reconciling the old and new census bureau education questions recommendations for researchers beginning with the 1990 census and the january 1992 current population survey cps the bureau of the census changed the emphasis of its educational attainment question from years of education to degree receipt using a matched sample from the 1991 and 1992 march cps this article addresses how to reconcile the old and new questions the effects of those methods on the estimated return s to education are then examined both the estimated linear return and the estimated college high school wage differential are slightly larger using information from the new question

can falling supply explain the rising return to college for younger men a cohort based analysis although the college high school wage gap for younger u s men has doubled over the past 30 years the gap for older men has remained nearly constant in the united kingdom and canada the college high school wage gap also increased for younger relative to older men using a model with imperfect substitution between similarly educated workers in different age groups we argue that these shifts reflect changes in the relative supply of highly educated workers across age groups the driving force behind these changes is the slowdown in the rate of growth of educational attainment that began with cohorts born in the early 1950s in all three countries

immigration and house prices in the uk this article studies the effect of immigration on house prices in the uk it finds that immigration has a negative effect on house prices and presents evidence that this negative effect is due to the mobility response of the native population natives respond to immigration by moving to different areas and those who leave are at the top of the wage distribution this generates a negative income effect on housing demand and pushes down house prices the negative effect of immigration on house prices is driven by local areas where immigrants have lower education

immigration and the human capital of natives large low skilled immigration flows influence both the distribution of local school resources and also local relative wages which exert counterbalancing pressures on the local return to schooling i use the national education longitudinal study nels 88 and u s census data to show that low skilled immigration to an area induces local natives to improve their performance in school attain more years of schooling and take jobs that involve communication intensive tasks for which they native english speakers have a comparative advantage these results point out mechanisms that mitigate the potentially negative effect of immigration on natives wages

the labor market impact of immigration a quasi experiment exploiting immigrant location rules in germany with the fall of the berlin wall ethnic germans living in eastern europe and the former soviet union were given the opportunity to migrate to germany within 15 years 2 8 million individuals had done so upon arrival these immigrants were exogenously allocated to different regions to ensure an even distribution across the country their inflow can therefore be seen as a quasi experiment of immigration i analyze the effect of these inflows on skill specific employment rates and wages the results indicate a displacement effect of 3 1 unemployed workers for every 10 immigrants that find a job but no effect on relative wages

is the minimum wage a pull factor for immigrants in this article the author studies the effects of the minimum wage on immigration he develops an analytical framework in which immigration is a function of the expected wage in the region of destination in the analysis the author exploits the state variation in expected wages stemming from the changes in the u s federal minimum wage during 1996 1997 and 2007 2009 the author addresses endogeneity between immigration and the expected wage using an instrumental variable approach his results provide consistent evidence that the policy induced a sizeable flow of low skilled immigrants to the united states in both periods this pull is attributable to the minimum wage increasing immigrants wages without harming their potential employment outcomes the author corroborates these findings by showing that the policy did not have any impact on the flow of high skilled immigrants the effect on low skilled immigration is also found when the interstate mobility of immigrants is considered finally changes in the minimum wage only attracted legal immigrants while undocumented immigrants were not affected

empirical studies of gasoline retailing a guide to the literature abstract this paper surveys the empirical literature on gasoline retailing which has been growing rapidly over the last three decades possibly in response to antitrust and regulatory concerns and increased availability of pricing data studies of both pricing and non price decision variables are considered in general it is found that crude oil prices are the primary driver of national price movements over time however market structure has been identified as playing a role in price dynamics equilibrium selection and price differentials across markets and stations the economic literature emphasizes the importance of heterogeneity across stations and coordination problems faced by retailers several directions for future work are suggested including the development of theory and demand estimation using high frequency station level data

the impact of internal displacement on destination communities evidence from the colombian conflict abstract more than ten percent of the population of colombia has been forced to migrate due to civil war this study employs an enclave iv strategy which exploits social distance between origin and destination locations as well as conflict induced migration to estimate the impact that the arrival of displaced individuals has on the wages of local residents i compare the effects on four different subgroups of the population partitioned by skill low skilled versus high skilled and by gender the analysis suggests that a conflict induced increase in population leads to a short run negative impact on wages but that subsequent out migration from receiving municipalities helps to mitigate these effects though the impact tends to dissipate over time it persists for low skilled women suggesting that this group is particularly vulnerable to the arrival of forced migrants

the impact of low skilled immigration on the youth labor market the employment to population rate of high school aged youth has fallen by about 20 percentage points since the late 1980s one potential explanation is increased competition from substitutable labor such as immigrants i demonstrate that the increase in the population of less educated immigrants has had a considerably more negative effect on employment outcomes for native youth than for native adults at least two factors are at work there is greater overlap between the jobs that youth and less educated adult immigrants traditionally do and youth labor supply appears more responsive to immigration induced wage changes

long run price competition we generalize the standard repeated games model of dynamic oligopolistic competition to allow for consumers who are long lived and forward looking each period leaves some residual demand to future periods and pricing in one period affects consumers expectations about future prices we analyze this setting for an indivisible durable good with price setting firms and overlapping cohorts of consumers the model nests the repeated game model and the coasian durable goods model as its two extreme cases the analysis is mostly focused on constant price collusion but conditions for collusive recurrent sales are also identified

market fragility and the paradox of the recent stock bond dissonance abstract after the lehman brothers collapse the stock index has exceeded its pre lehman brothers peak by 36 in real terms seemingly markets have been demanding more stocks instead of bonds yet instead of observing higher bond rates paradoxically bond rates have been persistently negative after the lehman brothers collapse to explain this paradox we suggest that in the post lehman brothers period investors changed their perceptions on disasters thinking that disasters occur once every 30 years on average instead of disasters occurring once every 60 years in our asset pricing calibration exercise this rise in perceived market fragility alone can explain the drop in both bond rates and price dividend ratios observed after the lehman brothers collapse which indicates that markets mostly demanded bonds instead of stocks

immigration and electoral support for the far left and the far right immigration has become one of the most divisive political issues in the united states the united kingdom france and several other western countries we estimate the impact of immigration on voting for far left and far right parties in france using panel data on presidential elections from 1988 to 2017 to derive causal estimates we instrument more recent immigration flows by past settlement patterns in 1968 we find that immigration increases support for far right candidates and has no robust effect on far left voting the increased support for far right candidates is driven by low educated immigrants from non western countries

how to measure labour market effects of immigration a review abstract this paper surveys available empirical evidence on labour market effects of immigration many different approaches have been used already to try to find out whether immigration hurts the labour market opportunities of natives no doubt new approaches will follow in the future as globalization will keep the migration issue on the agenda this literature review discusses the different approaches concentrating on both the methodology and the results at the end it tries to summarize available evidence

retail price cycles and response asymmetry weekly retail gasoline prices in windsor ontario from 1989 to 1994 appear to respond faster to wholesale price increases than to decreases but exhibit a cyclic pattern inconsistent with a common explanation of response asymmetry i reconcile these observations through a model of price cycles prices on the downward portion of the cycle appear insensitive to costs compared with price increases supporting the theory that price decreases result from battles over market share this pattern resembles a faster response to cost increases than to decreases and the conclusion that asymmetry indicates a role for competition policy may be inappropriate jel classification l13 l71 cycles des prix de detail et reponse asymetrique les prix de detail hebdomadaires de la gazoline a windsor ont entre 1989 et 1994 semblent reagir plus vite aux accroissements qu aux chutes des prix de gros mais suivent un pattern cyclique qui ne semble pas consistant avec l explication traditionnelle en termes de reponse asymetrique l auteur reconcilie ces observations a l aide d un modele de cycle de prix les prix dans la portion descendante du cycle semblent insensibles aux variations de couts par comparaison avec les accroissements de prix ce qui supporte la theorie que les chutes de prix resultent de luttes pour les parts de marche le pattern ressemble a celui declenche par une reponse plus rapide aux augmentations qu aux chutes de couts et la conclusion qui voudrait qu on puisse attribuer le tout a l asymetrie des reponses et que donc une intervention de la politique de la concurrence s impose peut etre inappropriee

coordination need not be a problem abstract in a game of common interest there is one action vector that all players prefer to every other yet there may be multiple pareto ranked nash equilibria in the game and the coordination problem refers to the fact that rational equilibrium play cannot rule out pareto dominated equilibria in this paper i prove that two elements asynchronicity and a finite horizon are sufficient to uniquely select the pareto dominant action vector in subgame perfect equilibrium play asynchronicity may be exogenously specified by the rules of the game alternatively in a game where players choose when to move asynchronicity may emerge as an equilibrium move outcome

cross country variation in the impact of international migration canada mexico and the united states using data drawn from the canadian mexican and u s censuses we find a numerically comparable and statistically significant inverse relation between immigrant induced shifts in labor supply and wages in each of the three countries a 10 labor supply shift is associated with a 3 4 opposite signed change in wages despite the similarity in the wage response theimpactofmigrationonthewagestructuredifferssignificantlyacrosscountries international migration narrowed wage inequality in canada increased it in the united states and reduced the relative wage of workers at the bottom of the skill distribution in mexico jel j31 j61

do immigrants affect firm specific wages we propose and test a novel effect of immigration on wages existing studies have focused on the wage effects that result from changes in the aggregate labour supply in a competitive labour market we argue that if labour markets are not fully competitive immigrants might also affect wage formation at the most disaggregate level the workplace using linked employer employee data we find that an increased use of low skilled immigrant workers has a significantly negative effect on the wages of native workers at the workplace also when controlling for potential endogeneity of the immigrant share using both fixed effects and instrumental variables

immigration wage effects by origin we estimate the direct partial wage effects of immigrant induced increases in labor supply using the national skill cell approach with longitudinal records drawn from norwegian administrative registers the results show overall negative but heterogeneous wage effects with larger effects on immigrant wages than on native wages and with native wages more responsive to inflows from nordic countries than from developing countries these patterns are consistent with natives and nordic citizens being close substitutes while natives and immigrants from developing countries are imperfect substitutes estimates are sensitive to accounting for effective immigrant experience selective native participation and variation in demand conditions and native labor supply

local labor supply responses to immigration how natives adjust is central to an understanding of the impact of immigration in destination countries using detailed labor force data for malaysia for 1990 2010 we provide estimates of native responses to immigration on multiple extensive margins and rare evidence for a developing country instrumental variable estimates show that increased immigration to a state causes substantial internal inward migration consistent with the fact that immigration increases the demand for native workers relocating malaysian workers are accompanied by their spouses three quarters of whom are housewives and children who attend school we find that these effects are concentrated among middle and lower skilled malaysians

immigrants minorities and labor market competition this paper investigates the extent of labor market competition among immigrants minorities and the native population an analysis of 1980 u s census data reveals that immigrants tend to be substitutes for some labor market groups and complements for others the effects of shifts in immigrant supply on the earnings of native born men are however very small on the other hand increases in the supply of immigrants do have a sizable impact on the earnings of immigrants themselves an increase of 10 percent in the supply of immigrants for example reduces the immigrant wage by about 10 percent

the effect of immigration on productivity evidence from us states abstract in this paper we analyze the long run impact of immigration on employment productivity and its skill bias we use the existence of immigrant communities across u s states before 1960 and the distance from the mexican border as instruments for immigration flows we find no evidence that immigrants crowded out employment at the same time we find that immigration had a strong positive association with total factor productivity and a negative association with the high skill bias of production technologies the results are consistent with the idea that immigrants promoted efficient task specialization thus increasing tfp and also promoted the adoption of unskilled efficient technologies

bridging trade theory and labour econometrics the effects of international migration this paper surveys current theoretical and empirical research on international migration with a particular emphasis on the links between trade theory and labour empirics

a theory of dynamic oligopoly iii cournot competition abstract we study the markov perfect equilibrium mpe of an alternating move infinite horizon duopoly model where the strategic variable is quantity we exhibit a pair of difference differential equations that when they exist differentiable mpe strategies satisfy for quadratic payoff functions we solve these equations in closed form and demonstrate that the mpe corresponding to the solution is the limit of the finite horizon equilibrium as the horizon tends to infinity we conclude with a discussion of adjustment costs and endogenization of the timing

a theory of dynamic oligopoly ii price competition kinked demand curves and edgeworth cycles we provide game theoretic foundations for the classic kinked demand curve equilibrium and edgeworth cycle we analyze a model in which firms take turns choosing prices the model is intended to capture the idea of reactions based on short run commitment in a markov perfect equilibrium mpe a firm s move in any period depends only on the other firm s current price there are multiple mpe s consisting of both kinked demand curve equilibria and edgeworth cycles in any mpe profit is bounded away from the bertrand equilibrium level we show that a kinked demand curve at the monopoly price is the unique symmetric renegotiation proof equilibrium when there is little discounting we then endogenize the timing by allowing firms to move at any time subject to short run commitments we find that firms end up alternating thus vindicating the ad hoc timing assumption of our simpler model we also discuss how the model can be enriched to provide explanations for excess capacity and market sharing keiiwords tacit collusion markov perfect equilibrium kinked demand curve edgeworth cycle excess capacity market sharing endogenous timing

immigrant underemployment across us metropolitan areas from a spatial perspective a significant number of immigrants fail to realise their full potential in the us labour markets as evidenced by those working in occupations requiring skill levels far below their own level of ed

do immigrant inflows lead to native outflows we use 1980 and 1990 census data for 119 larger metropolitan statistical areas to examine the effect of skill group specific immigrant inflows on the location decisions of natives in the same skill group and on the overall distribution of human capital to control for unobserved skill group specific demand factors our models include lagged mobility flows of natives over the 1970 80 period we also estimate instrumental variables models that use the fraction of mexican immigrants in 1970 to predict skill group specific relative immigrant inflows over the 1980s despite wide variation across cities in the size and relative skill composition of immigrant population changes we find no evidence of selective out migration by natives we conclude that immigrant inflows exert a direct effect on the relative skill composition of cities cities that have received relatively unskilled immigrant flows have experienced proportional rises in the size of their unskilled populations this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

the labor demand was downward sloping disentangling migrants inflows and outflows 1929 1957 this paper studies in and out migration from the u s during the first half of the twentieth century and assesses how these flows affected state level labor markets it shows that out migration positively impacted the earnings growth of remaining workers while in migration had a negative impact hence immigrant arrivals were substitutes of the existing workforce while out migration reduced the competitive pressure on labor markets

attenuation bias in measuring the wage impact of immigration although economic theory predicts an inverse relation between relative wages and immigration induced supply shifts it has been difficult to document such effects the weak evidence may be partly due to sampling error in a commonly used measure of the supply shift the immigrant share of the workforce after controlling for permanent factors that determine wages in specific labor markets little variation remains in the immigrant share we find significant sampling error in this measure of supply shifts in canadian and u s census data correcting for the resulting attenuation bias can substantially increase existing estimates of the wage impact of immigration

native internal migration and the labor market impact of immigration this paper presents a theoretical and empirical study of how immigration influences the joint determination of the wage structure and internal migration behavior for native born workers in local labor markets using data from the 1960 2000 decennial censuses the study shows that immigration is associated with lower in migration rates higher out migration rates and a decline in the growth rate of the native workforce the native migration response attenuates the measured impact of immigration on wages in a local labor market by 40 to 60 per cent depending on whether the labor market is defined at the state or metropolitan area level

an alternating move price setting duopoly model with stochastic costs abstract this paper examines an alternating move price setting duopoly model in which marginal costs are stochastic without persistence it is shown that provided marginal costs do not fluctuate excessively equilibria in which firms match the current monopoly price do not exist by contrast equilibria in which firms always match their rival along the equilibrium path do exist in these equilibria deviations off of the equilibrium path result in extended price wars in which firms repeatedly undercut each other finally examples in which such price wars are observed in equilibrium are constructed

remittances and the wage impact of immigration this paper examines how the outflow of remittances affect the wages of native workers the model shows that the wage impact of immigration depends on the competing effects of an increase in labor market competition and an increase in the consumer base immigrant remittances provide a unique way of isolating this latter effect because they reduce the consumer base but not the workforce the predictions of the model are tested using an unusually rich german data set that has detailed information on remittances and wages as expected the results indicate that a 1 percent increase in remittances depress the wages of native workers by 0 06 percent furthermore remittances predominantly affect workers in nontraded industries that are more reliant on domestic consumption

timing is everything short run population impacts of immigration in us cities abstract we provide the first analysis of the short run causal impact of immigrant inflows on native populations at the local labor market level using published statistics from the american community surveys of 2000 2010 we examine how immigrant inflow shocks to a metropolitan area affect native populations we find that immigrant inflows are associated with increases in local native populations on an annual basis but that these ols estimates are generally upward biased our iv results are purged of this bias but we still find that an additional immigrant increases the low skill native population by 0 4 0 7 in the concurrent period to explain this result we show that immigrant inflows lead to declines in outflows of low skill natives from affected msas this is most pronounced in msas from which relocation is arguably more costly which may disproportionately affect the low skilled we find short run responses among high skill natives that are consistent with displacement the decline in high skilled native populations is driven by high skilled immigrant inflows and high skilled outflows increase from affected msas we show that these short run changes are obscured in specifications using longer run population changes and conclude that the short run impact of immigrants on native populations differs markedly from their longer run impact

the effect of minimum wages on immigrants this study examines how minimum wage laws affect the employment and earnings of low skilled immigrants and natives in the united states minimum wage increases might have larger effects among low skilled immigrants than among natives because on average immigrants earn less than natives due to lower levels of education limited english skills and less social capital results based on data from the current population survey for the years 1994 2005 do not indicate that minimum wages had adverse employment effects among adult immigrants or natives who did not complete high school however low skilled immigrants may have been discouraged from settling in states that set wage floors substantially above the federal minimum

the effect of low skilled immigration on u s prices evidence from cpi data i exploit the large variation across u s cities and through time in the relative size of the low skilled immigrant population to estimate the causal effect of immigration on prices of nontraded goods and services using an instrumental variables strategy i find that at current immigration levels a 10 percent increase in the share of low skilled immigrants in the labor force decreases the price of immigrant intensive services such as housekeeping and gardening by 2 percent wage equations suggest that lower wages are a likely channel through which these effects take place however wage effects are significantly larger for low skilled immigrants than for low skilled natives implying that the two are imperfect substitutes

rethinking the area approach immigrants and the labor market in california abstract a framework that uses a constant elasticity of substitution ces production function with skill differentiation and integrated national labor markets has predictions for the employment effect of immigrants at the local level the employment rather than wage response to immigration by skill in a state reveals the production substitutability complementarity between native and immigrant labor this in turn reveals the degree to which immigrants stimulate or depress the demand for native labor to estimate this elasticity i use a novel instrument based on demographic characteristics of total central american migrants or of the mexican population to predict immigration by skill level within california looking at immigration to california between 1960 and 2005 these estimates support the assumption of a nationally integrated labor market by skill and they support the hypothesis that natives and immigrants in the same education experience group are not perfectly substitutable this explains the counter intuitive fact that there is a zero correlation between immigration and wage and employment outcomes of natives in the state

the wage impact of undocumented workers evidence from administrative data using administrative individual level longitudinal data from the state of georgia this article finds that rising shares of undocumented workers results in higher earnings for documented workers but by a small amount a one percentage point increase in the share of undocumented workers in a documented worker s county industry results in an average wage boost of 0 44 within the firm a one percentage point increase in the percent of undocumented workers employed by the firm boosts wages by 0 09 0 11 0 12 and 0 04 in low medium and high skill firms respectively potential explanations for a positive wage impact are discussed

the long reach of cotton in the us south tenant farming mechanization and low skill manufacturing abstract this paper examines the long run impact of cotton agriculture on local development in the us south focusing on a novel aspect of structural change exploiting climate based variation in cotton production i show that cotton specialization in the late 19th century had a negative impact on local development that lasts through 2010 this negative relationship however only became evident in the second half of the 20th century i argue that the change was caused by the mechanization of cotton production which began in the 1950s after the mechanization local manufacturing absorbed displaced cotton tenants with low human capital in response to the inflow of cotton tenants labor productivity in manufacturing began to decline and the effects persisted in the long run the persistent decline in manufacturing productivity is explained by directed technical change that reduced demand for skills in manufacturing these results indicate that depending on the agricultural background structural change can negatively affect the evolution of technology and productivity in the industrial sector

immigration and domestic wage an empirical study on competition among immigrants abstractwhile studies on the wage effects of immigration focus on native workers there is significantly less information on the wage effects of immigration on domestic foreign born workers in addition to analysing the impact of immigration on wages of native workers in this article we estimate the internal competition among foreign born workers in the united states firstly using data from the current population survey we find no empirical evidence supporting the substitutability of native workers for immigrants secondly there is no statistical difference between skilled and unskilled immigrants on the influence of the domestic labour market outcomes finally there is no internal competition among immigrants the income of non citizen workers mainly depends on state and national levels of economic situations not the number of non citizen workers available in the labour market

immigration and wages evidence from construction to identify relative wage impacts of immigration we make use of certification and licensing requirements in the norwegian construction sector that give rise to exogenous variation in immigrant employment shares across trades individual panel data reveal substantially lower wage growth for workers in trades with rising immigrant employment than for other workers selective attrition from the sector masks the causal wage impact unless accounted for by individual fixed effects for low and semi skilled workers effects of new immigration are comparable for natives and older immigrant cohorts consistent with perfect substitutability between native and immigrant labor within trade finally we present evidence that immigration reduces price inflation as price increases over the sample period were significantly lower in activities with growth in the immigrant share than in activities with no or small change in immigrant employment

do concerns about labor market competition shape attitudes toward immigration new evidence abstract are concerns about labor market competition a powerful source of anti immigrant sentiment several prominent studies have examined survey data on voters and concluded that fears about the negative effects of immigration on wages and employment play a major role generating anti immigrant attitudes we examine new data from a targeted survey of u s employees in 12 different industries in contrast with previous studies the findings indicate that fears about labor market competition do not appear to have substantial effects on attitudes toward immigration and preferences with regard to immigration policy among this large and diverse set of voters

the effect of minimum wages on immigrants employment and earnings this study examines how minimum wage laws affect the employment and earnings of low skilled immigrants and natives in the u s minimum wage increases might have larger effects among low skilled immigrants than among natives because on average immigrants earn less than natives due to lower levels of education limited english skills and less social capital results based on data from the current population survey for the years 1994 2005 do not indicate that minimum wages have adverse employment effects among adult immigrants or natives who did not complete high school however low skilled immigrants may have been discouraged from settling in states that set wage floors substantially above the federal minimum jel classifications j23 j38 j15

asynchronous choice and markov equilibria we provide a theoretical foundation for the use of markov strategies in repeated games with asynchronous moves if admissible strategies must display finite arbitrarily long memory and each player incurs a complexity cost which depends on the memory length required by her strategy then every nash equilibrium must be in markovian strategies if in addition admissible strategies have uniformly bounded memory every rationalizable strategy must be markovian these results are robust to considerations of perfection and also yield interesting implications for equilibrium selection in simple contexts

the effect of weather induced internal migration on local labor markets evidence from uganda relying on census data collected in 2002 and historical weather data for uganda this paper estimates the impact of weather induced internal migration on the probability for non migrants living in the destination regions to be employed consistent with the prediction of a simple theoretical model the results reveal a larger negative impact than the one documented for developed countries they further show that this negative impact is significantly stronger in ugandan regions with lower road density and therefore less conducive to capital mobility a 10 percentage points increase in the net in migration rate in these areas decreases the probability of being employed of non migrants by more than 10 percentage points

post industrialisation immigration and unemployment how and why the impact of immigration on unemployment differs between dutch cities studies on the substitution thesis in advanced economies show scattered results the impact of immigration on the wages and likelihood of unemployment of the less educated varies strongly both studies on the substitution thesis itself and studies on the unequal post industrial development of urban economies suggest that this is because the substitution thesis is conditional on the type of urban economy the empirical validity of this suggestion is tested by comparing the impact of immigration on the employment level of the less educated among 22 dutch metropolitan areas the findings corroborate the central hypothesis in strong service oriented urban economies the impact of immigration on unemployment levels is mitigated because of high labour demand for the less educated

do immigrant outflows lead to native inflows an empirical analysis of the migratory responses to us state immigration legislation i estimate the impact on internal migration for 52 different demographic groups of the recent influx of state omnibus immigration laws targeting undocumented immigrants in the united states i find evidence that while the demographic groups pinpointed as having higher percentages of undocumented immigrants certainly experience population and employment outflows from states implementing these immigration laws there is a lack of associated inflows for those demographic groups identified by economic theory as being probable substitutes for undocumented immigrants several segments designated as probable substitutes actually experience an adverse effect on population and employment this finding provides rigorous empirical backing to existing anecdotal evidence of the same cross state migratory phenomenon resulting in clear policy implications in relation to the ongoing debate over immigration

what happens to the careers of european workers when immigrants take their jobs following a representative longitudinal sample of native european residents over the period 1995 2001 we identify the effect of the inflows of immigrants on natives career employment and wages we control for individual country year occupation group year and occupation group country heterogeneity and shocks and construct an imputed inflow of the foreign born population that is exogenous to local demand shocks we find that native european workers are more likely to move to occupations associated with higher skills and status when a larger number of immigrants enters their labor market we find no evidence of an increase in their probability of becoming unemployed

impact of low skilled immigration on female labour supply wir untersuchen die auswirkungen von zuwanderung auf das arbeitsangebot einheimischer frauen insbesondere betrachten wir die auswirkung des anstiegs geringqualifizierter zuwanderer die im haushaltssektor arbeiten auf hoch und geringqualifizierte einheimische frauen wir modellieren individuelle entscheidungen uber die haushaltsproduktion und testen die wichtigsten aussagen dieses modells anhand eines harmonisierten datensatzes cnef unsere stichprobe enthalt lander mit unterschiedlich groszugiger familienpolitik unsere ergebnisse zeigen dass mit einem hoheren anteil an migranten im dienstleistungssektor eines lokal begrenzten arbeitsmarktes die einheimischen hochqualifizierten frauen ihr arbeitsangebot erhohen gleichzeitig steigt die partizipationsrate unqualifizierter einheimischer frauen daruber hinaus zeigen wir dass diese effekte in landern mit restriktiverer familienpolitik starker ausfallen

recent immigration and economic outcomes in rural america this paper assessed how recent immigrant flows have affected non metropolitan county labor market outcomes over the 2000 2005 period we find the largest impact to be increased net out migration of natives in the more remote rural counties dramatically less out migration of natives occurred in manufacturing dependent counties which also experienced reduced employment rates suggesting greater job queuing immigration was positively associated with net migration in persistently high poverty counties given the general absence of statistically significant adverse impacts on other labor market outcomes in these counties it is possible that immigration helps to revitalize persistently high poverty counties although point estimates suggested out migration may have been insufficient to equalize real wages

the effect of immigration on wages exploiting exogenous variation at the national level this paper estimates the effect of immigration on native wages at the national level taking into account the endogenous allocation of immigrants across skill cells time varying exogenous variation across skill cells for a given country is provided by interactions of push factors distance and skill cell dummies distance mitigates the effect of push factors more severely for less educated and middle experienced because the analysis focuses on the united states and canada i propose a two stage approach sub sample 2sls that estimates the first stage regression with an augmented sample of destination countries and the second stage equation with the restricted sub sample of interest i derive asymptotic results for this estimator and suggest several applications beyond the current one the empirical analysis indicates a substantial bias in estimated ols wage elasticities to immigration sub sample 2sls estimates average 1 2 and are very stable to the use of alternative instruments

attitudes toward highly skilled and low skilled immigration evidence from a survey experiment past research has emphasized two critical economic concerns that appear to generate anti immigrant sentiment among native citizens concerns about labor market competition and concerns about the fiscal burden on public services we provide direct tests of both models of attitude formation using an original survey experiment embedded in a nationwide u s survey the labor market competition model predicts that natives will be most opposed to immigrants who have skill levels similar to their own we find instead that both low skilled and highly skilled natives strongly prefer highly skilled immigrants over low skilled immigrants and this preference is not decreasing in natives skill levels the fiscal burden model anticipates that rich natives oppose low skilled immigration more than poor natives and that this gap is larger in states with greater fiscal exposure in terms of immigrant access to public services we find instead that rich and poor natives are equally opposed to low skilled immigration in general in states with high fiscal exposure poor rich natives are more less opposed to low skilled immigration than they are elsewhere this indicates that concerns among poor natives about constraints on welfare benefits as a result of immigration are more relevant than concerns among the rich about increased taxes overall the results suggest that economic self interest at least as currently theorized does not explain voter attitudes toward immigration the results are consistent with alternative arguments emphasizing noneconomic concerns associated with ethnocentrism or sociotropic considerations about how the local economy as a whole may be affected by immigration

residential location work location and labor market outcomes of immigrants in israel we develop and estimate a comprehensive dynamic programming dp model for the joint decisions of residential location employment location occupational choices and labor market outcomes we use data on immigrants from the former soviet union fsu we provide an extensive empirical evaluation of policies that have been designed to affect the residential and employment location decisions of the migrant population the results shed new and important light on several issues regarding this group of immigrants we find large regional differences in wages for the white collar workers but only little differences for the blue collar workers a careful examination of a number of policy measures indicate that a direct subsidy in the form of a lump sum transfer is most effective in achieving the government stated goal of inducing people to reside in the northern region of the galilee and southern region of the negev other policies such as rental and wage subsidies can also be quite effective but these are more difficult to administer

assessing inherent model bias an application to native displacement in response to immigration abstract there is a long standing debate among academics about the effect of immigration on native internal migration decisions if immigrants displace natives this may indicate a direct cost of immigration in the form of decreased employment opportunity for native workers moreover displacement would also imply that cross region analyses of wage effects systematically underestimate the consequences of immigration the widespread use of such area studies for the us and other countries makes it especially important to know whether a native internal response to immigration truly occurs this paper introduces a microsimulation methodology to test for inherent bias in regression models that have been used in the literature we show that some specifications have built biases into their models thereby casting doubt on the validity of their results we then provide a brief empirical analysis with a panel of observed us state by skill data together our evidence argues against the existence of native displacement this implies that cross region analyses of immigration s effect on wages are still informative

the effect of internal migration on local labor markets american cities during the great depression the great depression offers a unique laboratory to investigate the causal impact of migration on local labor markets we use variation in the generosity of new deal programs and extreme weather events to instrument for migrant flows to and from u s cities in migration had little effect on the hourly earnings of existing residents instead in migration prompted some residents to move away and others to lose weeks of work or access to relief jobs for every 10 arrivals we estimate that 1 9 residents moved out 2 1 were prevented from finding a relief job and 1 9 shifted from full time to part time work

sequential moves and tacit collusion reaction function cycles in a finite pricing duopoly abstract this paper analyzes a finite horizon sequential move pricing duopoly restricting attention to markov strategies the solution yields stationary patterns independent of initial conditions where the reaction functions follow cycles of three periods the market price never settles down and is at all times strictly above marginal cost long run average industry profits are approximately 5 6 of the monopoly level these results demonstrate that neither a long horizon nor non markovian strategies are required for persistent profits in dynamic price competition games journal of economic literature classification numbers c73 d43 l13

the labour market impact of immigration in the first part of this paper we present a stylized model of the labour market impact of immigra tion we then discuss mechanisms through which an economy can adjust to immigration changes in factor prices output mix and production technology in the second part we explain the problems of empirically estimating how immigration affects labour market outcomes of the resident population and review some strategies to address these we then summarize some recent empirical studies for the uk and other countries we conclude with an outlook on what we believe are important avenues for future research

the great mexican emigration abstract in this paper we examine net emigration from mexico over the period 1960 to 2000 the data are consistent with labor supply shocks having made a substantial contribution to mexican emigration accounting for two fifths of mexican labor flows to the united states over the last two decades of the twentieth century net emigration rates by mexican state birth year cohort display a strong positive correlation with the initial size of the mexican cohort relative to the corresponding u s cohort in states with long histories of emigration the effects of cohort size on emigration are relatively strong consistent with the existence of preexisting networks

immigration wages and education a labour market equilibrium structural model recent literature analysing wage effects of immigration assumes labour supply is fixed across education experience cells this article departs from this assumption estimating a labour market equilibrium dynamic discrete choice model on u s micro data for 1967 2007 individuals adjust to immigration by changing education participation and or occupation adjustments are heterogeneous 4 2 26 2 of prime aged native males change their careers of them some switch to white collar careers and increase education by about three years others reduce labour market attachment and reduce education also by about three years these adjustments mitigate initial effects on wages and inequality natives that are more similar to immigrants are the most affected on impact but also have a larger margin to adjust and differentiate adjustments also produce a self selection bias in the estimation of wage effects at the lower tail of the distribution which the model corrects

birth rates and border crossings latin american migration to the us canada spain and the uk we use census data for the us canada spain and uk to estimate bilateral migration rates to these countries from 25 latin american and caribbean nations over the period 1980 to 2005 latin american migration to the us is responsive to labor supply shocks as predicted by earlier changes in birth cohort sizes and labor demand shocks associated with balance of payments crises and natural disasters latin american migration to canada spain and the uk in contrast is largely insensitive to these shocks responding only to civil and military conflict the results are consistent with us immigration policy toward latin america which is relatively permissive toward illegal entry being mediated by market forces and immigration policy in the other countries which favor skilled workers and asylum seekers among other groups insulating them from labor market shocks in the region

what drives u s immigration policy evidence from congressional roll call votes abstract immigration is today one of the most hotly debated policy issues in the united states despite marked divergence of opinion even within political parties several important reforms have been introduced in the post 1965 era the purpose of this paper is to carry out a systematic analysis of the drivers of the voting behavior of us representatives on immigration policy in the period 1970 2006 and in particular to assess the role of economic factors at the district level our findings suggest that representatives from more skilled labor abundant districts are more likely to support an open immigration policy towards the unskilled whereas the opposite is true for representatives from more unskilled labor abundant districts this evidence is robust to the introduction of an array of additional economic and non economic characteristics of the districts and suggests that a simple factor analysis model can go a long way in explaining voting on immigration policy