corporate social responsibility for supply chain management a literature review and bibliometric analysis corporate social responsibility csr in supply chain management scm has gained an increasing research attention in recent years extant studies have discussed stakeholder interests performance evaluation ethical sourcing and sustainable production the purpose of this paper is to develop a systematic study quantitatively depicting the knowledge structure and the intellectual progress of csr for scm this research adopts bibliometric analysis in conjunction with network analysis to systematically evaluate the csr related publications for scm the analysis involves 628 peer reviewed articles identified with careful selection of influential work data analytic techniques including citation analysis co citation analysis and co word analysis are used key findings for researchers include 1 an analytical discussion of the five sub fields that constitute the intellectual structure of csr for scm 2 theoretical and conceptual research significantly dominate in this field 3 the topics of sustainable development and economic and social effects are more frequently discussed among scholars 4 key research gaps include lacking of practical and normative modeling research and considering from the supplier perspectives in emerging economies the findings suggest that future research would emerge a greater depth of practical and modeling analysis to enrich the theories

choice under uncertainty a model of applications for the social security disability insurance program abstract not all people with health problems are disabled some individuals with severe physical or mental impairments such as blindness or limb amputation continue to hold jobs and generally function satisfactorily they constitute however a group of potentially disabled individuals who might apply and qualify for disability insurance or other disability related benifits if they were to lose their jobs or to decide that employment offered an inadequate financial or non pecuniary reward thus disability or a health related inability to work is more than a medical problem but involves motivational and attitudinal factors we specify a model of the application process which we model as choice under uncertainty about approval of an application for disability insurance we specify the possible outcomes to the choice process of an individual in which the probability of acceptance for disability insurance is a key consideration we then estimate a joint model of labor supply and application to the disability insurance program based on the 1972 survey we then compare our results to the observed time series applications process since 1976 lastly we estimate the sensitivity of the application process to the probability of acceptance and the level of benifits

the norwegian winter herring fishery a story of technological progress and stock collapse in the 1970s herring stocks in the northeast atlantic were nearly fished to extinction this collapse is usually attributed to technological advances we investigate the empirical impact of technological shocks on herring stocks we show evidence that the power block was the principal factor in the demise of the stock we also look at the sensitivity of catch to stock size and technological shocks we measure a significant stock effect in the 1950s contrary to what we expect a simulation model indicates that this could have been caused by an increasing range of the fishing fleet due to ongoing technological progress

effects of illegal behavior on the financial performance of us banking institutions this study investigates whether financial performance is affected by corporate violations of laws and regulations in a sample of 128 publicly traded banks that were subject to enforcement actions by us regulatory authorities over a 20 year period we observed a significant negative market reaction pursuant to the violations however the market reaction did not vary meaningfully in accordance with the severity or repetitiveness of the violation the results of this study are in conformity with previous research on industries other than banking notably with regard to negative market reaction this confirms that shareholders in the banking industry react in a manner considerably similar to their counterparts in other industries

disability and self employment evidence for the uk this article examines the self employment decision for disabled and nondisabled workers in the uk using labour force survey lfs data it is found that self employment may provide an important means by which those with work limiting disabilities can accommodate their impairment

codes of ethics partly as a result of much recent evidence of business and government crime a large proportion of major corporations have adopted codes of ethics government service is also making more use of them the electrical manufacturing anti trust conspiracy and 1973 1976 investigation of foreign and domestic bribery were immediate prods there are also government codes of which the aspa code is most widely distributed corporate codes discuss relations to employees interemployee relationships whistle blowing effect on environment commercial bribery insider information other conflicts of interest anti trust accounting consumer relations and political activities a discussion of use of codes shows partly favorable results a number of corporation decisions have not yet become a subject of code provisions codes will be more useful if the reasons behind each order are stated and team work is encouraged

multinationality and corporate ethics codes of conduct in the sporting goods industry the international operations of firms have substantial impact on the formulation and implementation of business ethical principles such as codes of conduct the international sporting goods industry has been a pioneer in setting up codes and thus provides much relevant experience different sourcing strategies degrees of multinationality and national backgrounds affect the contents of codes moreover international non governmental organizations prove equally effective in triggering sophisticated codes

child labor and multinational conduct a comparison of international business andstakeholder codes increasing attention to the issue of child labor has been reflected in codes of conduct that emerged in the past decade in particular this paper examines the way in which multinationals business associations governmental and non governmental organizations deal with child labor in their codes with a standardized framework it analyzes 55 codes drawn up by these different actors to influence firms external societal behavior the exploratory study helps to identify the main issues related to child labor and the use of voluntary instruments such as codes of conduct apart from a specific indication of the topics covered by the code especially minimum age requirements this also includes monitoring systems and monitoring parties most important to company codes are the sanctions imposed on business partners in case of non compliance severe measures may be counterproductive as they do not change the underlying causes of child labor and can worsen the situation of the child workers by driving them to more hazardous work in the informal sector this underlines the importance of a broad rather than a restrictive approach to child labor in codes of conduct the paper discusses the implications of this study offering suggestions for future research

from chain liability to chain responsibility this article examines whether the involvement of stakeholders in the design of corporate codes of conduct leads to a higher implementation likelihood of the code the empirical focus is on occupational safety and health osh the article compares the inclusion of osh issues in the codes of conduct of 30 companies involved in international framework agreements ifas agreed upon by trade unions and multinational enterprises with those of a benchmark sample of 38 leading multinational enterprises in comparable industries it is found that codes of the ifa group have a higher implementation likelihood in osh than the codes of the benchmark group further european firms culturally more used to stakeholder involvement score higher than their us and japanese competitors and hence are more capable of addressing the safety and health issues in international supply chains the implementation likelihood of codes seems closely related to the type of corporate csr approach

embodied and disembodied technical change in fisheries an analysis of the sete trawl fishery 1985 1999 overfishing and excess capacity in mostfisheries around the world have generated considerableand increasing concern about their biological and economic performance ramifications theseproblems in part stem from substantialinvestment in technical improvements to boats andequipment in fishing fleets which exacerbatesexcess fishing capacity and low returns tofishing effort and investment given regulatoryand biological constraints however little attempt hasbeen made to quantify the extent or effects oftechnical change in fisheries in this paper we usedetailed data on innovation patterns for 19vessels in the sete trawl fleet of southernfrance to evaluate the contributions oftechnical change to catch rates we find thatembodied technical change enhanced productivity by approximately one percent per year between 1985 and 1999 but that external disembodied events counteractedthis trend causing a net output decline ofabout three percent per year

endogenous fishery management in a stochastic model why do fishery agencies use tacs along with fishing periods this paper seeks to explain the circumstances under which using total allowable catch tac as an instrument to manage a fishery along with fishing periods may be of interest from a regulatory point of view the deterministic analysis by homans and wilen j environ econ manag 32 1 21 1997 and anderson ann oper res 94 231 257 2000 is thus extended to a stochastic scenario where the resource cannot be measured accurately the resulting model is solved numerically to find the optimal control rules in the iberian sardine stock three relevant conclusions can be highlighted from simulations first the greater the uncertainty regarding the state of the stock the lower the probability of the fishery being closed before the end of the fishing period second the use of tacs as a management instrument in fisheries that are already regulated by fishing periods leads to i an increase in the optimal season length and harvests especially for medium and high numbers of licences ii improved biological and economic variables when the fleet is large and iii extinction risk for the resource being eliminated third the regulator would rather select the number of licences than restrict the season length

do corporate codes of ethics reflect national character evidence from europe and the united states this paper analyses the usage and contents of corporate codes of ethics the results from a sample of 600 large european companies are contrasted with findings reported for similar u s firms the comparison reveals that significantly fewer european than u s firms adopted codes of ethics in europe the large majority of codes have been introduced only very recently and there are indications that codes made their way into europe via subsidiaries of u s firms however there are striking differences in content between u s and european codes of ethics pointing to the existence of a distinctly european approach to codifying ethics

why have uk disability benefit rolls grown so much abstract over the last 30 years many countries including the uk have seen a dramatic rise in the share of the working age population receiving sickness and disability benefits hereafter disability benefits this is despite health levels that are generally thought to be slowly improving this paper describes the time path of uk disability benefit rolls and explores the existing uk literature together with literature from the usa in search of potential explanations for it since the early 1990s despite a number of detailed descriptive studies surprisingly little attention has been paid to quantifying the importance of the different factors believed to be driving the uk benefit roll growth this is all the more surprising given the continued growth and the level of policy attention recently and currently devoted to disability benefits in the uk

disability transfers and the work decision of older men the potential causal relationship between the availability and generosity of disability transfers and the nonparticipation rates of older men is often asserted and much studied parsons 1980 haveman and wolfe 1984 leonard 1986 however estimates of the magnitude of this linkage vary widely the growth in transfer availability and generosity has been credited with from 30 to 100 percent of the significant post 1960 fall in older male participation rates the disparity in these research results stems primarily from 1 alternative sources of data that differentially constrain estimation of relevant expected wage and transfer incomes 2 specifications that are unable to distinguish income transfer from labor market effects and 3 reliance on measures of health status that are endogenous to the work leisure decision this study seeks to narrow the range of estimates by addressing each of these issues our utility maximization model of work status choice assumes that workers who differ in health status choose between the mutually exclusive options of working at the wage offered for their characteristics and accepting public or private disability transfers because the income flows in the two options are censored they are estimated using switching regression techniques as expectations conditional on exogenous individual characteristics hence accounting for the potentially endogenous process that separates wage earners from transfer recipients the marginal utilities of income from the two sources are allowed to differ because of stigma effects in the estimation we adjust the choice based nature of our sample employ longitudinal earnings data to measure expected changes in as distinct from the expected level of income in the two options and use a separately estimated latent health status measure largely purged of its endogeneity with the participation decision

technological change and managerial ability evidence from a malaysian artisanal fishery technological progress can improve economic development but its role in the harvest of common resources has received little attention we study the relationship between skill and the use of electronic and mechanical innovations in the productivity of malaysian artisanal fishers surprisingly electronics users do not define the frontier and mechanical winch adopters produced well inside it we show that if technology is a skill substitute rather than a complement then it helps less efficient users catch up to the production frontier policy makers must balance the implications for participation rates and resource depletion against gains for the least skilled participants

stakeholder forces of socially responsible supply chain management orientation this project investigates salient stakeholder forces of socially responsible supply chain orientation srsco in the apparel and footwear sector focusing on fair labor management issues srsco was conceptualized as a composite of internal organizational direction and external partnership for a creation and continuation of fair labor conditions throughout the supply chain primary stakeholders identified were consumers regulation industry and media a total of 209 mail survey responses from sourcing managers of u s apparel and footwear companies were analyzed two dimensions of srsco were confirmed internal direction and external partnership consumer and industry peer pressures were found significantly related to internal direction while industry peers and media were significantly related to the external partnership regulation was not significantly related to either internal direction or external partnerships lack of regulation forces to govern labor issues and roles of consumers industry peers and media in promoting fair labor management are discussed in this article

the health and earnings of rejected disability insurance applicants applicants for social security disability benefits who fail to pass the medical screening form a natural control group for beneficiaries data drawn from the 1972 and 1978 surveys of the disabled done for the social security administration show that fewer than 50 percent of rejected male applicants work typical earnings of those that do are less than 59 percent of median earnings for other men their age these data cast doubt on recent econometric work that suggests that the disincentive effects of the social security disability program have been substantial copyright 1989 by american economic association

scoring firms codes of ethics an explorative study of quality drivers research in the field of management has increasingly focused on strategies and tools related to corporate sustainability of the tools examined codes of ethics have been found to play a primary role many studies have investigated the content of such codes as well as their capacity to condition the behaviour of people within organizations however few studies have considered the intrinsic quality of codes of ethics this study aims to investigate the impact that specific factors firm size degree of internationalization and industry effect can have on the quality of codes of ethics based on a sample of 248 listed italian companies the results of the empirical analysis show that the quality standard is particularly high in larger companies and in those firms operating in industries in which relationships established with critical stakeholders and disclosure to those stakeholders play a crucial role these results have interesting implications for both researchers and practitioners

why do disability benefit rolls vary between regions a review of the evidence from the usa and the uk mcvicar d 2006 why do disability benefit rolls vary between regions a review of the evidence from the usa and the uk regional studies 40 519 533 over the last 30 years many organization for economic co operation and development oecd countries have seen a dramatic rise in the share of the working age population receiving earnings replacement sickness and disability benefits the reasons behind this growth particularly for the usa but also to a lesser extent elsewhere have been extensively researched in the economics literature what have been less well researched are the large spatial differences in the size of disability benefit rolls that have emerged in some countries over this period the uk displays a distinct regional pattern where working age men and women in the north are considerably more likely to be claiming disability benefits than those in the south the usa has its own version of the north south divide with many southern states displaying disproportionately large disabilit

going onto invalidity benefit a study for women 1977 78 1983 84 the main form of state insurance for long term sickness in britain is invalidity benefit there has been a dramatic growth in the stock of claimants on this benefit since its introduction in 1971 a logit model is fitted to explain at the individual level the probability of entering invalidity benefit among over 50 000 women in 1977 8 and over 65 000 in 1983 4 demographic characteristics played a powerful role in this model pay and benefit rates were also significant married women s entry probabilities were highly sensitive to local labour market conditions and much more so than other population groups

if you can t see the forest for the trees you might just cut down the forest the perils of forced choice on seemingly unethical decision making why do otherwise well intentioned managers make decisions that have negative social or environmental consequences to answer this question the authors combine the literature on construal level theory with the compromise effect to explore the circumstances that lead to seemingly unethical decision making the results of two studies suggest that the degree to which managers make high risk tradeoffs is highly influenced by how they mentally represent the decision context the authors find that managers are more likely to make seemingly unethical tradeoffs when psychological distance is high rather than low and when they are forced to choose between competing alternatives however when given the option not to choose managers better reflect on the consequences of each alternative and thus become more likely to choose options with less risk of negative consequences the results suggest that simply offering managers the option not to choose may reduce psychological distance and help organizations avoid seemingly unethical decision making

disability benefits replacement ratios and the labour market a time series approach in this paper a study of factors affecting the number of disability beneficiaries in norway is presented equations determining entry rates into the disability benefit system are estimated using aggregated time series data grouped by sex and age unemployment is found to influence disability entry the results regarding effects of the replacement ratio are ambiguous a model determining the number of beneficiaries including the estimated entry equations is presented the model is used to simulate the effect of counterfactual changes in exogenous variables on the number of disability beneficiaries

disability transfers self reported health and the labor force attachment of older men evidence from the historical record we use trends in self reported disability to gauge the impact of the growth of disability transfer programs on the labor force attachment of older working aged men our tabulations suggest that between 1949 and 1987 about half of the 4 9 percentage point drop in the labor force participation of men aged 45 54 and between one quarter and one third of the 19 9 point drop among men aged 55 64 represented a movement of men out of the labor force and onto the rolls of transfer programs targeted at the disabled since the expansion of transfer programs represents only one of the forces behind this movement these figures represent upper bounds on the impact of such programs on work force attachment

specification and estimation of nonseparable two stage technologies the leontief ces and the cobb douglas ces a two stage technology is a sequential production process that first uses pri mary inputs to produce intermediate inputs and then uses theintermediate inputs to produce final output in this paper the authors show that two stage technologies provide a general procedure for combining production functions or cost functions to obtain new specifications suitable for empirical production analysis they investigate two new cost functions for which the input demand systemssatisfy global regularity conditions in a wide range of nondegenerate cases using six data sets the authors estimate thesetwo input demand systems both with and without imposing global regularity conditions and find that one of them performs well copyright 1987 by university of chicago press

an analysis of the ethical codes of corporations and business schools reports of ethical lapses in the business world have been numerous and widespread ethical awareness in business education has received a great deal of attention because of the number and severity of business scandals given sarbanes oxley legislation and recent association to advance collegiate schools of business international s aacsbi recommendations this study examined respective websites of securities and exchange commission sec regulated public companies and aacsbi accredited business schools for ethical policy statement content the analysis was accomplished by classifying ethical expressions into a framework consisting of the attributes of thematic content and focus themes partially based on the 2004 research of gaumnitz and lere findings indicate that public companies have been diligent in presenting website ethical content that closely follows authoritative recommendations business schools appear not to have prioritized such disclosure to the extent done so by public companies although there was improvement between two samples taken in 2005 and 2007 this study provides evidence that many accredited business schools have little or no disclosed ethical expectations in their mission vision goals or other similar types of statements on their websites additional findings provide several opportunities for future research

business codes of multinational firms what do they say business codes are an oft cited management instrument but how common are codes among multinationals and what is their content in an unprecedented study the codes of the largest corporations in the world have been collected and thoroughly analyzed this paper presents the results of that study of the 200 largest companies in the world 52 5 have a code more than half f these codes describe company responsibilities regarding quality of products and services 67 adherence to local laws and regulations 57 and the protection of the natural environment 56 many codes make reference to principles governing stake holder relations e g transparency 55 honesty 50 and fairness 45 corporate core values e g teamwork 43 appropriate conduct among employees e g discrimination 44 and intimidation 43 and treatment of company property by employees e g conflict of interests 52 corruption 46 and fraud 45 monitoring compliance with the code is addressed in 52 of the codes based on this content study three types of codes are distinguished the stakeholder statute 72 the values statement 49 and the code of conduct 46 the results of this inquiry present a benchmark for the evaluation and development of both individual and international business codes

corporate governance and codes of ethics as a result of recent corporate scandals several rules have focused on the role played by boards of directors on the planning and monitoring of corporate codes of ethics in theory outside directors are in a better position than insiders to protect and further the interests of all stakeholders because of their experience and their sense of moral and legal obligations female directors also tend to be more sensitive to ethics according to several past studies which explain this affirmation by early gender socialization the fact that women are thought to place a greater emphasis on harmonious relations and the fact that men and women use different ethical frameworks in their judgments the goal of this paper is to determine the influence of these characteristics of the board in terms of promoting and hindering the creation of a code of ethics our findings show that a greater number of female directors does not necessarily lead to more ethical companies moreover within europe as a continent board ownership leads to an entrenchment of upper level management generating a divergence between the ethical interests of owners and managers in light of this situation the presence of independent directors is necessary to reduce such conflicts

an analysis of u s multinationals recruitment practices in mexico the frequency of discriminatory language in job advertisements placed by u s multinational corporations operating in mexico was compared with that of mexican companies using content analysis a sample of 300 ads placed by companies from each culture was analyzed and coded by two groups of coders to calculate the frequency of discriminatory language in the job ads with respect to age gender physical appearance and marital status results of a chi square analysis revealed that u s multinationals firms in mexico utilize discriminatory language in job ads less frequently in the categories of age gender and marital status this result suggests that the legal and cultural framework of the country of origin of u s enterprises in mexico may be influencing their actual recruitment practice in mexico and in turn help them in setting a positive example of non discrimination in recruitment among their mexican counterparts

ethical sourcing codes of large uk based corporations prevalence content limitations codes of conduct have become the perhaps most often used tool to manage corporate social responsibility csr researchers have primarily analysed such documents at company wide or trans company levels whereas there is a dearth of studies into the use of codes for particular corporate functions hence this article will examine one particular group of sub company level codes namely codes of conduct that stipulate csr criteria for suppliers examining such ethical sourcing policies adopted by the ftse100 corporations the article draws out what environmental social and economic issues large corporations perceive to be important in the management of their supply chains at an aggregate level the coverage of csr issues is rather extensive yet at the level of the individual corporation a degree of selectivity in the issues that are addressed becomes noticeable the code content analysis furthermore confirms the business case and public pressure to be the most important drivers of csr finally the study highlights the role of isomorphic processes in the adoption of csr tools

assessment of leading apparel specialty retailers csr practices as communicated on corporate websites problems and opportunities despite the increased attention to corporate social responsibility csr and regulatory changes in recent years little is known about how apparel companies are implementing and communicating csr practices to their stakeholders to fill the gap this study investigated the range and strategies of leading apparel specialty retailers csr practices as communicated on their websites over a longitudinal period of 1 year in total 17 apparel specialty retailers were included in the analysis the companies websites were content analyzed in depth using the coding criteria focusing on labor and environmental issues developed for this study the initial data were collected in november 2011 and the study was replicated in december 2012 to examine any changes in the csr practices as of 2011 only nine companies addressed csr issues on their websites at different degrees despite their leadership positions in the industry environmental issues were addressed by only five companies with different ranges of practices in 2012 all 17 companies addressed labor issues on their websites with varying degrees of specificity in terms of environmental issues six companies an increase of one company from 2011 addressed environmental initiatives on their websites with wider ranges of practices discussed are problems and opportunities as well as the role of the government and stakeholders for the effective communications of csr policies and initiatives for the apparel industry

a study of codes of ethics for mexican microfinance institutions most scholarly interest in codes of ethics or conduct has focused on traditional companies little is known about the codes of social enterprises or hybrid organizations such as microfinance institutions mfis our paper provides a comparative case study of the codes of a mexican microfinance network and seven mfis using the corporate integrity model we analyze the content of mfis codes compared to those of traditional organizations we then examine to what extent some specific features of mfis such as their mission target group and applied credit methodologies are factors that determine the content of their code we find that mfis codes like those of traditional companies include traditional stakeholder principles nevertheless they put greater emphasis on socially oriented principles or on terms such as people and common good mfis codes differ with respect to the items they include and exclude and the size of the covered sections we also find that these codes attempt to address prevailing concerns in microfinance but rarely tackle two critical debates namely levels of interest rates and of profitability we finally argue that it is difficult to move toward a global code owing to regional disparities and the variety of organizational models and missions