political costs and fiscal benefits the political economy of residential property value assessment under proposition 212 we use a 15 year panel of property value assessment data from 351 massachusetts municipalities appraised values grow more slowly in municipalities with elected assessors when municipalities pass via referenda large increases in the cap on tax revenues value assessments grow faster under appointed assessors and slower under elected assessors appraisals grow slower when alternative revenue sources are available

international taxation and the direction and volume of cross border m as we show that the parent subsidiary structure of multinational firms created by cross border mergers and acquisitions is affected by the prospect of international double taxation specifically the likelihood of parent firm location in a country following a cross border takeover is reduced by high international double taxation of foreign source income at the same time countries with high international double taxation attract smaller numbers of parent firms a unilateral elimination of worldwide taxation by the united states is simulated to increase the proportion of parent firms locating in the united states following cross border mergers and acquisitions from 53 to 58

a comprehensive eco efficiency model and dynamics of regional eco efficiency in china abstract in order to have a comprehensive eco efficiency measure which can incorporate productivity resource efficiency environmental efficiency and inter temporal comparability and circularity the paper proposes an extended data envelopment analysis model named gb us sbm model which combines global benchmark technology undesirable output super efficiency and slacks based measure using the gb us sbm model this paper investigates the dynamics of regional eco efficiency in china from 2000 to 2010 the empirical results show that the movement of average eco efficiency of china presents a v shape from 2000 to 2010 with the trough occurred in 2005 but there are big differences of eco efficiency among the regions for the growth of eco efficiency technological progress contributes 56 87 58 21 18 27 62 19 scale efficiency contributes 40 01 61 14 167 43 39 12 efficiency change contributes 3 82 19 99 63 40 2 16 to the eastern middle western and northeastern regions of china respectively these imply that there is a big space for western region to enhance its technological progress and huge space for the whole country to promote its management ability

an estimate of the accuracy of hedonic real estate valuations using the orange county bankruptcy it has become standard practice to estimate the value of amenities such as environmental cleanliness local school quality and crime using hedonic valuations typically changes in real estate prices the accuracy of hedonic valuations depends critically on whether real estate prices adjust appropriately which is difficult to verify the 1994 orange county ca bankruptcy offers a test of the accuracy of hedonic real estate valuations orange county s failed investment strategy resulted in unexpected county losses of 1 7 billion in response the aggregate value of orange county real estate dropped by between 1 65 and 3 70 billion

a non radial dea approach to measuring environmental performance data envelopment analysis dea has gained great popularity in environmental performance measurement because it can provide a synthetic standardized environmental performance index when pollutants are suitably incorporated into the traditional dea framework past studies about the application of dea to environmental performance measurement often follow the concept of radial efficiency measures in this paper we present a non radial dea approach to measuring environmental performance which consists of a non radial dea based model for multilateral environmental performance comparisons and a non radial malmquist environmental performance index for modeling the change of environmental performance over time a case study of oecd countries using the proposed non radial dea approach is also presented it is found that the environmental performance of oecd countries as a whole has been improved from 1995 to 1997

property tax limits local fiscal behavior and property values evidence from massachusetts under proposition abstract this paper examines the impact of a specific property tax limit proposition 2 1 2 in massachusetts on the fiscal behavior of cities and towns in massachusetts and the capitalization of that behavior into property values proposition 2 1 2 places a cap on the effective property tax rate at 2 5 and limits nominal annual growth in property tax revenues to 2 5 unless residents pass a referendum allowing a greater increase the study analyzes the 1990 1994 period a time when massachusetts municipalities faced significant fiscal stress because of a 30 cut in real state aid and a demographically driven increase in school enrollments the findings include the following 1 proposition 2 1 2 significantly constrained local spending in some communities with most of its impact on school spending 2 constrained communities realized gains in property values to the degree that they were able to increase school spending despite the limitation and 3 changes in non school spending had little impact on property values

some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis in management contexts mathematical programming is usually used to evaluate a collection of possible alternative courses of action en route to selecting one which is best in this capacity mathematical programming serves as a planning aid to management data envelopment analysis reverses this role and employs mathematical programming to obtain ex post facto evaluations of the relative efficiency of management accomplishments however they may have been planned or executed mathematical programming is thereby extended for use as a tool for control and evaluation of past accomplishments as well as a tool to aid in planning future activities the ccr ratio form introduced by charnes cooper and rhodes as part of their data envelopment analysis approach comprehends both technical and scale inefficiencies via the optimal value of the ratio form as obtained directly from the data without requiring a priori specification of weights and or explicit delineation of assumed functional forms of relations between inputs and outputs a separation into technical and scale efficiencies is accomplished by the methods developed in this paper without altering the latter conditions for use of dea directly on observational data technical inefficiencies are identified with failures to achieve best possible output levels and or usage of excessive amounts of inputs methods for identifying and correcting the magnitudes of these inefficiencies as supplied in prior work are illustrated in the present paper a new separate variable is introduced which makes it possible to determine whether operations were conducted in regions of increasing constant or decreasing returns to scale in multiple input and multiple output situations the results are discussed and related not only to classical single output economics but also to more modern versions of economics which are identified with contestable market theories

source versus residence based taxation with international mergers and acquisitions this paper analyses tax competition and tax coordination in a model where capital flows occur in the form of mergers and acquisitions rather than greenfield investment in this framework we show that differences in residence based taxes do not necessarily distort international ownership patterns moreover tax competition yields globally efficient levels of source based corporate income taxes if residence based taxes on capital income are absent in contrast in the presence of residence based taxes on dividends source based corporate income taxes are inefficiently high the widespread view that tax coordination is less urgent if residence based taxes are available may therefore be misguided

measuring ecological efficiency with data envelopment analysis dea abstract the measurement of ecological efficiency provides some important information for the companies environmental management ecological efficiency is usually measured by comparing environmental performance indicators data envelopment analysis dea shows a high potential to support such comparisons as no explicit weights are needed to aggregate the indicators in general dea assumes that inputs and outputs are goods but from an ecological perspective also bads have to be considered in the literature bads are treated in different and sometimes arbitrarily chosen ways this article aims at the systematic derivation of ecologically extended dea models starting from the assumptions of dea in production theory and activity analysis a generalisation of basic dea models is derived by incorporating a multi dimensional value function f extended preference structures can be considered by different specifications of f e g specifications for ecologically motivated applications of dea

why do households without children support local public schools linking house price capitalization to school spending while residents receive similar benefits from many local government programs only about one third of all households have children in public schools we argue that capitalization of school spending into house prices can encourage even childless residents to support spending on schools we identify a proxy for the extent of capitalization the supply of land available for new development and show that towns in massachusetts with little undeveloped land have larger changes in house prices in response to a plausibly exogenous spending shock towns with little available land also spend more on schools we extend these results using data from school districts in 46 states showing that per pupil spending is positively related to the percentage of developed land this positive correlation persists only in districts where the median resident is a homeowner and is stronger in districts with more elderly residents who do not use school services and have a shorter expected duration in their home our findings support models in which capitalization encourages the provision of durable local public goods and provides an additional reason why some elderly support local school spending

capitalization and the theory of local public finance the tiebout literature is incomplete this paper argues because it has not fully accounted for the capitalization of local fiscal variables into house values the paper explains why capitalization arises why it persists in long run equilibrium how it affects both residential location and the outcome of local voting and why it interferes with the efficiency of a system of local governments the analysis which is based on the main tiebout assumptions plus a property tax combines a model of household bids in a housing market with a median voter model of local public service determination

the effect of property tax limitation measures on local government fiscal behavior abstract previous evidence on the effects of tax and expenditure limitation measures has not been conclusive difficulties arise in characterizing differences in fiscal institutions across states and estimating behavior in the absence of limitation measures a recently enacted tax limitation measure limits the growth in local property taxes in some illinois jurisdictions but not in others such differential treatment of otherwise similar jurisdictions provides a natural experiment for estimating the impact of the tax cap on local government fiscal behavior we find that the cap has been effective in that the fiscal behavior of capped jurisdictions differs from that of never capped jurisdictions

taxing foreign profits with international mergers and acquisitions a large part of border crossing investment takes the form of international mergers and acquisitions in this article we ask how optimal repatriation tax systems look like in a world where investment involves a change of ownership instead of a reallocation of real capital we find that the standard results of international taxation do not carry over to the case of international mergers and acquisitions the deduction system is no longer optimal from a national perspective and the foreign tax credit system fails to ensure global optimality the tax exemption system is optimal if ownership advantage is a public good within the multinational firm however the cross border cash flow tax system dominates the exemption system in terms of optimality properties

optimal fiscal limits with overrides abstract this paper studies optimal fiscal limits in the context of a simple political economy model a politician chooses the level of taxation for a representative citizen but is biased in favor of higher taxes a constitutional designer sets a tax limit before the citizen s preferred level of taxation is fully known the politician is allowed to override the limit with the citizen s approval the paper solves for the optimal limit and explains how it is impacted by the possibility of overrides the paper also shows that the citizen s welfare can be enhanced if the designer imposes a limit on the politician s override proposals

estimating permanent and transitory income elasticities of education spending from panel data abstract we use a twenty one year panel of data to examine the role of past income and aid and expectations of future income in regressions explaining state and local education spending we show that simple estimates of the elasticity of spending with respect to financial resources are not robust to specification changes because the variables are non stationary over time causing inconsistent estimation of model parameters estimation in first differences or equivalently in growth rates solves the time series problems and produces robust estimates of the model s parameters we then show that current spending by states responds to changes in expected future income this explains why using fixed effects in simpler models reduces estimated income elasticities fixed effects partially capture permanent income effects on spending estimates of lagged income are significant when used in models that do not explicitly model the expectations process but present and past aid both have no effect on education spending models with structural assumptions about expected income produce estimates very similar to simpler models which include lagged information on income as a control variable we conclude with recommendations for estimating models when only cross section data or only short panels are available

eco efficiency assessment of eu manufacturing sectors combining input output tables and data envelopment analysis following production and consumption based accounting approaches abstract assessing the footprint of anthropogenic activities has become particularly challenging in today s globalized markets where a large number of economic transactions taking place across the globe need to be disentangled before the most critical sectors are identified in this work we present an approach to quantify the eco efficiency of economic activities that combines multi regional environmentally extended input output tables and data envelopment analysis we employ this method to assess the european union manufacturing sectors in terms of three inputs global warming potential potential acidifying equivalent and tropospheric ozone forming potential and one output economic wealth following both production and consumption based accounting approaches our approach classifies economic sectors as efficient and inefficient and for the latter it provides improvement targets that if attained would make them efficient we find that there is a significant mismatch at the sectorial level between both accounting schemes each providing complementary information for policy making in the production based case targets allow identifying sectors and pollutants requiring more stringent regulations and or higher investments in cleaner technologies conversely the consumption based accounting allows identifying the ultimate sources of impact an insight that can assist in the selection of alternative cleaner suppliers via eco labelling of products services and proper taxation schemes

the impact of u s tax reform on foreign direct investment in the united states abstract this study empirically examines how taxes shape foreign direct investment and finds that increased taxes spur inward foreign investment this finding conforms with theories that recognize that foreign investor response is critically shaped by the tax provisions faced by the foreign investor in his home country and by the effects of tax reform on pre tax asset returns we demonstrate that average tax rates may better proxy tax effects than do effective tax rates our findings are more robust than previous results since we utilize the entire 1980s tax history consider a fuller set of industry distinctions and estimate the tax responsiveness in the context of exchange rate fluctuations

capital income and profit taxation with foreign ownership of firms abstract this paper establishes optimal rules for capital income and profits taxation in the open economy with or without foreign ownership of domestic firms we show that if there are constraints on the feasibility of profits taxation both saving and investment taxes generally enter the optimal tax package if instead profits can be fully taxed then source based investment taxes vanish if domestic firms are in part owned by foreigners then source based investment taxes can be used to shift income away from these to domestic citizens and they may even be used to finance lump sum transfers to domestic residents

the impact of proposition 13 on house prices in northern california a test of the interjurisdictional capitalization hypothesis it wen institute of business and university of california economic research berkeley center for real estate and urban economics wobkingipaper series these papers are preliminary ature their purpose 39 limul discussion comme h re they are not to be 39 or quoted ny publication without express permission of the author working paper no 80 11 the impact of proposition 13 on house prices in northern california a test of the interjurisdictional capitalization hypothesis by kenneth t rosen

a test for allocative efficiency in the local public sector abstract this paper develops a test for pareto efficiency in the local public sectorusing the analytical result that aggregate property value is maximized at the public output level which satisfies the samuelson condition for efficiency by using cross section data it is possible to deduce whether a representative community provides its public goods in a property value maximizing and hence efficient fashion the empirical results show no systematic tendency to either under or over provide public goods in a sample of massachusetts communities

how do mergers create value a comparison of taxes market power and efficiency improvements as explanations for synergies there is little evidence in the literature on the relative importance of the underlying sources of merger gains prior literature suggests that synergies could arise due to taxes market power or efficiency improvements based on value line forecasts we estimate the average synergy gains in a broad sample of 264 large mergers to be 10 03 of the combined equity value of the merging firms the detailed data in value line projections allow for the decomposition of these gains into underlying operating and financial synergies we estimate that tax savings contribute only 1 64 in additional value while operating synergies account for the remaining 8 38 operating synergies are higher in focused mergers while tax savings constitute a large fraction of the gains in diversifying mergers the operating synergies are generated primarily by cutbacks in investment expenditures rather than by increased operating profits overall the evidence suggests that mergers generate gains by improving resource allocation rather than by reducing tax payments or increasing the market power of the combined firm

political economy at any speed what determines traffic citations can speeding tickets be explained solely by a driver s excessive speed or could they be seen as serving as supplemental local revenue or reflecting officer preferences theory suggests that the levels of enforcement and punishment for traffic violations are based on the degree of infringe ment by the offending party and the marginal returns to local safety gary s becker 1968 isaac ehrlich 1996 a mitchell polinsky and steven shavell 1992 this view neglects other potential objectives for the police police officers are agents of the local or state government these prin cipals may be concerned about total revenues raised and about voter satisfaction furthermore officers may have personal preferences with regards to characteristics such as race or gender which may motivate differential issuance of traffic tickets the imposition of traffic fines to increase revenues is reminiscent of william a niskanen s 1971 long standing hypothesis that bureaucrats maximize their agency s budget evidence has been scarce however and the hypothesis has been called into question because bureaucrats may not receive any direct benefit when their agency s budget size is enlarged ronald n johnson and gary d libecap 1994 the budget maximizing hypothesis however has not been applied to the behavior of police officers engaged in the enforcement of traffic laws although anecdotal evidence abounds1 more frequent and larger fines may lead to favorable employee evaluations and contribute to a larger budget for the police department higher officer salaries and improved amenities as police officers monitoring superiors are elected officials those officials may also encourage police officers to disproportionately raise revenues from nonvoters as opposed to local voting citizens

the economics of schooling production and efficiency in public schools n recent years public and professional interest in schools has been heightened by a spate of reports many of them critical of current school policy these policy documents have added to persistent and long standing concerns about the cost effectiveness and fairness of the current school structure and have made schooling once again a serious public issue as in the past however any renewed interest in education is likely to be short lived doomed to dissipate as frustration over the inability of policy to improve school practice sets in this frustration about school policy relates directly to knowledge about the educational production process and in turn to underlying research on schools although the educational process has been extensively researched clear policy prescriptions flowing from this research have been difficult to derive 2 there exists however a consistency to the research findings that does have an immediate application to school policy schools differ dramatically in quality

the value of school facility investments evidence from a dynamic regression discontinuity design author s cellini stephanie riegg ferreira fernando rothstein jesse abstract despite extensive public infrastructure spending surprisingly little is known about its economic return in this paper we estimate the value of school facility investments using housing markets standard models of local public goods imply that school districts should spend up to the point where marginal increases would have zero effect on local housing prices our research design isolates exogenous variation in investments by comparing school districts where referenda on bond issues targeted to fund capital expenditures passed and failed by narrow margins we extend this traditional regression discontinuity approach to identify the dynamic treatment effects of bond authorization on local housing prices student achievement and district composition our results indicate that california school districts underinvest in school facilities passing a referendum causes immediate sizable increases in home prices implying a willingness to pay on the part of marginal homebuyers of 1 50 or more for each 1 of capital spending these effects do not appear to be driven by changes in the income or racial composition of homeowners and the impact on test scores appears to explain only a small portion of the total housing price effect c 2010 by the president and fellows of harvard college and the massachusetts institute of technology

wages rents and the quality of life this study focuses on the role of wages and rents in allocating workers to locations with various quantities of amenities the theory demonstrates that if the amenity is also productive then the sign of the wage gradient is unclear while the rent gradient is positive the theory is extended to include the housing market and nontraded goods these extensions require little modification of the conclusion the empirical work on wages shows that the regional wage differences can be explained largely by these local attributes with the use of site price data implicit prices are estimated and quality of life rankings for the cities are computed

property taxes and property values evidence from proposition 212 abstract we examine the effect of proposition 2 1 2 on revenues and housing prices in massachusetts communities that were initially constrained by the law saw large increases in state aid and the use of fees we use these initial constraints as instruments for changes in other components of revenue while treating the change in the property tax as exogenously determined by proposition 2 1 2 our results strongly suggest that communities that were able to increase their property taxes more rapidly saw greater increases in their housing values in the period following passage of the law

asymmetric tax competition abstract the paper analyzes nash equilibrium when two jurisdictions set tax rates on a tax base which is mobile between them population differences imply tax differences the smaller jurisdiction levies a lower tax rate in equilibrium and its residents are better off than those in the larger jurisdiction the nash equilibrium is inefficient if the two jurisdictions merged the resulting allocation would be efficient however if differences in population are great enough residents of the small jurisdiction would be made worse off by such a merger

capitalization and community size abstract studies often show taxes and public services capitalized into house prices but no one has tested whether the rate of capitalization depends on community size the theoretical model of w h hoyt 1999 regional science and urban economics 29 155 171 predicts that capitalization occurs but that the rate of capitalization is weaker in large communities hoyt s model is tested empirically using a house price hedonic framework the tax capitalization results are less clear but the school quality and crime results firmly support the model s predictions using both school districts and municipalities to measure communities larger communities weaken the rate of capitalization

eco efficiency measurement of industrial sectors in china a hybrid super efficiency dea analysis abstract eco efficiency is of great significance in the attainment of a sustainable society and is the most severe issue facing industrial sectors in china in this work a hybrid super efficiency data envelopment analysis dea was conducted to measure eco efficiency and analyze the problem of inefficiency facing industrial sectors in china dea has been widely used in eco efficiency analysis however existing dea models focus on the evolution and comparison of eco efficiency values and do not consider the evolution characteristics of the input nor undesirable output inefficiency and neglect the radial and non radial classifications of input and output indices simultaneously thus this work proposes a hybrid super efficiency dea model which combines hybrid dea with super efficiency dea separating the input and undesirable output variables into radial and non radial parts using variable correlations for the panel data of the industrial sectors the malmquist index is introduced in this approach subsequently this approach is illustrated using a real data set from 22 industrial sectors in china corresponding to the period of 2006 2015 results show that eco efficiencies of the 22 industrial sectors increased consistently from 2006 to 2015 due to a lack of momentum in sustained growth technological progress regarding the improvement of eco efficiency requires acceleration more and more sectors have achieved rapid enhancements in input and undesirable output inefficiencies but 10 traditional sectors with high resource consumption and heavy emissions of pollutants remain inefficient

assessing eco efficiency through the dea analysis and decoupling index in the latin america countries abstract this study was developed according to a two step approach in the first step we provide an investigation of the changes in eco efficiency under constant and variable return to scale while on a second step the evaluation of the decoupling elasticity will be given the impacts of energy economic and environmental determinants inputs on the performance indicators of eco efficiency were calculated as the inverse of the carbon intensity ratio of the gdp over the co2 emissions both from the world development indicators database the changes in eco efficiency and the decoupling elasticity between co2 emissions and economic growth changes data was used for 16 latin america countries according to five year periods from 1994 to 2013 for all the five time span considered it is worth noting that the degree of technical efficiency for the latin america countries is lower than the degree of technological efficiency thus indicating that a portion of the overall inefficiency is due to the fact that these countries are producing below the production frontier rather than to an inefficient use of technology on average the results have confirmed that the technological scale change in energy production is the dominant factor influencing the optimal production frontier in the sample of countries under analysis complementarily according to the mixed results from the decoupling analysis we may conclude that the increase decrease of the co2 per capita emissions was due to other economic and environmental factors rather than to a negative positive effect of the gdp growth rate

exploring the existence of kuznets curve in countries environmental efficiency using dea window analysis abstract this paper using data envelopment dea window analysis and generalized method of moments gmm estimators examines the existence of a kuznets type relationship between countries environmental efficiency and national income specifically it measures the environmental efficiency of 17 oecd countries by constructing environmental efficiency ratios for the time period 1980 2002 the analysis with the application of dynamic panel data reveals that there isn t a kuznets type relationship between environmental efficiency and income allowing for dynamic effects we find that the adjustment to the target ratio is instantaneous we also find that increased economic activity does not always ensure environmental protection and thus the path of growth is important in addition to the growth itself

regulation and capitalization of environmental amenities evidence from the toxic release inventory in massachusetts environmental regulation in the united states has undergone a slow evolution from command and control strategies towards market based regulations one such innovation is the toxics release inventory tri a regulation that requires polluting e rms to publicly disclose information about their toxic emissions the basic tenet of this regulation is that it corrects for informational asymmetries between polluters and households allowing communities to pressure polluters to decrease their emissions policy makers have judged the tri a tremendous success as national releases declined by 43 between 1988 and 1999 yet many of the fundamental problems which are known to lead to the classic failure of the coase theorem such as high transaction costs and dife culties in organizing cast doubt on the effectiveness of disclosure rules alone to lead to an efe cient outcome in the caseof pollution we use an event study methodology with high quality data on house prices and other local attributes to assess the extent to which the public values changes in toxic releases and thus the success of tri our major e ndings include 1 declines in toxic releases appear unrelated to any political economy variables that might lead to public activism 2 initial information released under tri had no signie cant effect on the distribution of house prices and 3 house prices show no signie cant impact of declines in reportedtoxic releases over time standard errors aresmall enoughthat we can reject the hypothesis that large declines in toxic releases lead to more than a 0 5 increase in house prices these results also hold when we control for differences in the availability of information on tri and the possible effect of expectations our e ndings cast doubt on the ability of the public to process complex information on hazardous emissions and support the coase theorem in that right to know lawssuch as tri may not be the most effective form of environmental regulation

eco efficiency outcomes of mergers and acquisitions in the european electricity industry abstract the european electricity industry was recently liberalized in response there was a surge of mergers and acquisitions m as this study addresses the effects of m as on the eco efficiency of european electricity producers in 2005 2013 the environmental production technology comprises co2 emissions as an undesirable output i compute eco efficiency using data envelopment analysis dea and the malmquist luenberger productivity index which are both based on radial directional distance function i observe a decreasing trend in average eco efficiency which contradicts the previously documented moderate efficiency gains of liberalization the effects of m as are isolated using second step fractional regression the domestic horizontal m as which are systematically regulated by the european commission have no impact although one cross border horizontal deal has a same year effect of roughly 3 this effect becomes approximately 1 5 over a two year timespan vertical domestic m as have a short run negative impact of 3 6 that does not persist over time vertical international m as reduce the eco efficiency by 2 1 two years after their completion limited evidence suggests that the conglomerate deals are at least not harmful the policy implication is that the merger regulation should be based on dea eco efficiency measures regulators should devote more attention to cross border m as and particularly to vertical deals

the dynamic adjustment of local government budgets does spain behave differently the aim of this article is to analyse whether spanish municipalities adjust in response to budget shocks and if so which elements of the budget they are more likely to adjust the methodology we use to answer these questions is a vector error correction model vecm estimated with data from a panel of spanish municipalities during the period 1988 to 2006 our results confirm that spanish municipalities do indeed make adjustments in response to fiscal shocks i e the deficit is stationary in the long run we compare our results with those obtained for us and germany to evaluate if the viability of local finance depends on the institutional arrangement and to analyse how it affects the adjustment patterns we observe that grants have a more important role in the adjustment process in environments where either they have an equalization objective or where there is no clear rule that determines their distribution this fact can generate a moral hazard problem governments tend to spend more due to the exp

sustainability assessment of u s manufacturing sectors an economic input output based frontier approach abstract due to increasing concerns related to emerging environmental problems as a result of industrial activities sustainable manufacturing has become a topic of considerable interest worldwide in this study economic input output life cycle assessment eio lca and data envelopment analysis dea a linear programming based mathematical optimization model were integrated to analyze the eco efficiency of manufacturing sectors in the united states this integration was achieved by aggregating different environmental pressures into a single eco efficiency score first greenhouse gas emissions energy use water withdrawals hazardous waste generation and toxic releases of each manufacturing sector were quantified using the eio lca model second an input oriented dea multiplier model was developed third eco efficiency scores and rankings target and performance improvement values of each environmental category were determined finally the sensitivity of each environmental impact category was analyzed analysis results showed that five industrial sectors such as petroleum and coal products manufacturing food manufacturing printing and related support activities ordinance and accessories manufacturing and motor vehicle manufacturing were 100 eco efficient compared to other manufacturing sectors on the other hand approximately 90 of u s manufacturing sectors were found to be inefficient and require significant improvements in their life cycle performance among the environmental impact categories energy use had the highest sensitivity on the eco efficiency of u s manufacturing sectors and therefore improved energy efficiency in industrial processes and successful policy making toward increasing the share of renewable energy utilization were highly recommended

environmental efficiency and economic growth of china a ray slack based model analysis abstract the chinese economy has been experiencing rapid growth since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy however at the same time it faces issues regarding resource savings and environmental protection which are important aspects of the new industrialization therefore this study conducts data envelopment analysis dea to evaluate the environmental efficiency of chinese regions certain existing dea models account for undesirable outputs and do not elucidate the weak disposable relationship between undesirable and desirable outputs thus polar theory is introduced among the dea modeling in this study first drawing on stochastic frontier analysis ray stochastic frontier analysis and dea we propose a ray slack based model rsbm to evaluate provincial environmental efficiencies in china from 2004 to 2012 subsequently an rsbm malmquist luenberger total factor productivity index is structured finally economic growth environmental efficiency and energy consumption are analyzed using spatial panel econometrics as this study treats industrial waste as undesirable outputs the rsbm results show that the environmental efficiencies in the east are the highest while those in the central regions are the lowest the spatial econometric analysis reveals that the ratios of direct to total elasticity and those of direct to total effect for capital labor and energy input variables are fixed furthermore the study provides policy implications and suggestions for future research