monitoring changes in economy wide energy efficiency from energy gdp ratio to composite efficiency index since the 1973 world oil crisis monitoring trends in energy efficiency at the economy wide level has been an important component of energy strategy in many countries to support this effort various energy efficiency related indicators have been developed we examine some classical indicators which are often found in national and international energy studies in the 1970s and 1980s we then describe the recent developments in using the index decomposition analysis to give an economy wide composite energy efficiency index based on a bottom up approach this composite index is superior to the classical indicators as an economy wide energy efficiency measure and has lately been adopted by a growing number of countries for national energy efficiency trend monitoring

decomposition analysis of co2 emission intensity between oil producing and non oil producing sub saharan african countries abstract the need to decompose co2 emission intensity is predicated upon the need for effective climate change mitigation and adaptation policies such analysis enables key variables that instigate co2 emission intensity to be identified while at the same time providing opportunities to verify the mitigation and adaptation capacities of countries however most co2 decomposition analysis has been conducted for the developed economies and little attention has been paid to sub saharan africa the need for such an analysis for ssa is overwhelming for several reasons firstly the region is amongst the most vulnerable to climate change secondly there are disparities in the amount and composition of energy consumption and the levels of economic growth and development in the region thus a decomposition analysis of co2 emission intensity for ssa affords the opportunity to identify key influencing variables and to see how they compare among countries in the region also attempts have been made to distinguish between oil and non oil producing ssa countries to this effect a comparative static analysis of co2 emission intensity for oil producing and non oil producing ssa countries for the periods 1971 1998 has been undertaken using the refined laspeyres decomposition model our analysis confirms the findings for other regions that co2 emission intensity is attributable to energy consumption intensity co2 emission coefficient of energy types and economic structure particularly co2 emission coefficient of energy use was found to exercise the most influence on co2 emission intensity for both oil and non oil producing sub saharan african countries in the first sub interval period of our investigation from 1971 1981 in the second subinterval of 1981 1991 energy intensity and structural effect were the two major influencing factors on emission intensity for the two groups of countries however energy intensity effect had the most pronounced impact on co2 emission intensity in non oil producing sub saharan african countries while the structural effect explained most of the increase in co2 emission intensity among the oil producing countries finally for the period 1991 1998 structural effect accounted for much of the decrease in intensity among non oil producers while co2 emission coefficient of energy use was the major force driving the decrease among oil producing countries the dynamic changes in the co2 emission intensity and energy intensity effects for the two groups of countries suggest that fuel switching had been predominantly towards more carbon intensive production in oil producing countries and less carbon intensive production in non oil producing ssa countries in addition to the decomposition analysis the article discusses policy implications of the results we hope that the information and analyses provided here would help inform national energy and climate policy makers in ssa of the relative weaknesses and possible areas of strategic emphasis in their planning processes for mitigating the effects of climate change

a farm firm model of machinery investment decisions this article presents a multiperiod mixed integer programming mmip model of optimal machinery decisions infinite horizon valuation models of replacement and other investment situations are conceptualized in the context of a finite programming model dual properties of the mmip model are used to identify and value opportunity costs involved in investment decisions of farm machinery the interdependent nature of investment and production relationships necessary for solving these values emphasizes the importance of a holistic firm perspective in analyzing farm machinery investment strategies an empirical situation is used to demonstrate model application

empirical evidence in the analysis of the environmental and energy policies of a series of industrialised nations during the period 1960 1997 using widely employed macroeconomic indicators this article underlines the main implications of the interrelations between the energy problem and that of environmental pollution using the most widely used macroeconomic indicators in the field of policy analysis in fact carbon dioxide co2 emission intensity and energy intensity trends may be used to highlight the most important features of economic development over a given time scale in a variety of different countries the empirical analysis proposed here covering a time span of some 40 years in a number of the most highly industrialised nations seems to be useful if we are to understand the main similarities and differences in the interaction between the energy choices made by different countries and their respective environmental effects moreover by using ppps it has been possible to propose a more detailed cross country analysis for the different international situations

changes in energy requirements of the residential sector in india between 1993 94 and 2006 07 abstract a substantial amount of primary and secondary energy is consumed by the residential sector residential energy consumption includes energy required for construction activity and household consumption hence there is a need to quantify energy consumption its significance and causes calculating energy intensity of goods and services is the first step towards quantifying the causes this research is based on the 115 sector classification input output tables for india for 1993 94 1998 99 and 130 sector classification input output tables for 2003 04 and 2006 07 energy intensity of sectors related to household consumption has been calculated to analyze the trend between 1993 94 and 2006 07 indirect energy requirements of indian households have been assessed in this study from calculations of total primary energy intensity along with private final consumption expenditure results indicate that energy consumption has increased for all categories except medical care and hygiene percentage increase in indirect primary energy consumed by households is maximum for house building and recreation categories finally a complete decomposition analysis of indirect primary energy consumed by households has been carried out based on changing structural composition of the private final consumption expenditure energy intensity patterns per capita expenditures on energy and population

why did the energy intensity fall in china s industrial sector in the 1990s the relative importance of structural change and intensity change there have been a variety of studies investigating the relative importance of structural change and real intensity change to the change in china s energy consumption in the 1980s however no detailed analysis to date has been done to examine whether or not the increased energy efficiency trend in the 1980s still prevailed in the 1990s this article has filled this gap by investigating the change in energy consumption in china s industrial sector in the 1990s based on the data sets of value added and end use energy consumption for the 29 industrial subsectors and using the newly proposed decomposition method of giving no residual our results clearly show that the overwhelming contributor to the decline in industrial energy use in the 1990s was the decline in real energy intensity indicating that the trend of real energy intensity declines in the 1980s at the 2 digit level was still maintained in the 1990s this conclusion still holds even if we lower the growth rate dramatically in line with the belief that the growth rate of china s gdp may be overestimated

oil wealth and regime survival in the developing world 1960 1999 the global oil market and its associated booms and busts have generated a large literature in political science one contention in this literature is that political instability is a near certain long term outcome of oil wealth another line of argument maintains just the opposite that oil makes authoritarian regimes stronger by funding patronage and repressive apparatuses in this article i conduct the first cross national tests of these arguments and investigate the effects of oil wealth and the oil booms and busts on political stability drawing on data from 107 developing countries between 1960 and 1999 i estimate the effects of oil wealth on regime failure antistate social protest and domestic armed conflict thus as a first goal this article addresses an analytic shortcoming in previous studies by separating regime survival empirically from both economic policy and regime type democratic or authoritarian and by focusing on the direct effects of oil wealth on several measures of political stability i address the relationship between oil wealth and these outcomes both by comparing exporters to the rest of the developing world and by comparing oil rich states across pre boom boom and bust periods the results indicate that oil wealth is robustly associated with more durable regimes and significantly related to lower levels of protest and civil war moreover

carbon intensity changes in the asian dragons lessons for climate policy design abstract there is a growing political interest in carbon intensity targets because they are the basis for climate pledges from relevant developing countries such as china they may be also the basis for policy designs in developed countries like eu members this paper develops a comprehensive econometric study on the main drivers of national emissions intensity in emerging countries in east asia this regional focus responds to their pivotal position in global economic growth and remarkable trends in carbon emissions intensity the main hypothesis of this paper is that the nature of economic growth has a major effect on carbon intensity trends that deserves some attention accordingly the novelty of this paper is to examine the contribution of intensive and extensive gdp growth for carbon intensity abatements labour productivity is revealed to be the main factor responsible for major carbon intensity reductions by asian dragons whereas household energy per capita and industrial energy per worker contributed in the opposite direction consequently intensity targets may become meaningless for real climate action contributions if they do not take into account labour productivity trends

how ambitious are china and india s emissions intensity targets abstract several developing economies have announced carbon emissions targets for 2020 as part of the negotiating process for a post kyoto climate policy regime china and india s commitments are framed as reductions in the emissions intensity of the economy by 40 45 and 20 25 respectively between 2005 and 2020 how feasible are the proposed reductions in emissions intensity for china and india and how do they compare with the targeted reductions in the us and the eu in this paper we use a stochastic frontier model of energy intensity to decompose energy intensity into the effects of input and output mix climate and a residual technology variable we use the model to produce emissions projections for china and india under a number of scenarios regarding the pace of technological change and changes in the share of non fossil energy we find that china is likely to need to adopt ambitious carbon mitigation policies in order to achieve its stated target and that its targeted reductions in emissions intensity are on par with those implicit in the us and eu targets india s target is less ambitious and might be met with only limited or even no dedicated mitigation policies

china s changing energy intensity trend a decomposition analysis china experienced a dramatic decline in energy intensity from the onset of economic reform in the late 1970s until 2000 but since then the rate of decline slowed and energy intensity actually increased in 2003 most previous studies found that most of the decline was due to technological change but disagreed on the role of structural change to the best of our knowledge no decomposition study has investigated the role of inter fuel substitution in the decline in energy intensity or the causes of the rise in energy intensity since 2000 in this paper we use logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi techniques to decompose changes in energy intensity in the period 1980 2003 we find that 1 technological change is confirmed as the dominant contributor to the decline in energy intensity 2 structural change at the industry and sector sub industry level actually increased energy intensity over the period of 1980 2003 although the structural change at the industry level was very different in the 1980s and in the post 1990 period 3 structural change involving shifts of production between sub sectors however decreased overall energy intensity 4 the increase in energy intensity since 2000 is explained by negative technological progress 5 inter fuel substitution is found to contribute little to the changes in energy intensity

comparing structural decomposition analysis and index to analyze and understand historical changes in economic environmental employment or other socio economic indicators it is useful to assess the driving forces or determinants that underlie these changes two techniques for decomposing indicator changes at the sector level are structural decomposition analysis sda and index decomposition analysis ida for example sda and ida have been used to analyze changes in indicators such as energy use co2 emissions labor demand and value added the changes in these variables are decomposed into determinants such as technological demand and structural effects sda uses information from input output tables while ida uses aggregate data at the sector level the two methods have developed quite independently which has resulted in each method being characterized by specific unique techniques and approaches this paper has three aims first the similarities and differences between the two approaches are summarized second the possibility of transferring specific techniques and indices is explored finally a numerical example is used to illustrate differences between the two approaches

renewable and non renewable energy consumption growth nexus evidence from a panel error correction model abstract unlike previous renewable energy consumption growth studies this study examines the relationship between renewable and non renewable energy consumption and economic growth for 80 countries within a multivariate panel framework over the period 1990 2007 the pedroni 1999 2004 heterogeneous panel cointegration test show a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp renewable energy consumption non renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force with the respective coefficient estimates positive and statistically significant there is little difference in the elasticity estimates with respect to renewable and non renewable energy consumption the results from the panel error correction model reveal bidirectional causality between renewable and non renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run also there is bidirectional short run causality between renewable and non renewable energy consumption indicative of substitutability between the two energy sources

the effect of renewable and nonrenewable electricity generation on economic growth abstract this note examines the impact of electricity generation on economic growth using data for a panel of 174 countries over the period 1980 2012 the paper makes several contributions first contrary to much of the literature the paper focuses on the effect of electricity generation on economic growth because of transmission and distribution losses and theft not all the electricity that is generated is eventually consumed making it necessary to investigate the impact of electricity generation on growth second we disentangle the impact of total electricity generation on growth into renewable and nonrenewable effects with increasing pursuit of energy security technological advances the falling costs of renewables and the movement to exploit renewable energy sources for electrification there is need to study not only the impact of traditional sources of electricity but renewable sources as well third we deviate from previous studies that focus on granger causality and or cointegration by estimating the effect of electricity generation on growth using the system generalized method of moments gmm given that electricity generation and many of the other regressors in our model may be jointly determined with gdp growth the system gmm approach is appropriate to deal with these endogeneity issues fourth we provide evidence of a link between electricity loss and economic growth our results indicate a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between renewable and nonrenewable electricity generation and growth

the effect of electricity consumption from renewable sources on countries economic growth levels evidence from advanced emerging and developing economies abstract this paper uses a sample of 36 countries for the time period 1990 2011 in order to examine the relationship between countries electricity consumption from renewable sources and gross domestic product gdp levels several nonparametric techniques are applied to investigate the effect of electricity consumption from several renewable sources including wind geothermal solar biomass and waste on countries gdp levels when investigating the whole sample ignoring countries economic development status the results reveal an increasing relationship up to a certain gdp level which after that point the effect of electricity consumption on gdp stabilises however when analyzing separately the emerging markets and developing economies and the advanced developed economies the results change significantly for the case of emerging market and developing economies the relationship appears to be highly nonlinear an m shape form indicating that on those countries the levels of electricity consumption from renewable sources will not result on higher gdp levels in contrast for the case of the advanced economies the results reveal an increasing nonlinear relationship indicating that higher electricity consumption levels from renewable sources results to higher gdp levels this finding is mainly attributed to the fact that in the advanced developed economies more terawatts from renewable sources are generated and consumed compared to the emerging market and developing economies which traditionally their economies rely on non renewable sources for power generation and consumption

energy intensity a decomposition and counterfactual exercise for latin american countries abstract this paper investigates trends in energy intensity over the last 40 years based on a sample of 75 countries it applies the fisher ideal index to decompose the energy intensity into the relative contributions of energy efficiency and economic structure then the determinants of these energy indexes are examined through panel data regression techniques special attention is lent to latin american countries lac by comparing its performance to that of a similar set of countries chosen through the synthetic control method when analyzed by income level energy intensity has decreased in a range between 40 and 54 in low and medium income countries respectively efficiency improvements drive these changes while the structural effect does not represent a clear source of change the regression analysis shows that per capita income petroleum prices fuel energy mix and gdp growth are main determinants of energy intensity and efficiency while there are no clear correlations with the activity component in the case of lac the energy intensity decreased around 20 which could be interpreted as an under performance however the counterfactual exercise suggests that lac has closed the gap with respect to its synthetic control

economic dynamics and technology diffusion in indian power sector abstract there is a growing concern among policy makers about how electricity is generated and consumed in the context of energy security and global climate change in such a scenario renewable energy sources especially solar and wind energy are likely to play a significant role in providing reliable and sustainable electricity to consumers as they are locally available and their carbon foot print is small the future share of power by renewables will greatly depend on the expected generation cost and the government s support to investments in the sector using levelised cost approach capital cost operating and fuel costs of major electricity generation technologies are compared then a forecast is made for electricity generation in india using non linear bass diffusion model over 15 year horizon until 2030 for all major energy technologies viz coal natural gas hydro solar wind and biomass the results show how present trends and future forecasts of electricity generating technologies change the electricity generation mix and how solar and wind power may increase their share in the total generation however fossil fuels will continue to remain competitive relative to renewables due to their cost advantage the main issue considered here is whether each energy technology has reached its maximum penetration level this helps set out a path for renewable energy technology diffusion in the indian power sector

environmental policy design innovation and efficiency gains in electricity generation this paper explores the relationship between environmental regulation innovation and competitiveness drawing upon a unique dataset on environmental regulations directed at combustion plants a global dataset of power plants and a global dataset of environmental patents the analysis is conducted in two stages first a nonparametric frontier analysis is implemented to estimate efficiency scores including a measure of technological innovation based on patent stocks second econometric methods are applied to analyse the role of policy stringency and policy design on efficiency our estimation sample covers thermal power plant sectors in 20 countries from 1990 to 2009 the results show that the stringency of environmental regulations is a significant determinant of productive efficiency with respect to pollutant emissions as well as fuel use however these effects turn negative once the level of stringency leaps over a certain threshold in addition the paper concludes that the positive effect of regulatory stringency can be diminished by a negative effect of regulatory differentiation with measures which are differentiated across plant size and age having negative consequences and these effects are increasing over time this finding is important given the prevalence of size and vintage differentiated policies in many countries finally it is found that integrated approaches to environmental innovation are more likely to bring about efficiency improvements than end of pipe technologies

a neoclassical model of unemployment and the business cycle this paper investigates a general equilibrium model of unemployment and the business cycle in which specialization of labor plays a key role a rational expectations equilibrium with fully flexible wages and prices can exhibit unemployment in which the marginal product of employed workers exceeds the reservation wage of those who are without jobs workers are unemployed either because they are in the process of relocating for a better job or because they are waiting for conditions in the depressed sector to improve moreover seemingly small disruptions in the supplies of primary commodities such as energy could be the source of fluctuations in aggregate employment and can exert surprisingly large effects on real output

changes in energy efficiency in australia a decomposition of aggregate energy intensity using logarithmic mean divisia approach abstract this paper provides an empirical estimation of energy efficiency and other proximate factors that explain energy intensity in australia for the period 1978 2009 the analysis is performed by decomposing the changes in energy intensity by means of energy efficiency fuel mix and structural changes using sectoral and sub sectoral levels of data the results show that the driving forces behind the decrease in energy intensity in australia are efficiency effect and sectoral composition effect where the former is found to be more prominent than the latter moreover the favourable impact of the composition effect has slowed consistently in recent years a perfect positive association characterizes the relationship between energy intensity and carbon intensity in australia the decomposition results indicate that australia needs to improve energy efficiency further to reduce energy intensity and carbon emissions

institutions and the resource curse countries rich in natural resources constitute both growth losers and growth winners we claim that the main reason for these diverging experiences is differences in the quality of institutions more natural resources push aggregate income down when institutions are grabber friendly while more resources raise income when institutions are producer friendly we test this theory building on sachs and warner s influential works on the resource curse our main hypothesis that institutions are decisive for the resource curse is confirmed our results contrast the claims of sachs and warner that institutions do not play a role

booming sector and de industrialisation in a small open economy this paper presents a theoretical analysis of the dutch disease the phenomenon whereby a boom in one traded goods sector squeezes porfitability in other traded goods sectors both by directly bi

polices for increasing energy efficiency thirty years of experience in oecd countries energy efficiency improvement was an important phenomenon in the global energy balance over the past 30 years without energy efficiency improvements the oecd nations would have used approximately 49 more energy than was actually consumed as of 1998 this paper first reviews energy intensity trends for the major oecd nations since 1973 considering how much of the overall reduction in e gdp was due to energy efficiency improvement and how much was due to structural change the bulk of the paper examines the energy efficiency policies and programs adopted in japan united states and western europe commenting on their effectiveness and energy savings impacts where possible the paper also reviews the energy efficiency policies and programs adopted in california this experience shows that well designed policies can result in substantial energy savings as demonstrated in the united states where nine specific policies and programs reduced primary energy use in 2002 by approximately 11 substantial energy savings also occurred in japan some european countries and in the electricity sector in california

public preferences for alternative electricity mixes in post fukushima japan abstract using representative household survey data from japan after the fukushima accident we estimate peoples willingness to pay wtp for renewable nuclear and fossil fuels in electricity generation we rely on random parameter econometric techniques to capture various degrees of heterogeneity between the respondents and use detailed regional information to assess how wtp varies with the distance to both the nearest nuclear power plant and to fukushima compared to fossil fuels we find a positive wtp for renewable and a negative wtp for nuclear fuels these effects in absolute terms increase with the proximity to fukushima

this is what happened to the oil price macroeconomy relationship abstract many of the quarterly oil price increases observed since 1985 are corrections to even bigger oil price decreases the previous quarter when one looks at the net increase in oil prices over the year recent data are consistent with the historical correlation between oil shocks and recessions

decomposing inequality in energy related co2 emissions by source and source increment the roles of production and residential consumption abstract using provincial data on energy related co2 emissions in china from 1997 to 2014 and the co2 emission gini coefficient ceg this study evaluates china s spatial inequality in energy related co2 emissions further we decompose this inequality and its variation from the perspectives of production and residential energy consumption using the source decomposition and source increment decomposition methods this paper presents a new ceg source increment decomposition method that can achieve complete decomposition the results reveal a downward trend in china s overall production sector and residential sector co2 emissions inequality although the gini coefficient of co2 emissions from the residential sector is larger than that from the production sector the contribution of the latter to the overall ceg is higher the impacts of the spatial inequality of co2 emissions from china s production and residential sectors depend on the type of energy the concentration effect is the primary factor responsible for inducing changes in china s overall and production sector co2 emissions inequality but it is not the only dominant factor for the residential sector co2 emissions inequality

trade linkages and macroeconomic effects of the price of oil in this paper we assess the impact of oil price shocks on oil producer and oil consuming economies var models for different countries are linked together via a trade matrix as in abeysinghe 2001 as expected we find that oil producers here russia and canada benefit from oil price shocks for example a large oil shock leading to a price increase of 50 boosts russian gdp by about 6 however oil producers are hurt by indirect effects of positive oil price shocks as economic activity in their exporter countries suffers for oil consumers the effects are more diverse in some countries output falls in response to an oil price shock while other countries seem to be relatively immune to oil price changes finally indirect effects are also detected for oil consumer countries those countries which trade more with oil producers gain indirect benefits via higher demand from oil producing countries in general the largest negative total effects from positive oil price shocks are found for japan china the usa finland and switzerland while other countries in our sample seem to have fared quite well during recent positive oil price shocks the indirect effects are negative for russia finland germany and netherlands

optimal replacement policies for rejuvenated assets the faustmann samuelson solution for optimal asset rotation is extended to consider both asset rejuvenation and nonconstant prices a dynamic theoretical model is developed in terms of an optimal control problem with discontinuous control variables and numerical solution procedures are outlined the model is applied to layer hen replacement where hen rejuvenation by forced molting is a common industrial practice results indicate a sensitivity between the decision to rejuvenate or replace a hen and the egg price cycle suggesting a mixed rotation strategy

oil revenue shocks and government spending behavior in iran abstract oil revenues play an important role in the political economy of iran on average 60 of the iranian government revenues and 90 of export revenues originate from oil and gas resources current international sanctions on iran have mainly targeted the oil production capacity of iran and its exports to the global markets in this study we analyze the dynamic effects of oil shocks on different categories of the iranian government expenditures from 1959 to 2007 using impulse response functions irf and variance decomposition analysis vdc techniques the main results show that iran s military and security expenditures significantly respond to a shock in oil revenues or oil prices while social spending components do not show significant reactions to such shocks

the electricity consumption and economic growth nexus evidence from greece abstract this paper attempts to cast light into the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in greece in a multivariate framework for this purpose we used cointegration techniques and the vector error correction model in order to capture short run and long run dynamics over the sample period 1970 2011 the empirical results reveal that in the long run electricity demand appears to be price inelastic and income elastic while in the short run the relevant elasticities are below unity we also argue that the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in greece is bi directional our results strengthen the notion that greece is an energy dependent country and well directed energy conservation policies could even boost economic growth furthermore the implementation of renewable energy sources should provide significant benefits ensuring sufficient security of supply in the greek energy system this evidence can provide a new basis for discussion on the appropriate design and implementation of environmental and energy policies for greece and other medium sized economies with similar characteristics

electricity consumption from renewable and non renewable sources and economic growth evidence from latin american countries abstract this study explores the effect of renewable and non renewable electricity consumption on economic growth in 18 latin american countries to achieve the goal of this study a panel gross domestic product gdp model was constructed taking the period 1980 2010 into account from the pedroni cointegration test results it was found that renewable electricity consumption non renewable electricity consumption labor gross fixed capital formation and total trade are cointegrated moreover the panel dynamic ordinary least squares dols test results revealed that all above the mentioned variables have a long run positive effect on gdp growth in the investigated countries the vector error correction vec granger causality model results revealed the existence of feedback causality between the variables the results of the study indicated that renewable electricity consumption is more significant than non renewable electricity consumption in promoting economic growth in the investigated countries in the long run and the short run based on the results of this study it is recommended that the investigated countries should increase their investment on renewable energy projects to increase the role of electricity consumption from renewable sources in addition it is essential that these countries should reduce their non renewable electricity consumption by increasing their energy efficiency and implementing energy saving projects by applying these recommendations these countries would be able to mitigate global warming and reduce their dependency on fossil fuel to increase their energy security

the impact of the economic crisis and policy actions on ghg emissions from road transport in spain abstract road traffic is the greatest contributor to the carbon footprint of the transport sector and reducing it has become one of the main targets of sustainable transport policies an analysis of the main factors influencing greenhouse gas ghg emissions is essential for designing new energy and environmentally efficient strategies for the road transport this paper addresses this need by i identifying factors which influence the carbon footprint including traffic activity fuel economy and socioeconomic development and ii proposing a methodological framework which uses modified laspeyres index decomposition to analyze the effect of important drivers on the changes in emissions of road transport in spain during the period from 1990 to 2010 the results demonstrate that the country s economic growth has been closely linked to the rise in ghg emissions the innovative contribution of this paper is the special analysis of the changes in mobility patterns and ghg emissions during the economic crisis when for the first time spanish road traffic emissions decreased the reduction of road transport and improved energy efficiency has been powerful contributors to this decrease demonstrating the effectiveness of energy saving measures on the basis of this analysis several tailored policy recommendations have been suggested for future implementation

estimation of direct and indirect impact of oil price on growth abstract using a new methodology this paper measures the direct and indirect effects of oil prices on gdp growth of 12 economies because of the indirect effect which is transmitted through a trade matrix even the net oil exporters like indonesia and malaysia cannot escape the negative influence of high oil prices

modeling dynamic agricultural production response the case of swine production crop and livestock production processes are typically dynamic and involve growing biological assets which are eventually marketed this study presents a production model of biological growth based on a differential equation specification economic implications for optimal input use and optimal replacement policy are discussed in this context the approach is applied to the growing finishing phase of a swine production enterprise the results demonstrate that the knowledge of the growth function is crucial in evaluating dynamic production decisions

determinants of changes in electricity generation intensity among different power sectors abstract this study analyzes the determinants of changes in electricity generation intensity in china and further uncovers the reasons for the differences between the changes in electricity generation intensity in the thermal and sustainable power sectors by developing a factorial intertemporal nested decomposition technique using the refined laspeyres index we demonstrate the contributions of electricity generation structure electricity generation to consumption ratio production electricity consumption intensity residential electricity consumption intensity and electricity consumption loss intensity effects although the electricity generation intensity of the thermal power sector has been lower than that of the sustainable power sector the latter has declined remarkably and has remained the key sector driving the overall changes in electricity generation intensity meanwhile the effect of electricity consumption intensity is the main factor that reduces electricity generation intensity moreover the impact of production electricity consumption intensity in the thermal power sector exceeds its impact in the sustainable power sector ultimately we find that the differences between the changes in electricity generation intensity in the thermal and sustainable power sectors are mainly due to their differences in production electricity consumption intensity

the effects of oil price shocks in a federation the case of interregional trade and labour migration abstract oil price shocks generate heterogeneous effects across and within countries the primary effects of the shocks are on the supply side of the economy in oil importing countries and on the demand side in oil exporting countries however in addition to these direct effects which are widely studied in the literature the oil price shocks also generate spillover effects through trade and labour migration the multi country studies often do not consider the heterogeneities and spillover effects and cannot fully capture the differences in institutions and political structures across countries in this study we investigate the heterogeneous effects of oil price shocks on the canadian economy which includes autonomous oil exporting and oil importing provinces in a federal system under the same institutions monetary policy and political structure furthermore trade and labour migration take place across provinces without significant barriers observed in international relations we set up a panel var model to estimate the dynamic responses of provinces to oil price shocks accounting for the provincial heterogeneities and the spillover effects we also test for asymmetric effects of positive and negative oil price shocks on provinces and examine the differences in the pre and post 2000 periods the results indicate that the oil price shocks generate positive impacts on both oil exporting and oil importing provinces which is in contrast to the results often reported for individual countries or regions the effects are asymmetric for positive and negative oil price shocks and more pronounced in the post 2000 period

oil price shocks sectoral and dynamic adjustments in a small open developed and oil exporting economy the recent uptrend in oil prices represents both an opportunity and a challenge for small open developed and oil exporting countries using canada as a study case and in contrast to most studies that use aggregate models this paper employs a multi sector intertemporal general equilibrium model to provide perspectives on the sectoral aggregate and dynamic adjustments of a sustained increase in oil prices it highlights the transmission channels through which the rise in oil prices affects the domestic economy the simulation results suggest that the shock would have positive aggregate impacts but would also spur the reallocation of resources and would therefore induce disparities in sectoral adjustments the suggested contraction in some industries could not however be attributed to a pure dutch disease phenomenon because of among other factors the cost push effect induced by the increase in oil prices

determinants of global natural gas consumption and import export flows abstract based on the data of the bp statistical review of world energy this paper constructs the consumption and import export of natural gas identities it discusses the drivers of changes in global natural gas consumption and trade flows from 2008 to 2015 using the extended logarithmic mean divisia index the results show that differences in the natural gas supply and demand across countries or regions as well as the distribution of energy between the domestic and international markets can be better explained when natural gas trade movements are considered by comparing the supply and consumption increment of natural gas this study finds that only the energy intensity economic growth and demographic effects are consistent with each other the changes in the impact of other effects mainly depend on storage variations and statistical errors in addition the primary drivers of the incremental changes in natural gas consumption vary in different countries they include production scale import scale export scale consumption structure proportion energy intensity economic growth and population and balance effects finally the consumption competitiveness of the liquefied natural gas significantly improved over the examined period

how do industrialization and trade openness influence energy intensity evidence from a path model in case of bangladesh abstract nowadays multifaceted interdependence between macroeconomic variables results in an extended list of factors that have diverse impacts on energy intensity thus sustaining energy intensity at a desired level demands advanced studies to investigate the multifarious influences of its factors and ensure proactive measures to deal with them this paper aims to set up a path model to analyze the direct and indirect impacts of industrialization and trade openness on energy intensity in bangladesh the results corroborate that industrialization has a direct positive influence on energy intensity where trade openness shows a direct negative effect on it and both industrialization and trade openness have negative indirect impact on energy intensity through technological innovation and economic growth respectively in case of individual total impacts only industrialization affects energy intensity positively where trade openness technological innovation and economic growth negatively do based on the empirical results some policy implications regarding energy intensity and effects of its factors on it are also presented

power it up strengthening the electricity sector to improve efficiency and support economic activity poor performance of the electricity sector remains a drag to economic efficiency and a bottleneck to economic activity in many low income countries this paper proposes a number of models that account for different equilibria some better some worse of the electricity sector they show how policy choices affecting insolvency prospects or related to rules for electricity dispatching or tariff setting stochastic generation costs and initial conditions affect investment in generation and electricity supply they also show how credible non credible promises of stronger enforcement to reduce theft result in larger smaller electricity supply lower higher government subsidies and lower higher tariffs and distribution losses which in turn affect economic activity to illustrate these findings the paper reviews the experience of haiti a country stuck in a bad equilibrium of insufficient supply high prices and electricity theft and that of nicaragua which is gradually transitioning to a better equilibrium