the effect of technology spillover on co2 emissions embodied in china australia trade abstract co2 emissions embodied in international trade have drawn wide attention in the academia and national climate negotiations in this study we estimate the embodied co2 emissions in the trade between china and australia using long time series disaggregated sectoral data based on missions embodied in bilateral trade eebt method and analyse the major driving forces for these emissions changes based on structural decomposition analysis sda method the results show that export volume contributed to these embodied co2 emissions increase while emission intensity could offset these co2 emissions increase we further predict embodied co2 emission in sino australia trade under different scenarios and the results indicate that technology spillover can significantly reduce embodied co2 emissions in trade electricity transportation and cement industries have significant potential to reduce carbon emissions in addition we evaluate future carbon reduction potential till 2030 the results in this study can inform decision makers for australia and china to formulate energy conservation and emission reduction policies

an assessment of a proposed ets in australia by using the monash green model abstract using the monash green model and a database containing detailed energy sectors this paper evaluates the effects of a proposed emissions trading scheme on the australian economy and the emissions levels the simulation results indicate that the price of carbon permits has to increase from a 4 1 per tonne in 2015 through a 13 1 per tonne in 2020 to a 41 3 per tonne in 2030 to achieve a target of 28 below the 2005 level in 2030 the main buyers of permits would be the agricultural sector black coal electricity sector and brown coal electricity sector compared to the business as usual scenario australia s gdp is projected to be 0 85 lower in 2020 and 1 6 lower in 2030 household welfare measured in terms of equivalent variations will increase due to compensations provided by the government the results also lend strong support towards the transition to renewable energy the stylised model was adapted to inform the results of the full model

development of the electricity environmental policy cge model gtap e powers a case of the carbon tax in south africa abstract a new carbon price mechanism with full emission coverage is developed within the framework of a global computable general equilibrium model gtap e powers to enhance the capacity and accuracy for climate change and energy policy assessment the model developed is then used to examine the potential impacts of the carbon tax in south africa results show that incorporation of non co2 emissions in the model significantly alters the results of which the economy of south africa experiences higher costs compared to the case that only has co2 emissions when more sectors are included in the policy it also puts higher costs on the economy as higher levels of emissions are subject to the carbon tax results also show that south africa only experiences small tradeoffs from introducing the carbon tax in all scenarios that is with a tax rate of 9 15 the country is able to reduce its emission levels by 12 25 15 6 at the costs of real gdp reduction by 1 17 1 59 fossil based industrial sectors are particularly worst off while clean and renewable energy sectors strongly expand their production the results indicate that south africa is likely to move to a low carbon and sustainable economy with such a policy

poverty and distributional effects of a carbon tax in mexico abstract mexico recently declared ambitious goals in reducing domestic co2 emissions and introduced a carbon tax in 2014 although negative effects on household welfare and related poverty measures are widely discussed as possible consequences empirical evidence is missing we try to fill this gap by simulating an input output model coupled with household survey data to examine the welfare effects of different carbon tax rates over the income distribution the currently effective tax rate is small and has negligible effects on household welfare higher simulated tax rates maintaining the current tax base show a slight progressivity but welfare losses remain moderate welfare losses regressivity and poverty rise more with widening the tax base towards natural gas and the other greenhouse gases methane ch4 and nitrous oxide n2o mainly through food price increases for a complete analysis of the policy we simulate a redistribution of calculated tax revenues and find that the resulting effects become highly progressive also for high rates wider tax bases and even in the absence of perfect targeting of social welfare programs

the environmental and economic impact of the carbon tax in australia to fulfil its emission reduction target pledged in the copenhagen accord the australian government has determined to introduce a carbon tax from july 1st 2012 this paper simulates the effects on the environment and on the economy of a carbon tax of a 23 per tonne of carbon dioxide proposed by the government with and without a compensation policy we employ a computable general equilibrium model with an environmentally extended social accounting matrix according to the simulation results the carbon tax can cut emissions effectively but will cause a mild economic contraction because the price signal is intact the proposed compensation plan has little impact on emission cuts while significantly mitigating the negative effect of a carbon tax on the economy

impact of an emissions trading scheme on australian households a computable general equilibrium analysis abstract following the international commitment to tackle climate change issues many countries have introduced climate change policies to reduce emission levels australia also expects to follow the international pathways to implement a climate change policy to curb its greenhouse gas emissions in this context the former labor government in australia intended to switch its carbon tax policy to an emissions trading scheme ets after 2 years of its initial operation to achieve an emission target of 5 per cent below the 2000 level by 2020 by employing a computable general equilibrium model and a social accounting matrix database this article analyses the potential impacts of an ets with various revenue recycling options on australian households results show that an emission permit price of a 20 per tonne of co2 e would help australia to achieve the 2020 emission reduction target this permit price is likely to have a small contraction in australia s real gdp i e about 0 3 per cent and in real household consumption i e about 0 19 per cent the price of electricity is projected to increase by 13 per cent the revenue recycling options seem to create an improvement in the macro economy and there is a trade off between economic efficiency and equity in the australian economy with compensations the personal income tax reduction policy results in an economic efficiency with a positive change in real aggregate household consumption whereas providing an equal lump sum transfer brings benefits equally for all household groups increased government transfers based on recipients current pension and allowance rates generate more welfare gains for middle income household groups

carbon taxation in russia prospects for a double dividend and improved energy efficiency russia is not only one of the world s major sources of carbon based energy coal oil and gas but is also one the most intensive users of energy furthermore russia accounts for a disproportionately large share of global carbon dioxide emissions some 5 to 6 of global carbon dioxide emissions eia 2011a it has been estimated world bank 2008 that russia could reduce its use of primary energy use by 45 with consequent economic and environmental benefits high energy and carbon intensity of the russia economy is inter alia explained by low energy prices due to high export taxes as well as administrative regulation of domestic prices of gas and electricity and low environmental taxes carbon taxes are one such pigouvian tax and they would address concerns on several fronts simultaneously in the short to medium term they would inter alia lead to lower ghg emissions and encourage the diffusion of more energy efficient technologies in the longer term the increased cost of energy inputs is expected to induce technological progress in this analysis the macroeconomic and sectoral effects of carbon taxes on the russia economy are examined this analysis addresses the following objectives i to test the double dividend hypothesis under perfect and imperfect competition in output markets to analyse ii the incidence of carbon taxes iii impacts on sectoral competitiveness iv effects on income equity and v interactions of carbon taxes with other taxes a computable single country multi sector comparative static cge model is employed russland verfugt nicht nur uber einen der grosten vorrate an kohlenstoffbasierter energie wie kohle rohol und gas sondern ist auch einer der grosten energieverbraucher daruber hinaus ist russland fur einen uberproportional grosen anteil von kohlendioxid emission etwa 5 bis 6 der weltweiten kohlendioxidemission verantwortlich mit der einfuhrung einer kohlendioxidsteuer konnten gleichzeitig unterschiedliche wirkungen erzielt werden kurz und mittelfristig wurden kohlenstoffsteuern sowohl zu einer reduzierung von treibhausgasemissionen als auch zur einfuhrung von energieeffizienteren technologien fuhren langfristig wird erwartet dass hohe energiekosten den anreiz zur entwicklung und zur investition in energiesparenden technischen fortschritt erhohen die vorliegende arbeit analysiert und bewertet die makrookonomischen und sektoralen auswirkungen einer einfuhrung von kohlenstoffsteuern auf die russische wirtschaft die ziele der arbeit bestehen darin die hypothese der doppelten dividende fur den fall des vollkommenen und des unvollkommenen wettbewerbs auf gutermarkten zu uberprufen und die inzidenz einer kohlenstoffsteuer ihre auswirkungen auf die sektorale wettbewerbsfahigkeit ihre auswirkungen auf die einkommensverteilung und die interaktion von kohlenstoffsteuern mit anderen steuern zu analysieren und zu bewerten als methodischer ansatz wurde ein single country und multi sektor model gewahlt

the impact of an ets on the australian energy sector an integrated cge and electricity modelling approach this paper utilises a new computable general equilibrium cge model which integrates an electricity supply model to gauge the effects of a national emissions trading scheme ets on the australian energy sector and the broader economy the modelling results show that an ets can reduce emissions effectively and with a relatively small impact on the overall economy but the impact of the ets on individual sectors varies wind electricity generation is projected to benefit greatly brown coal electricity and gas electricity are expected to be adversely affected substantially somewhat surprisingly the impact on black coal electricity is negative but relatively small

distributional impacts of carbon pricing a general equilibrium approach with micro data for households article i nfo many policies to limit greenhouse gas emissions have at their core efforts to put a price on carbon emissions carbon pricing impacts households both by raising the cost of carbon intensive products and by changing factor prices a complete analysis requires taking both effects into account the impact of carbon pricing is determined by heterogeneity in household spending patterns across income groups as well as heterogeneity in factor income patterns across income groups it is also affected by precise formulation of the policy how is the revenue from carbon pricing distributed as well as the treatment of other government policies e g the treatment of transfer payments what is often neglected in analyses of policy is the heterogeneity of impacts across households even within income or regional groups in this paper we incorporate 15 588 households from the u s consumer and expenditure survey data as individual agents in a comparative static general equilibrium framework these households are represented within the mit usrep model a detailed general equilibrium model of the u s economy in particular we categorize households by full household income factor income as well as transfer income and apply various measures of lifetime income to distinguish households that are temporarily low income e g retired households drawing down their financial assets from permanently low income households we also provide detailed within group distributional measures of burden impacts from various policy scenarios

tradeable carbon permit auctions how and why to auction not grandfather abstract an auction of carbon permits is the best way to achieve domestic carbon caps designed to limit global climate change to minimize administrative costs permits would be required at the level of oil refineries natural gas pipe lines natural gas liquid sellers and coal processing plants to maximize liquidity in secondary markets permits would be fully tradable and bankable the government would conduct quarterly auctions a standard ascending clock auction in which price is gradually raised until there is no excess demand would provide reliable price discovery an auction is preferred to grandfathering giving companies permits based on historical output or emissions because it allows reduced tax distortions provides more flexibility in distribution of costs provides greater incentives for innovation and reduces the need for politically contentious arguments over the allocation of rents

institutions and the resource curse countries rich in natural resources constitute both growth losers and growth winners we claim that the main reason for these diverging experiences is differences in the quality of institutions more natural resources push aggregate income down when institutions are grabber friendly while more resources raise income when institutions are producer friendly we test this theory building on sachs and warner s influential works on the resource curse our main hypothesis that institutions are decisive for the resource curse is confirmed our results contrast the claims of sachs and warner that institutions do not play a role

how to set the proper level of carbon tax in the context of chinese construction sector a cge analysis abstract under global warming and severe environmental problems the paris agreement urges china to accelerate the pace of the low carbon economy improving the energy efficiency of the construction sector may be an important way to reduce co2 emissions as a reasonable energy policy instrument a carbon tax can effectively improve energy efficiency and reduce co2 emissions in this study a dynamic computable general equilibrium model is developed to explore the possible impacts of different carbon tax conditions on the energy consumption of the construction sector and the macroeconomy of china results show that the appropriate carbon tax is 60 rmb t which cannot only achieve the emission reduction target but also minimize the negative impact on the macroeconomy however the proper level of the carbon tax varies by building stage under the proper carbon tax level the peak of carbon emissions could be reached in 2025 the main purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical basis for the government in formulating different energy policies

optimal carbon allowance price in china s carbon emission trading system perspective from the multi sectoral marginal abatement cost abstract china s carbon emission trading system ets was officially launched at the end of 2017 to further promote carbon emissions mitigation in the ets the carbon price is the key factor determining whether the emission reduction target can be achieved the optimal carbon price is the smallest marginal abatement cost that can achieve the emission reduction target this study simulates the marginal abatement cost curves of different sectors in china s ets and calculate the optimal carbon price of sector coverage scenarios based on the criteria that involve eight sectors in turn the results show that the marginal abatement cost decreases with increasing sector involvement the optimal carbon price to achieve the two intensity targets at the same time is between 345 yuan ton and 1140 yuan ton from the sectoral perspective the power sector undertakes the largest emission reduction while the transportation sector is responsible for smaller emission reduction china s ets will cause gdp losses from 1 63 to 2 27 compared with the bau scenario but it can achieve co2 reduction from 9 56 to 10 13

do countries compensate firms for international wage differentials we address the role of labor cost differentials for national tax policies modeling a tax competition race between two countries competing for a population of mobile firms we show that in equilibrium the high wage country charges a lower tax than the low wage country moreover under tax competition the high wage country attracts more firms than in a setting without taxation exploiting exogenous variation in labor cost differentials induced by the breakdown of communism in eastern europe we find that tax policies are in line with the model prediction our most conservative estimates suggest that a one dollar increase in the compensation cost differential in prices as of 2000 triggers a cut of the statutory corporate income tax rate by about one percentage point

the environmental and economic impact of the emissions trading scheme ets in vietnam abstract this study aims to fill a gap in the literature by examining the impacts of an emissions trading scheme ets in vietnam as the policy has been discussed for a decade in the country but the likely impacts on the economy and different sectors are still unidentified the simulations are carried out in a global energy computable general equilibrium cge model an extension of the gtap e model which treats vietnam as a country region results show that restricting the number of industrial sectors in the emissions trading market substantially affects the country s economy with a decline in real gdp by 4 57 however the country experiences much smaller adverse impacts e g real gdp declines by 1 78 when all industries participate in the emissions trading market in either case of the ets design the coal mining manufacturing transportation and electricity sectors are highly adversely affected however the crude oil and natural gas extraction sectors would experience expansion in their production levels due to substitutions for coal in general under the policy the emission levels from burning fossil fuels decline at significant rates particularly from the electricity generation sector

poor institutions rich mines resource curse in the origins of the sicilian mafia with weak law enforcement institutions a positive shock to the value of natural resources may increase demand for private protection and opportunities for rent appropriation through extortion favouring the emergence of mafia type organisations we test this hypothesis by investigating the emergence of the mafia in twentieth century sicily where a severe lack of state property rights enforcement coincided with a steep rise in international demand for sulphur sicily s most valuable export commodity using historical data on the early incidence of mafia activity and on the distribution of sulphur reserves we document that the mafia was more present in municipalities with greater sulphur availability

aviation and the eu emissions trading scheme lessons learned from previous emissions trading schemes designing an emissions trading scheme requires in depth knowledge regarding several aspects this paper attempts to clarify some important design points of the forthcoming emissions trading scheme

china s income gap and inequality under clean energy transformation a cge model assessment abstract to achieve nationally determined contribution ndc targets china has developed a series of low carbon development plans among them the clean energy transformation is very crucial this study evaluates the impact of a set of policies including the development of renewable energy upgrading heavy industry and energy efficiency improvement on china s income gap between 2012 and 2050 a dynamic computable general equilibrium cge model with detailed representations of economic activity an upgraded labor market and disaggregated labor types based on statistical and survey data is used our research provides support for the necessity of low carbon policies to achieve ndc targets results show some key findings first low carbon policies have the greatest impact on employment across all energy industries with negative impacts in most traditional energy sectors and positive impacts in most renewable power sectors second labor will continue to migrate from rural to urban areas with the transformation of the economic structure and the urbanization rate will further increase reaching a maximum of around 70 the reduction of the rural population will bring new opportunities for the modernization of agriculture increasing the income of rural residents and realizing the equitable development between urban and rural areas third the income gap among urban residents will widen due to the different level of labor demand for employees with different education levels

the welfare effects and the distributive impact of carbon taxation on italian households in this work the welfare effects and the distributive impact on italian households of the italian carbon tax are calculated the carbon tax has been introduced in italy at the beginning of 1999 asking for smooth increases over a number of years in the prices of most fossil fuels its welfare effects have been calculated using true cost of living index numbers and the compensating variation the parameters have been obtained through estimation of a complete almost ideal demand system using households data from 1985 to 1996 the welfare loss turns out to be quite substantial and affects italian households in a non negligible way but the distribution of welfare losses across different levels of total monthly expenditures does not allow sustaining the regressivity of carbon taxation as the effect becomes bigger as we move up the income distribution this evidence might encourage the use of carbon taxes at least in the transport sector as cost effective instruments of environmental policy especially after the ratification of the kyoto protocol on climate change

drivers and dynamics of internal and international remittances this article analyses whether and how intra household remittance volumes vary with the length of a migrant s absence and whether the drivers and dynamics of remittance decay depend on the migrant s destination we address these questions by using data from the 64th round of the indian national sample survey conducted between july 2007 and june 2008 we find that the average intra household remittance function follows a curvilinear trajectory that is best approximated by a quartic m shaped specification the volatility of intra household remittances is distinct across migration destinations with international remittance flows being more volatile than internal intra state or inter state flows