determinants of import demand for non renewable energy petroleum products empirical evidence from nigeria abstract this study estimated determinants of import demand for refined petroleum products in nigeria for the period 1984 2013 it employed the autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds test cointegration method and analysed both long run and short run determinants of import demand for total and specific petroleum products in the long run aggregate and sectoral incomes are significant determinants of import of refined kerosene further real effective exchange rate reer aggregate income gdp manufacturing sector s income domestic energy production dep and population growth rate pgr are drivers of import of refined motor spirit moreover reer dep and manufacturing sector s income are propellers of import of refined distillate fuel also reer and total output of petroleum products are major drivers of total import of refined petroleum products short run results show that previous period gdp pgr and manufacturing and service sectors incomes are determinants of import demand for refined kerosene moreover reer gdp previous pgr and manufacturing sector s income exert significant effects on the import of refined motor spirit further significant effects of reer dep previous pgr domestic output of the product and manufacturing and service sectors incomes on the import demand for distillate fuel were found policy implications of the foregoing are articulated in the paper

price and income elasticities of electricity demand evidence from jamaica abstract jamaica s electricity sector faces supply side challenges demand side policies have the potential to improve electricity use efficiency and reduce the likelihood of electricity disruptions in this paper i use the bounds testing approach to cointegration to obtain long run price elasticity of demand estimates for the period 1970 2014 the analysis focuses on aggregate electricity demand and three categories of consumers residential commercial and industrial the findings suggest that residential and industrial consumers are most responsive to price changes with long run price elasticities of demand of 0 82 and 0 25 respectively price based approaches are likely to be more successful in slowing electricity demand growth in these sectors

reforming residential electricity tariff in china block tariffs pricing approach the chinese households that make up approximately a quarter of world households are facing a residential power tariff reform in which a rising block tariff structure will be implemented and this tariff mechanism is widely used around the world the basic principle of the structure is to assign a higher price for higher income consumers with low price elasticity of power demand to capture the non linear effects of price and income on elasticities we set up a translog demand model the empirical findings indicate that the higher income consumers are less sensitive than those with lower income to price changes we further put forward three proposals of chinese residential electricity tariffs compared to a flat tariff the reasonable block tariff structure generates more efficient allocation of cross subsidies better incentives for raising the efficiency of electricity usage and reducing emissions from power generation which also supports the living standards of low income households

the demand for residential electricity in south africa abstract this paper examines the residential demand for electricity in south africa as a function of real gross domestic product per capita and the price of electricity during the period 1978 2005 we make use of the bounds testing approach to cointegration within an autoregressive distributed framework suggested by pesaran et al 2001 bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships journal of applied econometrics 16 3 289 326 following the literature we use a linear double logarithmic form using income and price as independent variables in the empirical analysis in the long run we find that income is the main determinant of electricity demand while electricity price is insignificant

tariff jumping antidumping duties abstract this paper examines the tariff jumping response of all firm and product combinations subject to us antidumping investigations from 1980 to 1990 using a newly constructed database previous studies have focused only on japanese fdi responses to antidumping protection and found large tariff jumping responses in contrast this paper finds quite modest tariff jumping responses and the evidence suggests that tariff jumping is only a realistic option for multinational firms from industrialized countries this may partially explain developing countries concerns about addressing ad protection in the wto despite high tariff jumping responses there is no evidence of a japanese specific propensity to tariff jump holding other economic factors constant

does affirmative action reduce productivity a case study of the indian railways summary our objective is to shed empirical light on a claim often made by critics of affirmative action policies that increasing the representation of members of marginalized communities in jobs comes at the cost of reduced productive efficiency we undertake a systematic empirical analysis of productivity in the indian railways the world s largest employer subject to affirmative action in order to assess whether higher proportions of affirmative action beneficiaries in employment have reduced efficiency in the railway system we find no evidence for such an effect indeed some of our results suggest that the opposite is true

household and industrial electricity demand in europe abstract this paper examines the electricity demand and its determinants in 29 european countries during the liberalization of the electricity market based on panel data for these countries for the years 1995 2015 and using a dynamic partial adjustment model price elasticities are estimated for both residential and industrial electricity demand these elasticities and effects of other variables on electricity consumption are estimated using both gmm generalized method of moments and ml maximum likelihood approaches it is found that the price elasticities are very small especially in the short run while the income elasticities are relatively large especially for households and in the long run

dynamic demand for residential electricity in taiwan under seasonality and increasing block pricing abstract this paper studies the dynamic demand for residential electricity in taiwan employing a monthly panel data set composed of 19 counties and spanning the period from 2007 01 to 2013 12 the partial adjustment model used addresses the endogeneity of the electricity price that results from the increasing block pricing the estimated results show that there is a significant seasonal difference in the demand for electricity between the summer and non summer periods both the adjustment speed and own price elasticity during the summer months are found to be lower than those in the non summer months due to the hot weather in summer it is easier for consumers to adjust their electricity consumption in response to the changes in electricity pricing during the non summer time the estimated inelastic short run and long run income effects show that electricity is a necessity for consumers moreover the controversial electricity conservation policies are found to be ineffective measures for reducing electricity consumption in taiwan

foreign direct investment and the political economy of protection this paper makes the point that an import competing industry may not want maximal protection the reason is that a high level of protection encourages inward foreign direct investment which could be even less desirable than import competition a government captured by the domestic import competing industry consequently will set the level of protection low enough to limit direct foreign entry this paper also establishes results regarding the form of protection voluntary export restraints are shown to be the domestic industry s desired means of protection because leaving export rents with foreigners inhibits foreign direct investment

privatization policy in an international oligopoly this paper studies privatization policy in an international oligopoly the argument that equal treatment of foreign investors will be detrimental to domestic welfare by shifting profits from domestic to foreign firms is shown to be less relevant in privatization auctions than in greenfield fdi models since these profi ts hifts are partly paid for by the foreign firms in the bidding competition effects of local equity requirements trade and investment policies are also studied it is for instance shown that small local equity requirements are likely to be beneficial but large ones are counterproductive by preventing welfare enhancing foreign acquisitions

electricity demand for south korean residential sector abstract this study estimates the electricity demand function for the residential sector of south korea with the aim of examining the effects of improved energy efficiency structural factors and household lifestyles on electricity consumption in the study time series data for the period from 1973 to 2007 is used in a structural time series model to estimate the long term price and income elasticities and annual growth of underlying energy demand trend uedt at the end of the estimation period the result shows a long term income elasticity of 1 33 and a long term price elasticity of 0 27 with 0 93 as the percentage growth of uedt at the end of the estimation period this result suggests that in order to encourage energy efficiency in the residential sector the government should complement the market based pricing policies with non market policies such as minimum energy efficiency standards and public enlightenment

residential electricity demand dynamics in turkey abstract this article provides fresh empirical evidences for the income and price elasticies of the residential energy demand both in the short run and long run for turkey over the period 1968 2005 using the bounds testing procedure to cointegration the computed elasticities of income and price are consistent with the previous studies and as expected the long run elasticities are greater than the short run elasticities an augmented form of granger causality analysis is implemented among residential electricity income price and urbanization in the long run causality runs interactively through the error correction term from income price and urbanization to residential energy but the short run causality tests are inconclusive the parameter stability of the short run as well as long run coefficients in the residential energy demand function are tested the results of these tests display a stable pattern

examining behavioral patterns in household fuel consumption using two stage budgeting framework for energy and environmental policies evidence based on micro data from pakistan abstract prime objective of this study is to analyze fuel consumption patterns at national as well as at provincial level for pakistan dynamic patterns in household fuel choices have been examined under two stage budgeting framework through quadratic approximation of almost ideal demand system quaids using hies data for year 2015 16 to obtain reliable estimates of price and budget elasticities quadratic engel estimates reflect households energy expenditures allocation decisions while the probit estimates explore how alternate fuels are chosen by households for consumption the engel estimates highlight that the share of fuel expenditures in total household expenditures is higher in rural areas than in urban areas the computed compensated price elasticities suggest that firewood and kerosene are relatively more price inelastic in rural areas as compared to the urban areas furthermore our estimates also indicate that cleaner fuels are more price inelastic in urban areas than in rural areas with inter provincial variations in computed elasticities these estimates can be used as an effective policy making tool for transition towards cleaner fuels energy policy simulations to evaluate taxation and subsidy frameworks and energy system forecasting to prevent environmental degradation

modeling industrial energy demand in greece using cointegration techniques abstract this paper attempts to shed light on the determinants of industrial energy demand in greece for this purpose we used cointegration analysis in order to capture short run and long run elasticities for oil and electricity industrial demand respectively the sample spans the period 1970 2004 from the empirical analysis and the johansen s maximum likelihood procedure we found cointegration for oil and electricity demand the results suggest that industrial energy demand is inelastic both in the short and the long run while electricity and oil are substitutes also oil and electricity prices are weakly exogenous both in the short and the long run

carbon taxes and joint implementation an applied general equilibrium analysis for germany and india germany has committed itself to reducing its carbon emissions by 25 percent in 2005 as compared to 1990 emission levels to achieve this goal the government has recently launched an environmental tax reform which entails a continuous increase in energy taxes in conjunction with a revenue neutral cut in non wage labor costs this policy is supposed to yield a double dividend reducing both the problem of global warming and high unemployment rates in addition to domestic actions international treaties on climate protection allow for the supplementary use of flexible instruments to exploit cheaper emission reduction possibilities elsewhere one concrete option for germany would be to enter joint implementation with developing countries such as india where germany pays emission reduction abroad rather than meeting its reduction target solely by domestic action in this paper we investigate whether an environmental tax reform cum joint implementation ji provides employment and overall efficiency gains as compared to an environmental tax reform stand alone etr we address this question in the framework of a large scale general equilibrium model for germany and india where germany may undertake joint implementation with the indian electricity sector our main finding is that joint implementation offsets adverse effects of carbon emission constraints on the german economy ji significantly lowers the level of carbon taxes and thus reduces the total costs of abatement as well as negative effects on labor demand in addition ji triggers direct investment demand for energy efficient power plants produced in germany this provides positive employment effects and additional income for germany for india joint implementation equips its electricity industry with scarce capital goods leading to a more efficient power production with lower electricity prices for the economy and substantial welfare gains

the relation between energy and non energy inputs in india s manufacturing industries the purpose of this paper is to examine the substitution possibilities among energy inputs and other non energy factors of production in response to price changes we relate this study to india s manufacturing industries this is of special interest since in the recent years indian industries have been gradually moving towards a high energy intensive structure of production in 1970 71 the mining and the manufacturing sector accounted for 52 9 per cent of the total commercial energy consumed in india in coal equivalent terms 8 p 1301 in this study we compute cross and own price elasticities of demand for all inputs a knowledge of the substitution possibilities is of paramount importance in economic planning consider for instance three situations first the effect of rising energy prices will tend to raise the demand for capital if capital and energy are substitute inputs second if energy and capital are complements the higher price for energy will tend to reduce the demand for both new capital equipment and energy thus the availability of cheap and ample supply of energy is significant in determining capital intensity and the future rates of capital formation in the literature on economic development this aspect of the choice of techniques has been by and large neglected third if there are limited substitution possibilities between energy and other inputs the adjustment by industry to higher prices of energy may be quite difficult and costs of production may rise precipitously necessitating a drastic change away from energy based production techniques in section ii of this paper we discuss the technique of analysis and describe the sources of data section iii presents the results and section iv is confined to the concluding remarks

the politics of public good provision evidence from indian local governments this paper uses village and household survey data from south india to examine how political geography and politician identity impacts on public good provision we provide evidence that the nature of this relationship varies by type of public good for high spillover public goods residential proximity to elected representative matters in contrast for low spillover public goods sharing the politician s group identity is what matters jel d78 h40

are emily and greg more employable than lakisha and jamal a field experiment on labor market discrimination we study race in the labor market by sending fictitious resumes to help wanted ads in boston and chicago newspapers to manipulate perceived race resumes are randomly assigned african american or white sounding names white names receive 50 percent more callbacks for interviews callbacks are also more responsive to resume quality for white names than for african american ones the racial gap is uniform across occupation industry and employer size we also find little evidence that employers are inferring social class from the names differential treatment by race still appears to still be prominent in the u s labor market jel j71 j64

affirmative action in education evidence from engineering college admissions in india abstract this paper examines an affirmative action program for lower caste groups in engineering colleges in india we study both the targeting properties of the program and its implications for labor market outcomes we find that affirmative action successfully targets the financially disadvantaged the upper caste applicants that are displaced by affirmative action come from a richer economic background than the lower caste applicants that are displacing them targeting by caste however may lead to the exclusion of other disadvantaged groups for example caste based targeting reduces the overall number of females entering engineering colleges we find that despite poor entrance exam scores lower caste entrants obtain a positive return to admission our estimates however also suggest that these gains may come at an absolute cost because the income losses experienced by displaced upper caste applicants are larger than the income gains experienced by displacing lower caste students limited sample sizes in our preferred econometric specifications however prevent us from drawing strong conclusions from these labor market findings

energy models for demand forecasting a review abstract energy is vital for sustainable development of any nation be it social economic or environment in the past decade energy consumption has increased exponentially globally energy management is crucial for the future economic prosperity and environmental security energy is linked to industrial production agricultural output health access to water population education quality of life etc energy demand management is required for proper allocation of the available resources during the last decade several new techniques are being used for energy demand management to accurately predict the future energy needs in this paper an attempt is made to review the various energy demand forecasting models traditional methods such as time series regression econometric arima as well as soft computing techniques such as fuzzy logic genetic algorithm and neural networks are being extensively used for demand side management support vector regression ant colony and particle swarm optimization are new techniques being adopted for energy demand forecasting bottom up models such as markal and leap are also being used at the national and regional level for energy demand management

elasticities of electricity demand in india abstract the paper examines econometric relationship between electricity consumption and variables like income price of electricity and diesel used in for captive power generation to meet the shortages and reliability of power supply from utilities in five major consumer categories in india these categories are residential commercial agriculture small and medium industries and large industries income and price elasticities of electricity consumption are estimated at the national level for these consumers by pooling data across 19 states spread over 9 years 1985 86 1993 94 the results show that electricity consumption in commercial and large industrial sectors are income elastic 1 while residential agricultural and small and medium industries are income inelastic

tariff jumping fdi and domestic firms profits studies of the welfare implications of trade policy often do not take account of the potential for tariff jumping fdi to mitigate positive gains to domestic producers we use event study methodology to examine the market effects for u s domestic firms that petitioned for antidumping ad relief as well as the effect of announcements of fdi by their foreign rivals in the u s market on these u s petitioning firms on average affirmative u s ad decisions are associated with 3 abnormal gains to a petitioning firm when there is no tariff jumping fdi but no abnormal gains if there is tariff jumping fdi the evidence for this mitigating effect is strongest when announcements of the intended tariff jumping fdi have already occurred before an ad decision takes place which happened in fair number of cases we also find evidence that the announcements of plant expansions and to some extent new plants have significantly larger negative effects on u s domestic firms profits than other types of fdi including acquisitions and joint ventures

the welfare effects of unprecedented electricity price hikes in zambia abstract this paper simulates the real household expenditure effects of large electricity price increases in zambia first we find that electricity subsidies are highly regressive the richest household quintile receives over 60 of the subsidies while the poorest quintile receives less than 1 second our partial equilibrium simulations of the welfare effects of a 75 electricity price increase show that the poorest households would experience a 3 times larger percentage loss in real expenditure compared to the wealthiest households naturally these adverse effects lead to an increase in poverty however we find that transferring the fiscal savings realised from the complete elimination of electricity subsidies to the poor reduces extreme poverty significantly this budget neutral strategy is particularly attractive for zambia and other sub saharan economies currently battling the twin challenges of widening budget deficits and high extreme poverty

regionally varying and regionally uniform electricity pricing policies compared across four usage categories the objective of our research is to predict how electricity demand varies spatially between status quo regionally uniform electricity pricing and hypothetical regionally varying electricity pricing across usage categories we summarize the empirical results of a case study of electricity demand in south korea with three key findings and their related implications first the price elasticities of electricity demand differ across usage categories specifically electricity demands for manufacturing and retail uses are price inelastic and close to unit elastic respectively while those for agricultural and residential uses are not statistically significant this information is important in designing energy policy because higher electricity prices could reduce electricity demands for manufacturing and retail uses resulting in slower growth in those sectors second spatial spillovers in electricity demand vary across uses understanding the spatial structure of electricity demand provides useful information to energy policy makers for anticipating changes in demand across regions via regionally varying electricity pricing for different uses third simulation results suggest that spatial variations among electricity demands by usage category under a regionally varying electricity pricing policy differ from those under a regionally uniform electricity pricing policy differences in spatial changes between the policies provide information for developing a realistic regionally varying electricity pricing policy according to usage category

demand elasticities in oecd dynamical aspects abstract four models with different lag structures are used to express final energy demand in oecd from 1960 1982 as a function of real gdp and average energy price the income and long run price elasticities are not significantly dependent on the model specification but the koyck lag scheme estimated in its distributed lag form is found to give the most satisfactory results the statistical properties of the data together with evidence of trends in the elasticities both suggest that the period of falling real prices prior to 1971 is not comparable to the present period for the period after 1971 an income elsticity of 1 02 and a long run price elasticity of 0 37 are obtained

the global economy as instituted process the case of central and eastern europe i argue that economic globalization indicated by the tremendous rise in world foreign direct investment fdi in recent decades is not driven simply by investor considerations of economic risk and return but is significantly shaped by the construction of demand for foreign capital by receiving states states signal this demand through the levels of formal and substantive legitimacy they grant to fdi they institutionalize globalization in formal rule as a normatively desirable development strategy states substantiate this commitment by providing domestic and foreign actors with ideational and organizational resources to facilitate fdi to illustrate this argument i use the case of central and eastern europe which was largely closed to global capital before the collapse of communism analyses of quantitative and qualitative data show that substantive legitimacy granted to fdi by host states more than formal regulations determined the size of foreign capital flows into postsocialist countries in the

estimating short and long term residential demand for electricity new evidence from sri lanka this study investigates the short run dynamics and long run equilibrium relationship between residential electricity demand and factors influencing demand per capita income price of electricity price of kerosene oil and price of liquefied petroleum gas using annual data for sri lanka for the period 1960 2007 the study uses unit root cointegration and error correction models the long run demand elasticities of income own price and price of kerosene oil substitute were estimated to be 0 78 0 62 and 0 14 respectively the short run elasticities for the same variables were estimated to be 032 0 16 and 0 10 respectively liquefied petroleum lp gas is a substitute for electricity only in the short run with an elasticity 0 09 the main findings of the paper support the following 1 increasing the price of electricity is not the most effective tool to reduce electricity consumption 2 existing subsidies on electricity consumption can be removed without reducing government revenue 3 the long run income elasticity of demand shows that any future increase in household incomes is likely to significantly increase the demand for electricity and 4 any power generation plans which consider only current per capita consumption and population growth should be revised taking into account the potential future income increases in order to avoid power shortages ill the country