the fiscal impact of immigration in france a generational accounting approach the objective of this study is to use both static and dynamic frameworks to compare the benefits that immigrants draw from the public system with their contributions through the taxes that they pay the main conclusion of this paper is that the impact of immigration on welfare systems is weak thus if we compare on a given date immigrants global contribution to the public administration budget with the volume of transfers they receive immigrants appear to be relatively favoured by the redistribution system at the same time even if immigrants seem to pay less taxes and receive more transfers than natives the difference in distribution between the two populations with a higher concentration of immigrants in the active age groups and a sparser concentration among the net beneficiaries of the social transfer system leads to a slightly positive long term impact of immigration on public finances however the impact of immigration remains very slight compared with the global effort that would have to be undertaken to reduce budgetary imbalances

the renewable energy growth and environmental kuznets curve in turkey an ardl approach abstract this study examines the potential of renewable energy sources in reducing the impact of ghg emissions in turkey using autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach the relationship between co 2 emissions electricity generated using renewables and gdp in turkey has been investigated during 1961 2010 moreover the validity of environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis has been tested model results show that the coefficient of electricity production from renewable sources hydro power excluded with respect to co 2 emissions is negative and significant in the long run although this effect is positive and statistically significant in the short run since the ecm term is 0 82 it becomes negative around 1 year this means that renewable electricity production will contribute to environmental enhancement with a one year lag our results also suggest a u shaped ekc relationship between per capita ghgs and income estimations from a long run regression show that although the peak point of gdp per capita has been calculated to be 9920 us dollars this turning point was outside of the observed sample period therefore ghg emissions start to decrease with an increase in per capita gdp in the following years model research implies the potential and the importance of renewable energy sources in controlling of emissions in turkey

have fossil fuels been substituted by renewables an empirical assessment for 10 european countries abstract the electricity mix worldwide has become diversified mainly by exploiting endogenous and green resources this trend has been spurred on so as to reduce both carbon dioxide emissions and external energy dependency one would expect the larger penetration of renewable energies to provoke a substitution effect of fossil fuels by renewable sources in the electricity generation mix however this effect is far from evident in the literature this paper thus contributes to clarifying whether the effect exists and if so the characteristics of the effect by source three approaches generation capacity and demand were analysed jointly to accomplish the main aim of this study an autoregressive distributed lag model was estimated using the driscoll and kraay estimator with fixed effects to analyse ten european countries in a time span from 1990 until 2014 the paper provides evidence for the substitution effect in solar pv and hydropower but not in wind power sources indeed the generation approach highlights the necessity for flexible and controllable electricity production from natural gas and hydropower to back up renewable sources moreover the results prove that peaks of electricity have been an obstacle to the accommodation of intermittent renewable sources

emigration and wages in source countries evidence from mexico abstract this paper examines empirically the effect of mexican emigration to the united states on wages in mexico using data from the mexican and us censuses from 1970 to 2000 the main result in the paper is that emigration has a strong and positive effect on mexican wages there is also evidence for increasing wage inequality in mexico due to emigration simple welfare calculations based on a labor demand supply framework suggest that the aggregate welfare loss to mexico due to emigration is small however there is a significant distributional impact between labor and other factors

energy efficiency and sustainable growth in industrial sectors in european union countries a nonlinear ardl approach abstract it can be said that economic growth providing it ensures a clean and safe environment is one of the main objectives of many countries with this in mind an important question needs to be asked what is the relationship between energy efficiency and economic growth this can only be answered through an empirical analysis by carrying out such an analysis using the energy efficiency of the industrial sector for 11 european union countries for a time span from 1997 to 2015 it should be possible to understand if the energy efficiency measures and investments being made are driving economies towards greater energy efficiency and sustainable growth this paper uses a nonlinear ardl model which allows short and long run relationships to be analysed for the ascending and descending movements of variables the results indicate that investment is increasing energy efficiency while at the same time reducing greenhouse gas emissions economic growth is driving economies to greater energy efficiency the same result is found in the industrial energy price index to verify robustness the environmental kuznets curve was estimated using gross domestic product per capita and as an alternative the industrial production index to ensure increased energy efficiency along with sustainable growth policymakers must adapt their policies and devise new ones to both incentivise investment and control energy pricing alternative ways of electricity generation such as renewable sources could allow the economy to grow in a more sustainable way such mechanisms would let policymakers develop policies for greener and more sustainable growth while at the same time encouraging the efficient use of energy

international migration and trade agreements the new role of ptas this paper provides an empirical analysis of the relationship between preferential trade agreements ptas and bilateral migration flows building on the empirical literature on the determinants of migration flows i estimate a modified gravity model to assess the role of ptas and their content on bilateral migration flows using a sample of 29 oecd destination countries over the period 1998 2008 i show a strong positive effect of ptas on bilateral migration flows i find that the content of ptas also matters when visa and asylum and labour market related provisions are included in ptas this further stimulates bilateral migration flows different estimation strategies including instrumental variables are employed to address the potential endogeneity bias problems related to ptas and their content

a gravity model analysis of international migration to north america this study examines the influence of political economic and demographic factors on the size and composition of migration flows to north america a modified gravity model is specified and adjusted to include immigration regulations and characteristics specific to the origin and destination countries for empirical test of the model the time period of study is from 1976 1986 and 70 countries are covered for a total of 1540 observations of migration flows to canada and the usa the results reveal that the population of origin countries and the income of destination countries are two major determinants of migration to north america high population areas of asia and latin america provided a large share of the immigrants domestic restrictions on political and civil freedom in origin countries are found to significantly impair migration to north america

deep integration and production networks an empirical analysis this paper investigates the two way relationship between deep integration and production networks trade we capture deep integration with a set of indices constructed in terms of policy areas covered in preferential trade agreements we estimate an augmented gravity equation to investigate the impact of deep integration on production networks trade the results show that on average signing deeper agreements increases production networks trade between member countries by almost 12 percentage points in addition the impact of deep integration is higher for trade in automobile parts and information and technology products compared with textile products to analyse whether higher levels of network trade increase the likelihood of signing deeper agreements we follow the literature on the determinants of preferential trade agreements the estimation results show that after taking into account other pta determinants a ten percentage increase in the share of production network trade over total trade increases the depth of an agreement by approximately 6 percentage points in addition the probability of signing deeper agreements is higher for country pairs involved in north south production sharing and for countries belonging to the asia region

top income shares in oecd countries the role of government ideology and globalisation this paper investigates how government ideology and globalisation are associated with top income shares in 17 oecd countries over the period 1970 to 2014 we use top income shares of the world wealth and income database wid globalisation is measured by the kof index of globalisation static and dynamic panel model results show that the top income shares increased more under right wing governments than under left wing governments the ideology induced effect was stronger when globalisation proceeded more rapidly globalisation was positively correlated with income shares of the upper middle class p99 p90 but negatively with income shares of the rich top 1 in the overall sample we show that the relationship differs between anglo saxon countries and other oecd countries globalisation was more pro rich in anglo saxon countries than in other oecd countries government ideology does not turn out to have a statistically significant effect on top income shares in anglo saxon countries after the 1980s whereas ideology induced differences in the distributional outcomes continued in other oecd countries

do trade missions increase trade in an effort to stimulate trade canada has conducted regular trade missions starting in 1994 often led by the prime minister according to the canadian government these missions generated tens of billions of dollars in new business deals this paper uses bilateral trade data to assess this claim we find that canada exports and imports above normal amounts to the countries to which it sent trade missions however the missions do not seem to have caused an increase in trade in the preferred specification incorporating country pair fixed effects trade missions have small negative and mainly insignificant effects dans un effort pour stimuler le commerce international le canada a mene des missions commerciales depuis 1994 souvent sous la direction du premier ministre selon le gouvernement canadien ces missions ont engendre des dizaines de millions de dollars en relations d affaires ce texte utilise des donnees sur le commerce bilateral pour evaluer cette proposition on decouvre que le canada exporte et importe des quantites au dessus de la normale vers et en provenance des pays ou il a mene des missions commerciales cependant les missions ne semblent pas avoir cause un accroissement du commerce dans la specification preferee incorporant les effets fixes des paires de pays les missions commerciales ont des effets faibles negatifs et en gros insignifiants

the relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption from renewable and non renewable sources a study of turkey abstract the main objective of this study is to analyze the short and long run estimates as well as the causality relationships between economic growth gr electricity consumption from renewable sources relc and electricity consumption from non renewable sources nrelc for turkey in a multivariate model wherein capital k and labor l are included as additional variables using the autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach to cointegration the johansen cointegration test and the gregory hansen cointegration test with structural break we show that gr relc nrelc k and l are cointegrated although nrelc has a long run positive effect on gr the long run estimate of relc is negative but insignificant at 5 level of significance the granger causality test based on the vector error correction model reveals the evidence of neutrality hypothesis between relc and gr and between nrelc and gr in turkey in the short run in addition the granger causality runs from relc nrelc k and l to gr as well as from gr relc k and l to nrelc in the long run which supports the existence of growth hypothesis between relc and gr and feedback hypothesis between nrelc and gr in the long run it is advised that policy makers in the turkish government should continue to reduce the share of electricity consumption from renewable sources and encourage the usage of electricity from non renewable sources to have sustainable long run growth rates it is also essential to promote the investment projects to increase the efficiency of electricity generation from non renewable sources

co2 emissions non renewable and renewable electricity production economic growth and international trade in italy abstract this paper applies the autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration to investigate the dynamic causal relationships between co2 emissions per capita real gdp per capita per capita non renewable electricity production and per capita renewable electricity production and international trade in the case of italy from 1960 to 2011 we find cointegration among these variables in the presence of possible structural breaks and we overcome the problem of multicollinearity in the research design the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is validated analytically because the estimated pollution model indicates that economic growth leads to less pollution over time per capita renewable electricity production reduces the level of co2 emissions per capita in the short run and in the long run whereas international trade only impacts positively upon carbon dioxide emissions per capita in the long run international trade granger causes co2 emissions per capita and non renewable electricity production per capita moreover the results depict the existence of the long run unidirectional granger causality relation running from output per capita to renewable electricity production per capita and from non renewable electricity production per capita to renewable electricity production per capita the findings indicate that renewable electricity production is a key solution in reducing pollutant emissions over time this result should be of concern to policy makers

effects of renewable energy sector development on electricity consumption growth nexus in the european union abstract the aim of this study is to assess the effect of renewable energy sector development on the relationships between electricity consumption and economic growth in the european union countries in the period between 1995 and 2015 a panel vector autoregressive model is used for testing granger causality and estimating impulse response functions the results indicate that the relationships between economic growth and electricity consumption depend on the level of renewable energy sector development the greater the share of the renewable energy sector in the economy is the more noticeable the mutual dependence between the economic growth and renewable electricity consumption is in countries with relatively well developed renewable energy sectors renewable electricity consumption boosts the economy and vice versa in the remaining countries economic growth and electricity consumption are independent empirical findings suggest that policymakers should develop strategies to implement clean energy policy aimed at stimulating the development of the renewable energy sector to support economic growth

revisiting the trade migration nexus evidence from new oecd data international migrants contribute to bilateral trade creation if their presence reduces information costs or entails additional demand for goods from their source countries using new data on stocks of foreign born individuals by skill class we try to separately quantify those two channels we assume that improved information affects host countries imports and exports symmetrically while the preference channel matters for imports only on average for differentiated goods both channels contribute evenly toward the total trade creating effect of migration in line with expectations the relative importance of the trade cost channel is largest for homogeneous goods and for high skilled migrants

an engineering economic approach to transmission planning under market and regulatory uncertainties wecc case study we propose a stochastic programming based tool to support adaptive transmission planning under market and regulatory uncertainties we model investments in two stages differentiating between commitments that must be made now and corrective actions that can be undertaken as new information becomes available the objective is to minimize expected transmission and generation costs over the time horizon nonlinear constraints resulting from kirchhoff s voltage law are included we apply the tool to a 240 bus representation of the western electricity coordinating council and model uncertainty using three scenarios with distinct renewable electricity mandates emissions policies and fossil fuel prices we conclude that the cost of ignoring uncertainty the cost of using naive deterministic planning methods relative to explicitly modeling uncertainty is of the same order of magnitude as the cost of first stage transmission investments furthermore we conclude that heuristic rules for constructing transmission plans based on scenario planning can be as suboptimal as deterministic plans

environmental and health impacts of a policy to phase out nuclear power in sweden nuclear power faces an uncertain future in sweden major political parties including the green party of the coalition government have recently strongly advocated for a policy to decommission the swedish nuclear fleet prematurely here we examine the environmental health and to a lesser extent economic impacts of implementing such a plan the process has already been started through the early shutdown of the barseback plant we estimate that the political decision to shut down barseback has resulted in 2400 avoidable energy production related deaths and an increase in global co2 emissions of 95 million tonnes to date october 2014 the swedish reactor fleet as a whole has reached just past its halfway point of production and has a remaining potential production of up to 2100 twh the reactors have the potential of preventing 1 9 2 1 gigatonnes of future co2 emissions if allowed to operate their full lifespans the potential for future prevention of energy related deaths is 50 000 60 000 we estimate an 800 billion sek 120 billion usd lower bound estimate for the lost tax revenue from an early phase out policy in sum the evidence shows that implementing a nuclear free policy for sweden or countries in a similar situation would constitute a highly retrograde step for climate health and economic protection

economic and environmental costs of replacing nuclear fission with solar and wind energy in sweden nuclear power is facing an uncertain future in sweden due to political directives that are seeking to phase out this energy source over coming decades here we examine the environmental and economic costs of hypothetical future renewable energy focused cases compared with the current nuclear and hydroelectricity centred mix in sweden we show that if wind and photovoltaics replace entire nuclear power while maintaining the current level of dispatchable backup capacity including hydroelectric power and peak gas power 154 gw of wind power will be required and will generate 427 1 twh compared with the actual demand of 143 7 twh to reliably meet demand each hour of the year as a consequence the annual spending on electricity systems will be five times higher than the status quo increasing dispatchable power increasing transmission capacities to other countries and generating electricity from combined heat and power plants even when there is no heat demand will together reduce the required capacities of wind and solar photovoltaic by half but it will double the greenhouse gas emissions during the combustion process in conclusion our economic and greenhouse gas emissions analyses demonstrate that replacing nuclear power with renewables will be neither economic nor environmentally friendly with regards to the climate

immigration and trade creation econometric evidence from canada immigrants may expand trade with their country of origin owing to superior knowledge of or preferential access to market opportunities the authors test this proposition using canadian trade data with 136 partners from 1980 to 1992 in an augmented gravity equation they find that a 10 percent increase in immigrants is associated with a 1 percent increase in canadian exports to the immigrant s home country and a 3 percent increase in imports they also find that among the primary categories of immigrants independents have the greater influence on trade immigration via the entrepreneur class appears to have less impact on trade than all other classes except refugees

renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus in turkey abstract this paper examines the renewable energy consumption economic growth causality nexus in turkey studies in the literature can be grouped as country specific and multi country studies the results of these studies are inconsistent and there is no agreement on the existence or the direction of causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth the results of this country specific study support conservation hypothesis the results of empirical tests from ardl approach show that renewable energy consumption has a negative impact on economic growth and the ones of toda yamamoto causality tests show that there is a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to renewable energy consumption

electricity consumption and economic growth nexus in portugal using cointegration and causality approaches the aim of this paper is to re examine the relationship between electricity consumption economic growth and employment in portugal using the cointegration and granger causality frameworks this study covers the sample period from 1971 to 2009 we examine the presence of a long run equilibrium relationship using the bounds testing approach to cointegration within the unrestricted error correction model uecm moreover we examine the direction of causality between electricity consumption economic growth and employment in portugal using the granger causality test within the vector error correction model vecm as a summary of the empirical findings we find that electricity consumption economic growth and employment in portugal are cointegrated and there is bi directional granger causality between the three variables in the long run with the exception of the granger causality between electricity consumption and economic growth the rest of the variables are also bi directional granger causality in the short run furthermore we find that there is unidirectional granger causality running from economic growth to electricity consumption but no evidence of reversal causality

ordinary and special regimes of electricity generation in spain how they interact with economic activity abstract the purpose of this paper is to review the literature focused on the energy electricity growth nexus highlighting how the focus has shifted from aggregated energy electricity consumption towards specific energy sources moreover it aims to shed light on the relationships between different energy electricity sources and economic growth empirically the paper focuses on the analysis of interactions between electricity generation in spain under both the special regime sr and the ordinary regime or and their relationship with economic activity data for spain is studied for a time span from january 2003 to january 2016 the toda yamamoto causality test is carried out to check for causality relationships additionally both short and long run effects are assessed by using the ardl bounds test approach overall the results reveal high internal consistency when comparing the ardl results with the causality analysis the substitution effect was detected between or and sr however the negative effect of the sr on economic activity deserves special attention by energy policymakers this paper argues that the main challenge of renewable sources for policymakers is their cost effectiveness

european energy policy a review this article presents the implemented policies of the european union in the broader field of energy and provides a picture of the union s strategy on energy related issues a brief historical background is provided covering the period from the beginning of the union s creation in 1951 when coal was considered as the heart of its economic growth up to 2012 policy development principles as well as the consultations that take place before the proposal of each option are also discussed implemented policies are classified into seven broad categories renewable energy energy efficiency and savings internal energy markets security of energy supply environmental protection nuclear energy and research and development for each category an introduction covering important milestones towards its development is followed by the presentation of the relevant policies and a description of their purpose

does economic globalisation affect income inequality a meta analysis a large volume of econometric literature has studied the impact of economic globalisation on income inequality around the world however reported econometric estimates vary substantially which makes it difficult to draw valid conclusions this paper presents a quantitative summary and analysis of existing estimates regarding the globalisation inequality relationship we use a new data set consisting of 1 254 observations from 123 primary studies by applying meta analysis and meta regression methods we obtain several main findings first globalisation has a small to moderate inequality increasing effect second while the effect of trade globalisation is small financial globalisation shows a more sizeable and significantly stronger inequality increasing impact third we find an average inequality increasing impact of globalisation in both advanced and developing countries fourth education and technology moderate the impact of globalisation on income inequality

multilateral resistance to migration the rate of migration observed between two countries does not depend solely on their relative attractiveness but also on the one of alternative destinations following the trade literature we term the influence exerted by other destinations on bilateral flows as multilateral resistance to migration and we show how it can be accounted for when estimating the determinants of migration rates in the context of a general individual random utility maximization model we propose the use of the common correlated effects estimator pesaran 2006 and apply it to high frequency data on the spanish immigration boom between 1997 and 2009 compared to more restrictive estimation strategies developed in the literature the bias goes in the expected direction we find a smaller effect of gdp per capita and a larger effect of migration policies on bilateral rates

beyond the wto an anatomy of eu and us preferential trade agreements it is often alleged that ptas involving the ec and the us include a significant number of obligations in areas not currently covered by the wto agreement such as investment protection competition policy labour standards and environmental protection the primary purpose of this study is to highlight the extent to which these claims are true the study divides the contents of all ptas involving the ec and the us currently notified to the wto into 14 wto and 38 wto x areas where wto provisions come under the current mandate of the wto and wto x provisions deal with issues lying outside the current wto mandate as a second step the legal enforceability of each obligation is evaluated and judged on the extent to which the text specifies clear obligations among the findings are i ec agreements contain almost four times as many instances of wto x provisions as do us agreements ii but ec agreements evidence a very significant amount of legal inflation i e non legally enforceable provisions in the wto x category and us agreements actually contain more enforceable wto x provisions than do the ec agreements iii us agreements tend to emphasise regulatory areas more compared to ec agreements 2010 blackwell publishing ltd

historical construction costs of global nuclear power reactors the existing literature on the construction costs of nuclear power reactors has focused almost exclusively on trends in construction costs in only two countries the united states and france and during two decades the 1970s and 1980s these analyses koomey and hultman 2007 grubler 2010 and escobar rangel and leveque 2015 study only 26 of reactors built globally between 1960 and 2010 providing an incomplete picture of the economic evolution of nuclear power construction this study curates historical reactor specific overnight construction cost occ data that broaden the scope of study substantially covering the full cost history for 349 reactors in the us france canada west germany japan india and south korea encompassing 58 of all reactors built globally we find that trends in costs have varied significantly in magnitude and in structure by era country and experience in contrast to the rapid cost escalation that characterized nuclear construction in the united states we find evidence of much milder cost escalation in many countries including absolute cost declines in some countries and specific eras our new findings suggest that there is no inherent cost escalation trend associated with nuclear technology

the impact of policy actions and future energy prices on the cost optimal development of the energy system in norway and sweden abstract this paper studies the effects of policy actions on the energy systems in norway and sweden including a nuclear shutdown a cancelation of restricted hydropower and an expansion of export capacity to europe this study apply a stochastic times model that considers the short term uncertainty in electricity supply and value the flexibility of hydro reservoirs it is the first time this approach is used to quantify the effects of these policy actions on cost optimal investments and operations to consider the uncertainty of the energy market we analyse the policy actions under four different price developments for biomass fossil fuels and electricity the results demonstrate that our stochastic approach provides different model decisions compared to the traditional deterministic approach further we show that the future role of the large hydro reservoirs in norway and sweden depends both on the adopted policy actions and on future energy prices and that the policy actions have a significant impact on the development of the energy system this insight is valuable when considering the development and management of the hydro reservoirs it is also valuable for other european countries so that they can evaluate the interplay of the hydro reservoirs with other energy storage options

trade aid and migrations some basic policy issues the link between trade policy and international migration is explored using data from the united states and europe we conclude that restrictive trade policies in industrialised countries have most likely added to migration pressures we then turn to the broader question of the effects of income growth in the sending countries on the propensity to migrate we argue that in relatively poor countries an increase in income will be associated with higher migration flows for middle income countries however income growth will lead to lower migrations in the medium run therefore the relationship between development levels as measured by gdp per capita and the propensity to migrate follows an inverse u pattern econometric analysis of aggregate migration flows from southern europe provides considerable support for such conjecture excerpt

selection and network effects migration flows into oecd countries 1990 2000 abstract this paper presents empirical evidence on immigration flows into the oecd countries during the period 1990 2000 our results indicate that network effects are strong but vary between different groups of welfare states and between countries according to the type of immigration policy being applied network effects seem to be less important in the nordic countries which also seem to attract immigrants from the lowest income level source countries we do not find clear evidence that selection effects measured by migration flows being sensitive to differences in public social expenditures have had a major influence on the observed migration patterns until now this may partly be explained by restrictive migration policies which may have dampened the potential selection effects

globalisation and inter occupational inequality empirical evidence from oecd countries this article was published in world economy 2013 john wiley sons ltd and the definite version is available at http onlinelibrary wiley com doi 10 1111 twec 12128 full the article website is at http onlinelibrary wiley com doi 10 1111 twec 2014 37 issue 3 issuetoc

short term uncertainty in long term energy system models a case study of wind power in denmark when wind power constitutes a larger share of the electricity production mix credible and reliable modelling of its operation in long term investment models becomes increasingly important in this paper the intermittent characteristics of wind power are modelled as a stochastic parameter in a long term times model of the danish heat and electricity sector to our knowledge this is not a common approach in long term investment models and has not been done previously in times where the short term uncertainty of wind power is normally taken into account by a deterministic constraint that ensures excess back up capacity in our model the stochasticity gives lower total energy system costs significant lower investments in wind power less expected electricity export and higher expected biomass consumption compared to using the traditional deterministic approach also the deterministic investment strategy can be insufficient in periods with poor wind conditions based on our findings we recommend using a stochastic representation of intermittent renewables in long term investment models to provide more solid results for decision makers

causal relationship between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth a multi country analysis this paper attempts to investigate the causal relationship between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth using the data from six countries among 20 countries that have used nuclear energy for more than 20 years until 2005 to this end time series techniques including the tests for unit roots co integration and granger causality are employed to argentina france germany korea pakistan and switzerland the main conclusion is that the causal relationship between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth is not uniform across countries in the case of switzerland there exists bi directional causality between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth this means that an increase in nuclear energy consumption directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further nuclear energy consumption the uni directional causality runs from economic growth to nuclear energy consumption without any feedback effects in france and pakistan and from nuclear energy to economic growth in korea however any causality between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in argentina and germany is not detected

an application of total factor energy efficiency under the metafrontier framework abstract as the computation of total factor energy efficiency tfee is not workable under the metafrontier framework since the metafrontier cannot fully envelope each group frontier this research provides a new computation mode to solve this problem following a discussion on the methodology we conduct empirical analysis on 28 member countries in the european union eu and then divide them into baltic sea region bsr countries and non baltic sea region nbsr countries for metafrontier analysis thus contributing to the literature by presenting an available mode for tfee analysis under the metafrontier framework the suggested mode herein operates so successfully that all computation scores exhibit a reasonable scope in addition the bsr s average energy efficiency performs better than nbsr s but the latter is still a technology exporter compared to the former this paper summarizes the conditions for sustainable energy development i set more serious energy efficiency targets ii reduce primary and final energy consumptions lower energy dependence on energy imports and increase the share of renewable energy sources to fossil fuel energy sources iii achieve a liberalized energy market and iv set reasonable energy prices by levying an energy tax in order to realize effective energy consumption

estimation of electricity demand function for algeria revisit of time series analysis abstract this paper aims to empirically re examine whether economic growth has effect on electricity consumption for algerian economy we have incorporated urbanization and trade openness in electricity demand function as additional determinants of electricity consumption for the period of 1971 2012 for empirical purpose we have applied the recently developed combined cointegration test proposed by bayer and hanck 2013 and bounds testing approach to cointegration by pesaran et al 2001 for establishing the cointegration between the variables by accommodating structural breaks the results expose that income growth leads to higher electricity demand along with urbanization being another major contributing factor of rising electricity demand in contrast trade openness leads to reduce electricity demand the causal association between the variables is further examined with the application of innovation accounting approach of vector autoregressive var the empirical evidence indicates the presence of the neutral effect between income growth and electricity use urbanization causes electricity use and electricity use causes urbanization in granger sense

use renewables to be cleaner meta analysis of the renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus abstract the renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus is a growing area of research over the last few years emanating to mixed results the aim of the current study is to quantitatively synthesise the empirical literature on the subject using the meta analysis approach in particular a meta multinomial regression is employed to investigate the sources of variation in the direction of causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth this causal relationship takes the form of four hypotheses namely the feedback conservation growth and neutrality hypotheses to the best of author s knowledge this study constitutes the first meta analysis undertaken on the renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus the empirical results reveal that the variation in the supported hypotheses is due to a number of characteristics including model specification data characteristics estimation techniques cointegration methods and causality tests and development level of the country on which a study was conducted

isolating the network effect of immigrants on trade within the migration trade nexus literature this paper proposes a more carefully defined measure of migration business networks and quantifies its impact on bilateral trade using cross sectional data and controlling for the overall bilateral stock of migrants the share of migrants employed in managerial business related occupations has a strong additional effect on trade those immigrants should be the ones directly involved in the diffusion and transmission of information relevant for companies trading with other countries their presence is found to increase the volume of trade especially of imports beyond the already known effect of immigrants or highly educated immigrants when we control for the presence of highly educated immigrants the share of immigrants in business network occupations shows a particularly large effect on trade in differentiated goods we also find that highly educated individuals in business related occupations are those contributing to stimulate import and export by the largest margin business network effects seem particularly important in stimulating exports to culturally different countries such as those with different language and legal origin

environmental degradation renewable and non renewable electricity consumption and economic growth assessing the evidence from algeria abstract the imperative to reduce c o 2 emissions is stronger than ever and investment in renewable energy is one of the most viable options to reduce the carbon footprint this article explores the dynamic causal relationship between co2 emissions renewable electricity consumption non renewable electricity consumption and economic growth in algeria by using autoregressive distributed lag cointegration approach over the period 1980 2012 the empirical results confirm the existence of cointegration long run relationship among the variables we find that in the long run economic growth and non renewable electricity consumption have a detrimental effect on the environment quality whereas renewable energy use has a beneficial environmental effect furthermore in the short run results reveal unidirectional causality relationship running from gdp to nrec supporting the conservation hypothesis i e electricity consumption is dictated by economic growth the results suggest broadly that renewable electricity consumption can help to enhance environmental quality in algeria but so far renewable electricity generation has not reached a level that allows a significant contribution to energy based carbon dioxide emissions reduction target

why are people more pro trade than pro migration i analyze individual attitudes towards trade and immigration in comparative terms i find that individuals are on average more pro trade than pro immigration across several countries i identify a key source of this difference the cleavage in trade preferences absent in immigration attitudes between individuals working in traded as opposed to non traded sectors

is renewable energy effective in promoting growth abstract this paper applies panel data techniques to analyze the role of the various energy sources in economic growth for a set of 24 european countries 1990 2007 controlling for energy consumption and energy dependency the results suggest that the negative effect of the use of renewables supplants the positive effect of creating income by exploiting a natural resource locally and thus growth does not appear to improve with the change towards renewables the high costs of promoting renewables are probably being placed excessively upon the economy namely by increasing the costs of electricity tariffs thus inducing a deceleration in economic activity fossil fuels lead to dissimilar effects on growth while natural gas does not appear to be relevant in explaining growth coal hampers the capacity for growth whereas the use of oil stimulates that growth this is in line with productive structures that are deeply grounded in fossil fuels particularly oil

factor movements and commodity trade as complements abstract several models are presented in which factor mobility leads to an increase in the volume of world trade the models share the common characteristic that the basis for trade is something other than differences in relative factor endowments these alternative bases for trade include returns to scale imperfect competition production and factor taxes and differences in production technology taken together the models suggest a more general idea the widely held notion that trade in goods and factors are substitutes is in fact a rather special result which is a general characteristic only of factor proportions models

income maximization and the selection and sorting of international migrants abstract two prominent features of international labor movements are that the more educated are more likely to emigrate positive selection and more educated migrants are more likely to settle in destination countries with high rewards to skill positive sorting using data on emigrant stocks by schooling level and source country in oecd destinations we find that a simple model of income maximization can account for both phenomena results on selection show that migrants for a source destination pair are more educated relative to non migrants the larger is the absolute skill related difference in earnings between the destination country and the source results on sorting indicate that the relative stock of more educated migrants in a destination is increasing in the absolute earnings difference between high and low skilled workers we use our framework to compare alternative specifications of international migration estimate the magnitude of migration costs by source destination pair and assess the contribution of wage differences to how migrants sort themselves across destination countries

a panel study of nuclear energy consumption and economic growth abstract this study examines the relationship between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth for sixteen countries within a multivariate panel framework over the period 1980 2005 pedroni s 1999 2004 heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals there is a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp nuclear energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the results of the panel vector error correction model finds bidirectional causality between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in the short run while unidirectional causality from nuclear energy consumption to economic growth in the long run thus the results provide support for the feedback hypothesis associated with the relationship between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth

the economic impacts of a submarine hvdc interconnection between norway and great britain in the present paper we analyze the profitability of different hvdc interconnection alternatives between norway and great britain for present and future scenarios the analysis is done from a merchant and a social welfare perspective the analyses include interconnections between norway and scotland and southern great britain respectively as well as an alternative link to a future offshore wind farm from a social welfare perspective the northern interconnection alternative is profitable under all sets of assumptions the southern alternative is profitable under present conditions but less than the northern alternative the alternative link to the offshore wind park is not profitable but this result is highly dependent on market conditions from a merchant perspective none of the alternatives is profitable clearly illustrating that leaving investments to commercial parties does not realize all projects that increase social welfare

economic growth and co2 emissions in malaysia a cointegration analysis of the environmental kuznets curve this paper attempts to establish a long run as well as causal relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide co2 emissions for malaysia using data for the years from 1980 to 2009 the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis was tested utilizing the auto regressive distributed lag ardl methodology the empirical results suggest the existence of a long run relationship between per capita co2 emissions and real per capita gross domestic product gdp when the co2 emissions level is the dependent variable we found an inverted u shape relationship between co2 emissions and gdp in both short and long run thus supporting the ekc hypothesis the granger causality test based on the vector error correction model vecm presents an absence of causality between co2 emissions and economic growth in the short run while demonstrating uni directional causality from economic growth to co2 emissions in the long run

energy consumption and economic growth in vietnam abstract this study attempts to analyse the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in vietnam using the neoclassical solow growth framework for the 1971 2011 period the concept and methods of cointegration and granger causality are used to establish the relationship between the variables of interest our results confirm the existence of cointegration among the variables in particular energy consumption fdi and capital stock were found positively influence economic growth in vietnam the granger causality test revealed unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to economic growth hence vietnam is an energy dependent economy and any energy or environment policy drawn up in an attempt to conserve energy will jeopardise the process of economic development in vietnam for this reason the renewable energy policy should be given attention to provide sufficient supplies of energy to speed up economic expansion investment in r d may be required to incentivise private public institutions to engage in this innovation while the awareness for energy saving policy among public could be integrated to meet social economic development

nuclear energy consumption oil consumption and economic growth in g 6 countries bootstrap panel causality test abstract this study applies bootstrap panel granger causality to test whether energy consumption promotes economic growth using data from g 6 countries over the period of 1971 2010 both nuclear and oil consumption data are used in this study regarding the nuclear consumption economic growth nexus nuclear consumption causes economic growth in japan the uk and the us economic growth causes nuclear consumption in the us nuclear consumption and economic growth show no causal relation in canada france and germany regarding oil consumption economic growth nexus we find that there is one way causality from economic growth to oil consumption only in the us and that oil consumption does not granger cause economic growth in g 6 countries except germany and japan our results have important policy implications for the g 6 countries within the context of economic development

catching up structural transformation and inequality industry level evidence from asia this article empirically investigates the effect of structural transformation on wage inequality in asia using industry level data for three skill groups of workers while structural transformation associated with technological progress productivity catching up and capital deepening has contributed to asia s sustained growth its effect on income inequality remains uncertain our results show that the process of economic transformation has exacerbated inequality in the region by increasing the relative share of high skilled workers in total compensation this is mainly due to a shift toward more productive and more intensive in the use of skilled labor activities both within and between industries however we also find that policy responses especially investments in education mitigate the increase in inequality

electricity generation mix and economic growth what role is being played by nuclear sources and carbon dioxide emissions in france abstract the gradual trend towards the electrification of economies has raised new challenges focusing on france this paper uses monthly data from january 2010 to november 2014 to study the challenge of the simultaneous integration of various sources of generation and their relationship with economic growth for the analysis of the dynamics of interaction between electricity sources the auto regressive distributed lag ardl bounds test approach was shown to be appropriate as it allows short and long run effects to be distinguished the results showed that nuclear energy has been a huge driver of economic growth in france and at the same time leads to an environment with lower co 2 emissions renewables were shown to exert a negative effect on economic growth which could be due to lack of investment in other sources of production due to the resilient position held by nuclear sources the substitution effect among sources is noticeable the robustness of the results was checked using annual data from 1970 until 2012 and the results were comparable to those from the monthly data

overeducation in the labour market abstract this paper presents a review of the literature on overeducation the paper assesses the consistency of overeducation within the context of a number of theoretical frameworks including human capital theory hct and assignment theory the analysis goes on to discuss the various measurement controversies associated with the study of overeducation in order to provide an assessment of the extent to which the impacts of the phenomenon represent an economic reality as opposed to a statistical artefact after reviewing the literature it is concluded that the impacts of overeducation are likely to be non trivial and that the phenomenon may potentially be costly to individuals and firms as well as the economy more generally the existence of overeducation also raises some doubts with respect to the validity of some of the central assumptions and predictions of hct that are unlikely to be fully explained by gaps in the standard wage equation framework

aid and migration substitutes or complements this paper investigates the impact of aid on migration and identifies two channels bilateral aid influences migration by enhancing the information about labor market conditions in the destination country attraction effect total aid correlates with migration through increasing expenditure financing and hence wages in countries of origin push effect we compute the critical level of income above which emigration and income are substitutes which is about us 7 300 per capita in ppp 2000 prices for example brazil or russia we argue that for countries below this threshold there is a trade off between aid and migration policies a tightening of the migration policy is equivalent to a reduction of the level of aid by about 24 a comparison of skilled and unskilled migrations shows that the former are more sensitive to the attraction effect than the latter

cost of ad hoc nuclear policy uncertainties in the evolution of the swiss electricity system abstract about one third of the swiss nuclear capacity is due to be retired in the next ten years creating a short term supply gap in addition the swiss federal council has decided to phase out nuclear power over the longer term by not replacing existing nuclear power plants after retirement we have analysed possible electricity supply options for responding to these two developments under different conditions using the swiss times electricity sector model a least cost optimization framework short term demand can be cost effectively met with new investment in gas fired generation capacity however meeting the government s co 2 emission and renewable electricity targets requires an accelerated investment in renewable generation and or increased reliance on imported electricity in the medium and longer term nuclear represents the most cost effective option the alternatives to nuclear lead to increased dependence on imported natural gas seasonal renewables and imported electricity all non nuclear supply options increase the cost of electricity supply by between 50 and 150 and create a range of tradeoffs between supply security and climate change mitigation goal however it is expected that an accelerated uptake of end use efficiency measures and demand side management would reduce future electricity demand thus reducing the need for some expensive supply options

third country effects on the formation of free trade agreements the recent proliferation of free trade agreements ftas has resulted in an increasingly complex network of preferential trading relationships the economics literature has generally examined the formation of ftas as a function of the participating countries economic characteristics alone in this paper we show both theoretically and empirically that the decision to enter into an fta is also crucially dependent on the participating countries existing fta relationships with third countries accounting for the interdependence of ftas helps to explain a significant fraction of fta formations that would not otherwise be predicted by countries economic characteristics

co2 emissions energy consumption and output in france abstract this paper examines the dynamic causal relationships between pollutant emissions energy consumption and output for france using cointegration and vector error correction modelling techniques we argue that these variables are strongly inter related and therefore their relationship must be examined using an integrated framework the results provide evidence for the existence of a fairly robust long run relationship between these variables for the period 1960 2000 the causality results support the argument that economic growth exerts a causal influence on growth of energy use and growth of pollution in the long run the results also point to a uni directional causality running from growth of energy use to output growth in the short run

the energy growth nexus in thailand does trade openness boost up energy consumption the nexus between trade openness and energy demand is hot topic of discussion among academicians and researchers and numerous studies are available in existing literature while investigating the nexus between trade openness and energy demand this paper explores the relationship between energy consumption trade openness and economic growth in case of thailand in doing so we have applied bayer and hanck cointegration approach to test whether the long run relationship exists between the variables our results confirm the presence of cointegration between the variables energy consumption stimulates economic growth trade openness adds in economic growth the causality analysis reveals that energy consumption granger causes economic growth and in resulting economic growth granger causes energy consumption trade openness and energy consumption are interdependent i e trade openness granger causes energy consumption and in return energy consumption granger causes trade openness this paper openness up new directions for policy making authorities in thailand to design a comprehensive energy and trade policies to sustain economic growth for long run

evaluating interconnector investments in the north european electricity system considering fluctuating wind power penetration with increasing amounts of power generation from intermittent sources like wind transmission planning has not only to account for the expected load curve but also for the stochasticity of volatile power infeeds moreover investments in power generation are no longer centrally planned in deregulated power markets but rather decided on competitive grounds by individual power companies this poses particular challenges when it comes to evaluating the benefits of increased interconnection capacities in large scale systems like the european transmission system within this article an approach is presented which allows assessing the benefits of interconnector investments in the presence of stochastic power infeed and endogenous power plant investments this model uses typical days and hours as well as recombining trees to represent both load and infeed fluctuations an application is presented covering 30 european countries and simultaneously optimizing generation investments and dispatch as well as utilization of transmission lines the model is used to evaluate the benefits of further line extensions between the european mainland and northern european countries we compute welfare gains and the distribution of these gains within a business as usual scenario up to 2030

the causal relationship between renewable electricity generation and gdp growth a study of energy sources abstract this paper examines the causal relationship between economic growth and electricity generation from renewable sources biomass geothermal hydroelectric solar waste and wind across 20 oecd countries over 1990 to 2008 the results from a commonly used panel error correction model find a a bidirectional relationship between aggregate renewable generation and real gdp b biomass hydroelectricity waste and wind energy exhibit a positive long run relationship with gdp c hydroelectricity and waste generation exhibit a short run positive bidirectional relationship with gdp growth and d biomass hydroelectric and waste electricity generation have the largest impact on real gdp in the long run we extend the analysis to consider the possibility of structural breaks and cross sectional dependence accounting for cross sectional dependence we find that in the short run increases in biomass and waste generation negatively affect gdp while aggregate renewable and hydroelectricity increase gdp energy conservation policies will positively impact gdp if the policies cause decreases in biomass or waste energy but increase hydroelectricity and wind energy