co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth in china a panel data analysis this paper examines the causal relationships between carbon dioxide emissions energy consumption and real economic output using panel cointegration and panel vector error correction modeling techniques based on the panel data for 28 provinces in china over the period 1995 2007 our empirical results show that co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth have appeared to be cointegrated moreover there exists bidirectional causality between co2 emissions and energy consumption and also between energy consumption and economic growth it has also been found that energy consumption and economic growth are the long run causes for co2 emissions and co2 emissions and economic growth are the long run causes for energy consumption the results indicate that china s co2 emissions will not decrease in a long period of time and reducing co2 emissions may handicap china s economic growth to some degree some policy implications of the empirical results have finally been proposed

a dynamic approach to the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis states that pollution levels increase as a country develops but begin to decrease as rising incomes pass beyond a turning point in ekc analyses the relationship between environmental degradation and income is usually expressed as a quadratic function with the turning point occurring at a maximum pollution level other explanatory variables have been included in these models but income regularly has had the most significant effect on indicators of environmental quality one variable consistently omitted in these relationships is the price of energy this paper analyzes previous models to illustrate the importance of prices in these models and then includes prices in an econometric ekc framework testing energy income and co2 income relationships these long run price income models find that income is no longer the most relevant indicator of environmental quality or energy demand indeed we find no significant evidence for the existence of an ekc within the range of current incomes for energy in the presence of price and trade variables

empirical study on the determinants of co2 emissions evidence from oecd countries this article empirically investigates the environmental kuznets curve ekc for co2 emissions in the cases of 11 oecd countries by taking into account the role of nuclear energy in electricity production the autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration is employed as the estimation method our results indicate that energy consumption has a positive impact on co2 emissions in most countries in the study however the impact of trade is not statistically significant the results provide evidence for the role of nuclear power in reducing co2 emissions only in some countries additionally although the estimated long run coefficients of income and its square satisfy the ekc hypothesis in finland japan korea and spain only finland s ekc turning point is inside the sample period of the study providing poor evidence in support of the ekc hypothesis

spatial competition and vertical integration cement and concrete revisited reply in this review 1983 mark mcbride reconsiders the federal trade commission s ftc enforcement policy toward vertical mergers between cement and ready mix concrete firms in response to a significant increase in acquisitions of ready mix concrete firms by cement manufacturers during the 1960 s the ftc undertook a series of legal actions to block or dissolve the mergers the actions of the ftc constituted one of the most intensive efforts undertaken to date to challenge vertical mergers in a single industry mcbride p 1012 notes that the actions of the ftc provoked considerable debate concerning the motivation for the mergers both in the industry and in academe a significant number of articles were published advancing various reasons for the mergers in addition to the ftc s main contention that the mergers were motivated by a desire for captive markets it has been suggested that there were economies of integration or that the mergers were the outcome of an erroneous view of the potential benefits to foreclosure held by executives in the beleaguered cement industry 2 mcbride s 1983 paper offers another explanation for the mergers his argument is that vertical integration was undertaken to avoid rigid oligopolistic pricing in the cement industry 3 the empirical results presented by mcbride suggest that vertical integration was a significant factor in the decline of cement prices in the 1960 s the purpose of this comment is to point out some of the problems with mcbride s analysis in particular we show that the experimental design of his testing equation is faulty and does not offer a test of his hypothesis as a result mcbride s analysis does not provide convincing evidence on whether cement firms vertically integrated to avoid rigid oligopolistic pricing or if cement firms were merely reacting to prices that had already begun to decline our intent however is not to challenge mcbride s contention that vertical integration can provide lower prices to consumers rather we would argue that the evidence presented at the ftc hearings involving cement and ready mix concrete firms as well as mcbride s and others analyses illustrate the problems in discerning the motives for mergers 4

does income inequality harm the environment empirical evidence from the united states abstract this study revisits the growth inequality environment nexus in the context of country specific time series data the short and long run effects of income inequality economic growth and energy consumption on co2 emissions in the u s are examined using the autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach we find that more equitable distribution of income in the u s results in better environmental quality in the short and long run it is also found that in both the short and long run economic growth has a beneficial effect on environmental quality whereas energy consumption has a detrimental effect on the environment

is there a turning point in the relationship between income and energy use and or carbon emissions abstract we analyze the effect of fuel mix model specification and the level of development on the presence and size of a turning point in the relationship between income and energy use and or carbon emissions the results indicate that fuel mix the specification for income and the level of economic development affect conclusions about whether there is a turning point in the relationship between economic activity and energy use and carbon emissions including fuel shares generally reduces the size of a turning point that is estimated from a panel that includes observations from both oecd and non oecd nations but this result varies according to the level of development for oecd nations there is limited support for a turning point in the relationship between income and per capita energy use and or carbon emissions for non oecd nations there is no turning point in the relationship between income and either energy use or carbon emissions instead the relationship is positive together the results indicate that forecasters and policy makers should not depend on a turning point in the relationship between income and energy use or carbon emissions to reduce either

on the causal dynamics between emissions nuclear energy renewable energy and economic growth this paper examines the causal relationship between co2 emissions nuclear energy consumption renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a group of 19 developed and developing countries for the period 1984 2007 using a panel error correction model the long run estimates indicate that there is a statistically significant negative association between nuclear energy consumption and emissions but a statistically significant positive relationship between emissions and renewable energy consumption the results from the panel granger causality tests suggest that in the short run nuclear energy consumption plays an important role in reducing co2 emissions whereas renewable energy consumption does not contribute to reductions in emissions this may be due to the lack of adequate storage technology to overcome intermittent supply problems as a result electricity producers have to rely on emission generating energy sources to meet peak load demand

co2 emission and economic growth in algeria abstract algeria is one of the most important co 2 emitters among developing countries and the third among african countries it pledged to curb carbon emissions by at least 7 by 2030 however complying with this target may be a difficult task without compromising economic growth the aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between co 2 emissions and economic growth in algeria taking into account energy use electricity consumption exports and imports the validity of the ekc hypothesis throughout the period from 1970 to 2010 is tested by using the autoregressive distributed lag model extended to introduce the break points results confirm the ekc for algeria nevertheless the turning point is reached for a very high gdp per capita value indicating that economic growth in algeria will continue to increase emissions results also indicate that an increase in energy use and electricity consumption increase co 2 emissions and that exports and imports affect them negatively and positively respectively therefore it is necessary to promote renewable energies and energy efficiency policies regulatory reforms are needed to facilitate foreign investments with which to carry out these policies likewise it may be appropriate to decrease subsides in energy prices to encourage energy efficiency

testing the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis across the u s evidence from panel mean group estimators abstract it is widely believed that greenhouse gases contribute to a warmer climate since global warming is a serious threat and greenhouse gas emissions are one of the main causes of it analyzing the effects of economic development on environment have great importance in this study the validity of the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is tested for the 50 u s states during the 1960 2010 period using recent panel data estimators that take cross sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity into account accordingly the cross sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity robust estimators augmented mean group amg and common correlated effects mean group estimator ccemg provide mixed results the amg estimator strongly validates the ekc hypothesis asserting that the ekc holds in 30 of the 50 states with turning points for income per capita lie between 1292 and 48597 on the contrary the ccemg estimator provides only weak evidence on the ekc hypothesis and the ekc holds only in 10 states with turning points between 2457 and 14603

the impact of economic growth on co2 emissions in azerbaijan abstract this paper investigates the relationship between the economic growth and co2 emissions in azerbaijan a cointegration analysis is conducted over the period 1992 2013 for getting more robust results johansen ardlbt dols fmols and ccr methods are employed to explore cointegration and estimate long run coefficients we use cubic quadratic and linear specifications and conclude that the last one is an adequate representation for the impact of the economic growth on co2 emissions in azerbaijan the results from the different cointegration methods are consistent with each other and show that the economic growth has a positive and statistically significant impact on the emissions in the long run implying that the ekc hypothesis does not hold for azerbaijan the income elasticity of co2 emissions using different methods is found to be between 0 7 and 0 8 moreover we find that any short run imbalance can be adjusted towards the long run equilibrium path within less than one year the paper concludes that measures to increase energy efficiency carbon pricing instruments in production and international domestic trade activities and nationwide social awareness programs to instruct about the negative consequences of pollution can be considered as relevant environmental policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions

stoking the fires co2 emissions and economic growth abstract we examine the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions a greenhouse gas central to global warming predictions estimates derived from global panel data suggest a diminishing marginal propensity to emit mpe carbon dioxide as gdp per capita rises despite this global carbon dioxide emissions growth will continue at 1 8 percent per annum for the foreseeable future a result that is not sensitive to average output growth instead emissions growth continues because output and population will grow most rapidly in lower income nations with high mpes this latter feature emphasizes the distributional consequences of policies to reduce emissions

mapping the evolution of energy growth nexus synergies and trade offs the study explores the intellectual structure development and evolution of energy crisis and economic growth research through bibliometric analysis of research articles on energy growth nexus from 2000 to 2017 by using citespace where gephi is used to analyse the authors collaboration the analysis incorporates 27 152 references cited by 344 authors in 1165 articles and from 330 journals the results of study quantitatively present the most cited articles authors countries institutions and intellectual structure with data visualization in the knowledge domain of energy growth nexus the study categorizes the major research areas in energy growth nexus research as carbon dioxide emission electricity consumption heterogeneous panel real income renewable energy and financial development the study discusses emerging trends which provide the future research fronts and intellectual development within the framework of energy growth nexus

is economic growth good or bad for the environment empirical evidence from korea abstract the effects of economic growth on the environment in korea for a given level of energy consumption and fossil fuels and nuclear energy in electricity production are examined in a dynamic cointegration framework to that end the autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach is used we find empirical evidence supporting the existence of the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for korea that is economic growth indeed plays a favorable role in influencing environmental outcomes it is also found that in both the short and long run nuclear energy has a beneficial effect on environmental quality whereas fossil fuels in electricity production and energy consumption have a detrimental effect on the environment

a note on the causal relationship between energy and gdp in taiwan abstract this paper re examines the causality between energy consumption and gdp by using updated taiwan data for the period 1954 1997 as a secondary contribution we investigate the causal relationship between gdp and the aggregate as well as several disaggregate categories of energy consumption including coal oil natural gas and electricity applying granger s technique we find bidirectional causality between total energy consumption and gdp we find further that different directions of cause exist between gdp and various kinds of energy consumption

the environmental kuznets curve for pm2 5 pollution in beijing tianjin hebei region of china a spatial panel data approach abstract the purpose of this study is to exam the existence of environmental kuznets curve ekc of pm2 5 pollution in the beijing tianjin hebei bth region of china as one of the most important economic growth poles in china bth region has long been suffering from air pollution especially pm2 5 pollution thus in this study we utilized satellite observations of pm2 5 pollution and panel data of 13 cities in bth region from 1998 to 2016 to investigate the relationship between economic growth and pm2 5 pollution after verifying the spatial effect of pm2 5 pollution by spatial statistical analysis the spatial econometric model spatial durbin model sdm was chosen over the non spatial model in the examination of ekc the results showed that 1 the relationship between economic growth and pm2 5 pollution presented a significant inverted u shaped pattern though bth region is still in the upward section there is a hope that it will cross the point and enter the downward section in the future 2 the turning points of ekc would happen later with spatial effect considered compared to the result of non spatial model 3 the turning point of ekc would not happen until the region enter the post industrial economy stage moreover though some of the cities in bth region have entered post industrial stage none of them has cross the turning point of ekc results of this study indicate a promising future in the control of pm2 5 pollution as well as provide suggestions to put more emphasis on regional cooperative governance in air pollution control for the policy makers

on the income nuclear energy co2 emissions nexus revisited this paper seeks to contribute to the debate over the income nuclear enery co2 emissions nexus by taking specific account of the possible endogeneity of income which has been largely ignored by early studies a multivariate cointegrated vector autoregression cvar is applied to top six nuclear generating countries we find that nuclear energy tends to reduce co2 emission for all countries it is also found that income has a beneficial effect on the environment only in some countries finally we find that co2 emissions and income are indeed determined simultaneously while nuclear energy acts exogenously indicating that nuclear energy is the driving variable which significantly influences the long run movements of co2 emissions and income but is not affected by co2 emissions and income in the model

the cyclicality of new product introductions this study analyzes empirically the cyclical nature of the timing of new product introductions in u s manufacturing new product introductions vary more in nonseasonal frequencies than in seasonal frequencies however the seasons alone account for only a small part of their total variability with demand factors being much more important demand fluctuations account for 35 80 and 17 43 respectively of the seasonal and cyclical variability of new product introductions in various industries finally new product introductions respond more to fluctuations in aggregate demand than in market demand and in business cycles than in seasonal cycles

explaining the relationship between co2 emissions and national income the role of energy consumption i estimate a simultaneous equation system in which gdp and co2 emissions are jointly determined i find that including energy consumption in the regression implies a negative relationship between income and co2 emissions which is contrary to previous findings

carbon dioxide income and energy evidence from a non linear model abstract this study applies the panel smooth transition regression pstr model to explore the impacts of real income energy and investment on the co 2 income nexus for 99 countries covering the period from 1971 to 2010 we find that in the full sample as real income rises co 2 emissions rapidly increase first and then their increasing rate starts to slow down while the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for co 2 emissions is supported from the composite results of three income groups our results show that decreasing energy usage improving energy efficiency and enhancing clean energy usage could effectively ease the impacts of real income on co 2 emissions moreover countries with different energy trade conditions and income levels have different co 2 income correlations indicating that one size does not fit all

a multivariate cointegration analysis of the role of energy in the us macroeconomy abstract this paper extends my previous analysis of the causal relationship of gdp and energy use in the usa in the post war period a majority of the relevant variables are integrated justifying a cointegration analysis the results show that cointegration does occur and that energy input cannot be excluded from the cointegration space the results are plausible in terms of macroeconomic dynamics the results are similar to my previous granger causality results and contradict claims in the literature based on bivariate models that there is no cointegration between energy and output

economic growth trade and energy implications for the environmental kuznets curve abstract the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis asserts that pollution follows an inverted u path with respect to economic growth the ekc has been explained in terms of structural changes in the composition of economic output and increased environmental regulation at higher income levels while some authors have incorporated the impact of trade policy orientation on the ekc the impact of the actual movement between countries of goods that embody pollution has not been considered this paper attempts to econometrically quantify the effect using pooled cross country and time series data the ekc hypothesis is examined with respect to commercial energy consumption the source of many serious environmental problems it was found that while both industrializing and industrialized countries have added to their energy requirements by exporting manufactured goods the growth has been substantially higher in the former at the same time industrialized countries have been able to reduce their energy requirements by importing manufactured goods exports of manufactured goods by industrialized countries has thus been an important factor in generating the upward sloping portion of the ekc and imports by industrialized countries have contributed to the downward slope

the dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on co2 emissions a revisited environmental kuznets curve approach this paper considers a revisited environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis with potential impact of renewable energy consumption on environmental quality to this end paper aims at investigating the validity of the ekc hypothesis employing the dependent variable of co2 emissions and regressors of gdp quadratic gdp and renewable energy consumption this paper hence analyzes this revisited ekc hypothesis to observe if i there exists an inverted u shaped relationship between environmental quality in terms of co2 emissions per capita income and per capita income squared and ii there exists a negative causality from renewables to co2 emissions within ekc model paper employs a panel data set of 17 oecd countries over the period 1977 2010 and launches panel fmols and panel dols estimations the findings support the ekc hypothesis for the panel and indicate that gdp per capita and gdp per capita squared have the impacts on co2 emissions positively and negatively respectively and that renewable energy consumption yields negative impact on co2 emissions another remark of this paper is that the validity of ekc does not depend on income level of individual countries of panel in which ekc hypothesis holds eventually paper argues that if countries carry out i policies i e for fair and easy access to the electricity from renewable sources and ii policies to increase renewables supply through i e improved renewable energy technologies they will be able to contribute to combating global warming problem as they increase their gdp s

empirical study on the environmental kuznets curve for co2 in france the role of nuclear energy this paper attempts to estimate the environmental kuznets curve ekc in the case of france by taking the role of nuclear energy in electricity production into account we adopt the autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach to cointegration as the estimation method additionally we examine the stability of the estimated models and investigate the granger causality relationships between the variables in the system the results from our estimation provide evidence supporting the ekc hypothesis and the estimated models are shown to be stable over the sample period the uni direction running from other variables to co2 emissions are confirmed from the casualty tests specifically the uni directional causality relationship running from nuclear energy to co2 emissions statistically provides evidence on the important role of nuclear energy in reducing co2 emissions

finance and inequality the case of india although theory emphasizes the role of financial market frictions in explaining income inequality there is little empirical research exploring how financial development and financial sector reforms influence the evolution of income inequality this article examines how finance impacts income inequality in india using annual time series data for over half a century the results indicate that while financial development helps reduce income inequality financial liberalization seems to exacerbate it the results are robust to the use of different measures for financial development and financial liberalization although the relationship between financial development and economic growth has been extensively studied in the literature see for example king and levine 1993 demetriades and hussein 1996 arestis and demetriades 1997 levine loayza and beck 2000 bell and rousseau 2001 ang and mckibbin 2007 little is known about how finance impacts income inequality the importance of the finance inequality relationship has recently been highlighted in an insightful survey article by claessens and perotti 2007 they indicate that while financial development can help reduce income inequality financial liberalization captured by established interests may do the opposite the theoretical predictions of the effects of finance on income inequality are controversial rajan and zingales 2003b argue that improvements in the formal financial sector primarily benefit the rich greenwood and jovanovic 1990 predict a nonlinear relationship between financial development and income inequality where it is hypothesized that income inequality first increases with the degree of sophistication in the financial systems then stabilizes and eventually declines others propose that the presence of financial market imperfections deters the poor from borrowing adequately to invest in human and physical capital implying that financial development helps alleviate income inequality banerjee and newman 1993 galor and zeira 1993 aghion and bolton 1997 mookherjee and ray 2003 2006 given that theories provide ambiguous predictions regarding the effects of finance on the distribution of income it is useful to approach the issue at the empirical level this could facilitate our understanding of the relationship between finance and inequality and help us to assess the validity of each theoretical model despite the important role of financial market frictions in the theories of poverty and income inequality researchers so far have not adequately addressed whether financial

co2 emissions and economic activity heterogeneity across countries and non stationary series this paper explores the relationship between co2 emissions and economic activity for 31 countries 28 oecd brazil china and india during the period 1950 to 2006 using cointegration analysis single country long run relationships are estimated and equality in the functional form the parameters and the turning point when appropriate are rejected this confirms the relevance of considering the differences among countries in the relationship between air pollution and economic activity to avoid wrong estimations and conclusions

does the use of renewable energy sources mitigate co2 emissions a reassessment of the us evidence abstract previous research on the determinants of co 2 emissions has concluded that although increasing nuclear energy consumption can help to mitigate emissions increasing use of renewable energy sources is not effective in this regard these studies however do not consider energy prices as a possible driver of energy demand and hence of emissions and we find that this omission and the choice of functional form materially alters the outcome in the us case specifically our cointegration and granger causality test results indicate that co 2 emission levels are negatively related to the use of renewable energy but are unrelated to nuclear energy consumption

environment kuznets curve for co2 emissions a cointegration analysis for china abstract this study examines the long run relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of china by employing time series data of 1975 2005 in particular the study aims at testing whether environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship between co 2 emissions and per capita real gdp holds in the long run or not auto regressive distributed lag ardl methodology is employed for empirical analysis a quadratic relationship between income and co 2 emission has been found for the sample period supporting ekc relationship the results of granger causality tests indicate one way causality runs through economic growth to co 2 emissions the results of this study also indicate that the carbon emissions are mainly determined by income and energy consumption in the long run trade has a positive but statistically insignificant impact on co 2 emissions

open loop von stackelberg equilibrium in the cartel vs fringe model in this paper the binding contracts open loop von stackelberg equilibrium in the cartel vs fringe model of the supply side of a market for a raw material from an exhaustible natural resource is reconsidered it is shown that the equilibrium for this model differs from what the previous literature on this model suggests in particular the equilibrium price trajectory can display discontinuities

the co2 emissions development nexus revisited abstract this study revisited the co2 emissions development nexus for this purpose a comprehensive analysis was performed using recent and extensive datasets and employing three different econometric methods namely the cross sectional regression the cointegrating regression and the threshold regression the findings revealed that an environmental regime transformation had occurred in the relationship between the co2 emission intensity and economic development thus the results indicated that in recent decades the inverted n shaped cubic relationship between these variables transformed into the inverted u shaped quadratic relationship by contrast as far as the relationship between the co2 emission per capita and economic development is concerned the u shaped relationship between the variables remained unchanged in other words the present study has detected the inverted u shaped or the environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship between the co2 emission intensity and economic development however it was unable to validate the ekc relationship between the co2 emission per capita and economic development

environmental degradation in france the effects of fdi financial development and energy innovations abstract this paper explores the determinants of carbon emissions in france by accounting for the significant role played by foreign direct investment fdi financial development economic growth energy consumption and energy research innovations in influencing co 2 emissions function in this endeavour we employ the novel sor shahbaz et al 2017 unit root test on french time series data over the period 1955 2016 to examine the order of integration in the presence of sharp and smooth structural breaks in the variables we also apply the bootstrapping bounds testing approach recently developed by mcnown et al 2018 to investigate the presence of cointegration and the empirical findings underscore the presence of cointegration among the time series moreover we find that fdi has a positive impact while energy research innovations have a negative impact on french carbon emissions financial development lowers carbon emissions thereby improving the french environmental quality fdi degrades the environment and thus supports the pollution haven hypothesis in france similarly financial development suggests that financial stability is a required condition for improving environmental quality so are energy research innovations contrarily energy consumption is positively linked with carbon emissions however the relationship between economic growth and co 2 emissions is an inverted u which is a validation of the environmental kuznets curve ekc

modeling the nexus between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth the effects of economic growth on the environment have received increased attention as global warming and other environmental problems become more serious many empirical studies explain the nexus between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth with such models as the environmental kuznets curve ekc theory however the assumptions of these models have never received strict verification with a large available data set and therefore may not be appropriate to describe the relationship in this study the nexus is modeled for 67 countries from 1971 to 2010 using a novel symbolic regression method from the experimental results several conclusions as follows could be reached firstly there is no universal model fitting every country and symbolic regression could discover a set of reasonable models for a specific country or region secondly four models including the inverted n shaped m shaped inverted u shaped and monotonically increasing are frequently found without domain experts intervention in these countries whereas the m shaped model has received little attention in previous studies but exhibits promising performance thirdly the relationship is diversified due to the difference of regions and economic development where developed countries generally follow the inverted n shaped and m shaped models to explain the relationship whereas developing countries are more likely to refer to the inverted n shaped inverted u shaped and monotonically increasing models finally several policy suggestions are presented

income distribution and co2 emission a comparative analysis for china and india abstract the aim of this paper is to test whether income inequality contributes to environmental degradation in china and india where both countries are giving a great concern about the implications of their unsustainable energy consumption to the environment not only to themselves but also to the global environmental sustainability by applying the bounds test approach to cointegration we found in both countries a long run but not a statistically significant relationship between income inequality and co 2 emissions both in the long run and in the short run the robustness of our cointegration results is also ascertained by using three different long run tests furthermore applying the variance decomposition analysis to examine the dynamic causal relationship between the gini coefficient of income distribution and co 2 emissions we found that income inequality was the least important factor in determining co 2 emissions and that there was no causality running in any direction between co 2 emissions and income inequality in both countries still income and energy consumption are the major determinants of co 2 emissions in both countries nevertheless even though the evidence is not statistically significant in the case of china it indicates that reducing income inequality can have a positive impact on environmental quality while in india redistributing income to improve environmental degradation may not be effective

literature survey on the relationships between energy environment and economic growth abstract the aim of this study is to exhibit an exhaustive survey which is related to the great flight of the literature of energy environment growth nexus at the individual and regional scale studies covering the period from 1978 to 2014 the survey takes into consideration the sample country region etc periods covering econometric strategies and conclusions our survey is based on the causality direction among i the energy use variables electricity nuclear renewable and non renewable and output growth ii between economic growth and environment and between the three variables at the same time globally these surveys provide paradoxical and not conclusive results which energy consumption can boost economic growth through the productivity enhancement and it can boost also the environmental damages through the enhancement of pollutant emissions our survey sheds more the lights on the energy environment growth literature by giving an extensive listing 1978 2014 of these causal linkages among the energy use variables environment and economic growth for both individual and collective cases there is a unanimous consensus about the importance of dealing with such dynamic relationship which is seems to be a cornerstone element in setting any ambition strategies energy ecological and economics

public private partnerships investment in energy as new determinant of co2 emissions the role of technological innovations in china this paper explores the relationship between public private partnerships investment in energy sector and carbon emissions considering the vital role of technological innovations in carbon emissions function for china in doing so we apply bootstrapping autoregressive distributed lag modeling bardl for examining the cointegration between carbon emissions and its determinants the empirical results reveal that public private partnerships investment in energy impedes environmental quality by increasing carbon emissions on contrary technological innovations have negative effect on carbon emissions the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions is inverted u shaped i e environmental kuznets curve hypothesis exports are positively linked with carbon emissions foreign direct investment impedes environmental quality by stimulating co2 emissions the empirical findings provide new insights for policy makers to direct public private partnerships investment in energy for the betterment of environmental quality in china

decoupling co2 emission and economic growth in china is there consistency in estimation results in analyzing environmental kuznets curve china is one of the highest growth economies in the world and it has experienced a significant rise in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in recent decades its economic growth heavily depends on fossil fuels of coal and oil which led to huge amount of greenhouse gas emissions this study logically analyzes the nexus of co2 emissions economic growth and energy consumption by decoupling greenhouse gas emission of co2 and economic growth to provide more conclusive evidence on the phenomenon of the environmental kuznets curve ekc over the period 1970 2015 to achieve the objective of consistency in the estimation results the study applies different estimation techniques such as ardl auto regressive distributed lag model fmols fully modified ordinary least squares dols dynamic ordinary least squares and impulse response and variance decomposition in addition the business as usual inverted u shaped relationship between gdp per capita and an economy related co2 emission is hypothesized the result supports the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis from different techniques the turning point hovers around 744665 the estimation result indicates that china ekc turning point shows some inconsistencies when compared to other turning points obtained from different studies the inconsistency of the ekc turning point is attributed to the sensitivity of the result to different data source variables selection different pollutants and scope of the data although the ekc turning point of this present research differs from other china ekc turning points it gives a clear policy roadmap on the pursuance of long run economic growth in favour of environmental quality besides significance of the turning point lies with the need to explore other structural policies such as articulated demographic and energy policies rather than passively waiting for the arrival of the inflexion point one interesting findings of the analysis is the consistency of the estimation results from the different estimation techniques

financial development and environmental quality the way forward the present paper re examines the asymmetric impact of financial development on environmental quality in pakistan for the period 1985q1 to 2014q4 a comprehensive index of financial development is generated using bank and stock market based financial development indicators the results show that inefficient use of energy adversely affects the environmental quality this suggests adoption of energy efficient technology at both production and consumption levels these technologies would be helpful to improve environmental quality enhance the productivity in long run and save energy bank based financial development also impedes the environment the government should encourage lenders to ease the funding for energy sector and allocate financial resources for environment friendly businesses rather than wasting them in consumer financing

the long run relationship between co2 emissions and economic activity in a small open economy uruguay 1882 2010 abstract the long term relationship between carbon dioxide co 2 emissions from energy use and economic activity level is estimated for uruguay between 1882 and 2010 we include co 2 emissions both in levels and in per capita terms which allows to analyze if a decoupling exists both in absolute and in relative terms we also test for the functional form of the relationship something that is usually missed in the literature but which is very relevant because a misspecification could lead to biased estimates we apply cointegration techniques and estimate a vector error correction model vecm for testing whether these variables are endogenous over the long term while also considering the short term dynamics the economic productive structure the degree of openness and the share of clean sources in the total energy supply are also considered as explanatory variables in addition other variables that measure changes in the economic structure are included to check for robustness of the estimates the results show that there is a linear relationship when a log log transformation is employed between co 2 emissions and per capita economic activity level which would involve an exponential relationship between the non transformed variables moreover we cannot reject the level log model indicating that emissions increase at a decreasing rate in reference to the increase in economic level activity emissions increase jointly with the industrial sector s participation in the total output as a consequence of the intensity of this activity in the consumption of energy from fossil fuel sources the degree of openness is inversely related to co 2 emissions this is because the periods of major opening were based on primary input exports which are lower in energy intensity than industrial products the changes in co 2 emission are inversely related to the variation in the share of clean sources in the total energy supply finally all the variables included in the cointegration vector are endogenous adjusting together to the deviations from the long term relationship as a consequence of the above economic growth appears not to be enough for diminishing uruguayan emissions in the long term changes in the energy matrix should be encouraged and emissions reduction should come not through energy constraints but through the development of clean sources or improvements in energy use efficiency given the impact of energy on the economic activity level

the relationship between energy consumption energy prices and economic growth time series evidence from asian developing countries this paper estimates the causal relationships between energy consumption and income for india indonesia the philippines and thailand using cointegration and error correction modelling techniques the results indicate that in the short run unidirectional granger causality runs from energy to income for india and indonesia while bidirectional granger causality runs from energy to income for thailand and the philippines in the case of thailand and the philippines energy income and prices are mutually causal the study results do not support the view that energy and income are neutral with respect to each other with the exception of indonesia and india where neutrality is observed in the short run c 2000 elsevier science b v all rights reserved jel classifications c22 q43 q48

co2 emissions energy consumption and output in france abstract this paper examines the dynamic causal relationships between pollutant emissions energy consumption and output for france using cointegration and vector error correction modelling techniques we argue that these variables are strongly inter related and therefore their relationship must be examined using an integrated framework the results provide evidence for the existence of a fairly robust long run relationship between these variables for the period 1960 2000 the causality results support the argument that economic growth exerts a causal influence on growth of energy use and growth of pollution in the long run the results also point to a uni directional causality running from growth of energy use to output growth in the short run

energy consumption income and carbon emissions in the united states abstract this paper investigates the effect of energy consumption and output on carbon emissions in the united states earlier research focused on testing the existence and or shape of an environmental kuznets curve without taking energy consumption into account we investigate the granger causality relationship between income energy consumption and carbon emissions including labor and gross fixed capital formation in the model we find that income does not granger cause carbon emissions in the us in the long run but energy use does hence income growth by itself may not become a solution to environmental problems

foreign direct investment income and environmental pollution in developing countries panel data analysis of latin america abstract effects of foreign direct investment fdi and income on pollution emissions are examined using time series data from 1980 to 2010 for 14 latin american countries specifically we test the validity of pollution haven hypothesis phh and environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for this region results from panel fixed and random effects models that controlled the effects of physical capital energy human capital population density and unemployment rate indicate the validity of both the phh and ekc hypothesis estimating two separate models for high and low income countries does not alter the findings for the phh however the impacts of human capital on pollution emission are found to be different for the two groups of countries policies that focus on attracting clean and energy efficient industries through fdi have potential to improve environmental health while enhancing economic growth in latin america

the nexus between income inequality and co2 emissions in turkey abstract environmental degradation and income inequality are two of the most important international debates that await immediate resolution despite that their interaction in the environmental economics literature has been very little analysis the aim of this study is to examine the impact of income distribution on the co2 emissions in turkey during 1984 2014 an autoregressive distributed lag model ardl test is employed to determine possible long term and short term nexus among the series the ardl test results show that the series are cointegrated and that income inequality has a positive effect on co2 emissions we also find that the environmental kuznets curve ekc is valid in turkey the toda yamamoto causality test denotes that gini coefficient is the granger cause of co2 emission the results show that deterioration in income distribution will reduce environmental quality in turkey which validates that political economy approach is valid in turkey study results can be an important guide for policymakers reducing income inequality for a new strategy in the fight against environmental problems may lead to a win win situation for turkey and the international community