interactions between renewable energy policy and renewable energy industrial policy a critical analysis of china s policy approach to renewable energies this paper analyzes china s policy approach to renewable energies and assesses how effectively china has met the ideal of appropriate interactions between renewable energy policy and renewable energy industrial policy first we briefly discuss the interactions between these two policies then we outline china s key renewable energy and renewable industrial policies and find that china s government has well recognized the need for this policy interaction after that we study the achievements and problems in china s wind and solar pv sector during 2005 2012 and argue that china s policy approach to renewable energies has placed priority first on developing a renewable energy manufacturing industry and only second on renewable energy itself and it has not effectively met the ideal of appropriate interactions between renewable energy policy and renewable energy industrial policy lastly we make an in depth analysis of the three ideas underlying this policy approach that is the green development idea the low carbon leadership idea and indigenous innovation idea we conclude that chinas policy approach to renewable energies needs to enhance the interactions between renewable energy policy and renewable energy industrial policy the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of china s policy strategy toward renewable energies

examining the link between energy consumption carbon dioxide emission and economic growth in latin america and the caribbean abstract this study aims at exploring the bi directional long run relationship between energy consumption carbon dioxide emission and economic growth in the latin american and caribbean countries the canonical cointegrating regression ccr is used to achieve the goal of this study taking the period of 1980 2008 the study arrived at different results while 60 of the countries have a positive bi directional long run relationship between energy consumption carbon dioxide emission and economic growth the others have mixed results the results of the study motivated the researcher to recommend that these countries should increase their energy efficiency increase the share of green energy from their total energy use and increase energy conservation in order to reduce unnecessary waste of energy

renewable energy non renewable energy and economic growth in brazil this study employs brazil s yearly statistics from 1980 to 2010 to explore the causal relationships between the real gdp and four types of energy consumption non hydroelectric renewable energy consumption nhrec total renewable energy consumption trec non renewable energy consumption nrec and the total primary energy consumption tec the cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium among brazil s real gdp labour capital and each of the four types of consumption the development of the brazilian economy has close ties with capital formation and labour force the influence of nhrec trec on real output is positive and significant while the impacts by nrec tec are insignificant the results from the vector error correction models reveal a unidirectional causality from nhrec to economic growth a bidirectional causality between economic growth and trec and a unidirectional causality from economic growth to nrec or tec without feedback in the long run these findings suggest that brazil is an energy independent economy and that economic growth is crucial in providing the necessary resources for sustainable development expanding renewable energy would not only enhance brazil s economic growth and curb the deterioration of the environment but also create an opportunity for a leadership role in the international system and improve brazil s competition with more developed countries

a multiperiod energy acquisition model for a distribution company with distributed generation and interruptible load this paper presents a multiperiod energy acquisition model for a distribution company disco with distributed generation dg and interruptible load il in a day ahead electricity market assuming that cost information for individual generation companies gencos and discos is known the disco s energy acquisition strategy is modeled as a bilevel optimization problem with the upper subproblem representing individual discos and the lower subproblem representing the independent system operator iso the upper subproblem maximizes individual discos revenues the lower subproblem simulates the iso s market clearing problem that minimizes generation costs and compensation costs for interrupting load the bilevel problem is solved by a nonlinear complementarity method an 8 bus system is employed to illustrate the proposed model and algorithm in particular the roles of dgs and ils to alleviate congestion are analyzed

alternative models of restructured electricity systems part 1 no market power different equilibrium concepts have been proposed by various authors schweppe et al hogan et al chao and peck wu et al to analyse competitive electricity systems we establish correspondences between these different models through a single framework and provide additional interpretations of these equilibrium concepts this unifying conceptual view also provides a computationally feasible approach to simulate the market it also opens the way to the modeling of some imperfect markets

environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in pakistan cointegration and granger causality abstract the paper is an effort to fill the gap in the energy literature with a comprehensive country study of pakistan we investigate the relationship between co2 emissions energy consumption economic growth and trade openness in pakistan over the period of 1971 2009 bounds test for cointegration and granger causality approach are employed for the empirical analysis the result suggests that there exists a long run relationship among the variables and the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is supported the significant existence of ekc shows the country s effort to condense co2 emissions and indicates certain achievement of controlling environmental degradation in pakistan furthermore we find a one way causal relationship running from economic growth to co2 emissions energy consumption increases co2 emissions both in the short and long runs trade openness reduces co2 emissions in the long run but it is insignificant in the short run in addition the change of co2 emissions from short run to the long span of time is corrected by about 10 yearly

migration diversity and economic growth when migrants move from one country to another they carry a new range of skills and perspectives which nurture technological innovation and stimulate economic growth at the same time increased heterogeneity may undermine social cohesion create coordination and communication barriers and adversely affect economic development in this article we investigate the extent to which cultural diversity affects economic growth and whether this relation depends on the level of development of a country we use novel data on bilateral migration stocks that is the number of people living and working outside the countries of their birth over the period 1960 2010 and compute indices of fractionalization and polarization in so doing we explore the effect of immigration on development through its effect on the composition of the destination country we find that overall both indices have a distinct positive impact on real gdp per capita and that the effect of diversity seems to be more consistent in developing countries

turn on the lights macroeconomic factors affecting renewable energy in pakistan the objective of the study is to examine the relationship between macroeconomic factors i e population growth urbanization industrialization exchange rate price level food production index and live stock production index and renewable energy in pakistan over a period of 1975 2012 in addition this study uses oil rent as an intervening variable to overcome the biasness of the single equation model the results indicate that macroeconomic factors positively contributed to renewable energy consumption in pakistan the causality test indicate that there is a unidirectional causality running towards macroeconomic factors to renewable energy in pakistan however renewable energy granger cause oil rent but not via other route in addition there is bidirectional causality between exchange rate and live stock production in pakistan variance decomposition analysis shows that economic growth has a major contribution to increase renewable energy in pakistan

greenhouse gas emission and renewable energy sources for sustainable development in bangladesh abstract bangladesh is an energy starving country the country will be on one of the fast growing power markets with its population and growing energy demand per person its fast growing urbanization and its socio economic development at present the potential demand of power is 5569 mw and the supply is below 4000 mw the country is dependent on the imported petroleum that is big burden on the economy the per capita emission is only 0 2667 tonne per person still much below the world leading countries 19 8 tonne per person for usa however bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable to climate change effect in the world in this regard renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solution for clean and sustainable energy development in bangladesh biomass is the dominating source of energy in bangladesh biomass energy is used in a very traditional way biomass conversion to energy in the form of liquid gaseous and solid pellet or briquette could be a viable option to reduce the pressure on the conventional fossil fuel the geographical location of bangladesh has several advantages for extensive use of grid connected solar electricity and stand alone solar pv system this article presents a review of the potential and utilization of the renewable energy sources in bangladesh

energy production system optimization evidence from pakistan abstract the ongoing energy crisis in pakistan and the dependency on thermal electricity generation has contributed to the necessity to optimize energy production system the expensive thermal electricity and inability to recover its cost gives unprecedented rise to the electricity tariffs in this study optimization of the energy production system has been performed using linear programing model as the high cost of electricity generation has been found as the root cause of energy crises the objective function of the proposed model is cost minimization that will also reduce the circular debt specifically it has examined the optimum proportion of energy production from each available source under two different scenarios the first scenario considers that the existing system should be used at its maximum capacity in the second scenario seventy percent utilization of power plants has been examined the second scenario summarizes the optimum mix of energy production which minimizes the cost of electricity production the differential cost that is payable by the government as a subsidy is also compensated similarly it reduces circular debt that is a bottleneck between power generation companies and oil supply companies thus the proposed model has a tendency to minimize the cost of energy production and further reduce circular debt as well as the burden of a subsidy on the government the study specifies the problems confronting pakistan s energy sector and identifies the key elements of a potential policy response to address the country s severe power crisis

current status of renewable energy in nepal opportunities and challenges abstract energy is indispensible in modern society and is one of the most important components of socio economic development nepal is one of the least developed countries with more than 80 of its population residing in rural communities per capita energy usage often viewed as a key index of the development in the country is far less than the global average per capita energy usage the energy sector is dominated by the traditional energy sources such as fuel woods crop residues and animal dung mainly for domestic usage contributing to about 86 of the national energy consumption currently 40 of the population has access to electricity and the rural electrification accounts for only 29 the majority of rural populations are meeting their energy needs by burning biomass in traditional stoves which has several environmental and public health issues nearly all fossil derived fuels consumed in the country are imported in a refined form and the perpetual increase in petroleum imports has adversely impacted the existing fragile economy of the country despite a huge potential in harnessing various renewable energy resources such as hydropower solar power wind energy and biofuels bioenergy these resources have not been sustainably captured due to geographical technical political and economical reasons this paper presents a brief account of nepal s renewable energy resources and the current status of various renewable energy technologies rets such as micro hydro solar power wind energy biofuel bioenergy improved cook stoves and improved water mill it also highlights the opportunities and barriers for the development of rets finally this paper presents some recommendations for the promotion development and implementation of rets in the country

rural electricity in the philippines planning issues abstract the government of the philippines is committed to reducing the country s dependence on imported oil an element in its plan to accomplish this goal is the generation of electricity using indigenous energy sources wood biomass hydro geothermal and coal wood fired generation in the philippines has drawn worldwide attention from other developing countries interested in embarking on similar programmes this investigation reveals the difficulties inherent in implementing such a programme primary concerns include the institutional issues in the generation and distribution of power by the national power corporation npc the national electrification administration nea the rural electric cooperatives recs and the tree farmer associations tfas the influence of demand patterns on the financial viability of rural electric cooperatives and the influence of low load factors small size and remote locations on the cost of dendro thermal power plants the conclusions s should be of interest to other countries interested in pursuing similar programmes

the dynamics of electricity demand in pakistan a panel cointegration analysis abstract this paper examines the dynamics of electricity demand in pakistan at the aggregate and sectoral levels over the period 1978 2012 panel cointegration test and fully modified ordinary least squares method is employed to determine the long run relationship between electricity consumption real income real price of electricity and domestic price of non energy products the results reveal that electricity demand is more responsive to changes in income than changes in prices at the aggregate and disaggregate levels short run and long run income elasticities are positive and statistically significant supporting the conservation hypothesis it appears from the results that long run price elasticities are negative and significant at the aggregate level and for the agriculture commercial residential sectors and public utilities the short run price elasticities are significant but low in magnitude which implies that changes in electricity price exert minimal effect on the electricity consumption in pakistan the domestic price of non energy products is positive and significant for aggregate sample in the short run the domestic price of non energy products exert significant negative positive impact on electricity demand in the agriculture industrial sectors the results thus provide important information to the agents operating in the electricity market regarding the income and pricing policies and helps in planning the future strategy of electricity demand management

does financial development increase energy consumption the role of industrialization and urbanization in tunisia this paper assesses the relationship among energy consumption financial development economic growth industrialization and urbanization in tunisia from 1971 to 2008 the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach to cointegration and granger causality tests is employed for the analysis the result confirms the existence of long run relationship among energy consumption economic growth financial development industrialization and urbanization in tunisia long run bidirectional causalities are found between financial development and energy consumption financial development and industrialization and industrialization and energy consumption hence sound and developed financial system that can attract investors boost the stock market and improve the efficiency of economic activities should be encouraged in the country nevertheless promoting industrialization and urbanization can never be left out from the process of development we add light to policy makers with the role of financial development industrialization and urbanization in the process of economic development

renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus in turkey abstract this paper examines the renewable energy consumption economic growth causality nexus in turkey studies in the literature can be grouped as country specific and multi country studies the results of these studies are inconsistent and there is no agreement on the existence or the direction of causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth the results of this country specific study support conservation hypothesis the results of empirical tests from ardl approach show that renewable energy consumption has a negative impact on economic growth and the ones of toda yamamoto causality tests show that there is a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to renewable energy consumption

a review on global wind energy policy with the increasing negative effects of fossil fuel combustion on the environment in addition to limited stock of fossil fuel have forced many countries to inquire into and change to environmentally friendly alternatives that are renewable to sustain the increasing energy demand energy policy plays a vital role to mitigate the impacts of global warming and crisis of energy availability this paper explores the wind energy industry from the point of view of the wind energy policy it is noticed that energy policy could help increasing wind power generation as well as stimulating the energy industry it may be stated that without specific energy policy a country would not be able to solve the acute problems like reducing greenhouse gases ghgs emission scarcity of energy etc this paper discussed the existing successful energy policies for few selected countries based on literatures it has been found that fit rps incentives pricing law and quota system are the most useful energy policies practiced by many countries around the world then status of wind energy policy for malaysia was investigated and compared with few selected countries around the world

environmental degradation economic growth and energy consumption evidence of the environmental kuznets curve in malaysia this paper tests for the short and long run relationship between economic growth carbon dioxide co2 emissions and energy consumption using the environmental kuznets curve ekc by employing both the aggregated and disaggregated energy consumption data in malaysia for the period 1980 2009 the autoregressive distributed lag ardl methodology and johansen juselius maximum likelihood approach were used to test the cointegration relationship and the granger causality test based on the vector error correction model vecm to test for causality the study does not support an inverted u shaped relationship ekc when aggregated energy consumption data was used when data was disaggregated based on different energy sources such as oil coal gas and electricity the study does show evidences of the ekc hypothesis the long run granger causality test shows that there is bi directional causality between economic growth and co2 emissions with coal gas electricity and oil consumption this suggests that decreasing energy consumption such as coal gas electricity and oil appears to be an effective way to control co2 emissions but simultaneously will hinder economic growth thus suitable policies related to the efficient consumption of energy resources and consumption of renewable sources are required

natural gas consumption and economic growth in pakistan abstract natural gas is a dominant fuel in pakistan it offers the cheapest and a cleaner alternative source of energy this paper examines the relationship of natural gas consumption and economic growth in pakistan we include capital labor and exports in the model with multivariate framework the ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration and innovative accounting approach are employed to investigate the dynamic causality relationships among the variables we find the existence of long run relationship among the variables natural gas consumption capital labor and exports are positively affecting economic growth in pakistan furthermore we support the natural gas consumption led growth hypothesis and suggest that natural gas conservation policies may retard economic growth

biomass energy in bangladesh current status and prospects bangladesh has been experiencing several problems over the past few decades these include over population energy crisis and global warming etc adequate amount of power generation in a sustainable way is an important issue for rapidly increasing population and economic development renewable energy can play an effective role to meet energy demand since it is an agrarian country biomass is one of the potential renewable energy sources in bangladesh agricultural crop residues animal manure and municipal solid waste are the major sources of biomass energy in the country this paper presents the scope potential and technologies related to the use of biomass resources the study also discusses the biomass projects undertaken by the government and non government organizations plans and strategies to promote biomass technologies in bangladesh

chaos in power pakistan s electricity crisis abstract pakistan is facing a severe electricity crisis due to a persistent and widening gap between demand and available system generating capacity the worsening of power shortages has become a major political issue reflecting the hardships for individuals and businesses it threatens to undermine the credibility and legitimacy of government and to further stress the social fabric of the country the power crisis did not emerge suddenly it is the direct result of imprudent and reckless energy policies over the last three decades these policies have impeded the development of cheap and abundant domestic energy sources they have also resulted in very inefficient fuel mix choices compromising energy and economic security pakistan s energy bankruptcy is ultimately due to massive institutional and governance failure this paper analyzes the problems confronting pakistan s electricity sector and identifies the key elements of a potential policy response to address the country s severe power crisis

a review of energy and power planning and policies of pakistan pakistan is facing multiple challenges for harnessing the indigenous energy resources and devise rational energy policies the country is believed to have abundant energy resources however coping substantial electricity supply gap of over 5000 mw this paper analyses country s energy and power planning studies conducted since its independence in 1947 and policies announced so far it is found that water resources management attained more emphasis in early decades of post independence rather than energy concerns the first energy and power planning study was conducted in late 1960s and since then various studies were undertaken to supplement five yearly medium term development plans of government however it is pertinent to mention that formal energy and power policies were only announced from 1994 onwards owing to growing electricity demand and progressing industrialization beside this the focus of these policies is not only varied but were conceived without undertaking integrated energy planning using energy modeling tools e g markal times leap enpep balance message and energyplan it is despite the fact that these tools are successfully applied globally for devising the energy policies and address the complexities of energy system by assisting effective policy formulation this study recommends that integrated energy planning using energy modeling tools will be helpful to develop sustainable energy policies in pakistan to eradicate electricity crises

existence and determination of competitive equilibrium in unit commitment power pool auctions price setting and scheduling alternatives the existence determination and effects of competitive market equilibrium for unit commitment power pool auctions are investigated in this paper when an equilibrium does not exist under specific situations conflictive multiple optimal primal solutions may exist when an equilibrium exists multiple primal solutions do not represent conflicts of interest the existence or nonexistence of competitive equilibrium can be determined if the dual problem is solved to optimality if equilibrium does not exist there is excess supply at the optimal dual solution which can be used to define priority orders and price setting alternatives to determine a final schedule and avoid the conflicts of interest and revenue deficiency under disequilibrium the optimal dual variables are not market clearing prices a nonuniform pricing rule that avoids the flaws and complications of other pricing rules such as maximum average cost and price minimization auctions is proposed in the paper the proposed scheduling and price setting alternatives show that unit commitment models can be used in a market environment

energy for economic growth industrialization environment and natural resources living with just enough abstract this study investigates the causal relationship between energy consumption i e nuclear energy consumption electricity power consumption and fossil fuels energy consumption and economic growth energy consumption and industrialization i e industrial gdp beverages and cigarettes energy consumption and environmental degradation i e carbon dioxide emissions population density and water resources and finally energy consumption and resource depletion i e mineral depletion energy depletion natural depletion and net forest depletion in pakistan over a period of 1975 2011 the granger causality gc test in the frequency domain using the pierce framework has been employed this gc test in the frequency domain relies on a modified version of the coefficient of coherence which they estimate in a nonparametric fashion and for which they derive the distributional properties the results infer that there exists uni directional causality running from nuclear energy to industrial gdp nuclear energy to water resources and nuclear energy to carbon dioxide emissions but not vice versa similarly electric power consumption granger cause agriculture gdp but not other way around further there is a bi directional causality running between electric power consumption to population density in pakistan fossil fuel granger cause industrial gdp and there is a bidirectional causality running between fossil fuel and population density moreover the findings show that the nature of causality among nuclear energy consumption agriculture nuclear energy consumption population density electric power consumption cigarettes production fossil fuel cigarettes and fossil fuels and agriculture value added are in favour of the neutrality hypothesis in pakistan the conclusion has been strengthen and have a very strong implications in the context of pakistan where we have economic and financial constraints and thus agreeing the bottom line living with the just enough

evolution of transformer health index in the form of mathematical equation energy is a basic necessity in every country the worldwide demand for energy will rise due to the developments of power generation in industrial service and residential sectors a healthy power system is therefore very important to guarantee continuous electricity supply to the end users and this can be achieved through asset management a proper asset management will allow asset managers to conduct quality assessment of conditions and to develop future management strategies of the electrical assets such as transformers the execution of transformer asset management involves an investigation of the transformer s condition by employing transformer s health index thi mathematical equation algorithm or expert judgment has been investigated by many previous studies as one of the technique to determine health index hi some of the established methods of hi determination such as scoring and ranking method tier method matrices and multi feature assessment model have led to the different interpretations of the final condition of a transformer this paper critically examines and explores the previous studies related to transformer health index by using mathematical equation algorithm or expert judgment the concept of hi and its formulation are presented in this study generally there are three parts of hi formulation which are input algorithm for hi and the output of hi the application of hi is discussed in terms of the performance of in service transformer the limitations of the available methods are also discussed and future works to overcome the problems are suggested

renewable energy sources in power generation in pakistan abstract pakistan as an underdeveloped and populous country requires an uninterrupted source of energy to keep its development on track and provide its citizens with a reasonable standard of living conversely the country is unable to fulfil its domestic energy requirements and is undergoing an acute energy crisis electricity is a sector that has suffered the most from the energy shortages the gap between demand and supply is met through blackouts and at times the country plunges into darkness for more than 10 12 h a day this crisis that the country is currently facing did not occur overnight the root cause of this debacle goes back in history and can be attributed to decades of mismanagement poor planning and negligence this article provides a comprehensive overview of the electricity sector in pakistan and the issues it is beset with in addition an analysis of the energy policies that the country has announced over the years as well as the impact that they have had on the electricity sector is presented it is concluded that pakistan s existing energy mix is not sustainable due to the excessive reliance on imported fossil fuels rising electricity generation cost and increase in power generation related emissions this paper develops a roadmap and proposes the energy sources that can fulfil the country s rising energy requirements whilst being sustainable at the same time the roadmap identifies and highlights the primary tasks that the country must undertake to reach its vision of meeting its energy needs and integrating renewable energy sources in the power generation the recommendations of this paper will provide guidelines to the decision makers and policymakers with an insight on how the energy technology and resource development should be carried out which sources should be given priority and how the issues should be resolved both in the short and long term

an oligopolistic model of an integrated market for energy and spinning reserve in this paper a model for oligopolistic competition in electricity markets is presented most previous proposed models have been static and focused only on the energy market incentives for strategic behavior in contrast in this paper a multiperiod market for energy and spinning reserve sr is considered by including such factors the competition among participants is modeled with more realism competition in the energy market is modeled by means of conjectured supply functions while conjectured reserve price response functions are used to consider the generators ability to alter the sr prices the resulting equilibrium problem is modeled in terms of complementarity conditions based upon a complementarity model the opportunity cost between the energy and sr markets is derived for oligopolistic markets the proposed model is illustrated by a six node network using a dc approximation

cause and effect of renewable energy consumption on urbanization and economic growth in china s provinces and regions abstract renewable energy development is one of the cleaner production paths for china s transformation of urbanization and economic development recognizing the nexus among them may help china to formulate a targeted policy for efficient and clean energy utilization as well as for carbon reduction based on the panel data of 30 provinces and seven geographical regions over the period of 1997 2015 we apply a bootstrap panel causality test to explore the cause and effect of renewable energy consumption on urbanization and economic growth in china after a cross sectional dependence test and a slope homogeneity test we find that china s renewable energy consumption urbanization and economic growth in one region might be influenced by the others however no causality is found in 80 of provinces and 71 of geographical regions for the nexus of renewable energy consumption and urbanization and no causality is found in 53 of provinces and 43 of geographical regions for the nexus of renewable energy consumption and economic growth besides significant geographical differences are found for the nexus therefore the chinese government should not only strengthen a unified renewable energy management system to advocate regional cooperation but also give full play to the weak joint linkages and adopt differentiated renewable energy policies according to local conditions the interactive mechanism and a virtuous cycle among the three indicators should be established in the medium and long term to help china s energy use towards a cleaner transition

pricing of reserves valuing system reserve capacity against spot prices in electricity markets this paper models the interdependencies between markets for secondary reserve capacity and spot electricity to derive the pricing of reserves under equilibrium conditions starting with the indifference condition between offering in both markets the reservation price is derived from the opportunity cost consideration and the unit commitment conditions in a fundamental interrelated market framework the reserve market examined compares widely to the german market for secondary reserves but the general approach may also be used to investigate other reserve markets the approach explores and formalizes the influence of reserve capacity on the spot market supply function a numerical solution procedure is provided to this non trivial case of market interaction the model is used to estimate the expected reservation price development over the last years in germany

adult mortality and consumption growth in the age of hiv aids the authors use a 13 year panel of individuals in tanzania to assess how adult mortality shocks affect both short and long run consumption growth of surviving household members using unique data which tracks individuals from 1991 to 2004 they examine consumption growth controlling for a set of initial community household and individual characteristics the effect is identified using the sample of households in 2004 which grew out of baseline households the authors find robust evidence that an affected household will see consumption drop 7 percent within the first five years after the adult death with high growth in the sample over this time period this creates a 19 percentage point growth gap with the average household there is some evidence of persistent effects of these shocks for up to 13 years but these effects are imprecisely estimated and not significantly different from zero the impact of female adult death is found to be particularly severe

migration as a tool in development policy caution ahead the world bank and undp have proposed that migration and mobility facilitate economic development yet the epidemiological and public health literature has often associated migration and population mobility with the extension and intensification of infectious diseases most recently epitomised by the aids pandemic within the context of the well documented negative developmental impact of aids this suggests a potential clash in perspectives on the role of migration however if insights from public health can be incorporated into broader development perspectives it may be possible to realise the developmental benefits of migration while mitigating or avoiding any associated health concerns

the gift of the dying the tragedy of aids and the welfare of future african generations this paper simulates the impact of the aids epidemic on future living standards in south africa i emphasize two competing effects on the one hand the epidemic is likely to have a detrimental impact on the human capital accumulation of orphaned children on the other hand widespread community infection lowers fertility both directly through a reduction in the willingness to engage in unprotected sexual activity and indirectly by increasing the scarcity of labor and the value of a woman s time i find that even with the most pessimistic assumptions concerning reductions in educational attainment the fertility effect dominates the aids epidemic on net enhances the future per capita consumption possibilities of the south african economy

co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth in turkey abstract this paper examines the long run and causal relationship issues between economic growth carbon emissions energy consumption and employment ratio in turkey by using autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach of cointegration empirical results for turkey over the period 1968 2005 suggest an evidence of a long run relationship between the variables at 5 significance level in turkey the estimated income elasticity of carbon emissions per capita is 0 606 and the income elasticity of energy consumption per capita is 1 375 results for the existence and direction of granger causality show that neither carbon emissions per capita nor energy consumption per capita cause real gdp per capita but employment ratio causes real gdp per capita in the short run in addition ekc hypothesis at causal framework by using a linear logarithmic model is not valid in turkish case the overall results indicates that energy conservation policies such as rationing energy consumption and controlling carbon dioxide emissions are likely to have no adverse effect on the real output growth of turkey

improving electricity supply security in ghana the potential of renewable energy for decades ghana s economy has been fuelled by abundant inexpensive hydropower as a developing economy ghana s electricity demand has long been relatively low though rising in recent times due to increasing economic growth urbanization and industrial activities however the rapid demand growth as well as periodic hydrological shocks leaves the country increasingly reliant on expensive oil and gas based generation power plants with a resultant drain on the national economy the main electricity generation company the volta river authority is not able to generate enough electricity for all the demand sectors the electricity supply demand margins the difference between peak demand and available supply of the country fall short of the recommended engineering practice and thus presents a high supply security risk the country has been experiencing an increase in the frequency of power cuts over the last ten years it is clear that ghana will have to expand and diversify its generation capacity in order to improve supply security this paper provides a review of the assessed potential renewable energy resources their current exploitation status and their potential contribution to the electricity supply of the country the paper also presents the barriers to their utilization and the existing policy and regulatory instruments to overcome those barriers plus the current and expected future impacts of these instruments the results show that ghana has several res such as wind solar pv mini hydro and modern biomass that can be exploited for electricity production while their exploitation for electricity generation is currently very low providing just 0 13 of the country s generation the review shows a great potential for res generation to increase substantially over the next decade looking at the government commitment and legal frameworks that are being put in place

gaming based reserve constraint penalty factor analysis to ensure secure real time power system operations the system operator must schedule sufficient resources to meet energy demand and operating reserve requirements simultaneously under a joint real time energy reserve market regime a dominant market participant can exercise pricing power by withholding reserve capability or by marking up energy offers this paper examines the short term impact of the choice of reserve price cap on participant behavior and market outcomes a stackelberg game is utilized to analyze the strategic bidding behaviors of the dominant participants assuming a range of reserve price caps and market conditions the market participants play the role of the leaders while the independent system operator is treated as a follower the proposed model is applied to the new england electricity market the computed solutions show that although the reserve price cap is unable to eliminate physical withholding behaviors it disciplines the participants and limits incentives to withhold economically also it limits prices to a reasonable level during reserve shortage events when only supply side market power mitigation options are available absent any transmission improvements or effective demand response participation the reserve price cap remains an effective tool to mitigate the impact of the exercise of supplier market power

pricing energy and ancillary services in integrated market systems by an optimal power flow a detailed ac opf based formulation for procuring pricing and settling energy and ancillary service in simultaneous auctions by integrated market systems is presented the paper provides clear definitions of locational marginal prices for energy and ancillary service marginal prices in terms of lagrange multipliers the characteristics of the prices are analyzed especially when economic substitution among ancillary services is required the paper also evaluates the conditions under which opportunity costs are incurred to units that provide ancillary services it is particularly shown that the intuitive belief that the provision of regulation down service does not incur opportunity cost to the provider in general is not true

energy security and renewable energy policy analysis of pakistan abstract sustainable energy supply is an important factor for continued economic growth of any society pakistan is among those developing countries which are facing severe shortages of energy now a days the current and past governments in the country have designed various energy policies to fulfill energy demands but could not fill the demand supply gap there has been a shortage of about 5000 mw of electrical supply during summer 2016 a policy for development of renewable energy was framed in 2006 which was aimed to supply sustainable energy to all consumers including those households which have not been supplied electricity and natural gas in rural and far flung areas the policy was extended for implementation in 2011 and is still in use the basis of this policy rests on energy security and self sufficiency social equity and economic benefits this study aims at analyzing renewable energy policy of pakistan and examining and finding the ways to secure energy supplies in future using leap four scenarios business as usual green pakistan nuclear and optimization have been developed to assess the validity of the energy plans the study concludes that green pakistan scenario employing renewable energy technologies having minimum operation and externality costs is the most suitable option in future

an institutional framework for the development of sustainable and competitive power market in pakistan abstract pakistan is continuously striving for sustainable and competitive power market under the comprehensive power sector reform program pakistan shifted its power market from monopoly model to single buyer model by unbundling water and power development authority wapda and establishing national transmission and dispatch company ntdc current severe power situation in the country is triggering the government of pakistan gop to accelerate the implementation of intended reform program and to readily undertake next planned transformation i e from single buyer model to wholesale market model this research endeavors the future dynamics of power market after the structural spin off by pre assessment of upcoming wholesale power market market power of both public and private electricity generators has been computed using 8 largest firm concentration ratio herfindahl hirschman index hhi and residual supply index rsi the findings suggest that future power market will function with non existence of market power except in the periods of peak electricity demand and maximum hydro generation furthermore insufficient installed capacities and underutilization of public thermal units may enable some players to exercise market power for sustainable and competitive power market an empirically supported framework has been proposed based on the analysis the framework proposes utilization of huge available renewable energy potential for future which will protect the whole infrastructure from market power it recommends respective roles and responsibilities for the smooth transition among market models the framework will be supportive in terms of successful and smooth transition from single buyer model to wholesale market model and potential of wind solar biogas to be properly explored and utilized to reduce energy gap

environmental kuznets curve in an open economy a bounds testing and causality analysis for tunisia the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis posits that in the early stages of economic growth environmental degradation and pollution increase however as a nation reaches a certain level of incom

dynamic linkages among energy consumption environment health and wealth in brics countries green growth key to sustainable development abstract the objective of the study is to examine the four pillars of green growth or green environment i e energy environment health and wealth in brics countries namely brazil russia india china and south africa over the period of 1975 2013 the study examines the relationship between energy consumption environment health and its resulting impact on brics economic growth the study used three environmental variables i e agricultural technology carbon dioxide emissions and population density three energy sources i e nuclear energy consumption electricity production from renewable sources and combustible renewable waste two health proxies i e fertility rate total i e births per woman and infant mortality rate and gdp per capita for economic growth these variables were selected due to the vital importance in the brics nations the overall results indicate that environmental variables have a deleterious effect on the brics economic growth while energy sources significantly increases economic growth in the countries health expenditures and infrastructure required proper care of fertility and mortality related health issues in the brics countries the results emphasized the importance of green growth and sustainable developmental policies that help to expedite growth process and welfare of the countries

energy crisis greenhouse gas emissions and sectoral growth reforms repairing the fabricated mosaic abstract the study examined energy crisis and sought solutions for reforms in the largest regions of the world i e east asia pacific europe and central asia latin america the caribbean south asia and sub saharan africa the study used number of growth related factors over the period of 1975 2012 the results indicate significant relationship between electric power shortage and growth related specific factors however the intensity for each factor varies from region to region the results of granger causality verify multiple cause effect channels in the different regions i e feedback hypothesis economic factors driven electric shortage electric shortage driven economic factors and no causal relationship between the variables the results of variance decomposition analysis indicate that greenhouse gas emissions exhibit the largest contribution due to shortages in the electric power transmission the study opens the debate for environmentalists government and non government officials to formulate the sustainable policies related to energy reforms

examining the bi directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and gdp growth abstract the bi directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and gdp growth has been investigated in high income upper middle income lower middle income and high income countries to achieve this goal the fully modified ols was utilized the results revealed that 79 of the countries have a positive bi directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and gdp growth this represents the feedback hypothesis on the other hand 19 of the countries showed no long run relationship between the variables this represents the neutrality hypothesis besides 2 of the countries showed a one way long run relationship from gdp growth to renewable energy consumption confirming the conservation hypothesis and from renewable energy consumption and gdp growth representing the growth hypothesis despite the mixed results across countries it has been proved that the more persistent and significant the bi directional long run relationship between the variables is the higher the income countries are

the need for improved financial reporting of a developing country energy utility abstract some consideration has been given to regulatory and institutional reforms to facilitate sustainable development in electricity usage in papua new guinea but little attention has been paid to bringing about full compliance of financial reporting expectations of the country s main energy utility examining documentary evidence of the audit reports of the auditor general s office of papua new guinea this study considers the financial reporting compliance of png power for the period 2007 2013 and the means by which compliant reporting may be improved the results of the study reveal that the financial statements of png power are late and receive disclaimers of opinion from the auditor general s office which suggest that png power s stakeholders are not receiving accurate and reliable financial information to make informed decisions about sustainable development of electricity usage and planning in papua new guinea the study reveals that it would take little resources to improve png power s reporting which in turn could enhance national energy policy decision making and energy utility accountability

sustainable energy development scenario forecasting and energy saving policy analysis of china abstract the development of renewable energy which is an important way to solve the environmental protection has now become a research focus around the world as a developing country with rapid growth china gains the rapid development of economy but the environmental pollution is becoming increasingly serious in recent years electricity industry plays an important role for energy saving and emission reduction in china in order to reduce the environment pollution it needs to consider how the electricity consumption affects the carbon emissions in this paper a stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stripat model was built which estimates the relationship between the carbon emissions population gdp per capita electricity consumption and energy consumption it found that population gdp per capita and the ratio of electricity consumption in energy consumption are change 1 the carbon emissions will change 1 207 0 901 and 1 188 respectively based on the relationship there electricity energy development scenarios were assumed and analyzed and it found that the way to reduce carbon emissions should consider improving technical ability which should accounting for improving the ratio of electricity power ratio in the energy consumption improving the efficiency of using fossil energy and the development of renewable energy

prospects progress policies and effects of rural electrification in bangladesh abstract energy is instrumental for the development and economic growth of a country although bangladesh is known as a developing country in south asia it has been recognized as a model country by the united nations for its remarkable achievements in attaining the united nations millennium development goals successive governments of the country have taken several developmental initiatives that aim to improve the standard of living and to provide basic rights to the citizens an increase in the demand for energy particularly electricity is a normal consequence of many of these initiatives thus the provision of sufficient electricity has become a genuine challenge for the government studies have indicated that even if the national demand for electricity remains static another 35 years is required by the government to provide electricity to all given the current production pace providing electricity to all may nearly be an impossible task because of the ever increasing demand for electricity the situation in rural areas where many people are deprived of electricity supply is even severe fortunately this coastal and agro based country is geographically located in an area that has a potential in exploiting different renewable forms of energy therefore renewable energy sources can be considered potential solutions to satisfy the future energy demand of the country and to provide electricity particularly in rural areas bangladesh is one of the countries that is seriously vulnerable to the effects of climate change hence the use of renewable energy can contribute to mitigate the effects of both climate change and environmental degradation in the country

an oligopolistic power market model with tradable no sub x permits models formulated as complementarity problems have been applied previously to assess the potential for market power in transmission constrained electricity markets here we use the complementarity approach to simulate the interaction of pollution permit markets with electricity markets considering forward contracts and the operating reserve market because some power producers are relatively large consumers of permits there could be interaction between market power in the permits and energy markets market power in the energy market is modeled using a cournot game while a conjectured price response model is used in the permits market an illustrative application is made to pennsylvania new jersey maryland interconnection pjm which we represent by a 14 node dc load flow model and the usepa ozone transport commission no sub x budget program the results show that forward contracts effectively mitigate market power in pjm energy market and both simulated solutions of perfect and cournot oligopoly competition are a good approximation to actual prices in 2000 except that the cournot model yielded higher peak prices the no sub x market influences the cournot energy market in several ways one is that cournot competition lowers the price of no sub x permits which in turn affects on low and high emission producers differently in general because pollution permits are an important cost high concentration in the market for such permits can exacerbate the effects of market power in energy markets

national energy scenario of pakistan current status future alternatives and institutional infrastructure an overview abstract in this article the current energy consumption of pakistan is presented and the issue of security of electrical energy supply is discussed the power sector has been looked from variety of aspects such as demand and supply gap diminishing energy sources energy security and increasing energy costs furthermore the status of energy and potential of renewable sources of energy has been discussed as sustainable alternative in addition the roles of different sectors in the promotion and development of renewable energy technologies have been discussed the renewable energy future prospects are encouraging in pakistan with a total renewable energy potential of about 167 7 gw which is more than enough to meet the total electricity demand of the country this vast potential of renewable sources of energy could be utilized to overcome the energy shortage which has not been utilized properly due to lack of policies and infrastructure the diversification of existing energy resources and exploration of new sources is an important aspect to be considered in order to have a sustainable power development and its implementation in the country

energy crisis and potential of solar energy in pakistan abstract energy is the basic need of modern life pakistan is an energy deficient country energy crisis is making bad impacts and destroying the economy the current study investigates the relationship between the energy and demand supply in pakistan the purpose of this research is to evaluate the real reasons behind the current energy crisis we want to find supplementary and alternate energy sources to cut down the load on the national energy mix we select different areas and conduct our research and find the best possible renewable energy sources in this paper we proposed the solution and best available indigenous resource in energy demanding areas

a joint energy and transmission rights auction proposal and properties an auction based process is proposed that allows power market participants to acquire and reconfigure financial transmission rights the process simultaneously accommodates flowgate and point to point options and obligations along with energy production and consumption futures a sequence of auctions is held during which participants can buy and sell rights which are then settled in a day ahead or real time auction at which time all rights are cashed out by allowing flowgate and point to point obligations and options to be reconfigured and exchanged the market can decide what combination of financial rights are most useful to power generators consumers and traders rights can be specified not only for capacity of individual flowgates but also for more complex transmission constraints such as nomograms under certain conditions we prove that the auction is revenue adequate for the market operator in that payments to rights holders cannot exceed congestion revenues we present a linearized dc auction along with a numerical illustration

prospects of pakistan china energy and economic corridor abstract china s seaborne foreign oil supply through the strait of malacca is facing challenges because of territorial disputes pirate attacks and geopolitics the pakistan china energy and economic corridor pceec offers the option of constructing an oil pipeline to bypass the strait of malacca this paper studied the prospects of the pceec in the context of the security of china s foreign oil supply chain we assessed all the existing and proposed oil supply routes from the middle east and africa to china s border in terms of supply timeframes costs energy consumption and ghg emissions we used weight based model to estimate the capex opex and per barrel levelized cost of a proposed oil pipeline in the pceec from economic time energy and environmental perspective our assessment suggested that the construction of an oil pipeline in the pceec would be compatible with the existing routes and offer the shortest time for transporting oil to china s border the pceec would offer numerous prospects for regional energy and economic connectivity for both countries and the region including social economic commercial and geopolitical benefits

simulating oligopolistic pool based electricity markets a multiperiod approach this paper simulates a pool based electricity market and identifies equilibrium patterns a multiperiod framework that requires the use of continuous and binary variables is considered producers can be either price takers or price makers although price makers and their behavior characterize the market the elasticity of the loads is modeled through piecewise constant price demand curves the market operator uses a detailed network constrained market clearing auction that results in hourly market clearing prices the behavior of the market participants and the market itself are characterized through a repetitive simulation procedure the tool presented in this paper is particularly useful for the market regulator that may use it to monitor the market and to identify the exercise of market power by producers results from a realistic case study are presented and discussed

shocks effects of macroeconomic variables on natural gas consumption in nigeria structural var with sign restrictions abstract this paper has examined the transmission of shocks from macroeconomic variables namely money supply inflation exchange rate and real gdp onto natural gas consumption using structural var svar model with sign restrictions the results revealed that both in the short run and long run natural gas consumption responds significantly to the shocks emanating from money supply and real gdp while its response to inflation shock is significant only in the short run but exchange rate shock is not significant however money supply has contributed greater proportion of the shocks followed by the real gdp inflation and exchange rate in the ordering of the variance decomposition the paper recommends that nigerian authorities adjust the monetary policy tools towards regulating the money supply and checking the inflation rate to ensure increased demand for natural gas and sustained economic growth on the response of natural gas consumption to the shock in the exchange rate since the shock is positive though insignificant it implies that depreciation of the exchange rate can discourage the demand for foreign exchange imports and boost the local production which would reciprocally lead to more natural gas consumption and improved growth in the country

strategies for renewable energy applications in the organization of islamic conference oic countries abstract presently the demand of energy is met by fossil fuels combustion of fossil fuels has caused negative impacts to the environment globally the most significant ones are acid precipitation stratospheric ozone depletion and global climate change to overcome it sustainable clean and safe energy policies that would satisfy the energy demand of the 21st century have to be implemented renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions therefore be key energy sources for the future there is an intimate connection between renewable energy and sustainable development current status of renewable energy applications its implementation strategies and their obstacles for some of the selected islamic countries has been presented several strategies for enhancing of widespread application of renewable energy technology are described the strategies include establishing education and capacity building programs creating renewable energy market and financing mechanism improving appropriate energy policies and establishing database and international collaboration to promote renewable energy technologies

management of natural gas resources and search for alternative renewable energy resources a case study of pakistan abstract energy usage in pakistan has increased rapidly in past few years due to increase in economic growth inadequate and inconsistent supply of energy has created pressure on the industrial and commercial sectors of pakistan and has also affected environment demand has already exceeded supply and load shedding has become common phenomenon due to excessive consumption of energy resources it would become difficult to meet future energy demands this necessitates proper management of existing and exploration of new energy resources energy resource management is highly dependent on the supply and demand pattern this paper highlights the future demands production and supply of energy produced from natural gas based on economic and environmental constraints in pakistan with special emphasis on management of natural gas an attempt has been made by proposing a suitable course of action to meet the rising gas demand a mechanism has been proposed to evaluate pakistan s future gas demand through quantitative analysis of base worst and best chosen option co 2 emission for all cases has also been evaluated the potential constraints and possible solutions to develop alternative renewable energy resources in the country have also been discussed this work will be fruitful for the decision makers responsible for energy planning of the country this work is not only helpful for pakistan but is equally important to other developing countries to manage their energy resources

roles of renewable energy technologies in improving the rural energy situation in nepal gaps and opportunities abstract nepal is one of the least developed countries with the lowest per capita energy consumption in the world traditional solid biomass plays a significant role in meeting the primary energy demand in the country which represents about 87 of the total primary energy mix till date only 50 of the population has access to electricity and disparity between the urban and rural areas in terms of access to energy is prevalent in order to improve the energy situation in rural areas the government of nepal initiated the promotion and development of renewable energy technologies rets through subsidies nepal has the potential to generate energy through renewable sources like mini microhydro schemes solar power biogas and wind it is estimated that more than 50 mw of electricity can be generated from the micro hydro schemes 2100 mw from solar and 3000 mw from wind moreover the country has the capacity to develop about 1 1 million domestic biogas plants rets may provide ample opportunity to improve the vulnerable rural energy system in nepal if the available renewable resources are optimally utilized

multicommodity spatial cournot model for generator bidding analysis conventional behavioral models such as cournot to analyze generator behavior do not reflect many of the complexities of advanced electricity markets dispatch and pricing in a number of advanced pool based electricity markets worldwide explicitly recognize the co optimization of ancillary services as well as transmission constraints this paper discusses the development of and experiments with a multimarket cournot model that deals with co optimization of multiple commodities namely energy and various classes of ancillary services and deals with transmission constraints that separate these commodity markets spatially we also discuss the multimarket extension of the cournot model to deal with bilateral contracts for energy a nonlinear programming formulation of the proposed model and the analysis of nodal prices are presented followed by a detailed set of experiments using a simple three node system the model is expected to add to understanding of complex interactions between energy and ancillary services markets and further the impact transmission capacity limits may have on exercise of market power of each of these markets

the diagnosis of an electricity crisis and alternative energy development in pakistan abstract the electricity sector in pakistan is currently facing the formidable challenges of an insufficient installed capacity a suboptimal infrastructure circular debt and revenue shortage all of these problems hamper socioeconomic activities this paper diagnoses the overall condition of the electricity sector as well as the potential and recent progress in the implementation of alternative energy projects in the context of the targets set in the national energy security plan nesp the assessment reveals the unsatisfactory overall progress of the implementation of the nesp in general and alternative energy in particular we assess that if the short term measures contained in the nesp have been adequately executed were enough to bridge the existing electricity supply demand gap and the country might not be facing an ongoing electricity crisis further we investigated the specific alternative energy policy issues that hinder this sector s development in pakistan we conclude that fuel diversification by means of the maximum utilisation of alternative energy resources would help in solving the crisis and would also furnish the long term energy needs of the country finally we recommend a comprehensive strategy for revamping the electricity sector and developing the alternative energy resources needed to tackle the ongoing electricity crisis in pakistan

renewable energy in five south east asian countries review on electricity consumption and economic growth abstract the present study is an archival statistical overview of the possibility of renewable energy production in five south east asian countries and their economic capacity the five south east asian countries under review are the philippines thailand malaysia indonesia and singapore all of which have a combined population of 420 million this number is a little less than the population of 25 european countries these five countries have created a large market in the world and have enjoyed significant economic growth in recent years tropical climate in the region facilitates the potential for using clean and green energies this article clarifies the effective relation between energy capacities and economic indices in these countries and analyzes the results using a survey the paper shows that despite the shortage of energy in these countries brought by their fast economic growth the share of renewable energy in energy production is constantly declining and more reliance is still placed on fossil fuels for energy production

demand side reserve offers in joint energy reserve electricity markets we propose a market model that includes demand side reserve offers and where energy and reserve are jointly dispatched generators and consumers can submit offers and bids on five distinct products energy upspinning reserve downspinning reserve and two kinds of standby reserve the resources are scheduled and dispatched in a joint auction through a mixed integer optimization program the extra scheduling flexibility introduced by demand side reserve offers can lead to significant gains in economic efficiency thus the results suggest that not only do the consumers increase their profits but in addition the market power of the generators is reduced

factors impacting diverging paths of renewable energy a review abstract considered an essential factor for countries development energy demand is growing worldwide unlike conventional sources the use of renewable energy sources has multiple benefits including increased energy security sustainable economic growth and pollution reduction in particular greenhouse gas emissions nevertheless there is a considerable difference in the share of renewable energy sources in national energy portfolios this study conducts a systematic literature review to identify drivers and barriers which could help understanding the diverging paths of renewable energy deployment for countries among a total of 1431 academic studies 60 qualitative and quantitative studies were identified using a multistage selection process designated manuscripts were explored in detail including publication years length of the studies countries represented and renewable energy sources referenced factors explaining countries renewable energy deployments were defined and organized into seven main categories economic environmental political regulatory social technical potential and technological within these categories economic considerations appeared most frequently across manuscripts while environmental factors were least represented these categories were then classified as drivers barriers or undetermined towards renewable energy deployment based on a one sample proportion statistical test economic environmental and social factors were found to be drivers whereas political regulatory technical potential and technological factors were not classified as either a driver or a barrier i e undetermined each main category contains several subcategories among which only national income was found to have a positive impact whereas all other subcategories were considered undetermined no significant barriers to the deployment of renewable energy sources were found over the analyzed period

linear complementarity models of nash cournot competition in bilateral and poolco power markets two cournot models of imperfect competition among electricity producers are formulated as mixed linear complementarity problems lcps and a simple example is presented to illustrate their application the two models simulate bilateral markets the models include a congestion pricing scheme for transmission but other transmission pricing approaches can also be represented in this framework the two models differ from each other in that one has no arbitrage between nodes of the network while in the other model arbitragers erase any noncost based differences in price the latter bilateral model turns out to be equivalent to a cournot model of a poolco the models differ from other cournot market models in that they include both of kirchhoff s laws via a dc approximation can include arbitragers possess unique solutions and are readily solved by efficient lcp algorithms the key assumption that permits their formulation as lcps is that each producer naively assumes that its output will not affect transmission prices

revisiting the environmental kuznets curve in a global economy the present study deals with an empirical investigation between co2 emissions energy intensity economic growth and globalization using annual data over the period of 1970 2010 for turkish economy we applied unit root test and cointegration approach in the presence of structural breaks the direction of causality between the variables is investigated by applying the vecm granger causality approach our results confirmed the existence of cointegration between the series the empirical evidence reported that energy intensity and economic growth globalization increase condense co2 emissions the results also validated the presence of environmental kuznets curve ekc the causality analysis shows bidirectional causality between economic growth and co2 emissions this implies that economic growth can be boosted at the cost of environment

pakistan s overall energy potential assessment comparison of lng tapi and ipi gas projects abstract pakistan is facing severe energy crisis in spite of the fact that nature has blessed her with huge energy potential short fall of electricity supply in the country is increasing and has been recorded up to 4522 mw in 2010 this deficit reached to 7000 mw in may 2011 a comprehensive review of pakistan s energy sector is presented in this paper energy potential major issues of energy sector and energy import options are discussed issues like poor management combined cycle capacity low hydro power share circular debt and energy security have been covered energy potential assessment includes hydro solar wind coal nuclear hydrogen cells geo thermal ocean resources and bio mass future prediction calculations are based upon country s current and world s average per capita energy consumption current oil and gas reserves of the country contribute to only 5 percent and 48 8 percent of the energy mix and at the current rate will be exhausted by 13 and 16 years respectively the overwhelming dependence of the energy sector on imported fossil fuels may create a situation of energy security threat however dependence upon the energy import options cannot be avoided in order to lessen the severity of energy crisis in near future some of the energy import options are turkmanistan afghanistan pakistan and india tapi iran pakistan and india ipi gas pipelines liquefied natural gas lng from qatar etc on the other hand exploitation of vast renewable potential like hydro solar and wind requires serious attention exploitation of indigenous coal resources would also be a key for solving energy crisis in the long run in summary this paper presents energy potential assessment in context of major issues future predictions and impact of energy import options this in turn provides a big clear and brighter picture of the country s energy sector