entrepreneurial human capital and the long run survival of firms in india abstract this paper analyses the characteristics of entrepreneurs that contribute to firms survival in less developed countries ldcs the study which relies on data collected in a 1971 survey of entrepreneurs in south india and a follow up survey of surviving firms in 1993 finds that entrepreneurial human capital greatly influences firm survival the results indicate that firms founded by older entrepreneurs in higher castes are most likely to survive but that increased education of the founding entrepreneur reduces survival these results provide evidence that opportunities of entrepreneurs outside the firm ignored in most theories are important in firm survival

lords of the harvest third party influence and regulatory approval of genetically modified organisms little is known about the factors that influence regulatory agency decision making we posit that regulatory agencies are influenced by the firms they regulate but not exclusively via dyadic exchanges as is traditionally argued in the regulatory capture and business government literatures instead regulatory decisions are indirectly shaped via third party actors who shield agencies from legitimacy threats focusing empirically on the united states department of agriculture s usda approval of genetically modified organisms gmos we find that product assessments by powerful stakeholders and peer agencies influence product approval and that their effects vary under different threats we also discuss the implications of these findings for businessgovernment relations nonmarket strategy and organization theory

targeting capital a cultural economy approach to understanding the efficacy of two anti genetic engineering movements in the late 1990s the british anti genetic engineering ge movement effectively closed britain s market for genetically modified foods while the u s anti ge movement had a negligible impact in seeking to explain the different outcomes of these similar social movements the authors draw upon the global commodity chains gcc literature to extend the understanding of the economic and industry related openings and closures social movements face as they seek to promote social change this analysis not only illustrates the importance of economic structures and organization for movement outcomes but also shows how the economic sphere is culturally constituted in this fashion it broadens the social movement literature s understanding both of the way that political economy matters to movement efficacy and of the way that cultural processes infuse the economic sphere the study advances the gcc literature by showing how gccs are cultural as well as economic constructs

the two faces of governance responses to legal uncertainty in u s firms 1955 to 1985 recent neoinstitutional analyses have associated the rapid diffusion of due process governance mechanisms in the american workplace with government pressure for equal employment opportunity and affirmative action we carry the argument forward in three ways first we focus on grievance procedures and employment at will clauses to show that the legalization process produces both rights enhancing and rights negating rules second we focus on the private for profit economic sector to test more effectively the efficiency and labor control theories that have fared poorly in previous neoinstitutional studies third we explore the interactions among personnel professionals lawyers and the state in the adoption of legalistic governance mechanisms results sustain the neoinstitutional argument but also offer new support for efficiency and labor control hypotheses

off farm work decisions of husbands and wives joint decision making theoretical and econometric models are developed to examine joint wage labor participation and hours decisions of a husband and wife in farm households the econometric model is multiple equation and recursive the specification of the off farm labor supply equation of the husband wife depends on whether his her wife husband does or does not work off the farm and this structure is endogenous the model is fitted to data for iowa farm households the main conclusion is that the off farm labor supply equation of a married individual differs significantly depending on whether his or her spouse also works for a wage copyright 1989 by mit press

labor market opportunities and intrafamily time allocation in rural households in south asia this paper utilizes a time allocation survey of a four year panel of households from six villages in semi arid tropic rural india estimates of the inter relationships between adult male female and child market wage rates and time allocated to the market domestic production leisure and schooling by boys and girls are presented the role of individual unobservable heterogeneity and self selection into activity participation is also accounted for the overall results suggest the importance of the opportunity cost of time in intrafamily time use

an empirical model of labor supply in a life cycle setting this paper formulates and estimates a structural intertemporal model of labor supply using theoretical characterizations derived from an economic model of lifetime behavior a two step empirical analysis yields estimates of intertemporal and uncompensated substitution effects which provide the information needed to predict the response of hours of work to life cycle wage growth and shifts in the lifetime wage path

gender time use and change the impact of the cut flower industry in ecuador this article uses survey data from ecuador to examine the effects of women s employment on the allocation of paid and unpaid labor within the household the reader compares a region with high demand for female labor with a similar region in which demand for female labor is low the comparison suggests that market labor opportunities for women have no effect on women s total time in labor but increase men s time in unpaid labor the increase in men s time in unpaid work reflects women s increased bargaining power in the home

from streets to suites how the anti biotech movement affected german pharmaceutical firms how do social movements affect decisions within corporations such as the commercialization of new technologies we suggest that the effect of movement activism is conditioned by the internal polity and therefore varies across organizations this article examines how the anti genetic movement in germany during the 1980s affected six domestic pharmaceutical firms commercialization of biotechnology we develop a process model of how movements penetrate the relatively closed polity of private organizations external contestation weakened the position of internal champions of biotechnology precipitated divisions among organizational elites and undermined collective commitment to the technology the movement also increased perceptions of investment uncertainty but the consequences of this uncertainty depended on organizational logics of decision making as a result investments in some firms were tilted away from domestic biotechnology projects the model also explains this variation in organization level outcomes of movement contestation

organizational responses to public and private politics an analysis of climate change activists and u s oil and gas firms we explore how activists public and private politics elicit different organizational responses using data on u s petroleum companies from 1982 to 2010 we investigate how climate change activists serving as witnesses at congressional hearings and engaging in firm protests influenced firms internal and external responses we find that public politics induced internally focused practice adoption whereas private politics induced externally focused framing activities we also find that private and public politics had an interaction effect as firms faced more private political pressure they were less likely to respond to public political pressures similarly as firms faced greater public political pressure they were less likely to respond to private political pressures the results suggest that activists can have a significant impact on firm behavior depending on the mix of private and public political tactics they engage in we discuss the implications of our study for social movement research organ

gaining access by doing good the effect of sociopolitical reputation on firm participation in public policy making this paper examines the role of firms sociopolitical reputations as proxied by their perceived engagement in socially responsible practices in public policy makers decisions to grant access in the policy making process i argue that policy makers dependencies motivations and decision making processes lead them to evaluate firms by using sociopolitical reputation as a differentiating heuristic i hypothesize that firms that construct stronger sociopolitical reputations will be granted greater access and that firms existing political activity and policy makers partisanship will moderate this relationship i test these hypotheses using an 11 year panel on congressional testimony reputation and political and financial characteristics for the s p 500 and find support for all three these findings support the existence of a sociopolitical dimension to firms reputations that affects how public policy makers evaluate firms demonstrating that corporate social responsibility pays political benefits this paper was accepted by jesper sorensen organizations

program interventions intrahousehold distribution and the welfare of individuals modelling household behavior abstract in this essay the implications for the intrahousehold distribution of resources derived from economic models of household behavior that treat the household as maximizing a single welfare function are reviewed particular attention is paid to the within family allocation of time and food and to the effects of these resources on the schooling earnings and health status of individuals as they are affected by direct food intervention and female employment schemes and price altering policies empirical applications are provided from data sets from india indonesia and the philippines to illustrate the power and limitations of such models for illuminating household interventions and for placing restrictions on data

the stages of the policy process and the equal rights amendment 1972 1982 studies of how social movements impact policy outcomes typically treat policy change as a dichotomous phenomenon a governmental unit either adopts or does not adopt a particular policy in a particular time frame this simplistic view of the policy process runs the risk of masking how movements and other factors matter at various stages of the policy process each stage is characterized by different rules and different consequences thus movements and other factors ought to matter differently at each stage the authors examine three stages of policy development with regard to state ratification of the equal rights amendment results show that movements mattered more to legislative decisions in the earlier stages of the policy process but that their effects were eclipsed in later stages by public opinion

labour supply and wages among nuclear and extended households the surinamese experiment this article explores labour market behaviour of members of extended and nuclear households in suriname previous analyses have found that co operative childcare opportunities within the extended household increase female labour force participation such coordination implies correlated participation decisions which invalidates standard assumptions made in estimating participation with probits and wages with regressions we employ a gmm estimation which allows correlation among household members we find that extended and nuclear household members are not significantly different in participation propensities but do differ significantly in wages we argue that greater home production opportunities in extended households dilute labour market effort and hours reducing earnings

change actors in the u s electric energy system the role of environmental groups in utility adoption and diffusion of wind power we study the contribution of environmental groups to new technology adoption and diffusion by dominant incumbents building on institutional and social movement theory we develop a theoretical framework that sheds light on environmental groups as change actors we theorize that by approaching embedded key constituents with various strategic actions environmental groups affect taken for granted beliefs build legitimacy for renewable energy technologies and convince skeptical constituents to support the new technology we verify our theoretical framework with a case study of wind power development in colorado we find that environmentalists educate constituents on the benefits of the new technology engage in activities leading to regulatory and legislative decisions for wind while also providing direct assistance to the utility as a result utilities are both pressured and encouraged to adopt and diffuse wind power on a large scale this research directs attention to the role of environmental groups as change actors and the legitimating effects of their actions it highlights their part in creating a more favorable institutional environment for new technologies while directly influencing the incumbent s technology choice this paper contributes to an understanding of bottom up actor initiated changes in energy systems taking into account both the systemic technological infrastructure and the institutional context

the economics of movement success business responses to civil rights mobilization1 this article explores why movements are successful in obtaining concessions from economic actors while social movement theorists have suggested that economic actors weigh the costliness of protests the author considers the vulnerability of movement targets to both the cost of disruptions in routine transactions and the cost of conceding to movement demands by addressing the magnitude of these costs and their interaction the author derives an economic opportunity structure to predict the receptivity of economic actors to movement demands and the likely struggles among them over the decision to yield also this cost assessment approach reveals patterns of vulnerability across economic sectors to the costs of disruptive mobilization the author tests this analysis based on case studies of the responses of economic actors to civil rights mobilization in the 1960s in five southern localities these cases depict how the character of protest and variation in the configuration of business communities defined

determinants of nonfarm earnings of farm based husbands and wives in northern ghana the nonfarm work participation decisions of married men and women in rural northern ghana were jointly and separately estimated for married couples through a bivariate probit using recent survey data selectivity bias was corrected for in estimating wage offer and labor supply equations using heckman s procedure education experience infrastructure distance to the capital and population density as well as interactions between education and infrastructure and between education and distance to the city were found to be significantly related to the probability of nonfarm labor market participation wages and the amount of nonfarm labor performed with significant differences by gender

shadow wages and peasant family labour supply an econometric application to the peruvian sierra a striking feature of developing economies is the large proportion of the work force that is self employed lack of widespread labor market participation in the agricultural sector can pose a major obstacle to the empirical implementation of economic models of the peasant household whether because wage data are simply not available or because the assumptions required to make use of wage data stretch the bounds of credulity this paper develops a methodology for estimating a structural labor supply model for primarily self employed peasant households which holds under a general agricultural technology and set of labor market conditions the unique feature of the approach is that the opportunity cost of time or shadow wage of household workers is explicitly estimated from an agricultural production function and is subsequently used to identify a set of structural labor supply parameters recent household survey data from rural peru is employed to estimate and perform various diagnostic tests on the model the empirical findings lend support to the hypothesis that peasant households allocate their members time as if to maximize a family utility function and moreover demonstrate the tractability of the shadow wage methodology and its usefulness in estimating more elaborate time allocation models

aspirations failure and formation in rural nepal abstract aspirations or a lack thereof have recently gained the attention of economists as a behavioral constraint to future oriented behavior and investment in this paper we empirically test the theories of aspirations failure and formation articulated in appadurai 2004 ray 2006 and genicot and ray 2015 using a unique dataset from rural nepal we ask two questions 1 what is the relationship between aspirations and future oriented behavior and 2 to what extent are an individual s aspirations associated with the observable characteristics of those around her we find that aspirations correspond with future oriented economic behavior as predicted by theory investment in the future increases with aspirations up to a certain point but if the gap between one s current status and aspirations becomes too large investment subsequently declines we also find that one s aspirations are associated with outcomes of those in her social network of higher but not lower status together these findings provide empirical evidence that aspirations which may be a social phenomenon can either stimulate development or reinforce poverty

dared to care organizational vulnerability institutional logics and mncs social responsiveness in emerging markets a significant gap exists in our understanding of what explains the varying responses of multinational corporations mncs to social issues in emerging markets arguably in a setting where both market institutions and regulations and norms of corporate social responsibility are underdeveloped it is more difficult for corporations to take actions beyond those that serve their immediate economic interests proposing a social movement perspective on mncs responsiveness to social issues in emerging markets we identify the mechanisms by which online activists grab firms attention and force them to become more socially responsive a perception of organizational vulnerability and a home country institutional logic that is consistent with the demands of the online campaign provide political opportunity structures that hasten the corporate response but affect the magnitude of firm response differently we test our framework in the empirical context of corporate philanthropic action following the 2008 earthquake in sichuan province in china which triggered an online campaign that questioned mncs donations to the disaster relief effort our study contributes to the literature on heterogeneous organizational responses to social movements a better understanding of the antecedents for mncs social responsiveness in emerging markets and research on mncs

productivity of men and women and the sexual division of labor in peasant agriculture of the peruvian sierra abstract this paper estimates the productivity of men and women in the peasant agriculture of the peruvian sierra using recent household survey data a sexual division of labor on the farm implies that male and female labor are not perfectly substitutable evidence is found for female specialization on livestock production a translog production function reveals that the use of animal traction and land affect the marginal productivity of male and female labor differently suggesting that the two types of labor cannot be aggregated overall adult male labor is found to contribute more to farm output at the margin than adult female labor though the extent of the difference is sensitive to how farm output and the labor inputs are measured

determinants of women s time allocation in rural bangladesh time allocation patterns of women in developing countries have received attention due to interest in 2 problems the 1st is whether womens time is governed by economic constraints or by local customs and patriarchy 2nd is the question of whether these women have a 2 way to work or not to work or a 3 way to work inside or outside the family or not to work choice structure an economic framework is outlined that elucidates how jointly made decisions on labor force participation and hours of work affect womens time allocation decisions this econometric model of womens time allocation is based on a random sample of 500 households in different regions of rural bangladesh market production is defined as work for cash income whether inside or outside the home the study focused on married women aged 15 49 of whom 195 out of 444 engaged in market production these women tended to be younger live closer to market centers and have more schooling than those not participating in market production time use by these women was influenced by individual and household economic factors and was not rigidly set by local customs thus women in rural bangladesh will probably respond to market opportunities as development proceeds there the husbands educational level also had a large effect on time allocation and this may have been due to a spouse selection bias rather than the husband determining his wifes time use

the value and allocation of time in rural botswana abstract time use data indicate that there is substantial surplus labor in rural areas of botswana with the incidence of underutilization varying by age sex and asset position time allocations are influenced by economic incentives i e income and productivity effects the more productive capital the household has the more productive work its members perform particularly its children the positive productivity effect of capital on economic work somewhat outweighs its negative income effect time allocations also are constrained by a culturally determined division of labor by age and sex which however shows some flexibility at the margin

laws of attraction regulatory arbitrage in the face of activism in right to work states past research recognizes that firms exploit regulatory variations to their advantage but depicts such regulatory arbitrage as a dyadic process between firms and regulators we extend this account b