current publication lags in economics journals phe economics profession depends to a large degree upon its scholarly journals to disseminate the results and applications of its recently completed research the journal of economic literature is in fact evidence of that dependence much of the contents of each issue is devoted to an indexing of the current articles to facilitate both access to primary sources and quick cross referencing with related material but how recent are the results reported in the current literature how long does it usually take for a piece of research to evolve from a submitted manuscript to a published article to my knowledge only one study has confronted this question directly and it was published nearly 15 years ago in that study robert coe and irwin weinstock 1967 p 40 reported an average lag between submission and publication of 250 days 8 2 months for articles published in 1966 what has happened since there are no formal surveys to support the suspicion but there is evidence to suggest that the lags have actually increased some journals have begun to charge submission fees ostensibly to reduce the number of manuscripts they must review a plethora of specialized journals have emerged to provide new outlets for specialized papers and to relieve some of the burden from the traditional journals of more general scope one new journal economics letters has been founded completely in response to the lag problem it publishes short papers as quickly as possible in an effort to distribute at least the thrust of current research without a prolonged waiting period all of these responses to long lags lead to one question how severe are the current lags between submission and publication this brief note will report on the results of a survey that can begin to assess the current magnitude of the lag problem the major components of that problem and the success of the various efforts to alleviate it information about the lags involved in the 40 most recently published articles in each journal was solicited from the editors of 66 journals whose contents are routinely recorded in the jel twenty editors responded directly to the request and their reports formed the foundation of this study seven other journals were also in

the control of technology alliances an empirical analysis of the biotechnology industry we examine the determinants of control rights in biotechnology alliances through three case studies and a quantitative analysis aghion and tirole 1994 argue that control rights will be assigned so as to maximize the value of the final output as long as the r d firm has sufficient financial resources consistent with this framework the allocation of control rights to the r d firm increases with the firm s financial resources the empirical evidence regarding the relationship between control rights and the stage of the project at the time the alliance is signed is more ambiguous

natural resource rents economic dynamics and structural change a capital theoretic approach abstract this paper concerns the effects of natural resource rents on the dynamics and structural change of an economy which is accumulating capital the concept of rent is developed and the determinants of natural resource rents in the real world are discussed to examine the long run effects of rents on the price system and economic structural change a neo austrian capital theoretic model is developed this is presented in input output form and the corresponding prices for the model are derived so that a consistent set of national accounts for the model can be found natural resource use is introduced into the model with natural resource rents forming a further element of value added the model is then further generalised with the dynamics of capital accumulation being determined through a savings function which itself varies with the rate of return on capital this model is used to simulate the effect on economic dynamics and structural change of two natural resource rent profiles both of which follow the hotelling rule the effects of these two cases on the model are examined through the corresponding sets of national accounts

linking economic and ecological models for a marine ecosystem increasingly economists and ecologists have begun to recognize the value to public policy of combining information and results from each discipline into multidisciplinary studies here we present a methodological approach that links economic and ecological analyses we develop an economic ecological model by merging an input output model of a coastal economy with a model of a marine food web we describe distinct linear system sub models of the economy and the ecosystem and we develop a method for linking the two our method extends the work of earlier researchers by incorporating an ecosystem matrix into resource multipliers and by showing how these multipliers may be calculated we present a numerical example for the new england region using coastal economic and marine ecological data from the region for a restricted set of industry sectors and food web trophic levels we calculate resource multipliers for the example and we simulate the economic impacts of changes in primary production in the ecosystem on final demands for fishery products the results illustrate the effects of incorporating the impacts of habitat destruction and ecosystem structure on resource multipliers our approach can be extended to incorporate the full range of sectors in the economy and trophic levels in a linked ecosystem 2003 elsevier b v all rights reserved

intellectual property rights and the welfare effects of agricultural r d the profound changes that have affected agriculture in modern times are perhaps best illustrated by the evolution of production techniques due to mechanization new chemical inputs such as herbicides pesticides and fertilizers genetic selection of crops and animals new crop varieties and countless other technical and organizational improvements these innovations have allowed a generalized increase in physical output while at the same time agriculture has suffered a massive exodus of labor forces towards the non farm sectors indeed a stylized fact of developed countries post war growth is that productivity in agriculture has grown faster than in other sectors jorgenson and gollop 1992 this remarkable record naturally begs the question of what is at its root and a view that commands considerable consensus is that agricultural productivity growth is due to past investments in scientific research and development r d

trips trade and technology transfer a north south model of unintentional technology transfer is developed where the stringency of southern patent protection provides the institutional backdrop for a strategic game in a high tech goods market the appropriability regime is set endogenously and combines elements of imperfect southern patent protection with the protection afforded by market made northern technology masking less stringent protection of northern intellectual property can work much like other strategic trade policies therefore developed countries appear to be right in demanding discussion of intellectual property rights in gatt

an environmentally extended social accounting matrix although the social accounting matrix sam approach has been widely used in nationalaccounting and development economics it still neglectsimportant information among which are theinteractions between an economy and the environment this paper environmentally extends sam to capture therelationships among economic activities pollutionabatement activities and pollution emissions anumerical example of the environmentally extendedsocial accounting matrix esam using chinese 1990data is presented the multiplier and structural pathanalyses are applied to the esam for assessingenvironmental impacts of pollution related economicpolicies the analysis results show that an esam canbe a useful tool for environmental policy analysis

uncertainty measures for economics journal impact factors academic economists appear to be intensely interested in rankings of journals institutions and individuals yet there is little discussion of the uncertainty associated with these rankings to illustrate the uncertainty associated with citations based rankings i compute the standard error of the impact factor for all economics journals with a five year impact factor in the 2011 journal citations report i use these to derive confidence intervals for the impact factors as well as ranges of possible rank for a subset of thirty journals i find that the impact factors of the top two journals are well defined and set these journals apart in a clearly defined group an elite group of 9 11 mainstream journals can also be fairly reliably distinguished the four bottom ranked journals are also fairly clearly set apart for the remainder of the distribution confidence intervals overlap and rankings are quite uncertain jel a14

the impact of remanufacturing in the economy very few durable goods are recovered at the end of their useful lives however this situation could reverse with the development of a stronger remanufacturing industry in the economy this paper evaluates the impact of remanufacturing in a hypothetical situation where remanufacturing holds a significant share of the economy presently dominated by the original manufacturing industries it would have direct impacts on the demand for several inputs we adapt the inter industry input output framework with the development of a methodology to consider these changes subsequently we apply the model to the 30 sector aggregation of the french input output national data to illustrate the nethod and to evaluate the impact that remanufacturing may have on the economy the analysis assumes that remanufacturing sectors substitute labor and transport services for the usual inputs such as raw materials and semi finished goods we find that remanufacturing may satisfy the same final demand from all sectors requiring fewer intermediate resources with proportionally higher demand of labor

on the intergenerational allocation of natural resources it is known hartwick and others that under standard assumptions a society that invests in reproducible capital the competitive rents on its current extraction of exhaustible resources will enjoy a consumption stream constant in time it is shown here that this result can be interpreted as saying that an appropriately defined stock of capital including the initial endowment of resources is being maintained intact and that consumption can be interpreted as the interest on that patrimony this seems like a useful rule of thumb for policy

quantification of interdependencies between economic systems and ecosystem services an input output model applied to the seine estuary abstract the aim of this paper is to assess the possible contribution of an input output model towards two of the basic principles of the sustainability strategy of integrated coastal zone management iczm and post normal science according to these principles decision support tools should offer a holistic perspective and handle high uncertainty the difficulties in reaching sustainability are due partly to the prevailing use of narrow system boundary tools that are non holistic consequently they fail to capture important ecosystem services and ignore interdependencies between them to comply with the basic principles our method allows environmental assets to be evaluated in multiple units and integrates results from recent researches in natural sciences both enable coverage of interdependencies between ecosystem services thereby we enlarge input output modelling from the two conventional ecosystem services of sink and provisioning to the most vital ones the supporting services an application to the seine estuary addresses the impacts of maritime transportation infrastructures on nursery habitats for commercial fish the ecosystem services covered are life support and resource provisioning our results show that the restoration of a total of 73 7 km 2 of nursery areas over the period 2004 2015 would result in a stock of sole in 2015 that exceeds the business as usual scenario by 44 2 uncertainty range 35 9 69 9 in spite of high restoration costs the negative macro economic impact is very low however on the sector level a trade off results between nurseries and three economic sectors the quantification of such trade offs in our model is particularly useful to public participation in decision making

determinants of patent rights a cross national study abstract this paper presents an index of patent rights for 110 countries for the period 1960 1990 the index is used to examine what factors or characteristics of economies determine how strongly patent rights will be protected the evidence does indicate that more developed economies tend to provide stronger protection but the underlying factors which influence patent protection levels are the country s level of research and development r d activity market environment and international integration which are correlated with its level of development the results qualify however that r d activity influences patent protection levels after a nation s research sector reaches a critical size an implication of this is that to raise patent protection levels in weakly protecting countries it is important to foster a significant research base in those countries and thereby create incentives for protecting patent rights

valuing fisheries depreciation in natural resource accounting the pelagic fisheries in northeast peninsular malaysia in this paper an approach based onthe net present value method is used to account forthe changes in the value of fisheries resources changes in the value of fisheries resources can occurbetween successive years catch as well as betweencurrent and optimal levels of catch these changesneed to be accounted for in the national accountingsystem to reflect the true net national income thatis sustainable the approach outlined in this paper isdesirable as it allows the estimation of thedepreciation value of fisheries resource with limitedbiological information the application of theapproach to the pelagic fisheries in northeastpeninsular malaysia nepm showed that the resourcedepreciated in value over most years from 1982 to1993 these depreciations correspond to increasedfishing effort in addition pelagic catches in nepmfrom 1982 to 1993 were lower than the optimal levelsof catch due to overfishing thus policies aimed atreducing fishing effort can provide improvement inboth the potentially higher capital values of thefishery resource and the earning potentials of thefishing industry in nepm

export sectors and rural development the export base hypothesis is that a region s growth is led by export demand given perfectly elastic factor supplies it is a rationale for sector based rural development policies and it is formalized by input output models but it is contested by modern trade migration and growth theories and there is little research about its empirical relevance we investigate the hypothesis for contemporary u s rural development by estimating the influence of export sector employment on subsequent rural development outcomes the results reject the hypothesis that emphasizing traditional export employment results in rural growth reject the assumption of perfectly elastic factor supply and support alternative explanations copyright 2009 oxford university press

foreign patent rights and high tech exports evidence from taiwan this paper conducts a consecutive pooled data analysis from 1989 to 2000 to investigate the relationship between foreign patent rights fprs and the exports of three high tech industries in taiwan the semiconductor the information and the communication equipment industries following smith s model setup empirical results indicate that both market expansion and market power effects do exist in taiwan s case in addition this paper proposes a new hypothesis in which the importing country may exhibit a stronger r d ability than the exporting country a case that has not been considered in earlier empirical work finally a test is made to determine if a trips trade related intellectual property rights agreement has any impact on the fprs exports relationship and no evidence is found of a structural change after the implementation of trips

how do journal quality co authorship and author order affect agricultural economists salaries utilizing an original data set containing annual salaries and peer reviewed publication histories for 326 faculty members from top ranked ph d granting programs we examine the labor market for academic agricultural economists the results suggest that higher quality publications have a greater impact on annual earnings that sole authored articles have a higher return than multi authored articles and that no wage premium exists for being the lead author of a non alphabetic article

reputation and earnings the roles of quality and quantity in academe we examine the determinants of professional reputation does quantity of exposures raise reputation independent of quality does quality of the most important exposure have extra effects on reputation in a very large sample of academic economists there is little evidence that a scholar s most influential work provides any extra enhancement of reputation quality rankings matter more than absolute quality quantity has a zero or even negative effect on proxies for reputation data on salaries however show positive effects of quantity independent of quality we test explanations for the differences between the determinants of reputation and salary jel l14 j31

the impact of patent protection on us pharmaceutical exports to developing countries this article provides evidence that patent protection can have a positive effect on trade by analysing the impact of the implementation of intellectual property rights ipr in developing countries on the us exports of pharmaceutical products following intense lobbying efforts from the us pharmaceutical industry to have the trade related aspects of intellectual property rights trips agreement included in the creation of the world trade organization wto a gravity model using panel data from 1995 to 2010 suggests that the implementation of minimum standards of patent protection has increased us exports of pharmaceuticals to 108 nonadvanced countries

patent rights and trade analysis of biological products medicinals and botanicals and pharmaceuticals this article analyzes the effects of foreign patent rights on u s bilateral exports the empirical analysis covers three highly disaggregated drug industries over three decades we estimate bilateral trade equations for each industry using cross country data on the strength of national patent rights the findings show that strong foreign patent rights enhance the market power of u s drug exporters across countries with weak imitative abilities alternatively strong foreign patent rights stimulate the market expansion of u s drug exports across countries with strong imitative abilities these effects are larger in magnitude during the 1980 90s relative to the 1970s copyright 2002 oxford university press

pharmaceutical patents prices and welfare losses policy options for india under the wto trips agreement c oncerns on the effect of product patents on the prices of medicines have been acute in many developing countries which up to the entry into force of the world trade organisation wto agreement on trade related aspects of intellectual property rights trips in 1995 could and did disallow such patenting in their national patent laws with trips all members of and those seeking accession to the wto have to make available with limited exceptions both product and process patents in every sector including pharmaceuticals more specifically trips provides that all wto members have to receive product patent applications for pharmaceuticals from the date of establishment of the wto i e january 1995 it is important to note that even under the trips regime patents are to be granted only on applications received from 1995 onwards for new patentable pharmaceutical inventions thus prices of existing pharmaceuticals already on the market or even those covered by patent

an examination of the influence of theory and individual theorists on empirical research in microeconomics most economists would concur that an important role of economic theory is to influence the direction of empirical research either by posing new questions or by suggesting new answers to old questions whether or not modem theory should be judged to be a success on that metric is a frequently debated question but one on which there has been little systematic investigation in this paper we provide some preliminary empirical evidence on the extent to which various fields of economic theory as well as specific theorists have succeeded in influencing the path followed by empirical research in the area of microeconomics based on our analysis of all empirical microeconomics papers published in three leading journals over a three year period we arrive at a number of conclusions concerning the impact of theory on empirical research our first finding is that the set of theory papers cited as the primary motivation for leading empirical work is surprisingly dispersed very few individual works of theory seem to have exerted a great influence in the 149 empirical papers we consider one author gary becker is cited 15 times but no other author is cited more than 10 times no single paper is cited more than five times a second finding is that empirical researchers behave as if they are heavily influenced by recent theoretical contributions among the theory pa

national accounts and environmental resources in the paper optimal growth theory is used to derive the appropriate definition of the net national product concept when there are environmental resources and environmental damage to take into account the basic conclusions are that conventional defined np should be corrected by deducting environmental damage and adding the value of the net change of all resources

do stronger intellectual property rights induce more agricultural trade a dynamic panel data model applied to seed trade do stronger intellectual property rights iprs induce more agricultural trade based on panel data for 60 countries during 1990 2000 and using a dynamic panel data model this article assesses whether and how national differences in iprs affect the trade flow of planting seeds imports from the united states the empirical results show that whether or not a country adheres to iprs agreements has no discernible impact on planting seeds that are imported from the united states implying that the strengthening of iprs seems not to induce more agricultural trade this result sheds some light on the debate in the theoretical literature on the importance of iprs and trade

a dynamic ecological economic modeling approach for aquaculture management article i nfo sustainable aquaculture ecosystem approach to aquaculture eaa ecological economic modelling integrated coastal management icm market model this paper presents a modeling approach to resource economics decision making in ecoaquaculture market model the market model was developed as a scenario testing tool to provide insights on the ecological and economic interactions which is a critical issue for sustainable aquaculture management as a case study the model was applied to simulate shellfish production in an embayment located in the east china sea a set of scenarios was used to compare the model outputs with expected trends and to test its capability to simulate relevant management scenarios the comparison of simulated scenarios indicates that the market model outputs followed the expected trends regarding both standard economic theory for consumption and production and ecological economic theory in all the scenarios we tested the area available for aquaculture was found to impose a limitation on production before it became less profitable to expand production as such in this case study the production in the long run does not meet increasing demand reduction of the maximum cultivation area was simulated in one of the scenarios as an example of a conservation measure as expected there was a reduction of the net profit of the farmers compared with the standard simulation on the other hand this scenario combined with an increase in price growth rate simulates a compensatory measure that led to a net profit in the same range as observed in the standard simulation overall the market model provides insights and raises questions useful for the implementation of an ecosystem approach to aquaculture further developments include the simulation of waste generated by cultivated species in order to better support sustainable management objectives

an examination of the reliability of prestigious scholarly journals evidence and implications for decision makers in universities all over the world hiring and promotion committees regularly hear the argument this is important work because it is about to appear in prestigious journal x moreover those who allocate levels of research funding such as in the multi billion pound research assessment exercise in uk universities often come under pressure to assess research quality in a mechanical way by using journal prestige ratings this paper s results suggest that such tendencies are dangerous it uses total citations over a quarter of a century as the criterion the paper finds that it is far better to publish the best article in an issue of a medium quality journal like the oxford bulletin of economics and statistics than to publish the worst article or often the worst 4 articles in an issue of a top journal like the american economic review implications are discussed

differences in citation patterns across journal tiers the case of economics we study how citation patterns differ between journal tiers in economics concretely we analyze citations patterns of more than 6 000 economics research articles published in top five second tier and top field economics journals between 1992 and 1996 in line with previous literature we find that top five journals articles generally receive more citations and that the life cycles of those citations are longer however their influence in term of citations is overestimated in its first twenty five years since publication the median top five article accumulates 4 25 around 3 as many citations when compared to the second tier and top field median article we show that this ratio is strongly associated with the field of economics research e g this ratio is the lowest for econometric methods papers and with articles impact e g in all fields of economics research except for theory this ratio decreases sharply as one moves toward high impact articles in term of citations

an analysis of publication lags in econometrics this note describes the lengthening in publication lags for econometric papers in seven journals since 1986 and briefly considers ways of shortening them

the slowdown of the economics publishing process over the last three decades there has been a dramatic slowdown of the publication process at top economics journals a substantial part is due to journals requiring more extensive revisions various explanations are considered democratization of the review process increases in the complexity of papers growth of the profession and cost and benefit arguments changes in the profession are examined using time series data connections between these changes and the slowdown are examined using paper level data there is evidence for some explanations but most of the slowdown remains unexplained changes may reflect evolving social norms

agriculture natural resources and environmental accounting in this paper we develop atheoretically consistent framework to incorporate theenvironmental effects of agricultural production andthe depletion of natural capital caused byagricultural production into the existing incomeaccounts we apply the framework and adjust theincome attributed to the agricultural sector andeconomy wide net national product nnp for the unitedstates estimated adjustments to the incomeattributed to agriculture are in the range of 4billion and have declined as a percentage of net farmincome since 1982

intellectual property rights and the world trade organization retrospect and prospects this paper analyzes the main economic issues of intellectual property rights iprs protection in the context of the world trade organization wto a retrospective view on the establishment of the trips trade related aspects of intellectual property rights agreement a still controversial accomplishment of the uruguay round of trade liberalization is provided the paper reviews the economic rationale for the harmonization of iprs drawing both on economic theory considerations as well as emerging empirical evidence the logic of linking ipr protection and trade in the context of the wto is also re examined some specific attention is devoted to the implications of trips for agricultural and biotechnology innovations the impact that ipr protection can have in promoting growth and development and the relation of iprs with other economic policies is discussed the paper concludes with an analysis of the prospects for more or less iprs related consensus in the current round of wto negotiations

fame and the fortune of academic economists how the market rewards influential research in economics we analyze the pay and position of 1 009 faculty members who teach in doctoral granting economics departments at fifty three large public universities in the united states using the web of science we have identified the journal articles published by these scholars and the number of times each of these articles has been subsequently cited in published research articles we find that research influence as measured by various measures of total citations is a surprisingly strong predictor of the salary and the prestige of the department in which professors are employed we also examine how coauthorship is rewarded by the market

the inside scoop acceptance and rejection at the journal of international economics abstract there is little work on the inner workings of journals what factors seem to affect the ability to publish in a journal could simple rules which are already used by some journals like the desk rejection of a significant minority of papers help to streamline the process at what cost how well do journals seem to do in choosing papers what can we say about the extent of type 1 and type 2 errors do editors seem to have uniform standards or are some harsher than others we use data on submissions to the journal of international economics to help answer these questions

the economics of intellectual property rights discussion intellectual property rights iprs are becoming more important in agriculture as agriculture becomes increasingly industrialized as the outcome of the recent round of the general agreement on tariffs and trade gatt takes hold and as government withdraws from and or changes the nature of its research and development r d effort the two papers presented in this session provide a good starting point for an analysis of the economic impacts of iprs lesser s paper is an excellent overview of the history and forms of iprs he also provides a good survey of the ipr literature in agriculture especially with regard to the impact of ipr legislation such as plant breeders rights langford s paper stresses the incentive effects of iprs arguing that iprs facilitate institutional change and encourage competition and economic growth a focus of both papers is the effect of iprs on the incentives for r d and the structure of the agricultural industry the issues of incentives and structure are not only important but also closely linked as i will argue in this paper the extensive use of iprs in agriculture can occur only if technology firms are oligopolistic and possesses market power with this type of industrial structure iprs create the incentives not only for increased innovation but also for technology firms to focus their attention on certain types of technologies paradoxically iprs can also create conditions where innovations that are economically feasible are not carried out or are not adopted in this paper i will develop the linkage between iprs and industrial structure and discuss some of the implications of this structure for agricultural r d

citations or journal quality which is rewarded more in the academic labor market research quality can be evaluated from citations or from the prestige of journals publishing the research we relate salary of tenured university of california uc economists to their lifetime publications of 5 500 articles and to the 140 000 citations to these articles citations hardly affect salary especially in top ranked uc departments where impacts of citations are less than one tenth those of journals in lower ranked departments and when journal quality is less comprehensively measured effects of citations on salary increase if journal quality is just measured by counting articles in journal tiers apparent effects of citations are overstated jel a14 j44

is there value added from the review process in economics preliminary evidence from authors do referees employed by journals merely screen acceptable from unacceptable manuscripts or are they charged with an additional value adding responsibility vis a vis the papers they review drawing from editorial correspondence provided by survey respondents i address this question by examining the relationship between citations of published papers and comments provided by reviewers and editors referees comments demonstrate a positive impact on subsequent citation of papers while comments made by editors show no such impact value adding by editors appears to derive principally from efficient matching of papers with reviewers

which journal rankings best explain academic salaries evidence from the university of california the ranking of an academic journal is important to authors universities journal publishers and research funders rankings are gaining prominence as countries adopt regular research assessment exercises that especially reward publication in high impact journals yet even within a rankings oriented discipline like economics there is no agreement on how aggressively lower ranked journals are down weighted and in how wide is the universe of journals considered moreover since it is typically less costly for authors to cite superfluous references whether of their own volition or prompted by editors than it is to ignore relevant ones rankings based on citations may be easily manipulated in contrast when the merits of publication in one journal or another are debated during hiring promotion and salary decisions the evaluators are choosing over actions with costly consequences we therefore look to the academic labor market using data on economists in the university of california system to relate their lifetime publications in 700 different academic journals to salary we test amongst various sets of journal rankings and publication discount rates to see which are most congruent with the returns implied by the academic labor market jel a14 i23 j44

how trade related are intellectual property rights abstract there is little empirical evidence about whether differing international levels of patent protection influence trade flows if a nation strengthens its patent laws it could experience higher or lower imports we specify an empirical model in which deviations of bilateral sectoral imports from anticipated levels are related to income trade barriers and patent laws patent regulations in the importing country are corrected for endogeneity through the use of instrumental variables the results of the final equations indicate that increasing patent protection has a positive impact on bilateral manufacturing imports into both small and large developing economies

natural resources national accounting and economic depreciation abstract the current value hamiltonian in an aggregate optimal growth problem with heterogeneous capital stocks including exhaustible renewable and environmental stocks is the nnp function routine substitutions reveal that the using up of natural resource stocks is representable as easy to interpret economic depreciation magnitudes we obtain true nnp inclusive of natural resource stock diminution implications for actual national accounting practices are also discussed

efficient ecosystem services and naturalness in an ecological economic model in an integrated economic ecological model the economy benefits from ecosystem services that include 1 the consumptive use of a harvested species 2 the non consumptive use of popular species and 3 naturalness i e the divergence of the ecosystem s biodiversity from its natural steady state the biological component of the model which is applied to a nine species alaskan marine ecosystem relies on individual optimizing behaviour by plants and animals to establish population dynamics the biological component is used to define naturalness by varying harvesting we arrive at different steady state populations and humans choose from among these steady states welfare maximizing levels of the ecosystem services are derived then it is shown that in the laissez faire economy overharvesting occurs when the harvesting industry ignores ecosystem services 2 and 3 lastly we introduce efficiency restoring taxes and standards that internalize the ecosystem externalities

the effect of patents on trade abstract in contrast with quotas and tariffs it is theoretically ambiguous whether fewer or weaker rules over intellectual property rights will increase or decrease trade in patentable goods the prevailing view is that anticipation of imitation reduces exporters incentive to export goods to jurisdictions with weak patent regimes this empirical paper uses new measures of how the destination country patent system can affect trade in contrast with existing studies which assume would be exporters can always get a patent in the target foreign market we construct measures of the bias against foreign patent applicants and patents which may block imported goods we find evidence that the presence of destination country blocking patents has the larger negative impact on international trade being refused a patent also has a negative impact on trade but the magnitude is smaller

assessing the implications of intellectual property rights on plant and animal agriculture many readers over their careers will have shared my experience of initiating some really innovative work only to learn that it had been done and done better thirty years earlier that is one key attraction of research on intellectual property rights iprs for plants and animals they are in the main very recent so whatever one does cannot have a direct antecedent indeed to date little economic research has been completed on the implications of expanding ipr protection for living agricultural inputs protection in the united states for asexually propagated plants has been available since 1930 1990 in canada for sexually propagated plants for over twenty five years and for patented plants for a dozen years see below however only in the last year has significant acreage of patented bioengineered plants some 2 5 million in total been planted with higher levels going in the ground in the united states and canada as this paper is being drafted those crops are primarily herbicide resistant beans canola and corn bt producing corn cotton and potatoes and virus resistant squash james and krattiger only one livestock application to my knowledge has been patented a pig in australia with a controllable growth hormone but as yet it is not a commercial product what has been explored extensively in the literature are expressed concerns about iprs on farm structure ethics university industry relationships information exchange and related matters see e g kloppenburg nor is the debate limited to the united states or developed countries the international enhancement of

a generalized input output model of an economy with environmental protection i nput output analysis can be extended to an economic system with antipollution measures to describe interdependency among economic sectors and antipollution sectors in the economy such a model was formulated by professor leontief 1970 as a system of equations extending his original input output framework this extended model has been extensively discussed by leontief and ford 1972 chen 1973 and leontief 1973 a linear programming problem of the extended model with substitutions was presented by lowe 1979 however counter examples with unrealistic solutions to the extended model were presented by flick 1974 and lee 1975 validity of flick s counter example was questioned by leontief 1974 and steenge 1978 there seems to be an unresolved question concerning the existence of a unique nonnegative set of output levels in the extended model for any given nonnegative levels of final demand and tolerated pollution the structural matrix of leontief s original input output model possesses two important properties 1 off diagonal elements are nonpositive 2 all principal minors are positive these two properties known as leontief properties guarantee the existence of a unique nonnegative solution to leontief s original model for any given nonnegative final demand the above mentioned problem of feasibility arises when the original model is extended to endogenize antipollution sectors and to set the total amount of pollution generated equal to the antipollution output level plus the tolerable pollution level in this paper we present a complementarity formulation of the economic system with antipollution measures that overcomes the problem of determining the existence and uniqueness of a feasible solution under leontief properties and derive conditions under which the present formulation guarantees these desirable properties when the structural matrix has some positive offdiagonal elements we apply the model to solve examples with different final demands and tolerated pollution levels including flick s counterexample to obtain realistic solutions

undergraduate econometrics instruction through our classes darkly the past half century has seen economic research become increasingly empirical while the nature of empirical economic research has also changed in the 1960s and 1970s an empirical economist s typical mission was to explain economic variables like wages or gdp growth applied econometrics has since evolved to prioritize the estimation of specific causal effects and empirical policy analysis over general models of outcome determination yet econometric instruction remains mostly abstract focusing on the search for true models and technical concerns associated with classical regression assumptions questions of research design and causality still take a back seat in the classroom in spite of having risen to the top of the modern empirical agenda this essay traces the divergent development of econometric teaching and empirical practice arguing for a pedagogical paradigm shift

international standards for intellectual property protection and r d incentives abstract we examine the effect of alternative standards for intellectual property protection uniform protection based on the gatt principle of non discrimination provides domestic and foreign firms with the same level of protection discriminatory protection based on section 337 of the u s trade laws provides different levels of protection depending upon where the firm is located we show that discriminatory protection may not increase and may decrease domestic r d the effect of asymmetric patent protection depends on whether the rivals have pre existing products on the costs of r d and on the value of the potential innovation

product and process innovation in the product life cycle estimates for u s manufacturing industries many theoretical analyses of international trade focus on the effects and endogenous determination of product innovation technology transfer and product obsolescence despite these theoretical innovations few direct tests of the empirical power of product cycle models have been conducted although a number of studies have examined general relationships between trade and innovation usually measured by expenditures on research and development rd and then estimate these predictions using data for eleven two digit manufacturing industries in the united states during the period from 1974 to 1988 the distinction between productand process oriented technological change is important because it yields predictions that aid in assessing the power of the product cycle models most empirical studies aggregate productand process oriented technological change with the notable exceptions of the studies of productivity growth by link 22 and terlecky 31

ecological pricing and economic efficiency abstract there is a need to accurately account for the contributions of environmental assets to the overall economy such accounting would permit policies that allow protection of important natural resources and aid the analytic process to determine an accurate basis for a sustainable economy the aim is to develop an accounting framework for ecology that is sufficiently consistent with the economic framework that the two can be fruitfully combined with appropriate definitions of the flows the two systems can be connected into a common framework no single measure of the system productivity and efficiency can be given for the combined system however until the ecosystem metabolism can be converted into economic terms this could be done with a series of economic valuation techniques ecological prices could then be estimated and a single measure of ecological economic output could be given with the net combined system input and output now in common terms a technical system efficiency measure can logically be proposed because human activity inevitably involves dissipation such emissions would now have a monetary price because such emissions are irrecoverable the total output of the combined system is greater than it is under the current definition giving rise to a technical system wide efficiency measure

contracts intellectual property rights and multinational investment in developing countries abstract the policy debate between multinational firms favoring strong contract law and host country governments who often oppose such protection motivates the paper local agents managers learn the multinational s technology and can defect to start a rival firm contract enforcement including binding the multinational itself makes the multinational better off outcomes for the host country are more complex depending on mode switches induced by enforcement if enforcement induces the multinational to switch from exporting to local production welfare improves if local production was occurring anyway enforcement may result in the loss of rents to local agents and lower welfare

ecological economic modeling and valuation of ecosystems abstract we are attempting to integrate ecological and economic modeling and analysis in order to improve our understanding of regional systems assess potential future impacts of various land use development and agricultural policy options and to better assess the value of ecological systems starting with an existing spatially articulated ecosystem model of the patuxent river drainage basin in maryland we are adding modules to endogenize the agricultural components of the system especially the impacts of agricultural practices and crop choice and the process of land use decision making the integrated model will allow us to evaluate the indirect effects over long time horizons of current policy options these effects are almost always ignored in partial analyses although they may be very significant and may reverse many long held assumptions and policy predictions this paper is a progress report on this modeling effort indicating our motivations ideas and plans for completion

citations in economics measurement uses and impacts i describe and compare sources of data on citations in economics and the statistics derived from them constructing data sets of the post publication citation histories of articles published in the top five journals in the 1970s and 2000s i examine distributions and life cycles of citations compare citation histories of articles in different subspecialties in economics and present evidence on the history and heterogeneity of those journals impacts and the marginal citation productivity of additional coauthors i use a new data set of the lifetime citation histories of over 1 000 economists from thirty universities to rank economics departments by various measures and demonstrate the importance of intra and interdepartmental heterogeneity in productivity throughout the discussion summarizes earlier work including the impacts of citations on salaries and nonmonetary rewards and how citations reflect judgments about research quality in economics and the importance of economic ideas