labor market discrimination in a poor urban economy labor market discrimination by sex and by race in a poor urban economy is analyzed using a survey of manufacturing employees in tanzania there are large differences in mean wages by both sex and race using techniques previously applied to developed countries it is found that whereas the sex difference in mean wages can be explained mainly in terms of sex differences in personal characteristics the race difference is mainly the result of wage and job discrimination an attempt is made to explain the results which run counter to common presuppositions about discrimination

market performance in an open developing economy technical and allocative efficiencies of korean industries this paper first examines determinants of technical efficiency in terms of competition and government regulation including protection in korean industries relying heavily upon the concepts of x efficiency and rentseeking activities allocative efficiency measured as profitability is then considered with technical efficiency as a determinant the outcome of the regression shows that both the sheltering of industries from international competition and the financial market distortions strongly affect technical efficiency and that technical efficiency as well as effective protection rate are important determinants of profitability

formal schooling and workforce participation in a rapidly developing economy evidence from compulsory junior high school in taiwan abstract using 18 consecutive household surveys this study explores the impact of taiwan s extension of tuition free education from 6 to 9 years upon schooling and labor market outcomes participation sector class of activity and work income i estimate upward shifts relative to preexisting trends of more than 0 4 years of education for males and 0 25 years for females in the first six cohorts affected by compulsory junior high schooling utilizing inter cohort variation within an instrumental variables iv strategy i find larger effects of schooling on females workforce participation and total earnings even controlling for selection

an updating country study thailand s needs and prospects in the 1990s abstract as one of the fastest growing economies of the latter half of the 1980s thailand is rapidly emerging as one of the new nics in seeking to examine the major issues facing thailand in the 1990s our paper focuses on two major themes first we address the trade and industrial policy issue while our conclusions favor a fairly orthodox open trade pattern of industrialization favoring functional rather than selective intervention we question the wisdom of trusting thai growth to the single engine of exports the second theme of the paper underlines the need for reasons of equality as well as of expediency for devoting more attention and resources to rural development

productivity growth protection and plant entry in a deregulating economy the case of india in this paper we study the comparative performance of indian manufacturing industries during relatively recent periods of domestic regulation and de regulation of plant entry the period of de regulation is accompanied by largely unchanging levels of import competition and higher output growth the growth of labour and total factor productivity tfpg is observed to be higher during the deregulation period we use data on 42 three digit manufacturing industries our sample covers consumer intermediate and capital good industries we study the relationship between levels of effective protection and total factor productivity growth tfpg we found that increasing effective rates of protection was not associated with lower tfpg we test the hypothesis that higher degree of trade protection induces greater entry of plants this hypothesis is statistically supported our econometric estimates found a positive association between net entry and tfpg after controlling for inter industry differences in effective protection asset size of plants and demand growth our results support the proposition that competition positively contributes to tfpg during deregulation

gender wage differentials and discrimination in the new south africa research into discrimination within south africa sa has focused on racial issues with gender issues being largely ignored this study aims to estimate gender wage differentials and through decomposition analysis understand the different problems faced by white black coloured and indian asian in 1995 it is found that white and asian females suffer greater gender discrimination than their black and coloured counterparts which could be a signal to future problems black and coloured females may encounter the largest gender wage differential is faced by white females whilst the lowest is encountered by coloured and black females a possible explanation for this finding is the low subsistence wages that the black and coloured population groups command relative to other population groups

the great recession and workers health benefits during a recession cost sharing of employer sponsored health benefits could increase to reduce labor costs in the u s using a variation in the severity of recession shocks across industries i find evidence that the enrollment rate of high deductible health plans hdhps among workers covered by employer sponsored health benefits increased more among firms in industries that experienced severe recession shocks as potential mechanisms i study employer side and worker side mechanisms i find that employers changed health benefit offerings to force or incentivize workers to enroll in hdhps but i find little evidence of an increase in workers demand for hdhps due to a reduction in income these results suggest that the hdhp enrollment rate increased during the great recession as employers tried to save costs of offering health benefits

caste and tribe inequality evidence from india 1983 1999 abstract despite policies targeting scheduled castes sc and scheduled tribes st there remain large disparities of living standards between sc st and non sc st households in india the sc st households may be poorer because they possess lower human and physical capital but they may also earn lower returns to these assets this study finds that 30 50 of the welfare disparities are attributable to different returns such structural differences between the sc and the non sc st are partly because the sc earn lower returns to schooling a large part of the structural disparities between the st and the non sc st comes from the fact that the areas where the st live are different from those where the non sc st live in addition the st tend to earn lower returns even with controls for geographical conditions

viewpoint canadian competition policy progress and prospects this paper discusses the state of competition policy in particular the economics of competition policy in canada today and considers its prospects going forward it argues that i the importance of competition policy has become accepted widely in canada and indeed throughout much of the world ii competition policy design and enforcement is in general well done in canada iii economists including many canadians have played a central role in the development of an efficient and effective competition policy in canada and elsewhere and iv competition policy in canada is today facing very serious challenges and economists should be concerned la politique de concurrence au canada progres et prospective ce memoire discute de l etat de la politique de concurrence en particulier l economie de la politique de concurrence au canada aujourd hui et examine ce qui l attend on suggere que i l importance de la politique de concurrence est devenue largement acceptee au canada et dans le gros du reste du monde ii le dessein et l application de la politique de concurrence sont en general bien faits au canada iii les economistes et plusieurs canadiens parmi eux ont joue un role central dans le developpement d une politique de concurrence efficace et effective au canada et ailleurs et iv la politique de concurrence au canada fait face a des defis tres serieux ces temps ci et les economistes devraient s en inquieter

selection in insurance markets theory and empirics in pictures government intervention in insurance markets is ubiquitous and the theoretical basis for such intervention based on classic work from the 1970s has been the problem of adverse selection over the last decade empirical work on selection in insurance markets has gained considerable momentum this research finds that adverse selection exists in some insurance markets but not in others and it has uncovered examples of markets that exhibit advantageous selection a phenomenon not considered by the original theory and one that has different consequences for equilibrium insurance allocation and optimal public policy than the classical case of adverse selection advantageous selection arises when the individuals who are willing to pay the most for insurance are those who are the most risk averse and so have the lowest expected cost indeed it is natural to think that in many instances individuals who value insurance more may also take action to lower their expected costs drive more carefully invest in preventive health care and so on researchers have taken steps toward estimating the welfare consequences of detected selection and of potential public policy interventions in this essay we present a graphical framework for analyzing both theoretical and empirical work on selection in insurance markets this graphical approach provides both a useful and intuitive depiction of the basic theory of selection and its implications for welfare and public policy as well as a lens through which one can understand the ideas and limitations of existing empirical work on this topic

disadvantage and discrimination in self employment caste gaps in earnings in indian small businesses using the 2004 2005 india human development survey data we estimate and decompose the earnings of household businesses owned by historically marginalized social groups known as scheduled castes and tribes scsts and non scsts across the earnings distribution we find clear differences in characteristics between the two types of businesses with the former faring significantly worse the mean decomposition reveals that as much as 55 of the caste earnings gap could be attributed to the unexplained component quantile regressions suggest that gaps are higher at lower deciles providing some evidence of a sticky floor finally quantile decompositions reveal that the unexplained component is greater at the lower and middle deciles than higher suggesting that scst owned businesses at the lower and middle end of the conditional earnings distribution face greater discrimination

an empirical test of the infant industry argument the basic infant industry argument maintains that the cost of a new activity is initially high it does not pay any individual to enter an infant industry at free trade prices if developed the industry will permit a reasonable return on initial losses and a temporary period of protection is required this paper has attempted two things to develop an empirical test for the validity of the infant industry argument and to use that test on turkish data the test is simple and straightforward input per unit of output must fall more rapidly in more protected industries if there is to be any rationale for infant industry protection in the turkish case there was no such tendency over the period covered the fact that protected turkish industries did not experience rapid increases in output per unit of input is sufficient to prove that protection was not warranted it does not however prove that there were no infant industries the trade regime might have provided the wrong incentives and under an alternative structure output per unit of input might have grown more rapidly in some or possibly all turkish industries in conclusion protection did not elicit the sort of growth in output per unit on which infant industry proponents base their claim for protection

the decline of discrimination against colored people in south africa 1970 to 1980 abstract the paper analyses the gap in earnings between white and colored people in south africa in 1970 and 1980 the gap is decomposed into its explained and discrimination components and from a model of occupational attainment into wage and job discrimination job discrimination decreased between 1970 and 1980 colored people in younger experience cohorts experienced a significant decline in discrimination between 1970 and 1980 most of which was due to a decline in job descrimination discrimination against those in older experience cohorts appears not to have declined

the macro impacts of korea s heavy industry drive re evaluated the korean heavy industry hci drive has been criticised for the misallocation of capital and for negative spillover effects on growth inflation the current account and debt however such criticism places too much blame on hci for the late 1970s economic deterioration and gives hci insufficient credit for the subsequent economic rebound korean hci was a catch up exercise which attracted cheap foreign capital to accelerate structural change nevertheless the mid 1970s decision to pursue hci as a big push was flawed since it did result in project bunching that strained implementation capacity despite the safeguards which korea built into its hci strategy

clusters entrepreneurial ecosystem co creation and appropriability a conceptual framework extant literature on clusters underplays the role of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial management in creating and co creating organizations markets and supporting ecosystems we employ transaction costs resource knowledge capabilities and power control based theories to provide a comparative static governance based perspective on clusters we embed this into a more general co evolutionary entrepreneurial theory of the emergence evolution and co evolution of markets ecosystems and clusters we suggest that clusters can involve advantages that help engender superior appropriation of co created value as compared to alternatives entrepreneurial managers faced with a degree of choice will help co create clusters and be part of them for as long as they can appropriate more value in this way than through alternatives

dynamic analysis on market structure of china s coal industry abstract according to industrial organization theory market structure is a crucial factor to market performance based on the var model and the data from 1994 to 2014 we revealed the dynamic response route of the market structure to these factors and the change process of contribution rate of these factors to the market structure it shows that market structure is inertial adjustment technology advance and industry policy have continuous effects on improvement of market concentration ratio market size and production scale have sustained negative effects on market concentration ratio fixed capital has barrier effect which is mainly the entry barrier effect at the beginning and then the exit barrier effect continues to play a leading role therefore the government has no need to introduce special policies to encourage merger or expansion on the capacity as enterprises would do it spontaneously it is necessary to make market access system stricter to improve exit compensation mechanism and to promote technological innovation all these policies need dynamic adjustment based on the stages of economic cycle

caste discrimination in the indian urban labour market abstract this the pioneering quantitative analysis of caste in the indian urban labour market examines the age old problem of caste in the light of discrimination theory and government policy using a survey of workers in delhi the gross wage difference between scheduled untouchable and non scheduled caste is decomposed into its explained and discrimination components and from a model of occupation choice into wage and job discrimination discrimination is found to exist and to operate at least in part through the traditional mechanism viz assignment to jobs with the scheduled castes entering poorly paid dead end jobs it is assisted by methods of recruitment based on contacts prevalent in the manual occupation which also cause past discrimination to carry over to the present its practice serves the economic interests of those who exercise a taste for discrimination

industrial restructuring in korea abstract the paper explores some of the industrial restructuring cconcerns facing the korean economy at a time when direct government intervention is rapidly being replaced by functional incentives restructuring issues are descending forcefully on korea as the economy moves through a rapid industrial transition from labor intensive to capital and skill intensive exports problems affecting sunset industries are complicated by stresses on the financial sector the pervasive role of conglomerates in the economy and the worldwide impediments to free trade all these factors complicate strictly market solutions following a discussion of some conceptual and historical aspects the paper identifies key problem areas affecting industrial policy decisions surveys lessons from industrialized country experiences and provides an agenda for future policy reform

the human capital approach to black white earnings inequality some unsettled questions the persistence of earnings differences between blacks and whites in the united states has been a topic that has received a substantial amount of attention in both theoretical and empirical research in economics the differential in earnings typically is tied to racial differences in human capital accumulation this paper advances a systematic critique of the human capital approach to black white inequality inadequacies are identified in human capital theory as a general theory of inequality as well as a specific theory of racial inequality the critique suggests that a serious analysis of the black white earnings gap will require an entirely new approach to the study of racial income inequality

productivity and industrial development in sub saharan africa abstract this paper considers the current state and prospects for efficient development of the large scale industrial sector in sub saharan africa it is argued that the liberalization of the international trade regime is unlikely to be sufficient for successful development unless the technological ability of firms is increased to allow an elastic supply response alternate modes for improving supply responsiveness are considered

the need for industrial policy in ldc s a re statement of the infant industry argument this paper presents a learning by doing model of a small open economy learning acquired in production of an industry x enhances productivity of industries x and y by introducing dynamic production complementarities across industries through the learning curve this approach presents an important generalization of p k bardhan s 1971 model copyright 1987 by economics department of the university of pennsylvania and the osaka university institute of social and economic research association

the maturation and growth of infant industries the case of korea abstract this paper first shows that contrary to evidence from most developing countries korean infant industries under protection have tended to mature it also shows that output grows faster in infant industries than in mature ones the paper then discusses probable factors that have made the maturation and growth of infant industries possible in korea overall the empirical evidence and its interpretation support the revisionist rather than neoclassical or market friendly view in the recent debate on east asian industrialization

who suffers during recessions in this paper we examine how business cycles affect labor market outcomes in the united states we conduct a detailed analysis of how cycles affect outcomes differentially across persons of differing age education race and gender and we compare the cyclical sensitivity during the great recession to that in the early 1980s recession we present raw tabulations and estimate a state panel data model that leverages variation across u s states in the timing and severity of business cycles we find that the impacts of the great recession are not uniform across demographic groups and have been felt most strongly for men black and hispanic workers youth and low education workers these dramatic differences in the cyclicality across demographic groups are remarkably stable across three decades of time and throughout recessionary periods and expansionary periods for the 2007 recession these differences are largely explained by differences in exposure to cycles across industry occupation employment

productivity change and dynamic comparative advantage this paper proposes a simple decomposition of the widely used drc measure of international competitiveness into three distinct elements 1 changes in international prices 2 changes in production techniques and 3 total factor productivity change the decomposition provides a clear analytical link between two largely separate methodologies for assessing economic performance cost benefit indicators based on the world price rule and total factor productivity analysis the methodology is applied to evaluate changes in measured comparative advantage of industries in thailand for the period 1963 76 the results broadly indicate that changes in price competitiveness and in total factor productivity are the major sources of changes in drc ratios for thai industries

opportunity cost trade policies and the efficiency of firms abstract this paper analyzes the effects of trade policies on the technological effort of a firm entering a new market in the context of a developing country we depart from previous literature by bringing into focus the opportunity cost of technological effort a firm that spends time in acquiring a more efficient technology delays the commercialization of its products thus incurring an opportunity cost in terms of profits forgone protection increases both the opportunity cost and the benefits from technological effort in the case of linear demand function and constant returns to scale technology protection is shown to unambiguously reduce the protected firm s technological effort export subsidy is also shown to reduce technological effort when the potential level of exports under free trade is high

a multinomial logit nondiscriminatory approach to estimating racial wage and occupational discrimination this paper combines a technique to measure nondiscriminatory wage structures with a multinomial logit model to estimate both occupational racial discrimination and within occupation racial wage underpayment and overpayment using a recent south african october household survey it is found that racial discrimination against blacks and in favour of whites still persists in the south african labour market implying the persistence of white employer nepotism and or white employee discrimination

selection on moral hazard in health insurance economic analysis of market failure in insurance markets tends to analyze selection and moral hazard as distinct phenomena in this paper we explore the potential for selection on moral hazard in insurance markets by this we mean the possibility that moral hazard effects are heterogenous across individuals and that individuals selection of insurance coverage is affected by their anticipated behavioral response to coverage we examine these issues empirically in the context of employer provided health insurance in the united states specifically we break down the general

caste discrimination and transaction costs in the labor market evidence from rural north india abstract this paper is an empirical attempt to quantify caste based discrimination in the labor market using household data taken from rural north india in the regression analysis transaction costs associated with entry into the labor market and reservation wages are estimated simultaneously along with market wages the estimation results provide evidence of the existence of transaction costs in the labor market and discrimination against backward classes with regard to access to regular employment in line with previous studies the results suggest that the achievements of india s reservation policy so far have at best been limited in addition a comparison between the estimates from the model employed in this paper and conventional reduced form approaches shows that discrimination in labor market entry is likely to be underestimated in the conventional reduced form approaches

bad karma or discrimination male female wage gaps among salaried workers in india summary we use nationally representative data from the employment unemployment surveys in 1999 2000 and 2009 10 to explore gender wage gaps among regular wage salaried rws workers in india both at the mean as well as along the entire wage distribution to see what happens where the gender log wage gap at the mean is 55 in 1999 2000 and 49 in 2009 10 but this change is not statistically significant the blinder oaxaca and the machado mata melly decompositions indicate that in both years the bulk of the gender wage gap is unexplained i e possibly discriminatory they also reveal that over the decade while the wage earning characteristics of women improved relative to men the discriminatory component of the gender wage gap also increased in fact in 2009 10 if women were paid like men they would have earned more than men on account of their characteristics in both years we see the existence of the sticky floor in that gender wage gaps are higher among low wage earners and lower for high wage earners over the ten year period we find that the sticky floor became stickier for rws women machado mata melly decompositions reveal that in both years women at the lower end of the wage distribution face higher discriminatory gaps compared to women at the upper end

policy designs in a dynamic model of infant industry protection abstract this paper takes the neoclassical infant industry model allows agents to respond to future expectations and reveals previously unexplained relationships between protection and outcome policy which projects to protect the industry until international competitiveness may not necessarily succeed consistent to the mixed empirical evaluations to guarantee success protection has to last longer however for success to be an equilibrium protection can last shorter decline after take off is also an equilibrium when adjustment speed is bounded increasing the protection rate is not isomorphic to decreasing its duration in policy design adjustment speed critical industry scale and policy duration are all relevant

bayesian learning in an infant industry model abstract most analyses of the infant industry argument assume that production early on benefits subsequent production in deterministic fashion this paper presents an alternative framework for evaluating the infant industry argument that focuses on imperfect information as a barrier to entry initial entrants provide information of social value by reducing uncertainty for potential followers about the suitability of local conditions in contrast to earlier work i show that factors that increase the informational barrier to entry may lower the optimal subsidy to the infant industry and that the standard test of the success of infant industry policy is not always valid 1997 elsevier science b v

vocational training programs and youth labor market outcomes evidence from nepal abstract lack of skills is arguably one of the most important determinants of high levels of unemployment and poverty in response policymakers often initiate vocational training programs in effort to enhance skill formation among the youth using a regression discontinuity design we examine a large youth training intervention in nepal we find twelve months after the start of the training program that the intervention generated an increase in non farm employment of 10 percentage points itt estimates and up to 31 percentage points for program compliers late estimates we also detect sizeable gains in monthly earnings women who start self employment activities inside their homes largely drive these impacts we argue that low baseline educational levels and non farm employment levels and nepal s social and cultural norms towards women drive our large program impacts our results suggest that the program enables otherwise underemployed women to earn an income while staying at home close to household errands and in line with the socio cultural norms that prevent them from taking up employment outside the house

literacy sharing assortative mating or what labour market advantages and proximate illiteracy revisited abstract this paper explores the relationship between household literacy and the labour market outcomes of illiterate household members which basu narayan and ravallion 2002 report using household income and expenditure data from bangladesh bnr attribute a considerable wage premium for proximate illiterate women in off farm employment to labour productivity gains from intra household literacy sharing this wage premium also suggests that women may be more efficient recipients of literacy externalities than men we propose that any such relationship might not be due to higher labour productivity but may have other explanations such as systematically different and unobserved attributes of illiterate females married into literate households we also pay attention to the negative selection of illiterate females into non farm wage employment which contrary to received wisdom suggests that household literacy may not be unambiguously progressive for females we propose that the widely reported finding that

earnings and caste an evaluation of caste wage differentials in the nepalese labour market abstractthis paper examines the sources of wage differentials among castes in nepal a country which had until 1963 an age old caste based social division of labour we use an extended oaxaca decomposition model with occupation and firm size augmenting the conventionally used measures of human capital endowments our results indicate that caste wage differentials in nepal are large and that human capital endowments and lack of access to better paying occupations and larger firms have a significant impact furthermore we find mixed evidence that the government policy of affirmative action has narrowed down the caste wage differential

quantitative restrictions market power and productivity growth abstract this paper shows that when compared to tariffs quantitative restrictions qrs have a negative effect on innovation and productivity growth first qrs lead to stagnation in the steady state in the absence of domestic competition while tariffs allow for positive steady state growth second the replacement of a qr by a tariff equivalent leads to an increase in the short run incentives to innovation

employment and earnings effects of awarding training vouchers in germany participation in intensive training programs for the unemployed in germany is allocated by awarding training vouchers using rich administrative data for all vouchers and actual program participation the authors provide first estimates of the short run and long run employment and earnings effects of receiving a training voucher award based on a selection on observables assumption the results imply that after the award voucher recipients experience long periods of lower labor market success compared to had they not received training vouchers small positive employment effects and no gains in earnings were observed four to seven years after the receipt of the voucher award in addition the findings suggest stronger positive effects both for all low skilled individuals who were awarded and redeemed a voucher and for low skilled and medium skilled individuals who chose to take degree courses than for higher skilled recipients

does the labour market explain lower female schooling in india labour market discrimination against women and parental discrimination against daughters are two of the most commonly cited explanations of the gender gap in education in developing countries this study empirically tests the labour market explanation for india using recent household survey data the results reveal substantial omitted family background bias in the estimates of rates of return to education the findings suggest that as well as overall labour market discrimination girls face poorer economic incentives to invest in schooling than boys because they reap lower labour market returns to education than boys

paying for health insurance the trade off between competition and adverse selection we use data on health plan choices by employees of harvard university to compare the benefits of insurance competition with the costs of adverse selection moving to a voucher type system induced significant adverse selection with a welfare loss of 2 to 4 percent of baseline spending but increased competition reduced harvard s premiums by 5 to 8 percent the premium reductions came from insurer profits so while harvard was better off the net effect for society was only the adverse selection loss adverse selection can be minimized by adjusting voucher amounts for individual risk we discuss how such a system would work governments are increasingly turning to market forces as a way to limit the cost of social insurance traditionally social insurance programs were operated as nonmarket goods governments mandated participation in a central program collected revenues to finance the program and ran the insurance system there was no role for competition among suppliers in providing the basic benefit as the costs of social insurance have increased however the centralized model of social insurance is coming under increasing strain in the united states for example recent proposals have called for replacing the medicare program with a health care voucher for the elderly aaron and reischauer 1995 cutler 1996 the voucher would guarantee people a basic insurance plan but the plans would be privately run competition among plans would generate plan premiums and enrollments similarly longstanding proposals for social security reform have called for replacing the current system with a system of individual accounts where people would make saving investment and annuitization decisions on their own advisory council on social security 1996 feldstein 1996 the trend is not just domestic in the united kingdom the national health service has moved to encourage more competition in recent years with the establishment of hospital trusts that bid for patients and partially fixed payments to physicians

russia s commercial policy 2008 11 modernization crisis and the wto accession this paper examines the commercial policy of russia during 2008 11 a time of global financial crisis which coincided with an announced russian modernization programme in 2008 russia introduced a development strategy to limit its dependence on natural resources however the government relied heavily on this income for the planned modernization programme the falling price of oil in 2008 9 led to a tightened government budget constraint this situation induced russia towards wider use of more traditional instruments of trade policy such as tariff policy as well as an import substitution strategy the creation of the customs union and a pause in the wto accession process russia has been found by the global trade alert gta initiative to be one of the main users of protectionist policies since november 2008 with the oil price recovery from september 2010 russia had been back in the wto accession process on revised terms and conditions the wto ministerial conference in geneva approved the accession package of the russian federation on 16 december 2011 copyright 2012 oxford university press

jobs off the farm wealth human capital and social group in rural eastern india abstractthis study examines the effects of wealth human capital and social group on the occupational choice and income of farm households to gain an understanding of the mechanism underlying the

the effect of price on switching among health plans a recent policy change by the university of california uc provides a unique natural experiment for investigating the sensitivity of consumers to health plan premiums when the uc moved to a policy of limiting its contribution to the cost of the least expensive plan out of pocket premiums increased for roughly one third of uc employees we examine the extent to which uc employees switched plans in response to this change in premiums our results indicate a strong response individuals facing premium increases of less than 10 were roughly 5 times as likely to switch plans as those whose premiums remained constant

livestock and land share contracts in a hindu society this article examines factors related to a livestock rental market in western nepal and assesses whether this market is associated with caste differentiation and land rental market participation theoretical models for asset rich i e high caste households rich in land and livestock and asset poor i e low caste families households are presented to provide logical explanations for the existence of a livestock rental market and the synergy between livestock and land rental markets participation a combination of double hurdle models and bivariate ordered probit models were used to test the implications of the models consistent with the theoretical models land and livestock rich high caste households were more likely to rent out land and or livestock whereas land and livestock poor and credit constrained low caste households were more likely to rent livestock and land from others participation in the two markets was positively correlated indicating a synergistic relationship that may be due to production and transaction costs reducing benefits policies that can enhance the allocative efficiency of livestock and land rental markets can improve equity as well as efficiency of land use in nepal provision of livestock credit to land poor low caste households is also crucially dependent on their access to more long term contracts for land jel classifications q12 q15 q18

health insurance coverage and the macroeconomy this paper investigates the relationship between the macroeconomy and health insurance coverage for non elderly americans we find that for men state unemployment rate is positively correlated with the probability of health insurance coverage in general and through an employer in particular and that these correlations are only partly explained by changes in employment status in contrast the insurance coverage of women and children appears to be insulated from fluctuations in the unemployment rate by public health insurance programs like medicaid and state children s health insurance program schip we estimate that 984 000 americans nearly all of whom were adult men lost health insurance due to macroeconomic conditions alone during the 2001 recession

outstanding female economists in the analysis and practice of development economics abstract this article examines the contributions of five eminent economists all women to the analysis and practice of development economics irma adelman frances stewart and nancy birdsall are leading advocates of alternative development strategies that focus on poverty alleviation and investment in human capital anne krueger and alice amsden stand at the forefront of two opposing camps in a lively and long lasting debate on the appropriate role of government in trade and industrialization we use the storied careers of these economists as a vehicle to convey the big picture of how development economics has evolved and which topics have proved durable