household carbon inequality in urban china its sources and determinants designing mitigation policies for households requires knowledge of household carbon distributions this study surveys the household carbon inequality in urban china and analyzes its sources and determinants using weighted household survey data different from existing literatures studying carbon inequality on the international or regional level we focus on the household aspect and first survey its characteristics by some comparisons by ascribing household carbon emissions calculated by the consumer lifestyle approach to several consumption categories with the method of gini coefficient decomposition we find that residential consumption with high carbon intensity is the most important source of household carbon inequality in urban china food consumption and the consumption of educational cultural and recreational services are the next largest sources because of the consumed quantities or carbon intensity the application of shapley decomposition shows the determinants of household carbon inequality in urban china and their contributions which are household demographic characteristics 59 74 household employment and income 24 31 household burdens 8 00 and household assets and financial plans 7 95 the policy implications of these results are also discussed

world polarization in carbon emissions potential conflict and groups an updated revision abstract typically conflicts in world environmental negotiations are related amongst other aspects to the level of polarization of the countries in groups with conflicting interests given the predictable relationship between polarization and conflict it would seem logical to evaluate the degree to which the distribution of countries for example in terms of their co 2 emissions per capita would be structured through groups which in themselves are antagonistic as well as their evolution over time this paper takes the concept of polarization to explore this distribution for the period 1992 2010 looking at different analytic approaches related to the concept specifically it makes a comparative evaluation of the results associated with endogenous multi polarization measures i e egr and der indices exogenous measures i e z k or multidimensional index and strict bipolarization measures i e wolfson s measure indeed the interest lies not only in evaluating the global situation of polarization by comparing the different approaches and their temporal patterns but also in examining the explanatory capacity of the different proxy groups used as a possible reference for designing global environmental policy from a group premise

short versus long run implications of trade liberalization for poverty in three developing countries the impacts of global trade reform on poverty are a key concern in the current trade negotiations under the doha development agenda the aggregate poverty impacts of trade reform are in turn strongly linked to the impacts of such reforms on the rural population as they constitute the overwhelming majority of the poor in almost all developing countries this paper uses a new micro simulation methodology designed to analyze this critical issue the methodology is first explained and then applied to three developing countries of particular interest chile malawi and vietnam a key feature is the distinction between the short run impacts of reform where many factors most importantly selfemployed labor of the poor tend to be immobile between sectors and the longer run impacts when factors find their highest return regardless of the sector of employment this distinction makes an enormous difference and

international inequalities in per capita co2 emissions a decomposition methodology by kaya factors in this paper we provide a methodology for decomposing international inequalities in per capita co2 emissions into kaya multiplicative factors and two interaction terms we use the theil index of inequality and show that this decomposition methodology can be extended for analyzing between and within group inequality components we can thus analyze the factors behind inequalities in per capita co2 emissions across countries between groups of countries and within groups of countries the empirical illustration for international data suggests some points firstly international inequality in per capita co2 emissions is mainly attributable to inequalities in per capita income levels which helps to explain its recent reduction while differences in carbon intensity of energy and energy intensity have made a less significant contribution this result is strongly influenced by the performance of china and india secondly the between group inequality component which is the biggest component is also largely explained by the income factor thirdly the within group inequality component increased slightly during the period something mainly due to the change in the income factor and the interaction terms in a few regions

future inequality in co2 emissions and the impact of abatement proposals this paper analyzes future carbon emissions inequality using a group decomposition of the gini index business as usual projections to the year 2100 for 135 countries show inequality in per capita emissions declines slowly next the impact on emissions levels and inequality of the kyoto protocol and other abatement proposals for annex ii countries in 2010 are measured with a focus on the gap narrowing and reranking effects substantial reranking of per capita emissions between annex ii and non annex ii countries will not occur unless the former reduce their emissions by at least 50 versus 1990 levels and the latter continue growing unabated

distributional aspects of emissions in climate change integrated assessment models the recent failure of copenhagen negotiations shows that concrete actions are needed to create the conditions for a consensus over global emission reduction policies a wide coalition of countries in international climate change agreements could be facilitated by the perceived fairness of rich and poor countries of the abatement sharing at international level in this paper i use two popular climate change integrated assessment models to investigate the path and decompose components and sources of future inequality in the emissions distribution results prove to be consistent with previous empirical studies and robust to model comparison and show that gaps in gdp across world regions will still play a crucial role in explaining different countries contributions to global warming

globalization and rural poverty as is common in most contentious public debates different people mean different things by globalization some interpret it to mean the global reach of new technology and capital movements some refer to outsourcing by domestic companies in rich countries others protest against the tentacles of corporate capitalism or us hegemony economic military or cultural in this chapter i shall limit myself to interpreting globalization simply as openness to foreign trade and long term capital flows i shall ignore here the important issues arising from the devastation caused to fragile economies by billions of dollars of volatile short term capital stampeding around the globe in herd like movements or the substantial poverty reducing potential of international unskilled labour flows from poor to rich countries even if allowed in temporary and regulated doses

spatial polarization of the ecological footprint distribution abstract the international allocation of natural resources is determined not by any ethical or ecological criteria but by the dominance of market mechanisms from a core periphery perspective this allocation may even be driven by historically determined structural patterns with a core group of countries whose consumption appropriates most available natural resources and another group having low natural resource consumption which plays a peripheral role this article consists of an empirical distributional analysis of natural resource consumption as measured by ecological footprints whose purpose is to assess how strongly countries cluster together based on their ecological footprints this is the extent to which the distribution of consumption responds to polarization as opposed to mere inequality to assess this we estimate and decompose different polarization indices for a balanced sample of 119 countries over the period 1961 to 2007 our results point towards a polarized distribution which is consistent with a core periphery framework

non hbox co _2 co 2 generating energy shares in the world cross country differences and polarization the aim of this paper is to examine the spatial distribution of non hbox co 2 generating energy sources in the world for the period 1990 2009 paying special attention to the evolution of cross country disparities to this end after carrying out a classical convergence analysis a more thorough investigation of the entire distribution is presented by examining its external shape the intra distribution dynamics and the long run equilibrium distribution this analysis reveals the existence of a weak rather insignificant convergence process and that large cross country differences are likely to persist in the long run next as polarization indicators are a proper way of appraising potential conflict in international environmental negotiations we test whether or not the distribution dynamics concurs with the presence of polarization our results indicate that two poles can be clearly differentiated one with high and other with low non hbox co 2 generating energy shares in view of these findings and to ensure a fair transition to a sustainable energy system the paper calls for the development of an ambitious clean energy agenda especially in countries with low non hbox co 2 generating energy shares

inequality across countries in energy intensities an analysis of the role of energy transformation and final energy consumption this paper analyzes the role of the energy transformation index and of final energy consumption per gdp unit in the disparities in energy intensity across countries in that vein we use a theil decomposition approach to analyze global primary energy intensity inequality as well as inequality across different regions of the world and inequality within these regions the paper first demonstrates the pre eminence of divergence in final energy consumption per gdp unit in explaining global primary energy intensity inequality and its evolution during the 1971 2006 period secondly it shows the lower albeit non negligible impact of the transformation index in global primary energy inequality thirdly the relevance of regions as unit of analysis in studying cross country energy intensity inequality and their explanatory factors is highlighted and finally how regions around the world differ as to the relevance of the energy transformation index in explaining primary energy intensity inequality

what impact does the choice of formula have on international comparisons in this paper an empirical comparison of a number of alternative multilateral index number formulae is undertaken the magnitude of the effect of choosing one formula over another is ascertained using an appropriate cross sectional data set constructed under the auspices of the eurostat oecd purchasing power parity programme to this end a new indicator is proposed that facilitates the measurement of the difference between two sets of bloc consumption shares each computed using a different multilateral comparison method jel classification c31 c43 c81 e31 f31 o57 quel impact est ce que le choix des formules a sur les comparaisons internationales ce memoire propose une comparaison empirique d un certain nombre de formules de nombres indices multilateraux on tente de jauger la magnitude de l impact du choix d une formule plutot qu une autre en utilisant une base de donnees transversales appropriee construite sous l egide du programme de parite du pouvoir d achat eurostat ocde on propose un nouvel indicateur qui facilite la mesure de la difference entre deux ensembles de patterns de consommation chacun calculea l aide d une methode de comparaison multilaterale differente

structural change and poverty in africa a decomposition anakysis for cote d ivoire abstract this paper provides evidence that economic destabilization and the absence of managed structural change in an economy can be more harmful to the welfare of the poor than the process of adjustment itself evidence comes from four consecutive years of household survey data from cote d ivoire spanning both a period of adjustment and destabilization these constitute a unique data base in africa to assess the impact of structural change on the poor the analytic methodology used is that of static and dynamic decomposition of poverty measures along policy relevant dimensions

inequality of renewable energy generation across oecd countries a note abstract this study recommends the use of theil s second measure to investigate international renewable energy generation disparities this index permits disparities to be broken down within and between groups of countries in a reliable style an analysis of oecd countries for 1980 2011 shows some basic points first drop in renewable energy generation disparities is attributable both to within group and between group inequality components second between group inequalities are presently the key contributor to the inequality and further investigation on within group inequalities divulges the significant explanatory role played by north american european and asian and oceanian countries

inequality of energy intensities across oecd countries a note abstract this paper proposes the use of theil s second measure to analyze international energy intensity differences this index allows differences to be broken down within and between groups of countries in a consistent manner an analysis of oecd countries for the period 1971 1999 shows some basic points first the fall in energy intensities differences is attributable both to within group and between group inequality components second between group inequalities are currently the main contributor to the whole inequality value finally a detailed exploration on within group inequalities reveals the significant explanatory role played by eu countries

inequality in co2 emissions across countries and its relationship with income inequality a distributive approach this paper analyses the inequality in co2 emissions across countries and groups of countries and the relationship of this inequality with income inequality across countries for the period 1971 1999 the research employs the tools that are usually applied in income distribution analysis the methodology used here gives qualitative and quantitative information on some of the features of the inequalities across countries that are considered most relevant for the design and discussion of policies aimed at mitigating climate change the paper studies the relationship between co2 emissions and gdp and shows that income inequality across countries has been followed by an important inequality in the distribution of emissions this inequality has diminished mildly although the inequality in emissions across countries ordered in the increasing value of income inequality between rich and poor countries has diminished less than the simple inequality in emissions lastly the paper shows that the inequality in co2 emissions is mostly explained by the inequality between groups with different per capita income level the importance of the inequality within groups of similar per capita income is much lower and has diminished during the period especially in the low middle income group

lessons in cross vergence restructuring the thai subsidiary corporation this paper explores the impact of indigenous business culture upon the corporate restructuring program initiated in the thai subsidiary of a western multinational defined in terms of behavioral institutionalization change implementation was largely resisted by one of two key strategic departments using a conceptual framework developed from existing cross cultural business research we examine the key determinants of local opposition and trace the emergence of cross vergent business practices acceptable to both thai market and western corporate agendas implications for the management of western corporate subsidiaries in the developing economy of thailand are then discussed

economic information versus quality variation in cross country data data quality in the penn world tables varies systematically across countries that have different growth rates and are at different stages of economic development thus intro ducing measurement error correlated with variables of economic interest we explore this problem with three examples from the literature showing that the problem appears to be minor in growth convergence regressions but serious in estimating the effect of income volatility on growth and in a cross country lest of the permanent income hypothesis the results suggest at the least a need for performing appropriate sensitivity tests before draw

a formalisation and test of the factor productivity explanation of international differences in service prices this paper extends and integrates previous models of the determinants of international differences in the prices of services relative to tradable commodities the authors provide a model capable of identifying the effects of differences in total factor productivity on service price differences separately from the effects of factor endowment differences they propose a method for measuring these factor productivity difference effects and apply this to a sample of sixty countries in 1980 the authors results provide support both for the endowment difference and productivity difference explanations suggesting that in this context at least the two hypotheses are complements rather than competitors copyright 1996 by economics department of the university of pennsylvania and the osaka university institute of social and economic research association

estimates of trends in global income and resource inequalities it is often argued that the inequality in the world is increasing we study the global income and resource inequality between 1960 and late 1990s income is measured in gdp capita in terms of both current market exchange rate and purchasing power parity ppp consumption of paper energy electricity food animal food as well as emissions of carbon dioxide is also studied changes in the absolute and relative gap between the top and bottom 20 consumers as well as the atkinson measure are used as inequality indicators some remarks are made on how to compare income across countries and how inequality should be measured we find that the inequality in terms of gdp capita measured in ppp terms is rather stable in relative terms but increasing in absolute terms we conclude that inequality as measured by the atkinson index is decreasing for all resources but that the gap in resource consumption in absolute terms is increasing for paper and electricity consumption

an implicitly additive demand system the problem of endowing large applied general equilibrium models with numerical values for parameters is formidable for example a complete set of own and cross price elasticities of demands for the monash model of the australianeconomy involves in excess of 50000 items invoking the minimal assumptions that demand is generated by utility maximization reduces the load to about 26000 obviously still a number much too large for unrestrained econometric estimation to obtain demand systems estimates for a dozen or so generic commodities at a top level of aggregation categories like food clothing and footwear etc typically johansen s lead has been followed and directly additive preferences imposed upon the underlying utility function with the move beyond one step linearized solutions of applied general equilibrium models the functional form of the demand system adopted becomes an issue the most celebrated of the additive preference demand systems the linear expenditure system les has one

polarization of co2 emissions in china s electricity sector production versus consumption perspectives abstract the inter provincial inequality of per capita co2 emissions in china s electricity sector means that their responsibilities for co2 emission reduction are different considering the spatial separation of co2 emissions in power production and consumption with respect to the large scale inter provincial electricity trade in china this paper innovatively investigates the sub national inequality and polarization degree of per capita co2 emissions in china s electric power sector from the perspectives of both production and consumption the overall tendencies of the sub national polarization degrees of per capita co2 emissions embodied in the both electric power consumption and production in china show an increasing trend the results indicate that the polarization distribution of per capita co2 emissions is still one of the important factors leading to difficulties in achieving the new reduction arrangements the evolution of the bi polarization analysis shows that the grouping results of per capita co2 emissions are different from production and consumption perspectives as well as the high and low emission groups have significantly different characteristics the inequality and polarization degree of per capita co2 emissions in china s electric power sector have changed as the co2 emissions embodied in the electricity trade had been taken into account one size fits all strategies are unlikely to be successful in advancing the provincial cooperation on co2 emissions reduction

the nature of managerial work in developing countries a limited test of the universalist hypothesis is the nature of managerial work universal such that worldwide similarities exist between the activities of managers we measure the frequency that managers are involved with forty four skill activities and then test the universalist hypothesis against two competing hypotheses situational and convergence while we find some evidence that refutes the universalist hypothesis overall we find surprisingly strong support for it in that the relative frequency with which managers from one stratum of one nation are involved in various skill activities reflects the relative frequency with which managers from other strata within the same nation and from nations of different cultural industrialized standing are involved in the same activities

international ecological footprint inequality a methodological review and some results scarcities of environmental services are no longer merely a remote hypothesis consequently analysis of their inequalities between nations becomes of paramount importance for the achievement of sustainability this paper aims on the one hand at revising methodological aspects of the inequality measurement of certain environmental data and on the other at extending the scarce empirical evidence relating to the international distribution of ecological footprint ef most of the techniques currently important in the literature are revised and then tested on ef data with interesting results we consider the underlying properties of different inequality indices those indices which fit best with environmental inequality measurements are cv 2 and ge 2 because of their neutrality property subgroup and source decompositions are also discussed from a methodological perspective empirically this paper contributes to the environmental inequality measurement of ef this inequality has been quite stable subgroup decomposition by using exogenous country groups world bank classification conclude that between group inequality explains almost the totality of international ef inequality source decomposition warns of the dangers of confining co 2 emissions reduction to crop based energies because of the implications for basic needs satisfaction

what difference do polarisation measures make an application to china in recent years there has been much discussion of the difference between inequality and polarisation the vast literature on inequality is held to miss out key features of distributional change which are better described as changes in polarisation axioms have been proposed which capture some of these differences and measures of polarisation as distinct from inequality have been suggested the theoretical distinctions proposed in this literature are indeed interesting but do the newly proposed measures of polarisation give different results in comparing societies over time we address these questions for china where dramatic increases in inequality and polarisation have been much discussed in the literature we find that contrary to theoretical expectation the new measures of polarisation do not generate very different results from the standard measures of inequality the paper ends by considering a different approach to polarisation which might better conform to the policy concerns expressed in t

the building blocks of international ecological footprint inequality a regression based decomposition this paper carries out an empirical decomposition of international inequality in the ecological footprint with a view to quantifying the extent of the contribution of explanatory variables such as countries affluence economic structure demographic characteristics climate and technology using data for the period 1993 2007 the regression based inequality decomposition methodology we use allows us to extend the results obtained in standard environmental impact regressions stirpat models and to deal with an often neglected aspect of such models that of equity within generations the results obtained point towards the prioritization of policies which take into account both future and present generations in this regard economic redistribution should be considered as a primary environmental policy

factor endowments nontradables prices and measures of openness abstract the familiar dollar index of country openness is obtained essentially by attempting to remove the influence of nontradables prices from data on country price levels with residual price differences hypothesised to measure trade impediments differences in nontradables prices are in turn hypothesised to reflect differences in factor endowments which dollar proxies by gdp per capita this paper examines both the theoretical and empirical biases introduced to estimates of nontradables prices by using this proxy we show that while the approach provides a reasonable approximation on average relatively agricultural land or labour abundant countries are particularly poorly captured by gdp per capita

explanatory factors of co2 per capita emission inequality in the european union the design of european mitigation policies requires a detailed examination of the factors explaining the unequal emissions in the different countries this research analyzes the evolution of inequality in co2 emissions per capita in the european union eu 27 in the period 1990 2009 and its explanatory factors for this purpose we decompose the theil index of inequality into the contributions of the different kaya factors the decomposition is also applied to the inequality between and within groups of countries north europe south europe and east europe the analysis shows an important reduction in inequality to a large extent due to the smaller differences between groups and because of the lower contribution of the energy intensity factor the importance of the gdp per capita factor increases and becomes the main explanatory factor however within the different groups of countries the carbonization index appears to be the most relevant factor in explaining inequalities the policy implications of the results are discussed

analysis of the international distribution of per capita co2 emissions using the polarization concept abstract the concept of polarization is linked to the extent that a given distribution leads to the formation of homogeneous groups with opposing interests this concept which is basically different from the traditional one of inequality is related to the level of inherent potential conflict in a distribution the polarization approach has been widely applied in the analysis of income distribution the extension of this approach to the analysis of international distribution of co 2 emissions is quite useful as it gives a potent informative instrument for characterizing the state and evolution of the international distribution of emissions and its possible political consequences in terms of tensions and the probability of achieving agreements in this paper we analyze the international distribution of per capita co 2 emissions between 1971 and 2001 through the adaptation of the polarization concept and measures we find that the most interesting grouped description deriving from the analysis is a two groups one which broadly coincide with annex b and non annex b countries of the kyoto protocol which shows the power of polarization analysis for explaining the generation of groups in the real world the analysis also shows a significant reduction in international polarization in per capita co 2 emissions between 1971 and 1995 but not much change since 1995 which might indicate that polarized distribution of emission is still one of the important factors leading to difficulties in achieving agreements for reducing global emissions

cross country polarisation in co2 emissions per capita in the european union changes and explanatory factors we analyse the degree of polarisation in the international distribution of co2 emissions per capita in the european union it is analytically relevant to examine the degree of instability inherent to a distribution and in the analysed case the likelihood that the distribution and its evolution will increase or decrease the chances of reaching an agreement on climate policy two approaches were used to measure polarisation the endogenous approach in which countries are grouped according to their similarity in terms of emissions and the exogenous approach in which countries are grouped geographically our findings indicate a clear decrease in polarisation since the mid 1990s which can essentially be explained by the fact that the different groups have converged i e antagonism among the co2 emitters has decreased as the contribution of energy intensity to between group differences has decreased this lower degree of polarisation in co2 distribution suggests a situation more conducive to the possibility of reaching eu wide agreements on the mitigation of co2 emissions

estimating consumer demands across the development spectrum maximum likelihood estimates of an implicit direct additivity model abstract this paper characterizes consumer demand patterns across the development spectrum using elasticity estimates from a demand system possessing non linear engel effects demands for six broadly defined goods are then projected under the assumption that per capita expenditure growth rates differ across the development spectrum such projections illustrate the extent to which non linear income effects generate more plausible demand responses estimated marginal budget shares for food decline in a logistical manner and range from about 0 5 for ethiopia to less than 0 05 for the usa engel elasticities for food range from 0 95 for ethiopia to less than 0 1 for the usa

privatization and economic growth an empirical investigation from a sample of developing market economies this paper explores the economic determinants of privatization programmes and the macroeconomic impact of this institutional reform on the growth rate of the gdp a sample of thirty five developing market economies is considered over the 1988 92 period probit and tobit models are used to identify the determinants of successful privatization programmes then regressions are run where probabilities probit and expected values tobit are successively included as additional regressors beside the potential influence of other economic policy variables a significant positive effect is highlighted giving evidence of the importance of divestiture the economic effect is found to be stronger when this institutional reform took place in industry or infrastructure

world product and income international comparisons of real gross product the volume reports on the third phase of the united nations international comparison project icp the main results provide comparisons of real gross domestic product gdp per capita for thirty four countries in 1975 quantity and price comparisons are given also for personal consumption capital formation and public consumption and further subdivisions of final expenditures on gdp are estimated