policy relevant treatment effects accounting for individual level heterogeneity in the response to treatment is a major development in the econometric literature on program evaluation a substantial body of empirical evidence demonstrates that econometric models fit on individual level data manifest heterogeneity in treatment effects that is present even after conditioning on observables an important distinction is the one between evaluation models where participation in the program being evaluated is based at least in part on unobserved idiosyncratic responses to treatment and models where participation is not based on unobserved idiosyncratic responses this is the distinction between selection on unobservables and selection on observables the validity of entire classes of evaluation estimators hinges on whether or not they allow agents to act on unobserved idiosyncratic responses in a wide variety of applications the available evidence suggests that not only are ex post postenrollment responses heterogeneous but that ex ante decisions to participate in programs are based in part on these heterogeneous responses heckman and vytlacil 2000b 2001

estimation of the tenants benefits residing in public rental housing with unit size constraint in korea summary hicksian income equivalent variation ev has often been used to measure tenants benefits in evaluating public housing programmes a number of papers have so far attempted to apply hicksian ev under the implicit assumption of no constraint on unit size of public housing as a result overestimation of tenants benefits probably occurs where unit size constraints exist as in korea s public housing programme thus the purpose of the paper is to measure hicksian ev with the constraint in unit size of public housing by formulating a revised hicksian ev equation and comparing the result with constraint free cases it is found that hicksian ev with constraint in unit size decreases relative to that of the constraint free cases the extent of ev decrease depends on the income elasticity of demand for housing and the difference between the optimum consumption of public housing under rent support demand wanted and the actual constraint of unit size demand fulfilled

permanent income hedonic prices and demand for housing new evidence abstract housing demand is examined by looking quite specifically at the income and price variables based on individual household data permanent and transitory incomes are computed through instrumental variables related to human and nonhuman wealth a price is constructed by spatially varying hedonic techniques separation of measured income into permanent and transitory components substantially improves the predictive power of the housing demand estimation and leads to demand elasticities of 1 and 1 with respect to permanent income and price the permanent income elasticity is roughly twice the measured income elasticity

fishermen markets and population diversity fishing impacts biodiversity on multiple levels potentially resulting in unintended feedbacks to the economic performance of the fishery over time for example targeting observable traits within a population can impact genetic diversity and targeting valuable species can impact biodiversity at the ecosystem level the bioeconomic literature however has given little attention to the effect of fishing on population diversity even though population diversity contributes to ecosystem services and estimates of population extinction rates are three orders of magnitude higher than species extinction rates here we develop a stochastic bioeconomic model that links the harvest of multiple salmon populations in a single commercial fishery to the trajectory of population diversity in a salmon stock complex we parameterize our model with biological and economic data from the copper river chinook salmon fishery we show that markets can incentivize the degradation of population diversity reducing infra marginal fishery rents and increasing variability in economic returns we also show that second best management can conserve population diversity and improve welfare furthermore depending on fishermen s time preferences this management strategy is potentially self financing

the redistributive effect of public housing in hong kong public housing programmes in hong kong affect half of the population directly and the other half indirectly this paper assesses the redistributive effect of public rental housing on income distribution it uses a subsidised to market rent ratio method and an imputed rent method to convert transfer in kind of public rental housing into equivalent monetary value empirical results show that the provision of public housing alleviates the income inequality problem however the amount of public expenditure required achieving the same improvements in gini coefficient and other inequality measures is small relative to the actual public expenditure on housing policy makers should thoroughly review the existing public housing programmes

measuring welfare changes in settings with imposed quantities abstract an intuitively attractive money metric utility measure is developed which is applicable in settings where individuals receive fixed quantities of one or more goods one use of this measure is in cost benefit analyses of imposed quantity changes the approximate measures typically used are shown to be subject to relatively large approximation errors however techniques are presented which can always be used to numerically evaluate the exact welfare measure provided that one knows the uncompensated demand function s or marginal willingness to pay function s of individuals

information sharing and cooperative search in fisheries we present a dynamic game of search and learning about the productivity of competing fishing locations perfect bayesian nash equilibrium search patterns for non cooperating fishermen and members of an information sharing cooperative are compared with first best outcomes independent fishermen do not internalize the full value of information and do not replicate first best search a fishing cooperative faces a free riding problem as each coop member prefers that other members undertake costly search for information pooling contracts among coop members may mitigate but are not likely to eliminate free riding our results explain the paucity of information sharing in fisheries and suggest regulators use caution in advocating cooperatives as a solution to common pool inefficiencies in fisheries

a structure decomposition analysis of china s production source co2 emission 1992 2002 this paper provides an empirical analysis of the relative impacts of various factors on co2 emissions from production of goods and services in china during two consecutive periods of 1992 1997 and 1997 2002 results show that on the positive side level of final demand for goods and services was the main reason for the increase of production source co2 emission while structure of net export has similar positive effect during the first period of 1992 1997 on the negative side technology factors remains as the main factors reducing emissions the level of net export played some role in the first period but the effects were seen in the second period from energy intensity fuel mix and input mix the results suggest that economic structure be focused as an important factor for co2 emission reduction with construction and transport as two key industries to lower carbon emission

measurement problems in quantifying the distributional effects of subsidy programs abstract use of estimated compensating or equivalent variation benefit measures to analyze the distributional effects of subsidy programs can lead to biased results the vast majority of previous studies have used average elasticity parameters to calculate individual compensating or equivalent variations this can lead to measurement errors which are systematically related to program targeting criteria and result in biased distributional impacts being identified from analysis of cross sectional estimated program benefits the seriousness of this problem is illustrated in a case study with simulated data the results suggest that much greater effort and care are warranted in ascertaining the robustness of estimates of the cross sectional variation in the benefits of many subsidy programs

reforming fisheries lessons from a self selected cooperative we analyze a policy experiment in an alaskan commercial fishery that assigned a portion of an overall catch quota to a voluntary co op with the remainder exploited competitively by those choosing to fish independently unlike the individual quota system advocated by many economists the policy encouraged coordinated fishing and did not require a detailed assignment of rights we model the decision to join and behavior under cooperative and independent fishing the data confirm our key predictions the co op attracted the least skilled fishermen consolidated and coordinated effort among its most efficient members and provided shared infrastructure we estimate that resulting gains in rent were at least 33 percent some independents were disadvantaged by the co op s formation however which prompted them to oppose it in court we analyze the source of their disadvantage and provide guidance for designing fishery reform that leads to pareto improvements enabling reform without losers

the demand for rental housing evidence from the housing allowance demand experiment abstract this paper provides new evidence on the price and income elasticities of demand for rental housing by low income households housing expenditures of households participating in the housing allowance demand experiment and receiving housing allowances in the form of a proportional rent rebate are analyzed these rent rebates experimentally vary the effective relative price of housing and thus enable estimation of the price elasticities natural income variation enables estimation of income elasticities analysis is carried out using two functional forms and a variety of models of housing dynamics the estimated income and price elasticities of demand are 0 36 and 0 22 respectively when the sample is restricted to include only households headed by couples the elasticity estimates are 0 47 for income and 0 36 for price these estimates are lower in absolute value than have been previously estimated and it is suggested that this may be due to the low income nature of the sample

cash welfare as a consumption smoothing mechanism for divorced mothers abstract while there has been considerable research on the disincentive effects of cash welfare under the aid to families with dependent children afdc program there is little evidence on the benefits of the program for single mothers and their children one potential benefit of this program is that it provides short run consumption insurance for women at the point that they become single mothers this is only true however to the extent that the program is not crowding out other sources of support such as own savings labor supply or transfers from others i assess the importance of this insurance mechanism by measuring the extent to which afdc smooths the consumption of women who transition to single motherhood through marital dissolution i use longitudinal data on family structure and consumption expenditures on food and housing from the panel study of income dynamics psid matched to information on the welfare benefits available in each state and year over the 1968 1985 period i find that raising potential benefits by one dollar raises the food and housing consumption of women who get divorced and their families by 28 cents this estimate implies that for each dollar of afdc received by this population their consumption of these categories of goods rises by up to 51 cents this is roughly the share of food and housing in the consumption bundle of divorced mothers and their families suggesting little crowdout of other sources of support

measuring benefits from a marketing cooperative in the copper river fishery the degradation of product quality is one form of rent dissipation resulting from incomplete property rights in fisheries industry structure and information asymmetries can also lead to underinvestment in product quality even when property rights are well defined in this article we empirically examine whether the voluntary formation of a marketing cooperative was able to mitigate market failures that led to the production of inferior quality fish specifically we use a difference in differences estimation strategy to measure the impact that the copper river fishermen s cooperative an alaskan salmon marketing cooperative had on ex vessel salmon prices and salmon quality measures we find that the cooperative was able to improve product quality as well as attract and sustain a higher price for its salmon our findings provide empirical support for many of the key tenets of cooperative theory specifically we find evidence that marketing cooperatives can address existing market failures that marketing cooperatives can have advantages in high quality product markets and that over time as a result of their success marketing cooperatives may lead to lasting producer benefits even though they become obsolete due to nonmember free riding

promises and pitfalls in environmentally extended input output analysis for china a survey of the literature abstract as the world s largest developing economy china plays a key role in global climate change and other environmental impacts of international concern environmentally extended input output analysis ee ioa is an important and insightful tool seeing widespread use in studying large scale environmental impacts in china calculating and analyzing greenhouse gas emissions carbon and water footprints pollution and embodied energy this paper surveys the published articles regarding ee ioa for china in peer reviewed journals and provides a comprehensive and quantitative overview of the body of literature examining the research impact environmental issues addressed and data utilized the paper further includes a discussion of the shortcomings in official chinese data and of the potential means to move beyond its inherent limitations

the welfare cost of free public schools the welfare cost of free public schools is the difference between the cost of those schools and the maximum parents would be willing to pay to send their children to those schools estimates based on data from california school districts in 1970 indicate that this welfare cost is substantial mostly because private schools are cheaper per unit of quality than public schools

short run housing responses to changes in income income maintenance and housing allowance plans both currently being evaluated as potential federal programs for low income families provide households with supplements to income which increase the demand for housing while income maintenance schemes allow the consumer complete freedom of choice with respect to consumption housing allowance plans may constrain choice in a variety of ways 1 the response of housing demand to changes in income is a significant factor in assessing the relative merits of these two programs the research presented here is concemed with the impact of increased income on the annual housing expenditures of households who have moved the data employed are drawn from the university of michigan panel study of income dynamics which follows a sample of 5 000 households over a period of years these panel data allow us to link each household s change in income over time with changes in its demand for housing most previous studies of housing demand rely on cross sectional estimates which are long run they implicitly assume a household would respond to a different income level just as would a household who may have been at that level for a long enough period of time to acquire a different set of tastes to the extent that households move from one short run adjustment to another because of repeated changes in economic circumstances rather than ever actually achieving the implied long run equilibrium short run elasticities may be more revelant for evaluating housing policy

china s urban housing reform price rent ratio and market equilibrium china s urban housing marketisation hinges on a sensible ratio of housing price to rent this research derives a rational level for such a ratio and examines its distortions under the chinese system it shows that the prevailing housing price to rent ratios are significantly higher than the rational level for both subsidised and free market housing unique chinese housing market equilibria are analysed and policy recommendations on commercialising chinese urban housing are suggested

exact consumer s surplus and deadweight loss consumer s surplus is a widely used tool in applied welfare economics both economic theorists and cost benefit analysis often use consumer s surplus despite its somewhat dubious reputation the basic idea is to evaluate the value to a consumer or his willingness to pay for a change in price of a good from say pricep to pricep because price changes affect consumer welfare an evaluation of this effect is often a key input to public policy decisions yet consumer s surplus is probably the most controversial of widely used economic concepts both paul samuelson and ian little conclude that the economics profession would be better off without it it is my feeling of the situation that substantial agreement exists on the correct quantities to be measured the amount the consumer would pay or would need to be paid to be just as well off after the price change as he was before the price change the quantities correspond to john hicks compensating variation measures an alternative measure which takes ex post price change utility as the basis of comparison is hicks equivalent variation the controversy arises in the measurement of these quantities the usual measurement procedure is to use the area to the left of the marshallian market demand curve between two price levels jules dupuit originated this measure of welfare change and alfred marshall and hicks derived appropriate conditions for its use the primary condition for the area to the left of the demand curve to correspond to the compensating variation is to have constant marginal utility of income marshall gave this condition and if it holds the same quantity will be derived as the area to the left of the compensated hicksian demand curve this area to the left of the compensated demand curve is exactly what the compensating variation and equivalent variation measure thus the constant marginal utility of income is a sufficient condition for marshallian consumer s surplus to be equal to hicks consumer s surplus in this case arnold harberger s plea to use the welfare triangle as one half times the product of the price change times the quantity change to measure deadweight loss corresponds to the correct theoretical amount of welfare change in a recent paper robert willig derives bounds for the percentage difference between the correct measure of either the compensating or equivalent variation and the marshallian measure derived form the market demand curve his bounds which depend on the income elasticity of demand for the single good in the region of price change being considered as well as the proportion of the consumer s income spent on the good demonstrate that the marshallian consumer s surplus is often a good approximation to hicks consumer s surplus the fact that the proportion of the consumer s income spent matters as well as the income elasticity was first pointed out by harold hotelling willig contends that the approximation error will be less than the errors involved in estimating the demand curve thus he hopes to remove the need for apology that applied economists often need to give to theorists who remark on the inappropriateness of using marshallian consumer s surplus to measure welfare change however in this paper i show that for the case primarily considered by willig of a single price change which is also the situation in which consumer s surplus is often used in applied work no approximation is necessary professor of economics massachusetts institute of technology and research associate national bureau of economic research i would like to thank peter diamond erwin diewert daniel mcfadden robert merton robert solow hal varian joel yellin and the referees for help and comments research support from the national science foundation is acknowledged the reason that we still have two rather than one of samuelson s six measures of consumer s surplus arises from an index number problem of the correct basis for the welfare comparison i will give both measures but plan to concentrate on the compensating variation

goods diversion and repressed inflation notes on the political economy of price liberalization most analyses of parallel markets in centrally planned systems focus on queue rationing as the mechanism whereby state sector goods become available for second economy resale this article takes into account employee diversion of goods as a second channel through which merchandise can move to private markets diversion of goods tends to temper the adverse distributional consequences of price liberalization as repressed inflation increases more goods are diverted out of the state sector and the likelihood that an individual will be made worse off by a transition of free prices is diminished

the benefits of in kind government programs abstract in this paper i present a methodology to calculate the benefits of in kind programs such as public housing which restrict consumption of some goods to the levels offered by the government most previous studies begin with an a priori specification of the direct utility function i begin with the ordinary demand function and then integrate demand to recover the indirect utility function and the expenditure function i argue that this approach gives additional flexibility in choosing a functional form which best describes the data i then use this methodology to estimate the benefits of the u s government s section 8 housing program

energy intensity developments in 40 major economies structural change or technology improvement this study analyzes energy intensity trends and drivers in 40 major economies using the wiod database a novel harmonized and consistent dataset of input output table time series accompanied by environmental satellite data we use logarithmic mean divisia index decomposition to 1 study trends in global energy intensity between 1995 and 2007 2 attribute efficiency changes to either changes in technology or changes in the structure of the economy and 3 highlight sectoral and regional differences we first show that heterogeneity within each sector across countries is high these general trends within the sectors are dominated by large economies first and foremost the united states in most cases heterogeneity is lower within each country across the different sectors regarding changes of energy intensity at the country level improvements between 1995 and 2007 are largely attributable to technological change while structural change is less important in most countries notable exceptions are japan the united states australia taiwan mexico and brazil where a change in the industry mix was the main driver behind the observed energy intensity reduction

market vs rationing the case of soviet housing economists devote considerable effort to the analysis of various forms of nonprice rationing these analyses generally disregard forces that act to foil rationing schemes even with a commodity that seems to be easy to control however in a system with extensive rationing experience nonprice rationing schemes can be circumvented this thesis is examined for the case of housing distribution in the u s s r utilizing the data from a survey of recent soviet emigres it is shown that administrative rationing of soviet urban housing is partially replaced by market forces acting usually through the second economy copyright 1988 by mit press

decoupling the lock in effect between economic growth and co2 emissions by structure adjustment a final demand perspective abstract this study incorporates demand emission sensitivity into a programming model to explore the issue of decoupling the lock in effect between economic growth and co2 emissions through structure adjustment from a final demand perspective as a demonstration the proposed methodology is applied to data from china for the year 2012 the most relevant productive linkages and the most sensitive components of final demand in terms of co2 emissions were identified the results indicate that to formulate better carbon mitigation policies we should pay more attention to the main internal linkages in terms of co2 emissions within the economy

self selection and the redistributive impact of in kind transfers an econometric analysis self targeting welfare programs have received increasing attention from economists and policymakers alike this paper provides evidence on the redistributive impact of transferring low quality goods in kind i study a school feeding program in jamaica which distributes a bland snack to all students poorer households and those with a greater number of eligible children are found significantly more likely to self select into the program but against these targeting benefits is a large estimated dead weight loss

an econometric and cultural analysis of rent control in kumasi ghana an empirical analysis of rent control in kumasi ghana is presented based upon a consumer demand model for housing controlled rent to income ratios are exceptionally low for a developing country moreover the asante housing market exhibits unusual cultural attributes and problems in estimating the without rent control situation benefits and costs of rent control are presented by housing types and income levels and distributional impacts assessed

measuring welfare changes when quantity is constrained in this article we propose a simple and efficient method of estimating welfare measures in an n equation consumer demand system when some quantities are constrained or rationed we also estimate the variance of these measures the method is evaluated using monte carlo studies of two demand systems we also use the method to analyze the welfare costs of constraining the hours worked by married women in canada the gauss code for implementing the method is included

product aggregation market integration and relationships between prices an application to world salmon markets relationships between prices of goods offer motives of interest in at least two areas market integration and product aggregation there is a close relationship between market integration and aggregation which may increase the usefulness of market integration studies in this article these relationships are developed and illustrated by an application to the world salmon market it is shown that the law of one price holds for an international market with five salmon species this result has significant implications for the world salmon market regarding both product aggregation in demand analyses and international trade policy

the future of u s agricultural cooperatives a neo institutional approach thirty years ago helmberger speculated that industrialization of agriculture would lead to the demise of farmer cooperatives helmberger 1966 p 1434 in responding to helmberger s prediction abrahamsen countered by suggesting that as industrialization of agriculture evolved cooperatives would increasingly become the farmer s integrating agency abrahamsen p 1442 in this paper i examine these two divergent opinions by a briefly describing the structural and strategic evolution of u s farmer cooperatives since the helmberger and abrahamsen h a forecasts b utilizing recent developments in neo institutional economic organizational economic theory to generate hypotheses regarding structural and strategic shifts in u s agricultural cooperatives and c further applying neo institutional economics to speculate what the future might hold for u s producerowned and controlled agricultural cooperatives

china s strategy for carbon intensity mitigation pledge for 2020 evidence from a threshold cointegration model combined with monte carlo simulation methods abstract this paper specifies a nonlinear threshold cointegration to analyze the nonlinear relationship between carbon intensity and economic growth in china the tests and estimated results clearly confirm that fast paced economic growth that is the growth rate of gross domestic product gdp is greater than 9 053 impede the reduction of carbon intensity because it weakens the negative effects of tertiary industry development and energy efficiency on carbon intensity while it also increases the positive effect of unclean energy mix on carbon intensity in order to find a moderate range of economic growth rate that is both beneficial for industrial structuring and energy mix transformation and at the same time facilitate reduction in carbon intensity monte carlo simulations are employed the results show when the growth rate of gdp is between 7 and 8 4 it can promote structural bonus of industrial structure and energy consumption structure on carbon intensity and carbon intensity in 2020 would decline by about 40 60 compared to 2005 level these conclusions mean it is necessary for china to carefully set its economic growth target through transformation and optimization of its economic structure and energy mix in order to continuously reduce carbon intensity

an analysis of co2 emissions of japanese industries during the period between 1985 and 1995 this paper examines the factors that have an effect on co2 emissions produced by japanese industries between 1985 and 1995 by using input output tables the effects of environmental technological changes etc and production technological changes ptc on co2 emissions are considered separately furthermore backward and forward linkage effects in each sector that shows the extent to which each sector spreads or receives co2 emissions impacts across all of sectors will be calculated the results show that both types of technologies contributed to a decrease in co2 emissions during the bubble economy of the late 1980s but not during the recession of the early 1990s trade factors succeeded in decreasing co2 emissions in both periods thus trade structures facilitated the turning of japan into a net importer of co2 emissions between 1985 and 1995 the backward and forward linkage effects also decreased during the boom of the late in 1980s but not the recession of the early 1990s while the chemical products and electrical machinery sectors continued to reduce both effects this indicates that both sectors were relatively successful in decreasing their co2 emissions impacts between 1985 and 1995

competition between farmed and wild salmon the japanese salmon market this article examines the japanese market for salmon this market is of interest since it is the largest and most diversified salmon market in the world with wild and farmed species from europe and south and north america competing in the same market in contrast to the european union eu and u s markets there have been neither trade conflicts nor trade restrictions the japanese market can hence provide information about the impact of bringing substantial quantities of a new product into a market and the effect of large scale aquaculture on traditional fisheries in this article market integration between wild and farmed salmon on the japanese market is examined using both bivariate and multivariate cointegration analysis tests for the law of one price are also conducted the results indicate that the species are close substitutes on the market and that the expansion of farmed salmon has resulted in price decreases for all salmon species

markets and rent dissipation in regulated open access fisheries abstract using a model of regulated open access resource use with markets we illustrate the potential complexity of interactions between markets product quality excess effort and regulatory behavior in fisheries our model assumes two product types one of which is processed and storable the model describes the equilibrium that results when effort responds to open access incentives and when regulators respond to effort growth by mitigating its potential harmful effects on biomass safety we use numerical simulations to demonstrate a mechanism by which market growth leads to the diversion of raw inputs into the inherently inferior market the result is a scenario in which rents are dissipated not only because excessive inputs raise costs but also because inferior product types reduce revenues we conclude with an illustrative decomposition of rent gains into revenue and cost savings gains from rationalizing a hypothetical fishery demonstrating the potential significance of market side rents

theory and estimation in the economics of housing demand the main purpose of this paper is to review recent theoretical and empirical developments in the economics of housing demand in particular we ask what is known concerning the permanent income elasticity of housing demand vis a vis the current or measured income elasticity what is known concerning price elasticities what is the appropriate functional form for housing demand equations what is the role of demographic variables what is known concerning dynamic aspects of housing demand what appear to be the major sources of bias in existing estimates of demand equations

the demand for space in china abstract we review the evolution of housing policy in the people s republic of china as the government has between 1949 and the present shifted the provision of housing services from a market system to a planned system and back again properly designing and assessing housing policies in china or elsewhere requires knowing the price and income elasticities of housing demand while demand elasticities for housing have been much studied around the globe relatively few studies have estimated housing elasticities in formerly planned economies we use the unusually rich data from the 1991 to 2006 chinese health and nutrition surveys to estimate that in china s renewed market phase the permanent income elasticity of housing services demand in china is 70 and the elasticity of housing services demand with respect to the price of space is 64 we also estimate that in china the own price and income elasticities of the demand for habitable space are 38 and 29 respectively

the real estate economy and the design of russian housing reforms part i the transition from plan to market in socialist economies dominates the economic agenda of this decade this two part paper on the russian housing reforms addresses four questions first what is the legacy of the administrative command system and why were demands for major reforms so widespread in the housing sector secondly in what manner does the severe contraction of the russian economy complicate the reformers task thirdly how has the russian government responded so far to the reform challenge fourthly why are the privatisation of housing and rent reforms at the core of the transition to market the first part of the paper deals with the first two questions the second part addresses the last two questions priority goes to an integrated perspective on the early stages of russian reforms over an in depth analysis of individual issues the modern analysis of the real estate economy distinguishes two markets the property market for the allocation of space and the asset market where investm

carbon dioxide emissions in the u s economy a structural decomposition analysis this paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of various influences on carbon dioxide emissions it incorporates methodological refinements of input output structural decomposition analysis which is the examination of economic change by means of a set of comparative static variations in key parameters of i o tables the analysis is performed using a two tiered klem model which allows for estimation of substitution and technological change effects within and between input aggregates the model is used to decompose the sources of change in co2 emissions in the u s over the 1972 82 timeframe using hybrid energy value tables for the initial and terminal years results show the significant effect of substitution within the energy sector and between energy and other inputs as the leading causes of the decline in carbon dioxide emissions

driving forces of rapid co2 emissions growth a case of korea abstract this study aims to investigate korea s final demand structure and its impacts on co 2 emissions in order to reduce co 2 emissions and develop environmental policy directions based on the environmentally extended input output model this study adopts a two step approach 1 to estimate the embodied emissions and their intensities for 393 sectors induced by final demand and 2 to calculate the driving factors of emission growth between 2003 and 2011 and then evaluate the result by using structural decomposition analysis sda the findings of this study demonstrate that the impact of composition change in export with less embodied emission intensities tends to offset the increase in co 2 emission by the export scale growth the relatively low residential electricity price has resulted in the rapid growth of household electricity consumption and significantly contributed to emissions growth the result of sda indicates that korea s final demand behavior yielded high carbonization over the same period the findings suggest that korean government should promote exports in industries with less embedded co 2 in order to protect environments in addition emission information of each product and service should be provided for consumers to change their purchase patterns towards contributing to low carbon emissions as active players

consumption and poverty how effective are in kind transfers the ability of in kind transfers to alleviate poverty depends on accurate targeting as well as recipients valuations of the benefits using data from the consumer expenditure surveys the efficiency of in kind transfers is examined in a microsimulation framework in which recipients are identified as those who have the lowest consumption in this framework in kind transfers of food capital services which includes housing and consumer services are an effective means of providing support to the poor even at high levels of subsidization the multiple good transfers that are considered are essentially equivalent to cash grants copyright 1996 by royal economic society

the household s decision to accept or reject a conditional transfer offer households deemed by society to have insufficient resources to purchase an adequate commodity bundle are often offered aid i e additional resources conditional upon the households purchasing a given level of some commodity e g food fuel or housing such conditional transfers attempt to modify the households normal behavior i e if the households would normally purchase the required level of the designated commodity upon receipt of the transfer the constraint would not be necessary how these incentives and constraints interact to affect the households behavior determines in large part the number and type of eligibles aided by the program aggregate program costs given payment levels and the types of commodity bundles purchased by the recipient households clearly understanding the decision to accept or reject a conditional transfer offer has widespread implications for the costs of the transfer program the impact on eligible households and the attainment of society s objectives numerous studies have investigated the size and distribution of recipient benefits in conditional transfer programs 1 3 6 8 9 14 16 21 to this author s knowledge however no analysis has estimated a model of the household s decision to participate in a conditional transfer program using household data and a theoretically appropriate measure for the household s net gain to overcome this gap in our understanding of the household s

estimation of complete demand systems from household budget data the linear and quadratic expenditure systems in this paper we explore two issues in empirical demand analysis the estimation of complete systems of demand equations using household budget data section i and the incorporation of demographic characteristics into such systems section ii although there are numerous studies which use time series data to estimate complete demand systems and many which estimate engel curves from household budget data there are virtually none which combine budget data from different periods to estimate complete systems since each budget study corresponds to a single price situation one might conjecture that estimation of complete systems would not be possible unless budget studies were available from a large number of periods this is incorrect in section i we argue that interesting complete demand systems can be estimated from a small number of budget studies despite the limited price variability represented in such data to demonstrate this we use budget study data for two periods to estimate a pair of related demand systems the familiar linear expenditure system les and a quadratic expenditure system qes a generalization of les in which the demand equations are quadratic in total expenditure the inclusion of demographic variables in the analysis of household consumption patterns is desirable because there are likely to be systematic differences in the consumption behavior of households with different demographic characteristics but the effects of demographic characteristics have seldom been studied within the framework of complete demand systems in section ii we propose translating as a general method for incorporating demographic variables into complete systems of demand equations this method has not previously been discussed as a general technique for bringing demographic variables into demand systems although it has been employed in several studies to improve the estimates of the les and the qes presented in section i we reestimate these two systems using translating to incorporate family size

estimating the welfare implications of in kind government programs a general numerical approach abstract the purpose of this paper is to present and apply a general methodology to estimate the welfare implications of in kind government programs on the basis of arbitrary systems of demand equations the method provides a useful alternative to more restrictive procedures that previously have been used in the literature as it allows complete flexibility with respect to the specification of demand functions the proposed procedures are applied to estimate the benefits and welfare costs of a belgian public housing program the results suggest that the estimated efficiency and equity implications of in kind programs may be quite sensitive to the specification of demand which provides additional justification for the use of the proposed methodology

information asymmetry as a reason for food industry vertical integration three trends that have been subject to recent discussion are a movement away from undifferentiated agricultural commodities toward more specialized products reduced reliance on open markets for raw agricultural products and a movement toward agricultural industrialization recent research suggests that demographic trends may be causing the first trend while the other two are closely related phenomena this research suggests that information externalities arising from uncertainty concerning the nature of food quality and problems in detecting quality may be reasons why vertical coordination is being used to circumvent the marketplace