avoiding non optimal management decisions by applying a three person inspection game abstract an inspection game models a conflict situation between an inspector and an inspectee the mathematical analysis aims to generate optimal behavior of the inspectee under the assumption that an undesirable action of the inspectee could otherwise be carried out strategically in this paper the controller s inspector s particular job is to audit a manager s inspectee s decision and to submit a report to the company s top managers for examination thus a conflict as regards the choice of behavioral actions of the manager the controller and the top management impends based on fandel and trockel 2011a this modified inspection game is discussed here for the first time as a three person game in the context of a manager s faulty decision that will unnecessarily add to the company s costs and that the top management understandably wishes to minimize we will first examine the conditions under which a nash equilibrium occurs in this three person game in which poor management poor monitoring and poor revision coincide we will then examine the effects that the penalties and bonuses exert on the nash equilibrium solution we will find that penalties and bonuses can neutralize each other in their effects on the improved decision making by the manager and the controller

peer pressure and partnerships partnerships and profit sharing are often claimed to motivate workers by giving them a share of the pie but in organizations of any significant size the free rider effects would seem to choke off

an interpretive examination of the development of cultural sensitivity in international business cultural sensitivity is assumed to be important in international business yet little empirical work explores how cultural sensitivity actually develops in depth interviews with buyers from the asian pacific rim were conducted and support was found for a four stage model of cross cultural sensitivity in which buyers move through the stages of romantic sojourner foreign worker skilled worker and partner this paper explores the development and evolution of cultural sensitivity as it interacts with trust and development of international business relationships

social norms and moral hazard the probability of income loss depends on talent and effort effort has positive externalities and therefore individuals are awarded status in proportion to their perceived diligence the social no

access based consumption the case of car sharing access based consumption defined as transactions that can be market mediated but where no transfer of ownership takes place is becoming increasingly popular yet it is not well theorized this study examines the nature of access as it contrasts to ownership and sharing specifically the consumer object consumer consumer and consumer marketer relationships six dimensions are identified to distinguish among the range of access based consumptionscapes temporality anonymity market mediation consumer involvement the type of accessed object and political consumerism access based consumption is examined in the context of car sharing via an interpretive study of zipcar consumers four outcomes of these dimensions in the context of car sharing are identified lack of identification varying significance of use and sign value negative reciprocity resulting in a big brother model of governance and a deterrence of brand community the implications of our findings for understanding the nature of exchange consumption and brand community are discussed

interpreting consumers a hermeneutical framework for deriving marketing insights from the texts of consumers consumption stories the author describes and illustrates a hermeneutically grounded interpretive framework for deriving marketing relevant insights from the texts of consumer stories and gives an overview of the phi

moral hazard and nonmarket institutions dysfunctional crowding out or peer monitoring the authors examine a situation in which insurance is characterized by moral hazard when market insurance is provided supplementary mutual assistance between family and friends unobservable to market insurers will occur when nonmarket insurers have no better information than market insurers the mutual assistance not only crowds out market insurance but is also harmful and therefore dysfunctional alternatively when nonmarket insurers can observe each other s effort perfectly mutual assistance is beneficial these results point to the potential importance of peer monitoring mechanisms in mitigating moral hazard copyright 1991 by american economic association

dynamic optimal income taxation with government commitment abstract we analyze the optimal income tax problem when consumers work for many periods can information about abilities learned in one period be used later to attain more redistribution than is possible in a one period world when the government can commit to future policies and has the same discount rate as individuals intertemporal nonstationarity of tax schedules can lead to pareto improvements by relaxing lifetime self selection constraints analogous to randomization in a one period world more significant use of information is possible when the social discount rate is less than individuals rates the taxes converge over time to a nondistortionary schedule

understanding the link between collaborative economy and sustainable behaviour an empirical investigation abstract the collaborative economy is growing at an exponential rate and the accommodation sector is especially affected the relevance of the phenomenon is linked with sustainable consumption that encourages resource efficiency waste reduction development of better products and surplus reutilization due to overproduction and overconsumption this paper aims at investigating the relationship between collaborative consumption and the adoption of sustainable practices from the users perspective after identifying the gaps existing in the literature different research approaches were integrated at first 4 focus groups were conducted to detect the main attributes and benefits attached to collaborative economy in tourism the personal values instrumental and terminal values relevant to p2p accommodation renting were identified through laddering technique as the propensity to put in place sustainable behaviour thereafter a structural model based on the framework of the theory of planned behaviour tpb constructs was set and tested to understand its consistency with the above values an ad hoc questionnaire was projected and administered online based on a sample of 384 respondents quantitative data were analysed through statistical and structural equation modeling software from an academic perspective the paper enhances the current knowledge in identifying the desired end states that users want to achieve by renting a p2p accommodation moreover it exploits and adapts the tpb to an emerging consumption model such as collaborative economy thus disclosing the relation between collaborative consumption and sustainable behaviour moreover the adaptation of tpb model to the newest context of collaborative economy expands the knowledge related to sustainable consumption from a managerial perspective it is necessary to emphasize the importance of defining a new business paradigm considering collaborative consumption to support environmental policy and encouraging sustainable behaviour

social status education and growth this paper investigates the implications of social rewards on the allocation of talent in society and consequently on the process of economic growth we consider two sources of heterogeneity among workers nonwage income and innate ability a greater emphasis on status may induce the wrong individuals that is those with low ability and high wealth to acquire schooling causing workers with high ability and low wealth to leave the growth enhancing industries this crowding out effect taken alone discourages growth growth may be enhanced by a more egalitarian distribution of wealth which reduces the demand for status

countervailing market responses to corporate co optation and the ideological recruitment of consumption communities from a conventional theoretical standpoint the corporatization of the organic food movement is an example of co optation co optation theory conceptualizes the commercial marketplace as an ideological force that assimilates the symbols and practices of a counterculture into dominant norms our alternative argument is that co optation can generate a countervailing market response that actively promotes the oppositional aspects of a counterculture attenuated by the process of commercial mainstreaming to develop this theoretical argument we analyze community supported agriculture which has emerged in response to the corporate co optation of the organic food movement we conclude by discussing how tacit political ideologies structure consumption communities

demythologizing consumption practices how consumers protect their field dependent identity investments from devaluing marketplace myths marketplace myths are commonly conceptualized as cultural resources that attract consumers to a consumption activity or brand this theoretical orientation is prone to overstating the extent to which consumers identity investments in a field of consumption are motivated by an associated marketplace myth we provide a theoretical corrective to this tendency by investigating consumers who have become vested in a commercially mythologized consumption field through an incremental process of building social connections and cultural capital for these consumers the prevailing marketplace myth is experienced as a trivialization of their aesthetic interests rather than as a source of identity value in response they employ demythologizing practices to insulate their acquired field dependent social and cultural capital from devaluation our findings advance theorizations concerning marketplace myths and consumer identity work and explicate the sociocultural forces that deter consumers from abandoning a consump

understanding welfare stigma taxpayer resentment and statistical discrimination abstract welfare stigma is widely regarded to be of central importance in understanding the impact of welfare programs in their goal of alleviating poverty it affects both the decision to take up benefits and the well being of those who actually do this paper develops alternative models of the determinants of welfare stigma we identify two views a statistical discrimination approach and a taxpayer resentment view we discuss how each may be formalized and derive their implications we then examine what they imply about the relationship between stigma and program design

social status culture and economic performance in analysing the differences in productive capacity among economies it is usual to concentrate on the physical aspects of the population the different attributes of capital including human capital and on the available production technologies societies also differ in culture in ways which are relevant for economic performance the sociological literature recognises that different occupations have different social status and that workers benefit not only from the wage they receive but also from being associated with a particular occupation cultural differences among societies may translate into different status of occupations and can therefore affect the choice of education and occupation and consequently the equilibrium level of output and wages conversely the economic choices of individuals influence the social status of occupations in particular it is well established by sociological research that the social status of an occupation is influenced by economic attributes such as the average wage and the average level of education in the occupation a major objective of our work is to illustrate that sociological and economic approaches can be combined within a unified framework this is in contrast to some social scientists who view the two approaches as competing with each other phelpsbrown i 977 ch 4 in this paper we construct a simple general equilibrium model in which both wages and status are determined endogenously we show that changes in the demand for status triggered by changes in preferences or in income distribution influence the wage structure the level of aggregate output and economic welfare the link between status and aggregate output is created by the fact that differences in occupational status imply occupational wage differences among workers of the same skill the larger is the demand for status the larger is the wage gap and the lower is aggregate output our discussion of status is closely related to the economic analysis of discrimination against ethnic or racial groups becker i 97 i arrow i 973

social rewards externalities and stable preferences this paper examines the role of social rewards as a corrective mechanism for activities which generate externalities the focus of this paper is on the circumstances under which social rewards provide effective and feasible incentive mechanism that may replace laws and regulations in particular social mechanism is effective only in a society in which individuals who care about their standing in the society can survive in the long run we show that the nature of economic interaction between matched players influences whether the socially minded individuals survive in the long run and restricts the effectiveness of social rewards however circumstances exist where the socially minded survive even though relative fitness is determined only by economic payoff 1998 elsevier science s a all rights reserved

determining all nash equilibria in a bi linear inspection game abstract this paper addresses a game between an inspection agency and multiple inspectees that are subject to random inspections by that agency we provide explicit easily computable expressions for all possible nash equilibria and verify that none is left out in particular our results characterize situations when there exists a unique nash equilibrium we also explore special features of the nash equilibria and the solution of the problem the inspection agency faces in a non strategic environment

from servicescape to consumptionscape a photo elicitation study of starbucks in the new china a servicescape can be viewed as the frozen potential of a consumptionscape which is unleashed when consumers twist the resources of its built environment for their own purposes in this paper we explore how young urban chinese consumers transform the iconic global brand starbucks into a consumptionscape through their enactment of personally meaningful experiences roles and identities in the setting we employ the qualitative research methodology of photo elicitation by having consumers record their experience in a starbucks in beijing through photography and later using these images as probes in a depth interview the implications for new global servicescapes in local markets are discussed

exploring the gap between consumers green rhetoric and purchasing behaviour why do consumers who profess to be concerned about the environment choose not to buy greener products more regularly or even at all this study explores how consumers perceptions towards green products consumers and consumption practices termed green perceptions contribute to our understanding of the discrepancy between green attitudes and behaviour this study identified several barriers to ethical consumption behaviour within a green consumption context three key themes emerged from the study it is too hard to be green green stigma and green reservations there is currently a perception based on a number of factors that it is too hard to be green which creates a barrier to purchasing green products furthermore some consumers were reluctant or resistant to participate in green consumption practices due to their unfavourable perceptions of green consumers and green messages this article suggests that green perceptions may influence consumers intention to purchase green products accordingly it discusses the implications and suggests avenues for future research

discrimination and open unemployment in a segmented labour market jobs in the primary sector require firm specific training with wages determined as a result of bargaining firms pay for the training and since they are imperfectly informed about worker productivity they test workers before hiring them the secondary sector is competitive taking a job in the secondary sector signals low productivity and therefore workers in the secondary sector are unable to get jobs in the primary sector open unemployment coexists with unfilled vacancies for low wage jobs

optimal lot sizing in a non cooperative material manager controller game abstract it is important for manufacturing companies to optimise purchase order quantities inaccurate lot size planning raises costs and lowers profits which top management of course attempts to avoid through controlling processes the lot size decision becomes even more relevant in the case of just in time delivery within a supply chain the interaction between lot sizing and auditing can be described in terms of a modified inspection game this paper considers how probabilities which are the basis for the mixed strategies at equilibrium in the inspection game will change if the level of penalties accruing to the two players material manager and controller depends on the cost deviation caused by the material manager s poor lot size planning it is evident that the nash equilibrium shifts to the strategy combination methodically determined decision and low auditing level if the penalties imposed on the controller and material manager increase penalties that depend on such deviations and an accurate audit of the controller s report by top management prove to be the best instruments for avoiding mismanagement by the material manager and poor controller work both of which lead to high costs