the development of a market for sustainable coffee in the netherlands rethinking the contribution of fair trade in recent years researchers have observed the process of mainstreaming fair trade and the emergence of alternative sustainability standards in the coffee industry the underlying market dynamics that have contributed to these developments are however under researched insight into these dynamics is important to understand how markets can develop to favor sustainability this study examines the major developments in the market for certified coffee in the netherlands it finds that in the creation of a market for sustainable coffee decisions that significantly influence market creation are made in the lead companies retailers and coffee roasters these decisions are made possible by the availability of multiple systems of sustainability standards and by the existence of a small segment of loyal fair trade customers that ensured that sustainability remained an issue on the coffee market in the years before the market creation took off fair trade did not become the new rule in this process but it became the benchmark against which companies could compare themselves and the basis upon which they built in adopting or developing new standards that would be more feasible in their business models

unobserved variables and the elusive added worker effect consistent with recent empirical work this study finds no evidence of the added worker effect among married couples in the u s it is hypothesized that unobserved variables may be obscuring this added worker behavior this hypothesis is rejected the labor supply behavior of married women is influenced by the permanent and not the transitory nature of their spouses unemployment wives with frequently unemployed husbands have lower reservation wages yet apart from their measured human capital these same women face persistently lower wage rates and higher unemployment propensities in the labor market as a result married women with unemployed spouses are no more likely to be in the labor force and are actually less likely to be employed than observationally equivalent married women with employed spouses copyright 1991 by the london school of economics and political science

the added worker effect the term added worker effect usually refers to a temporary increase in the labor supply of married women whose husbands have become unemployed this paper presents a new approach to the empirical study of the added worker effect which emphasizes the role of employment uncertainty and credit constraints in generating short run participation and employment patterns the estimates are based on employment transition probabilities rather than static measures of labor supply and are used in a dynamic simulation of changes in the employment and participation rates of wives following an exogenous increase in unemployment among their husbands the results show a small but significant added worker effect at least for white families and suggest that the apparent disagreement among previous studies may stem from different approaches to measuring responses to a transitory event such as an unemployment spell

fair trade in france from individual innovators to contemporary networks fair trade aims at humanising the capitalist economy by serving the community instead of simply striving for financial profit the current fair trade sector is an excellent example of an innovation where networks based on ethical principles can help to effectively serve this market our analysis is based on 48 interviews amongst fair trade innovators in france and illustrates the advent of a new type of entrepreneur one that is grounded in the social and solidarity economy sse based on a service dominant logic these innovators aim to construct a new world centred on trade relationships by integrating the role of multiple player networks into the creation of value in the market

analysing inflation by the fractionally integrated arfima garch model this paper considers the application of long memory processes to describing inflation for ten countries we implement a new procedure to obtain approximate maximum likelihood estimates of an arfima garch process which is fractionally integrated i d with a superimposed stationary arma component in its conditional mean additionally this long memory process is allowed to have garch type conditional heteroscedasticity on analysing monthly post world war ii cpi inflation for ten different countries we find strong evidence of long memory with mean reverting behaviour for all countries except japan which appears stationary for three high inflation economies there is evidence that the mean and volatility of inflation interact in a way that is consistent with the friedman hypothesis

the fair trade movement parameters issues and future research although fair trade has been in existence for more than 40 years discussion in the business and business ethics literature of this unique trading and campaigning movement between southern producers and northern buyers and consumers has been limited this paper seeks to redress this deficit by providing a description of the characteristics of fair trade including definitional issues market size and segmentation and the key organizations it discusses fair trade from southern producer and northern trader and consumer perspectives and highlights the key issues that currently face the fair trade movement it then identifies an initial research agenda to be followed up in subsequent papers

the quiet revolution that transformed women s employment education and family the modern economic role of women emerged in four phases the first three were evolutionary the last was revolutionary phase i occurred from the late nineteenth century to the 1920s phase ii was from 1930 to 1950 phase iii extended from 1950 to the late 1970s and phase iv the quiet revolution began in the late 1970s and is still ongoing three aspects of women s choices distinguish the evolutionary from the revolutionary phases horizon identity and decision making the evolutionary phases are apparent in time series data on labor force participation the revolutionary phase is discernible using time series evidence on women s more predictable attachment to the workplace greater identity with career and better ability to make joint decisions with their spouses each of these series has a sharp break or inflection point signifying social and economic change these changes moreover coincide by birth cohort or period the relationship between the development of modern labor economics and the reality of women s changing economic role is explored the paper concludes by assessing whether the revolution has stalled or is being reversed women who graduated college in the early 1980s did not opt out but recent cohorts are too young to evaluate this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

economic reform structural adjustment and female labor force participation in buenos aires argentina abstract female labor force participation lfp has recently increased in the metropolitan area of buenos aires in a remarkable way this increase has been a result neither of improvements in the conditions of labor supply nor due to the diversification of the structure of occupational opportunities available for women using cross sectional and panel data i show that most of the growth in female lfp can be explained as a response to increasing unemployment and job instability associated with the implementation of structural adjustment policies since 1991 i argue that more women have decided to look for work as a way to reduce households economic uncertainty

a vector autoregressive model of the british columbia regional economy we construct a small vector autoregressive var model to investigate the usefulness of this approach to forecasting the british columbia bc macro economy the forecasts are compared with univariate arima forecasts overall our results suggest that the accuracy of the var matches or exceeds that of the univariate arima the accuracy of the predictions from our var model indicates that var as a forecasting tool is a promising approach for regional forecasting and warrants further investigation formal tests for granger causality are conducted and we find evidence of bi directional causality between bc employment and prices and uni directional causality from bc gdp to both bc employment and canadian gdp our results also suggest uni directional causality from canadian gdp to both bc employment and prices and from prices to gdp within bc

forecasting business and consumer surveys indicators a time series models competition the objective of this article is to compare different time series methods for the short run forecasting of business and consumer survey indicators we consider all available data taken from the business and consumer survey indicators for the euro area between 1985 and 2002 the main results of the forecast competition are offered not only for raw data but we also consider the effects of seasonality and removing outliers on forecast accuracy in most cases the univariate autoregressions were not outperformed by the other methods as for the effect of seasonal adjustment methods and the use of data from which outliers have been removed we obtain that the use of raw data has little effect on forecast accuracy the forecasting performance of qualitative indicators is important since enlarging the observed time series of these indicators with forecast intervals may help in interpreting and assessing the implications of the current situation and can be used as an input in quantitative forecast models

long memory in inflation rates international evidence we examine monthly inflation rates of five industrial countries the application of tests against stationarity as well as tests against a unit root yield contradictory results thus fractional integration allowing for long memory is a plausible model we discuss and apply the periodogram regression to estimate the difference parameters for all countries we find estimates significantly different from 1 as well as from 0 this is evidence in favor of long memory specification tests and maximum likelihood estimates support the fitted models finally we relate our empirical results to the construction of the data

autoregressive modelling and money income causality detection abstract a step wise procedure based on granger s concept of causality and abaike s final prediction error criterion is suggested as a practical means to identify the order of lags of each variable in a multivariate autoregressive process the model seems useful because it can serve as a reduced form formulation to avoid imposing often spurious or false restrictions of the model it also provides a reasonably powerful test of causality the idea is applied to u s postwar money and income data it is found that between m1 and gnp a bivariate feedback model fits the data best between m2 and gnp a one way causal model from money to income performs better diagnostic checks applied to our model seem to indicate the adequacy of our approach

female labor supply why is the united states falling behind abstract in 1990 the us had the sixth highest female labor participation rate among 22 oecd countries by 2010 its rank had fallen to seventeenth we find that the expansion of family friendly p

an exploration of opportunities for the growth of the fair trade market three cases of craft organisations businesses that maintain ethical standards have an advantage in the marketplace based on the increasing interest of consumers in products that have a social and ethical component fair trade organisations that adopt environmental social and ethical principles in trading are in a good position to make the most of this growing interest in the market however it is unclear whether fair trade organisations are taking full advantage of emerging market opportunities for ethically traded products this research explores this issue by describing the business strategies of three fair trade organisations that import and sell craft goods into western countries and evaluates them in the context of this growing market the research findings indicate that in order to remain in business fair trade craft organisations have had to adopt better business practices in recent years improving quality customer service and product offerings to customers however growth appears to be limited as distribution remains focused on a small niche market this paper explores the distribution strategies of two fair trade commodity organisations that are successfully reaching a wider customer base demonstrating that fair trade products have a unique selling advantage in the mainstream marketplace in conclusion fair trade craft organisations are not exploiting this market opportunity to the degree they should and will need to explore wider distribution and alternative business strategies to expand their market share

the co operative and the corporation competing visions of the future of fair trade this paper provides an analysis of the fair trade network in the north through a comparative assessment of two distinctly different fair trade certified roasters planet bean a worker owned co operative in guelph ontario and starbucks coffee company the world s largest specialty roaster the two organizations are assessed on the basis of their distinct visions of the fair trade mission and their understandings of consumer sovereignty it is concluded that the objectives of planet bean are more compatible with the moral mission of fair trade even while the network has become increasingly dependent on the market reach of corporations like starbucks raising difficult prospects for the future of fair trade

the entry of the wife into the labor force in response to the husband s unemployment a study of the added worker effect in brazilian metropolitan areas abstract the temporary participation in the labor force of wives whose husbands have become unemployed has been referred to in the literature as the added worker effect awe previous research conducted using data from the united states has found only a small awe a result that accords with life cycle models with perfect capital markets the current article uses panel data obtained using a short recall period to evaluate the awe in the six major brazilian metropolitan areas our results show a positive awe that is much more substantial than those found for the u s economy the finding of an important awe for brazil suggests that liquidity constraints may prevent brazilian households from sufficiently smoothing income and consumption in periods when the male head of the family is unemployed alternatively the significant awe may indicate that the husband s unemployment signals household members that there may be a substantial reduction in future income flow

fair trade three key challenges for reaching the mainstream after nearly 20 years of work by activists fair trade a movement establishing alternative trading organizations to ensure minimal returns safe working conditions and environmentally sustainable production is now gaining steam with increasing awareness and availability across a variety of products however this article addresses several major remaining challenges a a lack of agreement about what fair trade really means and how it should be certified b uneven awareness and availability across different areas with marked differences between some parts of europe and north america that reflect more fundamental debates about distribution c larger questions about the extent of the potential contribution of fair trade to development under the current system including limitations on the number and types of workers affected and the fair trade focus on commodity goods

cointegration and unit roots this paper provides an updated survey of a burgeoning literature on testing estimation and model specification in the presence of integrated variables integrated variables are a specific class of non stationary variables which seem to characterise faithfully the properties of many macroeconomic time series the analysis of cointegration develops out of the existence of unit roots and offers a generic route to test the validity of the equilibrium predictions of economic theories special emphasis is put on the empirical researcher s point of view

what do corporations have to do with fair trade positive and normative analysis from a value chain perspective there has been tremendous growth in the sales of certified fair trade products since the introduction of the first of these goods in the netherlands in 1988 many would argue that this rapid growth has been due in large part to the increasing involvement of corporations still participation by corporations in fair trade has not been welcomed by all the basic point of contention is that while corporate participation has the potential to rapidly extend the market for fair trade goods it threatens key aspects of what many see as the original vision of fair trade most notably a primary concern for the plight of small producers and the goal of developing an alternative approach to trade and development and may even be undermining its long term survival the primary purpose of this article is to explore the normative issues involved in corporate participation in fair trade in order to do that however it first provides a positive analysis of how corporations are actually involved in fair trade in order to achieve both of these ends the article draws upon global value chain analysis

mainstreaming fair trade coffee from partnership to traceability summary this article analyzes the recent growth of fair trade and the mainstreaming of this previously alternative arena focusing on coffee i identify a continuum of buyers ranging from mission driven enterprises that uphold alternative ideas and practices based on social ecological and place based commitments to quality driven firms that selectively foster fair trade conventions to ensure reliable supplies of excellent coffee to market driven corporations that largely pursue commercial industrial conventions rooted in price competition and product regulation using a commodity network approach my analysis illuminates the impacts of diverse buyer relations on producer groups and how relations are in some cases shifting from partnership to traceability

the institutionalization of fair trade more than just a degraded form of social action the context of economic globalization has contributed to the emergence of a new form of social action which has spread into the economic sphere in the form of the new social economic movements the emblematic figure of this new generation of social movements is fair trade which influences the economy towards political or social ends having emerged from multiple alternative trade practices fair trade has gradually become institutionalized since the professionalization of world shops the arrival of fair trade products in the food industry and the establishment of an official fair trade label with the strength that this institutionalization has generated fair trade can now be considered a real trade system that questions as much as it renews the traditional economic system in parallel this transformation has exacerbated the tensions within the movement which can be characterized as a clash between a radical militant pole and a softer more commercial one however it is not the actual institutionalization of fair trade which is being debated among fair trade actors on either side of the fence but rather the challenges inherent in finding an economic institutionalization acceptable to social economic movements therefore the institutionalization process of fair trade should not be seen as mere degradation of social action but rather as typical of the institutionalization process of new social economic movements if we need to worry about the highjacking and alteration of the fair trade movement by the dominant economic system the opposite is no less likely as new social economic movements contribute to an ethical restructuring of markets

deceleration in female labor force participation in latin america after half a century of sustained growth female labor force participation has decelerated in latin america especially among married vulnerable women based on a large database of microdata from household surveys this paper documents this recent deceleration and provides evidence on the determinants we argue that the fast economic growth experienced by the region in the 2000s was an important driving force lower unemployment and higher earnings of male partners plus increased social assistance may have reduced the pressing need for vulnerable women to take low quality jobs

a gendered value chain approach to codes of conduct in african horticulture codes of conduct covering the employment conditions of southern producers exporting to european markets mushroomed throughout the 1990s especially in the horticulture sector linking uk and european supermarkets with export firms in africa the majority of employment in this sector is informal a significant proportion of which is female this paper explores the gender sensitivity of codes currently applied in the african export horticulture sector from an analytical perspective that combines global value chain and gendered economy approaches through an analysis of these two approaches it develops a gender pyramid which provides a framework for mapping and assessing the gender content of codes of conduct the pyramid is applied to codes that cover employment conditions in three commodity groups and countries exporting to european markets south african fruit kenyan flowers and zambian vegetables and flowers it concludes that the gender sensitivity of codes needs to be greatly enhanced if they are to adequately address employment conditions relevant to informal and especially women workers

standards as a new form of social contract sustainability initiatives in the coffee industry abstract in the former age of national capitalism the achievement of market fairness was embedded in a normative framework generated by government labor unions and perhaps religious authority in the current age of global capitalism new actors such as ngos industry associations and public private partnerships provide the normative framework that corporations use for social legitimacy in this context standard setting processes operate as new forms of social contract where the state rather than being directly involved between the parties provides a form of basic guarantee while more or less accountable ngos and firms are in charge of hammering out the bargains this article examines the dynamics of this new configuration through the case study of sustainability initiatives in the coffee sector it addresses four questions 1 are these standards effective in communicating information and creating new markets 2 to what extent do they embed elements of collective and private interests 3 is sustainability content actually delivered to their intended beneficiaries and 4 what is the role of public policy in addressing their shortcomings