to have and have not international migration poverty and inequality in algeria in this paper using an original survey we analyze the distributional impact of international migration across two regions of algeria a semi parametric descriptive analysis is complemented with a parametric model remittances do not significantly change the gini coefficient in nearly any of the counterfactual scenarios however migration reduced poverty by 40 percent with different effects across regions for extreme poverty foreign transfers especially foreign pensions have a strong positive impact on very poor families in one region poor families in the other region suffer from a double loss their migrants do not provide local income and they do not send much money home

international migration the brain drain and poverty a cross country analysis the aim of the paper is threefold first it empirically investigates the effect of international migration on poverty in origin countries using data from a cross country analysis second it explores the specific part of the income distribution from which migrants are drawn by comparing the effect of international migration on different income quintiles of the population finally given that the selection of migrants depends not only on the income level of their households but also on the skill levels of movers the paper casts some light on the implications of the emigration of skilled workers on poverty this article shows that the stock of international migrants have a positive effect on the income of the poor while it does not have a significant impact on the income of the middle and top quintiles of the population in particular a 10 per cent increase in the per capita stock of migrants resident in oecd nations augments the income of the poor by 1 per cent on average and ceteris paribus finally the poverty reducing effect of migration holds even when the emigration process selects the best and the brightest

emigration and wages in source countries evidence from mexico abstract this paper examines empirically the effect of mexican emigration to the united states on wages in mexico using data from the mexican and us censuses from 1970 to 2000 the main result in the paper is that emigration has a strong and positive effect on mexican wages there is also evidence for increasing wage inequality in mexico due to emigration simple welfare calculations based on a labor demand supply framework suggest that the aggregate welfare loss to mexico due to emigration is small however there is a significant distributional impact between labor and other factors

migration remittances and poverty in ecuador abstractwe analyse the influence of the recent wave of migration on the incidence of poverty among stayers in ecuador we draw our data from a survey that provides detailed information on migrants the analysis reveals a significant negative effect of migration on poverty among migrant households this effect is substantially smaller than the one that we find focusing on recipient households we explore the factors that account for this divergence our analysis entails that the existing empirical evidence on the relationship between remittances and poverty does not need to be informative about the size of the direct poverty reduction potential of migration

the economics of two sided markets at a local best buy a child places a new sony playstation 3 on the cashier s counter while the parents dig out their visa card the gaming system and the payment card may appear to have little connection other than this purchase however these two items share an important characteristic that is generating a series of economic insights and has important implications for strategic decision making and economic policymaking both video game systems and payment cards are examples of two sided markets broadly speaking a two sided market is one in which 1 two sets of agents interact through an intermediary or platform and 2 the decisions of each set of agents affects the outcomes of the other set of agents typically through an externality in the case of a video game system the intermediary is the console producer sony in the scenario above while the two sets of agents are consumers and video game developers neither consumers nor game developers will be interested in the playstation if the other party is not similarly a successful payment card requires both consumer usage and merchant acceptance where both consumers and merchants value each others participation many more products fit into this paradigm such as search engines newspapers and almost any advertisersupported media examples in which consumers often negatively value rather than positively value the participation of the other side as well as most software or title based operating systems and consumer electronics malls which seek retailers and consumers convention organizers which seek buyers and sellers dating services which seek men and women and the journal of economic perspectives which seeks content and readership all experience the economics of two sided markets the multi sided nature of many internet and high technology markets as well as

changing to gray decentralization and the emergence of volatile socio legal configurations in central kalimantan indonesia decentralization policy narratives articulated by donor agencies tend to describe decentralization as a technical process of policy design and implementation advocating decentralization as a solution to particular problems drawing on research carried out in the indonesian province of central kalimantan following the inception of a decentralization program this article examines how political processes at the national district and village levels have led to highly volatile socio legal configurations that create insecurity and heighten resource conflicts it concludes that while the politics surrounding decentralization in different domains have ensured that the patterns of governance inherited from the past remain precariously distant from the objectives of good governance decentralization has also opened up space for positive changes

remittances and inequality in this paper the authors propose a framework and develop techniques for analyzing the impact of migrant remittances on the distribution of rural income by size and subsequently its impact on rural welfare household data are used to assign numerical coefficients to the impact of net remittances from both internal and international migrants on income inequality in 2 mexican villages the impact of migrant remittances on the distribution of rural income by size depends critically on the degree to which migration opportunities become diffused through the village population on the returns to human capital embodied in remittances and on the distribution of potentially remittance enhancing skills and education across village households our empirical findings demonstrate that in a village where many households contain internal migrants but few have experience migrating to the u s remittances from mexico to us migrants have an unequalizing impact on village incomes while remittances from internal migrants have a favorable effect on the village income distribution by contrast in a village with a long historyh of sending migrants to the us and hence a more ready access to us labor markets us to mexico remittances have an equalizing impact on incomes remittances from internal migrants in this village however embody a large human capital component and are highly correlated with household income hence internal migrant remittances account for a comparatively large share of inequalities in the 2nd village the overall effect of remittances on income inequality is favorable in both villages migration type migration stage and interaction terms all appear to play a role in this context the effects of small changes in remittances upon income inequality and rural welfare in the 2 villages are explored and some implications for migration and rural development policy are considered authors modified

livelihoods and poverty the role of migration a critical review of the migration literature this review of the literature concludes that development studies have paid insufficient attention to labour migration and makes a plea to integrate analyses of migration within those of agricultural and rural development it emphasises that population mobility is much more common than is often assumed and that this has been so throughout human history in fact available material suggests that it is as likely that population mobility has decreased as that it has increased a review of empirical studies shows that it may not be possible to generalise about the characteristics of migrants or about the effects of migration on broader development inequality or poverty the review concludes that given the importance of migration for the rural livelihoods of many people policies should be supportive of population mobility and possibilities should be explored to enhance the positive effects of migration

can geographical indications modernize indonesian and vietnamese agriculture analyzing the role of national and local governments and producers strategies summary this paper investigates the way geographical indications gis are implemented by national and local governments in indonesia and vietnam the two states are active at all stages of gi development from the selection of the products candidates for gi registration to the supervision of the gi implementation thanks to the involvement of national experts from public agencies in the establishment of the codes of practices cop they are able to push for the substitution of traditional local techniques with good practices i e mostly those recommended by research centers worldwide thus they put gis at the service of agricultural modernization when gis apply more conventionally to specific products based on traditional know how however the implementation of the cops and thus the achievement of this objective of modernization depend on the perceived interest of producers in the whole gi dynamic indeed the cases studied in indonesia and vietnam highlight the variable level of participation of local producers in the gi in the four studied cases the cops are mainly based on expert knowledge which differs from the actual practices of farmers and processors moreover gis are implemented in order to create or reinforce reputations rather than legally protecting preexisting ones for these two reasons producers motivation to invest in gi certification is weak which makes difficult the necessary collective involvement in both countries the involvement of local governments in gi construction and management modifies the situation thanks to their knowledge of local situations and stakes they are more likely than national experts to identify the most strategic supply chains at local level enable participatory approaches in gi construction and facilitate the involvement of local producers in the gi managing group but if competences have been given to local governments in the indonesian and vietnamese legal frameworks the distribution of roles between central and provincial governments in gis are not clearly enough specified the nature and the importance of local public intervention differ from one case to another finally this paper recognizes the legitimacy of state intervention in gi development at least as long as producers awareness of gis is still low however this state intervention should not only let enough space for producers in gi governance but also design a frame for arousing their interest and adhesion and for facilitating their collective involvement that may be facilitated by a concrete and clearly established decentralization of competences in national policies

migration remittances and inequality a sensitivity analysis using the extended gini index abstract this paper uses the extended gini inequality index to examine the sensitivity of measurements of impacts of migrant remittances on the distribution of household income by size to different value judgements when measuring inequality the results illustrate the robustness of earlier findings that the impacts of migration on village income distributions differ for different types of migration and for different periods in a village s migration history the magnitude of these impacts however appears to be quite sensitive to the weights attached to incomes at different points in the village income distribution for example in a village with considerable mexico to u s migration experience remittances from mexico to u s migrants have a favorable effect on the village income distribution however the extended gini analysis shows that this favorable impact decreases as more weight is attached to incomes in the poorest households this finding is consistent with the view that barriers to high paying mexico to u s migration work exist for households at the bottom of the village income distribution

a new product growth for model consumer durables this article originally appeared in management science january 1969 volume 15 number 5 pp 215 227 published by the institute of management sciences a growth model for the timing of initial purchase of new products is developed and tested empirically against data for eleven consumer durables the basic assumption of the model is that the timing of a consumer s initial purchase is related to the number of previous buyers a behavioral rationale for the model is offered in terms of innovative and imitative behavior the model yields good predictions of the sales peak and the timing of the peak when applied to historical data a long range forecast is developed for the sales of color television sets

platform based mobile payments adoption in emerging and developed countries role of country level heterogeneity and network effects platform based payment services such as mobile wallets mwallet provide a unique value proposition to both customers and firms over other digital payment methods interestingly the story of platform based mobile payments adoption is unfolding differently across countries with some emerging countries china and india outperforming developed countries using extant literature in international business international marketing industry reports and qualitative interviews we present a conceptual framework for mobile payments adoption at an aggregate level for customers and retailers we present a set of hypotheses and derive the explanations using the literature on network effects and institutional theory we test our framework on a diverse set of 30 countries and confirm the presence of network effects and the differential impact of perceived value inertia and culture on the adoption level of innovators and imitators importantly we find a significant level of within and between country heterogeneity for mobile payment adoption which provides further evidence for leapfrogging by emerging countries in the context of the mass adoption of mobile payments these findings have significant implications for theory and practice in multinational organizations

engaging simplifications community based resource management market processes and state agendas in upland southeast asia abstract in the struggle to secure resource rights for rural populations who gain their livelihoods from state claimed lands advocacy agendas highlight community interest in and capacity for sustainable resource management in the uplands of southeast asia the strategic simplifications of community based natural resource management cbnrm advocacy are being translated into legal frameworks and program initiatives which make rights conditional upon particular forms of social organization and livelihood as well as conservation outcomes when set in the context of agricultural intensification among both indigenous and migrant populations and the desire of many upland dwellers to claim the benefits of a fuller citizenship cbnrm offers a problematic basis for justice

effects of enforcement on illegal markets evidence from migrant smuggling along the southwestern border abstract the paper analyzes the effects of tighter border control on the illegal crossing market between mexico and the united states combining panel data on illegal migrants with enforcement statistics the effects of enforcement are found to be moderate prices of border smugglers coyotes increased by only 17 while the demand for smugglers has remained unchanged enforcement has however shifted illegal migrants to remote crossing places border crossing is now more time intensive with higher prices for coyotes and risk of death this geographic substitution raised migration costs by 140 more than twice the effect of enforcement on smuggling prices

transforming rural economies migration income generation and inequality in rural mexico abstract we analyse how migration shapes the distribution and sources of rural income using nationally representative panel data from mexico income source gini decompositions provide some support for the migration diffusion hypothesis nevertheless migration s influence on other income sources and household re ranking substantially alter distributional impacts we find significant impacts of migration on non remittance income as well as changes in the effects of non migration activities on inequality over time we conclude that migration is transforming rural economies in ways that go beyond the scope of most past research on migration and inequality

life in a mexican village a sam perspective this article employs a social accounting matrix sam to analyse the economic structure of a migrant sending rural economy a village sam is constructed using 1982 household data from a major migrant sending village in central mexico the village matrix multiplier and its decompositions are derived from the sam and are utilised in policy experiments on the production value added income and investment flows of the village the results highlight the central role of both internal and international migration in the village economy as well as the importance of targeting directly anti poverty policies toward the landless

measuring the effect of bi directional migration remittances on poverty and inequality in nicaragua this article examines the impact of migrants remittances on poverty and income distribution in nicaragua nicaraguan emigrants are fairly evenly distributed between the us and costa rica poorer migrants overwhelmingly migrate to costa rica richer migrants favour the us this bi directional flow provides an opportunity to examine the distributional impacts of remittances in a situation that offers distinct opportunities to different groups of prospective migrants to this end we use heckman s 1979 sample selection method to predict counterfactual no migration consumption figures for nicaraguan households whose members have emigrated using these estimates we are able to compare the current situation to one in which migration had not occurred we find that migration to costa rica results in increased per capita household consumption for poor households while migration to the us leads to increase in middle class households the rate depth and severity of poverty as measured by the foster greer t

client profitability of diffusion segments across countries for multi generational innovations the influence of firm market and cross national differences there is scant research on the important managerial question of how to maximize returns on investments in either international business or international marketing literature we propose and test a conceptual framework using data from a large technology manufacturer service provider despite early adoption by innovators and early adopters the early majority segment is most profitable however the late majority segment and the early adopters segment are the next most profitable in the developed and emerging countries respectively we propose a decision support framework incorporating cross national distances on single generation and multi generation profitability for mnes offering multi generational products in multinational markets to be more profitable

the shadow value of migrant remittances income and inequality in a household farm economy this article offers econometric evidence that income remittances sent home by family migrants stimulate household farm incomes indirectly by relieving credit and risk constraints on household farm production a high but unequally distributed shadow value of migrant remittances appears to reinforce an equalising direct effect of remittances on the income distribution across a sample of household farms in rural mexico

migration with endogenous moving costs we study a dynamic model of labor migration in which moving costs decrease with the number of migrants already settled in the destination this assumption is supported by sociological studies of migrant networks with endogenous moving costs migration occurs gradually over time once it starts it develops momentum and migratory flows may increase even as wage differentials narrow in addition migration tends to follow geographical channels and low moving cost individuals migrate first these patterns are consistent with historical evidence from the great black migration of 1915 1960 in the united states much of which cannot be reconciled with existing migration models excerpt

illegal immigration border enforcement and relative wages evidence from apprehensions at the u s mexico border we examine illegal immigration in the united states from mexico over the period 1976 1995 one challenge is that we do not observe the number of individuals that attempt to enter the united states illegally we only observe the number of individuals apprehended attempting to cross the u s mexico border illegally based on a simple migration model we postulate the existence of an apprehensions function which expresses apprehensions at the border as a function of illegal attempts to cross the border and u s border enforcement effort we find that a 10 decrease in the mexican real wage leads to a 7 5 to 8 8 increase in apprehensions at the border excerpt

rescaling governance and the impacts of political and environmental decentralization an introduction summary this article introduces a collection of papers that provide empirical studies of the impacts that result from changes to established modes of governance in particular decentralizing the scale at which state institutions operate or the privatization of service delivery we critically assess the claims made for good governance reforms in the light of these studies altering the scale and the style of governance has inevitable consequences for power structures institutions livelihoods and physical landscapes we offer a framework for analyzing these consequences focusing on the temporal and scale dimensions of political and environmental decentralization and changes to established modes of governance

avoiding uncertainty in hofstede and globe this paper compares the uncertainty avoidance ua dimension of national culture across the hofstede and globe models looking at relationships in both data and analysis rather than mutual support we detail major differences and anomalies across the studies we show how these anomalies are resulting in contradictory explanations in research on national differences across a range of individual firm and country level phenomena we clarify the ua measurement in both hofstede and globe and find that the two models are measuring different components of the ua construct we propose a two component model of ua namely ua stress and ua rule orientation and confirm its validity with national culture data from the hofstede and globe studies and economic data from the world bank we also explain the negative globe ua practices values relationship using motivational theories a way forward in future ua related research is suggested the hofstede ua index the globe ua practices scores and the globe ua values scores should be used within the specific domains that they represent that is stress rule orientation practices and rule orientation aspirations respectively resolving the contradictions in ua between and within hofstede and globe will help cross cultural researchers develop more robust theories and more practical recommendations for international business management

the impact of migration on rural poverty and inequality a case study in china large numbers of agricultural labor moved from the countryside to cities after the economic reforms in china migration and remittances play an important role in transforming the structure of rural household income this article examines the impact of rural to urban migration on rural poverty and inequality in a mountainous area of hubei province using the data of a 2002 household survey since migration income is a potential substitute for farm income we present counterfactual scenarios of what rural income poverty and inequality would have been in the absence of migration our results show that by providing alternatives to households with lower marginal labor productivity in agriculture migration leads to an increase in rural income in contrast to many studies that suggest that the increasing share of nonfarm income in total income widens inequality this article offers support for the hypothesis that migration tends to have egalitarian effects on rural income for three reasons 1 migration is rational self selection farmers with higher expected return in agricultural activities and or in local nonfarm activities choose to remain in the countryside while those with higher expected return in urban nonfarm sectors migrate 2 households facing binding constraints of land supply are more likely to migrate 3 poorer households benefit disproportionately from migration

beyond good governance the multi level politics of health insurance for the poor in indonesia recent decentralization reforms in low and middle income countries have revived a long standing debate on the benefits and drawbacks of empowering local governments while some scholars highlight advances in local democratic accountability others emphasize the dangers of decentralized governance when democratic practices are poorly institutionalized this paper studies the case of health politics in indonesian local government to contend that the focus on democratic accountability and good governance may be insufficient to explain major policy outcomes associated with decentralization i show that the quality of local democracy affects health insurance policy during the first stages of the decentralization process however to understand policy trajectories over a longer time frame relations between politicians at different levels of government become the crucial factor using original qualitative and quantitative data from nearly 400 indonesian districts and provinces i find that regions in which cooperation between provincial and district authorities has emerged display systematically higher levels of health insurance coverage i explain why multi level cooperation improves local policy outcomes and i show that the positive effect of cooperation does not depend exclusively on patronage networks these findings contribute to the literature on decentralization and development by showing that policy cooperation across levels of government is crucial for the implementation of complex social policies and that multi level cooperation can have beneficial effects even when local democratic institutions are weak

the impact of managerial networking intensity and market based strategies on firm growth during institutional upheaval a study of small and medium sized enterprises in a transition economy varying institutional environments provide the foundation for a great deal of international business research yet relatively little empirical work has examined the determinants of small and medium sized enterprise sme growth during institutional upheaval although the importance of sme development for economic transition and growth is widely acknowledged our paper addresses this gap in the literature by examining how the competitive strategies of smes evolve during institutional transitions and assessing the implications for firm growth using data collected from 135 smes in 1993 and 200 smes in 2001 we find that managerial networking intensity i e developing and maintaining relationships that may be used for business purposes declines markedly over time whereas the importance of market based strategies increases managerial networking intensity is strongly associated with firm growth early in the institutional transition process but not later market based strategies are not associated with firm growth in either time period drawing on convergent insights from multiple theoretical perspectives we argue that changes in strategy are concurrently driven by socially constructed norms that legitimize new ways of competing and delegitimize old ones and by knowledge acquisition and learning which provide managers with a more diverse set of tools with which to exercise their strategic choices

network effects and the dynamics of migration and inequality theory and evidence from mexico international migration is costly and initially only the middle class of the wealth distribution may have both the means and incentives to migrate which can increase inequality in the sending community however the migration networks formed lower the costs for future migrants which can in turn lower inequality this paper shows both theoretically and empirically that wealth has a nonlinear effect on migration and then examines the empirical evidence for an inverse u shaped relationship between emigration and inequality in rural sending communities in mexico after instrumenting we find that the overall impact of migration is to reduce inequality across communities with relatively high levels of past migration we also find some suggestive evidence for an inverse u shaped relationship among communities with a wider range of migration experiences

decentralization institutional ambiguity and mineral resource conflict in mindanao philippines based on an analytical framework that builds on theories of incremental institutional change this article interrogates the relationship between decentralization and mineral resource conflict in the philippines here efforts to decentralize control over mineral resource wealth have resulted in a highly ambiguous institutional arena wherein heterogeneous actor coalitions are attempting to influence trajectories of institutional change and the associated distribution of mineral wealth on the ground this institutional renegotiation produces a diverse range of conflicts emerging on top of these institutional struggles are local elected politicians which raises important concerns over elite capture of the decentralization process

the human capital stock a generalized approach this paper presents a new framework for human capital measurement the generalized framework can i substantially amplify the role of human capital in accounting for cross country income dierences and ii reconcile the existing con ict between regression and accounting evidence in assessing the wealth and poverty of nations one natural interpretation emphasizes dierences across economies in the acquisition of advanced knowledge by skilled workers

migration networks and microenterprises in mexico are migration networks associated with lower capital costs or the alleviation of capital constraints we examine these questions with data measuring access to remittance flows among small scale entrepreneurs in mexico using a survey of more than 6000 self employed workers and small firm owners located in 44 urban areas of mexico we estimate the impact of attachment to migration networks on the level of capital investment the capital output ratio sales and profits of microenterprises the impact is identified from the geographic pattern of migration from mexico driven by the completion of rail lines in the early 1900s for the full sample of firms we find that migration is associated with higher investment levels and higher profits but not higher sales the strongest effects on investment are in the categories of automobiles tools and inventories when the sample is limited to firms in high capital sectors investment sales and profits all increase with attachment to the migration networks suggesting that attachment to the migration network alleviates capital constraints in those sectors

risk perception and the financial system i examine how a country s financial system influences assessments of firm level risk consistent with theories of financial intermediation i find that firms located in a country with a bank oriented financial system are perceived as posing a lower credit risk and correspondingly are assigned higher credit ratings than otherwise similar firms in a market oriented setting even after considering elements of a country s legal infrastructure that relate to creditor protection and insolvency proceedings the financial system remains an important determinant of credit rating assignment the results are robust to the inclusion of several firm level controls including financial performance industry ownership concentration political connections and the ease with which the firm s assets can be monitored

governance institutions resource rights regimes and the informal mining sector regulatory complexities in indonesia summary this study examines how shifting resource governance regimes affect labor inequities in the small scale mining sector in indonesia it focuses on the implications of governance decentralization processes and mining regulation reforms for indigenous and migrant populations who rely on informal unlicensed mining for income in central kalimantan while the findings illustrate the territorially uneven impacts of recent reforms they highlight how dominant paradigms that prioritize the enforcement of property rights schemes have contributed to problems of livelihood insecurity and poor environmental governance the article urges for more nuanced attention to contested articulations of power as well as local resource rights and institutional arrangements to assist rural communities in reversing marginalization

accounting for selectivity and duration dependent heterogeneity when estimating the impact of emigration on incomes and poverty in sending areas the impacts of international emigration and remittances on incomes and poverty in sending areas are increasingly studied with household survey data but comparing households with and without emigrants is complicated by a triple selectivity problem first households self select into emigration second in some emigrant households everyone moves while others leave members behind and third some emigrants choose to return to the origin country allowing for duration dependent heterogeneity introduces a fourth form of selectivity one must now worry not just about whether households migrate but also when they do so this paper clearly sets out these selectivity issues and their implications for existing migration studies and then addresses them by using survey data designed specifically to take advantage of a randomized lottery that determines which applicants to the over subscribed samoan quota may immigrate to new zealand the analysis compares incomes and poverty rates among left behind members in households in samoa that sent samoan quota emigrants with those for members of similar households that were unsuccessful in the lottery policy rules control who can accompany the principal migrant providing an instrument to address the second selectivity problem while differences among migrants in which year their ballot was selected allow for estimation of duration effects the authors find that migration reduced poverty among former household members but they also find suggestive evidence that this effect may be short lived as both remittances and agricultural income are negatively related to the duration that the migrant has been abroad

impacts of migration and remittances on ethnic income inequality in rural china summary migration is often viewed as the best option for poor rural households to exit out of poverty although the distributional effects of migrants remittances tend to be ambiguous in the literature given that increasing income inequality is a major concern and policy issue this paper examines the impacts of migration and migrants remittances on income inequality in china s rural minority areas using recent proprietary household data treating migrants remittances as a potential substitute for income the results reveal that migration significantly boosts income for all ethnic groups although the returns to ethnic minority households tend to be less than for han households decomposition analyses further reveal that migration increases inequality between ethnic groups despite reducing spatial inequality these countervailing effects imply that the continual transfer of rural urban migrants will likely lead to spatial convergence despite reinforcing ethnic inequalities in rural minority areas importantly the percentage contribution of ethnic inequality to total inequality is larger than that of spatial inequality across sampled rural locations thus highlighting the fact that the ethnic dimension is an important yet often overlooked component of inequality in china

environmental entitlements dynamics and institutions in community based natural resource management abstract while community based natural resource management cbnrm now attracts widespread international attention its practical implementation frequently falls short of expectations this paper contributes to emerging critiques by focusing on the implications of intracommunity dynamics and ecological heterogeneity it builds a conceptual framework highlighting the central role of institutions regularized patterns of behavior between individuals and groups in society in mediating environment society relationships grounded in an extended form of entitlements analysis the framework explores how differently positioned social actors command environmental goods and services that are instrumental to their well being further insights are drawn from analyses of social difference new dynamic ecology new institutional economics structuration theory and landscape history the theoretical argument is illustrated with case material from india south africa and ghana

internalization theory for the digital economy we study the internationalization of digital service multinational enterprises smncs focusing on how digitalization alters internalization theory s assumptions about the nature of firm specific assets fsas and the theory s predictions about governance choices in cross border transactions we invoke simon s proc am philos soc 106 6 467 482 1962 near decomposability concept to explain how digitalization enables two distinct types of fsas technology and human capital applying the ideas of modularity and skill complexity we further distinguish between core versus peripheral technology fsas and between generic versus advanced human capital fsas building on the transferability and appropriability of these strategic assets we theorize on the fsas internalization propensity in the digital age we propose that with rising digitalization the network plays a dual role as a governance mode and as a strategic resource integrating insights from network economics particularly increasing returns to scale we propose that network advantages on emerge as a distinct strategic resource that merits separate investigation from the traditional asset based oa and transaction based ot advantages

migrant remittances and information flows evidence from a field experiment do information flows matter for remittance behavior we design and implement a randomized control trial to quantitatively assess the role of communication between migrants and their international n

self selection and the earnings of immigrants this paper analyzes the way in which the earnings of the immigrant population may be expected to differ from the earnings of the native population because of the endogeneity of the decision to migrate the empirical study shows that differences in the u s earnings of immigrants with the same measured skills but from different home countries are attributable to variations in political and economic conditions in the countries of origin at the time of migration excerpt

on migration and risk in ldcs the authors develop the hypothesis that aversion to risk rather than expectations of higher income is the primary motivation for rural urban migration in developing countries this hypothesis maintains that an optimizing risk averse small farmer family will try to place a family member in the urban sector in order to diversify its income portfolio an additional hypothesis related to risk is also considered at the individual rather than the family level annotation

worker remittances and inequality in rural egypt this study analyzes the impact of international migration and remittances on the rural socioeconomic order in egypt the empirical findings show that age marital status employment size of land farmed and number of household males over 13 years are all statistically related to the decision of an individual to go work abroad the variables age size of land farmed employment as a student and number of household males over 13 years of age are all negatively related to the decision to work abroad while the influence of all the other variables is positive the study shows that the remittance earnings of migrants abroad had a negative impact on rural income distribution in egypt the data indicate that remittances from abroad worsened rural household income distribution both in gross terms and in per capita terms because they were earned mainly by upper income villagers regardless of whether households are ranked in terms of gross income or per capita income households in the top income quintile benefited the most from remittances the findings thus tend to confirm those of gilani khan and iqbal and of lipton to the effect that international remittances have a deleterious effect on rural income distribution because they are earned mainly by upper income villagers however it should be noted that the negative impact of remittances on rural income distribution was neither automatic nor inevitable in the once abroad category of migrants the poorest households did send virtually the same number of workers abroad as households in the upper income groups had households sending migrants abroad been as evenly distributed in the past it may be logically inferred that the impact of remittances on rural income distribution would also have been more equitable

international business responses to institutional voids for nearly two decades scholars in international business and management have explored the implications of institutional voids for firm strategy and structure although institutional voids offer both opportunities and challenges they have largely been associated with firms efforts to avoid or mitigate institutional deficiencies and reduce the transaction costs associated with operating in settings subject to those institutional shortcomings the goal of this special issue is to advance scholarship on this topic by a exploring institutional voids that are new to the literature b providing a deeper assessment of the different ways in which firms respond to these voids and c utilizing diverse disciplines and theoretical approaches to do so in this introduction we first review and synthesize extant research on institutional voids tracking the evolution of institutional void scholarship since the inception of the concept khanna palepu journal of economic literature 45 2 331 372 1997 and providing our perspective on its contributions and limitations we then summarize the contributions of the articles included in this special issue in addition to identifying an array of institutional voids economic and social the articles highlight four different strategies for responding to them internalization substitution borrowing and signaling drawing on these we develop new insights on the implications of institutional voids for firm behavior we conclude with suggestions for future research

what s driving mexico u s migration a theoretical empirical and policy analysis using data gathered in 25 mexican communities the authors link individual acts of migration to 41 theoretically defined individual household community and macroeconomic level predictors the indicators vary through time to yield a discrete time event history analysis over the past 25 years probabilities of first repeat and return migration have been linked more to the forces identified by social capital theory and the new economics of migration than to the cost benefit calculations assumed by the neoclassical model the authors find that mexico u s migration stems from three mutually reinforcing processes social capital formation human capital formation and market consolidation

what is the impact of international remittances on poverty and inequality in latin america workers remittances have become a major source of income for developing countries however little is still known about their impact on poverty and inequality using a large cross country panel dataset the authors find that remittances in latin american and caribbean lac countries have increased growth and reduced inequality and poverty these results are robust to the use of different instruments that attempt to correct for the potential endogeneity of remittances household survey based estimates for 10 lac countries confirm that remittances have negative albeit relatively small inequality and poverty reducing effects even after imputations for the potential home earnings of migrants

the effects of international remittances on poverty and inequality in ethiopia abstractthe article studies the effects of international remittances on poverty and inequality in ethiopia using an urban household survey from 2004 counterfactual consumption in the hypothetical case of no remittance is estimated in a selection corrected estimation framework inequality and poverty values in the hypothetical and actual cases are then compared there is a significant reduction in poverty while inequality does not change the head count the poverty gap and the squared poverty gap ratios decreased from 0 41 to 0 38 0 14 to 0 13 and 0 064 to 0 057 respectively

international migration and nutritional outcomes in tajikistan abstract tajikistan is the country with the largest share of remittances to gdp in the world at the same time it suffers from stubbornly high levels of child malnutrition against which only very slow progress has been made this paper investigates the relationship between international migration and child malnutrition using data from a recent nationally representative household survey there are theoretical reasons to expect that migration may be exerting both positive and negative effects on nutrition and food security so that understanding what the net effect may be is essentially an empirical question our results indicate that migration appears to be playing a positive role in enhancing child growth patterns as measured by height for age z scores in the country we explore some of the possible channels through which this effect might be operating and find that one such channel is by increasing households kilocalorie consumption

migration remittances and inequality estimating the net effects of migration on income distribution this paper examines the net effects of migration and remittances on income distribution potential home earnings of migrants are imputed as are the earnings of non migrants in migrant households in order to construct no migration counterfacmals to compare with the observed income distribution including remittances the earnings functions used to impute migrant home earnings are estimated from observations on non migrants in a selection corrected estimation framework which incorporates migration choice and labor force participation decisions for a sample of households in bluefields nicaragua migration and remittances increase income inequality when compared with the no migration counterfactual 1998 elsevier science b v

cross cultural competence in international business toward a definition and a model many international business failures have been ascribed to a lack of cross cultural competence cc on the part of business practitioners however the international business literature appears to lack an adequate conceptualization and definition of the term cc focusing instead on the knowledge skills and attributes that appear to be its antecedents in this conceptual study we propose a definition of cc as it applies to international business and develop a model for understanding how cc is nurtured in individuals linking our definition to the concept of cultural intelligence we discuss the components of the model and suggest that there are environmental and contextual impediments to the effective application of the requisite skills knowledge and attributes that have been identified as necessary for cc resulting in a gap between knowing and doing we conclude by discussing the implications of the model for practitioners and by suggesting appropriate directions for further research

networks in the modern economy mexican migrants in the u s labor market this paper attempts to identify job networks among mexican migrants in the u s labor market the empirical analysis uses data on migration patterns and labor market outcomes based on a sample of individuals belonging to multiple origin communities in mexico over a long period of time each community s network is measured by the proportion of the sampled individuals who are located at the destination the united states in any year we verify that the same individual is more likely to be employed and to hold a higher paying nonagricultural job when his network is exogenously larger by including individual fixed effects in the employment and occupation regressions and by using rainfall in the origin community as an instrument for the size of the network at the destination

balancing private and state ownership in emerging markets telecommunications infrastructure country industry and firm influences bargaining between host states and investors over the terms of investment in sensitive sectors of the economy generates political and economic tensions in this study we investigate the factors that contribute to the outcomes of those negotiations as measured by the private vs state owned share of newly consummated telecommunications infrastructure projects we find that private ownership is positively associated with overall economic development and investment liberalization in the host country and with greenfield vs divestiture and joint venture vs wholly owned projects private ownership is negatively associated with existing telecommunications infrastructure higher levels of state ownership of foreign investing firms and the technological sophistication of the projects our analysis also shows a curvilinear inverted u shaped relationship between investment policy hazards and private ownership this finding supports the insight from transaction cost economics that potential gains from internalization are greatest at intermediate levels of uncertainty

revisiting the brain drain literature with insights from a dynamic general equilibrium world model the existing brain drain literature has found various mechanisms through which the high skilled south to north migration affects developing economies however some of the new found effects remain disputable due to limited evidence this study aimed to provide suggestive guidelines for future research by identifying the mechanisms that can generate larger economic impacts at the aggregate the analysis is based on a dynamic general equilibrium world model that is calibrated to published statistics and incorporates empirical estimates on the effects of brain drain it simulates short and long run impacts of increased brain drain on gdp per capita gni per capita and income inequality the results suggest that more studies should be conducted to further examine how the brain drain influences human capital formation and technology spillovers both have significant impacts on domestic production and national income a better understanding of different remitting patterns is also desirable to understand how to reduce inequality and promote recipients investment in productive assets

international migration self selection and the distribution of wages evidence from mexico and the united states we use the 1990 and 2000 mexican and u s population censuses to test borjas s negative selection hypothesis that the less skilled are those most likely to migrate from countries with high skill premia earnings inequality to countries with low skill premia earnings inequality we find that mexican immigrants in the united states are more educated than nonmigrants in mexico and were mexican immigrants to be paid according to current skill prices in mexico they would be concentrated in the middle of mexico s wage distribution these results are inconsistent with the negative selection hypothesis and instead suggest that there is intermediate selection of immigrants from mexico

research on rural to urban migration in ldcs the confusion frontier and why we should pause to rethink afresh abstract over 12 years of intensive research in the field of rural to urban migration have left the field beset with loss of direction and some serious doubts as to 1 whether research has really provided practitioners with more specific means of intervention 2 proper understanding of such intervention its justification and results 3 the areas in which the marginal benefit of extra research amounts to zero 4 those areas in which some consensus has emerged 5 which problem areas and specific issues merit intensive migration research in the coming years and 6 whether or not the academic profession has based its migration research effort in the past decade on an inappropriate set of presuppositions or even worse on invalid postulates a few examples of confusion and or fallacies that render this list more concrete are presented in this paper these are drawn from the areas of migration and fertility migration and education migration and the distribution of income by size migration and urban unemployment migration and the politics of economics migration and policy measures this paper then makes a plea for a major re evaluation which could and should provide a turning point in academic work and institutional thought the emphasis is on reformulation of the policy related presumptions on which research has been based for the past dozen years rather than trying to reach a better understanding of the decision making process generating rural to urban migration and its sectoral and overall social implications so as to devise more effective measures to contain reverse it the starting point should be an effort to effectively manipulate the phenomenon so as to turn it into a vehicle of national development and personal betterment