co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth in china a panel data analysis this paper examines the causal relationships between carbon dioxide emissions energy consumption and real economic output using panel cointegration and panel vector error correction modeling techniques based on the panel data for 28 provinces in china over the period 1995 2007 our empirical results show that co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth have appeared to be cointegrated moreover there exists bidirectional causality between co2 emissions and energy consumption and also between energy consumption and economic growth it has also been found that energy consumption and economic growth are the long run causes for co2 emissions and co2 emissions and economic growth are the long run causes for energy consumption the results indicate that china s co2 emissions will not decrease in a long period of time and reducing co2 emissions may handicap china s economic growth to some degree some policy implications of the empirical results have finally been proposed

transition towards a low carbon economy a computable general equilibrium analysis for poland in the transition to sustainable economic structures the european union assumes a leading role with its climate and energy package which sets ambitious greenhouse gas emission reduction targets by 2020 among eu member states poland with its heavy energy system reliance on coal is particularly worried on the pending trade offs between emission regulation and economic growth in our computable general equilibrium analysis of the eu climate and energy package we show that economic adjustment cost for poland hinge crucially on restrictions to where flexibility of emission abatement revenue recycling and technological options in the power system we conclude that more comprehensive flexibility provisions at the eu level and a diligent policy implementation at the national level could achieve the transition towards a low carbon economy at little cost thereby broadening societal support

sense and no n sense of energy security indicators energy security ranks high on the policy agenda of many countries to improve on energy security governments undertake regulatory measures for promoting renewable energy increasing energy efficiency or curbing carbon dioxide emissions the impacts of such measures on energy security are typically monitored by means of so called energy security indicators in this paper we show that the common use of wide spread energy security indicators falls short of providing a meaningful metric regulatory measures to improve on energy security trigger ambiguous effects across energy security indicators we conclude that a major pitfall of energy security indicators is the lack of a rigorous microeconomic foundation

renewable energy consumption urbanization financial development income and co2 emissions in turkey testing ekc hypothesis with structural breaks abstract in this study the short and long run dynamic relationship between per capita gdp per capita carbon dioxide co2 emissions financial development per capita total renewable energy consumption hydropower consumption alternative energy consumption and urbanization was investigated by using ardl bounds testing approach gregory hansen and hatemi j cointegration tests for turkey during 1974 2014 the results of three cointegration test indicated that there was a long run relationship between these variables the coefficients obtained from the ardl fully modified least squares fmols and canonical cointegrating regression ccr estimators showed that economic growth financial development and urbanization increase environmental degradation while total renewable energy consumption hydropower consumption and alternative energy consumption had no effect on co2 emissions the findings showed that economic growth caused the greatest increases in co2 emissions followed by urbanization and financial development however renewable energy consumption was not at a desirable level to reduce co2 emissions the study also support environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis which establishes an inverted u shaped relationship between economic growth and co2 emissions the turning points of per capita gdp obtained from long run regressions were found to be around 13523 14077 us dollars outside the sample period the overall results indicated that turkey has not reached the level of per capita gdp that can reduce environmental pollution and renewable energy consumption is not a solution to reduce co2 emissions

fossil fuel supply leakage and the effectiveness of border measures in climate policy abstract understanding fossil fuel supply behaviour is crucial for interpreting carbon leakage and assessing the potential effectiveness of border measures in climate policy in most computable general equilibrium models this fossil fuel supply is derived from a constant elasticity of substitution production function in which a natural resource is treated as a fixed factor we show that this leads to endogenously decreasing supply elasticities and sharply increasing marginal leakage rates for large coalitions that have ambitious emissions targets particularly when fuel exporters participate in the coalition we propose an alternative production function that has a constant elasticity of fuel supply which results in more stable leakage rates and a different share of trade related leakage the role of this model variation for the assessment of border measures in climate policy turns out to be limited in those cases where the model versions differ most i e large coalition ambitious targets border measures have a small effect anyway

good things do not always come in threes on the excess cost of overlapping regulation in eu climate policy since the mid 1990 s the european union eu aims at pushing global climate policy the objective is to promote international cooperation by the adoption of substantial eu wide greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and their least cost implementation our quantitative impact assessment of the eu climate and energy package shows that the myriad of instruments used in the eu to curb greenhouse gas emissions is doomed to generate substantial excess cost we conclude that eu climate and energy policy should better disentangle its choices of objectives targets and policy instruments on rigorous economic grounds in order to improve the coherence and overall cost effectiveness of policy initiatives

the use and abuse of meta analysis in environmental and natural resource economics an assessment motivated by the 2006 report of a work group appointed by the environmental protection agency epa this paper examines the present state of meta analysis in environmental economics and offers recommendations for its future use to this end we summarize and assess 140 meta analyses from 125 published and unpublished studies covering 17 topical categories in environmental and resource economics first we provide several generic meta analysis models as reference points and discuss major estimation issues five econometric issues are identified as part of a complete analysis 1 sample selection criteria 2 basic data summary 3 primary data heterogeneity 4 heteroskedasticity and 5 non independence of multiple observations from primary studies second a tabular summary is presented for the 140 meta analyses with respect to estimation methods third a narrative summary is presented for 19 meta analyses including the three value of statistical life studies examined by the epa work group and one analysis from each of 16 other categories fourth we offer a set of best practice guidelines for future meta analyses in this and other areas of economics last the paper comments on the use of meta analytic methods for benefit transfers of environmental values

alternative designs for tariffs on embodied carbon a global cost effectiveness analysis in the absence of effective world wide cooperation to curb global warming import tariffs on embodied carbon have been proposed as a potential supplement to unilateral emissions pricing we consider alternative designs for such tariffs and analyze their effects on global welfare within a multi region multi sector computable general equilibrium cge model of global trade and energy our analysis suggests that the most cost efficient policy could be region specific tariffs on all products based on direct plus electricity emissions in the end however the potential cost savings through carbon tariffs must be weighed against the administrative costs as well as legal issues and political considerations

are green hopes too rosy employment and welfare impacts of renewable energy promotion in view of pressing unemployment problems policy makers across all parties jump on the prospects of renewable energy promotion as a job creation engine which can boost economic well being our analytical model shows that initial labor market rigidities in theory provide some scope for such a double dividend however the practical outcome of renewable energy promotion might be sobering our computable general equilibrium analysis of subsidized electricity production from renewable energy sources res e in germany suggests that the prospects for employment and welfare gains are quite limited and hinge crucially on the level of the subsidy rate and the financing mechanism if res e subsidies are financed by labor taxes welfare and employment effects are strictly negative for a broad range of subsidy rates the use of an electricity tax to fund res e subsidies generates minor benefits for small subsidy rates but these benefits quickly turn into significant losses as the subsidy rate exceeds some threshold value

energy consumption real income and temporal causality results from a multi country study based on cointegration and error correction modelling techniques abstract unlike previous studies on the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth this paper illustrates how the finding of cointegration i e long term equilibrium relationship between these variables may be used in testing granger causality based on the most recent johansen s multivariate cointegration tests preceded by various unit root or non stationarity tests we test for cointegration between total energy consumption and real income of six asian economies india pakistan malaysia singapore indonesia and the philippines non rejection of cointegration between variables rules out granger non causality and imples at least one way of granger causality either unidirectional or bidirectionial secondly by using a dynamic vector error correction model we then analyse the direction of granger causation and hence the within sample granger exogeneity or endogeneity of each of the variables thirdly the relative strength of the causality is gauged through the dynamic variance decomposition technique by decomposing the total impact of an unanticipated shock to each of the variables beyond the sample period into proportions attributable to shocks in the other variables including its own in the bivariate system results based on these tools of methodology indicate that while all pair wise relationships shared common univariate integrational properties only relationships for three countries india pakistan and indonesia were cointegrated for these countries temporal causality results were mixed with unidirectional causality from energy to income for india exactly the reverse for indonesia and mutual causality for pakistan the vdcs were not inconsistent with these results and provided us with an additional insight as to the relatively more dominant direction of causation in pakistan simple bivariate vector autoregressive models for the three non cointegrated systems did not indicate any direction of causality significantly in either direction

structural analysis of cointegrating vars this survey uses a number of recent developments in the analysis of cointegrating vector autoregressions vars to examine their links to the older structural modelling traditions using autoregressive distributed lag ardl and simultaneous equations models sems in particular it emphasizes the importance of using judgement and economic theory to supplement the statistical information after a brief historical review it sets out the statistical framework discusses the identification of impulse responses using the generalized impulse response functions reviews the analysis of cointegrating vars and highlights the large number of choices applied workers have to make in determining a specification in particular it considers the problem of specification of intercepts and trends and the size of the var in more detail and examines the advantages of the use of exogenous variables in cointegration analysis the issues are illustrated with a small u s macroeconomic model

an econometric study of co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade in turkey abstract this study attempts to empirically examine the dynamic causal relationships between carbon emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of turkey using the time series data for the period 1960 2005 this research tests the interrelationship between the variables using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure the bounds test results indicate that there exist two forms of long run relationships between the variables in the case of first form of long run relationship carbon emissions are determined by energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of second long run relationship income is determined by carbon emissions energy consumption and foreign trade an augmented form of granger causality analysis is conducted amongst the variables the long run relationship of co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade equation is also checked for the parameter stability the empirical results suggest that income is the most significant variable in explaining the carbon emissions in turkey which is followed by energy consumption and foreign trade moreover there exists a stable carbon emissions function the results also provide important policy recommendations

the efficiency cost of protective measures in climate policy despite recent achievements towards a global climate agreement climate action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions remains quite heterogeneous across countries energy intensive and trade exposed eite industries in industrialized countries are concerned on stringent domestic emission pricing that puts them at a competitive disadvantage against producers of similar goods in other countries with more lenient emission regulation this paper focuses on climate policy design in the united states of america us and compares the economic implications of four alternative protective measures for us eite industries i output based rebates ii exemptions from emission pricing iii energy intensity standards and iv carbon intensity standards using a large scale computable general equilibrium model we quantify how these protective measures affect competitiveness of us eite industries we find that protective measures can improve common trade related competitiveness indicators such as revealed comparative advantage or relative world trade shares but at the same time may lead to a decline in the output value for eite industries because of negative income effects the economy wide cost of emission abatement under protective measures increase as compared to uniform emission pricing stand alone such that the gains of protective measures for eite exports may be more than compensated through losses in domestic eite demand

the global markets for coking coal and iron ore complementary goods integrated mining companies and strategic behavior abstract the global market for coking coal is linked to the global market for iron ore since both goods are complementary inputs in pig iron production moreover international trade of both commodities is highly concentrated with only a few large companies active on both input markets given this setting the paper presented investigates the strategy of quantity setting cournot mining companies that own both a coking coal and an iron ore division do these firms optimize the divisions output on a firm level or by each division separately division by division first using a theoretical model of two cournot duopolies of complementary goods we find that there exists a critical capacity constraint below above at which firm level optimization results in identical superior profits compared with division level optimization second by applying a spatial multi input equilibrium simulation model of the coking coal and iron ore markets we find that due to the limited capacity firms gain no substantial additional benefit from optimizing output on a firm level

neoclassical growth the j curve for abatement and the inverted u curve for pollution abstract this paper reexamines the neoclassical environmental growth model of forster to gain insights into the dynamic relationships among pollution abatement effort and economic development whereas the model has heretofore been used to examine steady state levels of capital consumption and environmental quality it also provides a theoretical basis for recent empirical research on j curves for abatement effort and inverted u curves for pollution

stoking the fires co2 emissions and economic growth abstract we examine the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions a greenhouse gas central to global warming predictions estimates derived from global panel data suggest a diminishing marginal propensity to emit mpe carbon dioxide as gdp per capita rises despite this global carbon dioxide emissions growth will continue at 1 8 percent per annum for the foreseeable future a result that is not sensitive to average output growth instead emissions growth continues because output and population will grow most rapidly in lower income nations with high mpes this latter feature emphasizes the distributional consequences of policies to reduce emissions

economic growth and emissions reconsidering the empirical basis of environmental kuznets curves abstract recent empirical research indicates that certain types of emissions follow an inverted u or environmental kuznets curve ekc as income grows this regularity has been interpreted as a possible de linking of economic growth and patterns of certain pollutants for developed economies in this paper the empirical basis of this result is investigated by considering some statistical particularities of the various ekc studies performed it is argued that the inverted u relationship between income and emissions estimated from panel data need not hold for specific individual countries over time based on insights from intensity of use analysis in resource economics an alternative growth model is specified and estimated for three types of emissions co2 nox and so2 in four countries netherlands uk usa and western germany it is found that the time patterns of these emissions correlate positively with economic growth and that emission reductions may have been achieved as a result of structural and technological changes in the economy sustainable growth is defined as the rate of economic growth that does not lead to growth in emissions its rate is calculated for each type of emission and country based on estimated parameter values the resulting indicators reflect a balance between the positive influence of growth and negative influence of structural change and technological progress on emission levels

determinants of co2 emissions in a small open economy abstract the aim of the paper is to explore the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide co2 emissions for a small open and industrialized country austria we test whether an environmental kuznets curve relationship also holds for a single country rather than concentrating on panel or cross section data for a set of countries a cubic i e n shaped relationship between gdp and co2 emissions is found to fit the data most appropriately for the period 1960 1999 and a structural break is identified in the mid seventies due to the oil price shock furthermore two variables are additionally significant import shares reflecting the well known pollution haven hypothesis and the share of the tertiary service sector of total production gdp accounting for structural changes in the economy emission projections derived from this single country specification support the widely held opinion that significant policy changes are asked for when implementing the kyoto protocol in order to bring about a downturn in future carbon emissions

foreign direct investment spillovers and productivity growth in indonesian garment and electronics manufacturing inflows of foreign direct investment generate externalities that spill over to domestic firms and raise their productivity this article examines the extent of spillover effects of foreign direct investment for firms in the highly disaggregated garment isic 3221 and electronics industries isic 3832 in indonesia both are export intensive industries but differ greatly in technological sophistication and labour intensity changes in both the productivity level and rate of growth in each industry are decomposed into the effects of technological change technical efficiency change and scale efficiency change and then the impacts of spillovers on each component and on total productivity are estimated the findings suggest that foreign direct investment generates a positive effect on total productivity change technical efficiency change technological change and scale efficiency change in the garment industry in contrast foreign direct investment contributes significantly negatively to total productivity technological change and scale efficiency change but has no significant effect on technical efficiency change in the electronics industry

electricity consumption and economic growth a time series experience for 17 african countries abstract while the availability of electricity by itself is not a panacea for the economic and social problems facing africa the supply of electricity is nevertheless believed to be a necessary requirement for africa s economic and social development this paper tests the long run and causal relationship between electricity consumption per capita and real gross domestic product gdp per capita for 17 african countries for the period 1971 2001 using a newly developed cointegration test proposed by pesaran et al 2001 and using a modified version of the granger causality test due to toda and yamamoto 1995 the advantage of using these two approaches is that they both avoid the pre testing bias associated with conventional unit root and cointegration tests the empirical evidence shows that there was a long run relationship between electricity consumption per capita and real gdp per capita for only 9 countries and granger causality for only 12 countries for 6 countries there was a positive uni directional causality running from real gdp per capita to electricity consumption per capita an opposite causality for 3 countries and bi directional causality for the remaining 3 countries the result should however be interpreted with care as electricity consumption accounts for less than 4 of total energy consumption in africa and only grid supplied electricity is taken into account

the turning points of carbon kuznets curve evidences from panel and time series data of 164 countries with the dramatic economic development global warming caused by carbon emission has become increasingly serious and carbon emission reduction therefore comes to be the principle in most countries turning point tp which represents carbon emission turns from increasing to decreasing tendency with the economic growth has become a major focus of political and academic concern however previous studies on tp were contextualized only in individual countries or regions but barely from a global perspective which are insufficient for solving the carbon emission as a global issue therefore this study aims to provide a global picture of the carbon emissions by identifying the tps of 164 countries and five panel groups i e global high income upper middle income lower middle income and low income levels in the world and the patterns of them the results show that 123 individual countries and all the five panel groups accept the carbon kuznets curve ckc hypothesis then the tps of them are identified in particular three close correlations are identified throughout the study 1 the proportion of the ckc hypothesis and income level i e the higher income level the larger proportion of countries meeting the ckc hypothesis 2 the tps and income level i e the higher income level the higher tp and 3 the turning years and income level i e the higher income level the shorter turning years the identified tps in this study provide valuable references for not only individual countries but also countries at different income levels to tailor their strategies and policies to finally achieve global carbon emission reduction

cost effective unilateral climate policy design size matters given the bleak prospects for a global agreement on mitigating climate change pressure for unilateral abatement is increasing a major challenge is emissions leakage border carbon adjustments and output based allocation of emissions allowances can increase effectiveness of unilateral action but introduce distortions of their own we assess antileakage measures as a function of abatement coalition size we first develop a partial equilibrium analytical framework to see how these instruments affect emissions within and outside the coalition we then employ a computable general equilibrium model of international trade and energy use to assess the strategies as the coalition grows we find that full border adjustments rank first in global cost effectiveness followed by import tariffs and output based rebates the differences across measures and their overall appeal decline as the abatement coalition grows in terms of cost the coalition countries prefer border carbon adjustments countries outside the coalition prefer output based rebates

co2 emissions energy consumption trade and income a comparative analysis of china and india in order to prevent the destabilisation of the earth s biosphere co2 emissions must be reduced quickly and significantly the causes of co2 emissions by individual countries need to be apprehended in order to understand the processes required for reducing emissions around the globe china and india are the two largest transitional countries and growing economies but are in two entirely different categories in terms of structural changes in growth trade and energy use co2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels have significantly increased in the recent past this paper compares china and india using the bounds testing approach to cointegration and the ardl methodology to test the long and short run relationships between growth trade energy use and endogenously determined structural breaks the co2 emissions in china were influenced by per capita income structural changes and energy consumption a similar causal connection cannot be established for india with regard to structural changes and co2 emissions because india s informal economy is much larger than china s india possesses an extraordinarily large number of micro enterprises that are low energy consumers and not competitive enough to reach international markets understanding these contrasting scenarios is prerequisite to reaching an international agreement on climate change affecting these two countries

are agricultural r d returns declining and development dependent abstract there is widespread professional consensus that agricultural research and development r d realizes high economic returns though there are concerns as to whether the returns have been declining over the past few decades and are unevenly distributed among different regions in the world this study examines both the time trend i e increasing or decreasing and regional developmental differences in the reported returns to agricultural r d using a newly updated and expanded global database of estimated returns to agricultural r d and a robust statistical methodology we find that after accounting for methodological changes and other study attributes that have varied over time the contemporary returns to agricultural r d investments are as high as ever we also conduct a oaxaca decomposition to assess the relative importance of differences among countries in study attributes e g what research was evaluated by whom and how versus differences in how these attributes relate to the irr e g model parameter estimates we find that the regional differences in study attributes tend to result in higher irr estimates in developed countries whereas developing versus developed country differences in the marginal effects of the attributes on the estimated irrs tend to result in higher estimates in developing countries

economic growth and environmental degradation the environmental kuznets curve and sustainable development abstract in this paper we critically examine the concept of the environmental kuznets curve ekc it proposes that there is an inverted u shape relation between environmental degradation and income per capita so that eventually growth reduces the environmental impact of economic activity the concept is dependent on a model of the economy in which there is no feedback from the quality of the environment to production possibilities and in which trade has a neutral effect on environmental degradation the actual violation of these assumptions gives rise to fundamental problems in estimating the parameters of an ekc the paper identifies other econometric problems with estimates of the ekc and reviews a number of empirical studies the inference from some such ekc estimates that further development will reduce environmental degradation is dependent on the assumption that world per capita income is normally distributed when in fact median income is far below mean income we carry out simulations combining ekc estimates from the literature with world bank forecasts for economic growth for individual countries aggregating over countries to derive the global impact within the horizon of the bank s forecast 2025 global emissions of so 2 continue to increase forest loss stabilizes before the end of the period but tropical deforestation continues at a constant rate throughout the period

a note on the causal relationship between energy and gdp in taiwan abstract this paper re examines the causality between energy consumption and gdp by using updated taiwan data for the period 1954 1997 as a secondary contribution we investigate the causal relationship between gdp and the aggregate as well as several disaggregate categories of energy consumption including coal oil natural gas and electricity applying granger s technique we find bidirectional causality between total energy consumption and gdp we find further that different directions of cause exist between gdp and various kinds of energy consumption

clean development investments an incentive compatible cge modeling framework the clean development mechanism established under the kyoto protocol allows industrialized annex i countries to offset part of their domestic emissions by investing in emissions reduction projects in developing non annex i countries computable general equilibrium analysis of the clean development mechanism s impacts so far mimics the clean development mechanism as a sector emissions trading scheme thereby overstating its potential to save climate change mitigation costs this study develops a novel approach that represents the clean development mechanism more realistically by compensating clean development mechanism implementing sectors for additional abatement cost and by endogenizing clean development mechanism credits as a function of investment compared with previous representations the proposed approach is more consistent in its incentive structure and investment characteristics at the sector level an empirical application of the new methodology demonstrates that the economy wide cost savings from the clean development mechanism tend to be lower than suggested by conventional modeling approaches while clean development mechanism implementing sectors do not lose in output

the environmental kuznets curve and sustainability a panel data analysis abstract in recent years sustainability has represented one of the most important policy goals explored in the environmental kuznets curve ekc literature but related hypotheses performance measures and results continue to present a challenge the present paper contributes to this ongoing literature by studying two different ekc specifications for 10 middle east and north african mena countries over the period 1990 2010 using panel data methods for the first specification namely ekc we show that there is an inverted u shape relationship between environmental degradation and income while for the second specification namely modified ekc mekc we show that there is an inverted u shape relationship between sustainability and human development hd the relationships are shaped by other factors such as energy trade manufacture added value and the role of law more interestingly findings from the estimation show that ekc hypothesis hd and sustainability are crucial to build effective environmental policies

ekc analysis for studying economic growth and environmental quality a case study in china compared with the extensive research on the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality in developed countries there is a paucity of an empirical research on studying the relation for developing countries based upon the environmental kuznets curve ekc theory this paper develops regression models for investigating the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality in china the ekc analysis based on six pollution indices is illustrated with a case study in jiaxing of zhejiang china

impact of optimal storage allocation on price volatility in energy only electricity markets recent studies show that the fast growing expansion of wind power generation may lead to extremely high levels of price volatility in wholesale electricity markets storage technologies regardless of their specific forms e g pump storage hydro large scale or distributed batteries are capable of alleviating the extreme price volatility levels due to their energy usage time shifting fast ramping and price arbitrage capabilities in this paper we propose a stochastic bilevel optimization model to find the optimal nodal storage capacities required to achieve a certain price volatility level in a highly volatile energy only electricity market the decision on storage capacities is made in the upper level problem and the operation of strategic regulated generation storage and transmission players is modeled in the lower level problem using an extended stochastic bayesian cournot based game the south australia sa electricity market which has recently experienced high levels of price volatility and a 30 bus ieee system are considered as the case studies our numerical results indicate that 50 price volatility reduction in the sa electricity market can be achieved by installing either 430 mwh regulated storage or 530 mwh strategic storage in other words regulated storage firms are more efficient in reducing the price volatility than strategic storage firms

us climate policy a critical assessment of intensity standards intensity standards have gained substantial momentum as a regulatory instrument in us climate policy energy intensive and trade exposed industries are traditionally opposed to initiatives for domestic carbon pricing as they are particularly vulnerable to competitiveness losses and refer to counterproductive emission leakage in a unilateral climate policy context this has led to policy proposals where intensity standards on energy and carbon might at least in part substitute for explicit carbon pricing via taxes or emission allowances in this paper we study the economic efficiency properties of intensity standards as an instrument of unilateral climate policy we first develop a theoretical partial equilibrium framework and show that standards can have an ambiguous effect on carbon leakage we then use an applied computable general equilibrium model of the global economy to gain quantitative insights into the effects of intensity standards for the case of the us our numerical results show that intensity standards may rather increase than decrease carbon leakage moreover standards can lead to considerable welfare losses compared to uniform emission taxing the tradability of standards across industries is a mechanism that can reduce these negative effects

explaining the relationship between co2 emissions and national income the role of energy consumption i estimate a simultaneous equation system in which gdp and co2 emissions are jointly determined i find that including energy consumption in the regression implies a negative relationship between income and co2 emissions which is contrary to previous findings

decoupling analysis and environmental kuznets curve modelling of provincial level co2 emissions and economic growth in china a case study abstract guangdong is one of the most representative provinces of china in terms of reflecting how the provincial level co2 emissions dynamically evolve with economic development during the process of industrialisation and urbanisation the present study combines decoupling analysis with environmental kuznets curve ekc modelling to systematically explore the interactions between co2 emissions and economic growth in guangdong from the short to long terms aiming to provide the referential significance of low carbon development to other chinese provinces empirical results indicate that co2 economy interactions in guangdong dynamically changed with time performing an effect of expansive weak decoupling during 1995 2014 and having a potential to achieve a strong decoupling in the long run the decoupling states of various sectors and their contributions to the provincial overall decoupling differed greatly and varied by time and household and service sectors played increasingly important roles overall the decoupling effect of provincial co2 emissions is distinctly affected by the stage of industrialisation and urbanisation renewable energy utilisation as well as low carbon technical progress therefore promoting co2 economy decoupling at the provincial level should be specific to the feature and development reality of various provinces

investigating environmental kuznets curve in china aggregation bias and policy implications abstract aggregation bias may lead to a wrongly estimated environmental kuznets curve ekc and misguide the policy makers this paper aims to test the existence of aggregation bias in the environmental kuznets curve with the sulfur dioxide so2 emission the empirical methods robust to cross sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity reveals that the estimation of so2 ekc in china suffers from aggregation bias the results with the disaggregate data cannot support the ekc estimated at the aggregate level the finding of aggregation bias has several policy implications first the government should not be misled by the false relationship between the pollutant emission and the real gdp per capita at the aggregate level second the local governments should play more important roles in making environmental protection policies since the more disaggregate data can mitigate the aggregation bias to provide enough incentives to the local government the chinese national government should align the interests of the local governments with those of the national government on the other hand the findings indicate that china can stick to the policy of encouraging foreign direct investment openness and financial development since they have not influenced the so2 emission in china

carbon dioxide income and energy evidence from a non linear model abstract this study applies the panel smooth transition regression pstr model to explore the impacts of real income energy and investment on the co 2 income nexus for 99 countries covering the period from 1971 to 2010 we find that in the full sample as real income rises co 2 emissions rapidly increase first and then their increasing rate starts to slow down while the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for co 2 emissions is supported from the composite results of three income groups our results show that decreasing energy usage improving energy efficiency and enhancing clean energy usage could effectively ease the impacts of real income on co 2 emissions moreover countries with different energy trade conditions and income levels have different co 2 income correlations indicating that one size does not fit all

embodied carbon tariffs in a world where the prospects of a global agreement to control greenhouse gas emissions are bleak the idea of using trade policy as an implicit regulation of foreign emission sources has gained many supporters in countries contemplating unilateral climate policies embodied carbon tariffs tax the direct and indirect carbon emissions embodied in imported goods the appeal seems obvious as oecd countries are on average large net importers of embodied emissions from non oecd countries carbon tariffs could substantially extend the reach of oecd climate policies we investigate this claim by simulating the effects of embodied carbon tariffs with a computable general equilibrium model of global trade and energy use we find that embodied carbon tariffs do effectively reduce carbon leakage however the scope for improvements in the global cost effectiveness of unilateral climate policy is limited the main welfare effect of the tariffs is to shift the burden of oecd climate policy to the developing world

non competitive market behaviour in the international coking coal market in this paper a primal dual programming model of international coking coal trade is constructed to test for non competitive market behaviour world trade in 1996 is simulated under perfect competition and various non competitive market structures statistical tests are used to compare simulated trade flows with actual data assuming cournot nash behaviour an all consumer oligopsony market structure is preferred to alternative models under an all consumer oligopsony world coking coal prices and trade are lower than under perfect competition under an oligopsonistic structure welfare gains from productivity increases in australian coal mines might largely accrue to coal buyers

the effect of market conduct on international steam coal trade abstract this paper is concerned with the determinants of international steam coal trade most quantitative work in explaining such trade has been stymied by the apparent failure of the competitive model to account for observed and anticipated trade flows in general authors have sought institutional explanations for this failure the hypothesis explored by this paper is that the exercising of market power by certain agents in the market can lead to trade patterns consistent with those observed and anticipated this hypothesis is explored through a simple model of imperfect market equilibrium in addition to perfect competition we examine cournot nash monopoly south africa duopoly south africa australia and duopoly monopsony south africa australia japan with a competitive fringe of producers us canada poland china colombia using the equilibrium model of coal trade we examine these market structures and evaluate the extent to which they can explain existing and anticipated trade patterns

carbon dioxide emission and income a temporal analysis of cross country distributional patterns the existence of a cointegrating relationship between income and co2 emission for individual country groups suggests existence of a corresponding relationship between the inter country disparities in the levels of income and co2 emission this paper explores the relationship between the patterns of cross country distribution of income and co2 emission and temporal shifts in such a relationship this paper also examines how the mean level of per capita co2 emission and its distributional inequality are related to the corresponding mean income level and the distributional inequality of income the analysis is based on a cross country panel data set at the level of country group environmental quality demanded is treated as a private good and not as a public good as done in most other studies the technique of lorenz and specific concentration curve analysis are used as the basic analytical framework to argue that a measure of relative distributional inequality of income should be used as an explanatory variable in the environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship along with the mean income level in the empirical exercise johansen s cointegration analysis technique is used to explore existence of statistically significant cointegrating vector s relating mean level of emission and specific concentration ratio scr of emission to mean income level and lorenz ratio lr of income the empirical results confirm that the pattern of cross country income distribution has significant effect on the mean level of emission for all the country groups considered

on energy consumption and gdp studies a meta analysis of the last two decades abstract the relationship between energy consumption and gdp growth has been intensely examined in multiple frameworks set by various methods and countries this paper is a meta analysis of 51 studies published in the last two decades with worldwide data since 1949 on the relationship between energy consumption and gdp growth the aim is to systemize some of the factors that cause the variation of results in these studies our results yield evidence that the long run elasticity of gdp growth with respect to energy consumption is not independent of the method employed for cointegration the data type and the inclusion of variables such as the price level or capital in the cointegration equation also 1 increase in capital increases the elasticity of gdp with respect to energy consumption by 0 85

income and emission a panel data based cointegration analysis this paper presents the results of an investigation of the causality issue of incomeemission relationship based on time series econometric techniques of unit root test cointegration and related error correction model for a panel data set here the nature of causality between per capita co2 emission pcco2 and per capita gdp pcgdp has been examined using a cross country panel data set covering 88 countries for the period 1960 90 using the panel unit root test procedure of im et al 1997 ips we have found that the hypothesis of unit root i e non stationarity of the time series of pcgdp and pcco2 can not be rejected for individual country groups as both the variables are found to follow i 1 process we next have performed the panel data co integration test and finally we have estimated the ecm for these country groups for which significant income emission cointegration was obtained to explore the nature of dynamics implicit in the given panel data set our findings suggest that there is more or less a bi directional causal relationship between income pcgdp and co2 emission pcco2 for africa central america america as a whole eastern europe western europe europe as a whole and the world as a whole that means the movement of the one variable directly affects the other variable through a feedback system thus the policy makers should be cautious to make proper decision about the control of emission level

strategic behaviour in international metallurgical coal markets abstract this paper analyses whether prices and trade flows in the international market for metallurgical coals were subject to non competitive conduct in the period 2008 to 2010 to do so i develop mathematical programming models a stackelberg model two varieties of a cournot model and a perfect competition model for computing spatial equilibria in international resource markets results are analysed with various statistical measures to assess prediction accuracy of the models the results show that real market equilibria cannot be reproduced with a competitive model however real market outcomes can be accurately simulated with the non competitive models suggesting that market equilibria in the international metallurgical coal trade were subject to strategic behaviour of coal exporters

vertical fiscal externalities and the environment we show that imposition of a state level environmental tax in a federation crowds out pre existing federal taxes we explain how this vertical fiscal externality can lead unilateral state level environmental policy to generate a welfare gain in the implementing state at the expense of other states even absent any environmental benefits using a computable general equilibrium model of the canadian federation we show that vertical fiscal externalities can be the major determinant of the welfare change following environmental policy implementation by a state government our numerical simulations indicate that as a consequence of vertical fiscal externalities state governments can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by over 20 percent without any net cost to themselves

the dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on co2 emissions a revisited environmental kuznets curve approach this paper considers a revisited environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis with potential impact of renewable energy consumption on environmental quality to this end paper aims at investigating the validity of the ekc hypothesis employing the dependent variable of co2 emissions and regressors of gdp quadratic gdp and renewable energy consumption this paper hence analyzes this revisited ekc hypothesis to observe if i there exists an inverted u shaped relationship between environmental quality in terms of co2 emissions per capita income and per capita income squared and ii there exists a negative causality from renewables to co2 emissions within ekc model paper employs a panel data set of 17 oecd countries over the period 1977 2010 and launches panel fmols and panel dols estimations the findings support the ekc hypothesis for the panel and indicate that gdp per capita and gdp per capita squared have the impacts on co2 emissions positively and negatively respectively and that renewable energy consumption yields negative impact on co2 emissions another remark of this paper is that the validity of ekc does not depend on income level of individual countries of panel in which ekc hypothesis holds eventually paper argues that if countries carry out i policies i e for fair and easy access to the electricity from renewable sources and ii policies to increase renewables supply through i e improved renewable energy technologies they will be able to contribute to combating global warming problem as they increase their gdp s

are renewable energy policies climate friendly the role of capacity constraints and market power abstract this paper studies the impacts of renewable energy support policies on energy prices fossil fuel supply and thus carbon emissions from fossil fuels such supports are climate friendly if the renewables are already competitive against fossil fuels but if the renewables are not yet competitive the climate change impacts are often ambiguous and are sensitive to capacity constraints of renewables production and to the fossil fuel market structure if the renewables do not have capacity constraints then the subsidies are subject to the green paradox under perfect competition but might be climate friendly under monopoly supports for capacity constrained renewables under perfect competition lead to more current fossil fuel supply but delay fossil fuel exhaustion time and these effects are reversed under monopoly our results highlight the importance of considering the long term effects on fossil fuel supply as well as capacity constraints and market power in designing renewable energy policies and evaluating their carbon footprints

modeling strategic investment decisions in spatial markets abstract markets for natural resources and commodities are often oligopolistic in these markets production capacities are key for strategic interaction between the oligopolists we analyze how different market structures influence oligopolistic capacity investments and thereby affect supply prices and rents in spatial natural resource markets using mathematical programming models the models comprise an investment stage and a supply stage in which players compete in quantities we compare three models a perfect competition and two cournot models in which the product is either traded through long term contracts or on spot markets in the supply stage tractability and practicality of the approach are demonstrated in an application to the international metallurgical coal market results may vary substantially between the different models the metallurgical coal market has recently made progress in moving away from long term contracts and more towards spot market based trade based on our results we conclude that this regime switch is likely to raise consumer rents but lower producer rents while the effect on total welfare is negligible

assessing market structures in resource markets an empirical analysis of the market for metallurgical coal using various equilibrium models abstract the prevalent market structures found in many resource markets consist of high concentration on the supply side and low demand elasticity market results are therefore frequently assumed to be an outcome of strategic interaction between producers common models to investigate the market outcomes and underlying market structures are games representing competitive markets strategic cournot competition and stackelberg structures that take into account a dominant player acting first followed by one or more players we add to the literature by expanding the application of mathematical models and applying an equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints epec which is used to model multi leader follower games to a spatial market using our model we investigate the prevalent market setting in the international market for metallurgical coal between 2008 and 2010 whose market characteristics provide arguments for a wide variety of market structures using different statistical measures to compare model results with actual market outcomes we find that two previously neglected settings perform best first a setting in which the four largest metallurgical coal exporting firms compete against each other as stackelberg leaders while the remainders act as cournot followers second a setting with bhpb acting as sole stackelberg leader

re examining the reported rates of return to food and agricultural research and development reply hurley rao and pardey 2014 analytically and empirically evaluate the internal rate of return irr vis a vis the modified internal rate of return mirr for investments in agricultural research and development r d they find that estimates of the irr are 2 5 to 5 times larger than the mirr for a wide range of assumptions leading them to question the value of the irr as a metric to represent the rate of return to agricultural r d oehmke 2016 defends the irr by arguing that it has important properties that the mirr does not possess in this article we critically examine these properties demonstrating that some are not inherent to the mirr for other properties we simply disagree with oehmke s assessment of their desirability therefore we are not compelled to change our original recommendation

empirical study on the environmental kuznets curve for co2 in france the role of nuclear energy this paper attempts to estimate the environmental kuznets curve ekc in the case of france by taking the role of nuclear energy in electricity production into account we adopt the autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach to cointegration as the estimation method additionally we examine the stability of the estimated models and investigate the granger causality relationships between the variables in the system the results from our estimation provide evidence supporting the ekc hypothesis and the estimated models are shown to be stable over the sample period the uni direction running from other variables to co2 emissions are confirmed from the casualty tests specifically the uni directional causality relationship running from nuclear energy to co2 emissions statistically provides evidence on the important role of nuclear energy in reducing co2 emissions

optimal emission pricing in the presence of international spillovers decomposing leakage and terms of trade motives abstract carbon leakage provides an efficiency argument for differentiated emission prices in favor of emission intensive and trade exposed sectors under unilateral climate policy however differential emission pricing can be used as a beggar thy neighbor policy to exploit terms of trade adopting an optimal tax framework we propose a method to decompose the leakage and terms of trade motives for emission price differentiation we employ our method for the quantitative impact assessment of unilateral climate policy based on empirical data we find that the leakage motive yields only small efficiency gains compared to uniform emission pricing likewise the terms of trade motive has rather limited potential for strategic burden shifting we conclude that in many cases the simple first best rule of uniform emission pricing remains a practical guideline for unilateral climate policy design

driving force of rising renewable energy in china environment regulation and employment abstract this paper studies the development of renewable energy in china by examining the driving force of environment quality regulation and employment on renewable energy generation we adopt renewable energy as a metric for environment quality and test the relationship between renewable energy and income using environment kuznets curve ekc theories the impact of employment on renewable energy is tested and dummy variables are used to indicate when the regulation was in effect the results show that there exists a quadratic relationship between renewable energy and income but the results fail to provide that the renewable energy generation is a job creator when the lagged unemployment rate is included as an explaining variable we consider the employment population and the finding shows that the employment can promote the development of renewable energy the regulation has significantly positive impacts on renewable energy the interaction of income and employment show that along with the income increases the impacts of employment on renewable energy decrease our findings are helpful for government to figure out the determinants for rising the renewable energy generation and take efficient measures to promote its development

the electricity consumption and gdp nexus for the fiji islands fiji is a small open island economy dependent on energy for its growth and development hence the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is crucial for fiji s development in this paper we investigate the nexus between electricity consumption and economic growth for fiji within a multivariate framework through including the labour force variable we use the bounds testing approach to cointegration and find that electricity consumption gdp and labour force are only cointegrated when gdp is the endogenous variable we use the granger causality f test and find that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and labour force to gdp implying that fiji is an energy dependent country and thus energy conservation policies will have an adverse effect on fiji s economic growth

environment kuznets curve for co2 emissions a cointegration analysis for china abstract this study examines the long run relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of china by employing time series data of 1975 2005 in particular the study aims at testing whether environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship between co 2 emissions and per capita real gdp holds in the long run or not auto regressive distributed lag ardl methodology is employed for empirical analysis a quadratic relationship between income and co 2 emission has been found for the sample period supporting ekc relationship the results of granger causality tests indicate one way causality runs through economic growth to co 2 emissions the results of this study also indicate that the carbon emissions are mainly determined by income and energy consumption in the long run trade has a positive but statistically insignificant impact on co 2 emissions

internalizing co2 emissions via central banks financials evidence from the world researchers and policy makers have suggested tools to mitigate co2 emissions worldwide however there appears to be uncertainty in terms of policy effectiveness the objective of this paper is to develop an innovatively effective co2 internalizing mechanism worldwide which builds on currency in circulation as its core operational tool the study is based on a large sample of countries findings show that urbanization electric power consumption and trade positively impact on co2 emissions no evidence is found in favour of the environmental kuznets curve while the use of renewable energy reduces the level of co2 emissions the paper proposes a central bank carbon dioxide emissions internalizing fund which rests on quantitative and qualitative tools to ensure a truly effective mechanism in co2 emissions abatement quantitatively this implies the use of a direct tax on currency in circulation and a conversion penalty in the fund qualitatively there is the need to establish a global institution which would ensure that funds flow to the most polluting sectors in each country in view of unleashing the strongest decline in co2 emissions

decomposition of co2 emissions over 1980 2003 in turkey abstract there is a multi dimensional need for studying the energy situation in turkey and to obtain insight into the development of co2 emissions on the one hand recent projections of the oecd show that turkey has a yearly gdp growth potential of over 7 on the other hand recent projections of undp and world bank indicate that the level of co2 emission is going to rise six fold by 2025 with respect to the level of emissions in 1990 it is a great challenge to both meet the growth target and keep the co2 under control thereupon this paper tries to unfold factors that explain co2 emissions by undertaking a complete decomposition analysis for turkey over the period 1980 2003 the analysis shows as is common to relatively fast growing economies that the biggest contributor to the rise in co2 emissions is the expansion of the economy scale effect the carbon intensity and the change in composition of the economy which nearly move in tandem also contribute to the rise in co2 emissions albeit at a slower rate the energy intensity of the economy which is decreasing is responsible for a modest reduction in co2 emissions hence in congruence with the scale effect a decoupling of carbon emissions and economic growth is not found in turkey over the period 1980 2003

imperfectly competitive equilibria in international commodity markets the simple model of perfect competition in spatial markets has been widely applied in analyzing international agricultural trade yet many markets do not appear to be perfectly competitive this paper offers a new and efficient method for computing spatial equilibrium in oligopolistic or oligopsonistic markets the authors apply the technique to an analysis of several hypotheses of market conduct in the international wheat market that have been put forward by other authors they conclude that a cournot nash duopsony model does not perform well in explaining trade

a structural var analysis of electricity consumption and real gdp evidence from the g7 countries in this paper we depart from the literature on electricity consumption real gdp in that for the first time we examine the reaction of real gdp to shocks in electricity consumption to achieve this goal we use the structural vector autoregressive svar model and examine the impact of electricity consumption shocks on real gdp for the g7 countries we find that except for the usa electricity consumption has a statistically significant positive impact on real gdp over short horizons this finding implies that except for the usa electricity conservation policies will hurt real gdp in the g7 countries

carbon dioxide co2 emissions during urbanization a comparative study between china and japan as the world s largest emitter of co2 china is facing increasing domestic and international pressures on emissions mitigation considering japan s leading position in energy conservation this paper conducts a comparative study between china and japan at the urbanization stages to analyze the similarities as well as differences of influencing factors of co2 emissions results indicate that although co2 emissions in japan and china showed the similar characteristics of rigid growth during the urbanization processes significant differences exist in factors such as co2 emissions per capita energy structure and energy intensity between the two countries which are the determinants for co2 emissions growth a cointegration model is constructed to examine the long run equilibrium relationship between co2 emissions and factors including gdp urbanization level energy intensity and cement manufacture empirical results show that there is a quadratic relationship between income growth and co2 emissions granger causality test is then adopted to explore the causal relationships among the variables the future co2 emissions and emission reduction potentials in china are estimated based on scenario analysis finally japan s valuable experience of reducing energy intensity and optimizing energy structure is concluded to provide important policy implications for china s strategic low carbon planning and low carbon transition

a brief review of some problems in using national accounts data in level of output comparisons and growth studies abstract after an initial burst of enthusiasm for establishing their national accounts 30 or 40 years ago some countries have made continuous improvements while others have done little to maintain even their initial system presently most developing countries make their basic estimate of gdp from the production side and most do not have adequate surveys to permit a consistency check of their production and expenditure side estimates the base surveys for expenditures and production are typically over ten years old and the lags in basic surveys for constructing constant price estimates are frequently longer a number of countries estimate their growth from a weighted average of volume indexes and make no attempt at direct deflation many of those that do deflate their current expenditure estimates do so at a very aggregate level users of national accounts should be aware of the varying quality of the estimates across countries and hopefully continual questioning of the numbers will help to encourage improvement

reassessing the environmental kuznets curve for co2 emissions a robustness exercise the number of studies seeking to empirically characterize the reduced form relationship between a country economic growth and the quantity of pollutants produced in the process has recently increased significantly in several cases researchers have found evidence pointing to an inverted u benvironmental kuznetsq curve in the case of co2 however the evidence is at best mixed in this paper we reconsider that evidence by assessing how robust it is when the analysis is conducted in a different parametric setup and when using alternative emissions data from the international energy agency relative to the literature our contribution can be viewed as a robustness exercise in these two respects the econometric results lead to two conclusions firstly published evidence on the ekc does not appear to depend upon the source of the data at least as far as carbon dioxide is concerned secondly when an alternative functional form is employed there is evidence of an inverted u pattern for the group of oecd countries with reasonable turning point regardless of the data set employed not so for non oecd countries as the ekc is basically increasing slowly concave according to the iea data and more bellshaped in the case of cdiac data d 2005 elsevier b v all rights reserved

output based rebating of carbon taxes in a neighbour s backyard competitiveness leakage and welfare we investigate how in an open economy carbon taxes combined with output based rebating obr perform in interaction with the carbon policies of a large neighbouring trading partner analytical results suggest that whether the purpose of the obr policy is to compensate firms for carbon tax burdens or to maximize welfare accounting for global emission reductions the obr rate should be positive in policy relevant cases numerical simulations for canada with the us as the neighbouring trading partner indicate that the impact of us policies on the obr rate will depend crucially on the purpose of the canadian obr policies if for a given us carbon policy canada s aim is to restore the competitiveness of domestic emission intensive and trade exposed eite firms to the same level as before the introduction of its own carbon taxation we find that the necessary domestic obr rates will be insensitive to the foreign carbon policies however if not only the canadian carbon tax but also an equally high us tax is introduced compensatory canadian obr rates will be up to 50 lower depending on the sector and on us obr policy if the policy objective is to increase economy wide allocative efficiency welfare of canadian policies by accounting for carbon leakage the us policies will have only a minor downward pressure on desirable obr rates in canada practical choices of obr rates hardly affect overall domestic economic performance thus output based rebating qualifies as an instrument for compensating eite industries without a large sacrifice in terms of economy wide allocative efficiency

pooled mean group estimation of an environmental kuznets curve for co2 abstract we apply the pooled mean group estimator to test for the existence of an environmental kuznets curve for co2 in 22 oecd countries this approach allows for more flexible assumptions in a panel data framework the period goes from 1975 to 1998

environmental productivity and kuznets curve in india abstract as a result of india s extremely rapid economic growth the scale and seriousness of environmental problems are no longer in doubt whether pollution abatement technologies are utilized more efficiently is crucial in the analysis of environmental management because it influences the cost of alternative production and pollution abatement technologies in this study we use state level industry data of sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide and suspended particular matter over the period 1991 2003 employing recently developed productivity measurement technique we show that overall environmental productivities decrease over time in india furthermore we analyze the determinants of environmental productivities and find environmental kuznets curve type relationship existences between environmental productivity and income panel analysis results show that the scale effect dominates over the technique effect therefore a combined effect of income on environmental productivity is negative

the role of technological change for a sustainable development technological change has become a major focus in environmental policy as well as in energy and climate policy indeed there is a growing body of knowledge about how and in which direction technological change might have an impact on environmental resource constraints and how environmental policy might have an impact on this direction in this article we introduce the contributions to this special issue showing how they add to recent developments in the field of economics of technological change and sustainability we also discuss potential avenues for future research

the world price of coal a significant increase in the seaborne trade for coal over the past 20 years has unified formerly separate coal markets into a world market in which prices move in tandem by virtue of its large domestic market the usa has become the residual supplier and price setter in the world coal market changes in multifactor productivity have been the primary cause of the long term fluctuations in coal prices that have been observed in the usa since the end of the second world war and in the world coal market

effects of corn stover year to year supply variability and market structure on biomass utilization and cost the availability of corn stover can vary considerably from year to year in a region due to annual changes in yield and area planted with corn such variations interacting with biomass market structures can affect biomass cost and utilization rate this study first characterizes year to year variations in corn stover supply for the us in general and for selected major us corn producing counties in particular there have been 20 30 year to year variations in stover supply in the us since 1975 game theoretic analysis is then applied to examining corn stover utilization rate and production cost in three market structures the analysis reveals that a free market structure will take the form of oligopoly oligopsony where large stover supply variations will expose both biorefineries and farmers to significant price volatility price equilibrium will shift significantly from year to year of the three market structures analysed the derisked supply market structure will be most favorable to biorefineries and farmers under this structure biorefineries will maintain a stover supply region that is based on derisked lower than average yield density to buffer for the supply uncertainty associated with annual variations this market structure results in significantly less volatility in biomass cost while on average only 63 of collectable stover will be used for biofuel production our findings suggest that year to year variation in corn stover availability will increase feedstock cost and reduce its potential for biofuel production

aspects of governance and hbox co _2 co 2 emissions a non linear panel data analysis the reduction of hbox co 2 emissions has been at the centre of worldwide debates on environmental issues though its inclusion as one of the millennium development goals mdgs by the united nations has changed the focus of relative literature among many one of the world bank s recipes to achieve a higher position toward mdgs has been to undertake reforms for a better governance while the majority of researches focus has been on one single aspect and its relationship with the environment some studies have simultaneously considered two governance dimensions in this paper we focus on the role of several aspects of governance on hbox co 2 emissions this provides us with a chance to explore the possible impacts of all aspects of governance on a more direct measure of emissions that is different to previous researches which have focused on the indirect transmission and considered the maximum of two using the iv method within panel data analysis we show that only one single aspect of governance control of corruption has a negative significant effect on hbox co 2 emissions and its effect has a non linear relationship the non linearity exists in both parametric and nonparametric analysis after controlling for endogeneity

what causes pm2 5 pollution cross economy empirical analysis from socioeconomic perspective abstract is it true that as the mainstream intuition asserts urbanization and industrialization are the two main socioeconomic drivers of pm2 5 how do the two trends affect pm2 5 emission this paper quantitatively analyzes the socioeconomic drivers of pm2 5 through assessment on stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stripat based on the panel data of 79 developing countries over 2001 2010 the average levels of pm2 5 pollution are calculated using remote sensing data overcoming the difficulties that developing countries are in lack of pm2 5 monitors and that point data cannot reflect the overall level of pm2 5 pollution on a large scale squared terms of income and urbanization and their cross term are included in the regression models respectively to analyze the possible heterogeneous impacts on pm2 5 emissions in different development stages the results show that income urbanization and service sector have significant impact on pm2 5 pollution income has a positive effect on pm2 5 all the time but the effect decreases as the level of urbanization or income goes up an inverted u relationship exists between urbanization and pm2 5 in which pm2 5 pollution positively correlates with a low level of income or urbanization but negatively at a high level policy recommendations from the perspective of macro level social and economic regulation are provided for developing economies to reduce pm2 5 pollution

energy consumption income and carbon emissions in the united states abstract this paper investigates the effect of energy consumption and output on carbon emissions in the united states earlier research focused on testing the existence and or shape of an environmental kuznets curve without taking energy consumption into account we investigate the granger causality relationship between income energy consumption and carbon emissions including labor and gross fixed capital formation in the model we find that income does not granger cause carbon emissions in the us in the long run but energy use does hence income growth by itself may not become a solution to environmental problems

the impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality a bounds testing and causality analysis for turkey abstract this study aims to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment fdi together with gross domestic product gdp the square of gdp and energy consumption on carbon dioxide co2 emissions in turkey over the period 1974 2010 we employ both the bounds test approach which has superior properties especially in small samples and the hatemi j test which takes structural breaks into consideration in the co integration analysis due to the co integration relationship between co2 emissions and other variables the autoregressive distributed lag ardl model is used in order to investigate short and long run elasticity between the variables the long run coefficients of the ardl model indicate that the effect of fdi on co2 emissions is positive but relatively small while the effects of the gdp and energy consumption on co2 emissions are quite considerable moreover the short run coefficients obtained by the error correction model ecm are found to be similar to those of the long run model the findings support the validity of the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis in both time horizons the vector ecm based granger causality test is also applied to investigate the causal link the causality test results indicate the existence of a causality running from all explanatory variables to co2 emissions in the long run overall the findings suggest that turkey should promote energy efficiency with sustainable growth and encourage more fdi inflows particularly in technology intensive and environment friendly industries to improve environmental quality

correlation analysis of co 2 emissions material stocks and economic growth nexus evidence from chinese provinces abstract a better understanding of the economy material emissions nexus is fundamental in order to reveal the interactions between human development and the natural environment and more importantly to design integrated de carbonization and de materialization policies in this paper we conducted a decoupling analysis of fossil fuel induced co2 emissions and in use material stocks in infrastructure to economic growth at the provincial level in china and investigated the trilateral causal relationships among the three indicators the results show that the average elasticity of co2 emissions and material stocks to economic growth was smaller than 1 representing a status of relative decoupling however in many less developed provinces in central and western china we observed increasing trends of elasticity in the past three decades which suggest their economic growth became more tightly linked to co2 emissions and the accumulation of material stocks granger tests suggest that in the long run there existed a unidirectional causality running from co2 emissions economic growth and urbanization to material stocks in the short run a bi directional causality between co2 emissions and economic growth and a unidirectional causality from material stocks to co2 emissions were detected policy implications for the de carbonization and de materialization transition include enhancing renewable energy utilization upgrading industries to less carbon intensive ones developing compact cities prolonging the lifespan of infrastructure and strengthening the life cycle carbon management of infrastructure

co2 emissions energy consumption and output in france abstract this paper examines the dynamic causal relationships between pollutant emissions energy consumption and output for france using cointegration and vector error correction modelling techniques we argue that these variables are strongly inter related and therefore their relationship must be examined using an integrated framework the results provide evidence for the existence of a fairly robust long run relationship between these variables for the period 1960 2000 the causality results support the argument that economic growth exerts a causal influence on growth of energy use and growth of pollution in the long run the results also point to a uni directional causality running from growth of energy use to output growth in the short run

revisiting the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis evidence from the asean 5 countries with structural breaks abstractthis paper tests if the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis exists for asean 5 countries in an annual sample data that covers 1971 2013 by utilizing auto regressive distributed la