs next regional optimal tax levels and public good quantities are derived the tax of the other region being held constant fiscal competition arises from the ability of one region in choosing its tax to alter the tax base of the other

co2 emissions and economic activity heterogeneity across countries and non stationary series this paper explores the relationship between co2 emissions and economic activity for 31 countries 28 oecd brazil china and india during the period 1950 to 2006 using cointegration analysis single country long run relationships are estimated and equality in the functional form the parameters and the turning point when appropriate are rejected this confirms the relevance of considering the differences among countries in the relationship between air pollution and economic activity to avoid wrong estimations and conclusions

compelling evidence of an environmental kuznets curve in the united kingdom the objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between per capita emissions hbox co 2 and hbox so 2 and economic growth per capita gdp in the uk using a long span of data this paper examines the existence of a non linear relationship between emissions and economic growth using methods that do not restrict the relationship to be any particular shape the methodology employs instrumental variables in the place of per capita gdp to deal with potential concerns about errors in variables and endogeneity the empirical results provide strong support for the environmental kuznets curve with estimated turning points in 1966 and 1967 for hbox co 2 and hbox so 2 respectively these turning points correspond roughly with the introduction of the clean air act in the uk as well as the reduction in the use of coal as an energy source and together they provide a snapshot of the forces driving the turning points the paper continues by further investigating the temporal behavior of the inverted u shaped relationship the findings indicate that if emissions and per capita gdp deviate from their long run relationship emissions do the heavy lifting to restore the system to equilibrium this result is intuitively pleasing because mitigation is directly affected by legislation as opposed to declining economic growth

bounds testing approach to analysis of the environment kuznets curve hypothesis abstract this paper examines the long run and the dynamic temporal relationships between economic growth energy consumption population density trade openness and carbon dioxide co 2 emissions in brazil china egypt japan mexico nigeria south korea and south africa based on the environment kuznets curve ekc hypothesis we employ the ardl bounds test to cointegration and cusum and cusumsq tests to ensure cointegration and parameter stability the estimated results show that the inverted u shaped ekc hypothesis holds in japan and south korea in the other six countries the long run relationship between economic growth and co 2 emissions follows an n shaped trajectory and the estimated turning points are much higher than the sample mean in addition the results indicate that energy consumption granger causes both co 2 emissions and economic growth in all the countries our results are consistent with previous studies that show that there is no unique relationship between energy consumption population density economic growth trade openness and the environment across countries

simultaneity modeling analysis of the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis has been recognized in the environmental economics literature since the 1990 s various statistical tests have been used on time series cross section and panel data related to single and groups of countries to validate this hypothesis in the literature the validation has always been conducted by using a single equation however since both the environment and income variables are endogenous the estimation of a single equation model when simultaneity exists produces inconsistent and biased estimates therefore we formulate simultaneous two equation models to investigate the ekc hypothesis for fifty six countries using annual panel data from 1990 to 2012 with the end year is determined by data availability for the panel to make the panel data analysis more homogeneous we investigate this issue for a three income based panels namely high middle and low income panels given several explanatory variables our results indicate that there exists a bidirectional causality between economic growth and pollution emissions in the overall panels we also find that the relationship is nonlinear and has an inverted u shape for all the considered panels policy implications are provided

the impact of financial development on energy consumption in emerging economies abstract financial development is often cited as a very important driver of economic growth in emerging economies and it is thus likely that financial development affects energy demand this study uses generalized method of moments estimation techniques to examine the impact of financial development on energy consumption in a sample of emerging countries several different measures of financial development are examined using a panel data set on 22 emerging countries covering the period 1990 2006 the empirical results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between financial development and energy consumption when financial development is measured using stock market variables like stock market capitalization to gdp stock market value traded to gdp and stock market turnover the implications of these results for energy policy are discussed

trade and environment an empirical analysis of the technology effect in the steel industry abstract the objective of this paper is to study the impact of free trade on global environmental quality by focusing on the technology effect that is the relationship between trade openness and the adoption diffusion of clean technologies the paper attempts to empirically verify the existence of the technology effect by looking at the relationship between trade policy regime or openness and the speed of clean technology diffusion in the steel industry focusing on a cleaner steel technology the electric arc furnace eaf in 30 steel producing countries over 25 years the results show that eaf technology is diffused faster in countries that have more open trade policy regimes thereby supporting the existence of the technology effect for the industry considered

threshold cointegration and nonlinear adjustment between co2 and income the environmental kuznets curve in spain 1857 2007 abstract article history received 9 march 2011received in revised form 24 february 2012accepted 2 march 2012available online 14 march 2012jel classi cation c2q4keywords environmental kuznets curveco 2 emissionsnonlinear relationshipthreshold cointegration inthispaper wemodelthe long run relationship between per capita co 2 and per capita income for the spanisheconomy over the period 1857 2007 according to the environmental kuznets curve eck the relationshipbetween the two variables has an inverted u shape however previous studies for the spanish economy onlyconsidered the existence of linear relationships such an approach may lack exibility to detect the trueshape of the relationship our empirical methodology accounts for a possible non linear relationship throughthe use of threshold cointegration techniques our results con rm the non linearity of the link between thetwo above mentioned variables pointing to the existence of an environmental kuznets curve for the spanishcase 2012 elsevier b v all rights reserved

commodity tax competition under destination and origin principles abstract this paper studies the effect of switching from the destination to the origin principle of taxation on non cooperative commodity tax equilibrium when taxes are constrained to be uniform across commodities the switch has no effect when differentiated taxes are allowed the effects of the switch depend on whether countries are small or large in both cases the switch imposes the requirement that taxes must be uniform across commodities within each country in the second case there are two further effects of the switch i negative spillover effects from tax policy are introduced ii incentives to manipulate the terms of trade are changed the switch does not necessarily lead to a fall in all tax rates

reassessing the environmental kuznets curve for co2 emissions a robustness exercise the number of studies seeking to empirically characterize the reduced form relationship between a country economic growth and the quantity of pollutants produced in the process has recently increased significantly in several cases researchers have found evidence pointing to an inverted u benvironmental kuznetsq curve in the case of co2 however the evidence is at best mixed in this paper we reconsider that evidence by assessing how robust it is when the analysis is conducted in a different parametric setup and when using alternative emissions data from the international energy agency relative to the literature our contribution can be viewed as a robustness exercise in these two respects the econometric results lead to two conclusions firstly published evidence on the ekc does not appear to depend upon the source of the data at least as far as carbon dioxide is concerned secondly when an alternative functional form is employed there is evidence of an inverted u pattern for the group of oecd countries with reasonable turning point regardless of the data set employed not so for non oecd countries as the ekc is basically increasing slowly concave according to the iea data and more bellshaped in the case of cdiac data d 2005 elsevier b v all rights reserved

pooled mean group estimation of an environmental kuznets curve for co2 abstract we apply the pooled mean group estimator to test for the existence of an environmental kuznets curve for co2 in 22 oecd countries this approach allows for more flexible assumptions in a panel data framework the period goes from 1975 to 1998

the kuznets curve a reassessment abstract this paper revisits the kuznets hypothesis an extensive data set containing the most recent estimates of income distribution is utilized to test the kuznets hypothesis in addition the data comparability problem with respect to income distribution data when conducting econometric analysis is addressed the results indicate that the data comparability problem is not severe enough to nullify the estimates obtained from pooled regressions the kuznets hypothesis holds for this data set

carbon emission energy consumption trade openness and financial development in pakistan a revisit the paper empirically examines the cointegrating relationship between carbon emissions energy consumption trade openness and financial development in pakistan using ardl bounds test for cointegration procedure annual time series data is used for the period 1971 2011 the results reveal an inverted u shaped relationship between carbon emission and energy consumption with a maximum threshold value of energy consumption per capita 640 kg of oil equivalent currently the economy is operating below this level and therefore it is expected that carbon emission will continue to rise gradually over some time until the threshold level is reached the lower than threshold level of energy consumption implies that scale and composition effects dominate the technology effect in terms of energy use further the long run results indicate that one percent increase in trade openness and financial development will increase carbon emission by 0 247 and 0 165 respectively the short run elasticities are 0 122 and 0 087 for trade openness and financial development respectively the granger causality results indicate a unidirectional causality from energy consumption trade openness and financial development to carbon emission and a bi directional causality between energy consumption and financial development in line with the results and given the growing focus on climate change effects in pakistan the paper discusses some policy issues for consideration and highlights the need to interpret elasticities with caution

the environmental kuznets curve does one size fit all abstract this paper uses a new panel data set on state level sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from 1929 1994 to test the appropriateness of the one size fits all reduced form regression approach commonly used in the environmental kuznets curve literature empirical results provide initial evidence that an inverted u shape characterizes the relationship between per capita emissions and per capita incomes at the state level parameter estimates suggest however that previous studies which restrict cross sections to undergo identical experiences over time may be presenting statistically biased results

jeux sans frontieres tax competition and tax coordination when countries differ in size closer international integration is putting increasing pressure on existing national tax structures this paper uses a simple two country model to address a range of consequent policy concerns focusing particularly on the role of country size differences in size exacerbate the inefficiency from noncooperative behavior harming both countries the smaller country loses from harmonization to any tax rate between those set in the noncooperative equilibrium but both countries gain from the imposition of a minimum tax anywhere in that range the fully optimal response to freer cross border trade however may be to do nothing jel h20 h77

co2 emissions energy consumption and output in france abstract this paper examines the dynamic causal relationships between pollutant emissions energy consumption and output for france using cointegration and vector error correction modelling techniques we argue that these variables are strongly inter related and therefore their relationship must be examined using an integrated framework the results provide evidence for the existence of a fairly robust long run relationship between these variables for the period 1960 2000 the causality results support the argument that economic growth exerts a causal influence on growth of energy use and growth of pollution in the long run the results also point to a uni directional causality running from growth of energy use to output growth in the short run

is there an environmental kuznets curve for sulfur abstract most existing estimates of the environmental kuznets curve ekc for sulfur which use samples of mainly high income countries indicate a maximum emissions turning point at middle to lower high income levels of gdp per capita we use a larger and more globally representative sample than previous sulfur ekc studies we find that sulfur emissions per capita are a monotonic function of income per capita when we use a global sample and an inverted u shape function of income when we use a sample of high income countries a model estimated in first differences results in a monotonic ekc when estimated with both high income and global samples reductions in emissions are time related rather than income related

co2 emissions in australia economic and non economic drivers in the long run abstractaustralia has sustained a relatively high economic growth rate since the 1980s compared to other developed countries per capita co2 emissions tend to be highest amongst oecd countries creating new challenges to cut back emissions towards international standards this research explores the long run dynamics of co2 emissions economic and population growth along with the effects of globalization tested as contributing factors we find economic growth is not emission intensive in australia while energy consumption is emissions intensive second in an environment of increasing population our findings suggest australia needs to be energy efficient at the household level creating appropriate infrastructure for sustainable population growth high population growth and open migration policy can be detrimental in reducing co2 emissions finally we establish globalized environment has been conducive in combating emissions in this respect we establish the beneficial effect of economic globalization

the impact of financial development on carbon emissions an empirical analysis in china given the complexity between china s financial development and carbon emissions this paper uses some econometric techniques including cointegration theory granger causality test variance decomposition etc to explore the influence of financial development on carbon emissions results indicate that first china s financial development acts as an important driver for carbon emissions increase which should be taken into account when carbon emissions demand is projected second the influence of financial intermediation scale on carbon emissions outweighs that of other financial development indicators but its efficiency s influence appears by far weaker although it may cause the change of carbon emissions statistically third china s stock market scale has relatively larger influence on carbon emissions but the influence of its efficiency is very limited this to some extent reflects the relatively lower liquidity in china s stock markets finally among financial development indicators china s fdi exerts the least influence on the change of carbon emissions due to its relatively smaller volume compared with gdp but it is mainly utilized in carbon intensive sectors now therefore with the increase of china s fdi in the future many efforts should be made to adapt its utilizing directions and play its positive role in promoting low carbon development