independence of irrelevant alternatives and revealed group preferences it is shown that a pareto optimal and continuous single valued choice function defined on the compact convex subsets of the positive orthant of the n dimensional euclidean space maximizes a real valued function if and only if it satisfies the independence of irrelevant alternatives condition if n 2 and the strong axiom of revealed preference otherwise the results can be applied to consumer demand theory to deal with nonlinear budget sets and to bargaining game theory to generalize the nash bargaining solution

generalized utilitarianism and harsanyi s impartial observer theorem harsanyi s impartial observer must consider two types of lotteries imaginary identity lotteries accidents of birth that she faces as herself and the real outcome lotteries life chances to be faced by the individuals she imagines becoming if we maintain a distinction between identity and outcome lotteries then harsanyi like axioms yield generalized utilitarianism and allow us to accommodate concerns about different individuals risk attitudes and concerns about fairness requiring an impartial observer to be indifferent as to which individual should face similar risks restricts her social welfare function but still allows her to accommodate fairness requiring an impartial observer to be indifferent between identity and outcome lotteries however forces her to ignore both fairness and different risk attitudes and yields a new axiomatization of harsanyi s utilitarianism

foreign direct investment and income inequality further evidence abstract this paper examines the relationship between foreign direct investment fdi and income inequality special attention has been paid to data comparability and model specification by comparing models with and without geographical dummies this study shows that the statistically significant correlation between fdi and income inequality widely obtained in earlier studies might capture more of the geographical difference in inequality than the deleterious influence of fdi and to the extent that fdi does give rise to more unequal income distribution in the host less developed countries ldcs only east southeast asia ldcs appear to have been harmed by the inflow of fdi during the 1970s it should be noted however that the second result refers only to the marginal impact not the total impact apart from fdi our empirical evidence suggests that the level of economic development the direct role of government and to a smaller degree the significance of the agriculture sector in an ldc are crucial determinants of income inequality

to what extent can foreign direct investment help achieve international development goals for fdi to help alleviate absolute poverty and stimulate economic growth in developing countries two conditions have to be met first developing countries need to be attractive to foreign investors second the host country environment in which foreign investors operate must be conducive to favourable fdi effects with regard to overall investment economic spillovers and income growth this paper argues that it is more difficult to benefit from fdi than to attract fdi the widely perceived concentration of fdi in few developing countries tends to obscure that in relative terms various small and poor countries are fairly attractive to fdi yet the mobilisation of domestic resources remains by far more important than attracting fdi for financing investment and stimulating economic growth furthermore high inward fdi is no guarantee for poverty alleviation and positive growth effects in particular the empirical evidence suggests that host country conditions typically prevailing in poor countries including weak institutions and an insufficient endowment of complementary factors of production constrain the growth enhancing and poverty alleviating effects of fdi the crux is that creating an environment in which fdi may deliver social returns will take considerable time exactly where development needs are most pressing

growth inequality and poverty looking beyond averages the evidence is compelling that the poor in developing countries do typically share in the gains from rising aggregate affluence and in the losses from aggregate contraction but how much do poor people share in growth do they gain more in some settings than others do some gain while others lose does pro poor growth mean more or less aggregate growth recent theories and evidence suggest some answers but deeper microeconomic empirical work is needed on growth and distributed change only then will we have a firm basis for identifying the specific policies and programs needed to complement and possibly modify growth oriented policies

why has economic growth been more pro poor in some states of india than others abstract we use 20 household surveys for india s 15 major states spanning 1960 1994 to study how the sectoral composition of economic growth and initial conditions interact to influence how much growth reduced consumption poverty the elasticities of measured poverty to farm yields and development spending did not differ significantly across states but the elasticities of poverty to urban and rural non farm output varied appreciably and the differences were quantitatively important to the overall rate of poverty reduction states with higher elasticities did not experience higher rates of non farm growth the non farm growth process was more pro poor in states with initially higher literacy higher farm productivity higher rural living standards relative to urban areas lower landlessness and lower infant mortality

a note on pro poor growth this paper proposes a poverty growth curve that measures whether economic growth is pro poor or not propoor our methodology is developed based on atkinson s theorem linking the generalized lorenz curve and changes in poverty this methodology is applied to both thailand s unit record household surveys and international cross country data empirical study illustrates that our approach to measuring pro poor growth provides conclusive results in the majority of cases d 2004 elsevier b v all rights reserved

the pareto principle of optimal inequality the pareto principle is often viewed as a mild requirement compatible with a variety of value judgements in particular it is generally thought that it can accommodate different views on the desirable degree of equality we show that this is generally not true in intertemporal models where some uncertainty prevails to do so we formalize the concept of inequality aversion we show that different degrees of inequality aversion are not possible in typical models of time consistent dynamic decision under uncertainty

sex differences in earnings an analysis of malaysian wage data the conventional human capital earnings function is applied to a rich set of malaysian wage data in an attempt to determine the origins of sex differences in average earnings several findings are of interest the first being that the relationships estimated from the earnings function are similar to those typically reported for non ldcs second less than a third of the average monthly wage difference between the sexes of about 34 per cent appears to be the consequence of either females having lower measured productivity than males or females receiving lower rates of return to human capital than males the major part of the earnings difference is apparently a consequence of employment distributions females are much more likely to be in the low paying occupations

egalitarian solutions and uncertain disagreement points abstract we consider bargaining problems with uncertain disagreement points we search for solutions providing agents the incentive to reach agreements before the uncertainty is resolved we identify the weighted egalitarian solutions as being the only ones in the family of directional solutions characterized in an earlier paper chun and thomson 1987 to satisfy three alternative lists of complementary conditions we also show that on the class of coalitional form games the kalai samet 1985 extension of the egalitarian solutions does not provide this incentive for early agreement

efficiency and technical progress in traditional and modern agriculture evidence from rice production in china abstract productive efficiency for chinese hybrid and conventional rice production is estimated using a dual stochastic frontier efficiency decomposition model results reveal significant differences in technical and allocative efficiency between conventional and hybrid rice production and indicate significant regional efficiency differences in hybrid rice production but not in conventional rice production

the bargaining within abstract this short paper shows that intrapersonal bargaining in a dual self model can be used to provide a foundation for quasi hyperbolic discounting model popularized by laibson laibson david 1994 essays in hyperbolic discounting ph d dissertation mit laibson david 1997 golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting quarterly journal of economics 112 443 477

incentives compensation and social welfare first version received january 1985 final version accepted august 1986 eds alternative wage structures under conditions of moral hazard are analysed from a social welfare standpoint it is argued that ex post equity judgements in an uncertainty context should incorporate a preference for positive correlation of utilities of different individuals in the design of compensation schemes this may give rise to a conflict between ex post equity objectives and the need to provide effort incentives relative performance clauses in compensation schemes that are useful for providing incentives are undesirable from an ex post equity standpoint this is demonstrated by showing a in a context of independent production uncertainties every rankorder tournament is welfare dominated by a set of independent randomized contracts and b welfare optimal compensation schemes in general depend separately on an equity and an incentive component that tend to correlate agent compensations in different directions a central question in welfare economics concerns the design of a system of rewards for productive effort that balances distributive considerations with the provision of effort incentives this issue has usually been studied in the context of a model due to mirrlees 1971 in which the conflict between distribution and incentives arises because the social planner lacks perfect information about the abilities of individuals in this paper we analyse a model in which individual abilities are publicly known a conflict between distribution and incentives arises instead from the existence of uncertainty in production processes and a moral hazard problem stemming from the unobservability of workers effort most analyses of moral hazard have concentrated on the tradeoff between insurance of agents against wage fluctuations and provision of effort incentives the context is generally taken to be a capitalist firm where the self interested planner has a residual claim on workers output in other settings such as public sector or labour managed firms the planner may have preferences over the distribution of ex post welfare among the workers this paper analyses how with such preferences effort incentives under moral hazard are constrained both by insurance and by distributive considerations in section 2 we suggest that a concern for ex post equality of individual welfares can be expressed by a preference for positive correlation among welfare levels we then consider what properties of the ex post welfare function incorporate this preference for correlation welfare functions that are additively separable across individuals are inappropriate no matter how concave with them expected value depends only on the

the compatibility of growth and increased equality korea if greater inequality results in greater saving which leads to greater investment and growth then government policies which increase inequality promote growth this is called the anti equality argument if however greater equality produces more consumption which drives investment and growth then increasing equality produces growth this is the pro equality argument this essay tests the assumptions behind the anti and pro equality arguments these assumptions are tested using a two stage least squares procedure on household and corporate data for korea between 1963 and 1980

is trade good or bad for the environment sorting out the causality we seek to contribute to the debate over globalization and the environment by asking what is the effect of trade on a country s environment for a given level of gdp we take specific account of the endogeneity of trade using exogenous geographic determinants of trade as instrumental variables we find that trade tends to reduce three measures of air pollution statistical significance is high for concentrations of so2 moderate for no2 and lacking for particulate matter although results for other environmental measures are not as encouraging there is little evidence that trade has a detrimental effect on the environment

measuring technical efficiency in the greek agricultural sector this paper measures the degree of technical efficiency of greek farms at discrete points in time stochastic frontier production functions are estimated from four annual farm accountancy data network fadn surveys of the 1992 1995 period from the results a measure of technical efficiency is calculated for each farm for each year the four distributions of technical efficiency values are examined and compared all four samples show a wide range of farm specific technical efficiency but efficiency is improving over the period the paper also presents frontier estimates for small and large farms classified according to economic size in that case technical efficiency measures are calculated and their distributions are examined and compared the results show that large farms are more efficient than small farms however efficiency is improving in both size farms over the period in general the results of this study indicate that there is substantial scope for improving technical efficiency of greek farms

on weighted kalai samet solutions for non transferable utility coalitional form games abstract we investigate the implications of the axiom of coalitional concavity for non transferable utility coalitional form games this axiom says that if the feasible set of some coalition is uncertain whereas the feasible sets of other coalitions are known then all players in the coalition with the uncertain feasible set should weakly benefit from reaching a compromise before the uncertainty is resolved by imposing this axiom in addition to other minor axioms we characterize the weighted kalai samet econometrica 53 1985 307 solutions these solutions coincide with the weighted egalitarian solutions on the domain of bargaining problems and with the weighted shapley values on the domain of transferable utility coalitional form games

simultaneity of issues and additivity in bargaining on etudie la negociation simultanee sur plusieurs resultats par deux negociateurs en prenant les sommes des jeux de negociation et en exigeant des solutions de negociation satisfaisant certains axiomes de super additivite

the measurement of inequality and poverty a policy maker s guide to the literature abstract mathematical measures of poverty and inequality embody values that reflect the historical political social intellectual and ethical forces prevalent at the time of their formulation so that policy makers may select measures of poverty and inequality that are consistent with their values it is important to make explicit the value judgements implicit in the measures models designed to measure poverty and inequality fall into four categories absolute poverty measures absolute income measures relative poverty measures and relative inequality measures this article examines the principal models within each category and discusses the assumptions limitations and values implicit in the models

an empirical investigation of the pollution haven effect with strategic environment and trade policy abstract using a new dataset on the stringency and enforcement of environmental policy this study is the first to find robust confirmation of a pollution haven effect in a cross country context by accounting for strategically determined environment trade and intellectual property right ipr policies a simple game theoretic approach to policy determination is described which suggests an identification strategy based on other country characteristics it is found that for the top 20th percentile of countries in terms of growth in u s multinational affiliate value added as much as 8 6 of that growth between 1999 and 2003 can be attributed to declining relative stringency and enforcement of environmental policy the results are robust to a number of identification tests weak iv tests and third country spatial effects further evidence is found that relatively footloose industries are more likely to be affected by environmental policy than more traditionally dirty industries and enforcement of environmental policies tends to be a more important deterrent than the stringency of the policy set

cooperative bargaining foundations of the shapley shubik index abstract in a recent paper we provide an interpretation of the shapley shubik index as a measure of the bargaining power that a voting rule gives to each member of a committee negotiating in search of consensus it is assumed that negotiation takes place under the condition that every winning coalition can impose any agreement in this paper we further investigate the axiomatic foundations of this interpretation of the shapley shubik index to this end a wider framework admitting random voting rules is considered

financial development environmental quality trade and economic growth what causes what in mena countries this paper examines the relationship between financial development co2 emissions trade and economic growth using simultaneous equation panel data models for a panel of 12 mena countries over the period 1990 2011 our results indicate that there is evidence of bidirectional causality between co2 emissions and economic growth economic growth and trade openness are interrelated i e bidirectional causality feedback hypothesis is validated between trade openness and financial development neutrality hypothesis is identified between co2 emissions and financial development unidirectional causality running from financial development to economic growth and from trade openness to co2 emissions is identified our empirical results also verified the existence of environmental kuznets curve these empirical insights are of particular interest to policymakers as they help build sound economic policies to sustain economic development and to improve the environmental quality

when is growth pro poor evidence from a panel of countries abstract growth is pro poor if the poverty measure of interest falls according to this definition there are three potential sources of pro poor growth a a high growth rate of average incomes b a high sensitivity of poverty to growth in average incomes and c a poverty reducing pattern of growth in relative incomes i empirically decompose changes in poverty in a sample of developing countries during the 1980s and 1990s into these three components in the medium to long run most of the variation in changes in poverty can be attributed to growth in average incomes suggesting that policies and institutions that promote broad based growth should be central to the pro poor growth agenda most of the remainder of the variation in changes in poverty is due to poverty reducing patterns of growth in relative incomes rather than differences in the sensitivity of poverty to growth in average incomes cross country evidence provides relatively little guidance as to the policies and institutions that promote these other sources of pro poor growth

on measuring economic efficiency summary this paper considers a system consisting of a production frontier and factor share equations to measure firm specific technical efficiency and input specific allocative efficiency simultaneously in estimating the system as a whole the joint distribution of all errors in the equations is used this is more efficient than using the marginal distribution of a function of the errors as one does by estimating either the profit function or the production function alone the workability of the method is illustrated by applying it to farm level data from philippines agriculture

nash solution and uncertain disagreement points abstract we analyze bargaining problems with known feasible sets but uncertain disagreement points we investigate the existence of solutions such that under reasonably restricted circumstances all agents be as well off by reaching an agreement today as they would be by waiting until the uncertainty is resolved we use this requirement together with a few other commonly used conditions to characterize the nash solution

education and innovation adoption in agriculture evidence from hybrid rice in china this paper uses the diffusion of f1 hybrid rice as a case for examining the effects of education on the adoption of new technology in china a simple behavioral model that treats the adoption of hybrid rice as a portfolio selection problem is presented the implications of the model are tested with farm level data collected from a sample of 500 households in hunan province the results from a dichotomous probit model and a two limit tobit model are consistent with the hypothesis that education has a positive impact on the adoption of new technology

environmental income and rural livelihoods a global comparative analysis this paper presents results from a comparative analysis of environmental income from approximately 8000 households in 24 developing countries collected by research partners in cifor s poverty environment network pen environmental income accounts for 28 of total household income 77 of which comes from natural forests environmental income shares are higher for low income households but differences across income quintiles are less pronounced than previously thought the poor rely more heavily on subsistence products such as wood fuels and wild foods and on products harvested from natural areas other than forests in absolute terms environmental income is approximately five times higher in the highest income quintile compared to the two lowest quintiles

prudence in bargaining the effect of uncertainty on bargaining outcomes abstract we investigate the outcome of bargaining when a player s pay off from agreement is risky we find that a risk averse player typically increases his equilibrium receipts when his pay off is made risky this is because the presence of risk makes individuals behave more patiently in bargaining strong analogies are drawn to the precautionary saving literature we show that the effect of risk on receipts can be sufficiently strong that a decreasingly risk averse player may be better off receiving a risky pay off than a certain pay off

avoiding the resource curse indigenous communities and canada s oil sands summary concerns about a resource curse in canada have been raised in response to rapid growth in the petroleum sector in northern alberta in previous research there has been little consideration of how symptoms of the resource curse are experienced and managed at a regional scale and by indigenous communities an analysis of effects and responses is offered using a natural financial human and social capitals framework without consideration of how to manage the symptoms of the resource curse oil and gas activity is likely to further disadvantage indigenous populations already living on the margins of canadian society

effects of technological change and institutional reform on production growth in chinese agriculture recent rapid agricultural production growth in chinese agriculture could be attributed to an increase in inputs technological change and institutional reform an accounting approach was used to separate the relative contribution of these three factors institutional change like the introduction of the household production responsibility system has contributed to past growth in production however technological change is crucial to furthering production growth because of the limited potential for significant increase in the use of conventional inputs in particular land continued institutional change must accompany corresponding technological changes

regret aversion and opportunity dependence this paper provides an axiomatic model of decision making under uncertainty in which the decision maker is driven by anticipated ex post regrets our model allows both regret aversion and likelihood judgement over states to coexist also we characterize two special cases minimax regret with multiple priors that generalizes savage s minimax regret and a smooth model of regret aversion

income inequalities in china evidence from household survey data on the basis of a household data set this paper compares household income inequality in urban and rural china decomposes inequality into intra and interprovincial components and analyzes the contribution of various income sources to total income equality the main findings of the paper are first that unlike in most developing economies income inequality in urban areas is lower than in rural areas second nationwide income inequality is due mostly to intraprovincial inequality third components of income associated with economic reforms are more unequally distributed than the rest

the nature and determinants of socioeconomic inequality among peasant households in southern sudan abstract real income inequality among rural households in tropical africa sometimes may be imperceptible to the casual observer nevertheless the detailed information painstakingly collected from a small sample of peasant households in an area of southern sudan reported here shows that such income inequality is quite significant the great majority of the population are no doubt absolutely poor in the sense that many basic needs goods and services are scarce and income and food security are precarious yet in a situation where arable land is relatively abundant some households are much better off than others indeed our data suggest that inequality is extreme between rural households in terms of a wide variety of welfare indicators including the level of current household income set in the context of the chayanov model of peasant household decision making the paper explores the nature extent and principal determinants of income inequality in the sampled area this study establishes that those households which are able to relax the family labor constraint on the size of agricultural harvests and to diversify their principal sources of income away from purely subsistence levels of crop output into production of a marketable surplus into off farm income generating activities and into formal sector wage employment are able to attain a relatively higher standard of living according to a range of locally based welfare indicators

monotonic solutions to general cooperative games etude de jeux cooperatifs qui sont des jeux a plusieurs joueurs mis sous la forme de coalition dans lesquels l utilite n est pas supposee etre transferable

assessing risky social situations this paper reexamines the welfare economics of risk it singles out a class of criteria the expected equally distributed equivalent as the unique class that avoids serious drawbacks of existing approaches such criteria behave like ex post criteria when the final statistical distribution of well being is known ex ante and like ex ante criteria when risk generates no inequality the paper also provides a new result on the tension between inequality aversion and respect of individual ex ante preferences in the vein of harsanyi s aggregation theorem

attitudes toward catastrophe in light of climate change and other global threats policy commentators sometimes urge that society should be more concerned about catastrophes this paper reflects on what society s attitude toward low probability high impact events is or should be we first argue that catastrophe risk can be conceived of as a spread in the distribution of losses based on this conception we review studies from decision sciences psychology and behavioral economics that explore people s attitudes toward various social risks contray to popular belief we find more evidence against than in favor of catastrophe aversion the preference for a mean preserving contraction of the loss distribution and discuss a number of possible behavioral explanations next we turn to social choice theory and examine how various social welfare functions handle catastrophe risk we explain why catastrophe aversion may be in conflict with equity concerns and other regarding preferences finally we discuss current approaches to evaluate and regulate catastrophe risk

urbanization economic growth energy consumption and co2 emissions empirical evidence from countries with different income levels abstract the growth of anthropogenic co2 emissions has been widely attributed to the combustion of energy in support of human activities associated with economic development while the link between urbanization economic growth energy consumption and co2 emissions has as a result received considerable multidisciplinary scholarly attention little work has been undertaken with respect to the how differences in the development stages or income levels of the countries studied may affect these relations here we empirically explore the link between urbanization economic development energy consumption and co2 emissions specifically taking into account the different income levels of the countries studied a series of panel data models and a balanced dataset for a panel of 170 countries were utilized in the study which took the period of 1980 2011 into consideration the result of panel cointegration tests suggested that a cointegration relationship existed between variables in all the countries studied and that a statistically significant positive relationship existed between the variables employed in the long run the results of a granger causality test based on the vector error correction model vecm provided evidence of varied granger causality relationships between the variables across the income based subpanels moreover we also undertook an impulse response and variance decomposition analysis that allowed us to forecast the impacts of economic growth urbanization and energy consumption on future co2 emissions during the period surveyed our results cast a new light on the importance of a country s development stage and income level for government policy decisions relating to the reduction of co2 emissions

empirical regularities in the poverty environment relationship of rural households evidence from zimbabwe abstract analysis of rural households and environmental resources is beset by inadequate data especially in africa using purpose collected panel data from zimbabwe we demonstrate seven empirical regularities in the rural poverty environment relationship most important environmental resources make a significant contribution to average rural incomes poorer households also depend heavily on these resources which contribute c 40 to their incomes richer households however use greater quantities of environmental resources in total finally considerable differentiation exists in the economic characteristics of environmental goods these results demonstrate the considerable economic significance of environmental resources to rural households surveys which ignore them miscalculate rural incomes and welfare

adjustment growth and income distribution in indonesia during the decade of the 1970s and until 1982 the growth performance of the indonesian economy was very good with gdp growing at 7 2 percent per annum oil exports provided the major engine of growth for the entire economy during that period in addition within agriculture growth was fueled by the boom in paddy production which converted indonesia from the largest rice importing country in the world to virtual self sufficiency by the mid 1980s paddy production increased at an annual rate of 7 1 percent between 1978 80 and 1983 4 the two oil price booms of 1973 and more particularly 1979 fueled a major expansion of the economy which lasted until the crisis the predominant role of the oil sector is clearly revealed by recalling that earnings from crude oil and petroleum products accounted for two thirds of all export earnings one fourth of total gnp and 70 percent of government domestic revenues in 1982 oil prices peaked in 1982 and revenues from this sector started to contract reducing drastically the basis and prospects for economic growth

an examination of economic efficiency of russian crop production in the reform period this article examines economic efficiency ee of crop production of russian corporate farms for 1993 1998 ee declined over the period due to declines in both technical and allocative efficiency technical efficiency te results indicate that output levels could have been maintained while reducing overall input use by an average of 29 31 in 1998 depending on the method used while the allocative efficiency ae results show that costs could have been reduced about 30 the ee scores show that russian corporate farms could have increased efficiency by reducing the use of all inputs particularly fertilizer and fuel russian agriculture inherited machinery intensive technology from the soviet era which may be inappropriate given the relative abundance of labor in the post reform environment investment constraints have prevented the replacement of old machinery intensive technology with smaller scale machines that allow for a more labor using technology jel classification p2 q1

nash solution and timing of bargaining abstract we analyze bargaining problems with unknown feasible sets and known disagreement points two characterizations of the nash solution are presented by formulating axioms specifying how bargaining solutions should respond under such circumstances

technical change and intra household welfare a case study of irrigated rice production in south sulawesi indonesia in this article the effect of an agricultural technical change on intra household welfare is discussed existing theories of the household suggest that the distribution of resources within the household is a function of household members employment the differences in male and female employment levels under rainfed and irrigated rice production are investigated in a case study of two villages in south sulawesi indonesia it is concluded that the pattern of labour allocation in the irrigated area involves higher absolute labour requirements for both men and women compared to the rainfed area but that women s agricultural labour relative to men s is lower furthermore women s participation in the cash economy is relative to men s lower in the irrigated than in the rainfed area it is argued that these differences can be seen as a response to the different agricultural production technologies being used this suggests that the levels of inequality within the household are greater in the irrigated than

minimal cooperation in bargaining abstract mid point domination requires that the solution outcome dominate or be dominated by a reference point by investigating two different formulations of the condition we present characterizations of the nash and the kalai rosenthal solutions for n person bargaining problems

women s urban labour market status in developing countries how well do they fare in khartoum sudan this article examines the insertion of women in the formal sector labour market in urban khartoum sudan in order to explain their inferior employment status in one particular developing country environment a number of hypotheses are tested drawing upon recent labour market theoretical developments and econometric techniques from the literature which have had limited previous applications in third world settings particularly in africa our findings indicate that occupational segregation rather than pay discrimination is primarily to blame for observed wage differentials suggesting that well intentioned equal pay laws will do little to reduce the earnings gap

efficiency in agricultural production the case of peasant farmers in eastern paraguay abstract this paper contributes to the productivity literature in developing country agriculture by quantifying the level of efficiency for a sample of peasant farmers from eastern paraguay a stochastic efficiency decomposition methodology is used to derive technical allocative and economic efficiency measures separately for cotton and cassava an average economic efficiency of 40 1 for cotton and of 52 for cassava is found which suggests considerable room for productivity gains for the farms in the sample through better use of available resources given the state of technology gains in output through productivity growth have become increasingly important to paraguay as the opportunities to bring additional virgin lands into cultivation have significantly diminished in recent years no clear strategy to improve farm productivity could be gleaned from an examination of the relationship between efficiency and various socioeconomic variables one possible explanation for this finding is the existence of a stage of development threshold below which there is no consistent relationship between socioeconomic variables and productivity if this is the case then our results suggest that this sample of paraguayan peasants are yet to reach such a threshold hence improvements in educational and extension services for example would be needed to go beyond this threshold once this is accomplished additional productivity gains would be obtained by further investments in human capital and related factors

poverty and income distribution during adjustment issues and evidence from the oecd project drawing lessons from country studies the authors examine the effects of adjustment policies on the distribution of income in chile cote d ivoire ecuador indonesia malaysia and morocco after analyzing the issues that must be confronted in designing adjustment programs with a focus on poverty they synthesize the main conclusions of the different country studies with simulation exercises they explore the effects of the design of the adjustment packages on poverty and on the sustainability of the measures undertaken in these countries these exercises show considerable diversity in the evolution of income distribution during adjustment they also expose the fatal flaws of narrowly designed adjustment programs adjustment programs whether focused on efficiency or on welfare will fail when they do not recognize the interdependence of the three criteria of efficiency welfare and political feasibility adjustment programs must be carefully packaged to fit country circumstances taking into account both the political and economic environments

national pro poor spending programmes and their effect on income inequality and poverty evidence from vietnam abstractthis article examines the causal effects of the national pro poor targeted programmes ntps on both poverty incidence and inequality in vietnam over the period 2002 2010 while the links between ntps and poverty alleviation and income inequality have previously been analysed independently this study is the first to offer a comprehensive analysis of ntps expenditure on poverty and inequality simultaneously applying the system generalized method of moments estimator to a panel of vietnamese regional data we are unable to establish that ntps have significantly mitigated poverty incidence however we estimate that ntps have significantly increased inequality we offer possible explanations why the ntps have resulted in these unintended outcomes and discuss potential policies which can reduce both poverty and inequality

super additivity and concavity are equivalent for pareto optimal n agent bargaining solutions abstract we show that for pareto optimal n player bargaining solutions the conditions of super additivity and concavity are equivalent further either condition implies homogeneity

the household responsibility system reform and the adoption of hybrid rice in china abstract this paper studies the diffusion of hybrid rice before and after the recent institutional change from the collective team system to the household based farming system in rural china a simple model which treats the adoption of hybrid rice as a portfolio selection problem is presented the model is tested against time series cross county data collected from hunan province in south china the empirical evidence suggests that 1 adoption behavior in the collective system was not consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model this evidence indicates the existence of administrative intervention in influencing production decisions in the collective system 2 there was a significant change in the structure of the adoption function following the transition from the collective system to the household based system and 3 adoption behavior in the household system is consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model

quadratic social welfare functions john harsanyi has provided an intriguing argument that social welfare can be expressed as a weighted sum of individual utilities his theorem has been criticized on the grounds that a central axiom that social preference satisfies the independence axiom has the morally unacceptable implication that the process of choice and considerations of ex ante fairness are of no importance this paper presents a variation of harsanyi s theorem in which the axioms are compatible with a concern for ex ante fairness the implied mathematical form for social welfare is a strictly quasi concave and quadratic function of individual utilities

economic growth and government expenditure evidence from a new test specification a new test specification of wagner s law of public expenditure has been formulated the aim is to disentangle the effects of accelerating and decelerating economic growth on growth in government expenditure two alternative proxies for the state of the economy are experimented with the first defines the current state of the economy by relating it to its historical mean growth rate while the second defines it relative to a pooled time series cross sectional mean growth rate this distinction is then explicitly incorporated into an error correction model that parameterizes the bivariate relation between government expenditure and economic growth for alternative oecd country groupings the results suggest that government expenditure increases less than proportionately with accelerating economic growth and decreases more than proportionately with decelerating economic growth there is only a limited support for wagner s law

the choquet bargaining solutions abstract we axiomatically investigate the problem of rationalizing bargaining solutions by social welfare functions that are linear in every rank ordered subset of r n such functions the so called choquet integrals have been widely used in the theories of collective and individual choice we refer to bargaining solutions that can be rationalized by choquet integrals as choquet bargaining solutions our main result is a complete characterization of choquet bargaining solutions as a corollary of our main result we also obtain a characterization of the generalized gini bargaining solutions introduced by blackorby et al 1994 econometrica 62 1161 1178 journal of economic literature classification numbers d71 c78

robustness of intermediate agreements and bargaining solutions abstract most real life bargaining is resolved gradually during this process parties reach intermediate agreements these intermediate agreements serve as disagreement points in subsequent rounds we identify robustness criteria which are satisfied by three prominent bargaining solutions the nash proportional and as a special case to the egalitarian solution and discrete raiffa solutions we show that the robustness of intermediate agreements plus additional well known and plausible axioms provide novel axiomatizations of the above mentioned solutions hence we provide a unified framework for comparing these solutions bargaining theories

does foreign direct investment reduce poverty in africa and are there regional differences summary this paper re examines the relationship between foreign direct investment fdi inflows and welfare or poverty reduction in africa using fdi net inflows per capita and the united nations development program s human development index as the principal variables our analyses confirm the positive and strongly significant relationship between fdi net inflows and poverty reduction in africa but find significant differences among african regions we also find that fdi has a greater impact on welfare in poorer countries than it does in wealthier countries for instance while the relationship between fdi and poverty reduction is positive and significant for economic communities in central and east africa it is non significant in northern and southern africa furthermore the relationship was found to be ambiguous in west africa our results are robust to many model specifications

bargaining with uncertain disagreement points much of the uncertainty concerning the likely outcome of a typical management labor conflict pertains to the cost of possible conflict to the two sides in this paper we consider situations of this kind where the cost of conflict is not known with certainty however we will assume the benefits from cooperation to be known we place our analysis in the abstract framework formulated by nash 1950 nash described a bargaining problem as a pair consisting of a feasible set the amount to be divided among management and labor and a disagreement point giving the payoffs to both sides when they fail to reach agreement on a division that is the strike nash investigated the existence of solutions to such problems that would satisfy a certain list of appealing properties in his analysis both feasible set and disagreement point were assumed to be known here we assume only the feasible set to be known several studies have appeared of bargaining situations where the feasible set is unknown but the disagreement point is known while we are of course not denying the relevance of such studies we believe that an analysis of situations where it is the consequences of conflict that are unknown might be equally and perhaps even more relevant to industrial experience indeed consider a management labor conflict over wages and benefits in many industries the future profitability of the enterprise can be predicted with reasonable accuracy on the basis of its performance in the previous years whereas the impact of a strike might depend on a number of factors that are significantly harder to evaluate this is because strikes are infrequent and conjectures about these factors are often not put to the test a strike is a threat that is often not carried out and because they involve a number of parameters that are difficult to quantify such as the psychological readiness of the strikers the support they might receive from the population and the media and the likely response of competing and related industries we impose on solutions a new condition of disagreement point concavity guaranteeing that agents will agree on a compromise before the uncertainty concerning the disagreement point is resolved to illustrate this requirement somewhat more concretely suppose that bargaining takes place today without the precise location of the disagreement point being known this uncertainty being resolved tomorrow the bargainers have two options the first option is simply to wait until tomorrow and solve then whatever problem has come up unfortunately the resulting pair of contingent compromises evaluated today is in general strictly pareto dominated the other possibility is to solve today the problem obtained by replacing the uncertain disagreement point by its expected value this represents the cost of conflict evaluated today and to solve the resulting problem today this second option has the advantage of yielding paretoundominated compromises provided of course that agents would in the case of no uncertainty select such compromises but unfortunately it may make one of the agents worse off than under the first option in order to ensure that all agents agree to reaching a compromise today we require that the second option always pareto dominate the first one we show that disagreement point concavity when used in conjunction with three standard properties that are satisfied by virtually all of the solutions commonly discussed

frontier production functions and technical efficiency a survey of empirical applications in agricultural economics abstract the modelling and estimation of frontier production functions has been an important area of econometric research during the last two decades forsund lovell and schmidt 1980 and schmidt 1986 present reviews of the concepts and models involved and cite some of the empirical applications which had appeared to their respective times of publication this paper seeks to update the econometric modelling of frontier production functions associated with the estimation of technical efficiency of individual firms a survey of empirical applications in agricultural economics is an important part of the paper

the veil of public ignorance abstract a theory of cooperative choice under incomplete information is developed in which agents possess private information at the time of contracting and have agreed on a utilitarian standard of evaluation governing choices under complete information the task is to extend this standard to situations of incomplete information our first main result generalizes harsanyi s j polit econ 63 1955 309 classical result to situations of incomplete information assuming that group preferences satisfy bayesian coherence and interim pareto dominance these axioms are mutually compatible if and only if a common prior exists we argue that this result partly resolves the impossibility of bayesian preference aggregation under complete information

free trade old and new challenges the paper analyses the old and new challenges to the theory and policy of free trade the old challenges have sought to undermine the case for free trade by citing one or another type of market imperfection thus the postwar period has seen two such challenges factor market imperfections were analysed in the 1950s to 197os product market imperfections in the i980s the new challenges are twofold one comes from the demands for fair trade as a precondition for free trade the other from the concern that free trade while efficient immiserises the unskilled in the richer countries having given a harry johnson lecture four years ago in london i was startled to be invited to give yet another one today but then i recalled his unmatched productivity his articles continued to be published even after his death the pipelines in several journals being full of them it is only appropriate then that he be honoured many times over also in these days of preoccupation with increasing returns to scale such a proliferation of lectures in the memory of a great economist is doubly fitting since harry johnson was in the english tradition of taking his theory from the real world s problems and then taking it back to talk penetratingly about them i thought it appropriate to address the earlier johnson lecture to the threats posed currently to the multilateral trading system by increasing resort

the carbon footprint of uk households 1990 2004 a socio economically disaggregated quasi multi regional input output model this paper presents a socio economically disaggregated framework for attributing co2 emissions to people s high level functional needs based around a quasi multi regional input output qmrio model the study in theory takes into account all co2 emissions that arise from energy used in production of goods and services to satisfy uk household demand whether the emissions occur in the uk or abroad results show that co2 emissions attributable to households were 15 above 1990 levels in 2004 and that although absolute decoupling occurred between household expenditure and co2 during the uk s switch from coal to gas in the early 1990s since then only slight relative decoupling is evident the proportion of co2 that arises outside uk borders in support of uk consumption is rising and reducing these emissions is particularly problematic in a global trading system investigation into the carbon footprint of different segments of the uk population shows wide variation the segment with the highest carbon footprint emits 64 more co2 than the segment with the lowest results show that recreation and leisure are responsible for over one quarter of co2 emissions in a typical uk household in 2004 we conclude that expanding lifestyle aspirations are significant factors in driving household co2 emissions but the study also emphasizes that attention must be paid to the infrastructures and institutions that result in considerable amounts of co2 being locked up in basic household activities through which people meet their everyday needs for subsistence protection and communication with family and friends the findings highlight the sheer scale of the challenge facing uk policy makers and suggest that policies should be targeted towards segments of society responsible for the highest carbon footprints

a generalized measure of farm specific technical efficiency single measures of farm specific technical efficiency over time are calculated for rice farms in central luzon the philippines from the residuals of a stochastic frontier production function panel data from the international rice research institute s periodic loop survey are used results show a narrow range of efficiency between 84 and 95 across the twenty two farms so that there is limited scope for increasing output by resource reallocation a comparison is made with measures of technical efficiency using traditional covariance analysis

macro scale economic influences on tropical forest depletion abstract the paper examines the influence of global and domestic factors on forest depletion in 45 tropical developing countries from 1967 to 1985 it links forest depletion with conditions in the international markets and with domestic macroeconomic and demographic factors calculated elasticities suggest that real exchange rate devaluation debt service food self sufficiency income and export prices of forestry and agricultural output had significant influence on the depletion of tropical forests during the study period

multivariate cointegration and causality tests of wagner s hypothesis evidence from the uk the purpose of this paper is to examine the issue of omitted variables in testing the long run validity of wagner s hypothesis using uk data for the period 1948 to 1997 this paper first investigates the secular relationship between public spending and economic development in a bivariate system in all cases considered our bivariate cointegration tests indicate the absence of a long run equilibrium condition however the introduction of a third variable money supply re establishes a cointegrating relationship between public expenditure and economic development variables in addition the results of the granger s multivariate causality test indicate a unidirectional causality from income and money supply to public spending in the long run thus providing support for wagner s hypothesis

what stirpat tells about effects of population and affluence on the environment abstract in the literature on the application of stirpat to environmental impacts of population and affluence the parameter estimates differ from study to study one example is the effect of population size on co 2 emissions which is concluded to be very close to 1 in some studies e g york et al 2003 while far from 1 in others e g shi 2003 what can explain these differences in results in the present paper i offer an alternative model equivalent to stirpat which explicitly specifies the different role of technology t in stirpat from ipat by the alternative model i conclude that different functional forms of stirpat can be one explanation for the difference among estimates in the studies on environmental impacts of population and affluence the alternative model can also help to determine which factors to be added in stirpat

sustainable value and cleaner production research and application in 19 portuguese sme abstract eco efficiency aims at improving the economic and ecological efficiency of companies attaining a higher value with fewer inputs materials and energy more outputs but fewer wastes the result of implementing this strategy is the delivery of products and services that satisfy human needs at lower costs while reducing the ecological impacts and resource intensity this means a higher value for companies defined as the relationship between the satisfaction of needs and the resources used in achieving that satisfaction as well as the increase of their competitiveness the purpose of this research was to develop the sustainable value concept using the synergies between tools from value management value analysis and from eco efficiency cleaner production the result is an indicator that integrates the three aspects of sustainability economic environment and social and enables the monitoring of the evolution of those aspects in a company the aim of this approach is to increase the sustainable value of the study subject this being defined as the specific subject to which the methodology is applied either a product or a process in a company the satisfaction levels are evaluated considering environmental and social aspects the resources used to attain that satisfaction of needs are also characterized in an explicit way in terms of environmental social and economic aspects the proposed sustainable value methodology with an eight phases working plan developed by a team was validated by undertaking three projects involving 19 small and medium enterprises where sustainable value concept was implemented they represent a wide range of activity areas in different regions of the country covering almost the whole portuguese territory the application of the proposed methodology in the different companies shows the benefits concerning the inputs reduction water energy and materials as well as emissions and waste reduction the increase of the company s productivity and collaborators social welfare is also highlighted performance costs and sustainable value variations are quantified a first important conclusion that can be taken from the reported experiences is that the use of sustainable value methodology enables the diagnosis of the main problems related to processes and products and the quantification of the used resources and takes into account the three aspects of sustainability economic environmental and social another conclusion is the applicability of the methodology to companies of different size and sectors the same happens and is confirmed in existent literature about the subject with other approaches the improvement of sustainable value of the study subjects is reflected in the competitiveness of the companies some suggestions about conditions that must be fulfilled for the success of the introduction and implementation of this approach in a company are also presented

energy consumption carbon dioxide emissions and economic development evaluating alternative and plausible environmental hypothesis for sustainable growth abstract pursuit of excellence in economic development in the midst of damaging the natural environment is a shameless growth the economic impacts on environmental degradation are quite visible in industrialized economies where human health is compromised by rapid economic growth and energy induced emissions this study examines the interrelationship between energy consumption economic growth and carbon dioxide co2 emissions under the six alternative and plausible hypothesis including environmental kuznets curve ekc pollution haven hypothesis phh population based emissions ipat energy led emissions sectoral growth emissions and emissions emancipated human development index ehdi in the context of low and middle income countries high income countries and in aggregated panel over the period of 1975 2015 the results supported the ekc hypothesis ipat hypothesis energy induced emissions and sectoral growth emissions in different regions of the world while phh and ehdi hypothesis does not confirm across regions this study exclusively determines the key socio economic and environmental problems in a large pool of the world economies to understand the need of development policy agenda for sustainable growth

resource development and inequality in indigenous societies concern has been expressed both by indigenous people and by academic analysts that large scale resource development may sharpen inequality in what are relatively egalitarian indigenous societies much of the academic literature suggests that resource development does indeed have this effect but such claims are usually based on very limited empirical evidence in addition the literature is lacking in conceptual frameworks which allow the concept of inequality to be adequately specified take into account the quite different forms of income which resource development can generate explain rather than simply document specific changes in income distribution and on this basis provide grounds for policy prescription this article seeks to develop such a framework

utilitarianism egalitarianism and the timing effect in social choice problems two theorems are derived about social choice functions which are defined on comprehensive convex subsets of utility allocation space theorem 1 asserts that a linearity condition together with pareto optimality implies that a social choice function must be utilitarian theorem 2 asserts that a concavity condition together with pareto optimality and independence of irrelevant alternatives implies that a social choice function must be either utilitarian or egalitarian these linearity and concavity conditions have natural interpretations in terms of the timing of social welfare analysis before or after the resolution of uncertainties and its impact on social choices

farm productivity and efficiency in rural bangladesh the role of education revisited this article reassesses the debate over the role of education in farm production in bangladesh using a large dataset on rice producing households from 141 villages average and stochastic production frontier functions are estimated to ascertain the effect of education on productivity and efficiency a full set of proxies for farm education stock variables are incorporated to investigate the internal as well as external returns to education the external effect is investigated in the context of rural neighbourhoods our analysis reveals that in addition to raising rice productivity and boosting potential output household education significantly reduces production inefficiencies however we are unable to find any evidence of the externality benefit of schooling neighbour s education does not matter in farm production we discuss the implication of these findings for rural education programmes in bangladesh

ghatak subrata and ken ingersent agriculture and economic development baltimore md johns hopkins university press 1984 380 pp 27 50 10 95 paper

the population problem theory and evidence this study is concerned with the relationships among population growth poverty and environmental degradation with particular focus on the situation in developing countries the author rejects the concept of a general theory of fertility behavior in favor of an interpretation of these relationships which might be applicable to certain situations in the poorest parts of the indian subcontinent and sub saharan africa such situations include unacceptable risks of maternal death for poor illiterate women and a condemnation to extreme poverty in conditions of the deterioration of local resources and of the environment the author concludes that population growth rates are too high in certain specific areas and that an appropriate policy reaction to such conditions would be to try to change the options that men and women face so that their reasoned choice would be to lower their fertility

no profitable decompositions in quasi linear allocation problems abstract we study the problem of allocating a bundle of perfectly divisible private goods from an axiomatic point of view in situations where compensations can be made through monetary transfers the key property we impose on the allocation rule requires that no agent should be able to gain by decomposing the problem into sequences of subproblems combined with additional standard properties it leads to a characterization of the rule that shares the total surplus equally hence a traditional welfarist rule emerges as the unique consequence of our axioms phrased in a natural economic environment

the local impact of mining on poverty and inequality evidence from the commodity boom in peru summary this paper studies the impact of mining activity on socioeconomic outcomes in local communities in peru in the 1990s and 2000s the value of peruvian mining exports grew by 15 times and since the early 2000s one half of fiscal revenues from mining have been devolved to local governments has this boom benefitted people in local communities using the district level poverty map of 2007 the latest available with accurate data on consumption poverty and inequality together with district level data on mining production and fiscal transfers to local governments we present some evidence to answer this question we find that mining districts have larger average consumption per capita and lower poverty rates than otherwise similar districts these positive impacts however decrease drastically with administrative and geographic distance from mining centers moreover consumption inequality within mining districts is higher than in comparable nonproducing districts this dual effect of mining is accounted for by first the better educated immigrants required and attracted by mining activity and second the jobs that some community natives obtain in industries and services related to mining the inequalizing impact of mining both across and within districts may help explain the social discontent with mining in peru despite its enormous revenues an area for future research highlighted in the paper regards the usefulness of fiscal transfers to local governments the mining canon a key component of the fiscal decentralization reform of 2002 we find neither a detrimental nor a beneficial effect from the mining canon in peru whether this is explained by our early measurement of results 5 years into the decentralization program or by the lack of implementation capacity of local governments remains to be answered

unequal wealth accumulation and income inequality in a unimodal agriculture sudan s radad irrigation scheme patterns of income savings and wealth accumulation of tenant farmers in the rahad irrigation scheme of sudan were examined although land and irrigation water are publicly owned and equally distributed in these schemes unequal access to capital was found to influence strongly the distribution of family income and the saving and accumulation capacities of the tenant farmers analysis using lorenz curves and gini coefficients revealed a high positive correlation between wealth and family income the average wealth gap between poor and rich households increased by 28 per cent over the year of the study to reduce relative poverty improved credit and marketing systems plus more research and extension support to enhance productivity and create higher on farm incomes for the poorer tenants are needed in addition macro and sector policies that subsidise labour saving technologies and lower incentives for export and domestic crop production need to be reformed to promote greater employment and higher off fa

investigating the differences in co2 emissions in the transport sector across chinese provinces evidence from a quantile regression model abstract carbon dioxide co2 emission in china is currently the largest in the world considering that the transport sector it is one of the major contributors its co2 emissions and their main driving factors have become the focus of many scholars however majority of the existing studies usually investigates co2 emissions using the averaging method i e ordinary least squares method in fact the data distribution of socio economic variables is often non normal with the tail having hidden important information in order to overcome the shortcomings of existing research this paper uses a quantile regression approach to explore the main driving forces of the difference in co2 emissions under high medium and low level of development the results show that the effect of economic growth on co2 emissions in the 25th 50th quantile provinces is higher than those in the other quantile provinces due to the differences in fixed asset investment and motor vehicles energy intensity has a similar story owing to different r d funding and r d personnel investments the influences of urbanization in the upper 90th and 75th 90th quantile provinces are higher than those in the other quantile provinces because of the differences in human capital accumulation and patented technology freight turnover produces the same effect which is due to the differences in freight transportation and transport mode however the impacts of passenger turnover in the lower 10th and 10th 25th quantile provinces are the highest in all the quantile provinces therefore in the process of emission reduction the relevant departments should be concerned about the heterogeneous effects of these driving forces on the different quantile provinces rather than adopting the one size fits all approach

a note on additive utility and bargaining abstract necessary and sufficient conditions are given under which a decision maker s von neumann morgenstern utility function on the cartesian product of two prospect spaces can be expressed as a sum of coordinate utility functions assuming that all preferences are given a main motivation for this result is an application in axiomatic bargaining theory

global estimates of pro poor growth summary the main objective of the present paper is to present a cross country analysis of pro poor growth in 80 countries in 237 growth spells during the period 1984 2001 to achieve this objective the paper proposes a new measure of pro poor growth that captures gains and losses of growth rates due to changes in the distribution of consumption the gains imply pro poor growth while the losses imply anti poor growth the statistical test carried out in the paper shows that regional location of countries has a significant association with the pro poorness of growth the paper also attempts to test for the association between growth patterns and certain variables that the literature has identified as significant determinants of growth and inequality out of many variables the paper focuses on four namely inflation the share of agriculture in gdp openness to trade and the rule of law

pro poor growth and sustainable development framework evidence from two step gmm estimator abstract the environmental sustainability agenda is not easy to be achieved without implementing pro growth and pro poor growth policies across the globe pakistan s economy is no exception that strive hard to managed environmental resource capital and pro poor growth expenditures in order to reduce poverty incidence and carbon mitigation policies while many efforts need more sustainable instruments to be achieved united nation s assigned sustainable development target till 2030 the study selected an annual time series data from 1975 to 2016 and employed two step generalized method of moments gmm estimator for robust inferences the results show that higher economic growth decreases poverty incidence through social reforms while deforestation under 5 mortality rate trade openness carbon emissions and fdi inflows largely increases poverty incidence in a country the study confirmed environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis of carbon emissions in relation of per capita income and public spending on education while pollution haven hypothesis is confirmed due to high involvement of dirty polluting industries in country s economic transformation process the fossil fuel combustion and high population density increases carbon emissions that sabotage the process of sustainable development in a country thus it is imperative to device sustainable policies for mitigating carbon fossil emissions with cleaner production techniques and improves the quality of life of poor people through increase social expenditures that trickle down to the poor as compared to the non poor

efficiency estimation in a profit maximising model using flexible production function abstract this paper uses a flexible translog production function to estimate efficiency of 227 farms from west bengal india we consider estimation of technical and allocative inefficiencies using a profit maximising framework which accommodates both endogenous and exogenous inputs the maximum likelihood method of estimation developed in this paper is based on the production function and the first order conditions of profit maximisation farm specific technical and allocative inefficiencies are also estimated empirical results show that the mean level of technical efficiency is 75 46 while the best farm is 85 87 efficient technically so far as allocative efficiency is concerned the majority of the farms are found to be under users of the endogenous inputs viz fertiliser manure human and bullock labour

analysis of production efficiency of beef cow calf farms in alberta this article measures production efficiency across cow calf farms in alberta and examines the sources of variation in efficiency average technical allocative and economic efficiencies are respectively 83 78 and 67 biological efficiency increased conception calving and weaning rates larger herd size higher share of family labour and greater expense for bedding material reduce inefficiency inefficiency was also related to receipt of government subsidies

hybrid rice innovation in china a study of market demand induced technological innovation in a centrally planned economy this paper uses the innovation of hybrid rice in china as a case study to test the validity of the griliches schmookler hypothesis of market demand induced technological innovation in a centrally planned economy the empirical evidence indicates that the size of rice acreage in a province is the major factor in determining the amount of resource allocation for rice research and the adoption intensity of hybrid rice in that province this evidence is consistent with the implication of the griliches schmookler hypothesis copyright 1992 by mit press