monitoring changes in economy wide energy efficiency from energy gdp ratio to composite efficiency index since the 1973 world oil crisis monitoring trends in energy efficiency at the economy wide level has been an important component of energy strategy in many countries to support this effort various energy efficiency related indicators have been developed we examine some classical indicators which are often found in national and international energy studies in the 1970s and 1980s we then describe the recent developments in using the index decomposition analysis to give an economy wide composite energy efficiency index based on a bottom up approach this composite index is superior to the classical indicators as an economy wide energy efficiency measure and has lately been adopted by a growing number of countries for national energy efficiency trend monitoring

adoption of digital repositories for co2 emissions reduction the case of korea abstractthis study aims to estimate the potential economic benefits energy and co2 emissions reductions when using trusted third party digital repository ttpr services in one individual bank and within the banking industry in korea first the cost benefit and net benefit of using ttpr services in the banking industry are estimated second the net induced output effect is estimated third based on an environmentally extended input output analysis co2 emissions reduction was estimated as 1924 32 tons in 2009 and the energy consumption reduction as 640 70 toe fourth the total economic benefit which is the sum of the net induced output effect and economic value of co2 emissions reductions is approximately 11 04 million the findings demonstrate that energy consumption and co2 emissions reductions are meaningful enough to result in significant economic benefits therefore the korean government should promote the use of ttpr services in the entire industry

the corporate psychopaths theory of the global financial crisis this short theoretical paper elucidates a plausible theory about the global financial crisis and the role of senior financial corporate directors in that crisis the paper presents a theory of the global financial crisis which argues that psychopaths working in corporations and in financial corporations in particular have had a major part in causing the crisis this paper is thus a very short theoretical paper but is one that may be very important to the future of capitalism because it discusses significant ways in which corporate psychopaths may have acted recently to the detriment of many further research into this theory is called for

a multi dimensional analysis on microeconomic factors of china s industrial energy intensity 2000 2017 abstract reducing energy intensity is the key point to solve the contradiction among economic development energy constraints and environmental pressure in china considering microeconomic factors this paper extends decomposition and attribution models and analyses the drivers of china s industrial aggregate energy intensity aei at the regional sectoral level the results show that aei decreased by 49 during 2000 2017 at the regional level most provinces presented negative contribution on regional energy intensity effect the aei decline was attributed to the drop of greatest negative effect of r d efficiency in liaoning the increase in investment intensity and r d intensity lead to an increase in aei largely owning to shandong and liaoning respectively at the sectoral level the aei decline can be mainly explained by the inhibition effect of energy intensity and r d efficiency however this negative contribution was greatly offset by the r d intensity effect the investment intensity showed a positive impact in aei increase and smelting and pressing of ferrous metals sector was the main contributor regional and sectoral investment structure effect shifted from increasing to decreasing aei over the study period based on the results targeted policy recommendations are proposed to further decrease the china s industrial aei in the 14th fyp period

is ethical finance the answer to the ills of the uk financial market a post crisis analysis the 2008 financial crisis exposed the dark side of the financial sector in the uk it brought attention to the contaminated culture of the business which accommodated the systemic malpractices that largely contributed to the financial turmoil of 2008 in the wake of the crisis there seems to be a wide consensus that this contaminated culture can no longer be accepted and needs to change this article examines the ills of the uk financial market more specifically the cultural contamination problem which was uncovered by the 2008 financial crisis in order to explore its genesis and the suitable solutions for it in this regard the article analyses the ethical finance sector from theoretical and practical perspectives in order to assess its role in addressing the cultural contamination problem of the uk financial market

an alternative decomposition of the fisher index we derive a novel decomposition of the fisher price index that is directly implied by its linear homogeneity in price relatives our results can readily be generalized to any index that satisfies the linear homogeneity property

comparing electricity consumption trends a multilevel index decomposition analysis of the genevan and swiss economy abstract switzerland including the canton of geneva aims to reduce its electricity consumption following its decision to phase out nuclear electricity production to investigate whether national policies and a regional programme both of which aim at improving electricity efficiency may have had an effect we disentangle the effects of changes in economic structure overall economic activity and structure corrected energy intensity scei on the electricity consumption in the canton of geneva and in switzerland on multiple aggregation levels the primary sector being negligibly small we define the economy as the secondary and tertiary sector our analysis shows that changes in electricity consumption in the genevan and swiss economy were mainly caused by changes in activity and scei although structural changes were not negligible specifically we have shown that correcting for structural change may significantly impact comparisons between regional scei trends our analysis shows that economy wide electric energy efficiency improved both in geneva and switzerland this is the case both for the time period 2000 2007 first period before implementation of the energy efficiency programme eep eco21 in geneva and for the period 2008 2014 second period after implementation of the eep excluding 2015 in switzerland the average reductions in scei in the study periods were similar 1 2 per year in the first period and 1 0 per year in the second period the average reduction in scei in geneva was faster in the second period 2 6 per year than in the first period 1 5 per year these findings suggest that national energy efficiency policies that have been in place since 2001 have been effective a strong increase in scei by 4 6 occurred in geneva in 2015 diminishing the gap between the genevan and swiss scei we found that this increase was likely to be caused by weather effects when including the year 2015 the average reduction in scei in the second period was 1 7 for geneva and 1 1 for switzerland moreover we have shown that weather effects were more strongly correlated with scei than with absolute electricity consumption highlighting the importance of correcting for structure and weather effects further weather effects made it difficult to identify contributions from the eep to the reduction of the genevan scei we found that the applicability ida for tracing the effectiveness of eeps needs to be critically assessed in view of data availability confounding influences such as weather effects as well as the maturity and size of the eep

energy consumption and gdp causality relationship in g 7 countries and emerging markets abstract the causality relationship between energy consumption and income is a well studied topic in energy economics this paper studies the time series properties of energy consumption and gdp and reexamines the causality relationship between the two series in the top 10 emerging markets excluding china due to lack of data and g 7 countries we discover bi directional causality in argentina causality running from gdp to energy consumption in italy and korea and from energy consumption to gdp in turkey france germany and japan hence energy conservation may harm economic growth in the last four countries

an analysis of substitution bias in measuring inflation 1959 851 we analyze the substitution bias in laspeyres type price indexes such as the cpi using 1959 1985 nipa consumption data for 101 commodities we employ two methodological approaches to calculation of the bias first we construct the tightest theoretical bounds on the col by applying nonparametric methods using algorithms developed by afriat and by varian second following diewert we construct superlative price index formulas namely tomqvist and fisher s ideal indexes under a chain as well as a fixed base specification homothetic preferences are found to be consistent with the data and sensitivity tests indicate that this result is not vacuous if the hypothesis of homotheticity is maintained the col bias has upper and lower limits of 0 22 and 0 14 percent per year respectively using the superlative indexes as the measure of the col the bias is about 0 18 percent per year for the period 1959 85 this estimate is somewhat larger than found in earlier studies our use of more disaggregated data is found to be responsible for part of the difference with the size of the estimated bias directly related to the extent of the aggregation

the laspeyres bias in the spanish consumer price index the cpi compares the cost of acquiring a reference quantity vector at current and base prices such reference vector is the vector of mean quantities actually bought by a reference population whose consumption patterns are investigated during a period prior to the index base period 0 this paper shows that unless the price change between these two dates is taken into account the cpi ceases to be a proper statistical price index of the laspeyres type among several negative consequences the most important is that this omission produces a bias in the measurement of inflation the laspeyres bias using spanish data the size of the laspeyres bias is estimated at 0 061 per year during 1992 1998 the laspeyres bias in shorter time periods reached 0 122 per year in 1992 and 0 108 in 1997

the 2007 2009 financial crisis an erosion of ethics a case study this case study examines five dimensions of the 2007 2009 financial crisis in the united states 1 the devastating effects of the financial crisis on the u s economy including unparalleled unemployment massive declines in gross domestic product gdp and the prolonged mortgage foreclosure crisis 2 the multiple causes of the financial crisis and panic such as the housing and bond bubbles excessive leverage lax financial regulation disgraceful banking practices and abysmal rating agency performance 3 the extraordinary efforts of the federal reserve the federal reserve bank of new york and the department of the treasury to stem the financial freefall triggered by the crisis and resuscitate financial institutions 4 the ethical implications of the unprecedented actions by government institutions to rescue financial institutions and drag the country back from the brink of global financial collapse and the conduct of the various parties contributing to the financial crisis such as the shoddy behavior of mortgage brokers the massive securitization of mortgages into overly complex bonds the excessive leverage of financial institutions the disgraceful work of bond rating firms the abysmal risk management systems employed by financial institutions and the massive operations of the shadow banking and over the counter derivatives markets and 5 the major provisions of the dodd frank wall street reform and consumer protection act signed into law to in response to the financial crisis and for the purpose of correcting the egregious conduct of major financial institutions

embodied energy and intensity in china s normal and processing exports and their driving forces 2005 2015 abstract international trade has important impacts on a country s energy consumption this paper first uses the time series 2005 2015 extended input output database to study china s embodied energy and intensity in both normal and processing exports structural decomposition analysis sda is then applied to analyze the driving forces behind the embodiment changes the empirical results show that china s energy embodied in both normal and processing exports first increased in 2005 2008 dropped in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and then rose again after 2009 and finally dropped in 2014 2015 the embodied energy in trade as a percentage of total energy consumption in china was relatively stable before and after the global financial crisis at around 28 over the 2005 2008 period and 22 over the 2009 2015 period the contribution of the aggregate embodied intensity aei of exports to china s aggregate energy intensity dropped from 30 in 2005 to 21 in 2015 among china s trading partners the united states japan and korea together accounted for around half of china s embodied energy and aei in exports in 2005 but their shares dropped to only one third in 2015 energy efficiency improvement played the key role in reducing the embodied energy and intensity in china s exports similar analysis can be applied to other regions and indicators

demand contributors and driving factors of singapore s aggregate carbon intensities abstract singapore is an island city state it lacks conventional energy resources and is alternative energy disadvantaged yet its aggregate carbon intensity given by the ratio of carbon emissions to gdp dropped by 30 from 2005 to 2014 currently it has a relatively low carbon intensity using i o analysis we study singapore s aggregate carbon intensity and the factors contributing to its changes at different levels i e final demand sector and transmission levels it is found that domestic exports accounted for nearly two thirds of singapore s aggregate carbon intensity followed by private consumption and investment at the sectoral level the top three contributors were the petroleum petrochemical and land transport sectors improvements in emission intensity and final demand structure were major factors contributing to reductions in carbon intensity our study contributes to the literature in two aspects methodologically it deals with embodied emission intensity and analyzes its changes from the demand perspective this differs from most studies in the literature from the production perspective empirically the findings and policy implications are unique as they are applicable to a major city with urbanization taking place in many developing countries cites role in emissions and environmental sustainability are growing in importance but not many in depth analyses similar to our study have been reported

causal relationship between energy consumption and gdp revisited the case of korea 1970 1999 abstract causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is investigated applying a multivariate model of capital labor energy and gdp usual btu energy aggregate is substituted with a divisia aggregate in an attempt to mitigate aggregation bias to test for granger causality in the presence of cointegration among the variables we employ a vector error correction model rather than a vector autoregressive model empirical results for korea over the period 1970 1999 suggest a long run bidirectional causal relationship between energy and gdp and short run unidirectional causality running from energy to gdp the source of causation in the long run is found to be the error correction terms in both directions

a participatory approach to sustainable energy strategy development in a carbon intensive jurisdiction the case of nova scotia the need for governments to reduce the exposure of energy consumers to future increases in fossil fuel prices places urgent pressure on policy makers to deliver fundamental transformations in energy strategies particularly in jurisdictions with high dependency on fossil fuel sources dorian et al 2006 this transformation is unlikely without a high level of stakeholder engagement in the policy development process this paper describes two policy development processes recently undertaken in nova scotia in which the inclusion of stakeholder views was central to the approach the first delivered a new institutional framework for electricity energy efficiency involving the inception of an independent performance based administrator the second required the delivery of a strategy to significantly increase renewable energy generation in the province it involved recommendations for changes in institutional arrangements financial incentives and technological options this process was followed by new commitments to renewable energy developments new infrastructure for the importation of hydro electricity and the announcement of fits for ocean energy in both cases recommendations were made by an independent academic institution and the government responded directly to a majority of recommendations the paper concludes with a discussion of lessons learned and the implications for future energy policy making in carbon intensive jurisdictions

determinants of innovation in energy intensive industry and implications for energy policy abstracts the korean government adopted green growth in 2008 as an environmentally friendly growth strategy the energy efficiency of korea however is still relatively low due to the large portion of energy intensive industry eii in its manufacturing sector to improve energy efficiency in korea from an eii perspective a new approach has to be taken because restructuring entire industries would take too much time and be too costly this study aims to emphasize the importance of innovation and analyze the effects of r d on product and process innovations in eii in korea the probit model is adopted to estimate the effects of eight determinants in the korea innovation survey 2008 data the results of this study demonstrate that one of the most important determinants the r d personnel ratio has a strong positive effect on both product and process innovation while another determinant r d intensity only has a strong and positive effect on process innovation in eii because of the resulting innovation energy policies should be enacted to enhance energy efficiency thus the korean government should keep providing incentives for firms in eii to invest more financial and human resources in their r d activities

chained exact and superlative hedonic price changes estimates from microdata scanner data are used to calculate chained exact and superlative hedonic price indexes for television sets the data source is available for a wide range of goods the application providing an example of how this method can be more widely applied the indexes correspond to constant utility hedonic cost of living indexes the approach improves on the existing direct method which takes its estimates directly from the coefficients on time dummies in a hedonic regression it also improves on the matched model method used by statistical agencies the differences between actual price changes and exact hedonic quality adjusted price changes are found to be substantial base period and current period weighted exact hedonic indexes are similar thus providing good approximations to a superlative index estimates from the direct dummy variable approach were compared to the superlative indexes the disparities between the results argue for caution in the use of the direct dummy variable approach to estimating

decompositions of fisher indexes abstract a fisher price or quantity index has no natural additive or multiplicative decomposition in view of the growing use of fisher indexes in official statistics however there is need for such decompositions this paper summarizes and compares the various proposals

decomposing growth in revenues and costs into price quantity and total factor productivity contributions this article employs the superlative fisher and tornqvist indexes for exact decomposition of growth in nominal revenues and costs the findings confirm the well known result that these indexes very closely approximate each other implying that the mathematically simpler and computationally easier tornqvist is the more practicable index moreover this article s nominal growth decomposition yields all the results from the more common real growth decomposition and is also more informative for policy purposes application to the us agricultural sector during 1948 2001 shows that of the 3 31 average annual growth in revenues tfp growth contributed 1 90 percentage points pct pts growth in output prices added 1 43 pct pts while growth in input quantities contributed 0 02 pct pts i e fewer inputs therefore real output growth or revenue growth less output price growth was 1 88 pct pts revealing that tfp s 1 90 pct pts growth contribution was fully responsible for real output growth with

energy intensity developments in 40 major economies structural change or technology improvement this study analyzes energy intensity trends and drivers in 40 major economies using the wiod database a novel harmonized and consistent dataset of input output table time series accompanied by environmental satellite data we use logarithmic mean divisia index decomposition to 1 study trends in global energy intensity between 1995 and 2007 2 attribute efficiency changes to either changes in technology or changes in the structure of the economy and 3 highlight sectoral and regional differences we first show that heterogeneity within each sector across countries is high these general trends within the sectors are dominated by large economies first and foremost the united states in most cases heterogeneity is lower within each country across the different sectors regarding changes of energy intensity at the country level improvements between 1995 and 2007 are largely attributable to technological change while structural change is less important in most countries notable exceptions are japan the united states australia taiwan mexico and brazil where a change in the industry mix was the main driver behind the observed energy intensity reduction

measuring structural change and energy use decomposition of the us economy from 1997 to 2002 abstract the steadily increasing focus on energy production and consumption has led to growing research attention to patterns of energy use within economies of particular interest has been comparing the driving forces of increasing efficiency and economic structural change input output analysis ioa and decomposition analysis have become critical tools for performing such analyses this study analyzes aggregate energy use in the united states in 1997 and 2002 to discover the causes of changing energy usage and flows results show that rising population and household consumption acted to drive up energy demand but this driving force was offset by considerable structural change within the economy particularly related to a quickly increasing trade deficit in manufacturing goods thus while total energy intensity the ratio of energy use to economic output declined by approximately 12 between 1997 and 2002 changes in the structure of the economy explain this drop more than increased energy efficiency the level of aggregation at which decomposition analyses are run was identified as a crucially sensitive parameter for the determination of structural change and future studies should specifically address the amount of detail necessary to adequately measure changes in economic structure

regional and sectoral attribution to percentage changes in the european divisia carbonization index abstract concerns on rising concentrations of co2 in the atmosphere and global warming have increased in recent years numerous environmental studies analyze the trends in co2 emissions and their main drivers in this paper we focus on the dynamics of the carbonization effect as a driving force for co2 emissions in the european union eu by implementing the sato vartia logarithmic mean divisia index method the trend of european emissions in the 2000 2010 period is factorized by both sector and country the analysis stresses the relevance of the carbonization and intensity effects in order to reduce emissions then based on so called attribution analysis we present a new theoretical framework that enables the attribution of both economic sector and individual eu member state to percentage changes in the carbonization index results show strong concentration of this reducing influence in some big economies in fact germany the united kingdom france and italy have contributed by more than 50 industry emerges as the most influential sector contributing to offset any improvement in the carbonization index our findings suggest strategies aiming at encouraging innovation technical change research on higher quality energies fuel substitution and installation of abatement technologies particularly in the industrial sector of large economies

sustainability assessment of electricity production using a logic models approach the topic sustainable development has brought a wide discussion across a number of sectors in our society namely in power systems given the need to address other concerns than the economic ones decision makers must take into account the rationale that lies beneath strategic choices such as investing in generation technologies using renewable energy or rather doing business as usual and installing fossil fuel power plants in this paper logic models were used as a decision aid supporting tool with the aim of contributing to the assessment of the possible impacts of different power plants in terms of sustainable development the analyzed electricity generation technologies were grouped in thermal renewable energy sources ress and nuclear the literature review fed the construction of three relational diagrams to allow the visualization of environmental social and economic causes and effects of the three groups of technologies departing from these initial diagrams a set of interviews with experts was conducted to enrich and validate the logic models the results of the literature review and of these interviews allowed to conclude that the use of res has wider positive social impacts on the long run despite their short term higher costs compared to the traditional groups nuclear and thermal these logic models revealed to be a useful tool providing a valuable starting approach for an impact assessment of the ongoing change that power systems have been going through

the inclusion of social aspects in power planning a b s t r a c t this paper overviews previous research addressing the inclusion of the social dimension of sustainable development on power systems planning consequences of the recent energy policies and strategies are already being felt in developed countries power systems with the integration of rising quotas in renewable energy technologies however while the tools that aid decision making on power planning show that economic and environmental issues are easily quantifiable and thus modeled social concerns have been addressed in a less extensive and more subjective way implying in most cases expert participation on multi criteria decision aid techniques a survey of recent papers providing public perceptions on electricity generation technologies and projects is presented these papers were chosen and reviewed in order to present a representative array of methodologies that are used to assess social acceptance of technologies according to some of the reviewed papers this issue is suggested to be fundamental to increase project success as a conclusion stands the fact that further discussion is still needed in order to achieve solid agreement among experts over what are the positive and the negative drivers to social sustainability otherwise models will not be able to translate reality and improve it under this point of view

factors shaping aggregate energy intensity trend for industry energy intensity versus product mix understanding the mechanisms of change of energy consumption in industry has attracted much attention since the 1973 world oil crisis a popular line of research has been to decompose changes in the aggregate energy intensity of industry to give the relative impacts arising from energy intensity change and product mix change using a decomposition technique many empirical studies covering a large number of countries have been reported the main objective of this paper is to put together the empirical results reported in these studies in a coherent framework and identify possible systematic features of particular interest are the basic trends in this line of research the relative importance of energy intensity change and product mix change possible variations over time and between country groups in the energy impacts of these changes and inconsistencies in findings among studies an overview of the decomposition technique including its strengths weaknesses and role in industrial energy consumption studies is also presented

estimating the true cost of living for households with different incomes using data from taiwan this empirical study investigates why the true costs of living for different income groups in taiwan as measured by the superlative tornqvist price index have grown dissimilarly over the sample period specifically it shows that using the aggregate cost of living col estimates for the entire households as is commonly practiced would produce noticeable group bias effect in measurement also the magnitude of the commodity substitution bias in the conventional consumer price index cpi is found to be positively related to household income in general because of the presence of these two biases the true col for households belonging to the two ends of the income spectrum is found to be over estimated this article is therefore in full agreement with arrow s proposition that an alternative and separate set of price index be constructed

extended divisia index decomposition of changes in energy intensity a case of korean manufacturing industry abstract this study aims to examine the energy efficiency of the manufacturing industry of korea by using the extended divisia index decomposition of choi and ang 2012 first we applied the sato vartia index decomposition to the energy intensity of the manufacturing industry in korea second we attributed the growth rate of aggregate energy intensity to 10 sub manufacturing industries through two channels real energy intensity and structural change the result of the decomposition illustrates that the aggregate energy intensity index decreased in the period 1981 2010 the index decomposition analysis demonstrates that real energy intensity decreased by 85 85 whereas structural change increased energy intensity by 69 37 over the same period of time the negative effect of structural change is partly a result of the increasing portion of energy intensive industry in manufacturing the result reflects that industrial structure in korea can be an important aspect for improving energy efficiency

attribution of changes in divisia real energy intensity index an extension to index decomposition analysis abstract in this paper we extend the methodology of index decomposition analysis ida in energy studies by quantifying the contribution of individual attributes to the percent change of factors such as the real energy intensity index and structural change index we apply the proposed method to the real energy intensity index in the multiplicative logarithmic mean divisia index m lmdi approach a major ida technique since the m lmdi is based on geometric mean type indices and chain computation we need some appropriate method to cope with the difficulties that arise we present a numerical illustration of the proposed method using the energy consumption and real value added data of the us manufacturing industry and compare the results obtained by the fisher real energy intensity index

co2 emissions per value added in exports of china a comparison with usa based on generalized logarithmic mean divisia index decomposition abstract this study first analyzes co 2 emissions per value added epv in exports of china during 1995 2009 and compares it with that of usa second a generalized logarithmic mean divisia index glmdi method is proposed to decompose the epv gaps between china and usa into five effects this method generalizes existing lmdi methods and makes the multiplicative decomposition of a sum of several terms possible then attribution analysis on value added coefficient effect is conducted results show that aggregate epv of china s exports is 4 20 mt billion us dollars in 1995 which decreases to 2 48 in 2009 for usa it is 0 66 0 33 respectively epv of china s exports is several times greater than that of usa at sectoral level industrial sectors and transport sectors are top sectors with large epv in china s exports which corresponds to the case of usa epv gaps of the service sectors between china and usa have become increasingly prominent since 2000 decomposition results show that emission coefficients value added coefficients and input output structure are the main driving factors of the expanding epv gaps between china and usa attribution analysis on value added coefficient effect the fastest growing effect shows that electrical and optical sector has been the largest contributor to epv gaps between china and usa resulting from value added coefficient effect since 1998 and its effect sharply increases during 1995 2009 policy implications derived are finally discussed

analysis of electricity consumption in the tourism sector a decomposition approach abstract index decomposition analysis ida has become a common tool for studying the evolution of energy consumption in its initial form it comprises three contributions namely activity structure and intensity effects various sectors of activities were studied in the literature by employing ida approach and the present work proposes its application to the electricity consumption in the tourism sector the proposed decomposition analysis is developed on the basis of seven indexes grouped in three macro contributions namely energy intensity economic structure and industrial structure the decomposition is performed in the period 1995 2017 and italy was used as test case for the methodology the analysis highlights that overall the changes in electricity intensity and in the industrial structure were responsible for an increase of the electricity consumption of 5 581 gwh whereas the economic structure was responsible for a decrease of 1 337 gwh their contemporary effect determined a total variation of electricity consumption between 1995 and 2017 of 4 244 gwh results demonstrated that the proposed ida equation specifically tailored for the tourism sector allows to provide a detailed analytical explanation of the factors affecting electricity consumption in the italian tourism sector the same framework can be applied to any other country and source of energy

energy conservation and co2 emission reduction in china s 11th five year plan a performance evaluation in the 11th five year plan fyp 2005 2010 the chinese government initiated a series of energy saving and emission reduction policies in many key fields in response to environmental pollution and climate change this paper quantitatively evaluates the performance of energy conservation and co2 emission reduction in this period the impact of these policies and potentials by integrating the contributions of energy conversion efficiency and energy utilization efficiency improvement industrial restructuring fuel mix shift and renewable energy development in a unified framework as a first attempt to introduce energy conversion efficiency improvement into a decomposition approach comprehensive and specific policies are summarized as a policy list to be investigated the results show that energy intensity and conversion efficiency effects were mainly responsible for driving down energy consumption by 637 4 mtce and 85 4 mtce respectively and they reduced co2 emissions by 1345 3 mt and 243 8 mt respectively due to a significant improvement in the 11th fyp period most of the contributions made by the conversion efficiency effect 94 come from thermal power generation and the emission coefficient effect reduced co2 emissions by 17 4 mt through developing renewable energy economic growth is still the biggest driver of energy consumption and increasing emissions while industrial restructuring and fuel mix shift effects contributed relatively little developing renewable energy and promoting economic restructuring to limit the increase of energy intensive sectors are still the main challenges and the next policy focus to achieve the targets for energy saving and carbon emission reduction in the 12th five year plan

energy intensity in road freight transport of heavy goods vehicles in spain abstract this paper examines the factors that have influenced the energy intensity trend of the spanish road freight transport of heavy goods vehicles over the period 1996 2012 this article aims to contribute to a better understanding of these factors and to inform the design of measures to improve energy efficiency in road freight transport the paper uses both annual single period and chained multi period multiplicative lmdi ii decomposition analysis the results suggest that the decrease in the energy intensity of spanish road freight in the period is explained by the change in the real energy intensity index lower energy consumption per tonne kilometre transported which is partially offset by the behaviour of the structural index greater share in freight transport of those commodities the transportation of which is more energy intensive the change in energy intensity is analysed in more depth by quantifying the contribution of each commodity through the attribution of changes in divisia indices

external costs of energy do the answers match the questions looking back at 10 years of externe abstract while the claim for getting prices right is quite popular in conceptual policy papers the implementation of appropriate internalisation strategies is still hampered by a lack of reliable external cost data great expectations were set into the externe project a major research programme launched by the european commission at the beginning of the 1990s to provide a scientific basis for the quantification of energy related externalities and to give guidance supporting the design of internalisation measures after more than a decade of research the externe label became a well recognised standard source for external cost data looking back into the externe history the paper pursues how emerging new scientific insights and changing background assumptions affected external cost estimates and related recommendations to policy over time based on externe results the usefulness and inherent limitations of external cost estimates for impact categories like climate change or nuclear waste disposal is discussed the paper also gives examples on how external costs in spite of remaining uncertainties are successfully used to support environmental policy

bigger cakes with fewer ingredients a comparison of material use of the world economy the amount of materials used worldwide in production and consumption increased by 56 from 1995 to 2008 using an index decomposition analysis based on the logarithmic mean divisia index we investigate the drivers of material use both on a global and a country scale we exploit a panel dataset of 40 countries accounting for 75 of worldwide material extraction and 88 of gdp from 1995 to 2008 the results show that economic growth and structural change towards material intensive countries explain most of the growth in global material use slight gains in material efficiency and falling importance of material intensive sectors have decelerating effects the country level analysis reveals substantial heterogeneity some nations exhibit stable or falling material use while it increases notably in most countries improving material efficiency is able to dampen growth of material use in important industrializing nations like china or india

multiplicative structural decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy and emission intensities abstract aggregate intensity indicators such as the ratio of a country s energy and emissions to its gdp are often used by researchers and policymakers to study energy and environmental performance this paper analyzes the relationship between energy or emissions and value added or gdp from a different viewpoint namely from the demand rather than the production perspective using the input output i o framework the aggregate embodied intensity aei defined as the ratio of embodied energy or emissions to embodied value added can be defined at the aggregate final demand category and sectoral levels the total aggregate intensity can be presented as a weighted sum of the aeis at the final demand category or sectoral level changes of the aei at different levels can be decomposed to identify the driving forces using multiplicative sda a study using the latest 2007 and 2012 datasets of china indicates that a its aggregate intensity of co 2 emissions was mainly determined by the aei in investment and b the emission intensity effect generally contributed the most to the aei ratio changes at different levels the proposed framework can be applied to other aggregate intensity indicators and extended to multi country region analysis

what drive the changes in china s energy consumption and intensity during 12th five year plan period abstract during the 12th five year plan period 2011 2015 the chinese government has released a series of energy conservation plans to launch and deepen the transition in the energy use particularly the dual control of the energy consumption and energy intensity was firstly emphasized this paper intends to explore the targeted and effective energy policy implications through investigating the drivers of changes in energy consumption intensity of china during the 12th five year plan period under the input output framework the embodied energy consumptions intensities by final demand category were estimated at aggregate sector level and the total energy consumption intensity was decomposed using the additive multiplicative structural decomposition analysis among the final demand categories china s energy consumption intensity was mainly contributed by the investment followed by the household consumption according to the sda results china s total energy consumption increased by 28 8 of which the energy intensity effect and the investment effect were the most retardant and accelerator respectively at the same time china s total aggregate energy intensity decreased by 16 0 of which the energy intensity effect and the household consumption effect were the most retardant and accelerator respectively in detail the key sectors with respect to the critical effects were picked out above all policy implications are discussed for achieving the energy goals during the 13th five year plan period and launching the energy revolution during the 14th five year plan period

measuring the substitution bias in japan the demand system approach and a superlative index this study estimates the demand system using japanese micro data and calculates the cost of living index coli to assess the substitution bias in the consumer price index the estimated bias during the sample period of 1982 2000 is about 0 06 percentage points which is larger than the estimates calculated from a superlative index the difference between the coli and a superlative index can be explained with the upward movements of the average utility level in japan since the cost of living for the rich has grown more rapidly than that for the poor

decomposition of aggregate energy intensity changes in two measures ratio and difference decomposition analysis has been popular in energy demand analysis and has been found useful in policy related studies past studies include decomposition of changes of an aggregate indicator measured in terms of either ratios or differences into several pre defined contributing factors aggregate indicators that are often studied include total national energy demand energy demand in specific consuming sectors aggregate energy intensity and energy related carbon dioxide emissions however the possible linkages between the ratio measure and the difference measure including their decomposition results have seldom been analysed this paper examines this issue using the divisia decomposition technique and a unique pair of decomposition formulae numerical examples based on singapore and taiwan industrial electricity demand data are presented

analysis and decomposition of energy consumption in the chilean industry abstract with rising energy costs and climate change concerns energy efficiency will be important in maintaining competitiveness and reducing the environmental impact of industrial activities in this paper we study the chilean industrial sector which is the largest consumer of energy within the country energy demand and co 2 emissions in chile have grown rapidly in recent years while energy supply is mostly imported and subject to disruption therefore it is important to understand energy consumption in this sector and determine which sub sectors have the greatest potential to reduce energy consumption we used the index decomposition analysis ida applying the logarithmic mean divisia index method i lmdi i to quantify the impact of diverse driving factors on energy consumption furthermore a panel data analysis was used to determine whether there are differences in energy intensity across firms with different characteristics our results show that energy intensity has risen over time although energy consumption remains stable this fact supports the idea that energy efficiency policies could play an important role for the industrial sector additionally energy consumption and energy intensity follow different patterns in each sub sector therefore we conclude that the application of differentiated sectoral policies is preferable over a single global policy

driving forces of rapid co2 emissions growth a case of korea abstract this study aims to investigate korea s final demand structure and its impacts on co 2 emissions in order to reduce co 2 emissions and develop environmental policy directions based on the environmentally extended input output model this study adopts a two step approach 1 to estimate the embodied emissions and their intensities for 393 sectors induced by final demand and 2 to calculate the driving factors of emission growth between 2003 and 2011 and then evaluate the result by using structural decomposition analysis sda the findings of this study demonstrate that the impact of composition change in export with less embodied emission intensities tends to offset the increase in co 2 emission by the export scale growth the relatively low residential electricity price has resulted in the rapid growth of household electricity consumption and significantly contributed to emissions growth the result of sda indicates that korea s final demand behavior yielded high carbonization over the same period the findings suggest that korean government should promote exports in industries with less embedded co 2 in order to protect environments in addition emission information of each product and service should be provided for consumers to change their purchase patterns towards contributing to low carbon emissions as active players

the substitution bias of the laspeyres price index an analysis using estimated cost of living indexes the most commonly used measure of the cost of living the consumer price index cpi published by the bureau of labor statistics is essentially a laspeyres price index it is well known however that a laspeyres price index provides an upward biased estimate of the cost of living because in keeping the same base period basket of goods as weights it does not take into account substitution among commodities induced by relative price changes the magnitude of the bias is an empirical question which is the focus of this study an estimate of the substitution bias may be obtained by taking the difference between the laspeyres price index and an estimated true cost of living index the true cost of living index cli is based on the theory of consumer demand it is the ratio of the minimum expenditures under two different price regimes necessary to maintain a constant level of utility as opposed to the constant basket of goods in the laspeyres index the size of the bias depends on two factors 1 the size of consumption substitution elasticities if there is no commodity substitution then the cli and laspeyres index coincide regardless of changes in relative prices and 2 the magnitude of relative price changes if all prices move together then the cli and laspeyres index again coincide regardless of the size of substitution elasticities in order to compute a true cli it is necessary to specify a particular utility function and estimate the parameters of the resulting system of demand equations see for example louis phlips p 135 several estimates of the magnitude of the substitution bias have appeared in the literature but all previous studies suffer from a common weakness they are all based on a very small number of commodities essentially because of econometric problems involved in estimating large systems of demand equations in one group of studies demand models have been estimated using highly aggregated data in which total consumption is grouped into four to nine aggregate commodites such as housing durables or clothing arthur goldberger and theodore gamaletsos for example estimate the linear expenditure system les demand model using data on five aggregate goods for several european countries and compare the resulting cli for one of the countries greece to the corresponding laspeyres price index tran van hoa estimates costof living indexes for six australian provinces using data on nine aggregate goods phlips cites work by r sanz ferrer who computed a cli for belgium from data on eight aggregate commodities in such studies using highly aggregated data the estimate of the substitution bias may be understated because the aggregation obscures substitution in consumption within categories which is perhaps more prevalent than substitution between gross aggregates another shortcoming of these three aggregate studies is the fact that they use only a single demand system and hence do not explore the sensitivity of the cli to a priori u s bureau of labor statistics the groundwork for this study was my dissertation i would like to thank the chairman and members of my committee r robert russell llad phillips and robert deacon for their support and helpful suggestions and jack triplett robert pollak richard j mcdonald and a referee for valuable comments on an earlier version the views expressed are my own and do not necessarily reflect the policies of the bureau of labor statistics for a theoretical discussion of cost of living indexes see robert pollak 1971b and paul samuelson and subramanian swamy

the importance of energy quality in energy intensive manufacturing evidence from panel cointegration and panel fmols this paper expands on the panel gdp energy cointegration modeling literature it does so by using data disaggregated along sectoral lines and adjusting energy consumption for the quality of the energy source e g electricity is of higher quality than oil which is of higher quality than coal in order to examine the role of energy quality in the five most energy intensive manufacturing sectors iron and steel non ferrous metals non metallic minerals chemicals and pulp and paper the database was constructed by combing energy consumption and energy price data to construct the energy quality index from the iea with economic data value added labor employed and physical capital from the oecd s structural analysis database in addition to finding the variables analyzed are panel i 1 and cointegrated for each sector based panel the long run elasticity estimates from panel fmols indicate the importance of energy quality primarily the shift toward the use of high quality electricity in these energy intensive manufacturing sectors in each case the elasticity for energy quality is greater than that for conventionally measured energy consumption sometimes orders of magnitude greater indeed the elasticity of conventionally measured energy consumption is insignificant to very small for three of the five sectors also when using the energy quality measure the importance of energy consumption relative to the other production factors stands out such results are useful for both energy gdp cointegration causality modelers and cge modelers who may need to estimate elasticities

lmdi decomposition approach a guide for implementation since it was first used by researchers to analyze industrial electricity consumption in the early 1980s index decomposition analysis ida has been widely adopted in energy and emission studies lately its use as the analytical component of accounting frameworks for tracking economy wide energy efficiency trends has attracted considerable attention and interest among policy makers the last comprehensive literature review of ida was reported in 2000 which is some years back after giving an update and presenting the key trends in the last 15 years this study focuses on the implementation issues of the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi decomposition methods in view of their dominance in ida in recent years eight lmdi models are presented and their origin decomposition formulae and strengths and weaknesses are summarized guidelines on the choice among these models are provided to assist users in implementation

analysis of co2 emissions in apec countries a time series and a cross sectional decomposition using the log mean divisia method abstract we decompose the changes of co2 emissions in apec countries over time as well as the differences of co2 emissions among three income groups of apec countries at a given period of time based on the logarithmic mean divisia decomposition approach among the major findings of the paper the growth in per capita gdp and population are the two dominant contributors to the increase in co2 emissions in most cases furthermore energy efficiency and fuel switching are found to be the two most promising fields for possible cooperation between apec member countries

factorial decomposition of co2 emissions a generalized divisia index approach abstract this paper introduces a novel approach to estimating the impact of the major factors driving co 2 emissions gdp energy consumption population their carbon intensities and other related indicators that may be chosen arbitrarily the suggested approach is based on the generalization of the divisia index to interconnected factors the approach also extends the kaya identity by explicitly including gross domestic product and energy consumption a computer program in r language aimed at automating the calculations is supplied factorial analysis of the united states and china s co 2 emissions is provided as an example of application

a multi region multi sector decomposition and attribution analysis of aggregate carbon intensity in china from 2000 to 2015 abstract index decomposition analysis ida has been used to analyze driving forces of aggregate carbon intensity aci however previous studies mostly explained changes in aci from either sectoral or regional perspective but rarely looked into driving forces of aci from both sectoral and regional perspectives under a unified and consistent framework to fill the research gap this study proposed a multi region multi sector decomposition and attribution approach to analyze driving forces of aci from both sectoral and regional perspectives the empirical results in china show that the aci declined by 33 from 2000 to 2015 from the sectoral perspective the decline can be mainly attributed to the significant energy efficiency improvement in six high energy intensive industries however the rapid growth in electricity consumption especially in chemicals and iron and steel and the expansion of iron and steel industry during 2000 2005 greatly offset the negative effect from energy efficiency from the regional perspective the aci decline can be primarily due to an extensive improvement in energy efficiency in most regions on the contrary the increasing dependency on coal particularly in shandong inner mongolia and guangdong and the increased share of carbon intensive industries in some provinces such as guangxi and sichuan markedly increased aci based on the results the effectiveness of underlying sectoral and regional level policies and measures implemented for aci reduction in china were evaluated

sustainability evaluation of decentralized electricity generation abstract decentralized power generation is gaining significance in liberalized electricity markets an increasing decentralization of power supply is expected to make a particular contribution to climate protection this article investigates the advantages and disadvantages of decentralized electricity generation according to the overall concept of sustainable development on the basis of a hierarchically structured set of sustainability criteria four future scenarios for germany are assessed all of which describe different concepts of electricity supply in the context of the corresponding social and economic developments the scenarios are developed in an explorative way according to the scenario method and the sustainability criteria are established by a discursive method with societal actors the evaluation is carried out by scientific experts by applying an expanded analytic hierarchy process ahp a multicriteria evaluation is conducted that identifies dissent among the experts the results demonstrate that decentralized electricity generation can contribute to climate protection the extent to which it simultaneously guarantees security of supply is still a matter of controversy however experts agree that technical and economic boundary conditions are of major importance in this field in the final section the article discusses the method employed here as well as implications for future decentralized energy supply