black market exchange rate and the productivity bias hypothesis abstract previous studies that tested the productivity bias hypothesis employed the official nominal exchange rate in constructing the real rate hence in testing the productivity bias hypothesis in this paper we show that if official real exchange rate does not support the productivity bias hypothesis the real black market rate does this conjecture is tested by using data from chile colombia and costa rica

to float or to fix evidence on the impact of exchange rate regimes on growth we study the relationship between exchange rate regimes and economic growth for a sample of 183 countries over the post bretton woods period using a new de facto classification of regimes based on the actual behavior of the relevant macroeconomic variables in contrast with previous studies we find that for developing countries less flexible exchange rate regimes are associated with slower growth as well as with greater output volatility for industrial countries regimes do not appear to have any significant impact on growth the results are robust to endogeneity corrections and a number of alternative specifications borrowed from the growth literature

price flexibility in developing countries evidence and implications using data for a sample of 50 developing countries the empirical investigation evaluates determinants and implications of asymmetric price flexibility price inflation is characterized by high flexibility to adjust towards full equilibrium further price inflation accelerates flexibly with unanticipated demand growth in both the upward and downward directions in most of the countries under investigation asymmetry indicates higher upward flexibility compared to downward flexibility in many countries aggregate uncertainty determines the degree of asymmetry such that price flexibility is higher with respect to expansionary demand shocks compared to contractionary shocks the higher the variability of aggregate demand across countries in contrast higher trend price inflation increases downward price flexibility across countries output variability decreases with both upward and downward price flexibility in the face of aggregate demand shocks a the views expressed in this article are those of the a

measuring the pay disparity between typically female occupations and other jobs a bivariate selectivity approach the author of this study using a bivariate probit selectivity model with data from the 1984 panel survey of income dynamics finds that women in female dominated jobs earned 6 15 percent less than

technology factor proportions and competitiveness the paper reports an attempt to explain changes in the industrial pattern of relative international competitiveness and specialization in the swedish manufacturing industry during the period 1969 84 in particular we evaluate the role of rd this was true for industries intensive in human as well as physical capital the analysis confirmed the technology gap hypothesis in that a high level of rd on the other hand no indication was found of increased international specialization on r d intensive products in swedish industry

occupational self selection a human capital approach to sex differences in occupational structure a rich and diverse literature exists concerning the distribution of labor incomes one approach namely that of human capital concentrates on lifetime accumulation paths of earnings capacity units human capital individual variations in human capital imply differences in earnings power thereby yielding strong implications concerning earnings distribution within a population despite its explanatory power the human capital model has been widely criticized one criticism centers on its inability to obtain inferences concerning occupational distribution the purpose of this paper is to alleviate at least some such criticism by applying the hedonic price approach so as to embed occupational choice into the human capital framework the significance is that neoclassical economic theory can be used to obtain implications concerning the determinants of occupational structure excerpt

exchange rate sensitivity of u s trade flows evidence from industry data 1 introductionin an effort to boost employment a country could stimulate its exports and discourage its imports and thereby improve its trade balance one policy that has received a great deal of attention in the literature is currency devaluation by making exports cheaper and imports expensive devaluation is said to improve the trade balance the only condition required is that the sum of import and export demand price elasticities exceed unity that condition known as the marshall lerner condition is derived under the assumption of perfectly elastic supply of trade most previous studies that attempted to assess the marshall lerner condition relied on price elasticities that were obtained by estimating aggregate import and export demand functions these studies provided mixed conclusions as far as the effectiveness of devaluation or depreciation is concerned examples include houthakker and magee 1969 khan 1974 goldstein and khan 1976 1978 wilson and takacs 1979 haynes and stone 1983a 1983b warner and krienin 1983 bahmani oskooee 1986 1998 and bahmani oskooee and niroomand 1998 the mixed conclusion could be related to aggregation bias when aggregate trade data are employed in import and export demand functions significant price elasticity with one trading partner could be more than offset by an insignificant price elasticity with another trading partner yielding an insignificant price elasticity because of aggregation bias another body of the literature has emerged in recent years that concentrates on using trade data at the bilateral level examples in this latter group include rose and yellen 1989 cushman 1987 1990 summary 1989 marquez 1990 haynes hutchison and mikesell 1986 eaton 1994 bahmani oskooee and brooks 1999 nadenichek 2000 and bahmani oskooee and goswami 2004 except bahmani oskooee and goswami 2004 all other studies in this second group have estimated bilateral trade elasticities between the united states and her major trading partners and concluded that the real bilateral exchange rate is a significant determinant of bilateral trade balance at least in some cases bahmani oskooee and goswami 2004 who considered the bilateral trade flows between japan and her nine major trading partners found that in most cases japanese exports are not sensitive to the real bilateral exchange rate but her imports are these studies as well as those in the first group estimate price elasticities in demand under the assumption that supply is perfectly elastic and then evaluate the marshall lerner condition involving own price coefficients in demand thus evidence in these studies is limited because it assumes perfectly elastic supply of trade for both exports and imports although there is additional room to expand the literature in the second group by considering the experiences of countries other than the united states and japan in this paper we would like to open another avenue of research by investigating the impact of real depreciation of the dollar on imports and exports of 66 american industries a disaggregation by industry rather than by country disaggregation by industry will avoid problems associated with petroleum imports as does disaggregation by country rose and yellen 1989 1 for this purpose in section 2 we outline the import and export demand functions for each commodity group along with the estimation method in section 3 we present the empirical results section 4 provides our summary and conclusion data definitions and sources are cited in an appendix 2 the models and the methodin formulating any import and export demand function it is a common practice to relate the volume of imports and exports to a measure of income and relative prices the main purpose is to obtain estimates of import and export demand elasticities so that we can better judge the effectiveness of currency devaluation in increasing a country s inpayments and reducing outpayments

the crowding hypothesis and comparable worth although women s pay and occupational distribution have improved during the past few years it is still true that women earn considerably less than men and that their occupational distribution is substantially different because progress has been slow toward equality in the labor market some have called for a comparable worth policy proponents of this approach argue that occupational segregation contributes to the earnings disparity between women and men one theoretical justification for this position is the crowding hypothesis this paper first explains this theory and presents a method used to test its principal hypothesis it then describes an extension of this design for estimating the phenomenon that comparable worth policies address empirical studies conducted in this area are viewed and new findings are presented finally limitations of this analysis are discussed i introduction

occupational choice an application to the market for public school teachers most previous work on occupational choice does not satisfactorily treat the potentially important effects of future demand conditions in contrast this paper develops and estimates a rational expectations model in which agents look beyond expected starting salaries and take explicit account of future demand conditions the empirical results demonstrate that future demand conditions are important determinants of the decision to acquire secondary school certification but are not important for the decision to acquire elementary school certification the paper concludes with a comparison of the dynamic properties of the rational expectations model and a cobweb specification

the political economy of gender explaining cross national variation in the gender division of labor and the gender voting gap mainstream political economy has tended to treat the family as a unit when examining the distributional consequences of labor market institutions and of public policy in a world with high divorce rates we argue that this simplification is more likely to obscure than to instruct we find that labor market opportunities for women which vary systematically with the position of countries in the international division of labor and with the structure of the welfare state affect women s bargaining power within the family and as a result can explain much of the cross country variation in the gender division of labor as well as the gender gap in political preferences

national price levels purchasing power parity and cointegration a test of four high inflation economies abstract the time series properties of exchange rates and wholesale prices from four high inflation countries show some evidence in support of purchasing power parity tests for stationarity of real exchange rates and cointegration among price and exchange rate variables are presented for argentina brazil chile and israel during the 1970s and 1980s error correction models describe the mechanism of adjustment to long run equilibrium

gender differences in training capital and wages this paper constructs an equilibrium job matching model where workers differ in their attachment to the labor force the model predicts that workers with weaker attachment to the labor market will receive lower starting wages and lower post training wages and will be placed in jobs that offer less training and use less capital the implications of the model for gender differences in pay and job assignment are tested with the eopp data set ourfindings suggest that while training intensity during the first three months of employment is similar in positions filled by males and females females are employed in positions that have a shorter duration of on the job training and that use less capital these differences in on the job training and capital in positions filled by men and women as well as a lower market value for women s prior labor market experience account for a substantial part of the gap in wages between males and females

globalization and the gender earnings gap evidence from sri lanka and cambodia disasters in bangladesh and protests elsewhere have created an intense debate about the value particularly to women of apparel employment in developing countries this paper focuses on how the forces of globalization specifically the multi fibre arrangement mfa have affected women s wages in the apparel sector in developing countries the paper uses household and labor force surveys from cambodia and sri lanka to estimate both apparel wage premiums relative to other industries and the male female wage gap before and after the end of the mfa the approach builds on new models that apply traditional trade theory e g the heckscher ohlin and stolper samuelson theorems to analyze the effect of globalization on gender based earnings the authors find large positive wage premiums and a closing of the male female wage gap during the mfa period but smaller premiums and a widening wage gap after the end of the mfa the results suggest that the benefits of apparel exports for women in developing countries remain significant post mfa they also model an approach for studying the effects of globalization that differentiates males and females as separate factors this may be a fruitful alternative to discrimination models or those that analyze the effects of globalization on women in terms of skill further research is necessary to identify the potential development effects of post mfa apparel employment and to thoroughly compare the benefits documented in this paper with the costs that may come with apparel jobs

gendering the varieties of capitalism a study of occupational segregation by sex in advanced industrial societies this article explores the unintended gendered consequences of employment protection and vocational training systems it develops a micrologic of skill investment by workers and employers to identify the mechanism by which specific skills become disadvantageous for women the central claim of the article is that institutions that encourage male investment in specific skills exacerbate occupational sex segregation the article finds that coordinated market economies because of their robust institutional protection of male skill investments are generally more sex segregating than are liberal market economies the empirical section provides cross sectional analyses of advanced industrial countries

determinants of the structure of u s foreign trade 1958 1976 abstract the heckscher ohlin model with three direct factor inputs is borne out for u s net exports of manufactures in annual cross section regressions for 1958 1976 the coefficient on unskilled labor became significantly more negative over the period and there is evidence that the negative sign on physical capital may reflect the inclusion of natural resource industries further analysis based upon 1960 and 1970 census years suggests the importance as well of skill and technological variables calculations of the total factor requirements of u s trade uphold the leontief paradox for 1958 but not for 1972

unequal assignment and unequal promotion in job ladders in this study gender differentials in professional status attainment are analyzed in the theoretical literature unequal treatment of females is often rationalized by their higher probability of quitting to test this hypothesis empirically we use data from the austrian microcensus and find that neither the risk of childbearing nor different productive characteristics can explain the crowding of females in lower hierarchical positions females have to fulfill higher ability standards to be promoted work experience is not rewarded in the same manner as it is for men

occupation segregation a defense of human capital predictions this article examines worker sorting across occupations in response to the risk of death on the job we use family structure as a proxy for willingness to trade safety for wages to test the proposition that workers with strong aversion to this risk sort

purchasing power parity evidence from a new panel test this paper uses a recently suggested test for unit roots in panels of time series data maddala and wu oxford bulletin of economics and statistics 61 631 52 1999 to consider the purchasing power parity hypothesis the major innovation of this test is that it allows both the testing of unit root null using the adf test and the stationarity null using the kpss test it is found that the results are inconsistent suggesting that either alternative hypotheses to a unit root may need to be considered or that panel based testing in this particular context may be of limited value

real and nominal effective exchange rates for 22 ldcs 1971 1 1990 4 the international monetary fund constructs and publishes the real and nominal effective exchange rates mostly for developed but not less developed countries this paper employs a method of constructing real and nominal effective exchange rate from the literature to produce quarterly data over the 1971 1990 period for 22 developing nations as an application the stationarity of real effective exchange rates are determined to establish the empirical validity of the purchasing power parity theory ppp the results reveal that ppp fails to hold for most countries

new evidence on purchasing power parity from 17 oecd countries there is a large literature that investigates whether or not real exchange rates are stationary in an attempt to unravel support for purchasing power parity ppp at best the empirical results are mixed this paper applies a unit root test that allows for a simultaneous structural break in the intercept and slope shown by sen 2003 to minimize power distortions to examine ppp for 17 oecd countries our results on ppp are mixed when the real exchange rate is based on the us dollar evidence is found of ppp for only france portugal and denmark when the real exchange rate is based on the deutschmark we find evidence of ppp for austria belgium norway spain netherlands switzerland and denmark

detecting and removing discrimination under equal opportunities policies abstract this paper surveys part of the recent voluminous literature on the economics of discrimination focusing on two key questions first how should discrimination be measured and can in fact unambiguous estimates be derived as the basis for detecting where discrimination is present and setting in train measures to eliminate it second to what extent has the implementation of equal opportunities legislation improved the relative standing of women and minority workers in the labour force this section includes a discussion of the likely effects of recent changes in the law such as the equal value amendment in the uk or the introduction of comparable worth in the usa the survey concludes that our ability to detect discrimination at all precisely is still rudimentary and consequently policy measures are likely to be inefficient for this reason

economic integration inter and intra industry trade the case of sweden and the ec when trade is heavily restricted a small country may show a false comparative disadvantage in differentiated products at an early stage in the life cycle because firms are confined to a small domestic market an analysis of changes in the pattern of trade between sweden and the ec after the establishment of free trade in manufactures shows that the swedish net export position improved in industries with high rates of growth in demand and turnover of technology the results provide some support for the hypothesis that an initial swedish disadvantage in product cycle goods caused by the limitations of the domestic market was reduced by the free trade agreement i background the decision to create the ec internal market and the recent eea agreement according to which the efta countries are given an opportunity to participate in the european integration process raises questions regarding the integration effects on trade and specialization this process implies the elimination of a number of nontariff barriers such as border controls discrimination against imports in public procurement and technical barriers to trade as well as general deregulation and promotion of competition swedish participation in the internal market will change the volume and structure of swedish trade with the ec it is not clear however precisely what these effects would be would further integration with the common market result in more inter industry trade and specialization according to

occupational transition and country of origin effects in the early stage occupational assimilation of immigrants some evidence from australia we examine the occupational attainment of recent immigrants at 2 years post migration in order to study their early stage assimilation into the labour market in australia human capital endowments and country of origin effects are examined for six occupational groups we also study transitions across occupations from source to host country the empirical approach utilizes the ordered generalized extreme value ogev model which embodies differing utility functions across occupational outcomes as well as accounting for any ordering in these outcomes the results suggest that the transferability of knowledge and skills is affected by cultural and social backgrounds and that non western immigrants are disproportionately channelled into inferior jobs post migration the investigation of the country of origin effect on the skilled migrants occupational transition process is especially apt in the context of skill shortages in many host countries

gender and job performance evidence from wall street this study concerns the relationship between gender and job performance among brokerage firm equity analysts women s representation in analyst positions dropped from 16 percent in 1995 to 14 percent in 2005 the study found significant gender based differences in performance on various dimensions for example women cover roughly 9 stocks on average as compared with 10 for men and women s earnings estimates tend to be less accurate than men s estimates but the study also found that women are significantly more likely than men to be designated as all stars which indicates that they outperform men in other aspects of job performance

occupational segregation and career advancement abstract this paper analyzes women s job choice in order to discriminate between different theories we model the joint determination of occupation and career advancement our results support the crowding hypothesis of occupational segregation and are against human capital and compensating wage differentials explanations

the role of comparative costs for determining inter and intra industry trade with developing countries abstract the paper studies intra industry trade of sweden with developing countries it uses a neoclassical two factor multi sector model where it is assumed that goods are differentiated with respect to country of origin in this model the share of intra industry trade between countries with different relative factor prices will be low in sectors with extreme factor requirements i e with very high or very low capital intensity this hypothesis is tested on the share of intra industry trade in sweden s trade with developing countries for a cross section of industries and largely confirmed by the statistical results

sex discrimination and competition in product and labour markets theoritical explanations for wage discrimination collapse in the long run because competition should drive discriminations firms out of the market in product markets with imperfect competition em

purchasing power parity over two centuries trends and nonlinearity in two recent contributions lothian and taylor and cuddington and liang produced empirical evidence that annual data for the dollar sterling real exchange rate spanning two centuries exhibited a non linear deterministic trend this trend could be proxying harrod balassa samuelson effects lothian and taylor showed that a linear stationary autoregressive mode which embodied a cubic trend implied much faster mean reversion of the real exchange rate to shocks than a model that excluded the trend this article shows that both non linearity and a deterministic trend can be allowed for in a theoretically appealing manner and that the fitted models provide a parsimonious explanation of both the dollar sterling and franc sterling real exchange rates over the two centuries of data generalized impulse response function analysis of the models demonstrates that the speed of adjustment to shocks can be even faster when trends are considered

occupational segregation rejoinder to polachek this article examines worker sorting across occupations in response to the risk of death on the job we use family structure as a proxy for willingness to trade safety for wages to test the proposition that workers with strong aversion to this risk sort

a cross national comparison of the gender gap in income this article examines national labor market samples from two dualist countries the united states and canada and two corporatist countries norway and sweden labor market location is less powerful in predicting income in norway and sweden where they have more inclusive employment policies in sweden though the labor market variables are more important in explaining the income gap family effects marital status and number of children are weak everywhere but especially in scandinavia nevertheless because it is encouraged by policies designed to integrate employment and family part time paid work has a major effect on the gender gap in income in norway and sweden women however pay more of a penalty than men for part time employment in north america

the gender pay gap fringe benefits and occupational crowding using data from the 1991 national longitudinal survey of youth the authors estimate earnings equations for each of seven occupational categories and the aggregate sample when fringe benefits are excluded from the compensation measure a gender coefficient is statistically significant that is women are found to have received significantly lower compensation than men within six of the seven occupational categories the exception being the most female dominated category when an index of compensation that includes fringe benefits is used however a gender coefficient is significant in only one category which contains relatively heterogeneous jobs gender specific regressions are used to estimate what part of the earnings gap between men and women is due to differences in traits the results indicate that occupational assignment is the primary determinant of the pay gap a result that is consistent with a crowding explanation of that gap

gender differences in market competitiveness in a real workplace evidence from performance based pay tournaments among teachers recent lab and field experiments suggest that women are less effective than men in a competitive environment in this paper i examine how individual performance in a real work place is affected by a competitive environment and by its gender mix the competition is among math english and language teachers who participated in a rank order tournament that rewarded teachers with large cash bonuses based on the test performance of their classes the evidence suggest that the average ranking winning rate and awarded prize did not differ by gender nor between teachers in competition groups with only female teachers or with both genders i also find that the direct impact of the bonus program on students outcomes did not vary by male and female teachers or by the type of competitive environment in terms of gender mix of the participants as for mechanisms that can explain these results i found no differences by either gender or by the gender mix of the competition group in teachers awareness and familiarity with the program and its rules and in effort and teaching methods women though were more pessimistic about the effectiveness of teachers performance pay and more realistic than men about their likelihood of winning bonuses

do nominal devaluations lead to real devaluations in ldcs abstract devaluation or depreciation of nominal exchange rate is a policy to boost exports however since any favorable effects of devaluation could be offset by its inflationary effects one must consider real devaluation this note investigates whether nominal devaluation leads to real devaluation by employing a relatively new method of cointegration and error correction modeling

heterogeneous preferences compensating wage differentials and comparable worth this paper sets up a general equilibrium model of a world of heterogeneous jobs and heterogeneous tastes and uses the model to i analyze the effects of employer discrimination and ii predict the likely consequences of requiring equal pay for jobs of comparable worth it shows that employment of both women and men is likely to fall as a result of comparable worth it also shows that when individuals tastes are heterogeneous neither comparable worth nor the simple model of compensating differentials on which it is based provides useful insights into wage determination in particular when tastes are heterogeneous there is no reason to expect equal pay for jobs of comparable worth even in the absence of employer discrimination

one money one market the effect of common currencies on trade currency unions their dramatic effect on international trade a gravity model is used to assess the separate effects of exchange rate volatility and currency unions on international trade the panel data bilateral observations for five years during 1970 90 covering 186 countries includes 300 observations in which both countries use the same currency i find a large positive effect of a currency union on international trade and a small negative effect of exchange rate volatility even after controlling for a host of features including the endogenous nature of the exchange rate regime these effects statistically significant imply that two countries sharing the same currency trade three times as much as they would with different currencies currency unions like the european emu may thus lead to a large increase in international trade with all that that entails andrew rose

trends in earnings differentials by gender 1971 1981 this paper clarifies trends in relative earnings by sex over the decade 1971 1981 and decomposes these trends to determine which factors contributed to a decline and which to an increase our analyses are based upon data from the annual demographic files of the current population survey for 1972 and 1982 this study is unique in that it estimates earnings functions in each year which are corrected for selectivity bias it is found that such a correction markedly raises the progress of white women relative to men among blacks the impact of the selectivity bias correction was to substantially lower the relative earnings increase of women however the coefficients on the selectivity variable were not significant the findings suggest declining sex role specialization and discrimination as conventionally measured over the decade on the other hand contrary to expectations the total effect of variables reflecting the sex composition of the individuals occupation worked to widen the sex differential over the period the sex differential was also adversely affected by a decline in the relative return to education especially for whites authors modified

the gap between male and female pay in the spanish tourism industry abstract this paper analyzes wage differentials between male and female workers in the spanish tourism industry using a large administratively matched employer employee data set obtained from a representative sample of companies this allows us to control for unobserved firm specific factors likely to affect the magnitude of the gender wage gap our findings indicate that male workers earn on average 6 7 higher monthly wages than their socially comparable female counterparts in particular the type of contract held the qualifications required for the job and the specific sub sector of employment are very important variables in explaining this gender wage difference we also find that only around 12 of the mean wage difference in the tourism industry cannot be explained by differences in observable characteristics which is well below the average for the rest of the industries in spain 87 our interpretation is that minimum wage legislation provides a particularly effective protection to women in the tourism industry which is characterized by a large number of low wage earners

corruption and the shadow economy an empirical analysis this paper analyzes the influence of the shadow economy on corruption and vice versa we hypothesize that corruption and the shadow economy are substitutes in high income countries while they are complements in low income countries the hypotheses are tested for a cross section of 98 countries our results show that there is no robust relationship between corruption and the size of the shadow economy when perceptions based indices of corruption are used employing an index of corruption based on a structural model however corruption and the shadow economy are complements in countries with low income but not in high income countries

new evidence on sex segregation and sex differences in wages from matched employee employer data we use new matched employer employee data to estimate the contributions of sex segregation and wage differences by sex within occupation industry establishment and occupation establishment cells to the overall sex gap in wages in contrast to earlier data used to study this question our data cover all industries and occupations across all regions of the united states we find that segregation of women into lower paying occupations industries establishments and occupations within establishments accounts for a sizable fraction of the sex gap in wages nonetheless approximately one half of the sex gap in wages remains attributable to the individual s sex

real and nominal effective exchange rates for developing countries 1973 1 1997 3 the international monetary fund construct and publish real and nominal effective exchange rate data mostly for developed countries in this paper real and nominal effective rate data for developing countries are constructed application of the kpss test to real effective rate data reveals that ppp holds in most countries

investment and interruption effects of the us experience on the earnings of return migrants in mexico migration is widely viewed as an investment in human capital however due to the imperfect transferability of skills and knowledge across countries migration trips are also career interruptions especially for return migrants who may meanwhile experience depreciation of home country specific skills this article demonstrates that migration experience increases return migrants earnings in the home country on the condition that the migration stay is sufficiently long and mostly uninterrupted employing the revised human capital earnings function the empirical study shows that only a barely interrupted us experience longer than five years regardless of the legal status of the migration trips predicts higher earnings of male return migrants in mexico than comparable non migrants robust findings emerge controlling for unobserved individual acteristics or using instrumental variables to deal with the self selection and endogeneity short migration stays in the us and frequent traveling provide

worker sorting and the risk of death on the job this article examines worker sorting across occupations in response to the risk of death on the job we use family structure as a proxy for willingness to trade safety for wages to test the proposition that workers with strong aversion to this risk sort into safer jobs we estimate conditional logit models of occupation choice as a function of injury risk and other job attributes our results confirm the sorting hypothesis within gender single moms and dads are the most averse to risk overall differences in the risk of death across occupations explain about one quarter of occupational gender segregation

testing long run purchasing power parity with a bayesian unit root approach the experience of canada in the 1950s a test is made for long run purchasing power parity with canadian monthly and quarterly data from the 1950s using a bayesian unit root test discussed by koop but first suggested by zellner and siow results show that the hypothesis that the real exchange rate is a stationary process receives relatively low posterior probability put differently the probability is low that the nominal exchange rate and the national price levels have a stable long run relationship furthermore it is also found that there are structural differences between the sample period from october 1950 to may 1962 and the sample period from january 1952 to november 1960

the role of labor market intermittency in explaining gender wage differentials using the health and retirement survey and standard wage decomposition techniques this paper finds that the difference in intermittent labor force participation between men and women accounts for 47 percent of the contribution to the wage gap of differences in observed characteristics not controlling for intermittent behavior results in too much importance being placed on gender differences in job characteristics

women s wages in women s work a u s canada comparison of the roles of unions and public goods sector jobs in this paper we investigate the mechanism by which the femaleness of occupations has a negative effect on women s wages we relate us canada differences in labor market institutions the returns to skills and other dimensions of the wage structure such as occupational rents to corresponding differences in the rewards to female jobs our analysis which uses us data from the cps org for 1988 and canadian data from the 1988 lmas uncovers intriguing us canada differences in the effect of occupational gender composition on women s wages the estimated effect for canadian women is generally small and not statistically significant while estimates for american women are relatively large and comparable to the evidence in previous studies relating these differences to cross country variation in other wage determinants reveals that higher rates of unionization and the higher occupation wage effects for certain public good sector jobs such as educational services work to the advantage of canadian women we also find that the relatively higher pay of integrated jobs in the united states helps account for the larger negative effect of gender composition on women s wages in this country dans cet article nous etudions le mecanisme par lequel le taux de feminite des occupations peut avoir un effect negatif sur les salaires des femmes nous utilisons une comparaison internationale etats unis canada pour relier les differences institutionnelles du marche du travail les differences dans les rendements des qualifications et dans d autres dimensions de la structure salariale comme les rentes occupationnelles a des differences dans la remuneration des emplois a predominance feminine notre analyse qui utilise les donnees americaines provenant des cps org pour 1988 et les donnees canadiennes provenant de l enquete sur l activite aussi pour 1988 demontre l existence de differences interessantes entre les etats unis et le canada quant a l effet du taux de feminite des occupa this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

towards solving the ppp puzzle evidence from 113 countries several different approaches have been followed by researchers to test the validity of purchasing power parity ppp since the introduction of the unit root tests researchers have applied a battery of these tests to determine whether the real exchange rates are stationary if the answer is in the affirmative ppp is validated while application of the standard augmented dickey fuller test has not provided much support for ppp a test that incorporates nonlinearity in the rates has under both tests however the null of nonstationary is tested against the alternative of stationarity in this article when we switch the null with the alternative and apply kwiatkowski et al 1992 test we provide relatively more support for the theory getting closer and closer towards solving the ppp puzzle

do exchange rates follow a random walk process in middle eastern countries abstract in this note we employ the kpss test in addition to the adf test to determine whether the real effective exchange rates in middle eastern countries follow a random walk process or they are stationary while in most cases the kpss test supported the stationary of the real effective rates thus the ppp the adf test did not the failure to support the ppp by the adf test is said to be due to its low power

purchasing power parity and the role of traded goods evidence from eu states in this paper the debate on purchasing power parity ppp is considered by providing results with disaggregated price data from european countries the disaggregation of the price data is important because it allows for the consideration of goods that are likely tradable e g fruits with goods that are not tradable e g hotel rooms the european focus is important because these results are able to shed light on the effect of the type of exchange rate regime member of exchange rate mechanism erm or not

long run purchasing power parity revisited a monte carlo simulation the existence of long run purchasing power parity ppp implies that a cointegration vector of nominal exchange rate domestic price and foreign price is expected regardless of using the engle granger two step method or johansen maximum likelihood approach however this paper has found conflicting results the engle granger technique tends to reject the long run ppp hypothesis whereas the johansen method is generally supportive of long run ppp via monte carlo simulations the present paper finds that the johansen approach has a bias toward supporting long run ppp especially under the circumstances in which the assumption of normally or and independently and identically distributed disturbance terms is violated

real and nominal effective exchange rates in mena countries 1970 2004 the main purposes of this article are 3 fold first we construct measures of real and nominal effective exchange rates for 14 middle east and north african countries over the 1970 2004 period second we test the validity of the purchasing power parity ppp by applying the adf and kpss tests to the real effective exchange rates finally we employ the bounds testing approach to cointegration and error correction modelling to show that nominal devaluation leads to real devaluation in the short run as well as in the long run in many of the countries

bending the pipeline executive search and gender inequality in hiring for top management jobs we study the sources of women s underrepresentation in hiring for top management jobs by focusing on the context of executive search using data that include proprietary information on 10 970 individuals considered by a search firm we examine the sources of the low proportion of women placed in senior roles contrary to received wisdom we find limited evidence that demand side screeners strongly contribute to gender disadvantage in this setting what gender differences exist tend to play out at the start of the hiring process and are driven both by supply side and demand side actors once considered for a position women are no less likely than men to be hired though they are slightly less likely to be interviewed by the search firm our findings highlight the theoretical importance of disentangling candidates self steering behavior from the pipeline bending of hiring agents we discuss the implications of our results for understanding gender inequality at upper echelons of the labor market this p

threshold cointegration and purchasing power parity in the pacific nations the paper uses a threshold cointegration methodology to explore the properties of long run purchasing power parity ppp in the pacific nations using japan and the usa as base countries it is shown that long run ppp holds for most asian countries but that the adjustment mechanism is asymmetric in contrast to symmetric error correction models it is found that asymmetric adjustments of nominal exchange rates play an important role in eliminating deviations from long run ppp

determinants of the structure of swedish foreign trade in manufactures 1968 1979 swedish net exports of manufactured goods are analyzed empirically for the years 1968 1970 1977 and 1979 in a neo heckscher ohlin framework where technological effects are taken into account the analysis is repeated for bilateral exchange with other industrial countries lessdeveloped countries and socialist countries there is some evidence that swedish net exports of manufactures to a growing extent embody direct services of human capital especially vis avis the ldcs and socialist countries a positive relationship between direct inputs of physical capital and net trade such as was found for 1957 is no longer evident i introduction the direct factor content of swedish foreign trade in manufactures is analyzed in this paper using a modified neo heckscher ohlin model in combination with some technological factors assumed to influence the structure of foreign trade the presumption that human capital is an important determinant of sweden s comparative advantage is confronted with data previous results dating back to 1957 concerning the role of physical capital are also followed up during the last decade the change in the driving forces of international trade as evidenced by restructuring problems in many industrialized countries sweden is no exception has attracted a great deal of attention at the same time a number of studies have appeared in which the export performance of notably the u s and west germany has been analyzed

cointegration and tests of purchasing power parity nonstationarity in the levels of spot exchange rates and domestic and foreign price indices makes the use of conventional tests of the absolute version of purchasing power parity ppp inappropriate if ppp is true inter country commodity arbitrage ensures that deviations from a linear combination of spot exchange rates and domestic and foreign price levels should be stationary under these conditions exchange rates and price levels should form a cointegrated system we find the null hypothesis of no cointegration cannot be rejected for all five countries thus violating the long run absolute version of ppp

the purchasing power parity debate originally propounded by the 16th century scholars of the university of salamanca the concept of purchasing power parity ppp was revived in the interwar period in the context of the debate concerning the appropriate level at which to re establish international exchange rate parities broadly accepted as a long run equilibrium condition in the post war period it first was advocated as a short run equilibrium by many international economists in the first few years following the breakdown of the bretton woods system in the early 1970s and then increasingly came under attack on both theoretical and empirical grounds from the late 1970s to the mid 1990s accordingly over the last three decades a large literature has built up that examines how much the data deviated from theory and the fruits of this research have provided a deeper understanding of how well ppp applies in both the short run and the long run since the mid 1990s larger datasets and nonlinear econometric methods in particular have improved estimation as deviations narrowed between real exchange rates and ppp so did the gap narrow between theory and data and some degree of confidence in long run ppp began to emerge again in this respect the idea of long run ppp now enjoys perhaps its strongest support in more than 30 years a distinct reversion in economic thought

nominal and real effective exchange rates of middle eastern countries and their trade performance indexes of real and nominal effective exchange rates that are published by the imf are mostly for industrial countries none of the middle eastern countries have received any attention on this regard this paper tries to close the gap by constructing such indexes for 11 middle eastern countries over 1971 i 1994 iv period as an application long run response of their trade balance to devaluation is also investigated

the causes and consequences of occupational segregation a simultaneous equations approach lewis and shorten applied economics 1991 23 167 77 have proposed that male and female earnings male and female labour force participation rates and occupational segregation are simultaneously determined in the labour market they estimate their model for australia using 1981 census data and find substantial evidence to support their hypothesis however there have been no subsequent studies to empirically test their hypothesis for other countries in this paper their model for the united states using 1990 census data is replicated all but one of the coefficients on the endogenous variables have the same signs as those reported by lewis and shorten which tends to support their model the specification of lewis and shorten s model is tested and it is inappropriate for the us data the model is then reformulated and re estimated the reformulated model also shows substantial evidence of simultaneity between occupational segregation and other labour market outcomes

short term employment transitions of women in the israeli labor force using data on jewish israeli women aged 25 to 55 the author examines patterns and determinants of women s transitions among four employment categories regular full time employment reduced hours full time employment part time employment and non employment israeli women are not trapped in part time employment departures from reduced hour and part time employment occur at higher rates than departures from full time jobs women who have just given birth have an increased likelihood of moving from full time employment to reduced hour or part time employment women in female type occupations and those in peripheral jobs jobs outside core industries are more likely than other women to reduce their work hours or exit the labor force the author argues that although part time work is a valuable short term option for many women in the long run it preserves labor market institutions that are disadvantageous to women

purchasing power parity an analysis based on the evolutionary spectrum the bulk of the literature on the empirical validation of the purchasing power parity ppp has been based on cointegration although on rare occasions band spectrum analysis has also been used the former is tied down to the use of notional time in the analysis of systems away from equilibrium and the latter is circumscribed by the slutzky yule effect both these drawbacks are sought to be remedied in the present paper which seeks to bring to bear upon the ppp a new approach derived from the concept of a time varying spectrum both absolute and relative versions of the doctrine are tested for ten advanced economies over the post 1973 period uniform rejection of the ppp occurs with the us as base but with centring on the dm the evidence seems to be supportive of the ppp in its relative version for three european countries

an empirical examination of long run purchasing power parity using cointegration techniques this paper presents an empirical analysis of long run purchasing power parity ppp for five major exchange rates using recently developed econometric techniques on the cointegration of economic time series our empirical results are extremely unfavourable to the ppp hypothesis as a long run equilibrium condition even with an allowance made for measurement error and or tranportation costs in particular we are unable to reject the hypothesis of non cointegration of the exchange rate and relative prices for any of the countries concerned far from finding a stable long run proportionality between exchange rates and relative prices our results therefore suggest that they tend to drift apart without bound

applying fixed effects to hierarchical segregation models this paper investigates whether the filing of a title vii class action lawsuit initiated a change in discriminatory promotion patterns at a regional grocery store chain by expanding the empirical implementation of hierarchical segregation models in a panel setting we develop a variation of wage decompositions that takes into consider ation an unbalanced panel design and extends the literature by explicitly formalizing the inclusion of the unobserved heterogeneous effects while there have been many studies that pro

evidence on the purchasing power parity in a panel of cities evidence is provided on the ppp hypothesis using a sample of 50 spanish cities for a long time period through the application of panel data unit root tests although results suggest non rejection of the ppp short run deviations as measured by half lives indicate that real factors might be causing a slow rate of convergence to a common price index even in highly integrated economies