renewable natural resource management and use without markets natural resources by their nature are not readily bent to the status of private property efficient resource use is complicated by jurisdictional externalities public goods non use values and beneficiaries spatially separated from the location of resources the task is made more challenging by ecological complexity that obscures cause benefits and effects costs and dramatic time lags between individual actions and subsequent social consequences that together with substantial uncertainty introduce the chance of irreversibilities resource economists have played a major role in the literature on externalities the development of individual transferable quotas non market valuation techniques and common property management

economics and the international trade commission negotiated during the 1980s and the u s semiconductor agreement with japan because the u s antidumping and antisubsidy laws are now one of the most important means used to restrict imports the administration of these laws has come under considerable scrutiny many observers are concerned that these laws are being administered in a way which favors u s industries in this paper i attempt to address some of these concerns by determining the extent to which the administration of the u s unfair trade laws is based on the economic criteria specified in the unfair trade legislation in particular this study examines the importance of economic criteria in the antidumping and antisubsidy decisions of the international trade commission itc the itc is one of the most important agencies responsible for administering the u s unfair trade laws and its role extends beyond these laws into other areas including the escape clause the administrative role of the itc in unfair trade cases is to determine whether unfairly traded imports are a cause of material injury to a domestic industry many other authors have examined the basis for itc decisions the results of baldwin 3 and goldstein and lenway 8 provide support for the hypothesis that the itc uses at least some of the legislated economic criteria appropriately both studies examine the escape clause decisions of the itc and find that industries with declining profitability are more likely to receive favorable itc decisions goldstein and lenway 8 also find that the itc is immune to congressional pressures for protection both studies however focus solely on escape clause decisions which represent only a small fraction of itc decisions and do not involve allegations of unfair trade escape clause actions are also different from other itc decisions in that the president must ultimately decide whether relief is warranted

is protection for sale evidence on the grossman helpman theory of endogenous protection grossman and helpman 1994 present a theory of endogenous protection by explicitly modeling government industry interactions for which mere black box models previously existed they obtain a ramsey pricing type solution to the provision of protection which emphasizes the role of inverse import penetration ratios and import elasticities on the lobbying side the model makes predictions about lobbying competition and lobbying spending according to deadweight costs from protection the model not only makes for richer theory in terms of rigor and elegance but its predictions are directly testable whether the grossman helman model stands up to real world data is investigated in this paper predictions from both the protection side and lobbying side are tested using cross sectional u s nontariff barrier data we also compare the second generation grossman helpman model with a more traditional specification our results call for serious consideration of this model in the political economy literature

institutionalized biases in the award of research grants a preliminary analysis revisiting the principle of accumulative advantage abstract accumulative advantage in the research system may allow elite groups to secure a disproportionate share of resources using grant submissions data to a uk research council associations between success in securing grants and potential sources of advantage are explored including membership of the peer review cadre departmental standing track record gender and ethnicity success in securing grants is associated with several potential sources of advantage suggesting that factors other than the quality of the research proposed influence outcomes differential access to these may contribute to the observed biases in the number of grants won against women and non white groups

navigating the impact innovation double hurdle the case of a climate change research fund this paper analyses how the funding for research grants was allocated from a specific research fund which aimed to support innovative research projects with the potential to have research impact by reducing carbon emissions the fund received a total of 106 proposals of which 27 were successful at obtaining financial support our aims were to test which factors influenced the funding decision and to discover whether or not and to what extent the fund met its intended objectives through the allocation of monies the allocation process and its outcomes were analysed using correlation logistical and linear regression to test our research hypotheses using this research funding process as a single study we found that trying to clear the impact innovation double hurdle in a single funding initiative ultimately compromises both goals this paper therefore contributes to our understanding of innovation management within the context of carbon emission reduction and explains which factors influenced success in securing research monies through the funding process

the obsession for competitiveness and its impact on statistics the construction of high technology indicators abstract high technology is a concept much in vogue in oecd countries for it is a symbol of an advanced economy this paper looks at why and how the concept and its indicator acquired such fame it explains that the reason has to do with the fact that the indicator emerged in the context of debates on the competitiveness of countries and their efforts to maintain or improve their positions in world trade the first part looks at the early statistics behind the indicator r d sales statistics developed in official analyses of industrial r d surveys before the 1950s the second part traces the evolution of the r d sales ratio in the 1960s through its use as an indicator of research or technological intensity the third part discusses the internationalization of the indicator via the oecd

firms governments and wto adjudication japan s selection of wto disputes what explains the selection of cases for wto adjudication this article explores the business conditions under which industries lobby their home government to use the wto adjudication process and the political factors that influence government decisions it explains the industry pattern of selection for international trade disputes as a function of the velocity of the business environment while wto adjudication is seen as costly and slow a positive ruling brings broad benefits in terms of deterrence against future discrimination firms in static industries will invest in wto dispute settlement to achieve these benefits but firms in industries shaped by dynamic competition have high opportunity costs that make them less willing to pursue adjudication this argument accounts for why there are fewer wto cases about electronics industry issues than there are likely incidences of protectionist measures since japan is a leading exporter and provides a government report with unique data on potential wto disputes it was chosen to test the argument in greater depth interviews with japanese business officials and statistical analysis of an original data set provide support for the argument the authors conclude that the passive attitude toward wto adjudication by japan s largest export industry electronics and the sensitivity of japan s diplomatic relations with china have constrained the cases that japan files these findings suggest that the effectiveness of the wto for dispute settlement is conditional upon the time horizon of the industry and the political relations among members

operationalizing sustainable development dynamic ecological economic models abstract since the mid eighties a vast literature has evolved around the concept of sustainable development it shows a wide support for changes in policy making and decision making for instance to integrate environmental interests in national and international political processes remarkably recommendations of contours and new elements of research methods and policy analysis for sustainable development are rare although this is just as essential as the renewed attention for the political dimension a clear view on how to use and change adequately existing techniques and models for sustainable development will contribute to a more satisfactory operationalization of it this paper examines the implications of ecologically sustainable economic development for integrated dynamic modelling after a concise discussion of sustainable development it is suggested that five concepts are central to it intergenerational equity the regional scale multiple use long term uncertainty and economic ecological integration the discussion of each of these issues is focused on the implications for model elements and uses thereby old ideas are reviewed and new ones are proposed the aim is not to come up with a rigid framework for dealing with sustainable development but rather to suggest which alternatives are available to deal with the central concepts although in a section on economic ecological integration general requirements for dynamic economic ecological models are mentioned explicitly in order to offer a general frame of reference these requirements are fairly general and may be taken up in ensuing discussions of the methodological aspects related to sustainable development the main conclusions are the following we view economic ecological integration in the sense of combining processes instead of one process and a variable to deal with intergenerational equity one may choose objectives various constraints or a combination of both for regional models one may consider various types of conditions on cross boundary flows and external factors of regional processes multiple use can be modelled as an intermediate stage between single resource models with a partial view and complex models with a general view sensitivity probability and scenario analyses can be used to deal partially with the various types of long term uncertainty although this remains difficult for the very important class of unexpected events or catastrophes such surprises can at best be turned into risk by scenario analyses and examination of dynamic behaviour of the system as a whole

biology as a source of non convexities in ecological production functions generating ecological production functions including harvest yield functions is a high priority research area most yield functions used in economics and ecology rely on convexity properties of species growth functions but convexity is shown here to depend on whether realistic biology is incorporated optimizing behavior by individual organisms is connected with species population dynamics in order to derive growth functions in a general equilibrium ecosystem model non convexities are shown to be an inherent property of the growth functions owing to familiar biological processes including predator prey and competitive relations predator satiation and prey substitution the growth functions generate yield functions that are problematic for management because they exhibit kinked average revenue curves discontinuous marginal revenue curves and knife edge optimum effort levels where a small increase above the optimum effort can rapidly deplete the stock these phenomena can be explained entirely by the underlying biological processes

impacts of trade and macroeconomic linkages on canadian agriculture implications of trade and macroeconomic policies on the performance of the canadian agricultural sector were analyzed using a structural econometric model results indicated that had canada been more integrated with the world economy its volume of trade would have been 3 higher than its actual level and much greater price incentives for agriculture would have occurred

ecosystems externalities and economies this paper incorporates an ecosystem model into a model of a simple economy the decisionmaking agents in the ecosystem are individual organisms aggregated to the species level a species may provide utility directly to humans or it may provide utility indirectly because it is used either as a raw material in goods fabrication or as sustenance for other species we describe a comparative static equilibrium of the ecosystem where species demands for other species are equal to the supplies of those other species and energy is conserved the ecosystem is then embedded in the economy so that the effects of human intervention can be traced through both the ecosystem and the economy human intervention creates ecosystem externalities such that ecosystem equilibria are shifted and the new equilibria affect the utility or the production processes of other humans this framework allows us to describe in principle which ecosystem services can be efficiently usurped by humans which waste flows can be efficiently allowed into ecosystems and which ecosystem organisms and physical attributes can be efficiently maintained

macroeconomic determinants of the world trade disputes this article is whether and how the world macroeconomic environments influence the world trade disputes we use two pronged approach first we try to answer the question whether and how global macroeconomic environments are attached to the count of the world trade disputes even if the traditional literature captures it at the national level global picture needs to be completed the second question we address is that given the set of trade dispute initiating countries whether and how differently high middle and low income countries respond to their macroeconomic environments in their decision makings of trade disputes initiations the universe in the second question is a selected set of the filing countries only not all countries on this planet one can capture the behaviours of the countries involved in the trade disputes under certain macroeconomic circumstances the period is from 1995 to 2008 covering all records of trade disputes since the birth of the world trade organization wto

optimal environmental taxation in the presence of other taxes general equilibrium analyses this paper examines the optimal setting of environmental taxes in economies where other distortionary taxes are present we employ analytical and numerical models to explore the degree to which in a second best economy optimal environmental tax rates differ from the rates implied by the pigovian principle according to which the optimal tax rate equals the marginal environmental damages both models indicate contrary to what several analysts have suggested that the optimal tax rate on emissions of a given pollutant is generally less than the rate supported by the pigovian principle moreover the optimal rate is lower the larger are the distortions posed by ordinary taxes numerical results indicate that previous studies may have seriously overstated the size of the optimal carbon tax by disregarding pre existing taxes this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

policy making in science policy the oecd model unveiled abstract this article addresses the issue of the development of national science policies in oecd countries in the 1960s it argues that the organisation for economic and co operation and development oecd acted as a policy innovator playing a central role in the development and adoption of what we call the oecd model of science policy making through a detailed analysis of the oecd country reviews we reveal the oecd model and its seven key functions horizontal coordination and advice planning and budgeting priority setting resources allocation and administration through analysis of oecd archives we extract the reasons why oecd changed its role in the absence of a reference point against which to benchmark national situations it highlights the ways the pre existing mode of operation of oecd centred on country reviews and peer pressure was modified and how effective these changes have been in the diffusion of the model among oecd members

science accounting and statistics the input output framework abstract statistics on science are often framed within an input output framework inputs are invested into research activities that produce outputs this framework is a pure accounting framework based on the anticipated economic benefits of science this paper asks where the framework comes from it shows that the semantics on input and output in science can be traced back to the economic literature and its analyses of growth via an econometric equation called the production function used extensively by economists in the mid 1950s to study science and its relationship to the economy the semantics immediately offered official statisticians a conceptual framework for organizing statistics on science this is due to the fact that the framework was perfectly aligned with policy discussions on the efficiency of the science system

the new economy what the concept owes to the oecd abstract in the last two decades concepts have appeared that have influenced and even defined entire science and technology policies in western countries high technology national system of innovation information economy knowledge based economy and the new economy in all these policy developments the oecd acting as a think tank for its member countries has been an important promoter of the concepts turning them into buzzwords this article looks at the concept of the new economy as the culmination of decades of work on technology and productivity and explores the crucial role of the oecd in its dissemination and above all the role statistics have played in shaping science and innovation policies

the two part instrument in a second best world abstract standard pigovian tax theory has been extended in two directions first many polluting activities are difficult to tax because they are not market transactions and so recent papers have shown that the same effects can be achieved by use of a two part instrument 2pi a tax on output or income and a subsidy for clean alternatives to pollution it is a generalization of a deposit refund system drs second a different literature concerns the second best pollution tax in the presence of other tax distortions here we combine the two extensions by looking at the second best 2pi when government needs revenue is the deposit larger and the rebate smaller we find explicit solutions for each tax and subsidy in a general equilibrium model with other tax distortions and we compare these to the rates in a first best model the tax subsidy combination is explained in terms of a tax effect an environmental effect and a revenue effect the model allows for flexible interpretation to show various applications of the 2pi we also discuss important caveats

the dynamics of innovation from national systems and mode 2 to a triple helix of university industry government relations abstract the triple helix of university industry government relations is compared with alternative models for explaining the current research system in its social contexts communications and negotiations between institutional partners generate an overlay that increasingly reorganizes the underlying arrangements the institutional layer can be considered as the retention mechanism of a developing system for example the national organization of the system of innovation has historically been important in determining competition reorganizations across industrial sectors and nation states however are induced by new technologies biotechnology ict the consequent transformations can be analyzed in terms of neo evolutionary mechanisms university research may function increasingly as a locus in the laboratory of such knowledge intensive network transitions

pricing the ecosystem and taxing ecosystem services a general equilibrium approach abstract in an integrated dynamic general equilibrium model of the economy and the ecosystem humans and other species compete for land and prey biomass each submodel exhibits a price driven competitive allocation mechanism and the endogenously determined habitat is either openly accessible or privately owned in both scenarios specific corrective taxes or subsidies are needed to internalize ecosystem externalities an open access habitat causes additional inefficiencies through diverging prices for biomass and land in both subsystems values of all ecosystem components are determined in an efficient steady state clarifying the role and the interplay of ecosystem prices and economic prices

the role of funding agencies in the cognitive development of science abstract the influence of the policies of funding agencies on cognitive developments in science has never been systematically evaluated in this paper it is endeavoured to gather the knowledge we have on this subject and to answer two questions by what means and processes is the distribution of funding resources transformed into scientific information and knowledge processes who is deciding on the distribution of funds within funding agencies and how is this related to incremental or innovative cognitive developments in science the major argument is that because funding resources contribute significantly to the chances of doing research and therefore to the maintenance or contesting of existing power relations in the scientific field the policy making in funding agencies is the focus of diverse interests the structure norms and interests within funding agencies explain both the divergence in policy output and the often conservative implications with regard to cognitive scientific developments