information and legislative bargaining the political economy of u s tariff suspensions this paper studies the political influence of individual firms on congressional decisions to suspend tariffs on u s imports of intermediate goods we develop a legislative bargaining model in which firms influence legislators by transmitting information about the value of protection using verbal messages and lobbying expenditures model estimation using firm level data on tariff suspension bills and lobbying expenditures reveals that the probability a suspension is granted decreases with each additional firm that expresses opposition this effect is significantly larger than that of either opponent or proponent lobbying due to the greater information content of verbal opposition and legislative bargaining costs jel f13 d7

u s trade remedy law and agriculture trade diversion and investigation effects we study u s agricultural antidumping and countervailing duty cases from 1980 to 2005 and gauge the effectiveness of trade remedy law as a form of protection the purpose is to measure the resulting investigation and trade diversion effects previous research on trade in manufactured products has shown that the domestic protection offered by ad and cv duties is largely offset by trade diversion in contrast we find that for agriculture trade diversion is relatively unimportant so ad and cvd cases are very effective forms of protection for u s agriculture les auteurs etudient les cas de tarifs antidumping et de tarifs compensatoires dans l agriculture aux etats unis entre 1980 et 2005 et evaluent l efficience de cette forme de protection l objectif est de mesurer les effets resultant des enquetes et de la diversion de commerce des etudes anterieures sur le commerce de produits manufacturiers ont montre que la protection offerte par ces mesures antidumping et compensatoires etait largement contrebalancee par la diversion de commerce a contrario il appert qu en agriculture la diversion de commerce est relativement peu importante voila qui fait que les mesures antidumping et compensatoires sont des formes de protection efficientes pour l agriculture americaine

tariff jumping antidumping duties abstract this paper examines the tariff jumping response of all firm and product combinations subject to us antidumping investigations from 1980 to 1990 using a newly constructed database previous studies have focused only on japanese fdi responses to antidumping protection and found large tariff jumping responses in contrast this paper finds quite modest tariff jumping responses and the evidence suggests that tariff jumping is only a realistic option for multinational firms from industrialized countries this may partially explain developing countries concerns about addressing ad protection in the wto despite high tariff jumping responses there is no evidence of a japanese specific propensity to tariff jump holding other economic factors constant

circumvention of trade defence measures and business ethics with the rise of globalization the debate around free trade versus fair trade and liberalism versus protectionism has become increasingly complicated at times the regulations of the world trade organization seem to pit developed markets against emerging markets as governments attempt to expand international trade while at the same time protecting local industry to this end antidumping measures have been extensively developed as a way to block foreign low cost goods often produced in emerging countries from entering domestic markets in response some exporters have begun to circumvent these antidumping measures using strategies such as transhipment assembly operations and slightly modified products while previous studies have addressed the ethical aspects of antidumping measures this study will focus on the ethics of circumvention strategies with a special focus on the theories on legal compliance and specifically civil disobedience and conscientious evasion

commercial policy and the domestic carrying trade in this paper the authors examine the economic consequences of existing u s restrictions on trade in domestic water transportation cabotage services they briefly trace the history of u s policy on cabotage the authors also use an applied general equilibrium model of the united states to analyze the effects of the jones act on welfare and on production trade and employment in important upstream and downstream sectors the economic effects of u s maritime policies rank them with u s trade policies like the mfa the automobile and steel quotas of the mid 1980s and agricultural import restraints coauthors are hugh m arce kenneth a reinert and joseph e flynn

trade and trade policy with imperfect competition the case of identical products and free entry abstract this paper analyses intra industry trade between economies containing an imperfectly competitive industry in which firms produce a homogeneous output production is subject to increasing returns to scale and there is free entry and exit of firms trade is shown to unambiguously increase welfare by reducing the degree of monopoly in each market and increasing firm size the effects of differences in technology and endowments on the pattern of trade and welfare are examined import tariffs are shown to raise welfare in the country employing the tariff and the welfare implications of various types of industry subsidy are examined

the economic effects of withdrawn antidumping investigations is there evidence of collusive settlements abstract this paper analyzes the effects of antidumping cases initiated from 1990 to 1997 that ended in withdrawn petitions without a suspension agreement or voluntary restraint agreement monthly import data are used to estimate the price and quantity effects of the withdrawn cases the estimated effects of the petition being withdrawn do not support the accepted wisdom that withdrawn petitions are a signal of collusion this is an important issue since out of court settlements of unfair trade cases which restrict quantities or increase prices are not only welfare reducing but are also actionable under the antitrust laws they are not exempt under the noerr pennington doctrine

anti dumping what are the numbers to discuss at doha while tariff barriers have decreased worldwide through various gatt rounds anti dumping has surged to play a crucial role as the most important non tariff barrier after much debate and opposition anti dumping is on the agenda of the doha round of multilateral trade negotiations and it is one of the most important issues especially for developing countries as they are the main targets of this policy instrument with this prospect it is important to assess the relevance of anti dumping not only by focusing on traditional users but by analysing the experience of new users which are now major players in the field this paper improves upon existing studies by providing a comprehensive assessment on the use of anti dumping first data on the time pattern of worldwide implementations of anti dumping laws are presented this time profile shows interesting relationships with legal developments in gatt and wto dispositions second usual sources of data are complemented with various other sources this allows the inclusion of recent heavy users like china russia taiwan and ukraine which are ignored in similar studies but important for their trade volumes this enlarged and updated dataset shows that new users are even more important than previously thought with implications for the doha negotiations

does antidumping use contribute to trade liberalization in developing countries some supporters of antidumping have argued that this procedure serves as a kind of safety valve for protectionist pressure in this paper we investigate whether there is empirical evidence that the use of antidumping actions has contributed to ongoing tariff reductions over the period 1988 to 2004 in a sample of 23 developing countries some of which have become aggressive users of antidumping in recent years the evidence is not supportive of the safety valve argument for these countries instead evidence suggests that past use of antidumping may have led to less rather than more trade liberalization

ontology and the study of social reality emergence organisation community power social relations corporations artefacts and money the conception of social reality i have previously defended and here extend positing features such as social relations positions and powers is thoroughly naturalistic and even consistent with modern interpretations of quantum field theory it also serves to ground a social science that can be scientific in the sense of natural science this is the thesis defended here central to the argument is an emphasis on a strong form of emergence and the category of organisation in process to bring out various salient features of the position defended i take the opportunity to compare aspects of it with relevant components of the contribution of john searle whose ontological conception appears at once to be both very similar yet also very different copyright the author 2012 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

ontology and the history of economic thought the case of anti reductionism in the work of friedrich hayek tony lawson has long advocated an ontological turn in the history of economic thought this essay aims to contribute towards that goal by considering how one aspect of the methodology adopted by a prominent heterodox economist was informed by ontological considerations the economist is friedrich hayek the aspect of his methodology concerns the possibility of reductionism while the ontological category that informs his anti reductionist methodology though not as we shall see in a wholly consistent way is that of emergence the account presented below suggests that the notion of emergence played an increasingly important and also increasingly explicit role in the arguments hayek mounts against reductionism in his postwar work on theoretical psychology and social theory in the case of his theoretical psychology notwithstanding the fact that he had access to a set of concepts that afforded him the opportunity to mount an emergentist case against reductionism hayek s most prominent argument against reductionism was and remained computational rather than emergentist in nature in the case of his mature post 1960 social theory however hayek explicitly advanced a consistently emergentist case against reductionism based on the importance of organising relations for the generation of higher level structural properties such as the coordinative powers of the liberal market economy the implications of this ontologically informed discussion of hayek s arguments against reductionism for existing interpretations of hayek s work are considered

2004 trade policy review the united states many of the findings of the seventh trade policy review of the united states are similar to those reached in earlier reviews the us is unanimously acknowledged as having an open and transparent system the us economy has remained amongst the world s most competitive and has continued to support global growth by keeping its import market largely open this review finds however that the us has developed a disturbing pattern of non compliance with wto rules during the period of review the united states enacted policies most notably the infamous byrd amendment and the 2001 02 steel safeguard action that were found to be clear violations of its wto obligations despite these and other such findings the united states has obstinately refused to bring its domestic statutes in line with wto rules in addition in recent years the united states aggressive pursuit of regional and bilateral initiatives has led many members to question whether the united states is committed to the multilateral approach espoused by the wto overall despite the us s many virtues member countries expressed concern that the us s stated leadership of and commitment to the wto is not matched by its actions

trade deflection and trade depression this is the first paper to empirically examine whether a country s use of an import restricting trade policy distorts a foreign country s exports to third markets we first develop a theoretical model of worldwide trade in which the imposition of antidumping and safeguard taris or trade remedies by one country causes significant distortions in world trade flows we then empirically test this model by investigating the eect of the united states use of such import restrictions on japanese exports of roughly 4800 products into 37 countries between 1992 and 2001 our estimation yields evidence that us restrictions both deflect and depress japanese export flows to third countries imposition of a us antidumping measure against japan deflects trade as the average antidumping duty on japanese exports leads to a 5 7 increase in japanese exports of the same product to the average third country market the imposition of a us antidumping measure against a third country depresses trade as the average us duty imposed on a third country leads to a 5 19 decrease in japanese exports of that same product to the average third country s market we also document the substantial variation in trade deflection and trade depression across dierent importing countries and exported products

non equivalent pass through of anti dumping duties countervailing duties and import tariffs we directly compare the short run pass through of tariffs anti dumping ad duties and countervailing cv duties into us import prices consistent with the theoretical predictions we find clear pattern of non equivalence in import price reaction to the three duty types with the most notable difference detected between ad duties and tariffs according to our estimates a tariff rate would have to be approximately two times higher than an ad duty rate in order to have the same effect on the delivered import price

can someone please settle this dispute canadian softwood lumber and the dispute settlement mechanisms of the nafta and the wto the long running canada us softwood lumber dispute provides a useful backdrop for comparison of the dispute settlement mechanisms of the canada us free trade agreement the north american free trade agreement and the dispute settlement mechanisms of the world trade organisation because it is the only dispute to have been litigated in all three venues by looking at a dispute in which the central arguments of the litigants have remained consistent while the venues for litigation have changed this article aims to evaluate the utility of these mechanisms for resolving some of the world trading system s most difficult disputes and highlights several weaknesses within each that both hamper their effectiveness and suggest avenues for future change

the chilling trade effects of antidumping proliferation advocates of antidumping ad laws downplay their negative effects by arguing that the trade flows that are subject to ad are small and their distortions negligible but while the adverse effect of ad on product level trade has long been established the question remains whether there are trade effects at the aggregate level the recent proliferation wave of ad laws and their use provides us with a unique policy change to estimate the true trade effects of adopting and enforcing ad laws for this purpose we estimate the effect of ad on bilateral trade flows between the new adopters of ad laws and their trade partners using a gravity model of annual observations 1980 2000 our estimates show that ad has trade chilling effects on aggregate import volumes but the impacts are heterogeneous across sectors we find that new tough users experience a chilling of their aggregate imports of 14 billion us a year or 5 9 as a result of ad measures for some countries like mexico and india the dampening effects of ad laws on trade flows are found to substantially offset the increase in trade volumes derived from trade liberalization

antidumping law as a collusive device in the united states many antidumping petitions are withdrawn before the investigations are completed prusa 1992 argues that petitions are used by domestic industries to induce foreign industries into collusive agreements in his model all antidumping petitions should be withdrawn which is not the case this paper provides a model in which only some petitions are withdrawn withdrawal depends on two key parameters coordination cost and bargaining power of domestic and foreign industries a new data set is constructed to test the model on the u s experience for the period 1980 97 the econometric analysis supports the theoretical conclusions of the model

domino dumping i competitive exporters when exporting firms face the prospect of voluntary export restraints they have an incentive to export more than with no prospect of a voluntary export restraint since greater exports lead to larger license allocations in the event of a voluntary export restraint export country governments incentives differ leading either to export tax or subsidy depending on the circumstances the prospect of one departure from free trade thus leads to another a domino effect antidumping enforcement will ordinarily not eliminate and ironically may increase dumping copyright 1992 by american economic association

the first review of european union antidumping reviews the literature on antidumping ad has documented various aspects of this protectionist tool however a peculiar feature of ad has not received much attention these measures are endogenous to the behaviour of the exporting firms which can adjust the dumping margin by changing their export price and ask the authority to amend the ad measures accordingly the objective of this paper is to fill part of this gap in the literature by analysing the ad reviews conducted by the european union for affirmative petitions initiated in 1980 2009 to this end a novel data set of all such reviews has been assembled summary statistics reveal that more than a third of all petitions concluded with the imposition of ad measures are reviewed at least once before their expiration and most reviews lead to lower ad duties although almost 20 per cent of the firms investigated through interim reviews see their duties increase there are significant differences in the outcome of the reviews depending on the party requesting them i e reviews lodged by european producers are less likely to lead to lower duties these conclusions are confirmed by the econometric analysis which also shows that chinese firms see their duties reduced significantly less than those of firms from other countries

does flexibility promote cooperation an application to the global trade regime do flexibility provisions in international agreements clauses allow ing for legal suspension of concessions without abrogating the treaty promote coop eration recent work emphasizes that provisions for relaxing treaty commitments can ironically make states more likely to form agreements and make deeper conces sions when doing so this argument has particularly been applied to the global trade regime the general agreement on tariffs and trade gatt and its successor the world trade organization wto yet the field has not produced much evidence bearing on this claim our article applies this claim to the global trade regime and its chief flexibility provision antidumping in contrast to prior work this article explic itly models the endogeneity and selection processes envisioned by the theory we find that states joining the wto are more likely to adopt domestic antidumping mech anisms likewise corrected for endogeneity states able to take advantage of the regime s principal flexibility provision by having a domestic antidumping mecha nism in place are significantly more likely to 1 join the wto 2 agree to more tightly binding tariff commitments and 3 implement lower applied tariffs as well

political pressure deflection much economic policy is deliberately shifted away from direct political processes to administrative processes political pressure deflection pressure deflection poses a puzzle to standard political economy models which suggest that having policies to sell is valuable to politicians the puzzle is solved here by showing that incumbents will favor pressure deflection since it can deter viability of a challenger essentially like entry deterrence u s trade policy since 1934 provides a prime example especially antidumping law and its evolution

nontariff barriers and trade liberalization i introduction it is common to recognize that tariffs have gradually been replaced by nontariff barriers ntbs some authors go even further and argue there is a law of constant protection an expression used by bhagwati 1988 mainly to dismiss the idea baldwin 1984 600 for instance writes not only have these measures become more visible as tariffs have declined significantly through successive multilateral trade negotiations but they have been used more extensively by governments to attain the protectionist goals formerly achieved with tariffs the purpose of this article is to set up a model in which the effect of trade liberalization on the use of quotas and antidumping laws can be investigated directly we analyze two types of bilateral trade liberalization tariff reductions and quota elimination we show that our model is consistent with a progression from the use of tariffs only to the use of quotas following tariff liberalization to the use of antidumping laws when quotas have been jointly tarrified second it is also consistent with a narrowing of the range of industries in which each of these instruments is used third the extent of bilateral tariff liberalization and the ensuing degree of replacement of tariffs by ntbs depend on the combination of two industry specific characteristics the government s preferences for domestic firm profits and the importance of international transport cost in the industry overall our results suggest that treaties that remove or reduce one type of distortion may lead to the use of other policies tha t are even worse but despite the use of ntbs overall trade is more liberal to show these results we use a standard two country model with two way trade where the policy maker s objective function is quasi concave this last characteristic is important to explain some of the results as it leads to strategic complementarity in the tariff game and to the possibility of interior solutions in the quota game our results appear to track three separate sets of empirical facts well first evidence shows that there is a clear emergence of quantitative restrictions in the 1960s in manufacturing sectors and in developed economies followed by an explosion in the use of antidumping constraints since the 1980s 1 the emergence of these two ntbs can be linked to preceding multilateral trade rounds and in particular to the completion of the kennedy round today the general agreement on tariffs and trade gatt 1990 10 notes that despite a recent decline in the number of anti dumping investigations initiated in the united states and the european communities anti dumping remains after tariffs the most frequently invoked trade policies in these countries antidumping measures are also spreading to developing countries nogues 1993 quantitative restrictions are meanwhile on the decline as signatories of the uruguay round agreement are now required to tariffy existing quotas and constrain their future use gatt 1990 documents specific import quotas import licensing restrictions and items subject to import prohibition that have been eliminated in recent years second the gradual replacement of trade tools has also been accompanied by a reduction of the number of sectors affected by ntbs whereas very few products were traded without levy before the various gait rounds renner 1971 finds that 7 of the four digit product classes were affected by quantitative restrictions in the united states and in the european communities in 1970 the number of antidumping cases in the european communities initiated and or ending up with a positive decision represents a fraction of this number see gait 1993b mainly concentrated on a very small number of sectors see messerlin and reed 1995 of course it is not because a smaller number of sectors are affected by ntbs that overall protection necessarily decreases however given the high rates of growth in world trade it seems likely that despite this substitution the overall level of protection has decreased over time

taking stock of antidumping safeguards and countervailing duties 1990 2009 antidumping safeguards countervailing duties 1990 2009 this article examines the evolving cross country use of antidumping safeguard and countervailing duty policies temporary trade barriers ttbs over the period 1990 2009 i construct two new measures of imported products subject to the combined use of these ttbs before applying these measures to new data drawn from the world bank s temporary trade barriers database i then establish a number of facts regarding trends in historical use to benchmark against policy activity during the global economic crisis of 2008 09 the 2008 09 economic shock mostly accentuates patterns and trends already visible in the precrisis data e g while the major users of such policies overall combined to increase the product lines subject to ttbs by 25 per cent during the crisis this was driven almost entirely by developing economies which increased their product coverage by 40 per cent perhaps surprisingly recession affected high income economies increased their stock of product coverage by only 5 per cent during the crisis a muted policy response consistent with earlier trends in which major developed economies like the united states and eu reduced the stock of imported products they subject to ttbs to 2007 levels that were only 50 per cent as high as their within period peak furthermore a previously unidentified feature of the data is that a much larger share of china s exported products to other developing economies is subject to foreign imposed antidumping than its exports to developed economies the evidence confirms this feature is shared by a number of other major developing economy exporters deepening concern that these discriminatory trade barriers are increasingly a south south phenomenon finally i also clarify emerging trends in countervailing duty anti subsidy use across countries

antidumping investigations and the pass through of antidumping duties and exchange rates comment well in excess of 100 percent based on their understanding of the us antidumping calculation however the hypothesis is based on an incorrect understanding of the antidumping calculation under us law when corrected for this error the hypothesis would lead to a prediction of simple 100 percent pass through at most dumping refers to selling a product in an export market at less than its normal value a benchmark that is most commonly based on sales in the domestic market of the same product antidumping laws set tariffs to offset the amount of dumping the excess of normal value over export price in us practice a dumping complaint is brought on behalf of an industry against rival imports with the cases defined by product and by country a successful case results in the potential imposition of antidumping duties over and above any normal tariffs an unsuccessful case results in no duties being imposed american antidumping law and practice have the somewhat unusual characteristic that anti dumping duties are estimated and used to set duty deposits for a forward looking period in an initial investigation then are recalculated and actually assessed for the same period now back ward looking in a later review with some variation the later review is typically completed about two years after the initial investigation the review sets a new deposit rate and a second review determines the actual assessment rate retrospectively this can be repeated indefinitely the ini tial duty estimate resulting in a deposit rate allows companies to modify their pricing behavior so as to affect the actual dumping duties that are later assessed blonigen and haynes exploit this characteristic of the us administration of its antidump ing law to examine the effects of the imposition of antidumping duties on the pass through to us pricing the dumping investigation and resulting deposit rate provide information that the company can use in its subsequent sales in order to reduce or eliminate its dumping liability in the eventual review by comparing the antidumping deposit rates with eventual us pricing the degree of pass through of antidumping deposits can be estimated and the effects on exchange rate pass through of a potential antidumping dumping duty can be studied here i focus on the factual underpinnings that lead to blonigen and haynes s pricing model rather than the empirical results that model predicts that the method by which the us department of commerce usdoc calculates ad duties will lead to pass through of estimated antidump ing duties at twice the level of those estimated duties if companies wish to eliminate the eventual dumping duties by studying the outcomes of a series of ad cases concerning steel from canada they conclude that pass through of estimated duties exceeds 160 percent broadly consistent with

welfare costs of the u s antidumping and countervailing duty laws abstract the antidumping ad and countervailing duty cvd laws in the united states have become the most pervasive form of import relief sought by domestic producers this paper estimates the collective economic effect of the hundreds of active u s ad cvd orders using a computable general equilibrium model we estimate that the collective net economic welfare cost in 1993 of these orders to be 4 billion this welfare estimate is sensitive to various modeling assumptions which are explored in the paper with the implementation of the uruguay round agreements the ad cvd laws remain one of the costliest programs restraining u s trade

entry dumping and shakeout this paper studies the process of entry dumping and shakeout and the properties of the free trade equilibrium that results in a world in which countries differ in their stock of technological knowledge but not necessarily in their stock of technological capability the model can account for the dumping of products by newly industrializing countries and technological newcom ers at a price that fails to cover average cost in the face of a surge i n world demand for the dumped product a phenomenon that has not been uncommon in recent years copyright 1993 by american economic association

tariff jumping fdi and domestic firms profits studies of the welfare implications of trade policy often do not take account of the potential for tariff jumping fdi to mitigate positive gains to domestic producers we use event study methodology to examine the market effects for u s domestic firms that petitioned for antidumping ad relief as well as the effect of announcements of fdi by their foreign rivals in the u s market on these u s petitioning firms on average affirmative u s ad decisions are associated with 3 abnormal gains to a petitioning firm when there is no tariff jumping fdi but no abnormal gains if there is tariff jumping fdi the evidence for this mitigating effect is strongest when announcements of the intended tariff jumping fdi have already occurred before an ad decision takes place which happened in fair number of cases we also find evidence that the announcements of plant expansions and to some extent new plants have significantly larger negative effects on u s domestic firms profits than other types of fdi including acquisitions and joint ventures

how bad is antidumping evidence from panel data abstract current research on antidumping suggests a number of channels through which antidumping affects the volume of world trade this paper uses a structural approach to the gravity model framework to evaluate these hypotheses using data on trade volume over the period 1948 to 2001 we conclude that the volume and welfare effects have been negative but quite modest

evolving discretionary practices of u s antidumping activity using data on u s dumping margin calculations by the u s department of commerce usdoc we first document the rapid rise in u s dumping margins from around 15 in the early 1980s to over 60 by 2000 second statistical analysis finds that usdoc discretionary practices have played the major role in rising u s dumping margins over this period importantly the evolving effect of discretionary practices is due not only to increasing use of these practices over time but to apparent changes in implementation of these practices that mean a higher increase in the dumping margin whenever they are applied utilisant des donnees sur le calcul de l ecart entre les prix aux etats unis et les prix de ces biens dans leur marche national d origine dumping margin calcules par le u s department of commerce usdoc on montre que ces marges sont passees d environ 15 au debut des annees 80 a plus de 60 en l an 2000 une analyse statistique suggere que les pratiques discretionnaires du usdoc ont joue un role important dans l accroissement de ces marges au cours de la periode cela n est pas attribuable seulement a l accroissement de ces pratiques dans le temps mais aux changements apparents dans la mise en application de ces pratiques qui se sont traduits par un accroissement de la marge quand on choisit de l appliquer

domino dumping ii anti dumping abstract domino dumping anderson american economic review 1992 82 65 83 arises when exporting firms dump to obtain more export licenses in the future when there is a positive probability of a future ver anti dumping policy may then be in the public interest for the importing country via lowering the probability of a ver increased enforcement may perversely lead to a rise in dumping also it may increase the probability of a ver and may reduce the probability of free trade it is possible for the public interest to require some enforcement however it is normally in the public interest to permit some dumping

taking stock of antidumping safeguards and countervailing duties 1990 2009 this article examines the evolving cross country use of antidumping safeguard and countervailing duty policies temporary trade barriers ttbs over the period 1990 2009 i construct two new measures of imported products subject to the combined use of these ttbs before applying these measures to new data drawn from the world bank s temporary trade barriers database i then establish a number of facts regarding trends in historical use to benchmark against policy activity during the global economic crisis of 2008 09 the 2008 09 economic shock mostly accentuates patterns and trends already visible in the precrisis data e g while the major users of such policies overall combined to increase the product lines subject to ttbs by 25 per cent during the crisis this was driven almost entirely by developing economies which increased their product coverage by 40 per cent perhaps surprisingly recession affected high income economies increased their stock of product coverage by only 5 per cent during the crisis a muted policy response consistent with earlier trends in which major developed economies like the united states and eu reduced the stock of imported products they subject to ttbs to 2007 levels that were only 50 per cent as high as their within period peak furthermore a previously unidentified feature of the data is that a much larger share of china s exported products to other developing economies is subject to foreign imposed antidumping than its exports to developed economies the evidence confirms this feature is shared by a number of other major developing economy exporters deepening concern that these discriminatory trade barriers are increasingly a south south phenomenon finally i also clarify emerging trends in countervailing duty anti subsidy use across countries

order and process in institutionalist thought commons and ayres process is a central category in institutionalist economics conceptions of process often bound up with ideas of historical time and circular or cumulative causation are regularly used to distinguish institutionalism from mainstream theorising and to highlight similarities or complementarities with other heterodox positions discussions of institutionalist ideas of process however have tended to concentrate on the contributions of thorstein veblen to the exclusion of those of other major institutionalists in contrast this article considers two other important contributors to institutionalist thought john commons and clarence ayres the differences between these authors works are often thought to articulate some kind of a fault line in institutionalist thought highlighting very different and indeed incompatible positions i argue that although their overall projects are clearly very different if attention is focussed on the general ontological presuppositions of each author there exists a good measure of common ground between them this is especially the case if comparisons are made in line with the focus of this special issue between their conceptions of process and order from an ontological perspective moreover those aspects of their accounts that at first appear at odds are rather shown to be quite compatible and even usefully complementary

trade reform with quotas partial rent retention and tariffs quotas are the predominant means of protection in developed countries with quota rents commonly shared between exporter and importer this paper derives shadow prices appropriate to evaluating trade reform under these circumstances and provides a number of useful sufficient conditions for welfare improving piecemeal reform in doing so the authors apply the distorted quantity constrained expenditure function and use implicit separability to derive more powerful results than have previously been available

antidumping and retaliation threats abstract we propose and test two ways in which retaliation threats may dampen the antidumping ad activity we observe first the threat of retaliatory ad actions may make a domestic industry less likely to name a foreign import source in an ad petition second the prospect of a gatt wto trade dispute may make government agencies less likely to rule positive in their ad decision using a nested logit framework we find evidence that both retaliation threats substantially affect us ad activity from 1980 through 1998

welfare costs of u s quotas in textiles steel and autos this paper deals with the problems of partial equlibrium analysis by presenting estimates from a static ten sector computable general equilibrium cge model of the u s economy calibrated to the year 1984 following the introduction the paper is organized as follows section 2 outlines the model section 3 details the sources of estimates of premia on preexisting qrs quota rents in 1984 and the sources for the parameters describing demand and supply elasticities welfare and employment estimates of qr removal are presented by industry and in the aggregate in section 4 conclusions follow in section 5

monetary policy in the media just like private companies depend crucially on their ability to reach customers policymakers must communicate with private agents to be successful and much of this communication is channeled through the media this is especially true for central banks which need to build credibility among the general public this paper analyses how favorably the print media report about the european central bank s ecb monetary policy decisions favorableness is inter alia influenced by the amount of information communicated by the ecb there are however also indications of a critical monitoring role of the media which reports more negatively when inflation exceeds the inflation target

institutions in economics the old and the new institutionalism 1 definitions and issues 2 formalism and anti formalism 3 individualism and holism 4 rationality and rule following 5 evolution and design 6 efficiency and reform 7 conflicts and complementarities

what explains the proliferation of antidumping laws a recent phenomenon is the rapid spread of antidumping ad laws mainly amongst developing countries i e china india mexico between 1980 and 2003 the number of countries in the world with an ad law more than doubled going from 36 to 97 countries this proliferation of trade protection laws amongst developing countries is likely to have substantial implications for trade as recently shown by vandenbussche and zanardi 2007 the purpose of this paper is to use a duration analysis to investigate the determinants leading a country to adopt an ad law we also analyze the related question of what explains the heterogeneity between countries that can be observed in terms of the time between adoption and their first use of the ad law we find strong evidence that retaliatory motives are at the heart of the proliferation decision as countries that were targeted by ad actions of traditioal users in the past i e us eu are much more likely to adopt an ad law also our evidence suggests that past trade liberalization substantially increases the probability of a country to adopt an ad law in addition we find that the size of the chemicals sector and the extent of steel imports are positively correlated with the probability to adopt the amount of inward fdi on the other hand has a clear negative effect on the probability to adopt while short term macroeconomic factors like gdp growth and exchange rate volatility seem to matter less for adoption asymmetric regional shocks and the development level of a country seem to raise the probability of starting to use an ad law our results are robust to several specifications of duration models

clarence ayres technology pragmatism and progress this paper explores the origins and continued relevance of clarence ayres definition of technology as a process involving both physical tools and a scientific method of reasoning where science is understood to achieve cross cultural explanatory power by virtue of technological validation ayres concept of technology derived from his training as a pragmatist and was primarily philosophical rather than descriptive but is congruent with the work of modern historians of technology and remains useful in addressing a variety of concerns about both the promise and dangers of technological change copyright the author 2009 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

do safeguard tariffs and antidumping duties open or close technology gaps abstract this paper examines how the country breadth of tariff protection can affect the technology adoption decisions of both domestic import competing and foreign exporting firms the contribution of the analysis is to show how firm level technology adoption changes under tariffs of different country breadth i show that a country specific tariff like an antidumping duty induces both domestic import competing firms and foreign exporting firms to adopt a new technology earlier than they would under free trade in contrast a broadly applied tariff like a safeguard can accelerate technology adoption by a domestic import competing firm but will slow down technology adoption by foreign exporting firms because safeguard tariffs can delay the foreign firm s adoption of new technology the worldwide welfare costs associated with using them may be larger than is generally believed

the nature of heterodox economics heterodoxy serves as an umbrella term to cover the coming together of separate projects or traditions in answering the question what distinguishes heterodoxy from the orthodoxy the author argues that matters of ontology are central in answering the question how are the various traditions that make up the modern heterodoxy to be distinguished from each other the author defends criteria other than varying commitments to specific substantive theories policy measures or techniques or basic units of analysis