decoupling of industrial energy consumption and co2 emissions in energy intensive industries in scandinavia as methodology the ex post analysis deserves more attention as a device to calibrate energy sector models this paper studies the impact of energy prices and taxes on energy efficiency and carbon emissions of ten industrial sectors in the three scandinavian countries a database with sector specific energy prices and taxes has been established which allows the analysis to take various price reductions and tax exemptions better into account a translog factor demand system estimation for a cross industry pooled model is explored and fixed effects across industries and time is estimated the findings here confirm recent analyses which indicate higher long term elasicities for industries than normally assumed in scandinavian energy sector models with the observations on differences in energy intensities among sectors and countries the findings allow for some optimism as to the opportunities for further decoupling between trends in gross value added carbon emissions and energy consumption

urbanization and industrialization impact of co2 emissions in china abstract this study investigates the causal linkage among co2 emissions per capita energy intensity real gdp per capita industrialization share of industrial value added in gdp urbanization share of urban population in total population and share of renewable energy consumption in china over the period from 1970 to 2015 we employ autoregressive distributed lag ardl technology to test the co integration and short and long run estimates and apply the vector error correction model vecm to analyze the directional causality among the time series data the estimates of long run parameters indicate that 1 augments of energy intensity real gdp industrialization and urbanization increase co2 emissions by 1 1 0 6 0 3 and 1 0 respectively long run feedback granger causalities exist among emissions real gdp and industrialization thus our main policy suggestions are as follows i to encourage green and sustainable urbanization as it increases economic growth but not at the expense of environmental degradation ii to strategically adjust and optimize the industrial structure iii to improve the efficiency of energy use and technological innovation and iv to increase the proportion of renewable energy in total energy consumption

how urbanization affects co2 emissions in malaysia the application of stirpat model we investigate the impact of urbanization on co2 emissions by applying the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat in the case of malaysia over the period of 1970q1 2011q4 empirically after testing the integrating properties of the variables using the unit root test we applied the bayer hanck combined cointegration approach to examine the cointegration relationship between the variables further we tested the robustness of the long run relationship in the presence of structural breaks using ardl bounds testing approach the causal relationship between the variables is investigated by applying the vecm granger causality test our results validate the existence of cointegration in the presence of structural breaks the empirical results exposed that economic growth is a major contributor to co2 emissions besides energy consumption raises emissions intensity and capital stock boosts energy consumption trade openness leads affluence and hence increases co2 emissions more importantly we find that the relationship between urbanization and co2 emissions is u shaped i e urbanization initially reduces co2 emissions but after a threshold level it increases co2 emissions the causality analysis suggests that the urbanization granger causes co2 emissions

decoupling economic growth from carbon dioxide emissions in china a sectoral factor decomposition analysis china is facing the dilemma of how to coordinate economic development and carbon dioxide co2 emissions reduction this paper investigates the decoupling effect of economic growth from co2 emissions in china during the period 1992 2012 using the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi method we decompose the driving forces of the decoupling of economic growth from co2 emissions in china s five major economic sectors into several factors and measure the contribution of each factor to the decoupling of china s overall economy from co2 emissions the results show that china performed the weak decoupling of economic growth from co2 emissions during 1992 2012 and so did all its five major sectors such a state did not occur smoothly and presented five different stages energy intensity and economic activity level were the most important factors affecting the decoupling in china energy intensity decreased in all sectors indicating a large acceleration for the sectoral decoupling states this finding is applicable to process carbon intensity in industrial sector and energy emission factor in agricultural industrial construction and service sectors in terms of sectoral effects on the decoupling in china industrial sector played a dominant role while construction sector had the most marginal influence the economic activity level and economic share of industrial sector exerted the most negative effects on the decoupling the energy intensity of industrial sector played a key role in promoting the national decoupling state while the energy emission factor of agricultural sector contributed the least

developments in the throughput income relationship theoretical and empirical observations abstract it has been suggested that the relationship between income and the associated environmental pressure in terms of derived materials inputs and pollution levels may take an inverted u shape indicating a delinking of environmental pressure from economic growth in relation to rising per capita incomes the likelihood of such a relationship being persistent is discussed in the context of a simple macro model of industrial metabolism and the possibility of relinking clearly emerges data on specific indicators of environmental pressure i e the throughput of materials energy and the volume of transport in 19 countries have been used to investigate patterns of delinking the results suggest that delinking may not be persistent already some advanced economies may be entering a new period of relinking the relationships between environmental pressure and welfare in the medium long term may be n shaped rather than inverted u shaped

toward to economic growth without emission growth the role of urbanization and industrialization in china and india abstract the contradiction between economic growth and carbon emissions in china and india is the most prominent in the world both countries have faced tremendous pressures to curb carbon emissions because they are major source of new added emission sources meanwhile both countries have faced greater pressures to achieve industrialization and urbanization in order to eradicate poverty better understanding the decoupling status and its drivers can serve to develop effective policy to achieve economic growth without an increase in emission this paper comparatively analyses the decoupling effect of the economic growth from the carbon emissions as well as its drivers during the period 1980 2014 in china and india the tapio decoupling model was used to analyze the decoupling status and the co integration theory and the impulse response functions were applied to investigate the effects of urbanization industrialization per capita gdp and carbon emission intensity to decoupling the results show that china mainly performed a weak decoupling of economic growth from carbon emissions in 1980 2014 while the decoupling status of india was no regular in china carbon emission intensity is the biggest contributor of decoupling followed by urbanization per capita gdp and industrialization in india the biggest driver of decoupling is also the carbon emission intensity followed by urbanization industrialization and per capita gdp therefore improving energy efficiency is the best policy to toward economic growth without emission growth in china and india

fifty shades of green revisiting decoupling by economic sectors and air pollutants abstract using a consistent dataset for eighteen eu countries six economic sectors and six pollution indicators we analyze decoupling of production based emissions from gdp growth from 1995 to 2008 computing decoupling factors as defined by the oecd 2002 we find that in almost all sectors and by almost all pollutants the median eu country had at least some decoupling however considerable heterogeneity in its magnitude can be observed across countries sectors and pollutants for most pollutants and sectors median decoupling performance improved from 2001 2008 compared to 1995 2001 while between country disparities increased simultaneously in a second step we investigate country level changes in decoupling states between the two sub periods based on tapio 2005 we find high diversity across countries and over time to explain these differences across countries and sectors we assess the impact of environmental policy stringency and find tentative evidence that stricter policy encourages decoupling however the effects are small and imprecise differ by economic sector and pollutant and take several years to materialize

rank dynamics and club convergence of sustainable development for countries around the world abstract assessment of country level sustainable development is a critical research topic entrenched in the global battle against climate change this study employs the frontier approach combined with convergence analysis to assess the sustainable development for a set of 121 countries over 1990 2014 focusing on analyzing the countries rank dynamics and convergence behavior the levels of the countries sustainable development are captured by data envelopment analysis a nonparametric frontier approach that can jointly assess a country s economic and environmental performance reflecting the divergent views on the importance of economic and environmental objectives in the pursuit of sustainability the proposed approach generates the countries sustainability scores by prioritizing either economic or environmental criterion this study finds that developed countries have significantly outperformed developing countries if environmental criterion takes precedence over economic criterion in performance assessment moreover regardless of the model employed there is strong evidence of club convergence i e convergence in subgroups of countries to different steady states rather than convergence in full sample we analyze the pattern of convergence paths and discuss policy implications obtained from our empirical findings

linking analyses and environmental kuznets curves for aggregated material flows in the eu abstract the relationship between economy and environmental impacts has been an essential topic in the discussion on environmental problems for a long time from the 1990s this relationship has gained a position in environmental policy as well de coupling the use of natural resources from economic growth has been set as one of the policy goals in the sixth environmental action programme by the european commission in the scientific discussion the concept of environmental kuznets curve deals closely with the de coupling or de linking phenomenon aggregated material flows on the other hand have often been considered as a macro level proxy of environmental degradation different methods or approaches have been designed for sustainability or carrying capacity evaluation as well the objective of this article is i to discuss the possibilities and limitations of using environmental and economic indicators in the sustainability analysis at the macro level ii to present a theoretical framework for the linking analysis including a classification of the degrees of de linking re linking environmental impacts from to economic growth and iii to give an empirical example by using indicators of direct material flows as a proxy of environmental degradation and by applying the framework into the european union and its 15 member countries the results show that the trend in the european union is a weak de linking of material flows from economic growth during the years 1980 2000 in other words material intensity of the economy has generally decreased due to increased efficiency but the absolute amount of material use has increased although at a lower rate of increase than economic growth on the other hand there is a quite large variation between different eu member countries however absolute decrease in the use of materials cannot be found as a continuous trend between the years 1980 and 2000 in any of the studied eu member countries

decoupling analysis and environmental kuznets curve modelling of provincial level co2 emissions and economic growth in china a case study abstract guangdong is one of the most representative provinces of china in terms of reflecting how the provincial level co2 emissions dynamically evolve with economic development during the process of industrialisation and urbanisation the present study combines decoupling analysis with environmental kuznets curve ekc modelling to systematically explore the interactions between co2 emissions and economic growth in guangdong from the short to long terms aiming to provide the referential significance of low carbon development to other chinese provinces empirical results indicate that co2 economy interactions in guangdong dynamically changed with time performing an effect of expansive weak decoupling during 1995 2014 and having a potential to achieve a strong decoupling in the long run the decoupling states of various sectors and their contributions to the provincial overall decoupling differed greatly and varied by time and household and service sectors played increasingly important roles overall the decoupling effect of provincial co2 emissions is distinctly affected by the stage of industrialisation and urbanisation renewable energy utilisation as well as low carbon technical progress therefore promoting co2 economy decoupling at the provincial level should be specific to the feature and development reality of various provinces

footprints on the earth the environmental consequences of modernity growing evidence demonstrating clear threats to the sustainability of the ecosystems supporting human societies has given rise to a variety of sociological theories of human environment interactions these environmental impact theories fall into three general perspectives human ecology modernization and political economy these theories however have not been empirically tested in a common analytic framework here a framework that relies on ecological principles is adopted and modified using a revised stochastic formulation of that framework and the most comprehensive measure of environmental impact to date the ecological footprint the factors driving the environmental impacts of societies are assessed the overall findings support the claims of human ecologists partially support the claims of political economists and contradict the claims of modernization theorists basic material conditions such as population economic production urbanization and geographical factors all affect the environment and explain the vast majority of cross national variation in environmental impact factors derived from neo liberal modernization theory such as political freedom civil liberties and state environmentalism have no effect on impacts taken together these findings suggest societies cannot be sanguine about achieving sustainability via a continuation of current trends in economic growth and institutional change authors

foreign direct investment and decoupling between energy and gross domestic product in developing countries on a sample of 20 developing countries we noticed a clear decline in the energy intensity as foreign direct investment increases the reason for that probably is the use of modern technologies that came with foreign direct investment i e a leapfrogging over the old fashioned traditional technologies in use in these countries

decomposing the decoupling of co2 emissions and economic growth in brazil abstract this paper examines the occurrence of a decoupling between the growth rates in economic activity and co 2 emissions from energy consumption in brazil from 2004 to 2009 this decoupling was highlighted when economic activity and co 2 emissions moved in opposite directions in 2009 more generally we observe several periods of relative decoupling in brazil but not to the extent witnessed in 2009 to identify the determinants of emissions change we develop a decomposition model based on a log mean divisia index lmdi framework the results indicate that the carbon intensity and energy mix are the main determinant of emissions reduction in brazil between 2004 and 2009 modifications in the economy structure are also associated to emission mitigation in the period such evidence demonstrates similarities with events of decoupling registered for the interval 1980 1994 in brazil finds from brazil differ from observations in other countries in which improvement in energy intensity has been the most common determinant of emissions reduction

does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower co2 emissions a cross country analysis despite the relationship between urbanization energy use and co2 emissions has been extensively studied in recent years little attention has been paid to differences in development stages or income levels most previous studies have implicitly assumed that the impact of urbanization is homogenous for all countries this assumption can be questionable as there are many characteristic differences among countries of different levels of affluence this paper investigates empirically the effects of urbanization on energy use and co2 emissions with consideration of the different development stages using the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat model and a balanced panel dataset of 99 countries over the period 1975 2005 the findings suggest that the impact of urbanization on energy use and emissions varies across the stages of development surprisingly urbanization decreases energy use in the low income group while it increases energy use in the middle and high income groups the impact of urbanization on emissions is positive for all the income groups but it is more pronounced in the middle income group than in the other income groups these novel findings not only help advance the existing literature but also can be of special interest to policy makers and urban planners

does increasing investment in research and development promote economic growth decoupling from carbon emission growth an empirical analysis of brics countries abstract it is generally recognized that increasing research and development investment is an effective measure to promote economic and social progress an open question is if increasing research and development investment help economic growth decoupling from carbon emission this study investigates research and development investment and carbon emission in brics countries by using the fully modified ordinary least squares for empirical estimation from 1996 to 2014 the results show that every 1 increase in research and development investment carbon emissions will be decreased by 0 8122 for the brics as a whole which indicates increasing research and development investment has a positive impact on decoupling economic growth from environmental pressure for individual this impact is most significant in china weak in russia and india however it also should be noted that only increasing research and development investment cannot achieve the decoupling between economic growth and carbon emission because other factors such as economic activity industrialization and urbanization renewable energy also influences the decoupling economic growth from carbon emission the results also show that economic activity industrialization and urbanization pose negative impact on the decoupling whereas renewable energy consumption promote the decoupling

production inventory games a new class of totally balanced combinatorial optimization games in this paper we introduce a new class of cooperative games that arise from production inventory problems several agents have to cover their demand over a finite time horizon and shortages are allowed each agent has its own unit production inventory holding and backlogging cost cooperation among agents is given by sharing production processes and warehouse facilities agents in a coalition produce with the cheapest production cost and store with the cheapest inventory cost we prove that the resulting cooperative game is totally balanced and the owen set reduces to a singleton the owen point based on this type of allocation we find a population monotonic allocation scheme for this class of games finally we point out the relationship of the owen point with other well known allocation rules such as the nucleolus and the shapley value

decoupling factors on the energy output linkage the spanish case the recent increase of energy intensity in spain and the ratification of the kyoto protocol call for the implementation of energy policies in spain in this paper we investigate the relationship between gross domestic product gdp and energy consumption ec by taking into account several decoupling factors that can affect this linkage specifically we have considered the temporal aggregation of data and its seasonal adjustments the multivariate methodology the substitution between ec and other inputs and the technological changes empirical tests reveal a long run relationship between ec and gdp that can only be established in a complete way with a multivariate cointegration analysis furthermore a short run unidirectional causality from ec to economic growth is found therefore primary ec plays an important role as a limiting factor for economic growth in spain in the short run

is energy transition promoting the decoupling economic growth from emission growth evidence from the 186 countries abstract a more comprehensive understanding the effects of energy transition on the decoupling economic growth from carbon emission growth at global and national scale can serve to develop more effective approaches towards to economic growth without emission growth this paper combined decoupling index model and decomposition approach to identify decoupling state and uncover factors driving decoupling process in the world and 186 countries divided into three groups upper middle income umi lower middle income lmi and high income hi between 1990 and 2014 regarding to decoupling state world experienced weak decoupling 1990 2000 expansive negative decoupling and expansive coupling 2000 2011 and weak decoupling 2011 2014 hi initially realized the most desirable strong decoupling while decoupling state of umi and lmi were rather not ideal enough especially lmi changed violently and appeared no clear improving trend turning to decomposition results energy transition had positively contributed to decoupling process of hi while not in umi and lmi hi enjoyed better energy utilization efficiency absolutely offsetting negative impact caused by economic scale to decoupling process more importantly umi and lmi had great economic potential and will definitely emit tremendous carbon emission without taking appropriate measurements consequently umi and lmi shall take more responsibility to reduce carbon emission and actively accelerate the process of energy transition so as to achieve economic growth strongly decouple from carbon emission

assessing the decoupling of economic growth from environmental impacts in the european union a consumption based approach abstract pursuing a responsible and sustainable development the united nations urged to decouple economic growth from environmental impacts several european union eu policies have been implemented towards such goal although multiple authors have evaluated the decoupling of the economic growth from the resource use or environmental concerns the environmental assessment mostly focused on pressures rather than impacts and used single indicators assumed to be a proxy of the overall effects on the environment furthermore no studies were found using a process based life cycle approach to quantify the environmental impacts of consumption to solve such research gap this paper assesses the decoupling in the eu focusing on potential environmental impacts complementing a production based approach with two options for accounting for the impacts of consumption the aim of this paper is to evaluate the decoupling of the economic growth in terms of gross domestic product from the environmental impacts due to eu 28 consumption assessed by means of life cycle assessment lca the decoupling is then assessed in impact terms rather than limited to pressures by using the environmental footprint ef2017 indicators which allows assessing 16 different impacts the consumption footprint indicator quantified the environmental impacts of eu apparent consumption including the territorial impacts domestic footprint and the embodied impacts in both imports and exports trade footprint the inventory of pressures for the trade component is compiled either with a bottom up approach process based lca of representative traded goods or a top down approach input output based lca methodological aspects influencing the decoupling assessment and the resulting outputs are presented and discussed according to the results the environmental impacts of eu 28 consumption showed decoupling during the last decades 2005 2014 between relative to absolute decoupling depending on the inventory modeling approach taken some countries showed higher decoupling levels than others displaying a heterogeneous map of eu 28 decoupling which was led by acidification particulate matter land use and eutrophication impacts notwithstanding current limitations the assessment of decoupling using consumption based environmental indicators is very promising for supporting policy making towards addressing the actual impacts driven by the eu production and consumption system

budget constrained sequential auctions with incomplete information i study a budget constrained private valuation sealed bid sequential auction with two incompletely informed risk neutral bidders in which the valuations and income may be non monotonic functions of a bidder s type multiple equilibrium symmetric bidding functions may exist that differ in allocation efficiency and revenue the sequence of sale affects the competition for a good and therefore also affects revenue and the prices of each good in a systematic way that depends on the relationship among the valuations and incomes of bidders the sequence of sale may affect prices and revenue even when the number of bidders is large relative to the number of goods if a particular good say is allocated to a strong bidder independent of the sequence of sale then auction revenue and the price of good are higher when good is sold first

decoupling analysis of world economic growth and co2 emissions a study comparing developed and developing countries abstract this study discusses decoupling trends in world economic growth and co2 emissions based on decoupling theories the decoupling trends of economic growth and co2 emissions in typical developed and developing countries in 1965 2015 are compared by using an oecd decoupling factor model and tapio elastic analysis tea method and the igtx decoupling model on this basis this study evaluates correlations of these three decoupling models by employing the spearman s rank correlation coefficient the research indicates that owing to the igtx decoupling model being easily affected by other non environmental factors the shorter the research period of interest the more easily the decoupling indices distort while the accuracy of the tea method is not limited by the length of the research period of interest with respect to the overall decoupling trend the research shows that 1 strong decoupling is found in developed countries and slightly increases in the stabilisation thereof the decoupling state in the united kingdom and germany is more stable than that of the united states and france 2 developing countries demonstrate weak decoupling that fluctuates significantly and lacks regularity the stabilisation and optimisation of china in decoupling process are better than those of brazil and india finally according to research conclusions relevant policies and suggestions are proposed in view of energy savings and emissions reduction in developing countries

decoupling global environmental pressure and economic growth scenarios for energy use materials use and carbon emissions in recent decades economic growth and increased human wellbeing around the globe have come at the cost of fast growing natural resource use including materials and energy and carbon emissions leading to converging pressures of declining resource security rising and increasingly volatile natural resource prices and climate change we ask whether well designed policies can reduce global material and energy use and carbon emissions with only minimal impacts on improvements in living standards we use a novel approach of combined economic and environmental modelling to assess the potential for decoupling for 13 world regions and globally we apply a production territorial and consumption approach to discuss regional differences in natural resource use and carbon emissions across three stylized policy outlooks a reference case with no significant changes to environment and climate policies a high efficiency outlook involving a global carbon price rising from 50 to 236 constant price per tonne of co2 between 2010 and 2050 and improvements in resource efficiency rising from 1 5 historically to between 3 5 and 4 5 in the scenarios and a medium efficiency outlook midway between the no change and high outlooks we find that global energy use will continue to grow rapidly under all three scenarios from 17 billion tonnes of oil equivalent toe in 2010 to between 30 and 36 billion toe carbon emissions would be considerably lower with a global carbon price less than half the level of the reference case 29 37 billion tonnes of co2 instead of 74 billion tonnes and also material use would grow much more slowly under a carbon price and significant investment to increase resource efficiency 95 instead of 180 billion tonnes of materials we find that oecd economies have significant potential to reduce their material throughput and carbon emissions with little impact on economic growth and that developing economies such as china could expand their economies at much lower environmental cost globally the effects of very strong abatement and resource efficiency policies on economic growth and employment until 2050 are negligible our study suggests that decarbonization and dematerialization are possible with well designed policy settings and would not contradict efforts to raise human wellbeing and standards of living the research demonstrates the usefulness of scenarios for unpacking environmental and economic outcomes of policy alternatives the findings have important implications for future economic opportunities in a highly resource efficient and low carbon global economy to set human development and achieving the sustainable development goals on a more resilient path