rural wheat consumption in china the share of wheat in china s overall grain production and consumption has increased since economic reform china is also a large wheat importer but imports are erratic in the literature there is disagreement over future prospects for per capita wheat consumption in china and imports most of the wheat is consumed in rural areas where the majority of the population resides and where consumers have shifted from coarse grains and potatoes to wheat we analyze rural wheat consumption using household data from two provinces we find there is evidence to support a contention that china s per capita wheat consumption may not grow very fast in the future and could actually fall

the effects of expenditure growth and urbanisation on food consumption in east asia a note on animal products abstract consumption functions for total animal derived food products were estimated for six east asian countries incorporation of urbanisation was found to make a significant contribution to the functions the urbanisation elasticities were always positive indicating that the process of urbanisation had a positive effect on the demand for animal food products the expenditure elasticities were also positive but often less than they would be if estimated from consumption functions that excluded the effects of urbanisation thus projections of consumption that ignore the influence of urbanisation may be biased

productivity gains from rice genetic enhancements in west africa countries and ecologies abstract many critics claim that public research in west africa has failed to develop technological innovations to improve productivity and stimulate economic development in the agricultural sector using griliches method of estimating the impact of a research induced supply shift this study finds that rice varietal improvement generated a producer surplus gain of approximately us 360 million in 1998 in the seven most important rice producing countries of west africa eighty one percent of this gain has occurred in the irrigated and rainfed lowland ecologies which occupy just 12 and 35 of total regional rice area respectively by contrast approximately us 5 6 million is invested annually in regional varietal improvement research

rice in asia is it becoming an inferior good comment from pooled time series cross section data from 1961 to 1985 for three groups of countries classified by changes in per capita rice consumption levels rice consumption per capita was specified as a function of per capita gross domestic product gdp in real terms and the ratio of world price of rice to wheat because income elasticities tend to be lower at higher income levels a log inverse log model was adopted and ridge regression was employed to minimize multicollinearity problems between iny and y the results indicated that income elasticities have significantly declined moreover income elasticities are negative in half of the countries studied leading to the conclusion that rice is becoming an inferior good in asia the fact that income elasticities for rice and other

changing to gray decentralization and the emergence of volatile socio legal configurations in central kalimantan indonesia decentralization policy narratives articulated by donor agencies tend to describe decentralization as a technical process of policy design and implementation advocating decentralization as a solution to particular problems drawing on research carried out in the indonesian province of central kalimantan following the inception of a decentralization program this article examines how political processes at the national district and village levels have led to highly volatile socio legal configurations that create insecurity and heighten resource conflicts it concludes that while the politics surrounding decentralization in different domains have ensured that the patterns of governance inherited from the past remain precariously distant from the objectives of good governance decentralization has also opened up space for positive changes

estimating consumption deprivation in india using survey data a state level rural urban analysis before and during reform period this paper assesses deprivation in india employing a measure proposed by sitaramam and using consumption data at the household level as cereals constitute a staple food and form a major portion of expenditure on food the deprivation measure considered here is deprivation in cereal consumption the total expenditure at which the engel curve for cereals turns from concave to convex is taken as the cut off to determine the deprived households it is shown that cereal deprivation at the all india level exhibits a declining trend over the period 1987 88 and 1999 2000 in the rural sector while there is little change in the urban sector further this decline in cereal deprivation seems to have been slowing down during the reform period the estimates of deprivation are poorly correlated with the hci and pgi at state level both in rural and urban sectors they however have better temporal correlations with those poverty measures we offer some explanation for these observed differences in alternate deprivation indices the trends in cereal deprivation are accompanied in some cases by a decline in real terms in maximum cereal consumption of each group of consumers whether this is an improvement or otherwise of the living standards of the poor must await further analysis of per capita food consumption in general with an analysis of prices and quantities of various food items it is hoped that this kind of study on deprivation of essential commodities may increase our understanding of poverty and even suggest direct intervention strategies

a spatial model of corporate tax incidence using a unique self compiled data set on international tax rates we explore the link between taxes and manufacturing wages for a panel of 66 countries over 25 years we find controlling for other macroeconomic variables that wages are significantly responsive to corporate taxation higher corporate tax rates depress wages using spatial modelling techniques we also find that tax characteristics of neighbouring countries whether geographic or economic have a significant effect on domestic wages we test for and reject spatial autocorrelation in our model using a modification of the moran i test statistic that accounts for country specific fixed effects in a panel data setting our article fits in with the new economic geography literature as well as the urban economics literature which attempt to explain the spatial distribution of wages

structural changes in the demand for food in asia empirical evidence from taiwan many asian countries are expected to undergo structural transformations in their economies and rapid urbanization over the next 25 years the changes in tastes and lifestyles engendered by urban living are likely to have significant influences on food demand changes in marketing systems and occupational changes closely linked with increasing gnp per capita also may influence the demand for food in this paper estimates presented for taiwan demonstrate that structural changes in food demand as distinguished from changes due to income and price effects have been significant factors driving the rapid changes in dietary patterns seen in east asia over the past three decades because most previous demand studies have ignored the possible influence of structural shifts which are highly correlated with increases in per capita income over time the effects of income on food demand have been overestimated

can geographical indications modernize indonesian and vietnamese agriculture analyzing the role of national and local governments and producers strategies summary this paper investigates the way geographical indications gis are implemented by national and local governments in indonesia and vietnam the two states are active at all stages of gi development from the selection of the products candidates for gi registration to the supervision of the gi implementation thanks to the involvement of national experts from public agencies in the establishment of the codes of practices cop they are able to push for the substitution of traditional local techniques with good practices i e mostly those recommended by research centers worldwide thus they put gis at the service of agricultural modernization when gis apply more conventionally to specific products based on traditional know how however the implementation of the cops and thus the achievement of this objective of modernization depend on the perceived interest of producers in the whole gi dynamic indeed the cases studied in indonesia and vietnam highlight the variable level of participation of local producers in the gi in the four studied cases the cops are mainly based on expert knowledge which differs from the actual practices of farmers and processors moreover gis are implemented in order to create or reinforce reputations rather than legally protecting preexisting ones for these two reasons producers motivation to invest in gi certification is weak which makes difficult the necessary collective involvement in both countries the involvement of local governments in gi construction and management modifies the situation thanks to their knowledge of local situations and stakes they are more likely than national experts to identify the most strategic supply chains at local level enable participatory approaches in gi construction and facilitate the involvement of local producers in the gi managing group but if competences have been given to local governments in the indonesian and vietnamese legal frameworks the distribution of roles between central and provincial governments in gis are not clearly enough specified the nature and the importance of local public intervention differ from one case to another finally this paper recognizes the legitimacy of state intervention in gi development at least as long as producers awareness of gis is still low however this state intervention should not only let enough space for producers in gi governance but also design a frame for arousing their interest and adhesion and for facilitating their collective involvement that may be facilitated by a concrete and clearly established decentralization of competences in national policies

a household hedonic model of rice traits economic values from farmers in west africa abstract new crop varieties often have been promoted in developing countries based upon superior yield vis a vis locally available varieties this research presents a hedonic price model for upland rice by drawing upon the input characteristics and consumer good characteristics model literature model specification tests determine that a combination of production and consumption characteristics best explains the willingness to pay for new upland rice varieties the household model specification determined that five traits explain the willingness to pay for new rice varieties plant cycle length plant height grain colour elongation swelling and tenderness yield was not a significant explanatory variable of the willingness to pay for seed the implications of this model are two fold first varietal development and promotion must include post harvest characteristics in addition to production traits when determining which varieties to promote for official release secondly non yield production characteristics such as plant height and cycle length are significant factors in producer s assessments of the value of a new variety overall this paper provides an alternative explanation for limited adoption of modern upland rice varieties in west africa varietal evaluation programs have focused too narrowly on yield evaluation and have not promoted varieties with superior non yield characteristics than locally available varieties

adoption of agricultural innovations in developing countries a survey this paper reviews various studies which have provided a description and possible explanation to patterns of innovation adoption in the agricultural sector the survey points out that the tendency of many studies to consider innovation adoption in dichotomous terms adoption nonadoption may not be appropriate in many cases where the actual decisions are defined over a more continuous range more attention needs to be given to the socio cultural and institutional environment in area studies so that their interrelation with economic factors affecting adoption can be inferred the presence of several interrelated innovations is another aspect that needs to be considered more carefully in future research since a number of simultaneous decisions may be involved furthermore the possibility of regular sequential patterns in adopting components of a new technological package should be specifically addressed in future studies finally the impact of differential adoption rates on land holding distribution merits attention in future research

engaging simplifications community based resource management market processes and state agendas in upland southeast asia abstract in the struggle to secure resource rights for rural populations who gain their livelihoods from state claimed lands advocacy agendas highlight community interest in and capacity for sustainable resource management in the uplands of southeast asia the strategic simplifications of community based natural resource management cbnrm advocacy are being translated into legal frameworks and program initiatives which make rights conditional upon particular forms of social organization and livelihood as well as conservation outcomes when set in the context of agricultural intensification among both indigenous and migrant populations and the desire of many upland dwellers to claim the benefits of a fuller citizenship cbnrm offers a problematic basis for justice

remodeling the competition for capital how domestic politics erases the race to the bottom this paper proposes and tests a new formal model of the competition for capital using the analogy of a tournament as a substitute for the race to the bottom model our key insight is that political costs that accompany legislating have both direct and indirect effects on the likelihood and scale of reforms while countries with higher political costs are less likely themselves to enact reforms the presence of these costs also reduces competing countries incentives to reform regardless of their own political costs domestic politics therefore mitigates the pressures for downward convergence of tax policy despite increased capital mobility we examine the capital tax policies in oecd countries during the period from 1980 to 1997 and find that states are sensitive to tax reforms in competitor countries although their responses to reforms are mediated by their own domestic costs to reform we define two potential sources of political costs of reform transaction costs due to the presence of multiple veto players in the legislative process and constituency costs due to ideological opposition to policy changes that benefit capital our evidence reveals that a reduction in these costs either domestically or abroad increases the likelihood that a country enacts tax reforms hat are the policy consequences of the elimination of various barriers to international capital and labor mobility robert frost in mending wall instructed that good fences make good neighbors scholars have increasingly expressed this sentiment s converse i e the pessimistic viewpoint that as the mobility of factors of production increases international competition assumes a beggar thy neighbor character when fences separate countries and make it difficult for factors of production to move from country to country governments can operate essentially as monopolistic suppliers of services governments can extract a price from the owners of productive resources in the form of taxes or can place regulatory restrictions on production without fear that factors of production will emigrate when the fences fall and governments must compete with each other for the same resources a state s or country s ability to tax or regulate diminishes in the extreme countries lose sovereignty over domestic policymaking e g andrews 1994 and lee and mckenzie 1989 the model that most scholars employ implicitly or explicitly to understand international or interstate competition is known commonly by its central prediction the race to the bottom e g oates 1972

the taxation of capital income in an open economy the importance of resident nonresident tax treatment abstract the authors develop a simulation model of the united states and the rest of the world to demonstrate how international capital mobility alters the incidence and capital formation incentives of taxes on capital income the model explicitly recognizes that u s and foreign investors hold a different mix of assets in each country only a modest degree of international mobility is necessary to substantially alter closed economy patterns of tax incidence differences in the tax treatment of residents and foreigners are particularly important in evaluating tax reductions at the individual level or the integration of corporate and individual income taxes

rescaling governance and the impacts of political and environmental decentralization an introduction summary this article introduces a collection of papers that provide empirical studies of the impacts that result from changes to established modes of governance in particular decentralizing the scale at which state institutions operate or the privatization of service delivery we critically assess the claims made for good governance reforms in the light of these studies altering the scale and the style of governance has inevitable consequences for power structures institutions livelihoods and physical landscapes we offer a framework for analyzing these consequences focusing on the temporal and scale dimensions of political and environmental decentralization and changes to established modes of governance

a policy analysis of china s wheat economy this paper examines the impacts of china s historical and anticipated future reforms on its domestic wheat economy and how it affects the import demand for wheat using a stochastic coefficient regression method the results strongly support the hypothesis that producers and consumers in the post reform era were responsive to a less controlled economy furthermore the higher import forecasts indicate that china will interact more with the world wheat market

rice mountain assessment of the thai rice pledging program the thai government introduced a generous price support program for paddy rice in 2011 the policy terminated in mid 2014 with the dismissal of the democratically elected prime minister ms yingluck shinawatra there is an interest in understanding the welfare effects of the policy given the ongoing civil suit put against the former prime minister and the large stocks that remain this study therefore analyses the welfare effects of various thai rice policy options using a 10 region dynamic stochastic partial equilibrium model of world rice trade it finds that while the thai policy was effective in supporting the incomes of rice producers in the short run the burden imposed on taxpayers and consumers seems difficult to justify

beyond good governance the multi level politics of health insurance for the poor in indonesia recent decentralization reforms in low and middle income countries have revived a long standing debate on the benefits and drawbacks of empowering local governments while some scholars highlight advances in local democratic accountability others emphasize the dangers of decentralized governance when democratic practices are poorly institutionalized this paper studies the case of health politics in indonesian local government to contend that the focus on democratic accountability and good governance may be insufficient to explain major policy outcomes associated with decentralization i show that the quality of local democracy affects health insurance policy during the first stages of the decentralization process however to understand policy trajectories over a longer time frame relations between politicians at different levels of government become the crucial factor using original qualitative and quantitative data from nearly 400 indonesian districts and provinces i find that regions in which cooperation between provincial and district authorities has emerged display systematically higher levels of health insurance coverage i explain why multi level cooperation improves local policy outcomes and i show that the positive effect of cooperation does not depend exclusively on patronage networks these findings contribute to the literature on decentralization and development by showing that policy cooperation across levels of government is crucial for the implementation of complex social policies and that multi level cooperation can have beneficial effects even when local democratic institutions are weak

decentralization institutional ambiguity and mineral resource conflict in mindanao philippines based on an analytical framework that builds on theories of incremental institutional change this article interrogates the relationship between decentralization and mineral resource conflict in the philippines here efforts to decentralize control over mineral resource wealth have resulted in a highly ambiguous institutional arena wherein heterogeneous actor coalitions are attempting to influence trajectories of institutional change and the associated distribution of mineral wealth on the ground this institutional renegotiation produces a diverse range of conflicts emerging on top of these institutional struggles are local elected politicians which raises important concerns over elite capture of the decentralization process

rice in asia is it becoming an inferior good empirical results using time series and cross sectional data indicate that rice in asia is becoming an inferior good income elasticities declined and in some cases became negative between 1961 and 1985 in most of the fourteen asian countries studied accordingly domestic demand for rice in these countries is not likely to grow as rapidly as it has in the past as a consequence there is a potential for excess supplies of rice to develop in asia putting downward pressure on rice prices while governments in asian countries may need to adjust their rice policies in the future world rice suppliers may need to develop new markets for rice

an analysis of production efficiency differentials in the philippines in the late seventies and early eighties policy makers in many developing encouraged extensive research to develop appropriate rice technology for unfavourable rainfed environments the question addressed in this paper is whether the farmers producing under the non irrigated rainfed environments are achieving the potential of the technology fully at the farm level the empirical analysis which concerns the farm level production behaviour of rainfed rice farmers in the philippines indicates a wide variation in production efficiencies extension advice and credit availability appear to be the two major factors influencing the gap between farmers actual and potential production levels

implications of trade reform for agricultural markets in northeast asia a korean example trade policy reform in the 1990s increased import access for agricultural products into japan south korea and other countries of asia one of the most significant developments concerns rice markets in this region because of political sensitivity japan and south korea were allowed to postpone tariffication on rice under the uruguay round ur gatt agreement 4 in return south korea provided more than the expected tariff reductions for some other commodities while japan agreed to accelerate quantitative access for rice in recent decades northeast asian markets have been comparatively open to wheat feed grains and cotton imports but mostly closed for rice with no

rice in asia is it becoming an inferior good reply huang david and duff raise a number of issues concerning data and method in particular they argue for the following procedures a use of private consumption expenditures expressed in a common currency rather than per capita gross domestic product gdp expressed in national currencies b use of domestic price data instead of world price data and c the use of prior information in specifying the ridge regression using these procedures they reestimate our model and obtain results that differ from

demand for cereal grains in asia the effect of urbanization abstract this paper analyzes the effects of urbanization on demand for cereal grains rice wheat and coarse grains in nine asian countries a complete demand system almost ideal demand system in linear form is estimated in two stages based on aggregate time series data from 1960 to 1988 in the high income countries i e japan and south korea urbanization was observed to significantly reduce demand for cereal grains in the lower income countries demand for cereal grains either increased or remained the same with urbanization among cereal grains urbanization has had negative effects on demand for rice and coarse grains but consistently positive effects on demand for wheat only japan and thailand among the countries studied have negative income elasticities of demand for total cereal grains and for rice in particular hence rice remains a necessity and a normal good in most asian countries previous estimates of income elasticities of rice based on time series aggregate data tend to be lower than those based on cross section household level data when urbanization is explicitly specified in the demand model the estimates of income elasticities from time series data turn out to be consistent with those from cross section data

governance institutions resource rights regimes and the informal mining sector regulatory complexities in indonesia summary this study examines how shifting resource governance regimes affect labor inequities in the small scale mining sector in indonesia it focuses on the implications of governance decentralization processes and mining regulation reforms for indigenous and migrant populations who rely on informal unlicensed mining for income in central kalimantan while the findings illustrate the territorially uneven impacts of recent reforms they highlight how dominant paradigms that prioritize the enforcement of property rights schemes have contributed to problems of livelihood insecurity and poor environmental governance the article urges for more nuanced attention to contested articulations of power as well as local resource rights and institutional arrangements to assist rural communities in reversing marginalization

when more poor means less poverty on income inequality and purchasing power we show theoretically that the poor can benefit from price changes induced by higher income inequality as the number of poor increases the market for products aimed toward the poor grows and such products become more profitable as a result there are circumstances where an increase in income inequality associates with higher purchasing power of the poor using cross country data on the price of one kilogram of rice and the price of a big mac hamburger we confirm a negative association between income inequality and the price of inferior goods robust to the inclusion of a large set of control variables results are also robust to a first difference specification and to a two stage instrumental variables approach examining economic well being it is thus important to analyze not only the incomes of households but also the prices of the products and services that they buy

environmental entitlements dynamics and institutions in community based natural resource management abstract while community based natural resource management cbnrm now attracts widespread international attention its practical implementation frequently falls short of expectations this paper contributes to emerging critiques by focusing on the implications of intracommunity dynamics and ecological heterogeneity it builds a conceptual framework highlighting the central role of institutions regularized patterns of behavior between individuals and groups in society in mediating environment society relationships grounded in an extended form of entitlements analysis the framework explores how differently positioned social actors command environmental goods and services that are instrumental to their well being further insights are drawn from analyses of social difference new dynamic ecology new institutional economics structuration theory and landscape history the theoretical argument is illustrated with case material from india south africa and ghana

farm mechanization scale economies and polarization the japanese experience abstract whether economies of scale are the major factor underlying concentration of agricultural land in large farms has long been under debate the case study of japanese agriculture for the past three decades confirmed the tendency observed from international comparison that increasing returns in agricultural production emerge when economic development reaches a stage at which real wage rates begin to rise sharply it was found that the effect of scale economies was highly significant even though the intersectoral labor market effect was greater on land concentration the results imply that developing countries need not worry about mechanization to cause more unequal land distribution if factor markets are not unduly distorted

an econometric analysis of rice consumption in the people s republic of china abstract rice is the most important staple food in the people s republic of china prc in many asian countries rice appears to have become an inferior good with income increases leading to declines in per capita consumption as other food products are substituted for rice in this study human rice consumption is analyzed with a model that allows income elasticities to vary with income levels an additional equation accounting for rice disappearance as seed livestock feed industrial uses and exports is also estimated the results of the analysis indicate that rice has become an inferior good in china and per capita consumption is likely to decline in the future population growth and the growing use of rice for other purposes means that total rice disappearance will continue to increase although at a rate that is lower than has historically been the case the predicted changes in rice consumption will create pressures to adjust production and trade patterns for rice as well as other agricultural products

do countries compete over corporate tax rates this paper tests whether oecd countries compete with each other over corporate taxes in order to attract investment we develop two models with firm mobility countries compete only over the statutory tax rate or the effective average tax rate while with capital mobility countries compete only over the effective marginal tax rate we estimate the parameters of reaction functions using data from 21 countries between 1983 99 we find evidence that countries compete over all three measures but particularly over the statutory tax rate and the effective average tax rate this is consistent with a belief amongst governments that location choices by multinational firms are discrete we also find evidence of concave reaction functions consistent with the model outlined in the paper

technological progress for sustaining food population balance achievement and challenges the growth in land productivity in rice cultivation has slowed down substantially since the early 1990s due to technological progress reaching its limit in the irrigated ecosystem and nonavailability of suitable technologies for the unfavorable rainfed environments this development raises concern regarding the world s ability to meet the food population balance in the coming decades rice research must deal with a number of difficult problems to meet the challenge raising the yield ceilings of the current available rice varieties protecting the past yield gains in the irrigated ecosystem and using biotechnology tools to develop high yielding varieties for the rainfed systems that are tolerant to drought submergence and problem soils the speed and extent of meeting these challenges depends on the level of resources that can be mobilized to support crop improvement research in the public sector

market analysis technical change and income distribution in semi subsistence agriculture the case of bangladesh for the first time the model developed by hayami and herdt is applied to determine gains from modern varieties of rice in bangladesh and the distribution of these gains between consumers and producers the results suggest that consumers surplus is much greater than it would have been had the high yielding crop varieties hyvs not been introduced by keeping the real price lower than it would have been otherwise the modern varieties have tended to be income equalizing for urban consumers the hayami herdt partial model even suggests that given the relatively inelastic demand for rice in bangladesh the real cash income of producers has risen slightly as a result of these new technologies in reality however the impact of these changes on incomes of farmers and the distribution of income between those involved in production is more complex it is suggested that if a less partial view is taken and if account is taken of lower cost of obtaining home consumed produce the increase in income may be greater in any event there are dangers in using such a partial model to predict the developmental consequences of technological changes affecting a staple crop and attention needs also to be given to the possibility that the supply curve may not have the simple form and pivot in the way supposed by hayami and herdt while the hayami herdt model is simple to apply it is best used as a first approximation or starting point rather than a final solution it ignores a number of criteria that could be important in assessing new agricultural technologies such as their impact on the variability of benefits to producers and consumers and their consequences for sustainability of production furthermore the hayami herdt model does not deal specifically with changes in factor shares in farm production nor does it consider the impact on income distribution of the ownership and control of critical input like irrigation and imperfection in the rural credit market it is pointed out in our paper that the adoption of hyvs has been associated with important variations in factor shares in bangladeshi rice production analysis of available farm level data indicates that the relative share of labour has fallen suggesting an uneven distribution of gains from technological changes between the owners of non labour resources and those of labour resources however the absolute share of labour has increased and it seems that rural employment has risen as result of the new technologies

credit and risk in rural developing economies abstract this paper examines the theory of credit as a means of raising the productivity and living standards of producer households who face significant uncertainty a dynamic model with uncertainty is developed in which households choose how much to invest in a yield enhancing technology how much to consume and how much to save i find that while credit has important short and medium run benefits for productivity consumption and lifetime utility these benefits are not sustained in the long run indeed under reasonable parameter settings mean consumption will fall in contrast the paper shows that risk mitigation has sustained benefits for productivity lifetime utility and equality

do countries compensate firms for international wage differentials we address the role of labor cost differentials for national tax policies modeling a tax competition race between two countries competing for a population of mobile firms we show that in equilibrium the high wage country charges a lower tax than the low wage country moreover under tax competition the high wage country attracts more firms than in a setting without taxation exploiting exogenous variation in labor cost differentials induced by the breakdown of communism in eastern europe we find that tax policies are in line with the model prediction our most conservative estimates suggest that a one dollar increase in the compensation cost differential in prices as of 2000 triggers a cut of the statutory corporate income tax rate by about one percentage point

demand for food in myanmar burma abstract aggregate quarterly time series data from 1975 to 1987 on government procurement prices and open black market prices were used in estimating an almost ideal demand system aids and double log models for consumption of foodstuffs in myanmar the results from the aids model were superior to those from the double log models the estimated income elasticity of demand for non meat foodstuffs was high even for low quality rice which has been shown to be an inferior good in other asian countries the income elasticities for the non cereals groundnut oil sesame oil pulses potato and onion are positive and less than one contrary to expectation the income elasticities for all meat items are low own price elasticities for most foodstuffs were less than one the estimated cross price elasticities indicate the complementary nature of the basic food items to rice a brief analysis of the effects of taxing myanmarese rice exports and subsidising consumers indicated that there are net costs to government unevenly distributed welfare gains to consumers and welfare losses to farmers

taxation corporate financial policy and the cost of capital the cost of capital plays an important role in the allocation of resources among competing uses in a decentralized market system the purpose of this paper is to organize and present what is known and what is hypothesized about the effects of taxation on the incentive to invest via the cost of capital taking full account of important issues that arise independently from the question of taxation included in the analysis is a discussion of empirical findings about the interaction of inflation and taxation in influencing the incentive to invest and a treatment of taxation and uncertainty this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

the direct incidence of corporate income tax on wages a stylised model is provided to show how the direct effect of corporate income tax on wages can be identified in a bargaining framework using cross company variation in tax liabilities conditional on value added per employee using data on 55 082 companies located in nine european countries over the period 1996 2003 we estimate the long run elasticity of the wage bill with respect to taxation to be 0 093 evaluated at the mean this implies that an exogenous rise of 1 in tax would reduce the wage bill by 49 cents only a weak evidence of a difference for multinational companies is found

fdi in space spatial autoregressive relationships in foreign direct investment abstract there are a number of theoretical reasons why foreign direct investment fdi into a host country may depend on the fdi in proximate countries such spatial interdependence has been largely ignored by the empirical fdi literature with only a couple recent papers accounting for such issues in their estimation this paper conducts a general examination of spatial interactions in empirical fdi models using data on us outbound fdi activity we find that estimated relationships of traditional determinants of fdi are surprisingly robust to inclusion of terms to capture spatial interdependence even though such interdependence is estimated to be significant however we find that both the traditional determinants of fdi and the estimated spatial interdependence are quite sensitive to the sample of countries one examines