factor demand technical change and inter fuel substitution in africa abstract the translog production function has been widely used in applied production analysis due to its flexibility and superiority over other functional forms this study develops a translog production function for a group of african countries the random effects model is estimated using generalized least squares estimator the main findings are first output in africa is driven by a more intensive use of petroleum and electricity and to a lesser extent capital labor and coal relative to technological progress second african production technology exhibits increasing returns to scale suggesting a path towards market entry barriers third technical change is scale biased and factor augmenting albeit very slow fourth all energy inputs are substitutes indicating africa s potential to proportionally switch towards cleaner fuels without adversely affecting economic growth finally and perhaps more generally the study reinforces the assertion that imposing restrictions like homotheticity homogeneity or separability on the production technology is unrealistic and should rather be a testable hypothesis within any applied analysis in view of the documented findings relevant implications for africa are discussed

on electricity consumption and economic growth in china abstract the invention and application of the electric power technology triggered the second industrial revolution in human history which marked the human society entered the age of electricity electricity provides the sustainable power for economic and social development with the rapid development of economy the electricity consumption is also increasing the increase of electricity consumption has further promoted the progress of the industrial economy in order to achieve the goal of improving the level of economic development while reducing energy consumption it is necessary to reveal the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth this study is an extensive overview of the literature surrounding this topic in this paper we focus on the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in china we first analyze the general situation of china s electricity consumption and economic development then we explore the relationship between china s electricity consumption and economic growth from three dimensions i e the time dimension the regional dimension and the industrial dimension finally we study the key issues in the research of the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth including variable selection model construction and results discussion this work suggests that the nature of the nexus in china should and can be explored from a wider perspective by developing a suitable integrated methodological framework

determinants of electricity consumption function in pakistan old wine in a new bottle abstract the objective of the study is to re investigate the multivariate electricity consumption function for pakistan particularly economic growth foreign direct investment and population growth over a 36 year time period i e between 1975 and 2010 the study employed the bounds testing procedure for cointegration which examines the short run and long run estimates dynamic short run causality test is applied to determine the causality direction between electricity consumption and its determinants by using wald f statistics the results reveal that determinants of electricity consumption function are cointegrated and influx of foreign direct investment income and population growth is positively related to electricity consumption in pakistan however the intensity of these determinants is different on electricity consumption if there is 1 increase in income foreign direct investment and population growth electricity consumption increases by 0 973 0 056 and 1 605 respectively this infers that income foreign direct investment and population growth induce an increase in electricity consumption in pakistan dynamic short run causality test indicates that there has been unidirectional causality which is running from population growth to electricity consumption in pakistan

consumer surplus from discrete choice models abstract the budget constrained random utility model rum gives utility consistent measures of welfare but requires the length of the planning period be specified an alternative is to treat the rum probabilities as behavioral and calculate consumer surplus this paper shows that such calculations lead to the same welfare measures as rum calculations the paper provides support and an alternative justification for the standard welfare measured

electricity consumption and economic growth in algeria a multivariate causality analysis in the presence of structural change this article addresses the issue of electricity consumption petroleum price and economic growth in algeria the primary objective is to investigate and analyze the causal relationship between electricity consumption ec brent oil price bop and economic growth gdp for algeria over the period of 1971 2010 to examine short run long run and joint causality relationships we used a multivariate cointegration approach based on the recent advances in time series econometrics e g zivot andrews test gregory hansen cointegration test vector error correction models vecm the empirical results show that there is evidence of short run and a strong long run bi directional causal relationship between ec and real gdp in algeria findings indicate also the absence of causal relationship between bop and ec our empirical findings support the idea that there a link between electricity consumption and economic growth and disproves the neo classical assumption referred to as the neutrality hypothesis

co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth in bric countries abstract this paper examines dynamic causal relationships between pollutant emissions energy consumption and output for a panel of bric countries over the period 1971 2005 except for russia 1990 2005 in long run equilibrium energy consumption has a positive and statistically significant impact on emissions while real output exhibits the inverted u shape pattern associated with the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis with the threshold income of 5 393 in logarithms in the short term changes in emissions are driven mostly by the error correction term and short term energy consumption shocks as opposed to short term output shocks for each country short term deviations from the long term equilibrium take from 0 770 years russia to 5 848 years brazil to correct the panel causality results indicate there are energy consumption emissions bidirectional strong causality and energy consumption output bidirectional long run causality along with unidirectional both strong and short run causalities from emissions and energy consumption respectively to output overall in order to reduce emissions and not to adversely affect economic growth increasing both energy supply investment and energy efficiency and stepping up energy conservation policies to reduce unnecessary wastage of energy can be initiated for energy dependent bric countries

energy consumption at business cycle horizons the case of the united states in this paper we propose a simple extension to a keynesian type macro model by augmenting it with energy consumption we show the relationship between energy consumption and output in a macroeconomic setting and ask the question do permanent shocks dominate changes in energy consumption and output at business cycle horizons for the united states to achieve the goal of this paper we undertake a variance decomposition analysis of shocks based on a common trend and common cycle framework within a vector error correction model our main finding is that permanent shocks explain the bulk of the variations in energy consumption and output at business cycle horizons for the united states

a dynamic panel study of economic development and the electricity consumption growth nexus abstract this study examines the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for 88 countries categorized into four panels based on the world bank income classification high upper middle lower middle and low income within a multivariate panel framework over the period 1990 2006 the larsson et al 2001 panel cointegration test indicates there is a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp coal consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force for the high upper middle and lower middle income country panels the results from the panel vector error correction models reveal 1 bidirectional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run for the high income and upper middle income country panels 2 unidirectional causality from electricity consumption to economic growth in the short run but bidirectional causality in the long run for the lower middle income country panel and 3 unidirectional causality from electricity consumption to economic growth for the low income country panel

the relationship between gdp and electricity consumption in 10 asian countries the purpose of this study is to estimate the relationships between gdp and electricity consumption in 10 newly industrializing and developing asian countries using both single data sets and panel data procedures the empirical results from single data set indicate that the causality directions in the 10 asian countries are mixed while there is a uni directional short run causality running from economic growth to electricity consumption and a bi directional long run causality between electricity consumption and economic growth if the panel data procedure is implemented these empirical findings imply that electricity conservation policies through both rationalizing the electricity supply efficiency improvement to avoid the wastage of electricity and managing demand side to reduce the electricity consumption without affecting the end user benefits could be initiated without adverse effect on economic growth the findings on the long run relationship indicate that a sufficiently large supply of electricity can ensure that a higher level of economic growth

electricity consumption real gdp causality nexus evidence from a bootstrapped causality test for 30 oecd countries the goal of this paper is to examine any causal effects between electricity consumption and real gdp for 30 oecd countries we use a bootstrapped causality testing approach and unravel evidence in favour of electricity consumption causing real gdp in australia iceland italy the slovak republic the czech republic korea portugal and the uk the implication is that electricity conservation policies will negatively impact real gdp in these countries however for the rest of the 22 countries our findings suggest that electricity conversation policies will not affect real gdp

determinants of energy consumption function in saarc countries balancing the odds abstract the objective of the study is to investigate the multivariate energy consumption function for south asian association for regional cooperation saarc countries namely bangladesh india nepal pakistan and srilanka particularly economic growth gdp relative prices of energy rep foreign direct investment fdi and different financial development indicators i e broad money supply liquid liabilities domestic credit provided by banking sector and domestic credit to private sector over a period of 1975 2011 the results reveal that granger causality running from all other variables to fdi which indicates a strong support for the hypothesis that energy consumption ec gdp rep and fd are important determinants in promoting the fdi both in short and long run in the context of bangladesh the results suggest for india indicate that gdp fdi rep and fd are useful in explaining the movements of ec in the short run similarly the granger causality results indicate that ec gdp rep and fd are the important determinants of fdi in case of nepal rep is the only variable whose movements in the short run determined by movements in the other four variables i e gdp fdi ec and fd however the ec also provide useful information about the variable fd the results of pakistan indicate the causal relationship among fdi and ec which supports the feedback hypothesis in the short and long run similarly both variables i e fdi and gdp supports the feedback hypothesis both in the long run and short run where as fd and ec fd and rep fdi and rep and finally rep and gdp supports the feedback hypothesis in the short run in case of srilanka this study did not find any strong support of the causality among the variables either in the short or long run except unidirectional granger causality running from fd to ec and ec to fdi

economic growth and electricity consumption in cote d ivoire evidence from time series analysis this paper examines the causal relationship between the electric power industry and the economic growth of cote d ivoire using the data from 1971 to 2008 a test was conducted for the cointegration and granger causality within an error correction model results from these tests reveal a bidirectional causality between per capita electricity consumption and per capita gdp a unidirectional causality running from electricity consumption to industry value added appears in the short run economic growth is found to have great effects on electricity consumption and a reverse causality from electricity to economic growth may also appear in the long run there is a unidirectional causality between electricity and both gdp and industry value added from these findings we conclude that the country will be energy dependent in the long run and must therefore secure the production network from shortfalls to ensure a sustainable development path accordingly government should adopt policies aimed at increasing the investment in the sector by stepping up electricity production from existing and new energy sources

a re examination of the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia abstract the purpose of this study is to re investigate the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia from 1972 1 to 2003 4 this study adopted the newly developed ecm based f test kanioura a turner p 2005 critical values for an f test for cointegration in the multivariate model applied economics 37 3 265 270 for cointegration to examine the presence of long run equilibrium relationship through the autoregressive distributed lag ardl model the empirical evidence suggests that electricity consumption and economic growth are not cointegrated in malaysia however the standard granger s test and mwald test suggest that electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia granger causes each other this finding provides policymakers with a better understanding of electricity consumption and allows them to formulate electricity consumption policy to support the economic development and to enhance the productivity of capital labour and other factors of production for future economic growth in malaysia

disaggregated energy consumption and gdp in taiwan a threshold co integration analysis abstract energy consumption growth is much higher than economic growth for taiwan in recent years worsening its energy efficiency this paper provides a solid explanation by examining the equilibrium relationship between gdp and disaggregated energy consumption under a non linear framework the threshold co integration test developed with asymmetric dynamic adjusting processes proposed by hansen and seo hansen b e seo b 2002 testing for two regime threshold cointegration in vector error correction models journal of econometrics 110 293 318 is applied non linear co integrations between gdp and disaggregated energy consumptions are confirmed except for oil consumption the two regime vector error correction models vecm show that the adjustment process of energy consumption toward equilibrium is highly persistent when an appropriately threshold is reached there is mean reverting behavior when the threshold is reached making aggregate and disaggregated energy consumptions grow faster than gdp in taiwan

fieldwork economic theory and research on institutions in developing countries development economics has been the bene ciary of a rich tradition of eld research within this broad tradition there is a huge variety of methods from short qualitative studies in which the primary interaction between the researcher and the participants is relatively unstructured conversation to large scale surveys designed by and perhaps loosely supervised by economists in this note however i focus on one point in this broad space of research methodologies iterative eld research in which the collection of data through surveys is combined with detailed observation and conversation to elicit knowledge about institutions a highly arti cial but i hope useful typology is provided in figure 1 typically empirical work in economics relies on existing data however it is becoming more common in development economics to complement existing data with relatively short often less structured visits to the eld site in order to clarify aspects of the data to better de ne the economic environment or to collect limited amounts of complementary data for example icrisat hosted and provided institutional support for a series of visiting scholars during the collection of the village level surveys this proved to be a relatively inexpensive mechanism that generated an important sequence of insights regarding economic institutions india rosenzweig 1998 ej pender 1996 are examples of papers emerging from this

renewable energy for sustainable electrical energy system in india abstract present trends of electrical energy supply and demand are not sustainable because of the huge gap between demand and supply in foreseeable future in india the path towards sustainability is exploitation of energy conservation and aggressive use of renewable energy systems potential of renewable energy technologies that can be effectively harnessed would depend on future technology developments and breakthrough in cost reduction this requires adequate policy guidelines and interventions in the indian power sector detailed markal simulations for power sector in india show that full exploitation of energy conservation potential and an aggressive implementation of renewable energy technologies lead to sustainable development coal and other fossil fuel gas and oil allocations stagnated after the year 2015 and remain constant up to 2040 after the year 2040 the requirement for coal and gas goes down and carbon emissions decrease steeply by the year 2045 25 electrical energy can be supplied by renewable energy and the co2 emissions can be reduced by 72 as compared to the base case scenario

energy consumption and economic growth in china a multivariate causality test this study takes a fresh look at the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth in china during the period from 1972 to 2006 using a multivariate cointegration approach given the weakness associated with the bivariate causality framework the current study performs a multivariate causality framework by incorporating capital and labor variables into the model between energy consumption and economic growth based on neo classical aggregate production theory using the recently developed autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds testing approach a long run equilibrium cointegration relationship has been found to exist between economic growth and the explanatory variables energy consumption capital and employment empirical results reveal that the long run parameter of energy consumption on economic growth in china is approximately 0 15 through a long run static solution of the estimated ardl model and that for the short run is approximately 0 12 by the error correction model the study also indicates the existence of short run and long run causality running from energy consumption capital and employment to economic growth the estimation results imply that energy serves as an important source of economic growth thus more vigorous energy use and economic development strategies should be adopted for china

energy consumption and economic growth in the next 11 countries the bootstrapped autoregressive metric causality approach abstract departing from previous literature using bootstrapped autoregressive metric causality approach which is more robust against non stationarity and break problems than lag augmented tests this study analyzes causal relation between economic growth and energy consumption in the next 11 countries estimating a trivariate model consisting of gdp per capita energy consumption per capita and gross capital formation it was found that the neutrality hypothesis is valid for all of the countries except for turkey these findings imply that energy conservation oriented policies should be implemented in bangladesh egypt indonesia iran korea mexico pakistan and philippines in the case of turkey a unidirectional causal nexus was found from energy consumption to economic growth since the growth hypothesis is valid energy conservation policy poses an obstacle for economic growth in turkey

applied welfare economics with discrete choice models economists have been paying increasing attention to the study of situations in which consumers face a discrete rather than a continuous set of choices such models are potentially very important in evaluating the impact of government programs upon consumer welfare but very little has been said in general regarding the tools of applied welfare economics indiscrete choice situations this paper shows how the conventional methods of applied welfare economics can be modified to handle such cases it focuses on the computation of the excess burden of taxation and the evaluation of quality change the results are applied to stochastic utility models including the popular cases of probit and logit analysis throughout the emphasis is on providing rigorous guidelines for carrying out applied work this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

the electricity consumption versus economic growth of the polish economy abstract the aim of this contribution is an investigation of causal interdependences between electricity consumption and gdp in poland our research was conducted for total electricity consumption as well as for the industrial consumption of electricity in order to reflect the causality between gdp and electricity consumption properly we performed our investigations in a three dimensional framework with employment chosen as an additional variable we used reliable quarterly data from the period q1 2000 q4 2009 in order to check the stability of the causalities the investigations were performed on two samples a full sample and a pre crisis i e q1 2000 q3 2008 subsample we applied both traditional methods and some recently developed econometric tools we found feedback between total electricity consumption and gdp as well as between total electricity consumption and employment we also found unidirectional causality running from industrial electricity consumption to employment and no direct causal links between industrial electricity consumption and gdp in addition all these findings were in general not seriously affected by the financial and economic crises of 2008 a significant exception is the causal effect of industrial electricity consumption on employment which was more pronounced after the crisis of 2008

are energy conservation policies effective without harming economic growth in the gulf cooperation council countries abstract this study explores the fossil fuels electricity consumption growth of the gross domestic product gdp relationship in the six gulf cooperation council gcc countries for the period 1980 2012 the aim of this study is to examine whether energy conservation policies are appropriate for these countries to reduce their high levels of electricity consumption the autoregressive distributed lag ardl and the toda yamamoto dolado lutkepohl tydl methodologies were employed to investigate this relationship the ardl results revealed that fossil fuels electricity consumption has a long run positive effect on gdp growth in the gcc countries however the tydl granger causality revealed different causality relationships among the countries a bi directional causality was found between fossil fuels electricity consumption and gdp growth in bahrain and the united arab emirates uae while one way causality from fossil fuels electricity consumption to gdp growth was found in oman and qatar on the other hand no causality was concluded between the variables in kuwait and saudi arabia from the results it is clear that energy conservation is not an ideal policy for the bahrain uae oman and qatar because it will have a negative consequence on their output however this policy can be implemented in kuwait and saudi arabia since it will not harm their output

electricity consumption and economic growth in china abstract this paper applies the error correction model to examine the causal relationship between electricity consumption and real gdp for china during 1971 2000 our estimation results indicate that real gdp and electricity consumption for china are cointegrated and there is unidirectional granger causality running from electricity consumption to real gdp but not vice versa in order to overcome the constraints on electricity consumption the chinese government has to speed up the nation wide interconnection of power networks to upgrade urban and rural distribution grids and to accelerate rural electrification

a note on the causal relationship between energy and gdp in taiwan abstract this paper re examines the causality between energy consumption and gdp by using updated taiwan data for the period 1954 1997 as a secondary contribution we investigate the causal relationship between gdp and the aggregate as well as several disaggregate categories of energy consumption including coal oil natural gas and electricity applying granger s technique we find bidirectional causality between total energy consumption and gdp we find further that different directions of cause exist between gdp and various kinds of energy consumption

a note on the electricity growth nexus in lao pdr abstract this paper investigates the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in laos by applying the ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration and granger causality tests our results confirm the existence of a long run relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in addition we found unidirectional causality running from economic growth to electricity consumption in the long run supporting the conservation hypothesis

residential and non residential electricity dynamics abstract this paper uses u s panel data to instrument and examine the dynamics of electricity within the world market while separating between both residential and non residential electricity consumptions during the time period of 1990 2014 to better assess the true differences within each causal relationship all panel data has been separated into one full panel and three subpanels of high middle and low income the empirical framework used consists of various tests that identify the existence of cross sectional dependency a pesaran panel unit root test a westerlund panel cointegration test and the dumitrescu hurlin method of the granger causality test furthermore this paper utilizes dols to estimate any long run elastic relations between real gdp and residential or non residential electricity consumption based on the results this paper determines that no long run relationship exists between non residential electricity consumption and economic growth throughout and that the relationship between residential electricity consumption and economic growth possesses unit elastic behavior in the long run other findings throughout imply causality moves from economic growth in the direction of residential electricity consumption for all panels

output and substitution elasticities of energy and implications for renewable energy expansion in the ecowas region abstract this study estimates output and substitution elasticities of renewable energy and nonrenewable energy for the economic community of west african states ecowas and discusses implications for expanding the former the results show that nonrenewable energy promises greater benefits for ecowas economic transition with output elasticities averaging between 0 052 0 579 and 0 055 to 0 223 for nonrenewable energy and renewable energy respectively overall estimated technological progress is low 0 5 to 2 6 the bulk coming from input efficiency substitution elasticities 0 02 0 94 suggest potential for switching towards renewable energy notwithstanding scale economics and sitting problems inherent in renewable power generation challenge the opportunities for energy substitution a sustainable policy solution therefore appears to be one favoring scaled and efficient electricity generation from fossil energy in the short run with a gradual switch towards renewable power in the long run in general the applied model provides insights that energy efficiency enhances sustainable growth by propelling technological advancement especially when technical change is scale biased and factor augmenting the study also provides insights that impacts of exogenous shocks to inputs are temporary and hence do not jeopardize efforts aimed at scaling output through increased and efficient use of labor capital and energy especially nonrenewable energy

hunting for models grounded and rational choice approaches to analyzing climate effects on subsistence hunting in an arctic community abstract climate change and uncertain economies challenge small native communities of the north american arctic with their reliance on local fish and wildlife resources methodological boundaries of single discipline analyses limit the contribution of academic research to the real world questions facing arctic residents oversimplified assumptions and lack of data hamper mainstream economic approaches based on rational choice while more grounded approaches suffer from inability to generalize we attempt to integrate these two approaches to project the effects of climate change on subsistence hunting in a canadian arctic community in our collaboration we find that rational choice modeling suggests specific questions that help direct the grounded research grounded methods provide general relationships and hypotheses as well as data for economic modeling using local knowledge lk obtained from grounded methods we estimate a discrete choice travel cost model of subsistence hunting projecting that climate warming may cost a typical household the equivalent of a half day of lost time during a hunting season besides providing data needed to make rational choice applications realistic grounded methods reveal qualitative information essential for understanding relationships we conclude that integration and synthesis of these disparate analytical approaches provides insights that neither method alone could have produced

can african countries efficiently build their economies on renewable energy abstract the translog production model is estimated to provide insights on the effectiveness of renewable energy for africa the analysis shows that capital labor renewable energy and nonrenewable energy drive output in african countries with renewable energy being a higher driver of growth than the conventional fossil fuels over the sample period this finding is reflective of the fact that renewable sources like wind hydro and solar account for a greater share of power generation in most african countries output elasticities computed for both energy types reaffirm the results and suggest that eastern and central african countries are more renewable energy dependent than the other three regions in addition technological progress is driven mainly by the efficiency with which various factors and energy inputs are used while africa has great potential of facing out conventional fossil energy the discussion provided in this study suggests that such transition is limited in practice due to issues of scale economics and sitting problems

electricity consumption oil price and economic growth global perspective abstract the study uses the panel data of 210 countries over the period 1960 2014 to analyze the empirical relationship between economic growth electricity consumption oil price gross fixed capital formation and population while the current literature on the topic focus largely on relationship between oil consumption and economic growth while only a few presented the research studying relationship between electricity and economic growth we used oil price and electricity consumption jointly to study the highly predictive observer for economic growth furthermore the data is categorized into income oecd regional level renewable energy consumption level and oil export import countries pedroni panel cointegration fully modified ols and panel vector error correction test apply to analyze the cointegration short run and the long run relationship between the variables the results of full panel confirm a bidirectional relationship between electricity consumption and gdp oil price and gdp fixed capital formation population and gdp moreover the results confirm that countries using non renewable sources for electricity generating such as through coal and oil the electricity consumption of these countries exhibit a negative relationship with the economic growth furthermore the finding varies across income oecd and regional renewable energy consumption level

coal consumption co2 emission and economic growth in china empirical evidence and policy responses this article investigates the relationship between coal consumption and income in china using both supply side and demand side frameworks cointegration and vector error correction modeling show that there is a unidirectional causality running from coal consumption to output in both the short and long run under the supply side analysis while there is also a unidirectional causality running from income to coal consumption in the short and long run under the demand side analysis the results also reveal that there is bi directional causality between coal consumption and pollutant emission both in the short and long run hence it is very difficult for china to pursue a greenhouse gas abatement policy through reducing coal consumption switching to greener energy sources might be a possible alternative in the long run

estimation of residential electricity demand function in seoul by correction for sample selection bias abstract this paper attempts to estimate the residential electricity demand function in seoul to this end we collected the data from a survey of households in seoul and employed the bivariate model to rectify the undesirable impacts of non response data the results show that the size of family the size of house dummy for having a plasma display panel television dummy for having an air conditioner and the household s income have positive relationships with the residential electricity demand on the other hand electricity price contributes negatively to the residential electricity demand in addition the price and income elasticities were estimated as 0 2463 and 0 0593 respectively implying that residential electricity demand in seoul is price and income inelastic such useful information is expected to help policy makers regulate the residential electricity supply and predict the effect of the price on the residential electricity demand in the future

energy consumption and economic growth the case of oil exporting countries this paper examines the causal relationship between the per capita energy consumption and the per capita gdp in a panel of 11 selected oil exporting countries by using panel unit root tests and panel cointegration analysis the results show a unidirectional strong causality from economic growth to energy consumption for the oil exporting countries the findings have practical policy implications for decision makers in the area of macroeconomic planning in most major oil exporting countries government policies keep domestic prices bellow free market level resulting in high levels of domestic energy consumption the results imply that the energy conservation through reforming energy price policies has no damaging repercussions on economic growth for this group of countries

linear and nonlinear causality between sectoral electricity consumption and economic growth evidence from taiwan this study investigates the linear and nonlinear causality between the total electricity consumption tec and real gross domestic production rgdp unlike previous literature we solve the undetermined relation between rgdp and electricity consumption by classifying tec into industrial sector consumption isc and residential sector consumption rsc as well as investigating how tec isc and rsc influence taiwan s rgdp by using the granger s linear causality test it is shown that i there is a bidirectional causality among tec isc and rgdp but a neutrality between rsc and rgdp with regard to the linear causality and ii there is still a bidirectional causality between tec and rgdp but a unidirectional causality between rsc and rgdp with regard to the nonlinear causality on the basis of i and ii we suggest that the electricity policy formulators loosen the restriction on isc and limit rsc in order to achieve the goal of economic growth

energy conservation policies growth and trade performance evidence of feedback hypothesis in pakistan this study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and trade openness in pakistan by using the annual time series data for the period of 1973 2011 our main results show i the presence of long run link between energy consumption and trade performance ii positive impact of gross domestic product exports and imports on energy consumption iii bidirectional causal relationship between exports and energy consumption and also be tween imports and energy demand and iv bidirectional causality between gross domestic product and energy consumption points to the presence of feedback hypothesis in pakistan we therefore note that energy conservation policies will reduce the trade performance which in turn leads to the decline in economic growth in pakistan the present study may guide policymakers in formulating a conclusive energy and trade policies for sustainable growth for long span of time

electricity consumption and economic growth evidence from korea abstract this paper investigates the short and long run causality issues between electricity consumption and economic growth in korea by using the co integration and error correction models it employs annual data covering the period 1970 2002 the overall results show that there exists bi directional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth this means that an increase in electricity consumption directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further electricity consumption

the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in the asean countries abstract this paper investigates the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth among the association of south east asian nations asean 4 members namely indonesia malaysia singapore and thailand using modern time series techniques for the period 1971 2002 the results indicate that there is a bi directional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia and singapore this means that an increase in electricity consumption directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further electricity consumption in the two countries however uni directional causality runs from economic growth to electricity consumption in indonesia and thailand without any feedback effect thus electricity conservation policies can be initiated without deteriorating economic side effects in the two countries

electricity consumption and metropolitan economic performance in guangzhou 1950 2013 abstract this study analyzes the relationship between electricity consumption and metropolitan economic growth for guangzhou china using 64 years of annual frequency data the capital stock is used as a control variable because of its role in mediating the relationship between energy utilization and economic output empirical results indicate unidirectional granger causality from electricity consumption to metropolitan economic performance in the short run this is consistent with the argument that dependable electricity infrastructure and service can play a vital role in facilitating economic growth implications for conservation efforts and regional development are discussed

a structural var analysis of electricity consumption and real gdp evidence from the g7 countries in this paper we depart from the literature on electricity consumption real gdp in that for the first time we examine the reaction of real gdp to shocks in electricity consumption to achieve this goal we use the structural vector autoregressive svar model and examine the impact of electricity consumption shocks on real gdp for the g7 countries we find that except for the usa electricity consumption has a statistically significant positive impact on real gdp over short horizons this finding implies that except for the usa electricity conservation policies will hurt real gdp in the g7 countries

an international literature survey on energy economic growth nexus evidence from country specific studies in this paper an extensive review of the rapidly growing in the literature on the nexus between economic growth and four types of energy consumption total energy consumption electricity consumption nuclear consumption and renewable consumption the various hypotheses associated with the causal interaction between these variables along with a survey of the empirical literature are also discussed the survey focuses on country coverage periods modeling techniques and empirical conclusions a general observation from these studies that results are found to be sensitive to methodology and type of energy considered the empirical results for the specific countries surveyed show that i for energy consumption growth nexus 29 supported the growth hypothesis 27 the feedback hypothesis 23 the conservation hypothesis and 21 the neutrality hypothesis ii for the electricity consumption growth nexus 40 supported the growth hypothesis 33 the feedback hypothesis and 27 conservation hypothesis iii for the nuclear consumption growth nexus 60 supported the neutrality hypothesis and 40 the growth hypothesis and iv for the renewable consumption growth nexus 40 supported the neutrality hypothesis 40 the conservation hypothesis and 20 the growth hypothesis these mixed results may be attributed to the different used data selected variables and econometric approaches undertaken

the hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth in asian countries evidence using an asymmetric cointegration approach this study examines the four commonly tested hypotheses in hydroelectricity consumption economic growth literature for 12 asian countries our results from a recently developed hidden cointegrati

literature survey on the relationships between energy environment and economic growth abstract the aim of this study is to exhibit an exhaustive survey which is related to the great flight of the literature of energy environment growth nexus at the individual and regional scale studies covering the period from 1978 to 2014 the survey takes into consideration the sample country region etc periods covering econometric strategies and conclusions our survey is based on the causality direction among i the energy use variables electricity nuclear renewable and non renewable and output growth ii between economic growth and environment and between the three variables at the same time globally these surveys provide paradoxical and not conclusive results which energy consumption can boost economic growth through the productivity enhancement and it can boost also the environmental damages through the enhancement of pollutant emissions our survey sheds more the lights on the energy environment growth literature by giving an extensive listing 1978 2014 of these causal linkages among the energy use variables environment and economic growth for both individual and collective cases there is a unanimous consensus about the importance of dealing with such dynamic relationship which is seems to be a cornerstone element in setting any ambition strategies energy ecological and economics

electricity consumption and economic growth in india abstract this paper tries to examine the granger causality between electricity consumption per capita and gross domestic product gdp per capita for india using annual data covering the period 1950 51 to 1996 97 phillips perron tests reveal that both the series after logarithmic transformation are non stationary and individually integrated of order one this study finds the absence of long run equilibrium relationship among the variables but there exists unidirectional granger causality running from economic growth to electricity consumption without any feedback effect so electricity conservation policies can be initiated without deteriorating economic side effects

renewable electricity consumption and economic development new findings from the baltic countries abstract this study employed homogeneous and heterogeneous panel methods to examine the relationship between renewable and non renewable electricity consumption and economic development in three transition economies in the baltic region namely estonia latvia and lithuania for the period of 1992 2011 the study put forward four hypotheses to examine the renewable electricity development nexus the findings indicated that there existed a unidirectional causality from the economic development to renewable electricity consumption thus the results obtained from the statistical analyses have provided empirical evidence in support of the conservation hypothesis that postulates that economic development causes the expansion of renewable electricity consumption but not vice versa

electricity use and economic development abstract a study of the relationship between electricity use and economic development in over one hundred countries constituting over 99 of the global economy has been undertaken correlations between electricity consumption capita and gdp capita have been analysed and compared with those between total primary energy supply capita and gdp capita a supporting analysis has correlated the proportion of energy used in the form electricity the e e ratio with gdp capita the general conclusions of this research are that wealthy countries have a stronger correlation between electricity use and wealth creation than do poor countries and that for the global economy as a whole there is a stronger correlation between electricity use and wealth creation than there is between total energy use and wealth the study also shows that in wealthy countries the increase in wealth over time correlates with an increase in the e e ratio the results imply that the energy ratio toe should be replaced by the electricity ratio kwh as a development indicator and more precisely by the e e ratio kwh toe

the world per capita electricity consumption distribution signs of convergence abstract considering residential per capita electricity consumption as one of the most suitable economic welfare indicators the aim of this paper is to explore worldwide differences on this variable over the period 1980 2007 the paper adds to the standard practice of and convergence analysis by tracking the external shape and time evolution of the entire distribution applying nonparametric techniques density functions and stochastic kernels to a sample of 98 countries the main finding is that a weak process of electricity consumption convergence has taken place this reduction of disparities is clearly related to at least three issues firstly the rapid economic changes experienced by some developing countries secondly the energy conservation policies implemented by most developed countries following the first oil shock and thirdly the growing awareness on energy issues in rich countries notwithstanding this the ergodic distribution on per capita electricity consumption indicates that large cross country disparities will persist in the long run

the link between green taxation and economic growth on co2 emissions fresh evidence from malaysia abstract this paper explores how carbon taxation and economic growth affect environment hazards in malaysia using time series data over the period 1974 2010 we applied cointegration and causality approaches to determine the long term cointegration and direction of causal relationship between these variables based on the results we found the cointegration relationship between the variables furthermore we noted that although kuznets theory i e inverted u shaped curve between economic growth and co 2 emissions is valid for malaysia the carbon taxation policy is ineffective to control co 2 emissions the causality analysis revealed that there is a bidirectional relationship between carbon tax and co 2 emissions economic growth granger causes co 2 emissions and carbon tax granger causes economic growth to enhance the awareness concerning pollution issues governments should rely on alternative instruments that may give benefit to the taxpayers and reduce pollution which is the pivotal issue to be tackled globally

the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in lebanon this paper investigates the dynamic causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in lebanon over the period 1980 2009 within a bivariate framework imposed on us due to data limitations and in an effort to increase the robustness of our results we employ a variety of causality tests namely hsiao toda yamamoto and vector error correction based granger causality tests we find strong evidence of a bidirectional relationship both in the short run and in the long run indicating that energy is a limiting factor to economic growth in lebanon from a policy perspective the confirmation of the feedback hypothesis warns against the use of policy instruments geared towards restricting energy consumption as these may lead to adverse effects on economic growth consequently there is a pressing need to revise the current national energy policy that calls for a 5 energy conservation target also to shield the country from external supply shocks given its substantial dependence on energy imports policymakers should emphasize the development of domestic energy resources further the most pertinent implication is that relaxing the present electric capacity shortages should be made a national priority in view of its potential positive effect on the economy

a literature survey on energy growth nexus abstract this paper provides a survey of the recent progress in the literature of energy consumption economic growth and electricity consumption economic growth causality nexus the survey highlights that most empirical studies focus on either testing the role of energy electricity in stimulating economic growth or examining the direction of causality between these two variables although the positive role of energy on growth has become a stylized fact there are some methodological reservations about the results from these empirical studies a general observation from these studies is that the literature produced conflicting results and there is no consensus neither on the existence nor on the direction of causality between energy consumption electricity consumption and economic growth as a policy implication to avoid from conflicting and unreliable results the authors may use the autoregressive distributed lags bounds test two regime threshold co integration models panel data approach and multivariate models including new variables such as real gross fixed capital formation labor force carbon dioxide emissions population exchange rates interest rates etc thus the authors should focus more on the new approaches and perspectives rather than by employing usual methods based on a set of common variables for different countries and different intervals of time

optimal prices and order quantities when temporary price discounts result in increase in demand abstract suppliers often offer temporary price discounts to retailers the discount motivates retailers to increase their order quantity and offer a discount to their customers to increase demand and profit in this paper the change in price and the resulting change in demand and their effect on inventory policy and total profit is analyzed simultaneously to determine retailer s optimal price and optimal ordering policies the simultaneous analysis considers the joint effect of marketing and inventory policies on profits and prohibits the suboptimality that is inherent in the customarily serial treatment of these policies this paper uses a general price demand relationship and develops general models for determining optimal price and order quantity any specific price demand relationship may be substituted in these models to determine the optimal price and optimal order quantity for specific cases