urbanisation agriculture and industrialisation in china 1952 91 urbanisation rates in china have been low compared to other countries at similar stages of development we examine recent trends in china s urbanisation process in the context of a disequilibrium supply and demand model for urban residents with relative urban food consumption as a proxy for wages this model takes into consideration the roles of the agricultural and industrial sectors in the context of a non market economy where institutional arrangements and policy regimes play important roles in determining urbanisation levels we find persistent periods of disequilibrium prior to the introduction of reforms in 1978 throughout the post reform era there has been a markedly improved balance between urban population levels urban food consumption and industrial and agricultural production levels

productivity in swedish electricity retail distribution this paper examines productivity growth in electricity retail distribution in sweden in a multiple output multiple input framework the approach used is nonparametric data envelopment analysis dea productivity is measured by means of the malmquist index productivity comparisons are made between different types of ownership and between different service areas the study indicates a high rate of productivity growth due to economies of density when measured over a period of 17 years the results show no significant differences in productivity growth between different types of ownership or economic organization

regional policy and the productive efficiency of japanese industries otsuka a and goto m regional policy and the productive efficiency of japanese industries regional studies this paper examines the impacts of agglomeration economies and fiscal transfer on productive efficiency in japanese regional industries two popular methodologies are applied stochastic frontier analysis sfa and data envelopment analysis dea to measure productive efficiency the empirical findings are summarized as follows 1 agglomeration economies improve productive efficiency 2 fiscal transfer negatively influences productive efficiency 3 those two findings are observed for aggregated manufacturing and non manufacturing industries and for sectors in manufacturing industries and 4 the importance of agglomeration economies for regional industries has increased in recent years based on these results this paper discusses effective regional policy for japan

a note on the malmquist productivity index in recent years the malmquist index has gained in popularity as a measure of productivity change we demonstrate that in the presence of non constant returns to scale the malmquist productivity index does not accurately measure productivity change the bias is systematic and depends on the magnitude of scale economies

is economic growth improving urbanisation a cross regional study of china this study applies a bootstrap panel granger causality test to determine the relationship between urbanisation and economic growth for china we find that the patterns of interaction between urbanisation and economic growth vary across different regions the empirical results show that in urbanisation of the northern coastal region and most of the inland region granger causes economic growth whereas economic growth does not have a significant effect on urbanisation except in the southern coastal region and the inland region one fourth of china s provinces primarily in the southern coastal region do not show a granger causality relationship between urbanisation and economic growth this finding indicates that urbanisation has promoted economic growth by expanding demand and that economic growth s effect on urbanisation is restricted by administrative intervention rather than market mechanisms thus the findings for three fourths of the provinces in china conform to the urbanised economy theory these

productivity convergence in japan s manufacturing industries abstract this paper studies the question of convergence of labor productivity in 12 manufacturing industries in japan during 1985 to 1997 using the transition matrix for analysis our results indicate that manufacturing industries do not display a pattern of convergence

models and estimation of disequilibrium for centrally planned economies the planned level of output is an important variable in modelling centrally planned economies and the present paper discusses several disequilibrium models in which the plan level is an endogenous variable a key relationship in such a model is the plan adjustment equation which is the counterpart of the usual priceadjustment equation employed in models of free economies seemingly minor differences in assumptions lead to markedly different econometric models the coherency properties of these are studied and several likelihood functions are derived the most complex of the models includes both endogenous plan levels and endogenous prices

generating efficiency economic and environmental regulation of public and private electricity generators in spain abstract economic regulation of firms with market power has placed increasing emphasis on incentive based regulation such as price caps we focus on the effect of regulation as distinct from ownership and identify the effect of two different regulatory schemes on both publicly and privately owned spanish electricity generators publicly owned generators were more efficient under cost of service regulation private but not public firms responded to incentive regulation by increasing efficiency bringing their productivity to similar levels we introduce some novelty in modelling efficiency including three pollutants and declared plant availability as outputs and we test for the effect of environmental regulation in reducing pollutants

comparing malmquist and hicks moorsteen productivity indices exploring the impact of unbalanced vs balanced panel data abstract we explore the effect of balancing unbalanced panel data when estimating primal productivity indices using non parametric frontier estimators first we list a series of pseudo solutions aimed at making an unbalanced panel balanced then we discuss some intermediate solutions e g balancing 2 years by 2 years furthermore we link this problem with a variety of literatures on infeasibilities statistical inference of non parametric frontier estimators and the index theory literature focusing on the dynamics of entry and exit in industries we then empirically illustrate these issues comparing both malmquist and hicks moorsteen productivity indices on two data sets in particular we test for the differences in distribution when comparing balanced and unbalanced results for a given index and when comparing malmquist and hicks moorsteen productivity indices for a given type of data set the latter tests are crucial in answering the question to which extent the malmquist index can approximate the hicks moorsteen index that has a total factor productivity tfp interpretation finally we draw up a list of remaining issues that could benefit from further exploration

estimating input mix efficiency in a parametric framework application to state level agricultural data for the united states this paper contributes to the productivity literature by demonstrating novel econometric methods to estimate input mix efficiency ime in a parametric framework input mix efficiency is defined as

co operation and the urban environment an exploration many urban environmental problems such as littering of streets arise from the open access character of the resource concerned and can be analysed in the framework of co operation studies in the context of rural commons have indicated that though seeming to be violating a narrow definition of rationality people do cooperate this paper attempts to explore some issues in the context of the urban environment focusing on solid waste management in madras india and a co operation based institution called exnora a number of hypotheses on the conditions affecting co operation are examined while group size may be relevant for costs it does not have any impact on co operation the management style of committees and economies of scope seem to be important

decomposing the luenberger hicks moorsteen total factor productivity indicator an application to u s agriculture abstract this paper introduces a decomposition of the additively complete luenberger hicks moorsteen total factor productivity indicator into the usual components technical change technical inefficiency change and scale inefficiency change our approach is general in that it does not require differentiability or convexity of the production technology using a nonparametric framework the empirical application focuses on the agricultural sector at the state level in the u s over the period 1960 2004 the results show that luenberger hicks moorsteen productivity increased substantially in the considered period this productivity growth is due to output growth rather than input decline although the extent depends on the convexity assumption of the technology technical change is the main driver while the role of technical inefficiency change and scale inefficiency change also depends on the convexity assumption of the technology

malmquist indices of productivity growth during the deregulation of norwegian banking 1980 89 productivity growth during the deregulation of the norwegian banking industry is studied within the framework of data envelopment analysis which explicitly allows for multiple outputs introducing malmquist indices for productivity growth total growth can be decomposed into frontier growth and change in each bank s distance to the frontier both the total growth index and its components can be consistently chained over time we find productivity regress at the average bank prior to the deregulation but rapid growth when deregulation took place deregulation also led to less dispersion of productivity levels within the industry

is agricultural productivity in developing countries really shrinking new evidence using a modified nonparametric approach abstract nonparametric productivity analyses performed to date show that most developing countries are experiencing relatively rapid technical regress in agriculture we discuss the plausibility of these results and argue that they stem from the existence of biased technical change and the definition of technology used we reestimate the malmquist index for a group of developing countries using a different definition of technology and find that most developing countries in our sample are experiencing positive productivity growth with technical change being the main source of this growth

can top down and bottom up be reconciled electoral competition and service delivery in malaysia summary top down versus bottom up is one of development s enduring tensions not least in public service delivery in malaysia public services have traditionally been animated from the top down bottom up forces in civil society have strengthened recently but so too have top down forces and their impact on public services is greater malaysia s experience suggests that where electoral competition gives politicians an incentive to respond to voters service preferences top down initiatives have the greater potential for large scale social change participatory initiatives will be most effective when they play a supplementary role

efficiency productivity gains and the size of brazilian supermarkets abstract the supermarket sector is an important segment of the brazilian economy in recent years the role of large retailers and market globalization has transformed this sector in one of the most competitive in the country this paper aims to evaluate the technical efficiency and scale of the brazilian supermarket sector through bootstrap data envelopment analysis and to measure changes in productivity from 2005 to 2012 applying the bootstrapped malmquist index a second stage analysis is performed to explain efficiency levels and productivity gains in terms of supermarket chains characteristics we found that the brazilian supermarket chains have low average efficiency levels and in general there was an increase in productivity in the period the consolidations that took place in this sector can be explained in terms of scales of operation small supermarket chains had lower efficiency levels both in 2005 and 2012 but experienced higher levels of productivity growth in the period results of second stage analysis shows that some supermarket chains characteristics are correlated to productivity gains

accountability in public services exit voice and control abstract this paper argues that the positive impact of public accountability on public service performance and governance in general can be augmented by moving away from an exclusive reliance on control mechanisms such as hierarchical monitoring and use of organizational incentives to a system that uses exit or voice mechanisms in conjunction with control whether the public will resort to exit or voice will depend on the relative costs associated with these options and the expected value to them of the performance improvement resulting from their use in a specific context public services can be categorized in terms of the exit and voice potential they afford the public by reference to certain barriers and characteristics the paper provides a framework for the analysis of the features and barriers of public services and of the publics involved that can be used to predict the potential for the use of exit and voice in specific service contexts a menu of options for improving public accountability through the use of exit and voice mechanisms and their policy implications are also presented

productivity measurement in radial dea models with a single constant input abstract we consider productivity measurement based on radial dea models with a single constant input we show that in this case the malmquist and the hicks moorsteen productivity indices coincide and are multiplicatively complete the choice of orientation of the malmquist index for the measurement of productivity change does not matter and there is a unique decomposition of productivity change containing two independent sources namely technical efficiency change and technical change technical change decomposes in an infinite number of ways into a radial magnitude effect and an output bias effect we also show that the aggregate productivity index is given by the geometric mean between any two periods of the simple arithmetic averages of the individual contemporaneous and mixed period distance functions

a cost malmquist productivity index this paper develops a productivity index applicable when producers are cost minimisers and input prices are known the index is inspired by the malmquist index as extended to productivity measurement the index developed here is defined in terms of input cost rather than input quantity distance functions hence productivity change is decomposed into overall efficiency and cost technical change furthermore overall efficiency change is decomposed into technical and allocative efficiency change and cost technical change into a part capturing shifts of input quantities and shifts of relative input prices these decompositions provide a clearer picture of the root sources of productivity change they are illustrated here in a sample of hospitals results are computed using non parametric mathematical programming 2003 elsevier b v all rights reserved

on two definitions of productivity abstract caves et al in 1982 introduced a productivity measure that does not proceed from a continuous timer presentation they named these indexes after sten malmquist who in 1953 used ratios of distance functions to formulate quantity indexes in the consumer context in a later paper diewert proposed an alternative definition of productivity also based on distance functions which he attributed to hicks and moorsteen in this letter we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the malmquist productivity index to equal the hicks moorsteen index

productivity change and decomposition analysis of japanese regional economies this study examines the productivity growth and its four components for japanese regional economies by analyzing 47 prefectures for the period 1995 2012 the productivity changes are measured by th

dea environmental assessment in time horizon radial approach for malmquist index measurement on petroleum companies abstract the climate change and various pollutions have been influencing our societies and economies the environmental assessment to be discussed in this study is increasingly important because it serves as an initial step toward pollution prevention corporate leaders policy makers researchers and individuals who are interested in environmental protection have been paying attention to the assessment so that they can prepare policy suggestions on the global warming and climate change as a methodology for the assessment this study proposes a use of data environment analysis dea in a time horizon most of data sets on the climate change are sampled in a time series where the performance of organizations fluctuates every moment in applying the dea environmental assessment to such a data set it is necessary for us to classify outputs into desirable e g oil production and undesirable e g co 2 emission categories because all organizations usually produce not only desirable but also undesirable outputs as a result of their economic activities to unify the two different types of outputs this study incorporates the concept of natural and managerial disposability into the computational framework of dea and extends them into a time horizon for the research purpose this study incorporates malmquist index into the proposed dea environmental assessment to examine an occurrence of a frontier shift among multiple periods the frontier shift indicates a technology progress and or managerial innovation during an observed period the index is further separated into four subcomponents in a time horizon these subcomponents are differently expressed under the natural and managerial disposability thus eight different subcomponents on the malmquist index are proposed to measure the frontier shift as an application this study uses the proposed dea approach to examine whether the frontier shift due to technology progress occurs or not in the petroleum industry from 2005 to 2009 our empirical study finds that the industry has not exhibited any major frontier shift under natural disposability but showing a considerable frontier shift under managerial disposability in other words the petroleum firms have improved their environmental performance by eco technology to reduce an amount of co 2 emission during the observed annual periods

malmquist index measurement for sustainability enhancement in chinese municipalities and provinces abstract this study discusses a use of dea environmental assessment in a time horizon we use a radial approach to examine a dynamic change of index measures related to china s regional development and industrial pollution prevention in applying the proposed assessment to a time series data we need to examine components that produce a shift of an efficiency frontier in a time horizon a unique feature of the proposed assessment is that it incorporates a framework of malmquist index to examine the frontier shift among multiple periods here the frontier shift indicates a progress potential on technology development and or managerial improvement among observed periods thus it is not an efficiency measure rather the measurement eliminates inefficiency by shifting an organization to an efficiency frontier in this study the index is conceptually separated into 6 subcomponents which are further disaggregated into 12 different elements 6 subcomponents 2 disposability concepts under natural and managerial disposability concepts the proposed index measurement needs to consider a possible occurrence of a frontier crossover among different periods because technology diffusion on production activities usually has a time lag until it becomes really effective methodologically this study conveys the message that dea is an approximation method so being not perfect therefore it is necessary for us to use several different approaches e g potential improvement by measuring a frontier shift and efficiency analysis to obtain reliable empirical evidence as an application this study examines the level of sustainability related to 30 municipalities and provinces in china from 2003 to 2014 the following six policy implications are obtained in this study first all municipalities and provinces have made a considerable progress on their economies and pollution prevention efforts second the effect of the frontier crossover is limited in china because they attain a high level of their potentials on economic development and pollution prevention of course this effort is within the chinese boundary not international because this study does not compare them with other industrial nations third china needs to allocate its resources to western provinces at a level that it has used for coastal developments fourth the government should reinforce efforts on environmental protection in central and southern regions fifth the government has focused on the sustainability development in urban municipalities and provinces and then has gradually shifted the policy influence toward rural areas finally different empirical results are confirmed by the potential analysis which consists of the malmquist index measurement and the efficiency analysis both approaches need to be examined for future planning on chinese regional development

is there a slowdown in agricultural productivity growth in south america this article estimates agricultural productivity growth in 10 south american countries in 1969 2009 with the objective of investigating if the slowdown being measured in other countries is present in the region results show that productivity growth accounts for half of the three fold increase in agricultural output during this period and that performance is sensitive to r d investments in the sector the slowdown found for the 1990s to 2000s in the u s and some european economies does not seem to be present yet in south america the region s total factor productivity tfp growth rate increased steadily from 1 07 during the 1970s to 2 29 during the 2000s given lags in adoption and the adaptive nature of innovations in these economies we have yet to see the potential effects in south american agriculture of decreases in r d in advanced economies

dea environmental assessment in a time horizon malmquist index on fuel mix electricity and co2 of industrial nations abstract climate change and global warming become a major policy issue in the world economic activities produce not only desirable outputs e g electricity but also undesirable outputs e g co 2 emission the important policy issue is how each nation can balance between economic development and environmental protection to attain a sustainable society in attaining the sustainable society environmental assessment is increasingly important because it can serve as an initial step toward the green growth of each nation for the purpose this study proposes a new use of dea data environment analysis for environmental assessment in a time horizon the proposed use of dea incorporates malmquist index to examine the degree of a frontier shift among multiple periods the frontier shift indicates a technology progress and or managerial innovation during an observed period the index is conceptually separated into six subcomponents which are further divided into twelve different subcomponents six subcomponents two disposability concepts under the natural and managerial disposability in the index measurement it is necessary for us to consider a frontier crossover among different periods because technology innovation usually has a time lag until it really appears as an empirical application this study utilizes the proposed approach to identify the relationship among fuel mix electricity and co 2 of ten industrial nations this study finds three important empirical findings first there is a time lag in technology innovation on electricity generation and co 2 emission reduction consequently it is necessary to consider the existence of a frontier crossover in assessing the electric power industry second nuclear generation as found in france as well as hydro and renewable energy as found in netherlands are important for the development of a sustainable society although the former is associated with a very high level of risk and the latter has a limited generation capacity finally the electric power industry has been making a corporate effort to reduce the amount of co 2 emission by utilizing nuclear and renewable energy

the malmquist total factor productivity index the definitions of the malmquist output and input quantity indexes specified by d w caves l r christensen and w e diewert 1982 are applied in this study based on these indexes a malmquist total factor productivity index is derived for general production structures the definition maintains the fundamental characteristic of a productivity index as a ratio between an output quantity change index and an input quantity change index this index provides a remedy for the shortcoming of the traditional definition of the malmquist productivity index in that the latter does not correctly measure changes in productivity in the presence of changes in returns to scale copyright 1996 by the editors of the scandinavian journal of economics

a theory of competition among pressure groups for political influence this paper presents a theory of competition among pressure groups for political influence political equilibrium depends on the efficiency of each group in producing pressure the effect of additional pressure on their influence the number of persons in different groups and the deadweight cost of taxes and subsidies an increase in deadweight costs discourages pressure by subsidized groups and encourages pressure by taxpayers this analysis unifies the view that governments correct market failures with the view that they favor the politically powerful both are produced by the competition for political favors

can information about local government performance induce civic participation evidence from the philippines abstract the question of whether people are motivated to engage in civic activities once informed of their local government s performance is relevant to many developing countries that adopted decentralisation applying propensity score matching technique on a unique household level dataset from the philippines it is found that the knowledge of an index of local government performance has positive and statistically significant effects on the likelihood of membership in local organisations and participation in local projects thus the results support policies for greater transparency in local governance to deepen citizenship

relative sources of european regional productivity convergence a bootstrap frontier approach enflo k and hjertstrand p relative sources of european regional productivity convergence a bootstrap frontier approach regional studies this paper addresses the issue of western european regional productivity growth and convergence by means of data envelopment analysis dea decomposing labour productivity into efficiency change technical change and capital accumulation the decomposition shows that most regions have fallen behind the production frontier in efficiency and that capital accumulation has had a diverging effect on the labour productivity distribution using bootstrapping methods the paper also accounts for the inherent bias and the stochastic elements in the efficiency estimation it is found that the relative ranking of the efficiency scores remains stable after the bias correction even after controlling for spatially correlated measurement errors and that the dea successfully identifies the regions on the production frontier as significantly more efficient than other regions enfl

the evolution of regional labour productivities in japanese manufacturing 1968 2004 essletzbichler j and kadokawa k the evolution of regional labour productivities in japanese manufacturing 1968 2004 regional studies the success of the japanese economy in the post war period was predicated on the rapid productivity catch up of its manufacturing sector to western economies although productivity varied widely among japanese regions this paper examines the evolution of labour productivity in japanese prefectures over the period 1968 2004 employing markov chain analysis variance shift share analysis and analysis of variance the paper demonstrates that during the period of fast productivity growth the japanese economy was characterized by an increasing polarization of productivity levels while the period of slow growth since the early 1990s produced convergence in regional productivity levels essletzbichler j et kadokawa k l evolution de la productivite regionale du travail dans l industrie japonaise de 1968 a 2004 regional studies la reussite de l economie japonaise pendant

energy governance transnational rules and the resource curse exploring the effectiveness of the extractive industries transparency initiative eiti transnational standards for disclosure have become a defining feature of global governance and sound economic development yet little is known about their effectiveness this study statistically explores the efficacy of such standards for the important case of the extractive industries transparency initiative eiti an international non governmental organization which maintains a voluntary standard for revenue transparency in the extractive industries as of november 2015 31 countries were eiti compliant and another 49 were eiti candidates in total 49 countries had disclosed payments and revenues worth some 1 67 trillion in more than 200 eiti reports and over 90 major companies involved in oil gas and mining are committed to supporting the eiti the eiti has also received support from 84 global investment institutions that collectively manage about 16 trillion in energy infrastructural assets moreover the european union african union g8 and g20 and the united nations have all endorsed the eiti this article provides the first broad empirical examination of the eiti s effectiveness in improving governance and economic development outcomes in its member countries using non parametric tests regression analysis and data from the world bank we analyze the performance of the first 16 countries to attain eiti compliance status over the period of 1996 2014 we find interestingly that in most metrics eiti countries do not perform better during eiti compliance than before it and that they do not outperform other countries we postulate four possible explanations behind the relative weakness of the eiti a limited mandate its voluntary nature stakeholder resistance and dependence on strong civil society

malmquist type indices in the presence of negative data an application to bank branches in this paper we develop an index and an indicator of productivity change that can be used with negative data for that purpose the range directional model rdm a particular case of the directional distance function is used for computing efficiency in the presence of negative data we use rdm efficiency measures to arrive at a malmquist type index which can reflect productivity change and we use rdm inefficiency measures to arrive at a luenberger productivity indicator and relate the two the productivity index and indicator are developed relative to a fixed meta technology and so they are referred to as a meta malmquist index and meta luenberger indicator we also address the fact that vrs technologies are used for computing the productivity index and indicator a requirement under negative data which raises issues relating to the interpretability of the index we illustrate how the meta malmquist index can be used not only for comparing the performance of a unit in two time periods but also for comparing the performance of two different units at the same or different time periods the proposed approach is then applied to a sample of bank branches where negative data were involved the paper shows how the approach yields information from a variety of perspectives on performance which management can use

productivity growth technical progress and efficiency change in industrialized countries this paper analyzes productivity growth in 17 oecd countries over the period 1979 1988 a nonparametric programming method activity analysis is used to compute malmquist productivity indexes these are decomposed into two component measures namely technical change and efficiency change we find that u s productivity growth is slightly higher than average all of which is due to technical change japan s productivity growth is the highest in the sample with almost half due to efficiency change jel c43 d24 in this paper we apply recently developed

estimating total factor productivity growth in singapore at sectoral level using data envelopment analysis trends in total factor productivity growth tfpg are examined in the ten major sectors of singapore data are drawn from the yearbook of statistics singapore various issues and economic survey of singapore series ranging from the year 1985 to 2000 due to the heterogeneous characteristic of each sector and non availability of reliable input price data this study uses a non parametric frontier methodology known as data envelopment analysis dea to obtain the malmquist productivity index at the sectoral level the results can help singapore identify the best practice sector and laggards in three aspects efficiency change technical change and tfpg which is the qualitative productivity improvements needed for long term economic growth the three sets of productivity estimates are adjusted for effects of inflation and business cycles so that they are more reliable for policy implications this exercise will provide a platform for more detailed study on the determinants of tfp growth in different s