decomposing final energy use for heating in the residential sector in austria abstract in austria a considerable number of measures have been implemented to reduce final energy use for residential heating since the 1990s the aim of this analysis is to investigate why despite these implemented measures final energy use for heating has not decreased in the expected way the impact of eight factors on final energy use for heating is quantified by applying the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi i method the dataset covers the sector of private households in austria for the period from 1993 to 2009 the main findings of the analysis are 1 while technical improvements reduce final energy use for heating significantly rising comfort needs nearly outweigh these savings 2 consumer behaviour reduces calculated final energy use considerably 3 the extent of this reduction is declining significantly in the period observed 4 the growing share of single family houses has increased energy demand for heating in the observed period though a reversal of this trend is detected from 2007 onwards 5 the impact of growing floor space per person is the major effect revealed by the analysis 6 weather conditions have a major impact on annual fluctuations of energy consumption

optimal strategies for general price quality decision models of new products with learning production costs abstract the question of product quality permeates every level of business and is becoming crucial for the survival of modern manufacturing firms in automotive and high tech industries in this paper we deal with the optimal price and quality policies for the introduction of a new product on the supply side the firm wants to determine the unit price and quality level over time given that unit cost declines along a learning curve and increases if quality is made greater on the demand side dynamic demand is related to price and quality as well as to cumulative sales which represent diffusion and saturation effects we will model this problem in a general framework that includes several previous results as special cases by applying the maximum principle we will derive the optimal price and quality policies and discover the interactions between these two major strategic marketing instruments and the diffusion process several fundamental theoretical results will be established for the model under certain specified conditions higher prices do imply higher quality and under other conditions the optimal price declines over time while the product quality improves to illustrate these results the theoretical results are applied to two specific cases the first one is a simple nonseparable demand growth function in price and quality the other is a separable demand function of price and quality

determinants of energy demand in the french service sector a decomposition analysis abstract this paper analyzes the changes in the energy consumption of the service sector in france over the period 1995 2006 using the logarithmic mean divisia index i lmdi i decomposition method the analysis is carried out at various disaggregation levels to highlight the specifics of each sub sector and end use according to their respective determinants the results show that in this period the economic growth of the service sector was the main factor that led to the increase in total energy consumption structure productivity substitution and intensity effects restricted this growth but with limited effect by analyzing each end use this paper enables a more precise understanding of the impact of these factors the activity effect was the main determinant of the increase in energy consumption for all end uses except for air conditioning for which the equipment rate effect was the main factor structural changes in the service sector primarily impacted energy consumption for space heating and cooking improvements in productivity limited the growth of energy consumption for all end uses except for cooking finally energy efficiency improvements mainly affected space heating energy use

decoupling co2 emissions and industrial growth in china over 1993 2013 the role of investment abstract since industrial sector is a leading energy consumer and co 2 emitter in china the degree of the decoupling of co 2 emissions and industrial growth plays a critical role in realizing the energy conservation and emission reduction goals of china this is the first study to present a specific investigation on the decoupling of co 2 emissions and industrial growth in china from 1993 to 2013 using an extended logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi model focusing on both energy related and process related co 2 emissions and introducing three novel investment factors i e investment scale investment share and investment efficiency we highlight and explore the remarkable role of investment in the mitigation and decoupling of co 2 emissions with industrial growth the results show that china s industrial sector experienced the weak decoupling during 1993 2013 the investment scale is the most important factor responsible for the increase in co 2 emissions and the inhibition of the decoupling the investment efficiency effect has a volatile trend and overall it plays the most significant role in reducing co 2 emissions followed by the energy intensity effect and process carbon intensity effect whereas the energy mix carbon coefficient and investment share have marginal effects among 36 industrial sub sectors the seven factors of rcmcp raw chemical materials and chemical products nmp nonmetal mineral products and spfm smelting and pressing of ferrous metals have significant effects on the decoupling thus the three sub sectors should be among the top concerns for abating co 2 emissions finally we provide policy recommendations considering both conventional and investment factors for china s industrial sector to realize emission reduction targets

new insights into price setting behaviour in the uk introduction and survey results this article introduces the other contributions in this feature which use individual price data to investigate the extent of pricing rigidities in the uk it also reports the most relevant results of a new survey of the price setting behaviour that we have conducted for the uk including details about why prices are sticky the articles consider whether the microdata or survey results are consistent with particular theories of price setting our results suggest that there is heterogeneity in price setting behaviour which is ignored in typical representative agent models

decomposition analysis of gas consumption in the residential sector in ireland abstract to date decomposition analysis has been widely used at the macro economic level and for in depth analyses of the industry and transport sectors however its application in the residential sector has been rare this paper uses the log mean divisia index i lmdi i methodology to decompose gas consumption trends in the gas connected residential sector in ireland from 1990 to 2008 which despite an increasing number of energy efficiency policies experienced total final consumption growth of 470 the analysis decomposes this change in gas consumption into a number of effects examining the impact over time of market factors such as a growing customer base varying mix of dwelling types changing share of vacant dwellings changing size of new dwellings the impact of building regulations policy and other factors such as the weather the analysis finds the most significant effects are changing customer numbers and changing intensity the analysis also quantifies the impact of building regulations and compares it with other effects such as changing size of new dwellings by comparing the historical impact on gas consumption of policy factors and non policy factors this paper highlights the challenge for policy makers in achieving overall energy consumption reduction

decomposition analysis of co2 emissions from electricity generation in china abstract electricity generation in china mainly depends on coal and its products which has led to the increase in co2 emissions this paper intends to analyze the current status of co2 emissions from electricity generation in china during the period 1991 2009 and apply the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi technique to find the nature of the factors influencing the changes in co2 emissions the main results as follows 1 co2 emission from electricity generation has increased from 530 96 mt in 1991 to 2393 02 mt in 2009 following an annual growth rate of 8 72 coal products is the main fuel type for thermal power generation which accounts for more than 90 co2 emissions from electricity generation 2 this paper also presents co2 emissions factor of electricity consumption which help calculate co2 emission from final electricity consumption 3 in china the economic activity effect is the most important contributor to increase co2 emissions from electricity generation but the electricity generation efficiency effect plays the dominant role in decreasing co2 emissions

long term changes in co2 emissions in austria and czechoslovakia identifying the drivers of environmental pressures this study presents fossil fuel related co2 emissions in austria and czechoslovakia current czech republic and slovakia for 1830 2000 the drivers of co2 emissions are discussed by investigating the variables of the standard kaya identity for 1920 2000 and conducting a comparative index decomposition analysis proxy data on industrial production and household consumption are analysed to understand the role of the economic structure co2 emissions increased in both countries in the long run czechoslovakia was a stronger emitter of co2 throughout the time period but per capita emissions significantly differed only after world war i when czechoslovakia and austria became independent the difference in co2 emissions increased until the mid 1980s the period of communism in czechoslovakia explained by the energy intensity and the composition effects and higher industrial production in czechoslovakia counterbalancing factors were the income effect and household consumption after the velvet revolution in 1990 czechoslovak co2 emissions decreased and the energy composition effect and industrial production lost importance despite their different political and economic development austria and czechoslovakia reached similar levels of per capita co2 emissions in the late 20th century neither austrian eco efficiency nor czechoslovak restructuring have been effective in reducing co2 emissions to a sustainable level

china s changing energy intensity trend a decomposition analysis china experienced a dramatic decline in energy intensity from the onset of economic reform in the late 1970s until 2000 but since then the rate of decline slowed and energy intensity actually increased in 2003 most previous studies found that most of the decline was due to technological change but disagreed on the role of structural change to the best of our knowledge no decomposition study has investigated the role of inter fuel substitution in the decline in energy intensity or the causes of the rise in energy intensity since 2000 in this paper we use logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi techniques to decompose changes in energy intensity in the period 1980 2003 we find that 1 technological change is confirmed as the dominant contributor to the decline in energy intensity 2 structural change at the industry and sector sub industry level actually increased energy intensity over the period of 1980 2003 although the structural change at the industry level was very different in the 1980s and in the post 1990 period 3 structural change involving shifts of production between sub sectors however decreased overall energy intensity 4 the increase in energy intensity since 2000 is explained by negative technological progress 5 inter fuel substitution is found to contribute little to the changes in energy intensity

contributions of weather and fuel mix to recent declines in us energy and carbon intensity a recent 1996 2000 acceleration of declines in energy andcarbon intensity in the u s remains largely unexplained this study usesdivisia decomposition and regression to test two candidate explanations fuel mix and weather the divisia method demonstrates that fuel mix doesnot explain the declines in carbon intensity the fuel mix both overalland for electricity generation became slightly more carbon intensiveover the study period though the slight trend reversed before the end ofthe period a regression based correction to the divisia indices accounting for variation in heating and cooling degree days indicatesthat warmer weather accounts for about 30 percent ofthe total declines this leaves declines of more than 2 percent per year and an accelerationof more than 1 percent over previous decade remaining to beexplained

carbon leakage from unilateral environmental tax reforms in europe 1995 2005 abstract studies of the effects of the kyoto protocol have shown carbon leakage typically from tax and permit schemes with lump sum revenues recycling to be in the range of 5 20 using static computable general equilibrium models however in practice researchers have found that carbon leakage from the implementation of the eu ets is unlikely to be substantial because transport costs local market conditions product variety and incomplete information all tend to favour local production this study investigates potential carbon leakage from six eu member states mss that implemented environmental tax reform etrs unilaterally over the period 1995 2005 the study uses the large scale multisectoral integrated energy environment economy e3 model of 27 european countries energy environment economy model of europe e3me to undertake a dynamic comparative analysis to assess any carbon leakage effects over the longer term 1995 2012 a counterfactual reference case is constructed assuming that the six countries did not introduce etrs then alternative scenarios are developed to assess the effects of the etrs including effects on co2 emissions for the eu25 economies most mss recorded a reduction in co2 emissions when comparing the baseline case to the reference case the results show that carbon leakage is very small and in some cases negative due to technological spillover effects

the lmdi approach to decomposition analysis a practical guide in a recent study ang energy policy 32 2004 compared various index decomposition analysis methods and concluded that the logarithmic mean divisia index method is the preferred method since the literature on the method tends to be either too technical or specific for most potential users this paper provides a practical guide that includes the general formulation process summary tables for easy reference and examples

measuring energy rebound effect in the chinese economy an economic accounting approach estimating the magnitude of china s economy wide rebound effect has attracted much attention in recent years most existing studies measure the rebound effect through the additional energy consumption from technological progress however in general technological progress is not equivalent to energy efficiency improvement consequently their estimation may be misleading to overcome the limitation this paper develops an alternative approach for estimating energy rebound effect based on the proposed approach china s economy wide energy rebound effect is revisited the empirical result shows that during the period 1981 2011 the rebound effects in china are between 30 and 40 with an average value of 34 3

what is the role of openness for china s aggregate industrial so2 emission a structural analysis based on the divisia decomposition method abstract having observed the weaknesses in previous structural analyses on the role of environmental kuznets curve ekc the author proposes a detailed analysis using a rich data set of provincial level production and so2 emission intensity of 13 industrial sectors the latter represent more than 98 of the total industrial production in each chinese province for the period 1991 2001 through the use of the log mean divisia index decomposition method the variations in province level industrial so2 emissions with regard to the 1990 baseline level are decomposed into the contribution from three components scale composition and technical effects the following analysis seeks to explain how trade openness affects aggregate industrial so2 emission through its impact on the structural determinants for these three components of region specific environmental variations

co2 emissions from electricity generation in seven asia pacific and north american countries a decomposition analysis abstract the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi method of complete decomposition is used to examine the role of three factors electricity production electricity generation structure and energy intensity of electricity generation affecting the evolution of co2 emissions from electricity generation in seven countries these seven countries together generated 58 of global electricity and they are responsible for more than two thirds of global co2 emissions from electricity generation in 2005 the analysis shows production effect as the major factor responsible for rise in co2 emissions during the period 1990 2005 the generation structure effect also contributed in co2 emissions increase although at a slower rate in contrary the energy intensity effect is responsible for modest reduction in co2 emissions during this period over the 2005 2030 period production effect remains the key factor responsible for increase in emissions and energy intensity effect is responsible for decrease in emissions unlike in the past generation structure effect contributes significant decrease in emissions however the degree of influence of these factors affecting changes in co2 emissions vary from country to country the analysis also shows that there is a potential of efficiency improvement of fossil fuel fired power plants and its associated co benefits among these countries

the effects on competitiveness of coordinated versus unilateral fiscal policies reducing ghg emissions in the eu an assessment of a 10 reduction by 2010 using the e3me model abstract international competitiveness effects from coordinated and uncoordinated multilateral policies to reduce co 2 emissions from 11 member states of the eu by 2010 are compared with those from unilateral policies to achieve a 10 cut in each member state alone the paper presents the results from four projections using a large scale integrated regionalised e3 model of the eu estimated on time series cross section data 1968 93 with international trade treated as between each member state and a european transport and distribution network the 10 reduction is achieved by additional excise duties incremented every year 1999 to 2010 according to the carbon contents of fuels with special with special treatment of electricity taxed on outputs not inputs with revenues recycled via reductions in employers social security contributions multilateral coordinated policies require a common tax rate of 156 ecu per tonne carbon 1999 prices which rises to an average of 165 ecu per tonne with a wide range between regions when policies are uncoordinated all the tax shift projections show double dividends for emission reduction and employment gain for all member states unilateral policies do not show much carbon leakage but they show smaller gains for output and employment effects for price competitiveness appear to be small and mixed with serious losses appearing only for the netherlands and for metals and chemicals especially for unilateral action

using logarithmic mean divisia index to analyze changes in energy use and carbon dioxide emissions in mexico s iron and steel industry using international comparisons and log mean divisia index this paper analyzes energy and co2 emission trends of mexico s iron and steel industry during the period 1970 2006 examining co2 emissions related to energy use and production process the decomposition analysis is based on the structure efficiency analysis for international comparisons considering industrial structure and the best available technology results show that for the period 1970 2006 activity drove up primary energy use by 227 instead of the actual 133 while structure and efficiency effects drove it down by 5 and by 90 respectively the important improvement in mexican iron and steel primary energy efficiency reduced the gap between best international practice and actual primary energy consumption from 103 in 1970 to only 15 in 2006 co2 emissions from fuel consumption and production process increased by 134 and in addition to structure and efficiency fuel share effect also drove down emissions by 4 2 in the entire period

decomposition of ireland s carbon emissions from 1990 to 2010 an extended kaya identity in recent decades ireland has been an important example of a development pathway where rapid economic growth was accompanied by rising energy demand and increasing carbon emissions understanding the driving forces of carbon emissions is necessary for policy formulation and decomposition analysis is widely used for this purpose this study uses an extended kaya identity as the scheme and applies the log mean divisia index lmdi i as the decomposition technique change in carbon emissions is decomposed from 1990 to 2010 and includes a measure of the effect of renewable energy penetration results illustrate that scale effects of affluence and population growth act to increase emissions and are countered primarily by energy intensity and fossil fuel substitution renewable energy penetration has a minor effect but has been increasing in recent years policy will need to significantly reduce intensity and increase renewables if applicable targets are to be reached this requires not only a comprehensive suite of policies and measures but emphasis on the development path and non technical change for optimal outcomes

decomposing the decoupling of co2 emissions and economic growth in brazil abstract this paper examines the occurrence of a decoupling between the growth rates in economic activity and co 2 emissions from energy consumption in brazil from 2004 to 2009 this decoupling was highlighted when economic activity and co 2 emissions moved in opposite directions in 2009 more generally we observe several periods of relative decoupling in brazil but not to the extent witnessed in 2009 to identify the determinants of emissions change we develop a decomposition model based on a log mean divisia index lmdi framework the results indicate that the carbon intensity and energy mix are the main determinant of emissions reduction in brazil between 2004 and 2009 modifications in the economy structure are also associated to emission mitigation in the period such evidence demonstrates similarities with events of decoupling registered for the interval 1980 1994 in brazil finds from brazil differ from observations in other countries in which improvement in energy intensity has been the most common determinant of emissions reduction

attribution of changes in divisia real energy intensity index an extension to index decomposition analysis abstract in this paper we extend the methodology of index decomposition analysis ida in energy studies by quantifying the contribution of individual attributes to the percent change of factors such as the real energy intensity index and structural change index we apply the proposed method to the real energy intensity index in the multiplicative logarithmic mean divisia index m lmdi approach a major ida technique since the m lmdi is based on geometric mean type indices and chain computation we need some appropriate method to cope with the difficulties that arise we present a numerical illustration of the proposed method using the energy consumption and real value added data of the us manufacturing industry and compare the results obtained by the fisher real energy intensity index

changes in industrial electricity consumption in china from 1998 to 2007 abstract electricity consumption in the industrial sector experienced a dramatic increase between 1998 and 2007 accounting for approximately 75 of china s total electricity consumption this study analyzes the potential factors influencing the growth of electricity consumption in china s industrial sector over the past decade using a logarithmic mean divisia index i decomposition method results show that activity effect and shift effect caused by the change in the electricity s share of industrial energy use are the major factors responsible for the rise in electricity consumption between 1998 and 2007 it is found that structural change also contributed to the increase in electricity consumption it had only a small effect in contrast the technological effect is responsible for a decrease in electricity consumption during this period the influences of technological effects and shift effects followed approximately an inverse u shaped and u shaped curve respectively furthermore the results show that the main contributors to incremental electricity consumption among industrial subsectors were manufacturing of raw chemical material and products manufacturing of non metal mineral products smelting and pressing of ferrous and non ferrous metals and production and supply of electric power and heat power these sectors should take priority for industrial restructuring in order to implement policies for energy and electricity savings

the energy intensity in lithuania during 1995 2009 a lmdi approach abstract the measurement assessment and effective mitigation of energy intensity compose a foremost objective of contemporary energy policy although the european union eu member states have been experiencing the convergence in energy efficiency indicators lithuania acceded to the eu in 2004 still remains peculiar with relatively high energy intensity our study therefore is aimed at analyzing the energy intensity trends in lithuanian economy as a whole as well as in separate economic sectors the investigation covers the period of 1995 2009 the logarithmic mean divisia index was applied for decomposition analysis our analysis has shown that energy efficiency falls during economic downturn in order to facilitate these challenges the lithuanian government as well as business should opt for increasing energy efficiency in the most problematic sectors of transport and services in addition the analysis of legal acts namely national energy efficiency programme for 2006 2010 and energy efficiency action plan for 2010 2016 was taken into consideration some suggestions thus were offered for successful implementation of strategic goals outlined in the aforementioned strategic documents

driving forces of residential co2 emissions in urban and rural china an index decomposition analysis abstract there exist many differences between urban and rural china among which residential co 2 emissions arising from energy consumption is a major one in this paper we estimate and compare the energy related co 2 emissions from urban and rural residential energy consumption from 1991 to 2004 the logarithmic mean divisia index decomposition analysis is then applied to investigate the factors that may affect the changes of the co 2 emissions it is found that energy intensity and the income effects respectively contributed most to the decline and the increase of residential co 2 emissions for both urban and rural china in urban china the population effect was found to contribute to the increase of residential co 2 emissions with a rising tendency however in rural china the population effect for residential co 2 emissions kept decreasing since 1998

temporal and spacial dynamics of bioenergy related co2 emissions and underlying forces analysis in china abstract with increasing attention on energy shortage and global warming bioenergy is a promising alternative energy to mitigate co2 emissions despite the environmental friendly potential a certain quantity of bioenergy related co2 is still emitted in china this paper investigates the temporal dynamics of bioenergy related co2 emissions in 2000 2010 in china and explores the underlying influence factors based on logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi then the core results are verified with a gis based approach from a spacial perspective the results show that four impact factors emission intensity energy structure energy efficiency and economic development have different impacts on bioenergy related co2 emissions of which economic development is the major factor contributing to its increase while energy efficiency is the major determinant for the decline per capita bioenergy related co2 emissions in different areas are verified in accordance with either economic development factor or energy efficiency factor to some extent to achieve the dual purpose of sustainable development and co2 emissions reduction this paper provides a practical policy framework for rural bioenergy and economic development

energy related ghg emission in agriculture of the european countries an application of the generalized divisia index abstract sustainable agriculture food security and welfare of the farmers require an integrated analysis of the performance of the agricultural sector in this paper we follow the energy environment economy framework and focus on decomposition of changes in the energy related greenhouse gas ghg emission in agricultural sectors of the selected european union eu countries the research relies on country level data from fao and eurostat describing economic activity energy use and ghg emission in the agricultural sectors of the european countries during 1995 2012 the main drivers carbon factor of energy consumed in agriculture energy intensity of agricultural production and growth in agricultural production and their impacts on the energy related ghg emissions in agriculture are analysed for selected countries the generalized divisia index is applied to decompose the changes in the energy related ghg emissions france latvia and belgium appeared as the only countries with increase in ghg emissions during 1995 2012 in the case of france energy intensity went up along with increase in the scale of agricultural production in latvia and belgium an increase in carbon factor appeared as the major factor driving an increase in ghg emissions the appropriate policies need to be employed in these countries seeking to reduce ghg emissions from energy consumption in agriculture improvements in energy efficiency appear to be a more feasible mean for ensuring further reductions in ghg emission

the dynamics of price quality and productivity improvement decisions abstract although quality has received significant attention during the last decades and its economic benefits are beyond any doubt lots of questions have remained unanswered as to how much when and in what to invest to maintain sustainable competitive advantage a model is introduced here to guide a firm in addressing these questions the firm produces a single product and operates in a market where monopolistic competition is effective demand for the product in the industry depends on both price and performance quality increasing productivity knowledge decreases unit production cost but demand for the company s product decreases over time as competitors will be able to offer products with similar performance productivity and quality knowledge can be developed through induced and autonomous learning in order to strengthen company position the paper provides an optimal control formulation of the problem and develops necessary conditions for optimality and characterizes the dynamics of optimal price quality and investment decisions

industry energy use and structural change a case study of the people s republic of china abstract this paper examines the effects of structural change and improvements in energy intensities of individual industries in aggregate industry energy intensity changes in china during 1980 88 the divisia index is used to decompose the energy intensity effect and structural effect a major finding of this analysis is that the main contribution to changed aggregate energy intensity was from the changes in energy intensities of individual industries during the period structural effects were found to contribute little to the aggregate energy intensity changes

simultaneous and dynamic price production inventory and capacity decisions abstract this paper concerns a profit maximizing firm that derives the optimal price for its output level of output level of inventory and composition of productive capacity over time first it is assumed that capacity may be acquired to either increase or replace the firm s existing productive capacity second it is assumed that the acquisition of new capacity causes a reduction in the firm s production cost lastly it is assumed that demand which is expressed as a function of time and price must be met either from current production or from inventory clearly the level of production cannot exceed the productive capacity at any time the optimal control model formulated requires the solution of a two point boundary value problem so that a discrete approximation numerical procedure is presented numerical results indicate that due to anticipated technological improvement the acquisition of new capacity is postponed and occurs in greater magnitude later in the planning horizon in addition as a result of upgrading productive capacity through the acquisition of new technology numerical results show that a firm lowers its per unit production cost and thereby reduces the optimal price charged for output which increases demand furthermore since the level of capacity is increased due to the purchase of new technology less reliance on inventory is necessary to meet peak demand lastly it is shown that a larger firm optimally acquires a greater level of new capacity over the planning horizon to reduce its operating costs and thereby further its competitive advantage

factorial decomposition of co2 emissions a generalized divisia index approach abstract this paper introduces a novel approach to estimating the impact of the major factors driving co 2 emissions gdp energy consumption population their carbon intensities and other related indicators that may be chosen arbitrarily the suggested approach is based on the generalization of the divisia index to interconnected factors the approach also extends the kaya identity by explicitly including gross domestic product and energy consumption a computer program in r language aimed at automating the calculations is supplied factorial analysis of the united states and china s co 2 emissions is provided as an example of application

non parametric frontier approach to modelling the relationships among population gdp energy consumption and co2 emissions abstract in this paper a non parametric approach based in data envelopment analysis dea is proposed as an alternative to the kaya identity a k a impact this frontier method identifies and extends existing best practices population and gdp are considered as input and output respectively both primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas ghg emissions are considered as undesirable outputs several linear programming models are formulated with different aims namely a determine efficiency levels b estimate maximum gdp compatible with given levels of population energy intensity and carbonization intensity and c estimate the minimum level of ghg emissions compatible with given levels of population gdp energy intensity or carbonization index the united states of america case is used as illustration of the proposed approach