cash transfer programs with income multipliers procampo in mexico abstract cash transfer programs create multiplier effects when recipients put the money they receive to work to generate further incomes when this is the case the ultimate income effects are multiples of the amounts transferred we analyze the procampo program in mexico that was introduced to compensate farmers for the anticipated negative effect of nafta on the prices of basic crops the transfer rules and the timing of the panel data collected allow unique control of biases in this impact analysis we find that the multiplier among ejido sector recipients is in the range 1 5 2 6 multipliers are higher for households with medium and large farms low numbers of adults in the household nonindigenous backgrounds and located in the center and gulf regions high multipliers reflect income opportunities that had remained unrealized due to liquidity constraints that are relaxed by the transfers opportunities come from the asset endowments that these households received through the land reform particularly irrigated land and they are enhanced by access to technical assistance

impact of access to credit on labor allocation patterns in malawi summary this paper uses data from the malawi financial markets and household food security survey to examine the impact of gendered access to credit on labor allocation patterns within the household the paper corrects for potential endogeneity of access to credit in the estimations access to credit relies on the credit limit concept thus an individual has access to credit from a particular source if he she is able to borrow a positive amount from that source results suggest that the impact of access to credit depends upon both the gender of the recipient and whether it is formal or informal credit

educational attainment industrial structure and male earnings through the 1980s between 1979 and 1989 men s average earnings declined and the percentage of men with low earnings increased much of the decline in mean earnings and the increased incidence of low earnings can be accounted for by changes in the returns to education experience and industry of employment changes that we attribute to demand side factors such as changes in technology shifts in industrial employment patterns had a relatively small effect on mean earnings and low earnings rates however their effects were larger among blacks than among whites and hispanics we also find that educational upgrading over the decade kept mean earnings from falling even further and helped to hold down the growth of low earnings especially among blacks

effects of industry growth and decline on gender and education wage gaps in the 1980s the w e upjohn institute for employment research the uc institute for labor and employment

raising primary school enrolment in developing countries the relative importance of supply and demand abstract few policies are as universally accepted as raising primary school enrolment in developing countries but the policy levers for achieving this goal are not straightforward this paper merges household survey data with detailed school supply characteristics from official sources in order to estimate the relative impact of demand and supply side determinants of rural primary school enrolment in mozambique policy simulations based on a set of plausible interventions show that in rural mozambique building more schools or raising adult literacy will have a larger impact on primary school enrolment rates than interventions that raise household income when relative costs are considered adult literacy campaigns are nearly 10 times more cost effective than the income intervention and 1 5 to 2 5 times better than building more schools

weighing what s practical proxy means tests for targeting food subsidies in egypt abstract despite achieving a significant cost reduction over the past two decades the absolute cost of food subsidies in egypt is still high relative to the benefits received by the poor there is scope for better targeting these food subsidies in particular for targeting cooking oil and sugar ration cards both because reforms in this area are perceived to be far less politically sensitive than adjusting subsidy policy for bread and wheat flour and because higher income groups presently receive a significant percentage of the benefits targeting the high subsidy green ration cards to the poor and the low subsidy red ration cards to the nonpoor will require identification of both poor and nonpoor households an international food policy research institute research team in egypt in collaboration with the egyptian ministry of trade and supply developed a proxy means test for targeting ration cards the paper describes the process of moving from the optimal income predicting model to the final model that was both administratively and politically feasible an ex ante evaluation of the levels of accuracy of the proxy means testing model indicates that the model performs quite well in predicting the needy and nonneedy households an effective and full implementation of this targeting method would increase the equity in the ration card food subsidy system and at the same time the total budgetary costs of rationed food subsidies would decline moreover the experience gained under this reform would facilitate targeting future social interventions to reduce and prevent poverty in egypt

profit efficiency among basmati rice producers in pakistan punjab farm specific profit inefficiency among basmati rice producers was estimated from a variable coefficient profit frontier the mean level of inefficiency at farm resources and price levels was 28 with a wide range 5 87 average loss of profit was rs 1 222 per hectare socioeconomic factors related to profit loss were the farm household s education nonagricultural employment and a credit constraint institutional determinants of profit loss were a water constraint and the late application of fertilizer punjab wide benefits of increasing farmer s profit efficiency are large a 25 reduction in profit loss among basmati rice producers may generate over rs 240 million in extra profits each rice season rice is a major export commodity for pakistan generating about 2 5 billion pakistan rupees rs annually or 20 of foreign exchange earnings from commodity trade in the early 1980s two varieties dominate in pakistan s international trade in rice basmati 370 a high quality long grained aromatic variety and the medium long grained irri 6 distinct export markets exist for these rices over 90 of the basmati is exported to oil rich middle eastern nations while the mediumlong varieties are mainly marketed in southeast asia in 1983 the export price of basmati was about rs 7 900 per ton while the price of medium long grained varieties averaged rs 2 700 per ton pakistan has a comparative advantage in the international market for basmati but probably not for medium long grained rices azhar and mamhud historically pakistan had a near monopoly in international trade in basmati but now faces increased competition from thailand and the united states efferson therefore pakistan must strive to increase the efficiency of basmati production to retain its comparative advantage and competitive edge in foreign rice markets basmati 370 is a pure line selection made in

measurement of economic efficiency in pakistani agriculture farm efficiency and the question of how to measure it is an important subject in developing countries agriculture there are three distinct approaches to measurement based on cost profits and production functions farrell developed the concept of technical efficiency based on input and output relationships technical inefficiency arises when actual or observed output from a given input mix is less than the maximum possible allocative inefficiency arises when the input mix is not consistent with cost minimization advances have been made in the frontier cost function literature using flexible functional forms bauer greene 1980 forsund knoxlovell and schmidt and schmidt an approach using systems of equations based on cost profit and distance functions was developed to incorporate all available information on multiproduct farms kumbhakar schmidt fare grosskopf and nelson hayes the present study uses a cost function approach and combines the concepts of technical and allocative efficiency in the cost relationship any errors in the production decision translate into higher costs for the producer at the same time the stochastic nature of production implies that the theoretical cost function is stochastic 2 two distinct approaches are used first we use the stochastic frontier approach in which translog cost function is specified and estimated without using share equations the derived measure of inefficiency is then related to socioeconomic demographic and farm size variables second we use a behavioral approach in which translog cost function again is estimated but this time as a function of the shadow prices of the inputs the cost share equations are estimated jointly with a cost equation incorporating all cross equation restrictions moreover the input use inefficiency is introduced through the parameters and these are related to the structural variables this approach permits us to obtain a farm specific measure of allocative inefficiency

understanding the process of agricultural technology adoption mineral fertilizer in eastern dr congo summary we analyze the adoption of mineral fertilizer in south kivu we model technology adoption as a three step process including awareness tryout and adoption and empirically analyze these steps using cross sectional farm household data and bivariate and heckman selection probit models we find that awareness about fertilizer is high 57 and mainly determined by education and social capital tryout is low 13 of aware farmers but positively influenced by extension interventions continued adoption is high 70 of tryout farmers but capital constraints are important and not all extension interventions are effective for continued adoption our results entail implications for extension policies in poor areas

on decomposing the wage gap a critical comment on blinder s method many studies have found that the impact of schooling on earnings is greater for females than for males despite the fact that females tend to earn less both absolutely and controlling for personal characteristics this study investigates possible

welfare payments and other economic determinants of female migration this article investigates the effects of welfare payments wages and unemployment on women s probability of interstate migration in the united states it also investigates if the income attraction of locations varies with recency of labor market experience welfare gains increase the probability of interstate migration welfare effects are largest for single mothers with small children and stronger among women with no recent labor market experience the welfare effects albeit small are larger than the wage effects the wage effects are weaker among women with no recent work experience ethnic specific analyses suggest differences in migration behavior among anglos african americans and puerto ricans

the impact of soil conservation and output diversification on farm income in central american hillside farming this article analyzes the determinants of farm income among hillside farmers participating in natural resource management projects in el salvador and honduras the farm income function was evaluated using a system of equations in which income is determined simultaneously by the farmer s decision to adopt soil conservation technologies and by the level of diversification number of agricultural activities on the farm the database used comes from surveys administered to 678 beneficiaries of these projects during 2002 the econometric results suggest that all the variables related directly to land use i e output diversification soil conservation practices and structures and the adoption of forestry systems have a positive and statistically significant association with farm income also farmers who own land enjoy higher farm incomes than those who do not the results indicate that when investing in natural resource management projects governments and multilateral development agencies should pay close attention to output diversification land tenure and human capital formation as effective instruments in increasing farm income

adoption of agricultural innovations in developing countries a survey this paper reviews various studies which have provided a description and possible explanation to patterns of innovation adoption in the agricultural sector the survey points out that the tendency of many studies to consider innovation adoption in dichotomous terms adoption nonadoption may not be appropriate in many cases where the actual decisions are defined over a more continuous range more attention needs to be given to the socio cultural and institutional environment in area studies so that their interrelation with economic factors affecting adoption can be inferred the presence of several interrelated innovations is another aspect that needs to be considered more carefully in future research since a number of simultaneous decisions may be involved furthermore the possibility of regular sequential patterns in adopting components of a new technological package should be specifically addressed in future studies finally the impact of differential adoption rates on land holding distribution merits attention in future research

social capital and coping with economic shocks an analysis of stunting of south african children abstract south african households live in an environment characterized by risks and many face a significant probability of experiencing economic losses that threaten their daily subsistence using household panel data that include directly solicited information on economic shocks and employing household fixed effects estimation we explore how well households cope with shocks by examining the effects of shocks on child nutritional status unlike in the idealized village community some households appear unable to insure against risk particularly when others in their communities simultaneously suffer large losses households in communities with more social capital however seem better able to weather shocks

measuring the impacts of agricultural research on poverty reduction policymakers are increasingly calling upon agricultural research managers to consider poverty reduction objectives when making resource allocations the authors present a simple method to measure the impact of agricultural research on the poor this method has the advantage that it presents the results in a manner consistent with commonly used measures of poverty this consistency and focus should facilitate and enhance dialogue between policymakers and research managers when deciding on resource allocations and assessing impacts on poverty reduction an illustrative application is presented using data from malawi

governing the workplace the workplace and regional development implications of automotive foreign direct investment in hungary swain a 1998 governing the workplace the workplace and regional development implications of automotive direct foreign investment in hungary reg studies 32 653 671 this paper examines the connections that exist between the workplace implications of automotive foreign direct investment in hungary and the unfolding uneven development of capitalism in east central europe it develops a conceptual framework in order to critically analyse the role played by foreign direct investment in the restructuring of the hungarian space economy drawing on ideas about the governance of socio economic systems the paper argues that foreign investments can be conceptualized as a site where the interaction between competing institutions operating at different spatial scales is translated and instantiated in the material and discursive practices which constitute work in this way factory regimes are nested in a web of interactions which govern industrial and regional change this approach is used to analyse the diff

maize of the ancestors and modern varieties the microeconomics of high yielding variety adoption in malawi farmer adoption of seed fertilizer technology can be characterized in terms of several interrelated choices one choice is whether to adopt only seed only fertilizer or both components of the technology adoption another choice relates to the extent of land allocation to modem and to farmers seed varieties extent of adoption a third choice is the level per hectare of either seed or fertilizer or both intensity of adoption 1 in the literature about agricultural innovations in developing countries some theoretical models treat more than one aspect of the adoption decision 2 but most econometric approaches have portrayed only the discrete adoption choice for a single input although farmers often adopt parts or components of recommended technology neither the theoretical nor the econometric models have included the level of fertilizer applied to farmers varieties in the analysis of seed fertilizer adoption 3 two features of the seed fertilizer adoption decision as defined above are particularly evident in malawi first even when farmers adopt hybrid maize they continue to allocate a part of their maize area to their own varieties microeconomic theory provides four explanations for land allocation to both modern and traditional seed variet

labor shortages on small landholdings in malawi implications for policy reforms abstract a simple linear programming model of representative smallholder households is used to investigate the sources of relative scarcity of labor and land in malawi the paradox of on farm labor shortages on small landholdings can be explained by the multiple constraints smallholders face these multiple constraints including lack of finance concerns for food security and others lead to suboptimal allocations of household resources in turn the low returns to labor and land contribute to household food insecurity and a vicious cycle of poverty the findings of the paper provide a clear signal to policymakers and research and extension institutions that these constraints are all linked and addressing one cannot be effective without addressing the others

empirical measurement of credit rationing in agriculture a methodological survey empirical analysis of rural credit market failure has been of key scientific and political interest in recent years the aim of this article is to give an overview of the various methods for measuring credit rationing that are employed in the literature furthermore the methods are subjected to a comparative evaluation of their specific strengths or shortcomings six approaches are distinguished measurement of loan transaction costs analysis of qualitative information collected in interviews analysis of quantitative information collected in interviews using the credit limit concept analysis of spill over effects with regard to secondary credit sources econometric household modeling and the econometric analysis of dynamic investment decisions an explicit comparison with a first best solution is impossible in the first three approaches since they essentially rely on a subjective assessment of borrowers access to credit based on qualitative or quantitative indicators the fifth and sixth approaches allow a rigorous interpretation in the framework of neoclassical equilibrium theory the fourth approach takes an intermediate position since spill over on segmented loan markets reveals a willingness to pay with regard to the supposedly less expensive but rationed primary source the approaches are fairly data demanding in general usually requiring specific data on loan transactions even so most approaches are applicable to cross sectional household data with the exception of the first all methods surveyed might plausibly be used to empirically detect credit rationing

are women overrepresented among the poor an analysis of poverty in 10 developing countries abstract this paper presents new evidence on the proportion of women in poverty in 10 developing countries it compares poverty measures for males and females and for male and female headed households and investigates the sensitivity of these measures to the use of per capita and per adult equivalent units and different definitions of the poverty line while poverty measures are higher for female headed households and for females the differences are significant in only a fifth to a third of the datasets the contribution of female headed households to aggregate poverty is less than that of females due to the low population share of the former stochastic dominance analysis reveals that differences between male and female headed households and between males and females are often insignificant except for ghana and bangladesh where females are consistently worse off these results suggest that cultural and institutional factors may be responsible for higher poverty among women in these countries our results point to the need to analyze determinants of household income and consumption using multivariate methods and to give greater attention to the processes underlying female headship

risks and farmers investment in productive assets in nigeria the majority of farmers in sub saharan africa ssa lack the means to mitigate the impact of risks associated with rainfall and commodity prices due to capital constraints and the imperfect insurance market in these countries because most ssa farmers are risk averse they may be willing to invest in productive assets that can mitigate the impacts of such risks if their capital constraints are relaxed through external financial assistance we test this hypothesis by using panel data on investment behavior of nigerian farmers who received financial assistance on productive assets the empirical results show that farmers facing higher rainfall risks are more likely to invest in irrigation pumps that can mitigate the impact of rainfall risks while those facing higher risks of white gari price are more likely to invest in milling machines that enable them to process cassava into flour instead of gari which supports our hypothesis

estimating farm level input demand and wheat supply in the indian punjab using a translog profit function application of the translog profit function to farm level data from punjab india allowed a more disaggregated analysis of the farm production structure compared to the case of cobb douglas formulation the flexibility afforded by translog formulation permitted measurement of the different impacts that exogenous variables have within and across input demand and output supply functions policy relevant elasticity estimates with respect to variable inputs and output prices fixed inputs a few soil related state of nature variables measured by soil analysis and education which are usually considered constraints to farm production were obtained and two examples of policy applications were developed

uninsured health shocks and agricultural productivity among rural households the mitigating role of micro credit this article investigates how health shocks affect farm productivity in the presence of microcredit it is expected that microcredit increases agricultural productivity by enhancing allocative and

the impact of schooling and industrial restructuring on recent trends in wage inequality in the united states sufficient evidence now exists to confirm a strong rising trend in wage inequality in the united states since at least the mid 1970s still elusive is a definitive explanation for this tendency in the pursuit of one researchers have now begun to turn their attention to two factors 1 on the supply side an apparent rapid growth in the rates of return to education and 2 on the demand side an acceleration in industrial restructuring in particular the shift in employment from goods production to services in this connection the decline in unionization and the expanded exposure of the manufacturing sector to international competition have received renewed consideration this paper contends that it is precisely the increasing returns to schooling in both goods and services in combination with the shift in employment between the two that is responsible for the recent growth in wage dispersion

cathedrals in the desert transnationals corporate strategy and locality in wroc aw hardy j 1998 cathedrals in the desert transnationals corporate strategy and locality in wroc aw reg studies 32 639 652 this paper examines the relationship between the strategy and restructuring of transnational corporations patterns of foreign direct investment and the transformation of the regions of east and central europe different views of the impact of foreign direct investment are interrogated by taking a case study approach which focuses on 12 significant brownfield and greenfield investments in the wroc aw region of poland the paper examines the relationship between their mode of entry and institutional engagement economic impacts are explored through looking at both the internal restructuring of firms and the wider linkages created in the local region the paper concludes that whilst the internal impact on individual firms has been marked local linkages are not significant questions are raised about the effects of competition on indigenous firms it is suggested that fdi has

modern technology and economic efficiency of philippine rice farmers farmer s recent study and frankel s review of griffin s book suggest that belief in a gap between actual and potential agricultural production in developing countries has regained currency in the development community timmer s concern with measuring technical efficiency and the attempts of shapiro and miiller to relate modernization and information to technical efficiency focus on differences in productivity among farmers as indicators of such a gap 2 among technologists the gap hypothesis has a number of faithful adherents including the former director of the international rice research institute irri who could not understand why the asian farmer who had adopted the new rice varieties was not doing better somehow he felt that the rice scientists who had obtained yields of 5 to 10 metric tons per hectare on the irri farm still could not explain why so many filipino farmers for example obtained on the average less than one metric ton per hectare increase in yield after shifting from the traditional to the high yielding varieties 3 in response to these persistent questions in 1974 scientists at irri began a research project to measure the yield gap and to understand the factors responsible for it the yield gap was defined by biologists as the difference under farmers conditions between the maximum yield possible

theoretical deliberations on time and space in post socialist transformation altvater e 1998 theoretical deliberations in time and space in post socialist transformation reg studies 32 591 605 this paper considers the spatio temporal dimensions of post socialist transformation it discusses approaches based on modernization and dependency theory and shows that neither modernization an oecd profile nor dependency on the global division of labour are likely outcomes of transformation instead hybrid forms of capitalism are evolving they display different combinations of an extraction and production economy or of arbitrage capitalism based on exploitation of differentials in time and space without taking care of material production processes the trajectory of development depends highly on the management of competitiveness of the place on regulation of competition in the global space and on the organization of the economy of time altvater e 1998 des reflexions theoriques sur le temps et l espace de la transformation post socialiste reg studies 32 591 605 cet art

agricultural commercialisation and food security in rural economies malawian experience this paper contributes to the debate on the nutrition related outcomes of cash crop adoption by using a model with essential heterogeneity and a semi parametric estimation technique the model expl

access to credit plot size and cost inefficiency among smallholder tobacco cultivators in malawi abstract using data from the malawi financial markets and household food security survey this paper examines the effect of access to credit from formal sources and tobacco plot size on cost inefficiency among malawian smallholder tobacco cultivators farm specific cost inefficiency is estimated within the framework of stochastic frontier analysis access to credit is measured as the sum of household members self reported credit limits at credit organisations arguably a truer measure of an exogenous credit constraint than credit program participation or actual loan uptake it is found that tobacco cultivation is significantly less cost inefficient per acre on larger plots while access to credit by itself has no statistically discernible effect on cost inefficiency it reduces the gain in cost efficiency from a larger plot size

the relationship between credit and productivity in chinese agriculture a microeconomic model of disequilibrium credit is an important element in agricultural production systems it allows producers to satisfy the cash needs induced by the production cycle which characterizes agriculture preparation planting cultivation and harvesting of the crops are typically done over a period of several months in which very little cash revenue is earned while expenditures on materials purchased inputs and consumption must be made in cash cash income is received a short time after the harvest in the absence of credit markets farmers would have to maintain cash reserves so as to facilitate production and consumption in the next cycle the availability of credit allows both greater consumption and greater purchased input use and thus increases welfare of the farmers

agricultural commercialization of karen hill tribes in northern thailand based on a random sample of 240 farm households in chiang mai province thailand this study shows that contrary to widespread belief karen farm households are well integrated into markets average levels of market integration are 31 for gross farm output 35 for variable inputs 49 for food consumption and 80 for net family income by estimating a two stage least squares 2sls regression model this study finds that integration into output markets is positively associated with a diversification of land use away from rice monoculture more intense contact with nearby urban centers and a greater number of roads connecting the village to the outside world controlling for these factors the distance to urban centers does not impede market integration distant villages are equally well integrated into output markets the study further finds that integration into output markets improves farm productivity and net per capita income concerns about market integration are discussed results have implications for thai policy makers who have recently placed increasing emphasis on the concept of sufficiency economy in order to promote the well being of rural people

input subsidies cash constraints and timing of input supply is low input use by poor smallholder farmers caused by time inconsistent behavior or by limited ability to buy inputs are input subsidies the best solution to stimulate input demand or are there smarter solutions these issues are investigated by combining survey data stated preference questions and randomized experiments in malawi the demand for fertilizer at harvest time and at planting time farm gate shadow prices for fertilizer and the gap between the willingness to accept wta and willingness to pay wtp prices for a standard input package were investigated significant effects of timing and of cash constraints were found suggesting the possibility that smarter designs exist such as distribution of smaller packages from harvest time to planting time

the impact of farm input subsidies on maize marketing in malawi abstract this paper investigates the effects of subsidised fertilizer on marketing of maize in malawi it uses the nationally representative two wave integrated household panel survey ihps data of 2010 and 2013 the results suggest that subsidised fertilizer on average increases farmers maize market participation as sellers total quantity of maize sold and maize commercialisation in addition participation in subsidised fertilizer programme is found to increase the probability of farmers to be net sellers and increases net quantity of maize sold however the study finds no evidence of effect on net quantity of maize bought and on household maize self sufficiency these results suggest that the farm input subsidy programme has contributed toward an increased level of maize market supply engagement for small farmers and in this sense the policy has the potential to provide the wider external benefits furthermore the results have implication on the sustainability of the subsidy programme policy formulation and design of programmes for the agricultural sector and small farmers in developing countries

factors affecting the technical efficiency among smallholder farmers in the slash and burn agriculture zone of cameroon abstract this paper estimates technical efficiency among small holder farmers in the slash and burn agriculture zone of cameroon and identifies sources of inefficiency using detailed survey data obtained from 450 farmers over 15 villages throughout 2001 2002 growing season we find that the mean levels of technical efficiency are 77 73 and 75 respectively for groundnut monocrop maize monocrop and maize groundnut farming systems suggesting existence of substantial gains in output and or decreases in cost with available technology and resources the efficiency differences are explained significantly by credit soil fertility social capital distance of the plot from the access road and extension services policy recommendations are drawn from these findings

poverty status and the impact of formal credit on technology use and wellbeing among ethiopian smallholders summary this paper examines the impact of formal credit largely microfinance on the use of improved technology and on consumption and asset growth across households in different degrees of asset poverty using data from rural ethiopia the analysis finds no relationship between participation in microfinance programs and the use of technologies or consumption growth among the poorest households even though the use of certain technologies like fertilizer contributes to their asset accumulation over time for other households microfinance has positive effects on both consumption and asset growth as well as on the use of improved technology the findings imply variation in constraints faced by different classes of poor households and suggest the value of asset based poverty classifications in identifying target groups for poverty interventions

male female wage differentials and policy responses without implicating them for any of the contents of the paper i am grateful to the following for helpful discussions or comments andrea beller university of illinois david bloom harvard and columnbia glen cain university of wisconsin ron ehrenberg cornell victor fuchs stanford bob gregory australian national university jonathan leonard university of california berkeley roberta robb brock university and paul weiler harvard financial support of the humanities and social sciences committee of the research board of the universitu of toronto is eratefullu acknowlede ed

trust membership in groups and household welfare evidence from kwazulu natal south africa unfortunately these two literatures have remained largely unconnected the group and network literature concludes that participation has important economic benefits even when the stated function of the group is noneconomic in most cases however the mechanisms by which groups and networks achieve this are unclear the determinants of trust and participation in groups literature highlights the importance of income and social homogeneity what remains less understood is whether and how trust can be generated for example via participation in groups this article links the empirical literatures referenced above by exploring the relationship between membership in groups and trust specifically using longitudinal data from kwazulu natal province south africa we examine 1 the importance of trust in the decision to join groups 2 the subsequent ability of groups to generate trust and 3 the effect of group membership and trust on a measure of well being per capita household income in addition we disaggregate groups into financial and nonfinancial and we categorize trust in people by agent or actor therefore we can explore whether trust in different kinds of actors is important for participation in different kinds of groups and whether participation in different kinds of groups is important for generating trust in different kinds of actors excerpt

does cash crop adoption detract from child care provision evidence from rural nepal this document addresses the issues of agricultural commercialization using data from fieldwork conducted in nepal it aimed to examine the impact of a project designed to commercialize vegetables and fruit the vegetable and fruit cash crop program vcf on male and female time allocation the goal of vfc program was to increase the commercial production of vegetables and fruits in farm households that were heavily dependent on the production of cereal and livestock for home consumption findings from multivariate analysis suggest that for households with one preschooler vfc participation results in more time to agricultural production of the cash crop for both men and women but also a decrease in care time to preschoolers from both men and women meanwhile for households with more than one preschooler this trade off is not so apparent the analysis also suggests that behavior change initiatives to protect time to child care might be feasible in that vfc participation does not decrease the overall nonwork time of men or women with preschool children in residence

industrial shifts skills levels and the labor market for white and black males in this paper we estimate the effects of industrial shifts in the 1970s and 1980s on the wages and employment of black and white males we use micro census data for 52 msa s and estimate effects separately by age and education group the results show that industrial shifts did reduce demand for blacks and for less skilled males in the 1970s and 1980s demand shifts away from manufacturing in particular reduced employment and wages for black and white males while the magnitudes of these effects are fairly small for many groups they can account for one third to one half of the employment decline for less educated young blacks in the 1970s these results imply fairly large effects on the earnings of less skilled males in the 1980s as well authors

market access by smallholder farmers in malawi implications for technology adoption agricultural productivity and crop income abstract in malawi maize is the major crop and food staple given limited off farm employment opportunities much needed increases in household income for improving food security must come from gains in agricultural productivity through better technology and more profitable crops in the past hybrid maize and more recently tobacco were promoted by policy for increasing smallholder income an analysis of determinants of adoption of these two crops and related income effects is presented apart from factor endowment and exposure to agroecological risks differences in the household s access to financial and commodity markets significantly influence its cropping shares and farm income

regulation theory strategies of enterprise integration and the political economy of regional economic restructuring in central and eastern europe the case of slovakia 1 1 this is a revised version of a paper presented at the annual conference of the institute of british geographers university of northumbria at newcastle january 1995 the research is based upon interviews with enterprise managers ministerial representatives and other economic organizations in slovakia during 1993 94