interpreting the evolution of the energy saving target allocation system in china 2006 13 a view of policy learning this paper examines how the efficacy of energy saving policies can be improved through learning effective allocation of energy saving targets is key to achieving china s reduction targets for energy intensity despite growing research interest in the energy saving target allocation system details regarding the logic and rationale behind the modifications to the system since the 11th fyp period remain unclear this paper contributes to the previous literature by applying the concept of policy learning to an analysis of how and from what sources the chinese government has learned to improve its energy saving target allocation system over the 2006 13 period our study finds that the chinese government has developed a distinct policy style of learning from multiple sources that involves three primary sources previous experience local practice and expert knowledge although the extant literature has previously identified these three sources of learning most of this literature has focused on only one or at most two sources of learning at any given time the uniqueness of policy learning in the energy saving target allocation system consists of the co existence of these three sources of learning in one case this learning oriented policy style is characterized by reflexivity which allows current policies to be adjusted in a timely manner in order to alleviate prospective risks

structural decomposition analysis of sources of decarbonizing economic development in china 1992 2006 abstract to analyze and understand decarbonizing economic development in china this paper undertakes a structural decomposition analysis of the historical change in energy related carbon intensity in china between 1992 and 2006 the results show that the energy related carbon intensity in china decreased by about three fourths between 1992 and 2006 and reduced carbon emissions by about two billion tons the decline in the energy related carbon intensity was mainly caused by changes in production pattern especially changes in energy intensity within each sector between 1992 and 2002 however the most important driving force of carbon intensity from 2002 2006 was not the energy intensity within each sector but the input mix on the other hand changes in demand pattern pushed up the carbon intensity to further decarbonize the economy in the future it is important for china to further enforce policies on shaping the production pattern such as reducing energy intensity and pay more attention to increasing the sustainability of the demand pattern at the same time

decoupling china s carbon emissions increase from economic growth an economic analysis and policy implications as the world s second largest carbon emitter china has long been criticized as a free rider benefiting from other countries efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but not taking responsibility for its own emissions china has been singled out as one of the major targets at the subsequent negotiations after the kyoto meeting bq analyzing the historical contributions of interfuel switching energy conservation economic growth and population expansion to china s co2 emissions during 1980 97 this article clearly demonstrates that the above criticism is unjustified moreover given the fact that the role of china is an issue of perennial concern at the international climate change negotiations the article envisions some efforts and commitments that could be expected from china until its per capita income catches lip with the level of middle developed countries by emphasizing the it win win strategies these efforts and commitments are unlikely to jeopardize china s economic development and at the same time would give the country more leverage at the international climate change negotiations subsequent to the buenos sires meeting c 2000 elsevier science ltd all rights reserved

enlargement and the european geography of the information technology sector the information technology sector in europe comprising the production of computer hardware and software is disproportionately located on the continent s western periphery the vast bulk of computers sold in europe in the 1990s were assembled either in ireland or scotland while ireland also accounted for over 40 per cent of all packaged software and 60 per cent of all business software sold in europe as the sector in both these locations is largely foreign owned the question arises as to whether eu enlargement might impact on the geography of the sector by diverting information technology fdi from the western to the new eastern periphery this issue is explored in the present paper by analysis of five individual sub segments computer assembly and electronic components r d mass market packaged software and the remainder of the software sector the paper deems it likely that computer assembly operations will continue the shift seen in recent years from ireland and scotland to central and eastern europe the production of electronic components such as microchips represents a growing share of activity in most eu locations as well as in the cee countries analysis suggests that this pattern of geographically dispersed growth will resume once the consequences of the collapse of the high tech bubble are played out the distribution of r d activity across europe and globally is also considered unlikely to be much affected by enlargement as for software as long as localisation activities remain important ireland the eu location in which most of this activity is carried out seems set to be able to compete strongly given the attractiveness of its english language environment and other attributes to the young continental europeans upon which this activity relies most software services remain largely non tradable however this sector will grow in the accession states as computer penetration rates converge on the eu average but without displacing activity from the incumbent eu member states for firms already competing in the tradable niche software segment on the other hand enlargement cannot but be beneficial because of its impact on the size of the market into which they sell

catchment metabolism integrating natural capital in the asset management portfolio of the water sector abstract the policy of the water sector demands integrated and resilient asset management the majority of current research focuses on urban or community asset systems to provide a fully integrated approach one needs to delineate the focus of asset management at a catchment scale to include the natural capital the research described in this paper introduces such an approach with the environmental regional input output e rio analysis at its core the novelty of the work is the conceptualisation of a catchment as a complex asset system comprising of multiple subsystems this expands the application of industrial ecology and functional modelling techniques in integrated catchment management and water accounting the catchment metabolism modelling schema created in this paper serves asset water resources and catchment management purposes the schema forms the grounds for structured collaboration among experts for integrated water resources planning and decision making in this paper the process of creating the modelling schema along with the techniques used are presented a live industrial example from the uk water sector poole harbour catchment is used to demonstrate its application

examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 2 review of input output models for the assessment of environmental impacts embodied in trade this paper offers a detailed review of recently described single and multi region input output models used to assess environmental impacts of internationally traded goods and services it is the second part of a two part contribution in part 1 turner k lenzen m wiedmann t and barrett j in press examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 1 a technical note on combining input output and ecological footprint analysis ecological economics we describe how to enumerate the resource and pollution content of inter regional and inter national trade flows with the aim to illustrate an ideal accounting and modelling framework for the estimation of ecological footprints a large number of such environment economic models have been described but only in the last few years models have emerged that use a more sophisticated multi region multi sector input output framework this has been made possible through improvements in data availability and quality as well as computability we identify six major models that employ multi sector multi region input output analysis in order to calculate environmental impacts embodied in international trade results from the reviewed studies demonstrate that it is important to explicitly consider the production recipe land and energy use as well as emissions in a multi region multi sector and multi directional trade model with global coverage and detailed sector disaggregation only then reliable figures for indicators of impacts embodied in trade such as the ecological footprint can be derived

the impact of domestic trade on china s regional energy uses a multi regional input output modeling to systematically reveal how domestic trade impacts on china s regional energy uses an interprovincial input output modeling is carried out to address demand derived energy requirements for the regional economies in 2007 based on the recently available data both the energy uses embodied in final demand and interregional trade are investigated from the regional and sectoral insights significant net transfers of embodied energy flows are identified from the central and western areas to the eastern area via interregional trade shanxi is the largest energy producer and interregional embodied energy deficit receiver in contrast to guangdong as the largest energy user and surplus receiver by considering the impacts of interregional trade the energy uses of most eastern regions increase remarkably for instance shanghai hainan zhejiang beijing jiangsu and guangdong have their embodied energy requirements 87 49 19 97 13 64 12 60 6 46 and 6 38 times of their direct energy inputs respectively in contrast the embodied energy uses of some central and western regions such as inner mongolia shanxi xinjiang shaanxi and guizhou decrease largely the results help understand the hidden network linkages of interregional embodied energy flows and provide critical insight to amend china s current end reduction oriented energy policies by addressing the problem of regional responsibility transfer

china s capacities for mitigating climate change summary economic growth and structural change have turned china into the largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world the country has no international commitments to reduce its emissions but it has developed domestic policies and climate relevant capacities which do have mitigative effects economic and political reforms have supported capacity development however so far china s climate relevant actions have not been influenced by climate considerations potential emission reductions are mainly a by product of measures embedded in energy and transport policies aimed at cutting energy costs and increasing energy security

from production based to consumption based national emission inventories abstract under the united national framework convention of climate change unfccc countries are required to submit national emission inventories nei to benchmark reductions in greenhouse gas ghg emissions depending on the definition and system boundary of the nei the mitigation options and priorities may vary the territorial system boundary used by the unfccc has been critiqued for not including international transportation and potentially causing carbon leakage to address these issues past literature has argued in favour of using consumption based nei in climate policy this article discusses several issues in moving from the standard production based nei to consumption based nei first two distinct accounting approaches for constructing consumption based nei are presented the approaches differ in the allocation of intermediate consumption of imported products second a consistent method of weighting production based and consumption based nei is discussed this is an extension of the previous literature on shared responsibility to nei third due to increased uncertainty and a wide system boundary it may be difficult to implement consumption based nei directly into climate policy several alternative options for incorporating consumption based inventories into climate policy are discussed

evaluating energy embodied in national products through input output analysis theoretical definition and practical application of international trades treatment methods abstract production activities of modern economies are ultimately sustained by depletion of non renewable fossil fuels in the perspective of non renewables displacement an accurate evaluation of energy embodied in goods and services is crucial in order to select among alternative products or policies economic based input output models are widely used for this purpose however due to the increasing amount of international trades of products definition of appropriate methods to account for the energy embodied in trades is nowadays crucial in this paper international trades treatment methods in input output analysis are comprehensively formalized and applied to a case study based on the world input output database wiod energy embodied in final demand and in detailed products of key national energy sectors have been evaluated for the wiod countries according to single region and multi regional models it is found that an inappropriate use of international trades treatment models may produce very inaccurate estimations of numerical values of embodied energy three country groups has been identified characterized by different ranges of fractions of imported exported primary fossil fuels single region method a returns best results for countries of group 1 with high values of fossil exports and low values of fossil imports multi regional method c is to be preferred for countries of group 2 with high values of fossil imports and low values of fossil exports finally single region method b returns lower deviations compared to other methods for countries of group 3 with low values of fossil imports and exports this paper aims at supporting researchers in the field of life cycle assessment in the application of environmentally extended input output analysis finding the best trade off between the efforts due to data collection and the accuracy of results

carbon footprint taxes we analyze whether a carbon consumption tax is logistically feasible we consider a carbon footprint tax cft which would be modeled after a credit method value added tax the basis for the tax would be a product s carbon footprint which includes all of the emissions released during production of the good and its inputs as well as any greenhouse gases latent in the product our analysis suggests that a pure cft requiring the calculation of the carbon footprint of every individual product may be prohibitively costly however a hybrid cft seems economically feasible the hybrid cft would give firms the option to either calculate the carbon footprint of their outputs and have their products taxed based on those footprints or use product class specific default carbon footprints as the tax basis thereby saving on calculation costs because the cft would be levied on all goods consumed domestically the cft would keep domestic firms on an even footing with those producing in countries without active climate policy protecting competitiveness and reducing leakage

a review of recent multi region input output models used for consumption based emission and resource accounting abstract the interest in consumption based emission and resource accounting has grown significantly many studies juxtapose consumer emissions carbon footprint and producer territorial emissions of greenhouse gases in order to demonstrate the effects of trade on the national emission budget to this end a respectable number of studies have been undertaken worldwide in order to estimate emissions embedded in international trade of numerous countries and world regions input output approaches and increasingly multi region input output mrio models are commonly chosen as they provide an appropriate methodological framework for complete carbon footprint estimates at the national and supra national level with increasing processing capabilities of computers and a wider availability of economic accounts environmental accounts and trade data such models are now being implemented on a wide scale after a brief overview of salient single region input output studies i provide an in depth review of the most recent multi region input output models used for the purpose of consumption based environmental accounting the main methodological features and important results are described for around twenty studies covering the years 2007 to 2009 this is followed by a detailed review of studies dealing with uncertainty in mrio analysis an area which has not received a lot of attention so far i conclude that further research is mainly needed in two areas a improvements in data availability and quality and b improvements in the accuracy of mrio modelling

equity implications of two burden sharing rules for stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations this paper focuses on the equity aspects of international burden sharing for global co2 emission stabilization it first summarizes and classifies equity principles proposed in the published literature of the field of these the authors selected three major equity principles i e egalitarian equity horizontal equity and proportional equality often referred to also as sovereign equity to carry out a detailed examination of two sets of quantitative emission entitlements which are based on two burden sharing rules i e the equal emissions per capita approach and the carbon intensity approach the two burden sharing rules were chosen as not only particularly popular but also because their application results in distinctly different burden sharing among countries to make the two rules comparable we used a global carbon emission path until the year 2050 that leads to an atmospheric co2 concentration of 550 ppm we then used the two rules for allocating the global emissions described by that path to allocate carbon emission entitlements to 67 countries and 9 world regions in general developing countries receive relatively higher entitlements under the equal emissions per capita approach whereas industrialized countries are relatively better off under the carbon intensity approach in some countries and regions emission entitlements as calculated by any of the two burden sharing rules are so low that it would be unrealistic to assume that actual emissions can be limited to the emission entitlements assigned to them without using flexibility mechanisms such as those defined in the kyoto protocol in this sense the calculated entitlements can be also interpreted as the initial allocation of tradable emission allowances of countries or regions nonetheless we considered any numerical determination of resulting carbon trade flows to be outside the scope of our paper

integrating sustainable chain management with triple bottom line accounting abstract triple bottom line accounting is widely advanced as a way in which firms can realise broader societal objectives in addition to increasing shareholder value in our analysis of the australian economy we integrate financial input output tables that describe the interdependencies between economic sectors with national social and environmental accounts to construct numerate triple bottom line accounts for 135 discrete sectors the accounts are portrayed against the numeraire of one dollar of gdp thus for a sector of the economy financial aspects of performance can be expressed for example as dollars of export earnings per dollar of gdp social aspects such as employment can be portrayed as minutes of employment generated per dollar greenhouse issues can be portrayed as kilograms of carbon dioxide emitted per dollar since these indicators of triple bottom line performance are referenced against financial units and are consistent with the system of national accounts they can be applied to financial accounts of a firm a service or a product and allow a robust triple bottom line account to be developed across a range of scales the critical advantage of this approach is that it includes both the direct or immediate effects as well as the indirect or diffuse effects associated with a large and distant chain of supply paths the incorporation of most indirect or upstream effects therefore expands the range of issues and effects within the analytical boundary and also includes imports and exports both products and firms can then be assessed properly in sustainable chain management scm terms thus a firm that uses a key intermediate input that requires a large amount of water for example cannot hide the environmental implications since they are revealed in the analysis of the full production chain this revelation can also underpin progress when firms acknowledge both the direct and indirect effects and improve their selection of key inputs on a wider range of criteria rather than on price alone our analysis is well developed at the economic sector level for australia and is also being applied to number of government institutions firms and individual products before the full benefits of numerate triple bottom line accounting can be applied to the equity issues of globalisation trade interdependencies between groups of typical countries will have to be analysed using these whole economy approaches this will allow country specific intensities to be applied to important items in the international production chain

a new approach to assessing the technological complexity of different categories of r d with examples from singapore abstract this paper attempts to develop a set of generic questions the answers to which allow any given r d activity to be correctly classified in one or another conventional r d box basic applied development etc such systematic pigeon holing allows latecomer countries to gauge the distance of their r d activity from the world frontier and how policies may be designed to overcome the hurdle that divides applied research and developmental research

constructing physical input output tables for environmental modeling and accounting framework and illustrations abstract a physical input output table piot provides a framework in which all the physical flows associated with an economy can be recorded this makes it a valuable tool for environmental economic modeling and accounting during the 1990 s piots were constructed for a number of countries subsequently the piot and related physical supply and use tables have been taken up in the system of environmental and economic accounting un united nations 2003 system of environmental and economic accounting united nations new york this paper reviews piots for the netherlands germany denmark italy finland and the european union these studies applied the basic and extended piot frameworks this paper elaborates these frameworks with packaging residuals wastes and emissions recycling and stock changes in order to create a full piot the production process of the extended and full piot is split into structural and auxiliary production processes modeling applications and ways of deriving environmentally relevant information from the full piot are illustrated using a numerical example

apples to kangaroos a framework for developing internationally comparable carbon emission factors for crop and livestock products abstract consumption based greenhouse gas accounting which encompasses emissions from a nation s domestic final consumption as well as emissions embodied in imports is gaining favor in the climate change literature for its effectiveness and consideration of equity unfortunately the calculation of emissions embodied in the trade of agricultural food products is hindered by a lack of consistent and comparable emission factors food import quantities for every country are readily available through the united nations food and agriculture organization unfortunately the carbon emission factors necessary to calculate the embodied emissions in imported foods are largely unavailable or unreliable for many countries on top of this different methodologies for determining carbon emission factors provide varying estimates based on different assumptions the differences in these assumptions and methodologies can mean that attempts to compare and combine emissions based on factors from different countries become less of a comparison of apples to apples and more of an apples to oranges or even apples to kangaroos exercise this study proposes a method to combine the food and agriculture organization s available greenhouse gas data production data and agricultural yields and scaling it against benchmarks in the literature to estimate a time series of crop and livestock carbon emission factors that are internally consistent within the food and agriculture organization s data set and comparable from nation to nation the framework provided is then used to produce a sample set of carbon emission factors for chinese agricultural import suppliers to determine the embodied greenhouse gases in china s food imports

promises and pitfalls in environmentally extended input output analysis for china a survey of the literature abstract as the world s largest developing economy china plays a key role in global climate change and other environmental impacts of international concern environmentally extended input output analysis ee ioa is an important and insightful tool seeing widespread use in studying large scale environmental impacts in china calculating and analyzing greenhouse gas emissions carbon and water footprints pollution and embodied energy this paper surveys the published articles regarding ee ioa for china in peer reviewed journals and provides a comprehensive and quantitative overview of the body of literature examining the research impact environmental issues addressed and data utilized the paper further includes a discussion of the shortcomings in official chinese data and of the potential means to move beyond its inherent limitations

coal use for world economy provision and transfer network by multi region input output analysis concerns surrounding climate change and environmental challenge make the coal utilization network essential not only for understanding the pattern of energy provision and transfer but also for illustrating the interaction between anthropogenic activities and ecological systems at global level this paper fills the research gap by dint of multi regional input output model to outline coal embodied routes from natural boundaries to economic activities and to identify the central hubs in the global coal supply chain based on the most recent available statistics for 2011 as the economic value and environmental influences of different kinds of coals could be remarkably diverse the separation of coal categories in systematic analysis could provide fundamental information regarding the displacement and teleconnection of coal utilization in the world the estimation shows that in weight 64 99 of coal direct supply is ultimately embodied in international trade indicating the crucial roles of trade interlinks in global coal utilization apart from this the findings pertinent to sectoral structure regional supply chain and per capita characteristics of coal embodied utilization could be valuable to identify the global energy routes driven by international trade as well as to facilitate energy and environmental policy

towards more accurate and policy relevant footprint analyses tracing fine scale socio environmental impacts of production to consumption the consumption of internationally traded goods causes multiple socio environmental impacts current methods linking production impacts to final consumption typically trace the origin of products back to the country level lacking fine scale spatial resolution this hampers accurate calculation of trade and consumption footprints masking and distorting the causal links between consumers choices and their environmental impacts especially in countries with large spatial variability in socio environmental conditions and production impacts here we present the sei pcs model spatially explicit information on production to consumption systems which allows for fine scale sub national assessments of the origin of and socio environmental impacts embedded in traded commodities the method connects detailed production data at sub national scales e g municipalities or provinces information on domestic flows of goods and in international trade the model permits the downscaling of country to country trade analyses based on either physical allocation from bilateral trade matrices or mrio models the importance of producing more spatially explicit trade analyses is illustrated by identifying the municipalities of brazil from which different countries source the brazilian soy they consume applications for improving consumption accounting and policy assessment are discussed including quantification of externalities of consumption consumer labeling trade leakages sustainable resource supply and traceability

does history matter only when it matters little the case of city industry location when will an industry subject to agglomeration economies move from an old high cost site to a new low cost site it is argued that history in the form of sunk costs resulting from the operation of many firms at a site creates a first mover disadvantage that can prevent relocation it is demonstrated that developers of industrial parks can partly overcome this inertia through discriminatory pricing of land over time and empirical evidence is provided that they actually engage in such behavior it is also shown that other aspects of developer land sale strategy can be a source of information on the nature of interfirm externalities

energy conservation and emissions reduction in china progress and prospective abstract energy conservation ec has been taken as basic state policy in china for more than 20 years and china achieves 3 9 annual energy saving from 1980 to 2005 in 2006 china central government firstly set up a binding target of reducing gdp energy intensity by 20 in its 11th five year plan fyp at the end of 2010 19 1 reduction in energy intensity has been achieved which is 95 of the target and means 608 million tons stand coal equivalence sce saved 1510 million tons co 2 emission reduced 300 billion rmb saving in energy bill and vast saving in infrastructure investment this paper is systematical review and prospective analysis on energy policy issue in china review on policy evolution and progress of ec and emission reduction er in china during the 11th fyp periods is presented in detail outlook of energy demand and supply into 2050 is presented and the roadmap to realize sustainable energy development is drafted to set the framing constraints for china s energy policy options rationality and feasibility analysis on newly formulated 12th fyp ec and er target is also addressed then lessons from the 11th fyp periods are drawn and factors underlying and limiting the policy formulation and implementation are discussed in details to probe the policy predicament and solutions finally policy suggestions are proposed for long term successful implementation of ec and er in china

china s energy intensity target allocation needs improvement lessons from the convergence analysis of energy intensity across chinese provinces abstract to explore the reasonability of the decomposition of china s national energy intensity target we tested the convergence of energy intensity across 30 chinese provinces including stochastic convergence convergence and o convergence based on panel data from 30 chinese provinces across three five year plan periods the results confirmed the existence of stochastic convergence and convergence but did not prove the existence of o convergence in china s energy intensity in addition by comparing the convergence speed over the three five year plan periods the results showed that china s energy intensity targets for the provinces slowed convergence in energy intensity during the 11th and 12th five year plan periods highlighting the need to optimize the decomposition of china s national energy intensity target finally issues related to the decomposition of china s national energy intensity target were discussed and policy suggestions were proposed to optimize it from the perspective of promoting the convergence of energy intensity across chinese provinces

allocating ecological footprints to final consumption categories with input output analysis we present and discuss a method that allows the disaggregation of national ecological footprints by economic sector detailed final demand category sub national area or socio economic group this is done by combining existing national footprint accounts with input output analysis calculations in the empirical part are carried out by using supply and use tables for the united kingdom covering the reporting period 2000 ecological footprints are allocated to detailed household consumption activities following the coicop classification system and to a detailed breakdown of capital investment the method presented enables the calculation of comparable ecological footprints on all sub national levels and for different socio economic groups the novelty of the approach lies in the use of input output analysis to re allocate existing footprint accounts in the detail of disaggregation by consumption category and in the expanded use of household expenditure data this extends the potential for applications of the ecological footprint concept and helps to inform scenarios policies and strategies on sustainable consumption the method described in this paper can be applied to every country for which a national footprint account exists and where appropriate economic and environmental accounts are available the approach helps to save time in data collection and improves the consistency between ecological footprint estimates for a particular human society from different researchers for these reasons the suggested methodology includes crucial steps on the way towards a standardisation of ecological footprint accounts

physical and monetary input output analysis what makes the difference abstract a recent paper in which embodied land appropriation of exports was calculated using a physical input output model ecological economics 44 2003 137 151 initiated a discussion in this journal concerning the conceptual differences between input output models using a coefficient matrix based on physical input output tables piots in a single unit of mass and input output models using a coefficient matrix based on monetary input output tables miots extended by a coefficient vector of physical factor inputs per unit of output in this contribution we argue that the conceptual core of the discrepancies found when comparing outcomes obtained using physical vs monetary input output models lies in the assumptions regarding unit prices and not in the treatment of waste as has been claimed ecological economics 48 2004 9 17 we first show that a basic static input output model with the coefficient matrix derived from a monetary input output table is equivalent to one where the coefficient matrix is derived from an input output table in physical units provided that the assumption of unique sectoral prices is satisfied we then illustrate that the input output tables that were used in the original publication do not satisfy the assumption of homogenous sectoral prices even after the inconsistent treatment of waste in the piot is corrected we show that substantially different results from the physical and the monetary models in fact remain finally we identify and discuss possible reasons for the observed differences in sectoral prices faced by different purchasing sectors and draw conclusions for the future development of applied physical input output analysis

disaggregation of energy saving targets for china s provinces modeling results and real choices starting with the 11th five year plan fyp and continuing in the 12th fyp quantitative and binding targets have been set for energy efficiency improvement in china drawing on international experience in burden sharing on climate change this paper presents a framework for provincial level disaggregation of energy saving targets in china based on principles of equity and efficiency four scenarios have been established by weighting different choice preferences of responsibility capacity and potential in addition nonlinear and linear allocation models have been developed by considering or ignoring marginal energy saving cost when this framework was applied to the disaggregation of the national energy saving target of 16 during the 12th fyp the results show that the final allocation schemes are largely determined by the policy maker s choice preferences the extreme reduction target of 37 26 fell to shanghai under responsibility preferring rp using the linear allocation method while the capability preferring cp scenario considering marginal energy saving cost is the closest to the actual scheme accepted by the 30 provinces development of such a framework may serve as a feasible policy instrument to help china achieve its conservation targets in a cost effective way and in accordance with its regional development strategies

chinese electronics export taiwanese contract manufacturing the win win outcome along the evolving global value chain the ascent of china as the world s top exporter is unusual in its rapidity andhigh tech content with a major portion in process trade by chinese classification forming part of the evolving global value chain with chronology andeconomic analysis applied to notions in frequent business usage but not economicsliterature this study shows the global value chain arose from the microelectronicrevolution known as moore s law evolved under the time tomarketimperative and caused widespread outsourcing in america and europe with final stage production mostly in china by taiwanese contract manufacturers the insight gained may help to assess future trends

the effects of direct trade within china on regional and national co2 emissions curbing national carbon emissions and clarifying regional carbon reduction responsibility are two challenges faced by china both of which are influenced by interregional trade to exclude the influence of trade balance this paper proposes a methodology to parcel the pollution haven hypothesis into a multi regional input output model applies it to a longer time gap which is made up of two representative periods of chinese economy 1997 2002 and 2002 2007 and clarifies the provincial and sectoral contributions to national emissions we find that 1 embodied co2 emissions first remain relatively stable and then increase sharply for the two periods and the changing trends are mainly determined by the decreasing carbon intensity and the expanding trade scale respectively 2 with the secondary industry as the main contributor regional carbon spillover is mainly concentrated in the coastal provinces but it contributes to an increase of co2 emissions in the central and western regions 3 the coastal and inland provinces contribute to the increase of national carbon emissions through interregional imports and exports respectively but the pollution haven hypothesis is not obvious and is only observed in 2002

measuring structural change and energy use decomposition of the us economy from 1997 to 2002 abstract the steadily increasing focus on energy production and consumption has led to growing research attention to patterns of energy use within economies of particular interest has been comparing the driving forces of increasing efficiency and economic structural change input output analysis ioa and decomposition analysis have become critical tools for performing such analyses this study analyzes aggregate energy use in the united states in 1997 and 2002 to discover the causes of changing energy usage and flows results show that rising population and household consumption acted to drive up energy demand but this driving force was offset by considerable structural change within the economy particularly related to a quickly increasing trade deficit in manufacturing goods thus while total energy intensity the ratio of energy use to economic output declined by approximately 12 between 1997 and 2002 changes in the structure of the economy explain this drop more than increased energy efficiency the level of aggregation at which decomposition analyses are run was identified as a crucially sensitive parameter for the determination of structural change and future studies should specifically address the amount of detail necessary to adequately measure changes in economic structure

globalization of production insights from the hard disk drive industry abstract rapid change in the geographical location of production raises important questions regarding the welfare development potential and competitive position of different countries and regions this paper explores in detail the geography of economic activity in a specific industry the hard disk drive hdd component of the computer industry firms in the hdd industry are breaking the production system into ever smaller distinct steps and spreading the physical location of these steps around the world firms from the united states dominate the industry our findings suggest that globalization has enabled us firms to sustain their dominant position in the industry preserve employment in the united states and possibly expand it and increase employment worldwide most notably in southeast asia

modeling reductions in the environmental footprints embodied in european union s imports through source shifting the european union eu is responsible for a disproportionately large share of global environmental footprints in particular those embodied in trade through its imports import embodied footprints iefs vary significantly depending on the country of origin and therefore can be reduced through source shifting we explore the impacts of shifting imports to the countries with lowest impact intensities per m according to four environmental pressures carbon emissions materials water and land using environmentally extended multi regional input output eemrio analysis there are significant limitations of eemrio analysis the price and product mix homogeneity assumptions which we discuss in the paper we find that a limited set of 13 products among which food products and chemicals which are not elsewhere classified n e c is responsible for more than half of all impacts embodied in imports for each pressure except for a few product groups optimizing sourcing as to minimize impact for one pressure reduces impact in all others the pressure exhibiting the highest scope for optimization is water carbon and material use optimization yields the largest reduction in other environmental pressures we discuss increasing the policy relevance of eemrio in the case of iefs by disaggregating n e c product groups and incorporating dynamic effects 2019 elsevier b v

specification and aggregation errors in environmentally extended input output models this article considers the specification and aggregation errors that arise from estimating embodied text co 2 emissions and embodied water use with environmentally extended national input output io models instead of with an environmentally extended international io model model specification errors result from the use of domestic environmental and domestic technology coefficients to estimate emissions or resources that are embodied in international trade for text co 2 footprints unacceptably large overestimations arise from using domestic emission coefficients which are only partly canceled out by using domestic technology coefficients for water use footprints both specification errors are smaller but hardly cancel out sectoral aggregation errors occur when combining the 129 exiopol industries to 59 eu industries and 10 broad sectors the latter aggregation creates the largest errors spatial aggregation errors arise from combining 43 individual exiopol countries in four broad regions and the rest of the world substantial unacceptable errors occur again now especially in relation to water use

who profits from innovation in global value chains a study of the ipod and notebook pcs in an era when new ideas are brought to the market by global value networks of specialists rather than by one company a key question is who captures the most value from innovation in such a structure and why this paper addresses the question of who benefits from innovation in global value chains by looking at specific computer and electronics products we apply a novel industry studies methodology for measuring the distribution of financial value across the supply chains for two models from apple s ipod family and notebook pc models from lenovo and hewlett packard hp these are all examples of globally innovated products combining technologies from the u s japan and other countries and assembled in china our analysis shows that the gross margins of apple for its high end ipod products are generally higher than those earned by hp and lenovo for notebook pcs although not so high as to be considered supernormal a key reason for the difference is that apple s control of the core software proprietary standards and complementary infrastructure of the ipod enables it to retain greater profits whereas a large share of the pc industry profits are siphoned off to microsoft and intel who control key technical standards consistent with teece 1986 our results confirm the importance of stages of technical evolution appropriability regimes and complementary assets as determinants of profiting from innovation on the other hand we find that manufacturing has become commoditized and is no longer a key to profiting from innovation in final electronic products also contrary to recent suggestions in the literature we find no evidence of a causal link between product and industry architectures instead there is a vast electronics industry architecture that can easily support product level value chain configurations ranging from modular to integrated

an evaluation of the investment environment in international logistics zones a taiwanese manufacturer s perspective abstract with the rapid development of international logistics the role of international logistics zones has become increasingly important this study evaluated the importance of investment environment factors namely political infrastructure cost and market factors for firms intention to invest in international logistics zones a structural equation modeling sem approach was employed to analyze respondents foreign direct investment fdi intention results indicated that market cost and infrastructure factors have a positive effect on firms intention to invest in international logistics zones the influence of political factor on firms investment intention was not supported in this study theoretical and practical implications of the findings for firms foreign direct investment in international logistics zones are discussed

carbon water and land use accounting consumption vs production perspectives abstract the traditional approach of accounting of environmental pressure in the kyoto protocols follows the production based accounting which attributes all environmental pressures generated from production activities within a country boundary to that country total environmental pressure however the major flaws of this approach is that it does not take into account the environmental pressures embodied in imports and so build stimulus for shifting of environmental pressures abroad an alternative approach to include environmental pressures associated with imports to the country and subtract export related environmental pressures is the consumption based approach or footprint approach this approach has been widely considered as an alternative way to more adequately allot responsibilities between the emitters and final consumers this study compares and discusses the concepts of both approaches showing the results of an empirical analysis and going into the application of the two different perspectives in worldwide environmental policies this paper presents the results of an analysis of the carbon water and land footprints of the worldwide from 1995 to 2009 and compares the outcomes for the two approaches for four world regions i e eu oecd bric and row the analysis is based on a multi region input output mrio model to assess these environmental pressures the proposed model uses the world input output database wiod covering 35 sectors and 41 countries the results show that during the entire study period the carbon emissions land use and water use for the eu and oecd regions are higher in the consumer approach than in the producer approach the results further indicate that for the bric and rest of the world row regions the carbon emission land and water use are higher in the producer approach than in the consumer approach

mapping the international flows of ghg emissions within a more feasible consumption based framework abstract during the last two decades the scientific literature has focused on the allocation of emissions embodied in international trade by implementing accounting procedures based on consumer oriented perspective while the multi regional input output analysis has been accepted by the scientific community as an alternative to the ipcc accounting some concerns arise from the feasibility and the actual implementation of this methodology in this paper we apply a simplified framework recently introduced by caro et al 2014a called nci national carbon intensity method and estimate the total co2 emissions due to consumption in 175 countries during the period 2008 2012 with a focus on the mediterranean area we estimate co2 emissions embodied in trade assigning emission responsibility on the basis of each country s demand globally in 2012 8129 mt co2 emissions were related to goods produced in one country and consumed outside its boundaries a relevant example is the export from china to consumers located in the usa japan and germany a focus on the mediterranean area that resulted as a net importer of co2 embodied in traded goods identifies the export of emissions from italy and spain to france and from libya and algeria to italy as the dominant flows the nci method provides a realistic picture of emissions due to consumption that differs from high resolution multi regional input output database by less than 10 the method can be largely adopted as a more feasible preliminary step towards consumption based emission accounting and responsibility assignment

a critical review of china s rapidly developing renewable energy and energy efficiency policies renewable energy and energy efficiency reee policies have far reaching implications for energy security climate change economic competitiveness pollution and human livelihood for these reasons reee has become a national priority for the chinese government particularly since 2005 this paper aims to critically review china s reee policies in six sectors electricity industry transportation buildings and local government in addition to examining the progress china has made in the development and implementation of reee policies this review also identifies limitations and room for improvement finally five policy recommendations are presented

the drivers of local environmental policy in china an analysis of shenzhen s environmental performance management system 2007 2015 abstract to combat significant pollution problems a number of local governments in china have utilized performance management to improve cadres accountability on environmental issues despite the extensive literature on public sector performance management attention to environmental performance management has been relatively scant taking shenzhen one of china s most densely populated affluent and rapidly growing cities as a case study this article describes and analyzes the evolution of the local environmental performance management system from 2007 to 2015 a series of external and internal factors are identified as determinants of policy evolution including cadres individual decision making higher level policies intra governmental interactions horizontally and vertically the relative salience of environmental issues and strategies in policy experimentation the multiplicity of factors further complicates the already complex process of performance measurement by setting it in a complex political context which can distort the efficacy and objectives of the system resulting in an unpredictable and compromised policy tool improving government environmental performance management involves reducing complexity by reforming aspects of the political context allowing for a more serious open and transparent decision making process

examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 1 a technical note on combining input output and ecological footprint analysis in recent years there have been a number of attempts to develop a more comprehensive approach to the issue of measuring resource use and or pollution generation embodied in trade flows including contributions that combine input output techniques and ecological footprint analysis in this two part paper we describe how to enumerate the resource and or pollution content of inter regional and inter national trade flows part 1 and we present a literature review of recent methodological and empirical developments part 2 it is straightforward in principle to extend the basic input output approach to capture international trade flows however in practice problems of data availability and compatibility and of computability of extended input output matrices mean that simplifying assumptions are generally applied but with the implications of these assumptions often not made fully explicit what appears to be absent from previous applications is an account of the analytical method by which ecological footprints should ideally be estimated in an international input output accounting analysis this allows an explicit analysis of the problems that prevent the application of the full method and identification of the most appropriate short cut methods in a transparent way the objective of this paper is to provide such an account

the game of trading jobs for emissions following the debate on the implications of international trade for global climate policy this paper introduces the topic of the economic benefits from trade obtained by exporting countries in relation to the emissions generated in the production of exports in 2008 24 of global greenhouse gas ghg emissions and 20 of the employment around the world were linked to international trade china exported 30 of emissions and hosted 37 5 of the jobs generated by trade worldwide the european union and the united states of america were the destination of 25 and 18 4 of the ghg emissions embodied in trade the imports of these two regions contributed to the creation of 45 of the employment generated by international trade this paper proposes the idea of including trade issues in international climate negotiations taking into account not only the environmental burden generated by developed countries when displacing emissions to developing countries through their imports but also the economic benefits of developing countries producing the goods exported to developed countries

cropland area embodied in international trade contradictory results from different approaches with rapidly increasing trade volumes resource use and environmental pressures related to traded products are high on research and policy agendas robust accounts of biophysical resources used in the production processes of traded goods are required to support sustainable consumption and to expose problem shifting related to environmental policies in this context multi region input output analysis mrio is becoming a widely applied tool to establish consumption based accounts and to analyse production consumption links along complex international supply chains using the example of china s trade in cropland products and embodied cropland we make the case for a re evaluation of its application to land and other resources while analyses based on physical trade matrices show that china is a major net importer of cropland products and embodied cropland mrio based results suggest exactly the opposite we do not find convincing arguments that could explain these large differences based on our knowledge of land systems and biomass metabolism and on the results from physical accounting we question the plausibility of mrio derived results we conclude by outlining next steps in research that are required to improve assessments of trade related resource use in order to produce more robust results a prerequisite for the formulation of policy recommendations

quo vadis mrio methodological data and institutional requirements for multi region input output analysis abstract in order to understand wider sustainability impacts of consumption and to successfully promote and implement sustainable consumption and production policies there is a need to capture the whole life cycle impact of products and services across international supply chains multi region input output mrio databases are a well described and suitable foundation for global sustainability analyses addressing a wide range of policy and research questions in this paper we reflect on the reasons for the recent boom in mrio compilation summarise the current state of development and discuss future options for mrio analysis we list in detail the requirements for efficient and effective mrio research and propose systemic and institutional changes we deliberately try to go beyond existing ambitions for mrio compilation and thus intend to stimulate discussion and to lay out the options for the future of mrio research

assessing the eco efficiency of u s manufacturing industries with a focus on renewable vs non renewable energy use an integrated time series mrio and dea approach abstract this study investigated the global supply chain linked renewable and nonrenewable energy use impacts and economic output of u s manufacturing industries over a twenty year period considering energy use impacts and economic outputs together within the scope of a global trade linked cradle to gate life cycle provides a comprehensive understanding of the environmental and economic impacts of industrial activities in the first phase of the methodology twenty multi region input output models were built to assess the energy and economic output nexus using a time series approach sixteen energy carriers were considered and aggregated in terms of renewable and nonrenewable energy use impacts the second phase of the methodology focused on benchmarking u s manufacturing industries eco efficiency considering renewable to nonrenewable energy use and economic output to accomplish this data envelopment analysis dea models were developed and two benchmarking eco efficiency measures were proposed namely renewability ratio rr and economic output induced renewability ratio e rr the results indicated that the economic output of the manufacturing industries exhibited a steady sustainable growth similar growth was observed in nonrenewable energy use in contrast the trend in renewable energy use was seen to be stagnant no statistically significant improvement was observed in either the rr or e rr measures which were found to parallel the multi region input output analysis mrio results although an increase in both the mean rr 0 3 0 4 and the mean e rr 0 38 0 52 scores was recorded from 1995 to 2014 this was concluded to be unsatisfactory since the majority of the industries eco efficiency results were still below 0 5 such an unsatisfactory result could be attributed to an imbalanced growth in nonrenewable energy use and economic output relative to renewable energy use the findings of this study suggest that substantial policy changes are required immediately to shift the negative trend in renewable energy use to comply with un sustainability development goals 7 and 13

who captures value from science based innovation the distribution of benefits from gmr in the hard disk drive industry abstract we analyze the discovery of giant magneto resistance gmr and its development and commercialization by the global disk drive industry to answer the question of who captures the benefits from innovation in a global innovation system we assess the returns to the scientists firms and countries associated with gmr we find that the french and german scientists that discovered gmr and their labs benefited by receiving the nobel prize and small licensing fees the firm that first commercialized the technology ibm captured profits from selling hard disk drives and magnetic heads using gmr other hard disk drive and head manufacturers based in the u s and japan were able to quickly assimilate the technology and catch up with ibm france and germany reaped limited returns due to the lack of domestic firms with the absorptive capacity to commercialize gmr the u s and japan benefited from the success of their firms in commercializing gmr as did other countries which were part of the global value chains of those companies consumers and firms that incorporated hard drives in their products ultimately benefited from cheaper hard drives with greater capacity these findings illustrate the importance of absorptive capacity at the firm and national level in capturing benefits from innovation they also show that the benefits to first mover firms can be short lived in a competitive industry with open transfer of knowledge and limited appropriability regimes finally they show that the location of jobs and wages associated with innovative products depends on the structure of the global value chains of leading firms

implementation of energy saving policies in china how local governments assisted industrial enterprises in achieving energy saving targets abstract local governments have replaced the national ministries that are in charge of various industries to become the primary implementer of energy saving policies in china since 2000 this paper employs a case study based approach to demonstrate the significance of local governments policy measures in assisting industrial enterprises with energy saving activities in china based on the longitudinal case of the jasmine thermal electric power company this paper hypothesizes that sub national governments have played a major role in implementing energy saving policies in china since the 11th five year plan period a wide range of provincial and municipal agencies collaborated in implementing five types of policy measures informational policy skill building improved enforcement of central directives price adjustment and funding that reduced barriers to energy saving and motivated active pursuit of energy saving activities at industrial enterprises the case study demonstrates how an enterprise and local governments work together to achieve the enterprise s energy saving target the authors will investigate the hypothesis of this paper in the context of multiple case studies that they plan to undertake in the future

implementing china s national energy conservation policies at state owned electric power generation plants abstract china s 11th five year guideline identified energy conservation as one of the country s fundamental policies and established a mandatory target 20 reduction in national average energy intensity by 2010 despite the various policies laws and administrative reforms to support energy conservation china fell behind schedule for meeting its conservation targets in 2006 and 2007 using a combination of available literature and an interview based case study this paper examines the implementation of energy conservation and investigates impediments to achieving china s conservation goal in the electric power generation sector three key impediments are detailed 1 municipal governments incentives to overlook conservation related central directives primarily because of budget pressures linked to financial decentralization 2 procedural obstacles in the form of time required to obtain project approvals for high efficiency power generation units and 3 financial obstacles making it difficult for power generation enterprises to raise capital for energy conservation projects an interview based case study of a state owned coal fired electric power generation company demonstrates the influence of the aforementioned obstacles while procedural obstacles are notable they can be managed however electricity pricing reforms and or stronger subsidy programs will be needed to address the financial obstacles facing chinese power generation companies

an analysis of co2 emissions in italy through the macro multiplier mm approach abstract the issue of policy design into the environmental economic literature is becoming a crucial point especially for the relevance of its implication on international agreements for climate change and for the definition of climate actions against ghgs emissions the identification of economic drivers accountable for the co2 emissions which represent the major part of ghgs emissions represents a central topic on literature using input output analysis the paper proposes a methodological innovation on the study of suitable policy instrument against the raise of co2emissions which is based on the approach of the macro multipliers mm that leads with the recognition of the impact of all those industries responsible for co2 emissions from the policy perspective the relevance of industries responsible for co2 emissions is also analysed in this approach in which we introduce the target efficiency index and the control effectiveness index across industries as part of final demand vector each commodity has its own relevance or effectiveness in pursuing the attainment of the target vector on the other hand as part of the target vectors each industry emission has its own efficiency in being conveniently modified by changing the policy control vector the results deriving from the mm approach demonstrate the possibility to overcome the limits of the linkages analysis in particular the set of information deriving from the target efficiency and the control effectiveness indices for industries allows designing environmental policies in a framework where economic aggregates are defined in value and physical units using the input output table this study investigates the impacts of industries activities on co2 emission using the mm approach for the italian economy

influential publications in ecological economics revisited we revisit the analysis of costanza et al 2004 ecological economics of influential publications in ecological economics to discover what has changed a decade on we examine which sources have been influential on the field of ecological economics in the past decade which articles in the journal ecological economics have had the most influence on the field and on the rest of science and on which areas of science the journal is having the most influence we find that the field has matured over this period with articles published in the journal having a greater influence than before an increase in citation links to environmental studies journals a reduction in citation links to mainstream economics journals and possibly a shift in themes to a more applied and empirical direction

south africa s international cost competitiveness and exports in manufacturing abstract the new south african government has embraced globalization with mixed results to date controversies center on south africa s international cost competitiveness and whether south african exports respond to changes in competitiveness we measure competitiveness by relative unit labor costs we find that south african relative unit labor costs declined in the 1990s but are still high relative to other developing countries econometric analysis reveals a strong effect of relative unit labor costs on exports