marriage market divorce legislation and household labor supply this paper provides a theoretical framework for analyzing the impact of the marriage market and divorce legislation on household labor supply in our approach the sex ratio in the marriage market and the rules governing divorce are examples of distribution factors these factors are defined as variables that affect the household members bargaining position but not preferences or the joint budget set we extend the collective labor supply model developed by chiappori to allow for distribution factors we show that our model imposes new restrictions on the labor supply functions and eases the identification of individual preferences and the intrahousehold decision process the model is estimated using psid data for the year 1988 our results do not reject the restrictions imposed by the model also the sex ratio and divorce laws deemed favorable to women are found to affect labor supply behavior and the decision process in the directions predicted by the theory and to have sizable effects

the demographic transition and the position of women a marriage market perspective we present international evidence on the marriage market implications of cohort size growth and set out a theoretical model of how marriage markets adjust to imbalances since men marry younger women secular growth in cohort size in the second phase of the demographic transition worsens the position of women this e ect has been substantial in many asian countries earlier and continues to be true in sub saharan africa with fertility decline cohort are now shrinking in east asia improves the position of women these demographic trends can explain the increase and spread in dowries in south asia and the persistence of polygyny in sub saharan africa we show that the age gap at marriage will not adjust in order to equilibrate the marriage market in response to persistent imbalances even though it accommodates transitory shocks jel categories j12 j13 j16

why the marriage squeeze cannot cause dowry inflation an influential explanation for rising dowry payments is the marriage squeeze the present paper shows this explanation to be internally inconsistent the marriage squeeze argument for inflation relies on the fact that population growth leads to an excess supply of brides in the marriage market this excess supply is resolved by some women postponing marriage so that the average age of brides increases in previous studies the argument is stated informally here a matching model of marriage is developed to formally analyze the link between dowry payments and population growth it is shown that a marriage squeeze cannot yield dowry inflation in fact when women who do not find matches at the desirable marrying age re enter the marriage market as older brides a marriage squeeze is shown to imply dowry deflation population change is therefore not a promising explanation for the observed increases in dowry payments

positioning jibs as an interdisciplinary journal journal of international business studies 2011 42 1 9 doi 10 1057 jibs 2010 50 it is with great honor and pleasure as well as in keen anticipation of what we are confident can be achieved by the journal that we begin this three year term as the new editors of the journal of international business studies we are both long term members of the academy of international business aib and readers of jibs for almost as long as we can remember over the years we have watched the ever more promising development of jibs of which we now enjoy more issues per year and in which the gradual progression in the depth and breadth of its content has laid the foundations for what we hope and believe will be a new phase in the flourishing of the journal in the period that now lies ahead in this respect we must begin by paying tribute to all the editorsin chief of the journal that have preceded us whose conscientious efforts have not gone unrewarded naturally enough we owe a debt of gratitude especially to our two most recent predecessors arie lewin and lorraine eden before arie jibs was the long established leading specialist journal within the field of international business ib studies a partially hidden gem for those of us in the know after arie it was recognized much more widely as a top a journal among scholars of business and management even outside the ib field arie raised the stature of jibs in business schools as a whole an achievement that was crucial not just for the journal but for the continued vitality of our field before lorraine if we are brutally honest jibs had remained a rather shambolic affair in terms of its administrative structure and procedures in fact it is a credit to the earlier editors that they managed to achieve so much with such limited resources and systems of support most of which were concentrated in a single office that used to hold responsibility for everything after lorraine jibs has become an exemplar of efficient organizational systems and well managed and clearly understood procedures for conduct including a pioneering code of ethics we should also acknowledge here with warm appreciation the critical contributions that have been made by the aib executive secretariat and especially by managing editor anne hoekman as well as by david bull and his wonderful staff at palgrave whose degree of commitment to the journal and support for it has been second to none when we look at how radically jibs has been transformed under arie s and lorraine s leadership suffice to say that but for the sea changes which they have brought about we would have had to think very hard before offering our services as editors but with the firm foundation that they have given us and with the resulting opportunities that the journal now has in front of it stepping forward as editors is a decision we have made with ease as well as pride journal of international business studies 2011 42 1 9 2011 academy of international business all rights reserved 0047 2506

household survey data and pricing policies in developing countries in recent years household survey data from developing countries have increasingly become available and have been increasingly used to cast light on important questions of policy the reform of prices whether agricultural prices consumer taxes subsidies or tariffs has consequences for individual welfare and for government revenues and these can be investigated empirically with household survey data the gainers and losers from price changes can be identified and the magnitudes of their gains and losses measured nonparametric estimation techniques provide a straightforward and convenient way of displaying this information the procedure is illustrated for the effects of rice pricing in thailand using data from more than five thousand rural households estimates of the revenue effects of price reforms are harder to obtain because they require estimates of supply and demand elasticities estimates that are not easily obtained for many developing countries a procedure is presented for estimating price elasticities of demand from spatial price variation as recorded in household survey data the main innovations lie in the appropriate treatment of quality variations and measurement error applications of the procedure in cote d ivoire indonesia and morocco are reviewed

a note on jit purchasing vs eoq with a price discount an expansion of inventory costs in a previous international journal of production economics article a comparative model was presented for inventory costs of purchasing under economic order quantity eoq with quantity discounts and a just in time jit order purchasing system this paper expands the comparative model to include a relevant cost component not considered in the previous article the results of the revised model show di erences in the conclusions reached in the previous article more speci cally the superiority of jit in virtually any type of inventory ordering purchase decision 2000 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

how do sex ratios affect marriage and labor markets evidence from america s second generation sex ratios i e relative numbers of men and women can affect marriage prospects labor force participation and other social and economic variables but the observed association between sex ratios and social and economic conditions may be confounded by omitted variables and reverse causality this paper uses variation in immigrant flows as a natural experiment to study the effect of sex ratios on the children and grandchildren of immigrants the flow of immigrants affected the second generation marriage market because second generation marriages were mostly endogamous i e to members of the same ethnic group the empirical results suggest that high sex ratios had a large positive effect on the likelihood of female marriage and a large negative effect on female labor force participation perhaps surprisingly the marriage rates of second generation men appear to be a slightly increasing function of immigrant sex ratios higher sex ratios also appear to have raised male earnings and the incomes of parents with young children the empirical results are broadly consistent with theories where higher sex ratios increase female bargaining power in the marriage market

son preference children s gender and parents time allocation evidence from china this article investigates the effect of children s gender on parents time allocation in developing countries due to the long existing tradition of son preference a collective model generates pred

terror as a bargaining instrument a case study of dowry violence in rural india this ethnographic study examined the sociocultural context of domestic violence and dowry in india and describes a theoretical model and econometric methodology the model was tested with survey data collected from a sub caste of 149 potter families from 3 villages in karnataka state in south india interviews were conducted among 139 adult married women and 130 married men the case studies demonstrate that violence can be used as a way to redistribute resources bargaining over dowry amounts occurs twice once before the marriage and renegotiations after the wife had moved to the husbands family domestic violence may be a weapon in order to obtain higher transfers at the renegotiation stage the model assumes that the level of dowry and the occurrence of violence are determined simultaneously hypotheses tested whether increases in husbands family wealth in the dowry paid and husbands cost of violent behavior reduces the incidence of violence tests determined whether increases in wifes familys wealth and increases in wifes human capital husbands human capital or wifes cost of violence increase violence 23 reported wife beating at some time a 10000 rupee increase in the wifes parents income increased the risk of violence by 4 a 10000 rupee increase in the husbands parents income reduced the risk of violence by 10 a 10000 rupee increase in dowry reduced the risk by 5 an additional male child reduced the risk by 11 female sterilization increased the risk by 16 findings suggest that husbands beat wives when the wifes family is rich and when dowries are small

the changing nature of the international business field and the progress of jibs the journal of international business studies jibs is a journal with a high academic standing and the leading journal in the field of international business ib research it has become more open to new authors and to a wider range of ib scholarship ib scholars study cross border aspects of business activity some recent jibs special issues have facilitated certain innovative new streams of ib research both the authors and the reviewers of the journal have become substantially more geographically diverse recently

missing women age and disease relative to developed countries and some parts of the developing world most notably sub saharan africa there are far fewer women than men in india and china it has been argued that as many as a 100 million women could be missing the possibility of gender bias at birth and the mistreatment of young girls are widely regarded as key explanations we provide a decomposition of these missing women by age and cause of death while we do not dispute the existence of severe gender bias at young ages our computations yield some striking new findings 1 the vast majority of missing women in india and a significant proportion of those in china are of adult age 2 as a proportion of the total female population the number of missing women is largest in sub saharan africa and the absolute numbers are comparable to those for india and china 3 almost all the missing women stem from disease by disease comparisons and not from the changing composition of disease as described by the epidemiological transition finally using historical data we argue that a comparable proportion of women was missing at the start of the 20th century in the united states just as they are in india china and sub saharan africa today

a generalized quantity discount pricing model to increase supplier s profits in this paper the joint problem of ordering and offering price discount by a supplier to his sole major buyer is analyzed the objective is to induce the buyer to alter his order schedule and size so that the supplier can benefit from lower set up ordering and inventory holding costs we generalize the quantity discount pricing model of monahan monahan j p 1984 a quantity discount pricing model to increase vendor profits management sci 30 6 720 726 to 1 explicitly incorporate constraints imposed on the amount of discount that can be offered and 2 relax the implicit assumption of a lot for lot or order for order policy adopted by the supplier an algorithm is developed to solve the supplier s joint ordering and price discount problem

the price of gold dowry and death in india abstract we provide evidence that dowry costs motivate son preferring behaviors in india since gold is an integral part of dowry we study parental responses to shocks in the world gold price exploiting monthly variation in gold prices across 35 years we find that monthly changes in gold prices lead to an increase in girl relative to boy neonatal mortality and that surviving girls are shorter after the introduction of prenatal sex determination technology we find that gold price shocks during pregnancy increase female foeticide

why dowry payments declined with modernization in europe but are rising in india in contrast to most dowry oriented societies in which payments have declined with modernization those in india have undergone significant inflation over the last five decades this paper explains the difference between these two experiences by focusing on the role played by caste the theoretical model contrasts caste and non caste based societies in the former there exists an inherited component to status caste that is independent of wealth and in the latter wealth is the primary determinant of status modernization is assumed to involve two components increasing average wealth and increasing wealth dispersion within status or caste groups the paper shows that in caste based societies the increases in wealth dispersion that accompany modernization necessarily lead to increases in dowry payments whereas in non caste based societies increased dispersion has no real effect on dowry payments and increasing average wealth causes the payments to decline

accounting for the timing of first marriage among first marriages in the united states grooms are on average 1 7 years older than their brides traditionally this fact is explained by sex differences in income we use a general equilibrium overlapping generations search model economy to show instead that sex differences in fecundity are essential to account for the age gap at first marriage whereas sex differences in income play a secondary role our model economy also accounts for other facts on the timing of first marriages that the literature has overlooked

the marriage squeeze interpretation of dowry inflation a comment in a recent paper rao 1993 advanced a marriage squeeze explanation to the secular rise in real dowries so called dowry inflation witnessed in india arguing that the relevant ages with respect to marriage are 10 19 for women and 20 29 for men rao found that the ratio of women to men in those age groups had increased over time moreover this sex ratio was found to have a positive and significant impact on dowry when one controls for differences in traits of brides and grooms the empirical results presented here suggest that rao s findings are not robust using the same data i fail to replicate his main result that is that the sex ratio women 10 19 men 20 29 has a positive impact on dowries moreover rao s specification regressing dowries on differences in spouses traits bride s minus groom s imposes the restriction that attributes influence dowries in a symmetrical fashion ignoring compelling evidence against that assumption i find that regressing dowry on individual traits instead of differences improves the model fit considerably

an extended newsboy problem with shortage level constraints abstract it is only an order quantity which is decided for a spot selling time in the classical newsboy problem both the purchase timing and the time variant variance of the demand are neglected when the vendor gives a price discount for early purchase the buyer purchases the quantities of price discount at the cost of forecast bias the buyer has to forecast the demand early before purchase ahead of schedule but it may increase the variance of the forecasted demand which is a forecast bias this time variant variance of the demand is embedded into the model when the average shortage level is specified to an upper limit both the purchase timing and the order quantity are simultaneously considered as the decision variables of the extended newsboy problem in this paper the resultant outcomes could apply to some cases in the futures contracts

partner choice investment in children and the marital college premium abstract we construct a model of household decision making in which agents consume a private and a public good interpreted as children s welfare children s utility depends on their human capital

a stochastic aggregate production planning model in a green supply chain considering flexible lead times nonlinear purchase and shortage cost functions in this paper we develop a stochastic programming approach to solve a multi period multi product multi site aggregate production planning problem in a green supply chain for a medium term planning horizon under the assumption of demand uncertainty the proposed model has the following features i the majority of supply chain cost parameters are considered ii quantity discounts to encourage the producer to order more from the suppliers in one period instead of splitting the order into periodical small quantities are considered iii the interrelationship between lead time and transportation cost is considered as well as that between lead time and greenhouse gas emission level iv demand uncertainty is assumed to follow a pre specified distribution function v shortages are penalized by a general multiple breakpoint function to persuade producers to reduce backorders as much as possible vi some indicators of a green supply chain such as greenhouse gas emissions and waste management are also incorporated into the model the proposed model is first a nonlinear mixed integer programming which is converted into a linear one by applying some theoretical and numerical techniques due to the convexity of the model the local solution obtained from linear programming solvers is also the global solution finally a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed model

from eoq towards zi zero inventory zi is a new and powerful concept to improve production efficiency underpinning zi is set up reduction and this paper examines what eventuates when set up costs are cut the folklore is that set up reduction lowers inventory and costs we obtain results contrary to that reducing set up costs need not reduce inventory for example likewise lowering set up costs need not necessarily lower total production and inventory costs furthermore most investments produce marginally decreasing returns set up cost reduction prompts the opposite it produces marginally increasing not decreasing returns a parametric algorithm that calculates the benefit of set up cost reduction is provided most presentations of zi have been descriptive with very few mathematical models of it yet untaken by modeling certain zi concepts mathematically we scrutinize their validity and sometimes invalidity

accounting for racial differences in marriage and employment what can account for the differences in marriage and employment decisions across blacks and whites to answer this question i develop a dynamic equilibrium model of marriage two explanations for the racial differences in behavior are considered differences in population supplies and wages black white differences in population supplies explain one fifth of the difference in marriage rates and between one fifth and one third of the differences in employment rates across race removing the racial gap in wages eliminates the differences in employment but increases the differences in marriage rates

marriage squeeze marriage age and the household savings rate in china abstract recent influential papers claim that single men s saving competition for marriage intensified by an increase in the male to female ratio in the pre marital cohort explains 60 percent of the rise of china s aggregate household savings rate in this paper we analyze whether the marriage competition remains a first order effect on saving when another margin of adjustment to sex ratio imbalance men s postponement of marriage is considered we construct a theoretical and quantitative life cycle model with a frictionless marriage market where a single man s rank is determined by his wealth and age by calibration we find that with the option to postpone marriage the response of the aggregate savings rate to the rising sex ratio is dampened by 45 percent moreover the model generates an unusual downward sloping age savings rate profile with young households saving more than their middle aged counterparts as observed in the data

coalition formation problem for sourcing contract design in supply networks abstract this article studies a coalition formation problem for cooperative replenishment with a single supplier and multiple firms we consider that a vertical cooperation between the supplier and the set of firms is already set using periodic individual contracts and we investigate the profitability of a horizontal cooperation between firms when designing collaborative contracts given the significant savings that can be realized thanks to horizontal collaboration the main interest of the potential collaborating firms is to figure out how the collaborating group should be formed and how stable alliances and coalitions should be generated in this article the two questions are studied in two business situations focusing either on the collaboration opportunities in the ordering or the transportation process in each collaborative situation a decision making approach is applied to assess the expected profitability of each firm and to determine if firms should form coalitions to maximize their profits an exact solution method based on a game theoretic approach is developed called cooperative replenishment algorithm cra which generates core stable coalitions for cost savings regarding all partner standpoints an analytical study of stability conditions regarding the ordering and transportation cost structures were performed to enhance the cra resolution procedure extensive experiments based on realistic instances are provided to validate the performance of the cra proposed in terms of solution stability and convergence the computational results also confirm the potential benefit of horizontal collaboration between firms in terms of profit maximization compared to the stand alone situation

disease and development the effect of life expectancy on economic growth we exploit the major international health improvements from the 1940s to estimate the effect of life expectancy on economic performance we construct predicted mortality using preintervention mortality rates from various diseases and dates of global interventions predicted mortality has a large impact on changes in life expectancy starting in 1940 but no effect before 1940 using predicted mortality as an instrument we find that a 1 percent increase in life expectancy leads to a 1 7 2 percent increase in population life expectancy has a much smaller effect on total gdp however consequently there is no evidence that the large increase in life expectancy raised income per capita

the rising price of husbands a hedonic analysis of dowry increases in rural india dowries in south asia have steadily risen over the last 40 years and now often amount to over 50 percent of a household s assets this paper attempts to investigate the reasons behind this increase it adapts rosen s implicit market model to the indian marriage market and tests predictions from the model with data from six villages in south central india and from the indian census it is found that a marriage squeeze caused by population growth resulting in larger younger cohorts and hence a surplus of women in the marriage market has played a significant role in the rise in dowries

a note on marriage market clearing abstract we provide a formula for marriage sex ratios based on birth sex ratios and dynamic factors like the marriage age gap and gender specific mortality we show that ignoring dynamic considerations can lead to faulty conclusions about scarcity in marriage markets

an approach for developing an optimal discount pricing policy this paper addresses the problem of why and how a seller should develop a discount pricing structure even if such a pricing structure does not alter ultimate demand the situation modeled is most appropriate where the seller s product does not represent a major component of the buyer s final product where the demand for the product is derived or where the price is only one of many factors considered in making a purchase decision a model of buyer reaction to any given pricing scheme is developed to show that there exists a unified pricing policy which motivates the buyer to increase its ordering quantity per order thereby reducing the joint buyer and seller ordering and holding costs as a result the seller is able to reduce its costs while leaving the buyer no worse off and often better off the model is extended to handle variable ordering and shipping costs and situations where the seller faces numerous groups of buyers each having different ordering policies finally a case study is presented explicitly showing how the proposed pricing policy can be applied to the situation of a large seller selling to a number of different buyer groups

not by productivity alone how visibility and specialization contribute to academic earnings the popular adage publish or perish has long defined individual career strategies as well as scholarly investigations of earnings inequality in academe as researchers have relied heavily on rese

german income taxation and the timing of marriage i investigate how the german income tax code affects the timing of marriages the german income tax code allows married couples to benefit from full income splitting relative to unmarried couples

from the editors can i trust your findings ruling out alternative explanations in international business research the complex nature of international business research with its cross country and multilevel nature complicates the empirical identification of relationships among theoretical constructs the objective of this editorial is to provide guidance to help international business scholars navigate this complexity and ensure that readers can trust their findings we provide suggestions for how to rule out alternative explanations explaining key considerations not only in empirical analyses but also in theory building and in research design our discussion covers both qualitative and quantitative studies because we believe that it is imperative to understand how trustworthiness is established in both traditions even for international business researchers who self identify with only one this enables scholars to have a broader scope of knowledge when interpreting past research in the field and to be more adept at explaining their design choices to a diverse audience

brothers household financial markets and savings rate in china abstract this study analyzes the effect of the number of brothers an individual has on that individual s household savings rate under the current underdeveloped household financial market in urban china i show that having an additional brother reduces an individual s household savings rate by at least 5 percentage points brothers help households 1 by sharing risks providing a source of informal borrowing and 2 by sharing the cost of supporting parents sisters play a minor role in affecting a household s savings rate mainly because of cultural norms the decline in the average number of brothers in households induced by population policies explained at least one third of the increased aggregate household savings rate in urban china

muslim family law prenuptial agreements and the emergence of dowry in bangladesh we explain trends in dowry levels in bangladesh by drawing attention to an institutional feature of marriage contracts previously ignored in the literature the mehr or traditional islamic brideprice we develop a model of marriage contracts in which mehr serves as a barrier to husbands exiting marriage and a component of dowry as an amount that ex ante compensates the groom for the cost of mehr we investigate how mehr and dowry respond to exogenous changes in the costs of polygamy and divorce and show that our model gives a dierent set of predictions than traditional models we show that major changes in dowry levels took place precisely after the legal changes corresponding to simultaneous changes in levels of mehr

looking for boy girl discrimination in household expenditure data the ability to test for discrimination in the allocation of goods between boys and girls is hampered by a lack of data on intrahousehold distribution the analysis presented here allows inferences about intrahousehold allocation to be made from householdlevel expenditure data for a given level of income families with children will spend less on adult goods in order to purchase children s goods if household purchasing favors boys over girls smaller expenditures on adult goods would be made by families with boys as compared with those with girls a method for determining adult goods is described and the procedure for detecting gender bias is applied to data from c6te d lvoire and thailand the data show no evidence of discriminatio n between boys and girls in c6te d lvoire and a small and statistically insignificant bias in favor of boys in thailand how commodities are allocated among the members of a household has recently occasioned a good deal of interest assessments of poverty and income distribution based on household incomes or expenditures will be misleading if allocation within the household is unequal the position of women and girls has been of particular concern and there is a considerable amount of empirical evidence much of it from the indian subcontinent that documents discrimination against females see in particular bhagwati 1973 sen 1984 sen and sengupta 1983 miller 1981 bardhan 1982 and kynch and sen 1983 as well as survey papers by behrman 1987 and harriss 1987 much of the evidence is concerned with measurements of nutritional outcomes mortality and health status rather than with the direct allocation of goods by gender the difficulty in trying to determine the intrahousehold allocation of goods is that household budget surveys the obvious source of data record consumption not of individuals but of households and while attempts can be made to the author is a professor of public affairs and of economics and international affairs at princeton university and is a consultant to the population and human resources department of the world bank the author thanks dwayne benjamin who provided for excellent research assistance he is grateful to him and to members of the economic growth center at yale university for helpful comments this is a revised and shortened version of living standards measurement study working paper 39 the allocation of goods within the household adults children and gender june 1987 the results from thailand were not included in the working paper 1989 the international bank for reconstruction and development the world bank

towards a more economic production and just in time delivery system abstract we study a system in which a batch production supplier participates in just in time jit delivery of its products to a jit buyer firm we demonstrate that under certain conditions a small adjustment of previously agreed product selling price can result in a more economic production and jit delivery system with reduced delivery quantity and hence increased delivery frequency in the case when both buyer and supplier share equal profit margin optimal levels of adjustment for price and delivery frequency can be obtained that maximize the profit margin a numerical example is used to illustrate the results

no toilet no bride intrahousehold bargaining in male skewed marriage markets in india abstract haryana state in india is characterized by widespread discrimination against women including a severe population level sex imbalance in this context an innovative social marketing campaign which targeted pro sanitation messages to households active in local marriage markets was implemented with the goal of increasing toilet ownership this paper estimates the impact of this program known colloquially as no toilet no bride on household level latrine ownership private sanitation coverage in haryana increased by 21 specifically among households with boys active on the marriage market this effect is larger and concentrated in marriage markets where women are relatively scarce and absent when women are relatively abundant which together suggest the program operated by successfully linking sanitation outcomes with marriage market competition induced by local scarcities of women due to male biased sex ratios

differential fecundity and child custody abstract despite u s child custody laws favoring joint custody since the mid 1970s mother sole custody is still the main custody arrangement this paper proposes that differences in fecundity between men and women play a role in accounting for this fact men are more likely to have more children after a divorce because they are fertile for more years than women this acts as an incentive for couples to agree on mothers sole custody i build a general equilibrium model of endogenous marriage divorce and remarriage with differential fecundity between women and men where couples choose custody allocation custody depends on the fecundity differential and father s time spent with children i calibrate my model to be consistent with observed u s child custody arrangements and marriage statistics and using changes over time in assisted reproductive technology art and father s time spent with children i quantify the effect of the fecundity differential on child custody results show that if assisted reproductive technology was not available the current share of couples with joint custody would be 15 67 lower considering that fathers time with children has also changed over time i find that a reduction in the fecundity differential accounts for an increase in the share of couples with joint custody of 4

on the emergence of toyboys the timing of marriage with aging and uncertain careers we explore how gender bias in career opportunities affects matching in a marriage market with search frictions and where an individual s fitness decays with age we document a being left on the shelf effect where young singles who find the marriage market rapidly thins with age rush into early partnership singles with stronger career opportunities however have a greater option value to defer marriage more equal career opportunities for women captured by greater schooling and better occupations potentially explain the recent emergence of toyboy unions in which the woman is at least 5 years older than her partner 2011 by the economics department of the university of pennsylvania and the osaka university institute of social and economic research association

assessing the impact of jibs as an interdisciplinary journal a network approach in this editorial we assess the cross disciplinary connections of jibs by examining its citation network which spreads across no less than 36 disciplines or fields using a citation network of 166 citing and 645 cited journals we investigate jibs interdisciplinarity using the intermediation and integration approaches of network analysis our analyses of citation patterns for a 12 year time period 2001 2012 suggests that jibs is helping bridge disciplines that do not often otherwise talk to each other a task of critical importance for new knowledge creation we also find that jibs is enabling integration of knowledge from a diverse set of disciplines in comparison to other prominent leading management journals

note an acquisition policy for a single item multi supplier system in this paper we consider the problem of developing an acquisition policy specifically given a set of potential qualified suppliers from whom should the firm buy the product in what quantities and how often we provide properties of the optimal solution and relate them to the approach of using a single source as advocated by jit the solution procedure provides the periodic order quantity from each supplier the order size and the firm cycle time as well as how many times per cycle we should order from each supplier we show that the maximum error of our solution can be made as small as desired

modeling stockout risk and jit purchasing in ready mixed concrete batching plants abstract a model for comparing the inventory costs of purchasing under an economic order quantity eoq with a price discount system and a just in time jit order purchasing system concluded that jit purchasing is virtually always the preferable inventory ordering system this claim however contradicts the practices observed in ready mixed concrete rmc batching plants by expanding the eoq model and considering the stockout risks this paper derives new eoq jit cost indifference point equations we show that it is possible for an eoq with a price discount system to be more cost effective than a jit system when the stockout risks associated with the jit purchasing system are high or the annual demand is either too low or too high the case study conducted in the rmc industry in chongqing china supports our proposition

more on marriage fertility and the distribution of income according to pareto 1896 the distribution of income depends on the nature of the people comprising a society on the organization of the latter and also in part on chance in the model developed here the nature of the people is captured by attitudes toward marriage divorce fertility and children singles search for mates in a marriage market married agents bargain about work and the quantity and quality of children they can divorce social policies such as child support requirements reflect the organization of the society finally chance is modeled by randomness in income marriage opportunities and marital bliss

strategic choices in polygamous households theory and evidence from senegal this paper proposes a strategic framework to account for fertility choices in polygamous households a theoretical model specifies the main drivers of fertility in the african context and describes how the fertility of one wife might impact the behavior of her co wives it generates predictions to test for strategic interactions exploiting original data from a household survey and the demographic and health surveys in senegal empirical tests show that children are strategic complements one wife raises her fertility in response to an increase by the other wife because children are the best claim to resources controlled by the husband this result is the first quantitative evidence of a reproductive rivalry between co wives it suggests that the sustained high level of fertility in africa does not merely reect women s lack of control over births as is often argued but also their incentives to have many children this paper also contributes to the literature on household behavior as one of the few attempts to open the black box of non nuclear families

housing decision with divorce risk we build a realistically calibrated life cycle model of housing decisions under divorce risk as observed in the data our model predicts the recent increase in divorce rates leads to reduced homeownership rates the event of a divorce negatively affects homeownership and this effect is long lasting the risk of a divorce triggers a precautionary savings motive however this motive is weaker when individuals can invest in owner occupied homes because homeowners higher savings partially substitute for precautionary savings when young the larger asset accumulation due to divorce risk induced precautionary savings enables households to buy homes earlier whereas the presence of transaction costs leads to reduced homeownership for middle aged and older households when divorce risk goes up

who marries whom and why this paper proposes and estimates a static transferable utility model of the marriage market the model generates a nonparametric marriage matching function with spillover effects it rationalizes the standard interpretation of marriage rate regressions and points out its limitations the model was used to estimate u s marital behavior in 1971 72 and 1981 82 the marriage matching function estimates show that the gains to marriage for young adults fell substantially over the decade unlike contradictory marriage rate regression results the marriage matching function estimates showed that the legalization of abortion had a significant quantitative impact on the fall in the gains to marriage for young men and women

modeling quantity discounts under general price sensitive demand functions optimal policies and relationships this paper presents models for determining optimal all unit and incremental quantity discount policies and investigates the effect of quantity discounts on increasing demand and ensuring pareto efficient transactions under general price sensitive demand functions the paper develops optimal quantity discount policies investigates their interrelationships and their benefits to both the supplier and the buyer and gains managerial insights for the scenarios of maximizing the supplier s profit and the joint profit we develop simple and efficient solution approaches for determining the all unit and the incremental optimal decision policies for general price sensitive demand functions we have three main findings first with price sensitive demand there are two incentives in offering quantity discounts increasing demand and ensuring pareto efficient transactions in most cases increasing demand dominates in justifying the offering of quantity discounts second using a single lot size associated with all efficient transactions as with the constant demand case does not hold with the price sensitive demand case third the optimal all unit quantity discount policy is equivalent to the optimal incremental quantity discount policy in benefiting both the supplier and the buyer

how many parts to make at once reprinted from factory the magazine of management volume 10 number 2 february 1913 pp 135 136 152 interest on capital tied up in wages material and overhead sets a maximum limit to the quantity of parts which can be profitably manufactured at one time set up costs on the job fix the minimum experience has shown one manager a way to determine the economical size of lots

women s liberation what s in it for men the nineteenth century witnessed dramatic improvements in the legal rights of married women given that these changes took place long before women gained the right to vote they amounted to a voluntary renouncement of power by men in this paper we investigate men s incentives for sharing power with women in our model women s legal rights set the marital bargaining power of husbands and wives we show that men face a tradeoff between the rights they want for their own wives namely none and the rights of other women in the economy men prefer other men s wives to have rights because men care about their own daughters and because an expansion of women s rights increases educational investments in children we show that men may agree to relinquish some of their power once technological change increases the importance of human capital we corroborate our argument with historical evidence on the expansion of women s rights in england and the united states

investment in schooling and the marriage market we present a model in which investment in schooling generates two kinds of returns the labor market return resulting from higher wages and a marriagemarket return defined as the impact of schooling on the marital surplus share one can extract men and women may have different incentives to invest in schooling because of different market wages or household roles this asymmetry can yield a mixed equilibrium with some educated individuals marrying uneducated spouses when the labor market returns to schooling rises home production demands less time and the traditional spousal labor division norms weaken more women may invest in schooling than men

coordinated supply chain management abstract historically the three fundamental stages of the supply chain procurement production and distribution have been managed independently buffered by large inventories increasing competitive pressures and market globalization are forcing firms to develop supply chains that can quickly respond to customer needs to remain competitive these firms must reduce operating costs while continuously improving customer service with recent advances in communications and information technology as well as a rapidly growing array of logistics options firms have an opportunity to reduce operating costs by coordinating the planning of these stages in this paper we review the literature addressing coordinated planning between two or more stages of the supply chain placing particular emphasis on models that would lend themselves to a total supply chain model finally we suggest directions for future research

from the editors advancing interdisciplinary research in the field of international business prospects issues and challenges doi 1 0 1 057 jibs 2009 4 1 two decades ago jibs published john dunning s presidential address at the aib annual meeting in san diego in which he made a passionate plea for a more interdisciplinary approach to international business ib studies based on a careful analysis of the major economic social political and institutional changes taking place at the time dunning 1989 411 observed

the study of international business a plea for a more interdisciplinary approach scholastic efforts to study and teach international business is entirely dependent on our capability to marshal and organise the necessary human and other assets so as to supply a range of end products which are acceptable to the academic community of which we are part our paymasters and the main purchasers of our products viz the business community of course the determinants of success of the practice and study of ib are interrelated and in our particular pursuit for excellence there is no unique or sure fire recipe for success but i observe that in an ever increasingly complex world of international business which is dominated by rapid and far reaching changes in technology and by environmental turbulence this is no less true of successful practitioners rarely in seeking to identify the reasons for business achievement is one able to find a single common denominator sometimes excellence is primarily based on innovatory ingenuity sometimes on the access to or control of key inputs or markets sometimes on aggressive or novel methods of advertising and marketing sometimes on super efficient capital budgeting sometimes on dynamic and imaginative entrepreneurship sometimes on the diversity of operational experiences and capabilities and sometimes on an unusual aptitude to manage human relationships but in most cases success is founded on some amalgam of these and it is the way in which these discrete though increasingly interdependent advantages are ombined with each other and with complementary assets in different countries and cultures which contemporary research suggests is the key competitive advantages of international firms call it what you will e g

quantity discounts managerial issues and research opportunities marketing managers frequently administer pricing policies involving substantial quantity discounts however our understanding of the precise role of these discounts and their design is quite limited this paper reviews and integrates the economics and marketing literature and presents a detailed analysis of the policies of four firms in order to i specify the variety of motivations for quantity discounts ii provide guidelines to managers in designing quantity discount schedules and iii set out the most fruitful directions for future research

an analysis of out of wedlock childbearing in the united states this paper relates the erosion of the custom of shotgun marriage to the legalization of abortion and the increased availability of contraception to unmarried women in the united states the decline in shotgun marriage accounts for a significant fraction of the increase in out of wedlock first births several models illustrate the analogy between women who do not adopt either birth control or abortion and the hand loom weavers both victims of changing technology mechanisms causing female immiseration are modeled and historically described this technology shock hypothesis is an alternative to welfare and job shortage theories of the feminization of poverty excerpt

the effect of commonality on safety stock in a simple inventory model we examine the effects of component commonality on optimal safety stock levels in a two product two level inventory model the criterion is to minimize system safety stock subject to a service level constraint although our model is specialized its analysis provides insights not available in other multilevel inventory models

evaluating familial support for the elderly the intrahousehold allocation of medical expenditures in rural pakistan introduction in this article i examine the determinants of medical expenditures on the elderly in rural pakistani households analyzing in particular the dependence of such expenditures on the economic contribution of the elderly to household income the results for older males are contrasted with those for younger males improved life expectancies in the south asian economies as in other developing economies have generated new policy interest in the economic status of the elderly there is however little empirical evidence on this topic while the scant research on the elderly in south asia undoubtedly reflects the fact that they represent one of the smallest demographic groups in these economies it also reflects the widespread belief that they are well provided for by the intergenerational households where the vast majority of them reside with their adult children however this assumption has been questioned by a number of scholars who find that medical expenditures on the elderly are closely correlated with the elderly s individual incomes and wealth household data from pakistan support such claims data on individual medical expenditures and days of illness are available from two household surveys a panel data set collected by the international food policy research institute ifpri and from the pakistan living standards measurement survey lsms both data sets reveal a strong correlation between the number of days of illness reported by adult males and age leading one to expect a similarly strong correlation between medical expenditures and age instead the ifpri data yield a correlation that is less than one would expect given the relationship between illness and age the lsms data set which provides information on many more

accounting for age in marital search decisions spouse quality measured by educational attainment varies significantly with the age at which an individual marries peaking in the mid twenties then declining through the early forties interestingly this decline is much sharper for women than men meaning women increasingly marry less educated men as they age moreover quality has worsened for educated women over several decades while it has improved for men using a non stationary sequential search model we identify and quantify the search frictions that generate these age dependent marriage outcomes we find that single life utility is typically the dominant friction though college women in the 1950 and 1970 cohorts are affected even more by deteriorating suitor quality regardless of educational status individual choice as opposed to pure luck is pivotal in explaining marriage market outcomes earlier in life

an incremental discount pricing schedule with multiple customers and single price break abstract this paper analyzes how a supplier can formulate the terms of a quantity discount pricing schedule assuming a single incremental discount system a model is developed from which an algorithm is derived for an optimal discount schedule the cases are investigated in which both the discount rate and the break point are unknown and either one is prescribed a numerical example is presented to illustrate the algorithm developed

an optimization approach for supply chain management models with quantity discount policy abstract owing to the difficulty of treating nonlinear functions many supply chain management scm models assume that the average prices of materials production transportation and inventory are constant this assumption however is not practical vendors usually offer quantity discounts to encourage the buyers to order more and the producer intends to discount the unit production cost if the amount of production is large this study solves a nonlinear scm model capable of treating various quantity discount functions simultaneously including linear single breakpoint step and multiple breakpoint functions by utilizing the presented linearization techniques such a nonlinear model is approximated to a linear mixed 0 1 program solvable to obtain a global optimum

just in time component replenishment decisions for assemble to order manufacturing under capital constraint and stochastic demand abstract while just in time ideas have been enthusiastically embraced by manufacturing practitioners the small replenishment batch sizes advocated are difficult to reconcile with the standard management science cost trade off approach in a previous paper by the authors which analysed a multi product manufacturing scenario under deterministic demand this difficulty was diagnosed as being due to the standard assumption that capital for inventory is borrowed and hence boundless when inventory is financed by investors and is thus finite the investment level must be treated as an additional variable in the decision to adopt inventory reduction policies for lean investments which might be chosen to maximise return on investment roi rather than absolute profit or for reasons of flexibility jit replenishment becomes more attractive for certain components than the standard analysis would suggest because the capital formerly invested in these components can be reinvested in the inventory of the remaining batch components to improve efficiencies this paper treats the stochastic version of the same problem develops a tractable solution method for the decision problem and in addition to reinforcing the findings of the previous study reveals several other ways in which jit replenishment and component substitution can improve performance by limiting the cost of dealing with uncertainty the analysis is illustrated using an actual case study of a small manufacturing enterprise seeking to reduce inventory and increase roi

eoq jit and fixed costs in the ready mixed concrete industry the successful implementation of just in time jit purchasing policy in many industries has prompted many companies that still use the economic order quantity eoq purchasing policy to ponder if they should switch to the jit purchasing policy despite existing studies that directly compare the costs between the eoq and jit purchasing systems this decision is however still difficult to be made especially when price discount has to be considered jit purchasing may not always be successful even though plants that adopted jit operations have experienced or can take advantage of physical space reduction hence the objective of this study is to expand on a classical eoq with a price discount model to derive the eoq jit cost indifference point the objective was tested and achieved through a survey and case study conducted in the ready mixed concrete industry in singapore

a cooperative game theory model of quantity discounts quantity discounts offered by a monopolist are considered in the context of a bargaining problem in which the buyer and the seller negotiate over the order quantity and the average unit price all units and incremental quantity discounts that permit transaction at a negotiated outcome are described the effects of risk sensitivity and bargaining power on quantity discounts are discussed for alternative bargaining models

dowry and wife s welfare a theotrical and empirical analysis becker attributes the existence of marital transfers to inflexibility in the division of joint product within the marriage if that were the only reason we would not have observed the coexistence of dowries and bride prices this paper offers an alternative analysis while becker s interpretation is retained for bride prices a dowry is now represented as a premortem bequest by altruistic parents for a daughter it not only increases the wealth of the new conjugal household but also enhances the bargaining power of the bride in the allocation of the output within the household thereby safeguarding here welfare using micro data from taiwan we found that a dowry improves the bride s welfare whereas a bride price has no effect these empirical results support the theoretical predictions of the model

legal origins and female hiv more than one half of all people living with hiv are women and 80 percent of all hiv positive women in the world live in sub saharan africa this paper demonstrates that the legal origins of these formerly colonized countries significantly determine current day female hiv rates in particular female hiv rates are significantly higher in common law sub saharan african countries compared to civil law ones this paper explains this relationship by focusing on differences in female property rights under the two codes of law in sub saharan africa common law is associated with weaker female marital property laws as a result women in these common law countries have lower bargaining power within the household and are less able to negotiate safe sex practices and are thus more vulnerable to hiv compared to their civil law counterparts exploiting the fact that some ethnic groups in sub saharan africa cross country borders with different legal systems we are able to include ethnicity fixed effects into a regression discontinuity approach this allows us to control for a large set of cultural geographical and environmental factors that could be confounding the estimates the results of this paper are consistent with gender inequality the feminization of aids explaining much of its prevalence in sub saharan africa

towards a renaissance in international business research big questions grand challenges and the future of ib scholarship in this article we review critiques of international business ib research with a focus on whether ib scholarship tackles big questions we identify three major areas where ib scholars have addressed important global phenomena but find that they have had little influence outside of ib and only limited effects on business or government policy we propose a redirection of ib research towards grand challenges in global business and the use of interdisciplinary research methods multilevel approaches and phenomena driven perspectives to address those questions we argue that ib can play a more constructive and vital role by tackling expansive topics at the business societal interface

the evolution of human life expectancy and intelligence in hunter gatherer economies the economics of hunting and gathering must have driven the biological evolution of human characteristics since hunter gatherer societies prevailed for the two million years of human history these societies feature huge intergenerational resource flows suggesting that these resource flows should replace fertility as the key demographic consideration it is then theoretically expected that life expectancy and brain size would increase simultaneously as apparently occurred during our evolutionary history the brain here is considered as a direct form of bodily investment but also crucially as facilitating further indirect investment by means of learning by doing

optimal policy for an inventory system with backlogging and all units discounts application to the composite lot size model this paper examines an inventory model with full backlogging and all units quantity discounts the practical scenario of a salesperson offering compensation to a client so as not to lose the sale is considered the cost of a backorder thus includes both a fixed cost and a further cost which is proportional to the length of time the said backorder exists a first algorithm is developed to determine the optimal policy while some extensions to this algorithm are obtained that include additional conditions on the model in particular the well known composite lot size model developed by tersine is solved incorporating a new stockout cost and a new all units discount numerical examples are provided to illustrate the application of the algorithms

price markdown scheme in a multi echelon supply chain in a high tech industry this paper studies the price markdown scheme in a supply chain that consists of a supplier a contract manufacturer cm and a buyer retailer the buyer subcontracts the production of the final product to the cm the cm buys the components from the supplier and charges the buyer a service fee for the final product produced the price markdown is made possible by the supplier with the development of new manufacturing technologies that reduce the production cost for the sourced component consequently the buyer adjusts the retail price in order to possibly stimulate stronger demand that may benefit both the supplier and the buyer under this scenario we identify the optimal discount pricing strategies capacity reservation and the stocking policies for the supplier and the buyer we also investigate the optimal inventory decision for the cm to cope with the price discount by considering both demand and delivery uncertainties our results suggest that higher production cost accelerates the effects of higher price sensitivity on lowering the optimal capacity and stocking policies in the supply chain the effect of mean demand error on the optimal prices is relatively marginal compared with that from price sensitivity we also found that increasing the standard deviation of the random demand does not necessarily increase the stocking level as one would predict the results show that delivery uncertainty plays an important role in the inventory carried beyond the price break we discuss potential extensions for future research

investing in reduced setups in the eoq model this paper is motivated by the observation that the japanese have devoted much time and energy to decreasing setup costs in their manufacturing processes and that there has been little in the way of a formal framework available to use to think about such efforts the object of this paper is to begin to provide such a framework the framework developed identifies only one aspect of the advantages of reducing setups namely reduced inventory related operating costs the other advantages such as improved quality control flexibility and increased effective capacity are not accounted for in this paper nevertheless substantial reductions in setups may be warranted based solely on the benefits identified in this paper the approach taken here introduces an investment cost associated with changing the current setup level and adds a per unit time amortization of this cost to the other costs identified in the standard eoq model the general problem becomes that of minimizing the sum of a convex and a concave function in two special cases the minimization can be carried out explicitly in one of these cases numerous interpretations of the results are made including comparisons of japanese and american practices for example holding other parameters constant there is a critical sales level such that investment is made in reducing setups if and only if the sales rate is above that level when such investment is made the optimal lot size is independent of the sales rate the paper also addresses the joint selection of the setup cost and the sales rate selection of the sales rate is seen as incorporating explicit production and holding costs into the classical monopolist s pricing problem an explicit solution is obtained for the model postulated

differntial fecundity markets and gender roles women are fecund for a shorter period of their lives than men this paper investigates how differential fecundity interacts with marriage labor and financial markets to affect gender roles the main findings of the paper are as follows i fecund women are relatively scarce men will behave differently than women in response to this scarcity in the most fundamental way demand and supply conditions in the marriage market affect gender roles ii differential fecundity does not have any market invariant gender effect gender roles depend on the way in which marriage labor and financial markets interact iii gender differences in the labor market can occur without corresponding differences in labor market opportunities productivities in child rearing or social norms iv with uncertainty in human capital accumulation and no insurance against this uncertainty the model s predictions are consistent with observed gender roles

pricing strategy for deteriorating items using quantity discount when demand is price sensitive abstract this study develops an optimal pricing and ordering policy for a deteriorating item with price sensitive demand since it usually benefits the vendor more than the buyer when both the buyer and the vendor are integrated a quantity discount pricing strategy is necessary to entice the buyer to accept the alliance a negotiation factor is incorporated to balance the profit sharing between both players sensitivity analysis with the numerical example shows that the integrated total cost is very sensitive to the deterioration rate and the price sensitive parameter the analysis resulted in an increase in the total joint profit therefore it is significant to consider the integrated vendor buyer strategy with quantity discount

source or storer ib s performance in a knowledge network the absence of systematic assessment of ib s performance as a reference discipline prolongs questioning of the contribution that ib scholarship makes to other business fields put simply do ib journals export more ideas to allied disciplines than they import from them difficulty in evaluating the merits of let alone the need for solutions offered to boost interdisciplinary relevance slows validation of the ontological principles and epistemic standards of ib research this paper begins to fill this gap it establishes a knowledge network composed of 39 high impact journals that represent the domains of management marketing finance economics operations it accounting human resources organizational behavior and ib we collected citation exchanges among these 39 journals from 2000 through 2007 a log multiplicative model evaluated multiple dimensions of association to determine the sources and storers of knowledge within the network the network from pathfinder analysis was used to determine each journal s contribution to network entropy these analyses indicate that ib journals functioned as storers not sources of ideas within the sampled knowledge network over the studied period the results help interpret opposing proposals to fortify ib studies highlight the tradeoff between exploitation and exploration in knowledge development and dissemination and elaborate jibs s boundary spanning performance within the sampled network

marriage as a rat race noisy premarital investments with assortative matching we study the efficiency of premarital investments when parents care about their child s marriage prospects in a large frictionless marriage market with nontransferable utility stochastic returns to investment ensure that equilibrium is unique we find that generically investments exceed the pareto efficient level unless the sexes are symmetric in all respects girls will invest more than boys if their quality shocks are less variable than shocks for boys or if they are the abundant sex the unique equilibrium in our continuum agent model is the limit of the equilibria of finite models as the number of agents tends to infinity

on the state of the union an overlapping generations model of marriage and divorce is constructed to analyze family structure and intergenerational mobility agents differ by sex marital status and human capital single agents meet in a marriage market and decide whether to accept or reject proposals to wed married couples must decide whether to separate or not parents invest in their children depending on their wherewithal a simulated version of the theoretical prototype can generate an equilibrium with a significant number of female headed families and a high degree of persistence in income across generations to illustrate the model s mechanics the effects of two antipoverty policies namely child support and welfare are investigated

large demographic shocks and small changes in the marriage market between 1958 and 1961 china experienced one of the worse famines in her history birth rates fell during these years and recovered immediately afterwards the famine also adversely affected the health of these cohorts this paper provides non parametric estimates of the total effects of the famine on the marital behaviour of famine affected cohorts in the rural areas of sichuan and anhui these reduced from estimates incorporate general equilibrium and heterogeneous treatment effects two important components of equilibrium marital behaviour next the paper uses a structural model of the marriage market the choo siow model to decompose observed marital outcomes into quantity and quality effects of the famine the structural estimates show that the famine substantially reduced the marital attractiveness of the famine born cohort the conclusion is that the small observed changes in marriage rates of the famine born cohorts are due to a substantial decline in their marital attractiveness controlling for changes in educational attainment does not change the conclusion

component commonality with service level requirements this paper extends recent results of baker et al baker k r m j magazine h l w nuttle 1986 the effect of commonality on safety stocks in a simple inventory model management sci 32 982 988 in understanding the impact of component commonality on stocking levels under service level constraints a model is formulated for an arbitrary number of products with general joint demand distribution the results obtained are not all intuitive while utilizing commonality is beneficial nothing general can be said about the resulting change in the components stock levels when the cost structure is of a particular simple form though some interesting general patterns do emerge we also discuss the case of using a service level measure where rationing of common components might be required and characterize the implied rationing rule

jit purchasing vs eoq with a price discount an analytical comparison of inventory costs abstract the inventory costs of purchasing under economic order quantity eoq model with a quantity discount is determined and compared to the costs under just in time jit it is shown that at low levels of demand jit is the preferred method whereas eoq has the cost advantage for an item with a high demand the model also predicts that the higher the value of the item the carrying cost or the ordering cost associated with the eoq model and the smaller the quantity discount rate the wider will be the range of demand for which jit remains preferable