optimal product launch times in a duopoly balancing life cycle revenues with product cost we present a model describing the demand dynamics of two new products competing for a limited target market the demand trajectories of the two products are driven by a market saturation effect and an imitation effect reflecting the product experience of previous adopters in this general setting we provide analytical results for the sales trajectories and life cycle sales of the competing products we use these results to study the impact of launch time on overall life cycle sales we consider the perspective of one of the competing products and model the trade off between the lost revenues resulting from a delayed launch and the lower unit production costs we find that the profit maximizing launch time exhibits a counterintuitive behavior in particular we show that a firm facing a launch time delay from a competing product might benefit from accelerating its own product launch as opposed to using the softened competitive situation to further improve its cost position we identify conditions under w

considerations on providing the energy needs using exclusively renewable sources energiewende in germany abstract the share of renewables in the primary energy demand of germany has increased from 1 3 in 1990 to 11 7 in 2013 the plans are to increase it further by the year 2050 to 50 or even 100 by carrying out the national energiewende energy change switch programme in this paper we analyze the current energy scenario and recall goals of the energiewende programme we also identify infrastructural and technological bottlenecks which are likely to affect the programme execution by doing so the enormous scale of this national venture becomes apparent and it is clear that its execution will last for several generations and perhaps even for a century or two additionally we introduce an idea of exclusively green energy communities egecs as an energiewende mile stone due to the dimensions of the tasks the energy change switch programme will last for several generations and perhaps even for a century or two realization of this overwhelming national venture has to proceed through milestones and demonstration projects we propose demo projects called green energy communities gecs to examine with what efforts and under what constraints such communities can operate using exclusively renewable forms of energy

assessing the need for critical minerals to shift the german energy system towards a high proportion of renewables abstract the german government has set itself the target of reducing the country s ghg emissions by between 80 and 95 by 2050 compared to 1990 levels alongside energy efficiency renewable energy sources are set to play the main role in this transition however the large scale deployment of renewable energies is expected to cause increased demand for critical mineral resources the aim of this article is therefore to determine whether the transformation of the german energy system by 2050 energiewende may possibly be restricted by a lack of critical minerals focusing primarily on the power sector generating transporting and storing electricity from renewable sources for the relevant technologies we create roadmaps describing a number of conceivable quantitative market developments in germany estimating the current and future specific material demand of the options selected and projecting them along a range of long term energy scenarios allows us to assess potential medium or long term mineral resource restrictions the main conclusion we draw is that the shift towards an energy system based on renewable sources that is currently being pursued is principally compatible with the geological availability and supply of mineral resources in fact we identified certain sub technologies as being critical with regard to potential supply risks owing to dependencies on a small number of supplier countries and competing uses these sub technologies are certain wind power plants requiring neodymium and dysprosium thin film cigs photovoltaic cells using indium and selenium and large scale redox flow batteries using vanadium however non critical alternatives to these technologies do indeed exist the likelihood of supplies being restricted can be decreased further by cooperating even more closely with companies in the supplier countries and their governments and by establishing greater resource efficiency and recyclability as key elements of technology development

forecasting the impact of renewable energies in competition with non renewable sources abstract the diffusion dynamics of traditional and clean energy systems in the energy mix are studied in a competition modeling where their interacting life cycles are jointly described competition has only been considered recently since diffusion competition models are not easy to be implemented data are represented by yearly consumptions in mtoe of traditional sources coal oil gas and nuclear systems and a selection of renewable sources hydroelectric wind and solar power for the us europe china and india from 1965 to 2014 for each case we will investigate whether the diffusion level of traditional sources sustains or prevents the spread of renewables and vice versa for the us and europe we will take into account the link between the 2008 2009 financial crisis and the slowdown in consumptions as a matter of fact the energy sector is characterized by uncertainty due to the depletion of finite energy sources the technological and economical problems of renewables and the hypothesis of shale gas as a possible bridge to renewables that could delay the spread of latter ones in this scenario six year forecasts are provided until 2020

nonlinear production path and an alternative reserves estimate for south asian natural gas abstract natural gas is a finite resource that may be estimated directly through geophysical methodologies or indirectly through historical production data the rapid growth in consumption of this limited natural resource strictly connected to the oil economy may lead to its imminent depletion and a related economic crisis the transition to a new economy based on renewable and sustainable energy resources is a crucial challenge for the next decades at world and regional levels with different dynamics therefore an accurate forecast of the availability of natural gas is important to ensure a sustainable energy policy providing essential information about the timing of this transition postulating a finite life cycle of recoverable resources in this paper we investigate the natural gas production of four neighboring south asian states bangladesh india myanmar and pakistan we use a number of homogeneous diffusion models with convenient extensions and check the model validation in terms of prediction capability the results indicate that india and myanmar have already extracted more than 50 of their ultimately recoverable natural gas resources urr whereas good prospects for natural gas extraction remain in the near future for bangladesh and pakistan the four neighboring asian states can build a sustainable power reserve system for natural gas to meet their increasing demand within a medium term horizon some further policy implications are also suggested in this paper

the enactment of socio technical transition pathways a reformulated typology and a comparative multi level analysis of the german and uk low carbon electricity transitions 1990 2014 abstract this paper aims to make two contributions to the sustainability transitions literature in particular the geels and schot 2007 res policy 36 3 399 transition pathways typology first it reformulates and differentiates the typology through the lens of endogenous enactment identifying the main patterns for actors formal institutions and technologies second it suggests that transitions may shift between pathways depending on struggles over technology deployment and institutions both contributions are demonstrated with a comparative analysis of unfolding low carbon electricity transitions in germany and the uk between 1990 2014 the analysis shows that germany is on a substitution pathway enacted by new entrants deploying small scale renewable electricity technologies rets while the uk is on a transformation pathway enacted by incumbent actors deploying large scale rets further analysis shows that the german transition has recently shifted from a stretch and transform substitution pathway to a fit and conform pathway because of a fightback from utilities and altered institutions it also shows that the uk transition moved from moderate to substantial incumbent reorientation as government policies became stronger recent policy changes however substantially downscaled uk renewables support which is likely to shift the transition back to weaker reorientation

the welfare effects of disarmament on the united states under nato and the warsaw pact this paper develops a model of disarmament by incorporating rationing theory into the economic theory of alliance in order to provide an econometric measure of welfare gain from a disarmament treaty the author employs the cost functions predicated on rationed and unrationed demand systems by combining the economic theory of foreign aid with that of alliance the author examines the impact of disarmament on the developed economies foreign aid to developing countries as a peace dividend the model is applied to the case of the u s economy under mutual disarmament between nato and the warsaw pact copyright 1996 by mit press

the german energy transition modeling competition and substitution between nuclear power and renewable energy technologies abstract this paper studies some quantitative aspects of the energy transition in germany the energiewende which envisages the complete abandonment of nuclear power and a strong reliance on photovoltaic and wind energy for electricity provision the major aim is to shed light on and measure with indirect tools the possible social effects on competition and substitution dynamics characterizing such transition in doing so an analysis on the innovation diffusion framework is proposed through the application of two diffusion models for a duopolistic competition unrestricted and standard ucrcd to the annual time series of consumption of nuclear and renewables wind and solar energy in germany in order to test empirically the presence of such substitution effect the obtained results confirm this conjecture and show that renewables have exerted a significant and measurable effect in determining the observed decline of nuclear power consumption in particular we find that the diffusion of renewables wind and solar is characterized by a high within word of mouth testifying the widespread belief of germans towards the energy transition while the parallel diffusion of nuclear power is characterized by a highly negative cross word of mouth due to the competing role exerted by renewables

the winds of change how wind firms assess germany s energy transition abstract in september 2010 the german government initiated a plan to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energies with nuclear power as a bridging fuel following the fukushima nuclear disaster however the government decided to immediately shut down almost half of germany s reactors and phase out the rest by 2022 the outcome of germany s energy transition energiewende from high carbon and nuclear sources of power to renewable energies has implications for germany s prosperity and may serve as either a positive or negative model for other countries achieving the energiewende will require the commitment of germany s renewable energy companies whose opinions on the transition have not yet been reported this article seeks to help fill this gap by relating the views of over 80 percent of germany s wind industry per market share the firms in our study are mostly optimistic about the government s ambitious targets but express concern over the prospects for offshore wind lagging network expansion and the efficacy of extant legislation to support the transition from the government s side cost concerns have already led to discussions of slowing the transition leading to a push pullback policy approach for the transition to proceed smoothly fundamental issues such as market design must be resolved

economic effects of renewable energy expansion a model based analysis for germany abstract the increasing utilization of renewable energy sources res is a major energy policy strategy in many countries worldwide germany is a forerunner in the deployment of res and has ambitious goals for the future the support and use of renewables affects the economy it creates business opportunities in sectors producing renewable energy facilities but comes with costs related to supporting its deployment this paper analyses and quantifies the net balance of economic effects associated with renewable energy deployment in germany until 2030 to this end we use a novel model the sectoral energy economic econometric model this is an econometric multi country model which for germany contains a detailed representation of industries including 14 renewable energy technology sectors our results show that renewable energy expansion can be achieved without compromising growth or employment the analysis reveals a positive net effect on economic growth in germany net employment effects are small but also positive their size depends strongly on labour market conditions and policies results at the industry level indicate the size and direction of the need for restructuring across the sectors of the germany economy

correction to the paper optimal product launch times in a duopoly balancing life cycle revenues with product cost the aim of this note is to correct an error in the formulation of theorem 1 by savin and terwiesch savin s c terwiesch 2005 optimal product launch times in a duopoly balancing life cycle revenues with product cost oper res 53 1 26 47

what can be learned from practical cases of green economy studies from five european countries the transition to green economies has been mediated by concrete cases and experiments in a variety of different industrial and social sectors what is lacking is research that would synthesize key findings and lessons learned across a variety of cases in this study we explore ten cases of green economy of different sectors and approaches from five european countries and identify factors that have had critical importance for the success or failure of the cases our paper reveals similarities across small and large scale cases and different approaches for implementing green economy we identified critical factors related to economic viability public funding technological development impact assessments public policies and regulation social capital leadership and coordination as well as public acceptability and image according to our results transition to green economies requires negotiation between potential trade offs among multiple goals and interests of various stakeholders the mutual benefits can be communicated through valid impact assessments and the integration of r d into the practical implementation securing the continuity of funding and leadership is crucial in successful experiments and attention should be paid to fostering social capital among stakeholders instead of any single critical factor the practical implementation of green economy is related to a multiplicity of factors and causalities depending on the context the challenges with the practical implementation of green economy can only be met with patient careful and far sighted planning of green economy initiatives as well as continuous learning from past experiences

the relationships among energy consumption economic output and energy intensity of countries at different stage of development based on 3gr model the relationships between energy consumption economic effect and technical effect of countries at different stage of development developed developing and the least developed countries was figured out comparing the equivalent value of grec greo and grei during the period from 1996 to 2013 the diverse development laws in different kinds of countries was found the following conclusions were obtained 1 based on 3gr model there is a liner relationship between grec and greo or grei and an inverse relationship between grei and greo when the equivalent value of 1 greoi or 1 greii or 1 greci is a constant 2 the equivalent value of greo are in the following orders developed countries developing countries the least developed countries while that of grei have the opposite orders the orders of the equivalent value of grec are developed countries the least developed countries and developing countries from small to large the least developed countries own the largest potential to realize further development whether in economic expansion technical innovation or in optimize industrial structure while these potential in developed countries are the smallest and in developing countries are at the middle level the development in developing countries shows the most growth going forward 3 the change in energy consumption is codetermined by eo effect ei effect and their interactive effect eo effect shows the leading position among the three effects especially in developing countries and the least developed countries in developed countries ec change eo effect and ei effect are both change in a tight range while in developing countries and the least developed countries these ranges are rather large

sequential market entries and competition modelling in multi innovation diffusions abstract the diffusion of innovations for simultaneous processes cannot take into account and properly explain systematic perturbations due to competition substitution effects if they are examined one by one a first aspect in simultaneous competing diffusions is the distinction between simultaneous market entries synchronic competition and sequential entries diachronic competition in the latter case the beginning of competition may upset the first entrant s diffusion a second important aspect in multiple competition is represented by the choice to model the word of mouth effect either at the category level balanced model or at the brand level separating the within brand effect from the cross brand one unbalanced model in this paper balanced models are studied and we propose a model that allows for a change in the parameter values of the first entrant as soon as the second one enters the market the resulting differential system has a closed form solution that enables through sales data an empirical validation of the assumptions underlying the model structure improving the forecasting accuracy an application to pharmaceutical drug competition is discussed

green energy market development in germany effective public policy and emerging customer demand this paper reviews the development of renewable energy in germany from 1973 to 2003 it investigates the relative importance of energy policy and green power marketing in shaping the renewable energy market more than a decade of consistent policy support for renewables under the feed in law streg and its successor eeg has been an important driver for increasing renewable electricity generation to date putting the country in a better position than most of its peers when it comes to achieving european union targets for renewable energy green power marketing driven by customer demand on the other hand is growing but has had limited measurable impact so far we discuss potential intangible benefits of green power marketing and scenarios for future market development the paper concludes with lessons that can be learned from the german case for policy design and market development in other countries

the effects of foreign direct investment on local communities abstract little evidence exists on the effects of foreign direct investment fdi on local communities in the united states despite evidence that u s communities actively bid against each other for fdi we use detailed county level panel data from south carolina across 5 year intervals from 1980 through 1995 to investigate the effect of foreign manufacturing plants on local labor markets and on the level and distribution of local government budgets we find that foreign investment raises local real wages much more than does domestic investment but lowers per capita county government expenditures and redistributes monies away from public school expenditures

steering innovations towards a green economy understanding government intervention in this paper we analyse institutional conditions facilitating the transition towards a green economy by encouraging investment in the enhancement of natural capital and social equity focussing especially on government interventions presenting a conceptual institutional model how innovation generally occurs we depict system levels that can be influenced by government interventions to facilitate societal innovations towards a green economy we hypothesize that the transition to a green economy is about extending the possibility frontier outwards towards a greener economy while at the same time limiting the action space at the brown economy end a normative evaluation framework is presented to assess transitions correspondingly we elaborate on the emerging lessons for governance by examining evidence from five selected european case studies and provide a non exhaustive list of impacts that government intervention may have on the action spaces available at different system levels

the german energy transition as a regime shift abstract in this paper i use the resilience framework to interpret the project of transforming the german energy system into a renewable energy sources res based system the so called energiewende as a regime shift this regime shift comprises several transformations which are currently altering the technological political and economic system structure to build my argument i first sketch how technological political and economic developments reduced the resilience of the conventional fossil nuclear energy regime and created a new res regime second i depict recent changes in german public discourse and energy policy as the shift to the res regime third i highlight the challenges involved with increasing the resilience of the res regime in particular sufficient resilience of the electricity transmission grid appears to be crucial for facilitating the transformation of the whole energy system

assessment of the actual sustainability of nuclear fission power this paper uses 19 criteria to assess whether nuclear fission power can be a part of sustainable development this yes or no qualitative evaluation is due prior to ongoing marketability assessment and promotion of nuclear power by for example the iaea the iea and the uk government the criteria are classified into five groups planet results demonstrate that the incompatibility of nuclear expansion with electricity efficiency and full renewable power deployment largely overshadows the carbon free steam generation of nuclear fission prosperity analyses show that including rolled off costs and risks would raise bills to heights difficult to quantify due to doubts long term invisibility and irreversibility risks may be catastrophic and are not insurable while weaponry proliferation adds a further dimension people analyses reveal that some nuclear power is affordable for present generations when many costs remain unpaid however developing countries cannot afford the capital costs and technology intensity and catastrophes wreak havoc on national economies singling out exposed communities losing their habitats politics assessments demonstrate that nuclear technocracy dominates the scene in many countries the technocrats heavily influence policy makers the media and celebrities speaking out in favor of nuclear we identify the need for an independent global agency and for independent national nuclear regulatory institutions to safeguard the public interest

do policy mix characteristics matter for low carbon innovation a survey based exploration of renewable power generation technologies in germany abstract policy mixes may play a crucial role in redirecting and accelerating innovation towards low carbon solutions thus addressing a key societal challenge towards this end some argue that the characteristics of such policy mixes matter greatly yet with little empirical evidence backing up such claims in this paper we explore this link between policy mix characteristics and low carbon innovation using the research case of the transition of the german electricity system towards renewable energy our empirical insights are based on an innovation survey administered to german manufacturers of renewable power generation technologies which builds on the community innovation survey for our purposes we adjusted the survey to better capture companies perceptions of policy mixes employing a bivariate tobit model we find evidence that companies perceptions regarding the consistency and credibility of the policy mix are positively associated with their innovation expenditures for renewable energies and this positive link intensifies when considering the mutual interdependence of these policy mix characteristics in contrast neither the comprehensiveness of the instrument mix nor the coherence of policy processes were found to be related to innovation expenditures overall these findings suggest that future research on low carbon and eco innovation should pay greater attention to the characteristics of policy mixes rather than focusing on policy instruments only finally our findings indicate a need to consider how policy may be measured in innovation surveys to generate better informed policy advice regarding the greening of innovation

estimating the impact of the soviet union s threat on the united states japan alliance a demand system approach an empirical model of the united states japan alliance is presented by employing the linear logarithmic expenditure system to analyze and test the impact of the soviet union s threat on both allies external threats are incorporated into the demand system the empirical results obtained the military buildup by the soviet union affects the preferences of both japan and the united states toward military over civilian goods japan is more sensitive to the soviet union s threat than the united states and the external threat is a more significant factor in affecting the military expenditures of each ally than a change in prices copyright 1991 by mit press

renewable electricity generation in germany a meta analysis of mitigation scenarios german energy policy targets envision a share of electricity from renewable energy sources res e of at least 80 in 2050 how can the transformation of the german electricity sector be achieved and at what costs this paper addresses these questions by means of a meta analysis of 10 recent model based mitigation scenarios for germany it turns out that the scenarios exploit the three basic strategic options of increasing the share of res e domestic res e generation electricity demand reductions and res e imports to substantially different extents domestic res e generation increases in all scenarios particularly from onshore and offshore wind scenarios that rely heavily on reducing electricity demand require a relatively low expansion of domestic res e generation despite detailed technical analyses insights on the costs of the transformation remain limited a discussion of underlying scenario assumptions reveals that it is unclear whether i res e and system integration technology development will be as cost competitive as postulated ii implicitly assumed institutional requirements will be realized and iii relevant actors in the transformation process will be incentivized accordingly therefore future research should pursue a thorough assessment of strategic options for transforming the german electricity system that consistently integrates technologies institutions and actors

an econometric technique for comparing median voter and oligarchy choice models of collective action the case of the nato alliance this paper devises an empirical methodology for discriminating between the median voter model and the oligarchy choice model when applied to the collective provision of a public good in particular an empirical methodology is engineered so that a nested test procedure can evaluate competing models the authors apply this methodology to examine the demand for military activities of ten members of the nato alliance a two stage least squares procedure corrected for autocorrelation is used to estimate the demand equations test results vary some allies abide by the median voter model others by the oligarchy model and still others by neither copyright 1991 by mit press

migration and interregional employment redistribution in the united states during the 1970 s the south and west census regions accounted for 89 9 percent of incremental u s population and 72 5 percent of incremental nonagricultural employment these figures are sharply higher than corresponding figures for any other decade in u s history for example during the 1930 s the south and west gained 65 4 percent of incremental national population which was the highest share previously recorded the immediate cause of the interregional population shifts is fairly heavy net out migration from the northeast and north central regions to the south and west combined with birth rates that are near historical low levels interactive relationships that cause employment growth and migration to reinforce one another are probably operating but these relationships are not well understood they are the focus of this paper using a new and unique set of time series data on migration and employment we develop and estimate a time series model of migration and employment growth for each of 171 u s regions our primary emphasis in this paper is on the 57 major metropolitan

a diffusion theory model of adoption and substitution for successive generations of high technology products this study deals with the dynamic sales behavior of successive generations of high technology products new technologies diffuse through a population of potential buyers over time therefore diffusion theory models are related to this demand growth furthermore successive generations of a technology compete with earlier ones and that behavior is the subject of models of technological substitution building upon the bass bass f m 1969 a new product growth model for consumer durables management sci 15january 215 227 diffusion model we develop a model which encompasses both diffusion and substitution we demonstrate the forecasting properties of the model by estimating parameters over part of the data and projecting shipments for later periods

differential demand systems a further look at barten s synthesis barten s synthetic model is attractive to applied researchers since it is useful for testing the adequacy of the competing functional forms of differential demand systems including the popular rotterdam and almost ideal demand systems this article shows that the synthetic model is not a mere artificial composite of the known differential demand systems as it has been considered but rather viewed as a model in its own right it is demonstrated that at the individual consumer level barten s model has the same marginal budget shares as generated by specific forms of engel curves formulated by the box cox transformation

estimation of complete demand systems from household budget data the linear and quadratic expenditure systems in this paper we explore two issues in empirical demand analysis the estimation of complete systems of demand equations using household budget data section i and the incorporation of demographic characteristics into such systems section ii although there are numerous studies which use time series data to estimate complete demand systems and many which estimate engel curves from household budget data there are virtually none which combine budget data from different periods to estimate complete systems since each budget study corresponds to a single price situation one might conjecture that estimation of complete systems would not be possible unless budget studies were available from a large number of periods this is incorrect in section i we argue that interesting complete demand systems can be estimated from a small number of budget studies despite the limited price variability represented in such data to demonstrate this we use budget study data for two periods to estimate a pair of related demand systems the familiar linear expenditure system les and a quadratic expenditure system qes a generalization of les in which the demand equations are quadratic in total expenditure the inclusion of demographic variables in the analysis of household consumption patterns is desirable because there are likely to be systematic differences in the consumption behavior of households with different demographic characteristics but the effects of demographic characteristics have seldom been studied within the framework of complete demand systems in section ii we propose translating as a general method for incorporating demographic variables into complete systems of demand equations this method has not previously been discussed as a general technique for bringing demographic variables into demand systems although it has been employed in several studies to improve the estimates of the les and the qes presented in section i we reestimate these two systems using translating to incorporate family size

renewable energy costs potentials barriers conceptual issues renewable energy can become the major energy supply option in low carbon energy economies disruptive transformations in all energy systems are necessary for tapping widely available renewable energy resources organizing the energy transition from non sustainable to renewable energy is often described as the major challenge of the first half of the 21st century technological innovation the economy costs and prices and policies have to be aligned to achieve full renewable energy potentials and barriers impeding that growth need to be removed these issues are also covered by ipcc s special report on renewable energy and climate change to be completed in 2010 this article focuses on the interrelations among the drivers it clarifies definitions of costs and prices and of barriers after reviewing how the third and fourth assessment reports of ipcc cover mitigation potentials and commenting on definitions of renewable energy potentials in the literature we propose a consistent set of potentials of renewable energy supplies

industry migration and growth in the south for at least the last two decades the south and southwest have been the fastest growing regions in the united states during this period we have witnessed considerable shifts in the location of economic activity and overall the movement has been decidedly toward the south since the early sixties when this southern migration began to accelerate an increasing amount of public attention has been directed to this topic so much so that it is now popularly referred to as the sunbelt phenomenon numerous explanations have been advanced to account for this rapid growth in the south but three explanations have persistently evoked an impressive level of debate first many have argued that a significant portion of this regional redistribution can be attributed to differentials in state and local taxing policies in particular the state corporate income tax these rates vary considerably across states but even more important is the observation that there have been significant changes in the structure of corporate taxes over the last few decades beginning in the early 1950s the relative tax rate for several southern states particularly those in the east south central and west south central divisions began to decline sharply on the other hand relative tax rates for three divisions new england the east north central and the midatlantic rose in the early sixties by 1970 the relative tax rate ranged from 0 60 in the west south central down from 1 20 in 1950 to 1 37 in the mid atlantic up from 1 15 in 1950 notwithstanding these stylized facts the consensus from previous empirical work on industry location suggests that state taxes have not influenced the direction or magnitude of industry migration however there are reasons to believe that acceptance of this conclusion may be premature for example in the early body of work results were based on simple correlations of tax levels and changes in either value added or employment 2 more recent attempts to empirically model corporate tax effects have arrived at somewhat ambiguous results carlton 1977 examining three 4 digit industries found that corporate tax differentials failed to explain any of the variation in new births of firms across smsas hodge 1979 while confirming carlton s results for the same industries discovered that taxes have significantly affected regional investment patterns in another industry not covered in carlton s study 3 why taxes mattered in one industry and not in the other three remained a matter of ad hoc speculation a second explanation alleges that states in the south have begun to exhibit a more favorable business climate although it is difficult to measure directly a state s business climate one important manifestation of that climate is its position with respect to the division of power between union and management in the collective bargaining process legal obstacles to union organization and bargaining power will be viewed by firms as a positive signal of a pro business environment the creation of legislative obstareceived for publication october 29 1981 revision accepted for publication april 16 1982 miami university the author is especially indebted to michael ward at the rand corporation for numerouls helpful discussions throughout the preparation of this study also the author benefited from the advice and comments of john antel robert cotterman lee lillard john lunn william j moore james smith finis welch and two referees of this review financial suppoi t was provided by the foundation for research in economics and education at ucla and the university of british columbia humanities and social sciences committee i the relative tax is defined as a state s tax rate divided by the average for all states as in most economic discussions it is relative price that matters 2 for a review of earlier work see due 1961 some of the studies reviewed include bloom 1955 campbell 1958 floyd 1952 and larson 1957 see also garwood 1952 3 most of the other empirical work focused exclusively on intt urban location decisions and hence had no reason to examine state corporate taxes however they found local tax differentials inter zonal were unimportant in determining intra urban movement for example see moses and williamson 1967 and schmenner 1978

green economy and related concepts an overview for the last ten years the notion of a green economy has become increasingly attractive to policy makers however green economy covers a lot of diverse concepts and its links with sustainability are not always clear in this article we focus on definitions of green economy and related concepts and an evaluation of these concepts against the criterion of strong and weak sustainability the article serves three purposes firstly we identify and describe diverse theories concepts approaches and tools related to a green economy among these are the theories of environmental economics and ecological economics the concepts and approaches of cleaner production waste hierarchy bio economy industrial ecology circular economy nature based solutions and dematerialization through product servicizing and tools like life cycle assessment and cost benefit analysis secondly we develop a framework that shows the capacity of the green economy concepts approaches and tools to support the transition towards sustainability such a framework can serve as a heuristic to embed diverse concepts and approaches into a green economy framework thirdly we briefly discuss green economy concepts with respect to their impact on strong and weak sustainability depending on the different concepts approaches and tools identified in the green economy framework different degrees of substitutability and trade offs between environmental and economic benefits are allowed and more or less structural changes of our modes of living are required by discussing the notion of green economy and related concepts approaches and tools we seek to make a contribution to their definitions and relationships as a prerequisite for operationalizing green economy