environmental efficiency evaluation of industry in china based on a new fixed sum undesirable output data envelopment analysis national natural science funds of china for innovative research groups 70821001 national natural science funds of china 70901069 71222106 71203186 research fund for the doctoral program of higher education of china 20133402110028 fundamental research funds for the central universities wk 2040150007 china scholarship council

review of environmental efficiency and its influencing factors in china 1998 2009 abstract improving environmental efficiency has been regarded as an objective requirement and an inevitable path to build a resource saving and environment friendly society in china the slacks based measurement sbm model with undesirable output is applied to measure the environmental efficiency of provinces in china from 1998 to 2009 then by the tobit model we can empirically test the impact of influencing factors on the environmental efficiency it demonstrates the low value of the environmental efficiency of each province with an essentially descending trend on the whole and the distinct differences between the environmental efficiency of those provinces besides gdp per capita dependent on foreign capital and trade environmental awareness and population density have obviously positive impacts on environmental efficiency and the proportion of the secondary industry in the gdp shows a significantly negative impact on the environmental efficiency

a non radial dea approach to measuring environmental performance data envelopment analysis dea has gained great popularity in environmental performance measurement because it can provide a synthetic standardized environmental performance index when pollutants are suitably incorporated into the traditional dea framework past studies about the application of dea to environmental performance measurement often follow the concept of radial efficiency measures in this paper we present a non radial dea approach to measuring environmental performance which consists of a non radial dea based model for multilateral environmental performance comparisons and a non radial malmquist environmental performance index for modeling the change of environmental performance over time a case study of oecd countries using the proposed non radial dea approach is also presented it is found that the environmental performance of oecd countries as a whole has been improved from 1995 to 1997

assessing the green economy in china an improved framework abstract theses on china s low carbon economy focus on the driving forces of carbon emissions energy carbon efficiency and the carbon economy nexus meanwhile comprehensive frameworks that assess china s green economy and also analyze its driving forces are lacking this paper constructs a green productivity index based on the global malmquist luenberger productivity index to evaluate the development of the low carbon economy in china a panel vector auto regression model is adopted to further analyze the endogenous interactions and dynamic relationships among aspects of the green economy and its influencing factors empirical results show that china has seen a balanced development of green economic growth in 2000 2016 achieved in a series of clear stages to maintain the sustainable growth of the low carbon economy in the future china must rely more on technological progress this research also makes some important discoveries that have not been found in previous studies the impact of china s industrial structure and energy consumption structure on the green economy are short term having a duration of impact of approximately four years finally we provide an assessment of provincial green economy development and describe the corresponding policy implications

statistical analysis and combination forecasting of environmental efficiency and its influential factors since china entered the wto 2002 2010 2012 abstract since china became a member of world trade organization wto its economy develops at a fast speed at the same time the environmental problem becomes more and more serious and increasingly affects economic development studying the factors that influence environmental efficiency has become an essential point in dealing with the relationship between economy and environment considering the differences in space and economic development among different districts this paper discusses the quantitative relationship among exports figure imports figure gdp per capita industrialization level fiscal decentralization and environmental efficiency of each chinese province by using statistical analysis furthermore this paper discusses differences among each district s influential factors from the perspective of spatial economics and makes combination forecast on the trend of environmental efficiency it also shows that the environmental efficiency of chinese provinces is generally at a low level in addition as the economic statuses of different provinces vary and the factors that influence environmental efficiency in different provinces also have significant differences each province should take certain measures to design the environmental protection policy in line with its local circumstance

environmental efficiency with multiple environmentally detrimental variables estimated with sfa and dea abstract the objective of this paper is to estimate comprehensive environmental efficiency measures for dutch dairy farms the environmental efficiency scores are based on the nitrogen surplus phosphate surplus and the total direct and indirect energy use of an unbalanced panel of dairy farms we define environmental efficiency as the ratio of minimum feasible to observed use of multiple environmentally detrimental inputs conditional on observed levels of output and the conventional inputs we compare two methods for the calculation of efficiency namely stochastic frontier analysis sfa and data envelopment analysis dea this paper reveals the strengths and weaknesses for estimating environmental efficiency of the methods applied both sfa and dea can estimate environmental efficiency scores the mean technical efficiency scores output oriented sfa 89 dea 78 and the mean comprehensive environmental efficiency scores sfa 80 dea 52 differ between the two methods sfa allows hypothesis testing and the monotonicity hypothesis is rejected for the specification including phosphate surplus dea can calculate environmental efficiency scores for all specifications because regularity is imposed in this method

does market based electricity price affect china s energy efficiency abstract china is in a critical period of market oriented reform and energy transition as a crucial means to regulate supply and demand under the market oriented mechanism the electricity price can promote the development of energy efficiency by optimizing resource allocation with the gradual increase in electricity consumption the influence of its price on energy consumption is also gradually enhanced therefore this paper evaluated the process of electricity price marketization and conducted a spatial temporal comparative analysis of the effect of electricity price on energy efficiency by controlling economic policy and other price factors the results show that 1 the marketization degree of china s electricity price has improved with steady steps 2 market oriented electricity price has a stable positive correlation with energy efficiency in both the short and long term 3 marketization improves the promotion effect of electricity price on energy efficiency and the influence of electricity price is more significant in the eastern region with a high degree of marketization and the subsequent stage 4 the impact of market oriented electricity price on energy efficiency is asymmetric the impulse response under positive and negative shock is opposite and under the positive shock the response time is longer and the degree is greater

the tradeoff of the commons under stochastic use abstract we develop a model of scarce renewable resources to study the problem of the commons our model formulation differs from the existing literature in that it assumes the use of the commons to be stochastic in nature one example is microwave spectrum for mobile and wireless communications we investigate three mechanisms of resource allocation free usage the exclusive franchise and a regulated monopoly we show that the welfare tradeoff among these three mechanisms depends on the characteristics of the commons and their usage patterns in particular we find that property rights are not always the best solution we then make four extensions that apply to spectrum allocations

slacks based efficiency measures for modeling environmental performance we develop two slacks based efficiency measures for modeling environmental performance on the basis of environmental dea technology of the two measures one is a composite index with a higher discriminating power for modeling economic environmental performance and the other can be used to estimate the impacts of environmental regulations we apply the proposed measures to model the co2 emissions of 30 oecd countries from 1998 to 2002 and present the results obtained

industrial structure energy saving regulations and energy intensity evidence from chinese cities abstract exploring the drivers of declining energy intensity is necessary in order to accelerate the transition to a low carbon economy in china to date studies have typically adopted case analysis to link enterprise features and energy saving performance the impact of internal industrial configuration in terms of size and ownership structure on aggregate energy intensity remains to be examined to fill this research gap this paper tests the impact of the internal structure of industries on city level energy intensity by employing a unique panel dataset of 283 cities for the period 2005 to 2010 the driscoll kraay method and instrumental variable are used to treat residual cross sectional dependence and endogeneity respectively results suggest that small scale enterprises exerts a negative effect on energy intensity a 1 increase in the output value proportion of small sized firms will lead to a decrease in total energy intensity of 0 067 in contrast the same change by medium enterprises will raise energy intensity by 0 031 a negative and or non significant coefficient suggests that for most energy intensive large and state owned enterprises china s 2006 top down energy saving regulation has been quite effective in targeting key energy intensive enterprises in china the findings reveal that state owned enterprises soes can act as promoters of rather than barriers to low carbon policy implementation in china given that the effectiveness of energy saving regulation will be undermined as a result of diluted regulatory strength in each enterprise market oriented energy price reform is proposed as a fundamental driver for guaranteeing a continual decline in energy intensity

estimating energy conservation potential in china s energy intensive industries with rebound effect abstract the energy consumption of china s six most energy intensive sub industries is about half of the total national energy consumption and accounts for more than 70 of industrial energy consumption in recent years these six industries are capital and energy intensive and have a great impact on the energy consumption of china so they are directly related to the achievement of the energy conservation goal in the 13th five year plan this paper investigates the influential factors of energy consumption in the industries by employing the cointegration method and estimates the possible energy conservation potential considering energy rebound effect the results show that gdp and the scale of industries are the deterministic factors increasing energy consumption while r d intensity decreases it energy price has little impact on energy consumption the average energy rebound effect is calculated using the latent variable approach and the result is 90 75 considering energy rebound effect the energy conservation potential of china s energy intensive industries is 14 18 26 54 million tons of standard coal equivalent in 2020 and 44 64 80 72 million tons of standard coal equivalent in 2030

industrial eco efficiency in china a provincial quantification using three stage data envelopment analysis abstract the coordinated development of industrialization and the ecological environment is vital to achieve ecological civilization in china integratively considering the economy energy and resources and environment this study aims to measure the industrial eco efficiency of 30 provinces autonomous regions and municipalities in china between 2005 and 2013 a three stage data envelopment analysis dea modeling approach is adopted to eliminate interference of the external environment and statistical noise with industrial eco efficiency measurement the results show that regional industrial eco efficiency in china is affected by the factors of the environmental regulation technological innovation level of economic development and industrial structure after eliminating the impacts of external environment and statistical noise china s national average industrial eco efficiency declines by 30 between 2005 and 2013 the industrial eco efficiency of the 30 provinces increases but at different rates of growth the variation of overall regional industrial eco efficiency is primarily caused by scale efficiency furthermore all the 30 provinces are classified into four groups to interpret the causes of variation and differences of regional industrial eco efficiency in general the management and technology level and the economy of scale of industries should be improved simultaneously even though specific opportunities for industrial eco efficiency improvement vary across provinces in china

efficiency evaluation of china s provincial power systems based on the dynamic network slacks based measure model abstract a power system contains generation transmission and distribution divisions policy reforms and management mechanisms may affect the environmental efficiency of certain divisions or the integrated power system this study applied the dynamic network slacks based measure dnsbm model to analyze the environmental efficiency of both the power systems and their divisions of provincial administrative areas in china and investigated the effects of the external environmental factors it employed scenario analysis to further explore the feasibility of separating the distribution from the transmission division the results indicate that 1 the dnsbm model takes the internal structure of the power system into account and provides a new perspective to seek the sources of the system and division efficiencies 2 customer density and energy consumption intensity have significant impacts on the system and division efficiencies while the power generation structure only affects the environmental efficiency of the generation division 3 the scenario analysis shows that the policy of separating power plants from grids improved the system efficiency to which the improvement in generation division is the main contributor and separating distribution from transmission may have great potential for enhancing the efficiencies of power systems

extending the economic theory of regulation to the form of policy the mutually beneficial connection between industries and the governments that regulate them is the subject of a large literature led by stigler 1971 what has not been studied is how firms choose their desired policies from the set including entry barriers price floors subsidies and demand stimulation we take as given that government and incumbents from the supply and demand for regulation and explore the choice of political product

the tradeoff of the commons we develop a model of scarce renewable resources to study the commons problem we show that contrary to conventional wisdom property rights can often be less efficient than a commons in particular we study two effects 1 waste which arises when individuals expend resources to use a resource unavailable due to congestion and 2 the risk of underutilization of the resource we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for each effect to dominate the other when the cost of determining the availability of a resource is low

congestion measurement under different policy objectives an analysis of chinese industry abstract in recent years the economic performance of chinese industry has improved significantly however the congestion caused by excessive investment has plagued its sustainable development in order to make full use of resources it is necessary for the chinese government to measure industrial congestion from different perspectives however most studies for measuring congestion only consider desirable outputs even if in practice these are always accompanied by undesirable outputs in this paper three policy objectives are proposed for industrial development in china the economic priority the environmental priority and the economic and environmental win win three new data envelopment analysis dea models with undesirable outputs were built for measuring undesirable congestion desirable congestion and double congestion respectively for these policy objectives these approaches can not only identify congestion situation but also calculate the total amount of congestion and were applied to an analysis of the congestion of regional industries in china results show that most regions have some form of longstanding input congestion under different policy objectives with this resulting in serious waste of resources based on the results obtained some suggestions for sustainable industrial development in china are proposed

do labor standards affect comparative advantage in developing countries abstract this paper focuses on the question of whether labor standards can affect comparative advantage in unskilled labor intensive goods in developing countries and thereby influence trade flows using a heckscher ohlin framework the effects of low labor standards depend on the type of standard forced and child labor lead to an increase in the endowment of unskilled labor and hence improve comparative advantage in unskilled labor intensive goods the opposite occurs with discrimination against females and with basic trade union rights the outcome is ambiguous the empirical results confirm the theoretical outcome but also show that weaker union rights are associated with a stronger comparative advantage

regional low carbon economy efficiency in china analysis based on the super sbm model with co2 emissions abstract as the largest energy consumer and co 2 emitting country the chinese government is committing to a low carbon economy it is meaningful and contributes to evaluate and analyze the low carbon economy efficiency lcee of china a super slack based measure super sbm model with undesirable outputs as combined with the malmquist productivity index is proposed to measure the lcee and the dynamic low carbon economy efficiency dlcee of 30 provinces in mainland china from 2005 to 2012 the theil index is also used to measure the rationalization level of industrial structure rlis for discussing the improvements to the lcee in china the results indicate that the proposed undesirable outputs super sbm model can effectively rank the sbm ef cient provinces china s regional economic development does not follow a low carbon pattern with an average lcee of 0 517 as a whole the china s economic development is gradually following a low carbon development pattern with an annual lcee improvement of 4 5 the rlis of china is also gradually changing better as well through a comparative analysis of the lcee and rlis the 30 provinces are divided into three sub areas and relevant suggestions are presented for improving the lcee of different sub areas in the future

common trends and drivers of co2 emissions and employment a decomposition analysis in the industrial sector of selected european union countries the countries of the european union face the challenge of reversing the declining role of industry and achieving their targets for sustainable development combining industrial growth with fewer environmental repercussions and more jobs this paper uses a decomposition analysis in order to quantify the effect of the driving factors on two indicators of sustainable industrial development co2 emissions and employment in five european union countries during 2000 2011 the decomposition method applied is the log mean divisia index i and the models developed comprise some common or closely related driving factors the parallel investigation of the factors affecting the two indicators offers useful insights into relevant complementary and or antithetical effects the timeframe of the study is divided into two time periods before and after the start of the economic crisis 2000 2007 and 2007 2011 respectively this time division enables the evaluation of the impacts of the economic crisis directly on the drivers and indirectly on the two indicators it was deduced that in both time periods the two main drivers of industrial co2 emissions and employment were economic growth and resource intensity which counterbalance each other structural changes appeared to have a rather marginal effect even if the general tendency was the expansion of less energy labour intensive sectors finally changes in the fuel mix used in industry were beneficial to emissions reduction in all the examined countries especially in the second time period the results obtained show that the examined eu countries have not found a solid path towards sustainable and inclusive industrial development yet the stronger economies seem to move faster to this direction though

total factor energy efficiency of coal consumption an empirical analysis of china s energy intensive industries abstract improvement of coal consumption efficiency is very important both for china in solving its problems of energy security and environmental pollution and for the world in addressing the issue of greenhouse gas emissions using a total factor framework this paper employs a data envelopment analysis dea approach to evaluate the coal consumption efficiency of six energy intensive sub industries in china in 2015 coal consumption efficiency is factorized into economic efficiency and environmental efficiency with sulfur dioxide nitrogen oxide and industrial smoke dust and soot emissions treated as undesirable outputs of energy consumptions the results show the following 1 of the six energy intensive sub industries studied two exhibit both dea effective coal economic efficiency and coal environmental efficiency coal economic efficiency is found to be greater than coal environmental efficiency indicating that the benefits of economic efficiency have masked the negative effects of the environmental impact china should therefore pay more attention to the clean utilization of coal 2 low environmental efficiency mainly resulted from the joint effects of pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency therefore enterprises in these industries must engage in management efforts to improve their ability to manage large enterprises 3 the energy intensive industries characterized by coal environmental efficiency that failed to achieve pure technological effectiveness all exhibited input redundancy or output inadequacy of varying degrees while showing a potential for energy conservation and emissions reductions

the demand to regulate franchise monopoly evidence from catv rate deregulation in california the demand to regulate franchise monopoly evidence from catv rate deregulation in california the motivation to price control a franchise monopoly is examined in the context of three distinct economic views of regulatory behavior these views are tested against data from the california cable television market over the years 1980 85 during which a subset of monopoly firms converted from regulated to unregulated pricing for basic cable service as the price constraints of regulation appear to be insignificant in a welfare analysis the demand for such controls by municipalities is derived from their utility in enforcing vote maximizing transfer schemes a peltzmanian political outcome with a stiglerian economic welfare result i introduction since the pathbreaking inquiry by stigler and friedland 1962 it has been fair game for economists to investigate how the publicly stated goals of regulation square with the observed economic results whereas empirical research has often revealed a surprisingly low correlation theoretical models of political behavior have been developed to explain how regulators would rationally attempt to maximize political strength and hence personal utility by pursuing a support maximizing transfer scheme how far such incentive structures for regulators go toward enhancing consumer welfare is the primary concern of public policy analysis by economists indeed the study of regulatory results has yielded new insights into the antecedent demand for regulation when publicly announced goals are not achieved economists are often tempted to attribute the discrepancy not to random error but to a strategic desire to mask intended transfer schemes hence results of regulation can shed light on the motives for regulation this paper inquires into the motivations for municipal regulation of the cable television market part ii sets three previously developed views of regulatory behavior into a unified framework and reviews previous research on price regulation in the electric utility industry part iii describes an efficiency test for cable rate regulation in california in a sector dominated by municipally assigned franchise monopolies price and output effects of regulation are likely to be most dramatic and hence most informative moreover cable s changing regulatory regime offers grist for analysis in part iv i examine evidence from the 1979 partial deregulation of catv in california and draw inferences regarding the demand to regulate cable franchises in part v my conclusions appear in part vi ii regulatory behavior at least three alternative models of regulatory behavior have been advanced in the literature looking at the world in the peltzman 1976 sense politicians regulators are seen as engaging in two dimensional support maximization in that redistributing income by whatever institutional method necessarily involves losers as well as winners some competitive equilibrium of transfers will be achieved by maximizing political actors see figure 1 panel a as a rule regulators will transfer wealth from consumers and towards the regulated industry just up to the point at which the marginal industry support gained is equal to the marginal consumer support lost fortuitously peltzman s paradigmatic political regulatory decision focuses upon the correlation between output price and profits of a regulated public utility seen in the profit hill in panel a of figure 1 and the trade off faced specifically by the regulatory agent in gaining support from one constituency at the cost of support from another as in the u sup p indifference curve in figure 1 this framework dovetails with the discussion of price regulation in cable to follow peltzman saw the regulator as a public policy auctioneer garnering maximum political support from both consumers and producers in establishing an optimal regulated price

globalization and the right to free association and collective bargaining an empirical analysis summary economies that are more open to trade and foreign direct investment fdi face greater competitive pressure than closed ones globalization critics are concerned that this pressure induces countries to lower labor standards in order to remain competitive and retain or attract foreign investment defenders of globalization counter that countries that are more closely integrated into global markets are likely to have higher rather than lower standards this article tests the effect of globalization on a specific labor right which forms part of what are commonly regarded as core or fundamental labor standards employing a new measure of free association and collective bargaining rights we find that countries that are more open to trade have fewer rights violations than more closed ones this effect holds in a global sample as well as in a developing country sub sample and holds also when potential feedback effects are controlled via instrumental variable regression the extent of an economy s penetration by fdi has no statistically significant impact globalization might not be beneficial for outcome related labor standards but it is likely to promote the process related standard of a right to free association and collective bargaining

administrative creation of property rights to radio spectrum abstract despite the 1934 communication act s ban on private ownership of radio spectrum the law leaves open to the federal communications commission a range of licensing regimes under which the commission may in its discretion grant spectrum users relatively strong or weak property rights to allotted frequencies this article examines numerous administrative decisions by the fcc to demonstrate how regulatory changes have affected the property interests conferred by spectrum licenses focusing on licensees rights to use divide and broker spectrum flexibly and to prevent unauthorized reception of their signals the article discusses the economic and legal significance of those changes and identifies areas for further reform the authors conclude that although important changes remain to be made the fcc has strengthened property interests on both the transmission and receiving ends of licensed frequencies and through the administrative process has eroded the importance of the statutory distinction

total factor energy efficiency of regions in china abstract this paper analyzes energy efficiencies of 29 administrative regions in china for the period 1995 2002 with a newly introduced index most existing studies of regional productivity and efficiency neglect energy inputs we use the data envelopment analysis dea to find the target energy input of each region in china at each particular year the index of total factor energy efficiency tfee then divides the target energy input by the actual energy input in our dea model labor capital stock energy consumption and total sown area of farm crops used as a proxy of biomass energy are the four inputs and real gdp is the single output the conventional energy productivity ratio regarded as a partial factor energy efficiency index is computed for comparison in contrast to tfee our index is found fitting better to the real case according to the tfee index rankings the central area of china has the worst energy efficiency and its total adjustmentof energy consumption amount is over half of china s total regional tfee in china generally improved during the research period except for the western area a u shape relation between the area s tfee and per capita income in the areas of china is found confirming the scenario that energy efficiency eventually improves with economic growth

spectrum flash dance eli noam s proposal for open access to radio waves abstract as ronald coase posited in his famous article on the nature of the firm there are situations in which decentralized markets are relatively efficient for coordinating economic activity and situations in which they are not with spectrum access assigning property rights to clearly specified private owners is the socially efficient policy because the relevant transaction efficiencies will be internalized by competitive spectrum owners selecting to what degree rights should be subdivided and in what manner marketed where spot markets are optimal an owner will maximize profits by using them where long term contracts are efficient the owner will enter profitably into them hence eli noam s solution imposing open access rules on bands of radio frequencies by government mandate is a mistaken attempt to duplicate the efficiencies of markets by mandating a particular subset of market solutions such a policy predictably will result in underutilization of the spectrum resource

an explanation of the international variation in the prevalence of child labour it is hypothesized that the institutional acceptability of child labor will be more prevalent when the other members of a society gain from its use therefore the cross country variation in the prevalence of child labor depends on the degree to which child labor affects the welfare of the remaining members of a society it is demonstrated theoretically that the non child labor factors gain from child labor when the economy is closed as an economy becomes more open to international trade those gains diminish and even turn negative as the size of the economy increases child labor will not exist in capital abundant countries since in them child labor makes the non child labor factors worse off it is shown empirically that the cross country prevalence of child labor falls with increases in a nation s per capita income its openness to trade and its economic size it is argued that trade sanctions as a remedy for child labor may be counter productive since an open economy reduces the benefits of child labor to the other members of a society and thereby reduces the society s incentive to allow child labor the model also demonstrates that the economic changes brought on by democracy undermine the practice of child labor

the rationality of u s regulation of the broadcast spectrum in his classic 1983 technologies of freedom ithiel de sola pool so elucidated the prevailing wisdom concerning broadcast licensure in the united states while the key legal questions surrounding this institution involve important first amendment questions hence pool s scarcity analogy to paper ink and presses economists and other policy analysts have often remarked on the more general incongruity in federal licensing while spectrum is regulated on the physical scarcity premise it is awarded to private users on a no fee basis thus conferring significant economic rents on private parties at substantial opportunity cost to the fisc moreover federal communications commission fcc 2 policies have openly sought virtually throughout the agency s entire life span to restrict broadcast licenses and competition for broadcasters particularly cable television to far below the quantity technically available 3 the

efficiency evaluation of regional energy saving and emission reduction in china a modified slacks based measure approach abstract china s economic reform and opening policy has resulted in china s rapid growth especially in terms of economy unfortunately the growth has brought about huge consumption of energy and increasing emission of environmental pollution little research has been done which pays close attention to the efficiency evaluation of regional energy saving and emission reduction even though such evaluation is considered a crucial method in the fight to save resources and protect the environment aiming at evaluating the efficiency of regional energy saving and emission reduction of china we firstly construct an evaluation index system for input and output selection then a modified slacks based measure model is applied to measure the performance of energy saving and emission reduction an empirical study is done on 30 of mainland china s provincial level regions the results show that the energy saving and emission reduction efficiencies of the regions in china are generally at a low level more precisely china s regional regions performed really badly in energy saving although their emissions results are passable barely to resolve this problem several policy recommendations are proposed to improve the efficiency of regional energy saving and emission reduction of china

on the determinants of core labour standards the case of developing countries abstract the paper empirically analyses the determinants of the level of core labour standards in 71 developing countries the results indicate that income levels openness to trade and human capital levels are important factors explaining variations in the level of labour standards

the impact of industrial structure efficiency on provincial industrial energy efficiency in china abstract regional disparity in terms of industrial energy efficiency is noticeable in china due to the unbalanced economic progress in past decades analyzing the provincial industrial energy efficiency and its influencing factors is of great significance to formulate differentiated policies to date the influence of many social economic factors on the industrial energy efficiency have been examined but the impact of the inter industry structure has almost been ignored in this paper the slacks based measure model incorporating undesirable output is applied to evaluate the industrial energy efficiency both at the provincial level and the sectoral level in china for the period 2010 to 2016 then industrial structure efficiency is introduced which reflects the inter industry structure and takes the sectoral level energy efficiency into consideration and the impact of the industrial structure efficiency on provincial industrial energy efficiency is tested by tobit regression model the results show that huge discrepancies of provincial industrial energy efficiency exist and the industrial structure efficiency is confirmed to be a determinative factor to the provincial industrial energy efficiency with the coefficient of 0 525 policy recommendations are provided for adjusting the provincial inter industry structure and improving the industrial energy efficiency

regional energy efficiency evaluation in china a super efficiency slack based measure model with undesirable outputs abstract with the rapid development of global economy the demand for energy has increased significantly therefore energy efficiency improvement is essential for global energy and economic transformation in the chinese context study on the energy efficiency of various provinces can contribute to better understand china s energy utilization status and provide policy implications for improving china s energy utilization efficiency in this study based on the super efficiency slack based measure model with undesirable outputs the energy efficiency of china s 30 provinces in 2013 and 2014 was investigated then the energy efficiency of the eastern central and western china was compared and further discussed finally according to the results the relevant policy implications were put forward the results showed that china s overall energy efficiency had decreased while taking the undesirable outputs into consideration in addition eastern china had the highest energy efficiency and the energy efficiency of western china was relatively low the energy efficiency gap among china s provinces was still large therefore it was necessary to improve china s overall energy efficiency by developing targeted policies considering regional conditions

a comprehensive review of data envelopment analysis dea approach in energy efficiency the main aim of this review article is to review of dea models in regarding to energy efficiency this paper reviewed and summarized the different models of dea that have been applied around the world to development of energy efficiency problems consequently a review of 144 published scholarly papers appearing in 45 high ranking journals between 2006 and 2015 have been obtained to achieve a comprehensive review of dea application in energy efficiency accordingly the selected articles have been categorized based on year of publication author s nationalities scope of study time duration application area study purpose results and outcomes results of this review paper indicated that dea showed great promise to be a good evaluative tool for future analysis on energy efficiency issues where the production function between the inputs and outputs was virtually absent or extremely difficult to acquire

auctions markets and spectrum ownership comment on moreton and spiller abstract in their empirical study of the personal communications service auctions patrick s moreton and pablo t spiller have shown that the bidder behavior is consistent with most economists conceptions of competitive markets moreton and spiller also presented evidence that firms competing in these auctions were able to aggregate licenses thus offering some vindication for those economic theorists who championed simultaneous multiple round auctions on these issues their study brings new data to bear on important questions about auction design and public policy moreton and spiller however do not examine the costs of the secondary market in reallocating license blocks and its relationship to the exposure problem develop a specific model of government regulation or consider the effects of block size on bidding behavior these omissions limit the inferences and conclusions they claim for their study

data envelopment analysis for unified efficiency evaluation an assessment of regional industries in china abstract data envelopment analysis has recently gained popularity and attention in operational and environmental assessment a common feature of previous studies is decreasing an input vector to decrease the vector of undesirable outputs which is referred to as natural disposability however little research has considered how to increase the amount of capital input for clean production technology to decrease the amount of undesirable outputs in a data envelopment analysis framework which is referred to as managerial disposability thus this paper proposes an improved approach that considers measuring unified operational and environmental efficiency for managerial disposability and compares this approach with the one for natural disposability the proposed approach provides a positive strategy to reduce undesirable outputs and improve unified efficiency through increasing capital investment in clean production technology a case study of regional industries in china in 2006 2010 utilizing this approach is also presented the empirical study shows that the unified efficiencies of regional industries in china have relatively high scores for managerial disposability and increasing capital investment is vital to achieve sustainable development in clean production technology

efficiency evaluation of chinese regional industrial systems with undesirable factors using a two stage slacks based measure approach abstract the process of a regional industrial system in china can be separated into two internal stages production stage and pollutant abatement stage this paper aims to examine the efficiency of chinese regional industrial systems by taking the operational performance of its two internal stages into consideration unlike traditional data envelopment analysis models that treat decision making units as black box when measuring their efficiencies with undesirable factors this paper proposes a two stage model based on slacks based measure to evaluate the efficiency of chinese regional industrial systems by decomposing the efficiency into production efficiency and abatement efficiency the proposed model can estimate the efficiencies of the whole regional industrial system its production stage and abatement stage simultaneously the model provides a way of improving performance of a regional industrial system through identifying its inefficient internal stages this can help to find out the main sources of the inefficiency that arise from the internal stages within the system which cannot be done by using conventional environmental data envelopment analysis models findings resulting from the model application show that there are great disparities in regional industrial systems efficiencies and the inefficiency of chinese industrial system is largely driven by the abatement stage

implementing a market based spectrum policy abstract the spectrum auctions were a step toward the herzel coase vision of a flexible and efficient market for spectrum this article examines what remains to be done spectrum must be unbundled from broadcast and transmission facilities the commoditization of spectrum will facilitate standardization price discovery and open access to diverse users a liquid secondary spectrum market will lower transactions and entry cost making telecommunications markets contestable auctions should be used to elicit a supply of spectrum from licensees as well as to allocate it to new users in closing the spectrum commons congress granted use to a privileged few unbundled spectrum property rights commoditization and open markets will give the public access to this public resource

environmental efficiency and abatement cost of china s industrial sectors based on a three stage data envelopment analysis abstract china has gained the reputation of global factory due to its phenomenal industrial growth over the past decades at the same time its industrial energy consumption has resulted in serious environmental problems accordingly there is an urgent and critical need to reduce industrial carbon emissions at a minimum cost without hampering the country s economic development the dual targets for carbon emission intensity and amount from the 12th five year 2011 2015 plan make it necessary to investigate the environmental efficiency and reduction costs of different sectors this study employs a three stage data envelopment analysis model based on a directional distance function approach with radial and non radial slacks of desirable and undesirable outputs considered to measure the environmental efficiency and marginal co2 emission abatement costs of china s 37 two digit industries during 2005 2014 based on the environmental efficiency and abatement cost of the industrial sectors we reached the following conclusions first the adjusted estimates differ significantly from the results that do not consider the influence of environmental factors and it is essential to consider the heterogeneity of industries in proposing emission reduction strategies in addition the stimuli for the smelting and pressing of metal industries result in cost reduction and the supervision on the top nine emitters and the equipment manufacturing industries should be strengthened finally the industrial sectors with large abatement potential are classified into short term and long term key target industries according to the emission abatement cost analyses

property rights and wireless license values abstract while extending the scope of spectrum property rights promotes efficiency such reforms are often deterred by equity concerns theoretically however the windfalls may be negative relaxing license restrictions may increase profits by allowing enhanced productivity yet liberalization across a class of licensees can reduce the expected profits by increasing competitiveness this article examines license value changes for regimes that decisively shift toward private property rights in radio spectrum by analyzing the average prices paid in international cellular phone license auctions during 1995 2001 this unique data set encompasses 1 365 licenses assigned by competitive bidding in 38 auctions held in 24 countries licenses awarded by regimes with more expansive spectrum property rights generated winning bids that were 61 percent lower adjusting for other factors this evidence reverses the equity argument against liberalization over the policy margin studied and is consistent with coase s view

the cost of rent seeking evidence from cellular telephone license lotteries the inventors of the theory of rent seeking used an analogy with competitive markets to conclude that all monopoly rents would be dissipated in the competition to obtain the property rights to them 23 29 subsequent theorists showed that this conclusion is quite sensitive to assumptions about foresight risk aversion conjectures and bias 15 21 30 since little quantitative information about actual rent seeking competitions is available the theory has developed in an empirical vacuum in this paper we attempt to fill that vacuum with an estimate of rent seeking expenditure by applicants in the federal communications commission s fcc cellular telephone license lotteries held between 1986 and 1989 we go on to compare expenditures with estimates of the value of the licenses at stake these lotteries constitute a unique natural experiment any u s citizen was eligible to enter each geographic lottery once and only once for an expense which we calculate as modest the lotteries were widely publicized and heavily entered there were over 320 000 applications one per market filed for 643 cellular licenses and third party application preparers entered the market rapidly because licenses were awarded sequentially prospective participants in later lotteries could find out that expected net returns from earlier lotteries were positive because of undersubscription the value of the prize was known because sales of previously awarded licenses had begun to take place before later lotteries were held and market analysts were using such sale prices to value licenses not yet awarded the later lotteries seem almost optimally contrived to maximize the dissipation of rents yet comparing the resources invested in entry the price of a fully prepared application with the rents available the market value of cellular telephone licenses shows that dissipation was far short of complete

assigning property rights to radio spectrum users why did fcc license auctions take 67 years abstract while leo herzel 1951 and ronald coase 1959 persuasively argued for auctioning licenses issued by the federal communications commission fcc not until 1993 did the u s congress grant the fcc authority to assign wireless operating permits via competitive bidding why were auctions with obvious efficiency and equity advantages so long in coming why were comparative hearings in the public interest first abandoned as assignment tools in 1981 not for auctions but for lotteries and why were radio and tv licenses pointedly excluded from auctions four factors the special interest of regulators in influencing broadcasting content the limits placed on explicit program regulation by the u s constitution the recent increase in the relative economic importance of nonbroadcast wireless services and the agency problem embedded in central planning are used to explain both the political stability of economically inefficient licensing methods and recent reforms

regional energy environmental performance and investment strategy for china s non ferrous metals industry a non radial dea based analysis globally china is the largest producer and consumer of common non ferrous metals china s non ferrous metals industry is energy intensive accounting for 24 of the total industrial energy consumption in 2011 in this study we adopted a non radial dea model to examine the energy environmental performance of the non ferrous metals industry from a regional perspective during the 2006 2011 period the energy environmental performance was evaluated by the eco efficiency under natural disposability en eco efficiency under managerial disposability em eco efficiency under natural and managerial disposability enm and enm with desirable congestion enm dc based on the en both the energy conservation and emission reduction potentials were calculated additionally the investment strategy was confirmed by regional types of damages to return dtr in the second stage study the factors influencing eco efficiency were measured using tobit regression and truncated regression models the results indicated that the efficiency scores of en em enm and enm dc were considerably different investment was effective in improving the energy environmental performance for twenty one regions during the whole study period henan had the highest energy conservation and emission reduction potentials the results obtained from the regression models were similar which displayed that the population density and energy price were responsible for the increase in eco efficiency while economic development level and industrial structure affected eco efficiency negatively based on these results policy recommendations for the non ferrous metals industry to improve their performance in a low carbon economy are suggested

environmental efficiency analysis of china s regional industry a data envelopment analysis dea based approach abstract china s economic has got remarkable achievements during the past 30 years which has brought tremendous pressure on natural resources and serious environmental pollution at the same time in this paper we aim to make environmental efficiency analysis of china s regional industry data envelopment analysis dea method is incorporated and the slacks based measure sbm model considering undesirable outputs is introduced to measure the environmental efficiency of different regions big data theory is introduced in the collection and selection of the input and output data of the regions further we evaluate the environmental efficiencies of china s industry using data from 2008 to 2012 the results show that apart from several developed provinces the environmental efficiencies of china s industry are generally low and the environmental efficiencies of the regions did not show any increasing trend through the past 5 years additionally lager differences exist in environmental efficiencies between the regions in china finally we suggest the chinese government to focus on the low environmental efficiencies and the unbalanced development of its regional industry

analysis of energy efficiency and energy savings potential in china s provincial industrial sectors abstract because industrial sectors in china are energy intensive improving energy efficiency and promoting energy savings in these sectors are of great importance for the further sustainable development of china s economy using a proposed meta frontier data envelopment analysis dea this paper analyzes the total factor energy efficiency and energy savings potential in china s provincial industrial sectors for the years 2000 2014 from three perspectives namely the technology gap management and scale the results indicate that 1 driven by technological progress energy efficiency during the sample period was greatly improved though the expansion of technology gaps between regions and the decline in scale efficiency represented two significant handicaps 2 the current energy efficiency in china s industrial sectors remains extremely low indicating that there is considerable potential for energy efficiency improvement and energy savings and 3 the sources of energy inefficiency and energy savings potential in china s industrial sectors exhibit spatially distinct characteristics accordingly it is determined that most of china s eastern provinces should focus on improving scale and management efficiency whereas most of its central and western provinces should concentrate on three factors narrowing the regional technology gap improving management efficiency and optimizing the industrial scale

a race to the bottom in labor standards an empirical investigation abstract one of the concerns over globalization is that as nations compete for investment they relax labor standards to attract firms using spatial estimation on panel data for 135 countries over 17 years we find that the labor standards in one country are positively correlated with those elsewhere i e a cut in labor standards in other countries reduces labor standards in the country in question this interdependence is more evident in labor practices i e enforcement than in labor laws further while we find evidence of competition in both developed and developing countries it is strongest among developing countries with weak standards