an evaluation of technical progress and energy rebound effects in china s iron steel industry abstract as a pillar industry in china the iron steel sector have under through rapid growth and technical progress for decades however energy polices aiming at energy savings may not be as good as expected due to the existence of rebound effects the motivation of the paper is to analysis the nexus between technical progress and energy rebound effects based on a three input trans log cost function model we first estimate the share equation and the corresponding price elasticity for each input factor then the rebound effect in china s iron steel industry over 1985 2015 is evaluated through decomposing the energy prices empirical results show that 1 the price elasticities of input factors are negative 2 energy capital and energy labor show substitute relationships 3 the average energy rebound effect in the isi is as high as 73 88 4 the energy rebound effect shows a downward trend before the 11th five year period and then an upward trend after that therefore policies proposals of lowering the rebound effect should be placed not only on technical progress but also on energy price reform by reducing energy subsidies and thus accelerating energy price marketization so as to promote energy substitution reduce energy rebound effect and produce further economic and environmental benefits

defining the rebound effect abstract this paper gives rigorous definitions of the rebound effect not only in the well described single commodity case khazzoom 1980 the energy journal 1 4 21 40 but also for a multiple commodity case it is shown that the familiar laws for the single case do not hold for the multiple case the paper describes the state of the art of empirical estimation of the rebound effect with special focus on the estimates done for the netherlands we conclude that according to every definition empirical evidence shows that the re is probably small between 0 and 15

survey evidence on the willingness of u s consumers to pay for automotive fuel economy abstract prospect theory holds that human beings faced with a risky bet will tend to value potential losses about twice as much as potential gains previous research has demonstrated that prospect theory could be sufficient to explain an energy paradox in the market for automotive fuel economy this paper analyzes data from questions added to four commercial multi client surveys of 1000 u s households each in 2004 2011 2012 and 2013 households were asked about willingness to pay for future fuel savings as well as the annual fuel savings necessary to justify a given upfront payment payback periods inferred from household responses are generally consistent over time and across different formulations of questions mean calculated payback periods are about 3 years but there is substantial dispersion among individual responses the calculated payback periods do not appear to be correlated with the attributes of respondents respondents were able to quantitatively describe their uncertainty about both vehicle fuel economy and future fuel prices simulation of loss averse behavior based on respondents stated uncertainty illustrates how loss aversion could lead consumers to substantially undervalue future fuel savings relative to their expected value

the symbiotic rebound effect in the circular economy abstract the circular economy has emerged as an important approach in addressing how society can use its resources more efficiently theoretical advancements in the circular economy have yielded benefits for both practice and policymaking however if the eco efficiency of resource use is to be improved then certain challenges that face the circular economy must be resolved one of these challenges concerns the rebound effect by investigating resource flow with a circular rather than linear system as well as within a producer producer rather than producer consumer type of relationship we identify a rebound effect that we term symbiotic rebound we differentiate it from other forms of rebound effect on the basis of its main driver opportunity costs drive a higher than expected use of resources in a circular economy rather than the usual driver of demand as found in other types of rebound in identifying describing and illustrating a symbiotic rebound effect we make two contributions first to the rebound literature and second to theory development on the circular economy

regional energy rebound effect the impact of economy wide and sector level energy efficiency improvement in georgia usa abstract rebound effect is defined as the lost part of ceteris paribus energy savings from improvements on energy efficiency in this paper we investigate economy wide energy rebound effects by developing a computable general equilibrium cge model for georgia usa the model adopts a highly disaggregated sector profile and highlights the substitution possibilities between different energy sources in the production structure these two features allow us to better characterize the change in energy use in face of an efficiency shock and to explore in detail how a sector level shock propagates throughout the economic structure to generate aggregate impacts we find that with economy wide energy efficiency improvement on the production side economy wide rebound is moderate energy price levels fall very slightly yet sectors respond to these changing prices quite differently in terms of local production and demand energy efficiency improvements in particular sectors epicenters induce quite different economy wide impacts in general we expect large rebound if the epicenter sector is an energy production sector a direct upstream downstream sector of energy production sectors a transportation sector or a sector with high production elasticity our analysis offers valuable insights for policy makers aiming to achieve energy conservation through increasing energy efficiency

access based consumption the case of car sharing access based consumption defined as transactions that can be market mediated but where no transfer of ownership takes place is becoming increasingly popular yet it is not well theorized this study examines the nature of access as it contrasts to ownership and sharing specifically the consumer object consumer consumer and consumer marketer relationships six dimensions are identified to distinguish among the range of access based consumptionscapes temporality anonymity market mediation consumer involvement the type of accessed object and political consumerism access based consumption is examined in the context of car sharing via an interpretive study of zipcar consumers four outcomes of these dimensions in the context of car sharing are identified lack of identification varying significance of use and sign value negative reciprocity resulting in a big brother model of governance and a deterrence of brand community the implications of our findings for understanding the nature of exchange consumption and brand community are discussed

does predicted rebound depend on distinguishing between energy and energy services pour analyser le role des services energetiques et des combustibles dans l effet de relance de la consommation d energie liee a des actions d amelioration de l efficacite energetique plusieurs approches sont utilisees et comparees celle de cobb douglas celle de leontief et celle de la croissance equilibree

incentives for helping on the job theory and evidence recent advances in incentive theory stress the multidimensional nature of agent effort and specifically cases where workers affect one anothers performance through helping efforts this article models helping efforts as determined by the compensation package and task allocation the model is tested with australian evidence on reported helping efforts within work groups the evidence consistently supports the hypothesis that helping efforts are reduced while individual efforts are increased when promotion incentives are strong piece rates and profit sharing appear to have little effect on helping efforts while task variety and helping efforts are positively correlated

the rebound effect for heavy industry empirical evidence from china abstract energy efficiency improvement will reduce the effective price of energy services and hence at least partially mitigate original expected energy conservation therefore the magnitude of rebound effect is important for the design and timing of an effective energy conservation policy under the framework of translog cost share equations we estimates the direct rebound effect for heavy industry in china for the first time by conducting an empirical research on the relationship between the direct rebound effect and the ease with which energy services can substitute for other inputs additionally asymmetric price responses are specified in the model for the rebound effect estimation empirical results in our paper indicate that the rebound effect for heavy industry in china is about 74 3 this reveals that energy efficiency improvement can save energy to a certain degree since the rebound effect is less than 100 back fire but most of the expected reduction in heavy industry energy consumption is mitigated these findings prove that energy pricing reforms and energy taxes should be further implemented to achieve effective energy conservation in china s 12th five years plan

understanding collaborative consumption an extension of the theory of planned behavior with value based personal norms collaborative consumption is proposed as a potential step beyond unsustainable linear consumption patterns toward more sustainable consumption practices despite mounting interest in the topic little is known about the determinants of this consumer behavior we use an extended theory of planned behavior to examine the relative influence of consumers personal norms and the theory s basic sociopsychological variables attitudes subjective norms and perceived behavioral control on collaborative consumption moreover we use this framework to examine consumers underlying value and belief structure regarding collaborative consumption we measure these aspects for 224 consumers in a survey and then assess their self reported collaborative consumption behavior in a second survey our structural model fits the data well collaborative consumption is more strongly through intentions influenced by personal norms and attitudes than by subjective norms personal norms to consume collaboratively are determined by consumers altruistic biospheric and egoistic value orientations cost savings efficient use of resources and community with others are found to be consumers attitudinal beliefs underlying collaborative consumption we conclude that collaborative consumption can be pin pointed neither as a mere form of economic exchange nor as a primarily normative form of sharing resources instead collaborative consumption is determined by economic egoistic e g cost savings and normative e g altruistic and biospheric value orientations motives implications for collaborative consumption research the theory of planned behavior and practitioners are discussed

jevons paradox revisited the evidence for backfire from improved energy efficiency beginning with william stanley jevons in 1865 a number of authors have claimed that economically justified energy efficiency improvements will increase rather than reduce energy consumption jevons paradox is extremely difficult to test empirically but could have profound implications for energy and climate policy this paper summarises and critiques the arguments and evidence that have been cited in support of jevons paradox focusing in particular on the work of len brookes and harry saunders it identifies some empirical and theoretical weaknesses in these arguments highlights the questions they raise for economic orthodoxy and points to some interesting parallels between these arguments and those used by the biophysical school of ecological economics while the evidence in favour of jevons paradox is far from conclusive it does suggest that economy wide rebound effects are larger than is conventionally assumed and that energy plays a more important role in driving productivity improvements and economic growth than is conventionally assumed

decoupling waste generation from economic growth a cge analysis of the swedish case abstract over the past decades we have seen the quantities of solid waste increase in close relation to economic growth to tackle this problem of continuing waste growth the eu has on its agenda that waste generation should decouple from economic growth within the eu in the future sweden also has stated a target of non increasing future waste quantities the strength of the policy measures needed to attain this target is here illustrated by comparing the waste intensity outcomes in a decoupling scenario and a baseline scenario of the swedish economy 2006 2030 a computable general equilibrium cge model is used for linking waste generation to firms material input firms production and households consumption when projecting future quantities of hazardous and non hazardous waste in sweden we show that to offset the effect of economic growth on waste generation in the decoupling scenario the intensities of material related wastes must decrease at a yearly rate that is about twice the historically estimated reduction rate used in the baseline scenario the reduction in the intensities of waste related to firms production and households consumption must also be substantial compared to historical estimates

empirical estimates of the direct rebound effect a review beginning with william stanley jevons in 1865 a number of authors have claimed that economically justified energy efficiency improvements will increase rather than reduce energy consumption jevons paradox is extremely difficult to test empirically but could have profound implications for energy and climate policy this paper summarises and critiques the arguments and evidence that have been cited in support of jevons paradox focusing in particular on the work of len brookes and harry saunders it identifies some empirical and theoretical weaknesses in these arguments highlights the questions they raise for economic orthodoxy and points to some interesting parallels between these arguments and those used by the biophysical school of ecological economics while the evidence in favour of jevons paradox is far from conclusive it does suggest that economy wide rebound effects are larger than is conventionally assumed and that energy plays a more important role in driving productivity improvements and economic growth than is conventionally assumed 2008 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

energy efficiency rebound effects and the environmental kuznets curve technological change is one factor used to justify the existence of an environmental kuznets curve and technological improvements have been argued to be a key factor in mitigating the impacts of economic growth on environmental quality in this paper we use a cge model of the scottish economy to consider the factors influencing the impacts of one form of technological change improvements in energy efficiency on absolute levels of co2 emissions on the carbon intensity of the economy co2 emissions relative to real gdp and the per capita ekc relationship these factors include the elasticity of substitution between energy and non energy inputs responses in the labour market and the structure of the economy our results demonstrate the key role played by the general equilibrium price elasticity of demand for energy and the relative influence of different factors on this parameter

the impacts of removing energy subsidies on economy wide rebound effects in china an input output analysis abstract facing with the increasing contradiction of economic growth energy scarcity and environmental deterioration energy conservation and emissions abatement have been ambitious targets for the chinese government improving energy efficiency through technological advancement is a primary measure to achieve these targets however the existence of energy rebound effects may completely or partially offset energy savings associated with technological advancement this paper adopted a modified input output model to estimate the economy wide energy rebound effects across china s economic sectors with the consideration of energy subsidies the empirical results show that the aggregate rebound effect of china is about 1 9 in 2007 2010 thus technological advancement significantly restrains energy consumption increasing removing energy subsidies will cause the aggregate rebound effect declines to 1 53 specifically removing subsidies for coal and nature gas can reduce the rebound effects signifcantly while removing the subsidies for oil products has a small impact on rebound effect the existence of rebound effects implies that technological advancement should be cooperated with energy price reform so as to achieve the energy saving target in addition the government should consider the diversity of economic sectors and energy types when design the reform schedule

countervailing market responses to corporate co optation and the ideological recruitment of consumption communities from a conventional theoretical standpoint the corporatization of the organic food movement is an example of co optation co optation theory conceptualizes the commercial marketplace as an ideological force that assimilates the symbols and practices of a counterculture into dominant norms our alternative argument is that co optation can generate a countervailing market response that actively promotes the oppositional aspects of a counterculture attenuated by the process of commercial mainstreaming to develop this theoretical argument we analyze community supported agriculture which has emerged in response to the corporate co optation of the organic food movement we conclude by discussing how tacit political ideologies structure consumption communities

the rebound effect microeconomic definitions limitations and extensions abstract the rebound effect results in part from an increased consumption of energy services following an improvement in the technical efficiency of delivering those services this increased consumption offsets the energy savings that may otherwise be achieved if the rebound effect is sufficiently large it may undermine the rationale for policy measures to encourage energy efficiency the nature and magnitude of the rebound effect is the focus of long running dispute with energy economics this paper brings together previous theoretical work to provide a rigorous definition of the rebound effect to clarify key conceptual issues and to highlight the potential consequences of various assumptions for empirical estimates of the effect the focus is on the direct rebound effect for a single energy service indirect and economy wide rebound effects are not discussed beginning with khazzoom s original definition of the rebound effect we expose the limitations of three simplifying assumptions on which this definition is based first we argue that capital costs form an important part of the total cost of providing energy services and that empirical studies that estimate rebound effects from variations in energy prices are prone to bias second we argue that energy efficiency should be treated as an endogenous variable and that empirical estimates of the rebound effect may need to apply a simultaneous equation model to capture the joint determination of key variables third we explore the implications of the opportunity costs of time in the production of energy services and highlight the consequences for energy use of improved time efficiency the influence of time costs on the rebound effect and the existence of a parallel rebound effect with respect to time each of these considerations serves to highlight the difficulties in obtaining reliable estimates of the rebound effect and the different factors that need to be controlled for we discuss the implications of these findings for econometric studies and argue that several existing studies may overestimate the magnitude of the effect

modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management tests of universalistic contingency and configurational performance predictions the field of strategic human resource management shrm has been criticized for lacking a solid theoretical foundation this article documents that contrary to this criticism the shrm literature

the provision of incentives in firms i ncentives are the essence of economics despite many wide ranging claims about their supposed importance there has been little empirical assessment of incentive provision for workers the purpose of this paper is to critically overview existing work on the provision of incentives since the interests of workers and their employers are not always aligned a large theoretical literature has emphasized how firms design compensation contracts to induce employees to operate in the firm s interest this literature has reached into many areas of compensation and has pointed to a multitude of different mechanisms that can be used to induce workers to act in the interests of their employers these include piece rates options discretionary bonuses promotions profit sharing efficiency wages deferred compensation and so on my objective here is to evaluate this literature in the light of a growing empirical literature on compensation where possible i will address the literature from two perspectives first an underlying assumption of this literature is that individuals respond to contracts that reward performance accordingly i consider whether agents behave in this way and whether these responses are always in the firm s interest second i address whether firms write contracts with these responses in mind in other words do contracts look like the predictions of the theory incentives are provided to workers

negative rebound and disinvestment effects in response to an improvement in energy efficiency in the uk economy this paper uses a computable general equilibrium cge framework to investigate the conditions under which rebound effects may occur in response to increases in energy efficiency in the uk national economy previous work for the uk has suggested that rebound effects will occur even where key elasticities of substitution in production are set close to zero the research reported in this paper involves carrying out a systematic sensitivity analysis where relative price sensitivity is gradually introduced into the system focusing specifically on elasticities of substitution in production and trade parameters in order to determine conditions under which rebound effects become a likely outcome the main result is that while there is positive pressure for rebound effects even where direct and indirect demands for energy are very price inelastic this may be partially or wholly offset by negative income competitiveness and disinvestment effects which also occur in response to falling energy prices the occurrence of disinvestment effects is of particular interest these occur where falling energy prices reduce profitability in domestic energy supply sectors leading to a contraction in capital stock in these sectors which may in turn lead to rebound effects that are smaller in the long run than in the short run a result that runs contrary to the predictions of previous theoretical work in this area

a view from the macro side rebound backfire and khazzoom brookes abstract this paper attempts to delineate a few key insights extracted from theoretical macroeconomic considerations of the rebound issue the goal has been to reduce these thoughts to a clear set of assertions that if true would be useful points of reference in the ongoing discussion despite their non empirical nature

heterogeneity in the rebound effect further evidence for germany rebound effects measure the behaviorally induced offset in the reduction of energy consumption following efficiency improvements using both panel estimation and quantile regression methods on household travel diary data collected in germany between 1997 and 2009 this study investigates the heterogeneity of the rebound effect in private transport with the average rebound effect being in the range of 57 to 62 our results are in line with a recent german study by frondel peters and vance 2008 but are substantially larger than those obtained from other studies furthermore our quantile regression results indicate that the magnitude of estimated fuel price elasticities from which rebound effects can be derived depends inversely on the household s driving intensity households with low vehicle mileage exhibit fuel price elasticities and hence rebound effects that are significantly larger than those for households with high vehicle mileage

on the rebound feedback between energy intensities and energy uses in iea countries abstract the interaction or feedback between energy efficiencies or energy intensities and energy use has long been the topic of debate some have argued that energy efficiency improvements by reducing energy intensities and therefore lowering the cost of energy services would lead to rebound effects offsetting much or all of any initial savings in energy in this paper we analyse historical data on energy use efficiency and pricing in different sectors to try and identify rebounds for the period of our data since about 1970 we show that key measures of activity car use manufacturing output and structure house area etc have changed little in response to changes in energy prices or efficiency instead continuing their long term evolution relative to gdp or other driving factors while our analysis cannot disentangle more macro level economic feedbacks in a detailed way we show indirectly that such effects also appear to have been small over the 1970s and 1980s overall our analysis of disaggregated sectoral and subsectoral energy use and activity trends in a variety of iea economies suggests that any feedback effect is small compared to both the effects on energy use of changes in energy intensities and overall economic growth we conclude that most of the improvements in energy efficiencies led to reductions in energy intensities observed in the 1970s and 1980s weighted by 1990 activity levels intensities were roughly 15 20 lower in 1994 5 than in 1973 which in turn meant real savings of energy energy demand in iea countries is roughly this much below what it would have been for the same gdp had these savings not occurred rebounds may have taken back some of the overall savings but most remain even after the fall of oil prices in 1986 any boost to gdp as a result of these savings could not have been sufficient to increase energy demand enough to significantly alter these conclusions that the savings remained after the fall in oil prices supports the notion that net savings restrained energy growth relative to gdp in some formulations arise from technological progress even if energy prices do not increase how far this effect can reach however is a matter of considerable debate

fuel conserving and using production functions abstract this article compares eight production cost functions used or potentially useful for exploring how energy efficiency gains affect energy consumption we show the practitioner s choice of function can inadvertently pre determine results and make recommendations as to which functions are flexible enough to prevent this we also show pre selected factor substitution elasticities can similarly pre determine results to aid the comparison we decompose the energy consumption rebound effect into intensity and output income effects which also delivers insight into the mechanisms of rebound we conclude by recommending practitioners restrict themselves to either the gallant fourier or the generalized leontief symmetric generalized barnett cost functions as being sufficiently rebound flexible the translog cost function may be suitable given certain conditions and a particular form of the ces solow function is a possible but problematic candidate along the way the article provides a general methodology for similarly examining any arbitrarily defined constant returns to scale production or cost function

do increases in energy efficiency improve environmental quality and sustainability governments world wide increasingly see energy efficiency as an important aspect of sustainability however there is a debate in the literature as to whether the impact of improved energy efficiency on reducing energy use might be partially or more than wholly offset through rebound and backfire effects this paper clarifies the theoretical conditions under which such effects would occur and explores their likely significance using a computable general equilibrium cge model of the scottish economy we find that for scotland a general improvement in energy efficiency in the production sectors of the economy initially produces rebound effects that eventually grow into backfire energy use ultimately increases in response to an efficiency gain and the ratio of gdp to co2 emissions falls the economic factors underpinning rebound effects are straightforward energy efficiency improvements result in an effective cut in energy prices which produces output substitution competitiveness and income effects that stimulate energy demands however the presence of strong rebound or even backfire does not mean that efficiency enhancing policies are irrelevant rather it suggests that such policies operating alone are insufficient to generate environmental improvements the implication is that a co ordinated portfolio of energy policies is required

the role of performance related pay in renegotiating the effort bargain the case of the british public service much of the academic and policy literature on performance related pay prp focuses on its role as an incentive system its role as a means for renegotiating performance norms has been largely neglected this study examines the introduction of performance related pay based mostly on appraisals by line managers in britain s public services during the 1990s previous research indicates that prp failed to motivate many of the staff and that its operation was divisive nevertheless other information suggests that productivity rose this article seeks to resolve the paradox using contract theory to show that performance pay was the instrument of a major renegotiation of performance norms and that this rather than motivation was the principal dynamic goal setting and appraisal by line managers played a key role in this process

economic analysis of brazilian policies for energy efficient electric motors brazil is leading several energy efficiency initiatives and has ambitious goals for 2030 according to the brazilian national energy plan 2030 one of the main initiatives is the minimum efficiency performance standards meps program for energy driven equipment and the electric motors appear as the most significant one 49 share of the total electricity consumption the meps levels set new grades for efficiency and then manufacturers and consumers have to conform to the new products and costs policy makers have to economically assess the effects of these meps in order to maintain the market stability since the benefits of this program come from future energy savings this cost effective analysis has to consider the parameters uncertainty and the results should reinforce the market players confidence thus the goal of this work is first to analyze the economic viability of the meps transitions in brazil considering the uncertainty of the parameters involved and then to estimate the effects of this program on the energy savings goals for 2030 at the end we also verify whether this investment in energy efficiency is competitive with other forms of investments in energy

how robust are estimates of the rebound effect of energy efficiency improvements a sensitivity analysis of consumer heterogeneity and elasticities abstract economy wide rebound effects may undermine climate policies relying on energy efficiency improvements however available rebound estimates diverge widely we illustrate the crucial role of model assumptions of household heterogeneity and elasticities a computable general equilibrium model of the austrian economy incorporates multiple household groups with heterogeneous preferences and analyzes how improving efficiency by 10 affects household fossil fuel consumption in the base model economy wide rebound is 65 different household groups show direct rebound of 8 12 thus economy wide rebound is mainly advanced by indirect rebound a sensitivity analysis using monte carlo simulation varies elasticities between household groups namely substitutability between material and energy goods and between different energy goods in 160 simulation runs the economy wide rebound emerges as rather robust by contrast direct rebound varies widely among household groups and attains 30 where reciprocal feedback between groups builds up in the base model a fossil fuel tax rate of 43 neutralizes the economy wide rebound when elasticities in 180 simulation runs are varied this tax rate spans from 15 to 80 thus rebound estimates and derived policy advice such as specific rates and numbers should be treated with great caution unless elasticity parameters are reliable and account for heterogeneous consumer preferences

energy efficiency as an instrument of regional development policy the impact of regional fiscal autonomy this paper analyses the system wide impact of increased household energy efficiency in a regional context using scotland as an example it shows that household energy efficiency improvements typic

consumption driven market emergence new market development is well theorized from a firm centered perspective but research has paid scant attention to the emergence of markets from consumption activity the exceptions conceptualize market emergence as a product of consumer struggle against prevailing market logics this study develops a model of consumption driven market emergence in harmony with existing market offerings using ethnographic methods and actor network theory the authors chronicle the emergence of a new market within the motorcycle industry that develops with neither active participation nor interference from mainstream industry players findings reveal a process of multiple translations wherein consumers mobilize human and nonhuman actors to co constitute products practices and infrastructures these drive the growth of interlinked communities of practice which ultimately are translated into a fully functioning market the study highlights the roles of distributed innovation and diffusion embedded entrepreneurship and market catalysts in processes of market change and development

play at any cost how cosplayers produce and sustain their ludic communal consumption experiences communal consumption is often described as inherently playful with previous research mainly focusing on successful ludic communal experiences and largely disregarding its potential pitfalls moreover the marketer is usually seen as the primary facilitator of ludic experiences which has marginalized the role of the consumer this article explores how consumers produce and sustain ludic consumption community experiences in the face of growing instrumental costs it assumes a practice theory lens and is based on an ethnographic inquiry into cosplay which is a time and resource intensive form of pop culture masquerade and craft consumption prolonged engagement in the cosplay community leads to growing emotional material temporal and competence related costs which hinder playful experiences consumers practice modularization reinforcement and collaboration to overcome these costs and maintain the important ludic sensations that motivate communal engagements

the impact of increased efficiency in the industrial use of energy a computable general equilibrium analysis for the united kingdom the conventional wisdom is that improving energy efficiency will lower energy use however there is an extensive debate in the energy economics policy literature concerning rebound effects these occur because an improvement in energy efficiency produces a fall in the effective price of energy services the response of the economic system to this price fall at least partially offsets the expected beneficial impact of the energy efficiency gain in this paper we use an economy energy environment computable general equilibrium cge model for the uk to measure the impact of a 5 across the board improvement in the efficiency of energy use in all production sectors we identify rebound effects of the order of 30 50 but no backfire no increase in energy use however these results are sensitive to the assumed structure of the labour market key production elasticities the time period under consideration and the mechanism through which increased government revenues are recycled back to the economy

the effect of human resource management practices on mnc subsidiary performance in russia this study investigates the relationship between human resource management hrm and the performance of 101 foreign owned subsidiaries in russia the study s results provide support for the assertion that investments in hrm practices can substantially assist a firm in improving performance further different hrm practices for managerial and non managerial employees are found to be significantly related to firm performance only limited support however is obtained for the hypothesized relationship between efforts at aligning hrm practices with firm strategy and subsidiary performance

the greenhouse effect the fallacies in the energy efficiency solution abstract the view that widespread improvements in energy efficiency can by themselves do anything to halt the build up of greenhouse gases around the globe is fundamentally unsound it is based on the same fallacies that underlie the claim that energy savings from improving efficiency can substitute for new energy supply the paper by keepin and kats1 claiming that per tonne of coal not burned improvements in energy efficiency are more cost effective than substituting nuclear for coal fired power is therefore an irrelevancy as far as this debate is concerned reductions is energy intensity of output that are not damaging to the economy are associated with increases not decreases in energy demand at the macroeconomic level even within the boundaries of their own flawed approach their attempt2 to refute the critique of their thesis made by jones3 was little more than misdirected grape shot with no discernable connected thread of argument

selling sharing and everything in between the hybrid economies of collaborative networks recent consumer research has examined contexts where market based exchange gift giving sharing and other modes of exchange occur simultaneously and obey several intersecting logics but consumer research has not conceptualized these so called hybrid economic forms nor explained how these hybrids are shaped and sustained using ethnographic and netnographic data from the collaborative network of geocaching this study explains the emergence of hybrid economies performativity theory is mobilized to demonstrate that the hybrid status of these economies is constantly under threat of destabilization by the struggle between competing performativities of market and nonmarket modes of exchange despite latent tension between competing performativities the hybrid economy is sustained through consumer producer engagements in collaborative consumption and production the creation of zones of indeterminacy and the enactment of tournaments of value that dissipate controversies around hybrid transactions implications are drawn for consumer research on the interplay between market and nonmarket economies

the impacts of carbon pricing on coastal megacities a cge analysis of singapore abstract pricing carbon is a widely used policy instrument for climate change mitigation quantitative analysis of carbon pricing are mainly conducted at the regional and national level rarely at the city level due to data availability as a representative of coastal megacities that are vulnerable to both climate change and climate policies singapore has announced to impose carbon tax on large direct emitters as a complementary mitigation option to technical measures a city level computable general equilibrium cge model is developed to simulate potential impacts of carbon pricing on the city including paying border carbon adjustment bca on exports or introducing a domestic carbon tax different sector coverages and carbon tax revenue recycling schemes are investigated for domestic carbon tax the simulation results show that a domestic carbon tax is a more cost effective option than paying bca given an identical carbon price at s 10 t co 2 gdp total exports and household consumption would decline less and average abatement cost is much smaller in the carbon tax scenarios compared to the bca scenario in terms of absolute emissions reduction a carbon tax that covers energy manufacturing and land transport sectors would be preferred making emissions around 2 7 lower than 2010 baseline level