the influence of parent control structure on parent conflict in vietnamese international joint ventures an organizational justice based contingency approach there has been significant interest in understanding how the distribution of parental control over international joint ventures ijv influences ijv outcomes e g parent conflict survival performance yet the accumulation of research on the relationship between control structure and ijv outcomes has been somewhat inconclusive and even contradictory we contribute to this research stream by developing an organizational justice based contingency model relating parental control structure to parent conflict we suggest that the level of conflict between ijv parents will depend on the consistencies between the control structure and parents contribution of proprietary resources and between control structure and the parents abilities to effectively monitor operations our analysis of vietnamese joint ventures provides some support for our model and suggests that the relationship between parent control structure and ijv outcomes is perhaps more complex than previously thought

an ecological economic assessment of deregulation of international commerce under gatt this paper discusses the ecological economic implications of deregulation of trade as promoted by the general agreement on tariffs and trade gatt 1 this includes both environmental2 and socio economic factors such as standards of living and equity we outline fifteen overlapping problems with deregulation or free trade we argue that many environmental problems cannot be resolved equitably efficiently or sustainably by unregulated markets and that there is no alternative to public intervention in certain situations we repeat the 1987 brundtland commission s question of how far into international trade should regulation penetrate wced 1987 the commission s call for gatt s environmental reform 3 has not yet been heeded

employment change in independent owner managed high technology firms in great britain there is a growing volume of literature that points to the potential for small technology based firms to achieve substantial employment growth as a direct consequence of such work this sector of any economy has attracted increasing attention from national and local governments concerned with finding ways of revitalising economically deprived localities and creating employment opportunities this paper provides up to date empirical evidence surrounding the ability of small high technology firms to create additional jobs in great britain in addition key founder and business characteristics are isolated which are significantly associated with employment change in growing high technology firms over the 1986 to 1992 period with respect to factors influencing these high levels of employment growth a high firm size in 1986 was found to act positively on employment growth as was a graduate level education for the key founder on the finance side firms which had access to and used a multiplicity of sources of start up finance tended to grow faster futher on the basis of our results we would suggest and recommend a government policy which at the firm level actively encourages high technology firm start ups who record higher rates of survival than firms in more conventional sectors as well as providing support for existing high technology firms who have already demonstrated the inclination and ability to grow in employment size

country of origin effects of foreign investments in the people s republic of china this paper investigates the existence of country of origin effects occurring in foreign investments in the people s republic of china the eclectic theory of international production posits that the pattern of foreign investments should vary by country of origin this aspect of the eclectic theory is difficult to test directly especially in developing countries because of the relatively small numbers of foreign investment projects in a single country the data used in this research cover 1 665 sino foreign joint ventures jvs from 1979 to 1985 allowing a more reliable test of this aspect of the theory statistical evidence suggests that country of origin effects are indeed present in foreign investment activities in china

probing theoretically into central and eastern europe transactions resources and institutions since the 1990s central and eastern europe cee has provided unique societal quasi experiments which represent opportunities to test the applicability of existing theories in international business and management studies and to develop new ones specifically three lines of theorising have been advanced 1 organisational economics theories 2 resource based theories and 3 institutional theories for each of these theories we discuss how they contribute to the understanding of key issues such as entry strategies of foreign investors restructuring strategies of local incumbents and entry and growth strategies of entrepreneurs on this basis we assess how cee research has influenced the overall trajectories of theory development cee research has in particular highlighted the importance of contextual influences such as institutions thus scholars have aimed at incorporating institutions into theories such as organisational economics theories and resource based theories and advancing an institution based view of business strategy as a complementary perspective we outline how future research in cee and other emerging economies may advance this research agenda further

the innovation performance of irish and foreign owned firms the roles of r d and networking this paper contributes to the growing evidence that irish and foreign owned firms based in ireland conduct their innovation activities differently from each other it tests the cohen and levinthal hypothesis separately for irish and foreign owned firms that undertaking r d and collaborating with external networks together enhance the probability of product and process innovation to control for potential endogeneity of the external networking variables a two step procedure is used with predicted probabilities used as instruments in the estimated production functions based on data from the irish community innovation survey 2006 to 2008 the results suggest that irish owned firms which engage in external networks with public knowledge sources while simultaneously undertaking r d are more likely to innovate than firms which perform these two activities individually irish owned firms which engage in backward networking for product and forward networking for process innovation while also undertaking r d are less likely to be innovative perhaps suggesting a substitution effect these results for irish owned firms provide some support for cohen and levinthal s hypothesis however foreign owned firms seem to behave differently being largely self contained and relying exclusively on intramural r d for innovation as the external networking variables both individually and when interacted with r d have no effect on innovation likelihood

theorising from case studies towards a pluralist future for international business research the literature on case studies both in the field of international business ib and in the social sciences more generally has tended to focus on the methods of data production and analysis suited to this research strategy in contrast in this paper we investigate methods of theorising from case studies we seek to understand how case researchers theorise and how future ib research might utilise case studies for theorising by means of a qualitative content analysis of case studies published in journal of international business studies academy of management journal and journal of management studies we construct a typology of theorising from case studies two dimensions of the case study namely causal explanation and contextualisation form the basis for our typology we distinguish four methods of theorising inductive theory building interpretive sensemaking natural experiment and contextualised explanation only the first of which has been widely used in jibs in the period that we investigate on the basis of our own qualitative analysis we show the limitations of inductive theory building and argue that greater utilisation of the other methods of theorising would enhance the case study s explanatory power and potential for contextualisation we argue for a more pluralist future for ib research

a reconsideration of import substitution this paper studies the origins of an import substitution strategy of development summarizes the consequences of that strategy and reviews the problems that led to its failure the fundamental difficulty was its discouragement of the indigenous social learning necessary for sustained independent development the emergence of an outward oriented minimal government strategy is due to the success of korea and taiwan this strategy fails to recognize that social learning requires a strong role for national agents and that this role can be penalized by undue openness an effective strategy must protect and induce domestic learning without penalizing exporting

do hypothetical and actual marginal willingness to pay differ in choice experiments application to the valuation of the environment abstract in this paper we test the validity of choice experiments with donations for environmental projects in particular we test whether or not there are differences in preferences between a hypothetical and an actual choice experiment our experiments indicate no differences in addition internal tests of validity indicate transitive and stable preferences in both experiments although there are some indications of possible learning effects during the experiment

the impact of inward fdi on the performance of chinese manufacturing firms recent years have witnessed the emergence of china as one of the most important destinations for foreign direct investment fdi which reached us 403 98 billion by the end of 1999 moftec 2000 china is now the largest recipient of fdi in the developing world however the amount of fdi will underestimate its overall consequences if spillover effects are significant murphy 1992 o malley 1994 buckwalter 1995 this study investigates the impact of fdi on the performance of chinese locally owned firms in manufacturing

timing of investment and international expansion performance in china this study examines the multivariate and univariate performance effects of timing of fdi in an emerging economy at the business unit level a longitudinal analysis of industry wide firm specific data on fdi timing and foreign venture performance in china reveals that timing has a significant influence on overall as well as on individual aspects of venture performance it is observed that early entrants outperform late movers in terms of local market expansion and asset turnover whereas late movers are superior to early entrants with regard to risk reduction and accounting return during the initial period of international expansion factor analysis confirms that the importance of timing in affecting fdi decisions is as significant as that of internalization ownership or location factors

bargaining power of multinationals and host governments one of the outcomes of negotiation between multinationals and host governments in developing countries the extent of foreign ownership of subsidiaries is influenced by the bargaining power of the two parties foreign ownership measured in various ways appears to be affected by the level of technology of the multinational the degree to which a multinational attempts to differentiate its products the extent to which a subsidiary s output is exported to other parts of the multinational the diversity of products offered by the multinational and the extent of competition by other multinationals the relationship between some of these variables and ownership is not a simple one one variable that others have mentioned as probably affecting bargaining power size of the investment in question appears not to play a significant role in government policies toward ownership but many large projects tend to be located in countries that have lenient ownership policies

the water utility adoption model wuam understanding influences of organisational and procedural innovation in a uk water utility for uk water and sewerage companies wascs the capacity to innovate capital investment processes and consequently performance outcomes is fundamental as they seek to deliberately change infrastructure to improve the sustainability of service delivery within a comparatively regulated framework innovation is viewed here as being either incremental or radical changes to the products services and processes ways of delivering services which are typical to the organisation wascs product and process innovations may involve changes to some or all of technologies organisational structure and processes behaviour and culture and knowledge and skills within the organisation and its supply chain this paper sets out to provide an understanding of the factors which both enable and constrain the development and adoption of infrastructure investment process innovations in the context of water utilities concerned with water and sewerage service delivery the paper documents the process and results from an inductive research programme of participatory action research undertaken within a large privately owned uk wasc to facilitate infrastructure investment process innovation employee narratives during the innovation process from initiation to adoption decision making were characterised and analysed the findings suggest that the development and adoption of asset investment process innovations tends to be skewed in favour of opportunities which align with i uk and european union legislative and regulatory drivers ii wasc mission policy and goals iii innovation cost advantages over a prescribed period of time iv perceived risks to service provision associated with the introduction of the innovation and v the extent to which the organisational processes and cultures which act to increase the absorptive capacity of the wasc to the proposed innovation are already functioning

network linkages and location choice in foreign direct investment this paper shows that network linkage is an important determinant of location choice in foreign direct investment fdi network linkages are divided into internal intra firm and external inter firm linkages external linkages are further separated into strategic and relational linkages we found that taiwanese firms are keen on making external linkages but are indifferent to or incapable of making internal linkages through fdi strategic linkages motivate taiwanese fdi in the united states while relational linkages facilitate taiwanese fdi in southeast asia and china small firms are more sensitive to relational linkages than large firms in their choice of fdi location

task attributes and process integration in business process offshoring a perspective of service providers from india and china this study addresses an important issue in designing and managing business process offshoring bpo process integration between an offshore service provider and its global bpo client we applied the information processing lens in global bpo and developed the logic that internationally disaggregated process integration requires a fit between process integration and bpo s task characteristics i e task complexity and security and task interdependence task connectivity stickiness and dependency this alignment is further moderated by the task context such as the geographic dispersion of the global client s end customers and the type of offshore provider independent vendor vs captive and joint venture finally we suggest that process integration has a positive but curvilinear relationship with the economic returns achieved by offshore providers our analysis of 308 bpo companies in india and china supports our propositions we conclude that international managers monitoring and integrating globally disaggregated activities in bpo should establish a proper alignment with the bpo project s task traits and task interdependence and look closely at the conditioning effect of external complexity by redressing the paucity of research on governing global bpo this study offers some insights into the integration externalization dynamics for growing business knowledge process offshoring

the diffusion of regional innovation capabilities evidence from italian patent data quatraro f diffusion of regional innovation capabilities evidence from italian patent data regional studies this paper investigates the diffusion of regional innovation capabilities within the manufacturing sector the competence based theory of the region allows for combining the schumpeterian view upon innovation and business cycles and the growth poles theory innovation capabilities spread within the region after the expansion of the propulsive sector due to learning dynamics adopting a methodology for the analysis of diffusion processes the paper presents empirical evidence on italian regions the results show that in late industrialized regions the diffusion of innovation capabilities is faster than in the early industrialized ones the role of research and development and complementary changes in the economic structure is also investigated quatraro f la diffusion des capacites d innovation regionale des preuves provenant des donnees italiennes sur les brevets regional studies cet article

valuation of small and multiple health risks a critical analysis of sp data applied to food and water safety this study elicits individual risk preferences in the context of an infectious disease using choice experiments a main objective is to examine scope sensitivity using a novel approach our results suggest that the value of a mortality risk reduction vsl is highly sensitive to the survey design our results cast doubt on the standard scope sensitivity tests in choice experiments but also on the validity and reliability of vsl estimates based on stated preference studies in general this is important due to the large empirical literature on non market evaluation and the elicited values central role in policy making

developed country mnes investing in developing economies progress and prospect this study reviews research from 1970 through 2016 on developed country multinational enterprises dmnes entering and competing in developing economies to identify the current state of knowledge of this research and push it further we review the literature using bibliometric and qualitative content analyses covering leading journals and books we articulate frontier issues that are understudied yet critical to both theorization and practice of dmnes in developing economies we discuss the findings and conclusions from prior research along five key areas 1 entering developing economies 2 organizing local activities 3 managing alliances and joint ventures 4 competing in dynamic environments and 5 dealing with institutions governments and society we offer prospective insights into future agenda that have important implications for mne strategies and decisions and propose frontier directions that encompass strategic localization reverse transfer and adaptation co evolution with local business ecosystems reorganizing and restructuring and strategic responses to institutional and market complexity

an investigation into procedural in variance in the valuation of mortality risk reductions abstract this study investigates whether elicited preferences are affected by the presentation of mortality risks in a stated preference survey we elicited willingness to pay for public risk reducing initiatives under three different but outcome equivalent presentation format results from a discrete choice experiment demonstrate that presentation format influences the valuation of mortality risk reductions which to varying degrees depends on the respondent s level of concern and numeracy marginal willingness to pay for a risk reduction increases significantly when framed in terms of avoided fatalities compared to corresponding frequencies furthermore we find that less numerate respondents are more influenced by the inclusion of the number of fatalities in the presentation format the same pattern is observed for respondents who express a higher degree of concern for a traffic accident

the production transfer and spillover of technology comparing large and small multinationals as technology producers multinational enterprises are sina qua non the world s technology producers in this paper we explore the concept of technology production by multinationals focusing on three aspects i technology as a firm specific advantage ii the costs of technology transfer and iii technology spillovers in each case we outline current views and debates in the field about the role played by large multinationals in technology production finally we compare mnes with small and medium sized enterprises smes as technology producers we conclude that smes face certain constraints due to small size and inadequate financing that raise their costs of technology production and transfer relative to the costs for mnes on the other hand their flexibility and use of unconventional methods can create successful mini nationals in niche markets

innovation networking and proximity lessons from small high technology firms in the uk the article explores how the innovative performance of small high tech firms relates to their external networking activities and whether geographical proximity in their network relations matters data from a small sample of electronics firms and software developers in south east england are used to construct indicators of innovativeness which are correlated with variables capturing intensity of external interactions and proximity benefits the regional science base is found to have played a key role in nurturing new high tech ventures but science parks had not contributed to this interaction with parties with complementary capabilities such as suppliers and service providers is also associated with high innovative performance however the findings do not support the current policy fashion of encouraging regional networks revolving around firms in similar business activities and close customer relations

investigation of pollution haven hypothesis for china an ardl approach with breakpoint unit root tests abstract china is experiencing a stage of l type economy while climate change challenge appears tougher and tougher however up to now there exists no consensus about whether the influx of foreign direct investment should be responsible for domestic co 2 mounting situation the study aims to investigate the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis phh in china using 1980 2012 annual time series data to achieve this goal the autoregressive distributed lag cointegration ardl approach is used to examine the hypothesis and gross domestic product gdp gdp square energy use inward foreign direct investment fdi economic freedom urbanization financial development as well as trade openness are included as major drivers of co 2 emissions unlike many previous studies we also perform breakpoint unit root tests and incorporated a structural break into our model the results of bounds test show that there is a stable long run relationship between chosen variables in each model co 2 emissions will increase by 0 058 with 1 increase in inward fdi of gdp which indicates that phh does exist in china since china could be regarded as a model for developing countries the results of our study are useful for other developing countries

the demise of expropriation as an instrument of ldc policy 1980 1992 this paper reports data collected on expropriation activity by developing countries from 1980 1992 extending previous work by kobrin 1984 kobrin s assumption that expropriation activity would continue to decrease over time and his reasons for this assumption are supported the paper introduces recent phenomena which further indicate that expropriation is unlikely to resurface in the near future as a source of multinational corporation developing country contention many developing countries now protect foreign direct investors from expropriation the broad scale movement in developing countries to privatize state owned enterprises also indicates that governments will not be eager to replace private sector activity with state ownership

determinants of export orientation of foreign production by u s multinationals an inter country analysis this paper examines the role of structural and policy factors in explaining a country s attractiveness as a base for export oriented production by u s mnes empirical analysis finds wage rates and industrial capability to be important determinants of export oriented production attracted by a country exports generated by relocation are found to be dependent upon intra firm imports u s mnes are found to be using their hosts as export bases more selectively