multi region input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the feedback effects energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output framework despite the increasing interest in using the multi regional input output mrio model by researchers few studies have looked into the mechanism of feedback effects we introduce a method called the stepwise distribution of emissions embodied in trade swd eet to reveal how the emissions embodied in trade are absorbed by a country s final demands through a series of allocation steps a country s indirect absorption patterns and its indirect trade balance of emissions from bilateral trade with other countries are also studied based on the proposed method an empirical study using the data of asian economies shows significant differences in the consumption based emission estimates for some economies due to feedback effects through international trade the differences can be largely captured by the first step or the first two steps of the adjustment procedure in the swd eet analysis other findings and some recommendations are also presented

energy embodied in the international trade of china an energy input output analysis abstract growing international trade has not only positively affected the people s republic of china s china s economic development but also expanded the exportation of energy embodied in goods during their production this energy flow out will pose risks to china s rational utilization of natural resources as well as environmental protection in this paper we evaluate the energy embodied in goods produced in china during 1992 2005 and use input output structural decomposition analysis to identify five key factors causing the changes of energy embodied in exports direct primary energy efficiency primary energy consumption structure structure of intermediate inputs structure of exports and scale of exports for the three sub periods of 1992 1997 1997 2002 and 2002 2005 results show that china is a net exporter of energy and the energy embodied in exports tends to increase over time the expanding total volume of exports and increasing exports of energy intensive goods tend to enlarge the energy embodied in exports within all three sub periods but these driving forces were offset by a considerable improvement of energy efficiency and changes in primary energy consumption structure from 1992 to 2002 and the effects of structure of intermediate input only in the sub period from 1992 to 1997 from 2002 to 2005 the sharp augmentation of energy embodied in exports was driven by all the five factors our research has practical implications for the chinese economy results of this study suggest that the energy embodied in trade should receive special attentions in energy policies design to limit the energy resource out flow and pollution generation

emissions embodied in chinese exports taking into account the special export structure of china abstract quantification of co 2 emissions embodied in china s trade is important for an informed debate on whom to blame for the recent rise in chinese emissions or the calculation of border carbon adjustments applying input output io techniques we calculate these emissions in 1 a standard model 2 a regionally disaggregated model taking into account that export production is concentrated in more advanced and more emission efficient provinces and 3 in a model with export processing taking into account that almost half of the chinese exports rely on a large share of imported intermediates and little domestic value and emissions added we compare year 2007 emissions embodied in chinese exports in a unified framework we also report emissions embodied in chinese imports used for intermediate production of exports by combining calculations for china with data from global io models we find that both a model with 30 provinces 1730 mt co 2 and a model accounting for export processing 1630 mt yield lower chinese emissions embodied in exports compared to the standard model 1782 mt in the regional model emissions are even lower 1522 mt if interprovincial trade is not taken into account

from production based to consumption based national emission inventories abstract under the united national framework convention of climate change unfccc countries are required to submit national emission inventories nei to benchmark reductions in greenhouse gas ghg emissions depending on the definition and system boundary of the nei the mitigation options and priorities may vary the territorial system boundary used by the unfccc has been critiqued for not including international transportation and potentially causing carbon leakage to address these issues past literature has argued in favour of using consumption based nei in climate policy this article discusses several issues in moving from the standard production based nei to consumption based nei first two distinct accounting approaches for constructing consumption based nei are presented the approaches differ in the allocation of intermediate consumption of imported products second a consistent method of weighting production based and consumption based nei is discussed this is an extension of the previous literature on shared responsibility to nei third due to increased uncertainty and a wide system boundary it may be difficult to implement consumption based nei directly into climate policy several alternative options for incorporating consumption based inventories into climate policy are discussed

analysis of co2 emissions embodied in china s bilateral trade a non competitive import input output approach co2 emissions embodied in international trade are critical to the national carbon mitigation strategy studies estimating embodied co2 emissions in china often overestimate actual values this work calculates china s co2 emissions embodied in bilateral trade with the usa european union japan and other countries using a modified non competitive import input output method and latest data the results show that net co2 emissions embodied in china s trade in 2007 were only 400 million tons much lower than previous estimations accordingly china s co2 emission on the consumption side in 2007 dropped to 5 628 billion tons with the transfer part accounting for 6 6 of total co2 emissions calculated for the production side it is concluded that because co2 emissions embodied in trade are not as great as previously estimated china should place more emphases on energy saving and emission reduction on its own side instead of emission transfer to substantially mitigate co2 emissions

embodied carbon in trade a survey of the empirical literature this paper critically reviews the literature on embodied carbon in trade and evaluates our present empirical understanding of these flows a careful comparison of quantitative results from this literature exposes significant inconsistencies for instance estimates for emission embodied in world trade in 2004 range between 4 4 gt and 6 2 gt co2 the difference corresponding to around half of europe s annual emissions a few consistent themes do nevertheless emerge from the literature most importantly emissions in trade constitute a large and growing share of global emissions uncertainty about country level embodied emissions remains large however which presents severe limitations for the practical application of embodied carbon principles in climate policy

embodied carbon in china s foreign trade an online sci e and ssci based literature review abstract this paper systematically presents a survey of the empirical literature studying the embodied co2 emissions in china s foreign trade ecct based on the bibliometric method and the online version of science citation index expanded sci e and social sciences citation index ssci this study summarizes the latest publications regarding ecct in peer reviewed journals in terms of quantities most productive countries institutions authors citations and disciplines by using synthetic analysis of keyword frequency this study reveals the most popular methodologies applied in measuring ecct discusses the variation of numerical results in the literature and reasons and countermeasures for the results uncertainties continuous investigation of the literature releases the methodology employed for measuring ecct becoming more reasonable and the results more critical however the numerical results of ecct are of great discrepancies within given year by different considerations on methodology specification accounting principles and data sources and processing for instance the estimates of co2 embodied in china s exports changed from 478 mt to over 3000 mt and those of in china s imports ranged from 140 mt to over 1700 mt in 2007 therefore overcoming data inherent limitations and reducing discrepancies among available databases should be urgently considered the results imply that the prospective research tendencies on ecct are to 1 improve china s regional input output data and energy intensity data to more precise estimates under global perspective 2 estimate china s carbon emission at firm level by different firm ownerships in production and consumption worldwide 3 assess china s carbon emission from processing or non processing trade by compiling more detailed multi regional input output table 4 evaluate city level carbon mitigation capacity in china under global mrio model 5 explore new carbon management experience in china s carbon trading market and new trade expansion policy of one belt and one road in her new growth era

who shapes china s carbon intensity and how a demand side decomposition analysis abstract as national efforts to decouple carbon emissions from economic growth intensify policymakers need more specific sub national information about the sources and reduction potentials of carbon intensity this study presents a demand side decomposition of china s carbon intensity to its regions final demand types and economic sectors based on a predefined aggregate embodied intensity aei indicator i e the ratio of embodied emissions to embodied value added we find that china s carbon intensity has been largely shaped by developed provinces capital investment demand and the construction sector however less developed provinces consumption demand and the services sector have played increasingly important roles wealthy provinces generally experienced much lower aeis and higher aei reductions compared to poor provinces from 2007 to 2012 mainly owing to the provincial differences in final demand structure and sectoral structure coastal region s emission reduction efforts at both production and demand sides were the main contributor to china s decrease in carbon intensity during the period while interior region s structural degradation in demand partially offset the decrease our results suggest that allocating national carbon intensity targets based on aei and adjusting the final demand structure of central western provinces would greatly benefit for china to achieve its ambitious carbon intensity target by 2030

embodied energy and intensity in china s normal and processing exports and their driving forces 2005 2015 abstract international trade has important impacts on a country s energy consumption this paper first uses the time series 2005 2015 extended input output database to study china s embodied energy and intensity in both normal and processing exports structural decomposition analysis sda is then applied to analyze the driving forces behind the embodiment changes the empirical results show that china s energy embodied in both normal and processing exports first increased in 2005 2008 dropped in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and then rose again after 2009 and finally dropped in 2014 2015 the embodied energy in trade as a percentage of total energy consumption in china was relatively stable before and after the global financial crisis at around 28 over the 2005 2008 period and 22 over the 2009 2015 period the contribution of the aggregate embodied intensity aei of exports to china s aggregate energy intensity dropped from 30 in 2005 to 21 in 2015 among china s trading partners the united states japan and korea together accounted for around half of china s embodied energy and aei in exports in 2005 but their shares dropped to only one third in 2015 energy efficiency improvement played the key role in reducing the embodied energy and intensity in china s exports similar analysis can be applied to other regions and indicators

lessons from the eurocrisis for east asian monetary relations i analyse the sources of the eurozone crisis the major conclusion is that the eurozone is insufficiently embedded in a monetary union thereby making it fragile and prone to crises the lesson i draw for east asia is that despite the fact that this region appears to satisfy the traditional optimal currency area oca criteria to form a monetary union the complete absence of political unification makes the prospect of a monetary union in that region of the world both unrealistic and undesirable

demand contributors and driving factors of singapore s aggregate carbon intensities abstract singapore is an island city state it lacks conventional energy resources and is alternative energy disadvantaged yet its aggregate carbon intensity given by the ratio of carbon emissions to gdp dropped by 30 from 2005 to 2014 currently it has a relatively low carbon intensity using i o analysis we study singapore s aggregate carbon intensity and the factors contributing to its changes at different levels i e final demand sector and transmission levels it is found that domestic exports accounted for nearly two thirds of singapore s aggregate carbon intensity followed by private consumption and investment at the sectoral level the top three contributors were the petroleum petrochemical and land transport sectors improvements in emission intensity and final demand structure were major factors contributing to reductions in carbon intensity our study contributes to the literature in two aspects methodologically it deals with embodied emission intensity and analyzes its changes from the demand perspective this differs from most studies in the literature from the production perspective empirically the findings and policy implications are unique as they are applicable to a major city with urbanization taking place in many developing countries cites role in emissions and environmental sustainability are growing in importance but not many in depth analyses similar to our study have been reported

china s carbon emissions embodied in normal and processing exports and their driving forces 2006 2012 abstract this paper constructed a time series extended input output dataset 2006 2012 to analyze china s carbon emissions embodied in both normal and processing exports at a detailed 135 sector level the structural decomposition analysis sda was further applied to shed light on the driving forces behind the changes in their embodied emissions over the entire time period this empirical study confirms the importance of using the extended model for analyzing the trade related embodiment especially for processing exports the embodied emissions in both normal and processing exports first increased from 2006 to 2008 then dropped during the global financial crisis 2008 2009 and then rose again after 2009 the embodied emissions as a percentage of total co2 emissions were quite stable before and after the global financial crisis at around 24 over the 2006 2008 period and 18 over the 2010 2012 period from 2006 to 2012 emission intensity played the key role in reducing the embodied emissions around 595 mt co2 while the total export effect contributed the most to the increase in embodied emissions around 552 mt co2 similar analysis can be applied to other indicators such as energy water ghg emissions pollutants and materials

insecurity and the pattern of trade an empirical investigation corruption and imperfect contract enforcement dramatically reduce international trade this paper estimates the reduction using a structural model of import demand in which insecurity acts as a hidden tax on trade we find that inadequate institutions constrain trade as much as tariffs do we also find that omission of indices of institutional quality biases the estimates of typical gravity models obscuring a negative relationship between per capita income and the share of total expenditure devoted to traded goods finally we argue that cross country variation in the effectiveness of institutions and the consequent variation in the prices of traded goods offer a simple explanation for the stylized fact that high income capital abundant countries trade disproportionately with each other

promises and pitfalls in environmentally extended input output analysis for china a survey of the literature abstract as the world s largest developing economy china plays a key role in global climate change and other environmental impacts of international concern environmentally extended input output analysis ee ioa is an important and insightful tool seeing widespread use in studying large scale environmental impacts in china calculating and analyzing greenhouse gas emissions carbon and water footprints pollution and embodied energy this paper surveys the published articles regarding ee ioa for china in peer reviewed journals and provides a comprehensive and quantitative overview of the body of literature examining the research impact environmental issues addressed and data utilized the paper further includes a discussion of the shortcomings in official chinese data and of the potential means to move beyond its inherent limitations

understanding bilateral exchange rate volatility abstract this paper develops an empirical model of bilateral exchange rate volatility we conjecture that for developing economies external financial liabilities have an important effect on desired bilateral exchange rate volatility above and beyond the standard optimal currency area oca factors by contrast industrial countries do not face the same set of constraints in international financial markets in our theoretical model external debt tightens financial constraints and reduces the efficiency of the exchange rate in responding to external shocks we go on to explore the determinants of bilateral exchange rate volatility in a broad cross section of countries for developing economies bilateral exchange rate volatility relative to creditor countries is strongly negatively affected by the stock of external debt for industrial countries however oca variables appear more important and external debt is generally not significant in explaining bilateral exchange rate volatility

trade off analysis between embodied energy exports and employment creation in china moving towards sustainable consumption in china must factor in the drivers of production china s domestic energy demand is affected not only by domestic demand but also by foreign trade the accounting of energy embodied in china s international trade has attracted much attention in recent years in fact embodied energy imports exports are a part of the normal pattern of economic phenomena occurring through international trade with exports of embodied energy contributing significantly to china s economic development this research suggest that china s net embodied energy exports remained relatively stable before 2002 and then increased dramatically from 73 mtoe in 2002 to 502 mtoe by 2007 with an average annual growth rate of 47 2 over that period the total employment creation reliant on these exports is 191 3 million people including direct employment of 44 1 million people and indirect employment of 147 2 million people in 2007 and the total employment creation increased quickly between 2002 and 2007 with an average annual growth rate of 9 1 the share of employment created by exports in china s total employment increased from 16 5 in 1997 to 18 6 in 2002 and a more dramatic increase can be observed in 2007 of 28 1 the exports oriented sectors in china are energy intensive from the perspective of embodied energy consumption and the energy intensive exports are located in nearly the same sectors as the labor intensive exports china will find it difficult to sustain the trade off in costs due to unemployment if it wishes to reduce embodied energy exports china needs to exercise patience and long term reform to change the current development model because of its large economy and population base

carbon emission intensity in electricity production a global analysis we study changes in the aggregate carbon intensity aci for electricity at the global and country levels the aci is defined as the energy related co2 emissions in electricity production divided by the electricity produced it is a performance indicator since a decrease in its value is a desirable outcome from the environmental and climate change viewpoints from 1990 to 2013 the aci computed at the global level decreased only marginally however fairly substantial decreases were observed in many countries this apparent anomaly arises from a geographical shift in global electricity production with countries having a high aci increasingly taking up a larger electricity production share it is found that globally and in most major electricity producing countries reduction in their aci was due mainly to improvements in the thermal efficiency of electricity generation rather than to fuel switching estimates of the above mentioned effects are made using lmdi decomposition analysis our study reveals several challenges in reducing global co2 emissions from the electricity production sector although technically the reduction potential for the sector is known to be great

input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade and the driving forces processing and normal exports in recent years energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade and the driving forces have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output framework most previous studies however do not differentiate different input structures in manufacturing processing exports and normal exports using china as an example this paper exemplifies how implications of results obtained using different export assumptions differ the study posits that the utilization of traditional i o model results in an overestimation of emissions embodied in processing exports and an underestimation in normal exports the estimate of co2 emissions embodied in china s exports drops by 32 when the extended i o model is used the choice of export assumption has more impact on the decomposition results for processing exports the study further highlights that for a country with an export structure similar to china it is meaningful to look into the impact of export assumption in embodied emission studies

a multi region structural decomposition analysis of global co2 emission intensity abstract this paper studies changes in global and national co 2 emission intensities using the multi region structural decomposition analysis sda technique emission intensities such as the ratio of co 2 emissions to gdp have lately been widely used to characterize national emission performance meanwhile the impact of international trade has been found to be important in global emission accounting it is therefore important to analyze changes in emission intensities by taking trade into consideration in this study we first propose two sda models one at the global level and the other at the country level to quantify both the domestic and trade related effects on an intensity indicator the models are then used to study changes in global and countries co 2 emission intensities from 2000 to 2009 the results show that sectoral emission efficiency improvement was the main contributor to the slight decrease in global emission intensity during the period while international trade marginally hampered improvement of global emission intensity comparisons of the performance between emerging economies and advanced economies reveal the importance of production structure and final demand structure in emission intensity reduction the policy implications of the findings are presented

firm ownership china s export related emissions and the responsibility issue abstract china s co 2 emissions and those embodied in its exports have been extensively studied one often neglected aspect is the prevalence of foreign invested enterprises fies in china s exports for which a substantial portion of benefits return to the investing countries in this paper we revisit china s export related co 2 emission responsibilities by viewing them from a new gross national income perspective using a recently developed environmental input output framework one which distinguishes firms by ownership and trade mode we find that china s co 2 emissions responsibility for each yuan of national income from fie exports is actually higher than that attributable to chinese owned enterprise coe exports the result has a somewhat surprising implication it suggests another source of conflict between china s and global interest in reducing co 2 emissions from a purely chinese as opposed to global standpoint a higher share of exports by coes rather than fies is favorable even though coes emit more co 2 when producing each unit of exports this finding should sound an additional warning to those who still think that global climate change mitigation can be effectively pursued by allocating country by country emissions responsibility

input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade competitive versus non competitive imports energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output framework in the literature two different approaches to deal with emissions embodied in a country s imports can be found one of the approaches is based on the assumption of competitive imports while the other is based on the assumption of non competitive imports we show that the implications of the results obtained using different imports assumptions are not the same the approach using the competitive imports assumption gives estimates larger than those obtained using the non competitive import assumption the differences between the two embodiment estimates come from the transition of embodied emissions in china s imports for intermediate consumption to those in china s exports this explains why relatively high estimates of co2 emissions embodied in china s exports are reported in several recent studies appearing in energy policy

the driving forces of china s energy use from 1992 to 2010 an empirical study of input output and structural decomposition analysis abstract the energy consumption in china has accelerated since the early 2000s and china became the largest energy consumer in the world by 2010 to examine the driving forces of china s energy use this paper conducts a structural decomposition analysis based on hybrid input output tables in addition we describe the framework of china s energy system by using two energy flow charts the results show that china s current energy use is investment led demand between 1992 and 2007 the three main final demand categories gross fixed capital formation household consumption and exports contributed approximately one third each to the changes of total energy use in china between 2007 and 2010 however three quarters of energy consumption changes came from investment activity only technological improvement saved approximately five percent of the total energy use annually during the periods of 1992 1997 1997 2002 and 2007 2010 in the period of 2002 2007 however its contribution dropped to only three percent p a due to the rise of the indirect energy requirement coefficient in the construction sector these results suggest that adjusting the final demand structure and improving energy efficiency further will meet china s energy challenges in the future

input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the effects of sector aggregation abstract energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output analysis framework it is well known that both sector aggregation and spatial aggregation affect the results obtained in such studies with regard to the latter past studies are often conducted at the national level irrespective of country or economy size for a large economy with the needed data studies may be conducted at different levels of spatial aggregation we examine this problem analytically by extending the work of su et al su b huang h c ang b w zhou p 2010 input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the effects of sector aggregation energy economics 32 1 166 175 on sector aggregation we present a numerical example using the data of china and by dividing the country into eight regions it is found that the results are highly dependent on spatial aggregation our study shows that for a large country like china it is meaningful to look into the effect of spatial aggregation

calculation of embodied energy in sino usa trade 1997 2011 abstract in order to find efficient trade measures to reduce china s energy consumption and to provide theoretical support for the climate talks between china and america we investigate the impact of sino usa trade on energy consumption from the perspective of embodied energy an environmental input output life cycle assessment eio lca model was established to calculate the total energy consumption coefficient the direct consumption coefficient and the complete consumption coefficient of the sectors of the national economies of china and america after taking into consideration the data of every sector of the national economy in sino usa trade energy embodied in the import and export trade between china and america was calculated to verify the real energy flows in sino usa trade the research results suggest the following china is the net exporter of embodied energy in sino usa trade and coal crude oil and natural gas are the major components in 1997 2011 the net exports of china s embodied energy totaled 1523 082 200 t of standard coal the amount of china s energy consumption increased by 895 527 900 t of standard coal and america s energy consumption decreased by 11 871 200 t of standard coal as a result of sino usa trade on this basis corresponding policies and recommendations are proposed

attribution of changes in divisia real energy intensity index an extension to index decomposition analysis abstract in this paper we extend the methodology of index decomposition analysis ida in energy studies by quantifying the contribution of individual attributes to the percent change of factors such as the real energy intensity index and structural change index we apply the proposed method to the real energy intensity index in the multiplicative logarithmic mean divisia index m lmdi approach a major ida technique since the m lmdi is based on geometric mean type indices and chain computation we need some appropriate method to cope with the difficulties that arise we present a numerical illustration of the proposed method using the energy consumption and real value added data of the us manufacturing industry and compare the results obtained by the fisher real energy intensity index

global primary energy use associated with production consumption and international trade presented in this study is a comprehensive analysis for energy use of different economic entities in global supply chains including the exploiter producer consumer intermediate trader and final trader the systems input output analysis method is adopted to trace the direct and indirect energy use associated with both intermediate production and final consumption activities in the economic system in the world economy 15 of the energy use embodied in trade turns out to be induced by final consumption and 85 is attributed to intermediate production different trading patterns for different economies are identified with the separation between energy trade for intermediate production and that for final consumption for japan with a production oriented trading pattern intermediate trade should be a top priority in local trade structure adjustment while final trade needs more attention for the government in the united states as the country is in a consumption oriented trade pattern this analysis aims to provide an in depth insight into energy sustainability as well as a sound scientific reference for policy making at the regional national and global scale

china s emissions embodied in exports how regional and trade heterogeneity matter abstract trade facilitates the shifts of emissions from one place to another although studies have shown that regionally disaggregated model and model that distinguishes processing exports at national level are necessary to estimate the embodied emissions in china s exports no study evaluates this issue by simultaneously taking both regional and trade heterogeneity into account to fill this gap we re estimate the co2 emissions embodied in china s exports at both regional and industrial level by using the newly developed inter regional input output iriop model that distinguishes processing trade from other trade at regional level results show that comparing to the iriop model the traditional multi regional input output mrio model has overestimated the environmental loss from exports by 14 25 in 2002 and 7 20 in 2012 for different regions the largest bias is found in regions and industries with the highest processing export shares therefore the iriop model gives more accurate accounting on the regional environmental loss due to national exports and thus is important for establishing effective emission mitigation policies

gravity in international finance abstract the past decade has witnessed an explosion of papers estimating gravity equations for cross border financial holdings without much of a theoretical foundation in this paper we develop a theory for bilateral asset holdings that takes a gravity form we discuss how to estimate international financial frictions and conduct comparative statics analysis within the context of the theory we also find though that reasonable extensions of the model no longer generate a gravity form while this does not significantly complicate estimation and comparative statics analysis it raises questions about the empirical validity of gravity specifications for cross border financial holdings that need to be addressed in future work

emu and trade revisited long run evidence using gravity equations in this paper we present evidence of the long run effect of the euro on trade for the twelve initial emu countries for the period 1967 2008 from a double perspective first we pool all the bilateral combinations of trade flows among the emu countries in a panel cointegration gravity specification second we estimate a gravity equation for each of the emu members vis a vis the other eleven partners we apply panel cointegration techniques based on factor models that account for cross dependence and structural breaks whereas the joint gravity equation provides evidence on the aggregate effect of the euro on intra european trade by isolating the individual countries we assess which of the member countries have obtained a larger benefit from the euro the results show that the euro has had a positive though small effect on trade belgium and luxembourg france and italy are the countries more benefited from the introduction of the euro the effects for exports to third countries are in general more moderate and with the exception of greece there is no evidence of diversion effects

multiplicative structural decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy and emission intensities abstract aggregate intensity indicators such as the ratio of a country s energy and emissions to its gdp are often used by researchers and policymakers to study energy and environmental performance this paper analyzes the relationship between energy or emissions and value added or gdp from a different viewpoint namely from the demand rather than the production perspective using the input output i o framework the aggregate embodied intensity aei defined as the ratio of embodied energy or emissions to embodied value added can be defined at the aggregate final demand category and sectoral levels the total aggregate intensity can be presented as a weighted sum of the aeis at the final demand category or sectoral level changes of the aei at different levels can be decomposed to identify the driving forces using multiplicative sda a study using the latest 2007 and 2012 datasets of china indicates that a its aggregate intensity of co 2 emissions was mainly determined by the aei in investment and b the emission intensity effect generally contributed the most to the aei ratio changes at different levels the proposed framework can be applied to other aggregate intensity indicators and extended to multi country region analysis

what drive the changes in china s energy consumption and intensity during 12th five year plan period abstract during the 12th five year plan period 2011 2015 the chinese government has released a series of energy conservation plans to launch and deepen the transition in the energy use particularly the dual control of the energy consumption and energy intensity was firstly emphasized this paper intends to explore the targeted and effective energy policy implications through investigating the drivers of changes in energy consumption intensity of china during the 12th five year plan period under the input output framework the embodied energy consumptions intensities by final demand category were estimated at aggregate sector level and the total energy consumption intensity was decomposed using the additive multiplicative structural decomposition analysis among the final demand categories china s energy consumption intensity was mainly contributed by the investment followed by the household consumption according to the sda results china s total energy consumption increased by 28 8 of which the energy intensity effect and the investment effect were the most retardant and accelerator respectively at the same time china s total aggregate energy intensity decreased by 16 0 of which the energy intensity effect and the household consumption effect were the most retardant and accelerator respectively in detail the key sectors with respect to the critical effects were picked out above all policy implications are discussed for achieving the energy goals during the 13th five year plan period and launching the energy revolution during the 14th five year plan period

regional integration and trade controlling for varying degrees of heterogeneity in the gravity model using a panel dataset of bilateral export flows from 12 eu countries to 20 oecd trading partners over the 1992 2003 period this paper examines whether the effect on trade of european regional integration denoted by an eu dummy holds across a representative number of specifications for two gravity models one based on the traditional trade determinants the other based on newer trade theories ntt for both gravity model specifications the coefficient of the eu dummy declines in magnitude and becomes insignificant as an increasing degree of country heterogeneity is admitted into the model this suggests the fundamental importance of the econometric specification when evaluating trade policy effects

input output and structural decomposition analysis of singapore s carbon emissions singapore is an island city state it lacks conventional energy resources and is alternative energy disadvantaged in the past decade 2000 2010 its energy related carbon emissions increased from 37 8 to 44 4 million tonnes of co2 this paper analyses the city state s carbon emissions from the demand perspective using the input output i o method and investigate the drivers of emission changes using structural decomposition analysis sda it is the first comprehensive analysis of singapore s emissions using the i o framework the results obtained show that exports accounted for nearly two thirds of its total emissions and growth in its emissions in the last decade was largely export driven emissions increased as export oriented industries and export volume expanded fuel switching and energy efficiency however helped to lower growth in emissions besides exports household related emissions accounted for about a quarter of singapore s total emissions the emissions related to different household groups remained fairly stable as increases in embodied indirect emissions were offset by decreases in direct emissions the high income household group registered the largest increase in direct emissions while the middle income household group registered the largest increase in embodied emissions the policy implications of our findings are discussed

evaluating the effects of embodied energy in international trade on ecological footprint in china based on sub sectoral level of economy and detailed traded items embodied energy ee in international trade flow in china is estimated during 1996 2004 and the effects of ee on sustainability are quantified by using one of the most popular indicators ecological footprint ef a framework of ef method which is more relevant to realism of specific country is proposed in this paper the results show that china is a net importer of ee during the period covered by this study except for the year from 1997 to 1999 imported exported and net imported ee tends to increase sharply along time series net imported energy would increase 38 and energy consumption would increase 2 8 in 2004 if ee were taken into account footprint energy is the most important part of ef components and is significantly affected by ee and the effects of ee on ef are similar to that of footprint energy footprint energy ef and ecological deficit of 2004 will be underestimated about 2 92 1 36 2 83 respectively if ee is not taken into the national energy budget continuous increase of ef and ecological deficit along time series indicates that china is moving away from sustainability 1 47 times chinese territories are accurately occupied by china in 1996 while 1 71 times in 2004 obviously unsustainability procedure of china is accelerated by ee the contribution of ee to ef and ecological deficit is small in absolute terms expressed in per capita but the effects on whole nation are huge if the population of china multiplies them to curb the increase of ef and ecological deficit and to achieve the goal of sustainability some policy and measures are also proposed c 2006 elsevier b v all rights reserved

lmdi decomposition approach a guide for implementation since it was first used by researchers to analyze industrial electricity consumption in the early 1980s index decomposition analysis ida has been widely adopted in energy and emission studies lately its use as the analytical component of accounting frameworks for tracking economy wide energy efficiency trends has attracted considerable attention and interest among policy makers the last comprehensive literature review of ida was reported in 2000 which is some years back after giving an update and presenting the key trends in the last 15 years this study focuses on the implementation issues of the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi decomposition methods in view of their dominance in ida in recent years eight lmdi models are presented and their origin decomposition formulae and strengths and weaknesses are summarized guidelines on the choice among these models are provided to assist users in implementation

energy co2 emissions and value added flows embodied in the international trade of the brics group a comprehensive assessment abstract the brics economies group i e brazil russia india china and south africa has become an important contributor to the growth of the world economy which is increasingly concerned about carbon emissions due to the recent increase in energy use in these countries while the embodied energy use related to emissions of the brics group has been discussed in the literature an integrated analysis of energy carbon footprints and value added flows associated with international trade among the brics group has to date rarely been reported based on an improved multi regional input output model south africa was extracted from the rest of the world in the world input output database wiod to analyze the above mentioned flows embodied in trade within the brics countries as well as between the brics group and other economies the results show that the brics economic entity was a net embodied flows exporter more flows were embodied in intermediate products than in final demand within the brics group compared with other brics economies china which is the largest transit country transferred more embodied flows from russia to other brics countries and drove more embodied flows from major economies including the united states and european countries outside the brics group than those within the brics group however china imported a relatively higher embodied energy and co2 in per unit value added from the brics countries than non brics countries while exporting relative lower embodied energy and co2 per value added to other brics economies than non brics countries the potential policy implications on cleaner development within the brics economies are discussed at the end of this paper

dynamic gravity endogenous country size and asset accumulation the gravity equation is the most successful and celebrated empirical model in international trade over the past decade numerous gravity applications have resorted to panel data econometric techniques in order to account for the intrinsically dynamic nature of trade data with the theory of gravity being so far only static these empirical estimations lack solid structural foundations as a consequence a consensus on a unied dynamic gravity estimation approach is yet to be reached the contribution of this paper is threefold first we build a theoretical foundation for the gravity model in a dynamic setting second we use our structural framework to provide clear empirical implications for gravity type estimations with panel data and we consider applications finally to better understand the eect of trade policy in this dynamic framework we calibrate and numerically simulate our general equilibrium model and we compare its properties to those of the standard static gravity model

a spatial temporal decomposition approach to performance assessment in energy and emissions abstract there has been growing interest among researchers and policymakers in comparing or benchmarking countries on the basis of their performance in energy consumption or energy related co 2 emissions such studies allow variations among countries to be revealed the contributing factors identified and the scope for improvement better understood at the same time tracking changes or quantifying improvements in energy use or emissions over time in a country have long been a focus area of researchers and policy makers to provide a fuller picture on country performance in a multi country study over time it would be of interest to integrate the above mentioned spatial and temporal analyses in a single analysis framework this paper deals with this issue using the technique of index decomposition analysis a spatial temporal approach is introduced and two application cases are presented to illustrate how the approach can be applied the first analyzes variations and changes in the aggregate co 2 intensity of electricity production for ten countries from 1990 to 2010 and the second deals with variations and changes in the aggregate energy intensity for eight economic regions of china from 2002 to 2012 in addition two different ways of presenting the results are introduced our study shows that the proposed approach can supplement studies which are conducted purely on a spatial or temporal basis