why some anti immigrant parties fail and others succeed a two step model of aggregate electoral support over the past 2 decades some anti immigrant parties have managed to gain substantial electoral support in various european countries most notably austria freiheitliche partei osterreichs and flanders vlaams blok however in other countries the success of such parties either has been insignificant or did not last the most popular models of support for anti immigrant parties focus primarily on the demand side of the electoral process the authors develop a model to explain differences in aggregate level support for these parties which also takes into account the supply side this model builds upon an explanation provided by kitschelt the model is tested empirically for 13 european anti immigrant parties in the period from 1989 to 1999 altogether yielding 25 party year combinations the authors test the sociostructural model and their alternative model at the level of political parties the sociostructural model explains 3 of the variance in success whereas the authors model explains 83

explaining variation in the success of extreme right parties in western europe methodological problems associated with selection bias and interaction effects have hindered the accumulation of systematic knowledge about the factors that explain cross national variation in the success of extreme right parties the author uses a statistical analysis that takes account of these problems to examine the effect of electoral institutions unemployment and immigration on the support for these parties the data set used in this analysis is new and spans 19 countries and 165 national elections there are four substantive conclusions the first is that it is important to distinguish between neofascist and populist parties on the extreme right because their fortunes depend on different factors the second is that populist parties do better in countries where the district magnitude is larger and more seats are allocated in upper tiers the third is that although immigration has a positive effect on populist parties irrespective of the unemployment level unemployment only matters when immigratio

do positional goods inhibit saving evidence from a life cycle experiment abstract we investigate the effect of positional goods goods for which one s consumption relative to others matters on saving based on results from a life cycle consumption saving experiment in a group treatment we allow inter personal comparisons by assigning subjects to groups and displaying rankings based partly on consumption a baseline individual treatment is similar but without the additional information we find more under saving saving less than the optimal amount and lower money earnings for subjects in the group treatment both effects are economically relevant with magnitudes of roughly 6 7 of expected income and 7 8 of average earnings respectively additional analysis shows that the result is driven by those subjects who are not ranked in the top three in their group keeping up with the joneses and males in particular

is the united states still a land of opportunity recent trends in intergenerational mobility abstract we present new evidence on trends in intergenerational mobility in the united states using administrative earnings records we find that percentile rank based measures of intergenerational mobility have remained extremely stable for the 1971 1993 birth cohorts for children born between 1971 and 1986 we measure intergenerational mobility based on the correlation between parent and child income percentile ranks for more recent cohorts we measure mobility as the correlation between a child s probability of attending college and her parents income rank we also calculate transition probabilities such as a child s chances of reaching the top quintile of the income distribution starting from the bottom quintile based on all of these measures we find that children entering the labor market today have the same chances of moving up in the income distribution relative to their parents as children born in the 1970s however because inequality has risen the consequences of the birth lottery t

the politics of inequality voter mobilization and left parties in advanced industrial states why is it that some countries have witnessed significant increases in inequality since the 1960s while at the same time experiencing very little change in the way politics is conducted and why is it that in other countries where inequality has increased much less the left has become substantially more redistributive the answer the authors argue has to do with the interaction between inequality and political mobilization of low income voters the authors make two points in this article first high levels of inequality move left parties to the left second although increasing inequality pushes the core constituencies of left parties to the left it also makes some individuals less likely to be involved in politics the authors argue that left parties will respond to an increase in inequality only when low income voters are politically mobilized they explore these claims through a comparative analysis of left party programs in 10 organisation for economic cooperation and development countries over the period 1966 to 2002

dynamics of competing with quality and advertising based goodwill goodwill formation is a complex process and many factors influence the formation of goodwill of a firm the implications of advertising enabled goodwill formation are reported in several articles in the research literature in this paper we extend this stream of research by including quality in the goodwill formation process we adopt a dynamic model of competition utilizing a differential game approach and derive expressions for open loop markovian nash equilibrium investments in advertising and quality the insights gained from the analysis of our model and from the equilibrium solutions are presented in the form of research propositions

the impact of attribute preferences on adoption timing the case of photo voltaic pv solar cells for household electricity generation we are concerned with micro generation individual households generating electricity using a renewable technology we focus on modeling the adoption probability of photo voltaic solar panels by households using data from ontario canada where a generous feed in tariff is available to households generating electricity from solar panels we measure household level preferences for panels and use these preferences along with household characteristics to predict adoption time intentions we use discrete choice experiments to measure household level preferences and establish a causal link between the attributes of the technology and adoption time intentions using discrete time survival mixture analysis significant preferences included lower cost greater energy savings and lower fossil fuel inflation the conditional hazard probability of adoption at a particular time given no previous adoption showed that the attribute preferences had intuitively reasonable effects the hazard probabilities allow us to compute the cumulative probability of adoption over a 10 year period per household technology awareness has a significant effect on the adoption probability reinforcing the need for effective education our approach indicates the level of heterogeneity in preferences particularly high for investment criteria and co2 emissions these findings suggest that education campaigns should explain more about investment criteria feed in tariffs and environmental effects

the economic benefit of short term forecasting for wind energy in the uk electricity market in the uk market the total price of renewable electricity is made up of the renewables obligation certificate and the price achieved for the electricity accurate forecasting improves the price if electricity is traded via the power exchange in order to understand the size of wind farm for which short term forecasting becomes economically viable we develop a model for wind energy simulations were carried out for 2003 electricity prices for different forecast accuracies and strategies the results indicate that it is possible to increase the price obtained by around 5 mwh which is about 14 of the electricity price in 2003 and about 6 of the total price we show that the economic benefit of using short term forecasting is also dependant on the accuracy and cost of purchasing the forecast as the amount of wind energy requiring integration into the grid increases short term forecasting becomes more important to both wind farm owners and the transmission distribution operators

dynamic optimal control models in advertising recent developments this paper presents a review of recent developments that have taken place in the area of dynamic optimal control models in advertising subsequent to the comprehensive survey of the literature by sethi in 1977 the basic problem underlying these models is that of determining optimal advertising expenditures and possibly other variables of interest over time for a firm or a group of competing firms under consideration this optimization is done subject to some dynamics that define how these variables translate into sales and in turn into profits the purpose of this update is twofold on the one hand new contributions in the areas already treated in the earlier survey are reviewed on the other hand new trends in the advertising literature since 1977 such as quality as an additional marketing instrument cumulative sales models pulsing advertising and advertising as a part of corporate models of the firm are discussed the models covered in this update are organized under six headings models with ca

a techno economic analysis of eu renewable electricity policy pathways in 2030 the aim of this paper is to assess several pathways of a harmonised european policy framework for supporting renewable electricity res e in a 2030 horizon according to different criteria the pathways combine two main dimensions degrees of harmonisation and instruments and design elements a quantitative model based analysis with the green x model is provided the results of the simulations show that there are small differences between the evaluated cases regarding effectiveness all the policy pathways score similarly with respect to res e deployment i e with different degrees of harmonisation and whether using a feed in tariff a feed in premium a quota system with banding or a quota without banding scheme in contrast the policy costs clearly differ across the pathways but the differences can mostly be attributed to the instruments rather than to the degrees of harmonisation this is also the case with other criteria static and dynamic efficiency and the socioeconomic and environmental benefits in terms of co2 emissions and fossil fuels avoided both the degree of harmonisation and the choice of instrument influence the distribution of support costs across countries finally our findings suggest that keeping strengthened national support leads to similar results to other policy pathways

the political economy of international green certificate markets this paper analyzes the political economy of establishing bilateral trade in green certificate markets as one step towards harmonization of european green electricity support systems we outline some of the economic principles of an integrated bilateral green certificates market and then discuss a number of issues that are deemed to be critical for the effectiveness stability and legitimacy of such a market by drawing on some of the lessons of the fairly recent intentions to integrate a future green certificate market in norway with the existing swedish one we highlight exemplify and discuss some critical policy implementation and design issues these include for instance the system s connection to climate policy targets the role of other support schemes and the definition of what green electricity technologies should be included furthermore the establishment of an international market presumes that the benefits of renewable power e g its impacts on the environment diversification of the power mix self sufficiency etc are approached and valued from an international perspective rather than from a national one thus implying lesser emphasis on for instance employment and regional development impacts a bilateral green certificate system thus faces a number of important policy challenges but at the same time it could provide important institutional learning effects that can be useful for future attempts aiming at achieving greater policy integration in the european renewable energy sector

a capacity investment model of wind power with uncertain supply price under high penetration rate abstract with the rapid development of renewable energy the proportion of wind power in power supply has grown significantly also it influences the power price fluctuation since the marginal cost of wind power is almost zero the growth of wind power s penetration rate has led to a crowding out effect and challenged traditional power generation technology substantially reducing the power price in the market in perfect competition market the real time balance between supply and demand of power is regulated by the real time power price fluctuation so this paper models the intermittence of wind power as uncertain supply and develops a capacity investment model under the uncertainties of both supply and demand we introduce priority dispatch elasticity to describe the crowding out effect and take the power price to be endogenous in order to model the situation of high penetration rate we compare the optimal wind power capacity decision under the strategy of priority grid connection and abandoned power management our results show that optimal capacity investment is inversely related to priority dispatch elasticity under both strategies however the profit from power generation is always higher when adopting the abandoned power management strategy

explaining social policy preferences evidence from the great recession to what extent do personal circumstances as compared to ideological dispositions drive voters preferences on welfare policy addressing this question is difficult because a person s ideological position can be an outcome of material interest rather than an independent source of preferences the article deals with this empirical challenge using an original panel study carried out over four years tracking the labor market experiences and the political attitudes of a national sample of americans before and after the eruption of the financial crisis the analysis shows that the personal experience of economic hardship particularly the loss of a job had a major effect on increasing support for welfare spending this effect was appreciably larger among republicans than among democrats a result that was not simply due to a ceiling effect however the large attitudinal shift was short lived dissipating as individuals employment situations improved the results indicate that the personal experience of an economic shock has a sizable yet overall transient effect on voters social policy preferences

integration of renewable energy sources in southeast europe a review of incentive mechanisms and feasibility of investments abstract incentivizing development and deployment of renewable energy sources res but also other low carbon technologies lct has been a successful way of promoting new technologies by creating a feasible investment case and making them competitive with traditional energy sources although different incentive mechanisms exist feed in tariffs have shown to be the best model for accelerating lct development guaranteeing producers preferential prices for the produced electricity over a period of time and enabling them access to the power network to sell inject produced electricity due to these benefits feed in tariff models are the most common model for stimulating res integration in southeast europe the paper reviews the current state of preferential tariffs for res in countries of southeast europe while some countries already have significant installed res capacity others are still in the planning stage the review shows that the amount of installed capacity of a specific technology has a strong impact on the support for the future projects for same technology this comprehensive review of legislative development supporting res as well as technologies preferred in different countries of the region is supported with feasibility assessment of investing in res using the example of two different technology projects wind and photovoltaic analysing the impact of the current tariffs on the return on investment for each country of the region

positional deprivation and support for radical right and radical left parties we explore how support for radical parties of both the left and right may be shaped by what we call positional deprivation where growth in income of individuals at a given point in the income distribution is outpaced by income growth elsewhere in that distribution we argue that positional deprivation captures the combination of over time and relative misfortune that can be expected to distinctly spur support for radical left and right parties we explore this possibility by matching new measures of positional deprivation to individual level survey data on party preferences in 20 european countries from 2002 to 2014 we find that positional deprivation is robustly correlated with supporting radical populist parties first positional deprivation generally measured as average income growth across deciles of a country s income distribution minus a respondent s own decile s growth is associated with respondents retreat from mainstream parties and with support for both radical right and particularly radical left parties second positional deprivation relative to the highest and the lowest ends of the income spectrum play out differently for radical right and for radical left support a respondent s positional deprivation relative to the wealthiest decile s growth in his or her country tends to spur support for radical left but not radical right parties in contrast positional deprivation relative to the poorest decile s growth in a respondent s country tends to spur support for radical right but not left parties the results suggest that the combination of over time and relative economic misfortune may be key to how economic experience shapes radical backlash of the left and right

harmonization of renewable electricity feed in laws in the european union this paper focuses on the harmonization of feed in laws in the european union as a support mechanism for the promotion of renewable electricity in particular it proposes a methodology for harmonization based on a feed in law with a modular and transparent premium for renewable electricity producers this premium considers technology costs some grid services political incentives and national priorities the proposed approach includes flexibility mechanisms to update and revise premiums to avoid windfall profits for producers and to share technology innovation benefits with electricity consumers while maintaining incentives for innovation our approach is based on the review of the main features of the german and spanish feed in laws and takes into account other necessary considerations for harmonization such as grid access funding definitions and standards ownership of rights derived from renewables and exceptions for small non commercial producers and energy intensive industries

harmonization of renewable electricity feed in laws a comment abstract this comment aims at critically analyzing some of the economic efficiency issues that are raised in the paper by munoz et al 2007 harmonization of renewable electricity feed in laws in the european union energy policy 35 3104 3114 on the harmonization of feed in law schemes for renewable electricity in the european union we comment on the choice between green certificate systems and feed in laws but pay particular attention to the implementation and design of a harmonized feed in law scheme in the comment we argue first that the approach suggested by munoz et al tends to downplay many of the practical difficulties in assessing the real costs facing investors in renewable electricity not the least since the presence of regulatory uncertainty about the marginal costs of renewable electricity may be essential for the choice between different support systems concerning the benefit side of renewable electricity promotion the munoz et al 2007 paper builds on an interpretation of the eu renewables directive that provides plenty of room for national priorities and that therefore essentially implies that harmonized support premiums per se are of little value we argue instead that a harmonized system should primarily address the international spillover effects from renewable electricity promotion not the least those related to improved security of supply in europe there exists then a strong case for disregarding the specific national benefits of renewable electricity production in the design of harmonized support systems and for instead considering international perhaps at the start bilateral policy support coordination based on entirely uniform support levels

household level innovation diffusion model of photo voltaic pv solar cells from stated preference data we focus on predicting the adoption time probabilities of photo voltaic solar panels by households using discrete choice experiments and an innovation diffusion model the primary objective of this research is cohesively mapping the theory of disruptive innovation into diffusion of innovations to aid policy makers by linking two critical uncertainties of new technology 1 whether households prefer the new attributes of the new technology and how these preferences vary by market segments and 2 when are they going to adopt if at all our study uses recent developments of discrete choice experiments and establishes a causal link between the attributes of the technology attitudinal constructs and socio demographics and adoption time probabilities using the bass diffusion model the data was collected from ontario a province of canada the innovation diffusion model allows us to compute the cumulative probability of adoption over time per household technology awareness and energy cost saving have a significant effect on the adoption probability reinforcing the need for effective education these findings also suggest that campaigns should explain more about investment criteria feed in tariffs and environmental attributes this study findings call for a need to use seeding strategies to accelerate exogenous word of mouth wom for this new technology

cooperative advertising models in supply chain management a review this paper reviews articles on cooperative advertising a topic which has gained substantial interest in recent years thereby we first briefly distinguish five different definitions of cooperative advertising which can be found in operations research literature after that we concentrate on vertical cooperative advertising which is the most common object of investigation it is understood as a financial agreement where a manufacturer offers to pay a certain share of his retailer s advertising expenditures in total we identified 58 scientific papers considering mathematical modeling of vertical cooperative advertising these articles are then analyzed with regard to their general model setting e g the underlying supply chain structure and design of the cooperative advertising program after that we explain the different demand and cost functions that are employed whereupon we distinguish between static and dynamic models the last dimension of our review is dedicated to the game theoretic concepts which are mostly used to reflect different forms of distribution of power within the channel

global income distribution from the fall of the berlin wall to the great recession we present an improved panel database of national household surveys between 1988 and 2008 in 2008 the global gini index is around 70 5 having declined by approximately 2 gini points china graduated from the bottom ranks changing a twin peaked global income distribution to a single peaked one and creating an important global median class 90 of the fastest growing country deciles are from asia while almost 90 of the worst performers are from mature economies another winner was the global top 1 hence the global growth incidence curve has a distinct supine s shape with gains highest around the median and top

the structure of inequality and the politics of redistribution against the current consensus among comparative political economists we argue that inequality matters for redistributive politics in advanced capitalist societies but it is the structure of inequality not the level of inequality that matters our theory posits that middle income voters will be inclined to ally with low income voters and support redistributive policies when the distance between the middle and the poor is small relative to the distance between the middle and the rich we test this proposition with data from 15 to 18 advanced democracies and find that both redistribution and nonelderly social spending increase as the dispersion of earnings in the upper half of the distribution increases relative to the dispersion of earnings in the lower half of the distribution in addition we present survey evidence on preferences for redistribution among middle income voters that is consistent with our theory and regression results indicating that the left parties are more likely to participate in government when the structure of inequality is characterized by skew

recent developments in dynamic advertising research a variety of continuous time differential functions have been developed to investigate dynamic advertising problems in business and economics fields since major dynamic models appearing before 1995 have been reviewed by a few survey papers we provide a comprehensive review of the dynamic advertising models published after 1995 which are classified into six categories i nerlove arrow model and its extensions ii vidale wolfe model and its extensions iii lanchester model and its extensions iv the diffusion models v dynamic advertising competition models with other attributes and vi empirical studies for dynamic advertising problems for each category we first briefly summarize major relevant before 1995 models and then discuss major after 1995 models in details we find that the dynamic models reviewed in this paper have been extensively used to analyze various advertising problems in the monopoly duopoly oligopoly and supply chain systems our review reveals that the diffusion models have not been used to analyze advertising problems in supply chain operations which may be a research direction in the future moreover we learn from our review that very few publications regarding dynamic advertising problems have considered the supply chain competition we also find that very few researchers have used the diffusion model to investigate the dynamic advertising problems with product quality as a decision variable and the pricing decision has not been incorporated into any extant lanchester model the paper ends with a summary of our review and suggestions on possible research directions in the future

international systems and domestic politics linking complex interactions with empirical models in international relations following older debates in international relations literature concerning the relative importance of domestic versus systemic factors newer debates emphasize interdependence among states and the complex interactions between systemic and domestic factors as globalization and democratization advance theories and empirical models of international politics have become more complicated we present a systematic theoretical categorization of relationships between domestic and systemic variables we use this categorization so that scholars can match their theory to the appropriate empirical model and assess the degree to which systemic factors affect their arguments we also present two advances at the frontier of these empirical models in one we combine hierarchical models of moderating relationships with spatial models of interdependence among units within a system in the other we provide a model for analyzing spatial interdependence that varies over time this enables us to examine how the level of interdependence among units has evolved we illustrate our categorization and new models by revisiting the recent international political economy ipe debate over the relationship between trade policy and regime type in developing countries

quality improvement and goodwill accumulation in a dynamic duopoly abstract this paper analyzes optimal advertising and quality improvement decisions by duopolist firms competing in a dynamic setting an extended version of the lanchester model is formulated where conformance quality and goodwill are both involved in competition for market share each competitor s new customer attraction rate depends on its own goodwill while the disloyalty rate for current customers is influenced by the proportion of defective items the search for a non cooperative solution by qualitative as well as numerical means leads to definition of the optimal path for advertising and improvement efforts for each competitor examined under a wide range of configurations

what unites right wing populists in western europe re examining grievance mobilization models in seven successful cases unlike for the green party family no empirically backed scholarly consensus exists about the grievances mobilized by populist right parties in western europe to the contrary three competing grie

quality effects in different advertising models an impulse control approach abstract in this paper we integrate quality as a control variable in three classical dynamic optimal control models of advertising namely nerlove arrow vidale wolfe and ozga models quality refers to design quality which may deteriorate over time we assume that decisions in quality improvement can only be made at some exogenously given instants of time and consequently we use the formalism of impulse optimal control to determine optimal advertising and quality investments we report numerical results for the three models and discuss the impact of adding quality on the results