a simultaneous non linear model for labour migration and commuting evers g h m and van der veen a 1985 a simultaneous non linear model for labour migration and commuting reg studies 19 217 229 the paper deals with the importance of interregional labour supply mobility as a component of changes in the regional supply of labour after an exploratory analysis of this mobility labour migration and commuting an explanatory framework is developed based on interrelationships between these two types of mobility an aggregated logit model is used to model the several choices involving workplace and residential location where feedbacks are allowed in the decision tree finally empirical results for some branches of the decision tree are presented

regional migration in britain an analysis of gross flows using nhs central register data the authors extend the use of a hiring function model whereby job seekers are matched with vacancies to the analysis of regional migration in britain annual data from the national health service central register for 1975 1989 are used to show that unemployment and vacancy rates distance and an index of similarities across regions in industry based employment composition help determine migration flows across regions the hiring function approach offers a consistent way of modelling gross and net flows and helps explain both the high level of gross relative to net flows and the tendency for migration to fall in a recession even when unemployment differentials widen excerpt

optimal bidding strategies and modeling of imperfect information among competitive generators the emerging electricity market behaves more like an oligopoly than a perfectly competitive market due to special features such as a limited number of producers large investment size barrier to entry transmission constraints and transmission losses which discourage purchase from distant suppliers this makes it practicable for only a few independent power suppliers to service a given geographic region and in this imperfect market each power supplier can increase its own profit through strategic bidding the profit of each supplier is influenced to varying extents by differences in the degree of imperfection of knowledge of rival suppliers a new framework to build bidding strategies for power suppliers in an electricity market is presented in this paper it is assumed that each supplier bids a linear supply function and that the system is dispatched to minimize customer payments each supplier chooses the coefficients in the linear supply function to maximize benefits subject to expectations about how rival suppliers will bid a stochastic optimization formulation is developed and two methods proposed for describing and solving this problem a numerical example serves to illustrate the essential features of the approach and the results are used to investigate the potential market power

optimal commuting and migration decisions under commuting cost uncertainty the aim of this paper is to assess the implications of economic uncertainty on individual mobility behaviour at the local and regional levels focusing especially on uncertainty with respect to the evolution of commuting costs a model is developed that describes the interrelated decisions of residential choice and the appropriate type of mobility connecting workplace and residence results indicate that higher uncertainty about commuting costs increases the number of residentially immobile individuals in that the decision regarding a relocation of residence is accordingly deferred to a later point in time this also means that individuals initially commuting between residence and workplace remain in this mobility mode despite an apparently favourable net present value of moving to the workplace region

strategic self dispatch considering ramping costs in deregulated power markets ramp rates of generators are generally specified within elastic range of the strength of the shaft to safeguard the rotor from fatigue these limits can however be exceeded albeit at the risk of reducing the rotor life such effects on the rotor life can be compensated by incorporating appropriate ramping costs power demand and power price in deregulated power markets have shown a tendency of sudden wide excursions over short intervals of time the ability to respond to such fast change in demand and price can be quite rewarding this provides the motivation to utilize the ramping rates beyond traditional elastic limits this paper studies the strategic use of ramping rates beyond elastic limits in a power producer s self dispatch in a power market with price and demand volatility a set of ramping processes has been developed from ramping cost versus ramping time relationships to derive the total operation cost including ramping costs for various levels of ramping rates exceeding elastic limits a thorough theoretical analysis has been conducted for the selection of the optimal ramping process under different conditions a numerical example is presented to highlight the potential benefits from the optimal use of these ramping processes it is seen that the benefit from the strategic use of ramp rates beyond elastic limits not only depends on the high price in the power market but also on the initial loading of the generator which limits the capacity available for dispatch

bidding strategies for electricity producers in a competitive electricity marketplace this paper presents a methodology for the development of bidding strategies for electricity producers in a competitive electricity marketplace initially the problem is modeled as a two level optimization problem where at the first level a market participant tries to maximize his expected profit under the constraint that at the second level an independent system operator dispatches power solving an optimal power flow problem that minimizes total system cost it is assumed that each supplier bids a linear supply function and chooses his bidding strategy based on probabilistic estimates of demand and rival behavior monte carlo simulation is used to calculate the expected profit and genetic algorithms are employed to find the optimal strategy subsequently the formulation is expanded to account for different market participants risk profiles it is shown that risk aversion may influence the optimal bidding strategy of an individual

job search and unemployment duration implications for the spatial mismatch hypothesis abstract this paper analyzes the relationship between unemployment duration and the spatial distribution of employment it builds on the spatial mismatch literature by analyzing the role of access in a job search framework a unique measure of access is created using municipal level employment growth and a matrix of commuting times for the pittsburgh metropolitan area individuals with more access to employment are found to have shorter unemployment spells the effect of access on unemployment duration is found to be sensitive to the specification of access

an ordinal optimization based bidding strategy for electric power suppliers in the daily energy market the deregulation and reconstruction of the electric power industry worldwide raises many challenging issues related to the economic and reliable operation of electric power systems traditional unit commitment or hydrothermal scheduling problems have been integrated with generation resource bidding but the development of optimization based bidding strategies is only at a very preliminary stage this paper presents a bidding strategy based on the theory of ordinal optimization that the ordinal comparisons of performance measures are robust with respect to noise and modeling error and the problems become much easier if the optimization goal is softened from asking for the best to good enough solution the basic idea is to use an approximate model that describes the influence of bidding strategies on the market clearing prices mcp a nominal bid curve is obtained by solving optimal power generation for a given set of mcps via lagrangian relaxation then n bids are generated by perturbing the nominal bid curve the ordinal optimization method is applied to isolate a good enough set s that contains some good bids with high probability by performing rough evaluation the best bid is then selected by solving full hydrothermal scheduling or unit commitment problems for each of the bids in s using ordinal optimization approach we are able to obtain a good enough bidding strategy with reasonable computational effort numerical results using historical mcps from the california market and a generation company with 10 units show that the ordinal optimization based method is efficient

unemployment and urban labour markets two quite distinct views on how metropolitan labour markets work have co existed for over three decades both claim empirical support and after a brief period of confrontation they continue to co exist today giving quite conflicting signals to policy makers according to the first model the urban labour market consists of a number of spatially defined sub markets so that local unemployment exists primarily because of deficiencies in highly localised demand for labour by this argument unemployment rates remain high in the absence of a renewed supply of appropriate jobs within short commuting distances of the jobless the solution according to this model is to attract private and public sector production into such areas in contrast a second model views the city as a single market in which transactions between labour and capital take place regardless of the location of residence and employment sites according to this perspective the spatial incidence of unemployment simply reflects the residential

the interdependence of geographical migration with job and housing mobility in london congdon p 1988 the interdependence of geographic migration with job and housing mobility in london reg studies 22 81 93 a multinomial logit model is developed to analyse the association between residential migration within and from london with employment and tenure mobility migration is shown to interact more strongly with tenure change than career shifts and with changes of workplace as against changes in occupation in general the selectivity of migration in terms of age and income partly reflects such interactions implying biased estimates of selectivity in single equation migration models while occupational mobility and job linked migration are higher among lower income workers they are positively related to educational resources confirming human capital models of job search however gender and ethnic differentials in occupational and tenurial migration suggest segmentation of housing and labour markets congdon p 1988 l interdependance de la migration spatiale et de la mobilite par r

inflation variability real wage variability and production inefficiency in recent years economists have paid considerable attention to the relation between the rate of inflation and its temporal variance the consensus emerging from this discussion is that there exists a strong positive relation between the inflation rate and its temporal variance see for example okun 1971 gordon 1971 jaffe and kleiman 1977 and foster 1978 clearly the increased variability of the inflation rate is likely to involve social costs that concern inefficiency in consumption and in production thus in his nobel lecture friedman 1977 says the growing volatility of inflation and the growing departure of relative prices from the values that market forces alone shall set combine to render the econoniic system less efficient p 470 in general the interpretation given to production inefficiency resulting from increased variability in the inflation rate is that of a reduction in output to a level lower than that occurring under price stability for example levi and makin interpret friedman s inefficiency argument thus from the two components of friedman s argument we have that high inflation accompanied by high variability of inflation will mean a lower output levi and makin 1980 p 1023 it is our purpose in this paper to elaborate on the concept of the production inefficiency caused by increased inflation variability iv where we focus on the variability in the real wage caused by inflation variability we suggest a concept of inefficiency of production that relates average changes in the use of labour to average changes in output specifically it is shown that iv alters output and or labour employment in a way that is inferior to the relation between output and employment under stable prices that we suggest is the crux of production inefficiency resulting from iv this production inefficiency will emerge as a result of iv independently of whether output rises or falls as a result of iv indeed our analysis will illustrate that mean output may increase or decrease so that by using output alone as an index of efficiency we may obtain the unlikely result that iv raises production efficiency one result we derive en route is that under plausible assumptions about the production function labour employment may on average rise with iv notwithstanding this we show that efficiency in production declines this result may be used as an interpretation of the inefficiency concept as used by friedman thus friedman says these developments clearly lower economic efficiency it is less clear what their effect is on recorded unemployment 1977 p 466 we proceed by considering the basic model and showing the ambiguity of the effect of inflation variability on mean output in section i in section ii we show that iv introduces a production inefficiency defined upon the

unemployment in britain male unemployment in britain has risen from around 2 per cent in the 1950s to around 17 per cent in 1985 see figure 1 the figures are for male unemployment because there is no consistent series for women 1 even more remarkably unemployment has fallen in only three years out of the last twenty 1973 1978 and 1979 to account for this we need a model that explains both changes in the natural or non accelerating inflation rate of unemployment nairu and deviations from it we use a three equation supply side model centred on the labour market this has two main features the first concerns the determination of employment in the short run the labour demand function that we use cuts through the fruitless debate now raging especially in europe as to whether current unemployment is classical or keynesian according to the classical view employment is too high because real wages are too high according to the keynesian view real wages are not binding and unemployment is high because the product market does not clear with prices too high relative to nominal demand the whole debate is set in the framework of perfect competition yet in perfect competition prices are set by impersonal forces and it is not clear what could possibly stop prices clearing the market it is much more reasonable to think of prices as being set by imperfectly competitive firms existing prices being the best they can think of given the demand they face in this context firms demand for labour will depend on both the real product wage and the level of real aggregate demand this is the demand function we estimate and it conforms both to common sense and to the data however this does not imply that employment can be made to grow without limit by pumping up real demand for in the medium term when price surprises are eliminated our model determines three variables employment real wages and real demand on the basis of three equations an employment equation a price equation and a wage equation thus in the medium term there is a natural level of employment and corresponding to this a natural level of real aggregate demand the second key feature of our model concerns the medium term determination of unemployment in the medium term the planned mark up of wages over prices in wage settlements must be consistent with the mark up of prices over wage costs in employers pricing behaviour for if wage setters try to set real product wages higher than is consistent with employers pricing behaviour this generates ever increasing inflation thus the key to understanding unemployment in the medium term is the behaviour of wage setters if events occur that push them towards too high real wages then unemployment has to rise to offset these influences we shall call these influences wage pressure variables or push factors and they are clearly crucial in understanding unemployment the variables here include the social security system employment protection

group specific effects of interregional mobility on earnings a microdata analysis for germany lehmer f and moller j group specific effects of inter regional mobility on earnings a microdata analysis for germany regional studies the paper analyses the relationship between regional mobility and earnings for different groups of workers using a large panel microdata set the authors find negative earnings differentials of movers in the year before migration and strong evidence for significant wage gains through mobility a decomposition of blinder oaxaca type reveals different group specific rewards effects suggesting a positive post mobility wage differential of movers over the incumbent workforce for some groups irrespective of the region of destination the existence of a general wage growth effect of mobility appears to be robust and cannot be explained by the time invariant part of unobserved heterogeneity lehmer f et moller j l impact sur les revenus la mobilite interregionale des groupes specifiques des groupes sur les revenus une analyse des donnees microeconomiques pour l allemagne

rationality of migration the paradigm of a rational individual acting on the earnings enhancing benefits of migration is subjected to statistical scrutiny using data from turkey results with robust selectivity correction support the rationality hypothesis both migrants and nonmigrants chose the option in which they had comparative advantage however the estimated gain from moving is negative for a substantial portion of migrants whereas a minority realize very high returns this suggests that migration is a lottery individuals are willing to invest in a proposition that has a high probability of yielding negative returns because of the potential for a very large payoff

a question of compromise case study evidence on the location and mobility strategies of dual career households green a e 1997 a question of compromise case study evidence on the location and mobility strategies of dual career households reg studies 31 641 657 drawing on in depth interviews with 30 dual career households this paper presents a framework for the study of and selected evidence on the key factors influencing the location and mobility strategies of a privileged and growing group of the population the ways in which such factors are traded off one against another in decision making and how individual sacrifices may be made for household benefits are outlined accessible semi rural areas emerge as one of the most preferred residential environments for dual career households with many couples prepared to commute long distances to work nearly always by car in order to live in such areas a further advantage of a location accessible to a motorway junction is that commuting potential for both partners is maximized while the need for residential migration is minimized green a e 1997

bidding of price taker power generators in the deregulated turkish power market abstract in deregulated power markets power firms bid into the day ahead power market either with buy offers or sell offers the auction mechanism and competition determine the equilibrium price and quantity for each hour if the bid price of a company is below the market clearing price then the offer of the company is accepted and rewarded with the market price a company can be a price maker or price taker depending on the capacity it offers to the market a price taker unit must determine the right offer that will maximize their profit given price uncertainty and blind auction rules this paper first examines power supply in the turkish electricity market and bidding process then a marginal cost based monte carlo method is developed to determine hourly and block bidding strategies of price taker units historical market prices are then implemented in a normal distribution to generate hourly price scenarios a solution methodology is developed that maximizes the expected profit of each hourly and block bidding strategy over price scenarios the generator is able to both evaluate the hourly bidding and block bidding strategies and find the best bidding strategy that will be submitted to the market using the proposed methodology the model is illustrated for two coal units in turkish power market and the results are presented

a security constrained bid clearing system for the new zealand wholesale electricity market this paper reports upon the mathematical models and implementation of the scheduling pricing and dispatch spd application for the new zealand electricity market nzem spd analyzes bids for energy offers reserve offers and energy demands and recognizes explicitly the effects on bid clearing due to transmission congestion network losses reserve requirements and ramp rate limits advanced lp solution methods are utilized to solve the large scale constrained optimization problem results on a 67 bus test system and the nzem are included

civil conflict and forced migration the micro determinants and welfare losses of displacement in colombia summary forced displacement in colombia has soared due to the escalating internal conflict the purpose of this paper is twofold first to identify adequate instruments for addressing the problem of displacement by estimating its determinants and comparing these findings with the standard migration literature second to estimate its welfare losses thus providing evidence as to whether the response to this problem has been proportional to its size we find that the welfare losses caused by displacement are 37 of the net present value of rural lifetime aggregate consumption our empirical findings also show that a violent environment modifies the net benefits of migration

worse than expected uncertainty and earnings subsequent to return migration analyses of unique cross country register data reveal that earnings subsequent to return migration are strongly dependent on uncertainty in the initial migration decision migrants who miss their target have 10 25 lower earnings than those at the expected level

transaction analysis in deregulated power systems using game theory the electric power industry is in transition to a deregulated marketplace for power transactions in this environment all power transactions are made based on price rather than cost a regional power pool is noted as the most straightforward path to a deregulated electricity marketplace however many questions remain unanswered regarding the economics of power pool participation in a deregulated energy marketplace participants are interested in maximizing their own profits regardless of the system wide profits it is perceived that competition will reduce the price of electricity for retail customers however the key issue for participants is related with the price definition to remain competitive in this paper the authors use game theory to simulate the decision making process for defining offered prices in a deregulated environment the outcome of this study may be used by power pool coordinators to discourage unfair coalitions a modified ieee 30 bus power system is used as a deregulated power pool to illustrate the main features of the proposed method

power couples changes in the locational choice of the college educated 1940 1990 college educated couples are increasingly located in large metropolitan areas these areas were home to 32 percent of all college educated couples in 1940 39 percent in 1970 and 50 percent in 1990 we investigate whether this trend can be explained by increasing urbanization of the college educated or the growth of dual career households and the resulting severity of the colocation problem we argue that the latter explanation is the primary one smaller cities may therefore experience reduced inflows of human capital relative to the past and thus become poorer

hierarchical decision making for aggregated energy management of distributed resources this paper presents a bilevel model for describing the interdependence of decisions between a retailer aggregator and the distributed resources owners that the former serves and represents decision making is performed in a hierarchical fashion the retailer performs the energy management of various resources indirectly price signals are used as incentives for inducing the entities owning the distributed resources in a behavior that optimizes the operation and economic profit of the microgrid that they compose the two level interaction is formulated mathematically as a mathematical programming problem with complementarity constraints while nonlinearities are replaced by equivalent linear expressions the results of a characteristic case study indicate the efficiency and scalability of the proposed model

interregional migration propensity and labour market size in sweden 1970 2001 lundholm e interregional migration propensity and labour market size in sweden 1970 2001 regional studies the tendency in several european countries toward an increase in commuting has sometimes been presented as one possible explanation for why interregional migration propensity has decreased this study is an attempt to investigate the impact of job availability on migration propensity over time other studies have shown that the size of the labour market has an effect on migration propensity the same effect was found in this study however no evidence was found that job availability has become more influential on migration over time the process of extended commuting has thus not made commuting opportunities more important as explanatory factor for interregional migration lundholm e la propension a la migration inter regionale et la taille du marche du travail la suede de 1970 a 2001 regional studies dans plusieurs pays europeens la tendance a l augmentation du nombre des migrations quotidi

geographical labour mobility migration or commuting eliasson k lindgren u and westerlund o 2003 geographical labour mobility migration or commuting reg studies 37 827 837 in this paper we examine how individual labour market status and spatial variations in employment opportunities influence interregional job search behaviour and mobility decisions in sweden the econometric analysis is based on 290 000 individual observations and refers to the years 1994 95 the empirical results show that the probability of interregional labour mobility unexpectedly decreases with the accessibility to employment opportunities in neighbouring regions as expected the findings reveal that accessibility to job openings in surrounding regions significantly increases the likelihood of choosing commuting as the mobility mode moreover the empirical findings indicate that individual unemployment experience increases the likelihood of mobility as well as migration eliasson k lindgren u et westerlund o 2003 la mobilite geographique du travail la migration

costs prices and profitablity in uk manufacturing the 1984 input output tables make it possible to estimate directly the cost structure of any industrial sector the results of this calculation are presented for the non food manufacturing sector for the period 1970 87 this cost estimate is found to be part of a co integrating set with output prices in contrast to the specification implied by a cobb douglas production function the other elements of the equilibrium vector are an index of capacity utilization positively related to the mark up and the variance of inflation proxying inflation uncertainty which is negatively related import prices have an indirect effect on the mark up via demand

optimization based bidding strategies in the deregulated market with the deregulation of electric power systems market participants are facing an important task of bidding energy to an independent system operator iso this paper presents a model and a method for optimization based bidding and self scheduling where a utility bids part of its energy and self schedules the rest as in new england the model considers iso bid selections and uncertain bidding information of other market participants with appropriately simplified bidding and iso models closed form iso solutions are first obtained these solutions are then plugged into the utility s bidding and self scheduling model which is solved by using lagrangian relaxation testing results show that the method effectively solves the problem with reasonable amount of cpu time

the cyclical behavior of marginal cost and price the author examines the cyclical behavior of price marginal cost margins for u s manufac turing after 1956 short run marginal cost is markedly procyclical this is primarily due to procyclical overtime payments incurred beca use employment is not perfectly flexible in most industries output price fails to respond to the cyclical movement in marginal cost so price marginal cost margins are markedly countercyclical the res ults contradict business cycle theories that explain low production i n a recession by a high real cost of producing they support theories that explain low production in a recession by the inability of firms to sell their output copyright 1987 by american economic association

wheeling of power under deregulated environment of power system a bibilographical survey the power industry is moving rapidly from regulated conventional setup to a deregulated environment there is an urgent need to keep a track of international experiences and activities taking place in this emerging field this paper gives a bibliographical survey and general backgrounds of research and development in the field of power system wheeling under deregulated environment based on over 170 published articles wheeling in general and the establishment of wheeling rate in particular are subjects of extensive debate today this will be very much useful for all countries especially those developing countries which are moving toward the unbundling of electricity supply industry esi the collected literature have been divided into many section so that new researchers do not face any difficulty for obtaining literature particularly in the area of wheeling of power under deregulated environment

migration and job change a multinomial logit approach abstract a multinomial logit model of residence and job change is developed and estimated both housing demand and job search characteristics are found to be significant determinants of the decision to migrate it is also found that both equilibrium and disequilibrium forces induce migration and job change finally the data do not appear to be ordered with respect to job and residence change contingencies with the exception of changing neither job nor residence relative to all other contingencies

consumer payment minimization in power pool auctions this paper presents a new methodology within the framework of centralized optimization for calculating optimal generation schedules that minimize energy payments by power pool consumers this paper addresses issues related to market structure and the operation of power pools such as bid evaluation generator no load and start up cost recovery generator unit operating constraints and market clearing price determination unlike conventional unit commitment algorithms that minimize total energy production costs the method presented here minimizes payments by power pool consumers a payment minimization objective leads to a different unit commitment and dispatch solution and lower market clearing prices additionally optimal allocation of generator no load and start up costs over the scheduling period is integrated in the bid evaluation process leading to a further reduction in consumer payments

rural urban migration in economic development abstract this paper provides a review of the theoretical literature on rural urban migration in contemporary ldcs the paper begins with a brief discussion of the lewis model before going on to discuss the todaro and the harris todaro models and the large literature which these models have spawned the question of job search in the context of migration and the role of family members in migration decisions are considered next the paper then takes a closer look at the informal sector and also sets out alternative migration functions to the ones usually employed in the literature the paper concludes with a brief note on some of the important implications arising from our study

selection in migration and return migration evidence from micro data linked micro data from sweden and finland confirm predictions of migrant selection theory migrants are found to be negatively and return migrants positively selected on observable skills whereas there is only minor selection on unobservable skills

the study of the impacts of potential coalitions on bidding strategies of gencos the paper studies the impacts of potential coalitions on bidding strategies of gencos in a pool based power market the generator under consideration can form any potential coalition with other generators subgroups are then formed and each of these subgroups consists of some members which coordinate their bidding strategies to achieve a common goal noncooperative gaming applies among all the subgroups while cooperative gaming applies among the members in each subgroup by implementation of bids sensitivities the paper presents an algorithm for the members in each coalition subgroup to obtain optimal bids which essentially is based on interior point optimal power flow ipopf model a priority list produced after optimal bids are found for all the potential combinations of coalition is used by the generator under consideration to bargain with members on the list the algorithm and model are tested by the ieee 30 bus system and numerical results are presented

displacement due to violence in colombia a household level analysis abstract civil wars and ethnic conflicts have resulted in an estimated number of approximately 35 million refugees and internally displaced persons worldwide understanding the determinants of forced migration is an important prerequisite for the definition of appropriate policies of prevention assistance and relocation we develop a conceptual framework for the empirical analysis of displacement decisions at the household level while similarities to conventional migration theories exist there are also important differences implied by the presence of violent conflict for example risk aversion and lack of information may hamper conventional migration but enhance displacement factors such as landholdings and social capital at the place of origin may not only reduce displacement in the conventional sense of raising opportunity costs but may also spur displacement indirectly by increasing the household s likelihood of becoming the victim of direct threats for the case of colombia we conduct an econom

gaming the uniform price spot market quantitative analysis in this paper a range of indices have been derived to quantify the incentives to game the uniform price spot market the gain of a portfolio generator due to withdrawing capacity and or inflating the price bid has been found to be proportional to the in merit market share of the gaming generator and the inverse combined price elasticity of supply demand a gaming index has also been derived as a modification of the herfindahl hirschman index which takes into account the reduction in the number of competitors as the demand goes up and the benefit the portfolio generators take from gaming price elastic loads reduce gaming opportunities but do not remove them application of the indices has been illustrated using the the spot market in england and wales the results seem to confirm practical evidence from many countries that spot markets are vulnerable to gaming

congestion influence on bidding strategies in an electricity market much of the research on bidding strategies in an electricity market has focused on idealized situations where participants have limited market power and the transmission system is not constrained yet congestion may act to effectively give a bidder market power and consequently the ability to influence the market clearing price in such a noncompetitive situation the bidding strategies of market participants will change in this paper the electrical power market is modeled as an oligopoly market and the cournot quantity model is applied to the bidding strategy problem the bidding process with congestion management is modeled as a three level optimization problem a statistical methodology is then proposed as a solution for large systems

cumulative causation and selectivity in labour market oriented migration caused by imperfect information maier g 1985 cumulative causation and selectivity in labour market oriented migration caused by imperfect information reg studies 19 231 241 the paper discusses the implications of job search models for migration the information assumption of the standard search model turns out to be too restrictive to permit insights into the migration decision process many hypotheses derived from these assumptions contradict empirical observations dropping the assumption of perfect information about the wage offer distribution leads to a more complex search model in this model information about the wage offer distribution is imperfect and accumulated through the search process when based on this search model the migration model is largely enriched and also more realistic strategies which are suboptimal or even absurd with perfect information about the wage offer distribution such as purchase of information can be preferable in a migration model when imperfect information is assumed although the model p

price taker bidding strategy under price uncertainty this paper provides a framework to obtain the optimal bidding strategy of a price taker producer an appropriate forecasting tool is used to estimate the probability density functions of next day hourly market clearing prices this probabilistic information is used to formulate a self scheduling profit maximization problem that is solved taking advantage of its particular structure the solution of this problem allows deriving a simple yet informed bidding rule results from a realistic case study are discussed in detail

if i leave here tomorrow an option view of migration when labor market quality declines in this article we provide a framework for determining when it is optimal to move when labor market opportunities are declining we model the decision to migrate as akin to owning a financial option in which the exercise price is the fixed cost of moving we show that a higher fixed cost associated with moving and a higher standard deviation of the quality of the labor market reduce the incentive to migrate we then empirically examine whether the standard deviation of indicators of labor market quality reduce the likelihood of migration our findings strongly support this hypothesis and imply that for the relatively mobile population of high skilled workers the counterfactual outmigration rates that would obtain if future labor market quality were known with certainty are more than twice observed rates

increasing returns and the foundations of unemployment theory current approaches to macroeconomic theory divide roughly into two basic schools of thought one approach typically associated with rational expectations views the economy as basically at or near walrasian market clearing equilibrium in which case it becomes very difficult to explain away convincingly the undeniable persistence at times of involuntary unemployment another approach views the underemployed economy as being in a state of temporary fixed price disequilibrium in which case aside from having to repress suspicions that the essence of effective demand failure might not have to do with prices fixed at wrong values there is a lot of rationalising to be done about why profitable adjustments are so slow this paper argues that something like an internally consistent theory of steady state involuntary unemployment is possible and even plausible the cornerstone of this third approach is increasing returns to scale which blocks unemployed agents from breaking out of a low level equilibrium trap unless there is overall coordination or stimulation a simple model is presented which contains the basic ideas

bidding strategy design for different types of electric power market participants this paper presents a methodology to design an optimal bidding strategy for a generator according to his or her degree of risk aversion a typical thermal plant is assumed to be located in the ontario electricity system to apply this methodology for two types of participants risk averse and risk seeker

commuting migration housing and labour markets complex interactions commuting migration housing and labour markets are important for the overall economy and for the everyday life of many people commuting makes up a large part of all journeys world wide and many resourcedemanding transport investment projects are initiated to cope with this type of travelling in a range of countries increasing flows of national and international migration are central determinants of demographic developments in industrialised countries the working age population or those aspiring to be part of the economically active population constitute a large proportion of the total population consequently income earned through working represents a major component of total earnings in these economies cahuc and zylberberg 2004 in order to obtain an efficient labour market workers should locate and relocate to where the relevant jobs are to be found from an economic point of view commuting and migration are essential elements for obtaining a well functioning labour market fischer et al 1996 lux and sunega 2012 zabel 2012 finally housing is a basic good and for many people rents or loan repayments make up a relatively large proportion of their overall budget oecd 2011 moreover housing represents a dominating element of homeowners wealth or equity due to its central role during the financial and economic crisis starting around 2007 it has become clear that housing prices are important for the development of the overall economy in many countries for example muellbauer and murphy 2008 zabel 2012 housing and labour markets are linked in many ways when explaining these links it is useful to start with some of the distinguished features of housing markets as already mentioned houses frequently constitute a major part of households wealth moreover earned income from employment is a major

large scale integration of deferrable demand and renewable energy sources we present a stochastic unit commitment model for assessing the impacts of the large scale integration of renewable energy sources and deferrable demand in power systems in terms of reserve requirements we analyze three demand response paradigms for assessing the benefits of demand flexibility the centralized co optimization of generation and demand by the system operator demand bids and the coupling of renewable resources with deferrable loads we motivate coupling as an alternative for overcoming the drawbacks of the two alternative demand response options and we present a dynamic programming algorithm for coordinating deferrable demand with renewable supply we present simulation results for a model of the western electricity coordinating council

strategic bidding for price taker hydroelectricity producers this paper introduces a stochastic programming model that integrates strategic bids or offers for electricity in quantities and prices in a deregulated electricity market the model is designed to maximize the profits of a producer of electricity who manages a series of power plants along a river the model is compared with a previously reported stochastic model where the bidding process is disregarded the superiority of the new model is empirically demonstrated on historical data

can migration decisions be affected by income policy interventions evidence from finland haapanen m and ritsila j 2007 can migration decisions be affected by income policy interventions evidence from finland regional studies 41 339 348 using finnish micro level data this paper maps out whether migration decisions can be affected by income policy interventions the analysis focuses on individuals living in peripheral regions and distinguishes peripheral migration from growth centre migration in support of the human capital hypothesis the estimation results imply that migration decisions can be affected by income policy interventions for example an intervention that would increase an individual s expected disposable income by 10 given that he she does not move to a growth centre region would decrease his her probability of growth centre migration by approximately 12 however the impact appears to be modest compared for example with the impact of education on migration haapanen m et ritsila j 2007 la decision de migrer est elle influee par des politiques des revenus pon

application of actor critic learning algorithm for optimal bidding problem of a genco the optimal bidding for generation companies genco in the deregulated power market is an involved task the problem is formulated in the framework of the markov decision process mdp a discrete stochastic optimization method when the time span considered is 24 hours the temporal difference method becomes attractive for application the cumulative profit over the span is the objective function to be optimized the temporal difference technique and actor critic learning algorithm is employed an optimal strategy is devised to maximize the profit a market clearing system is included in the formulation simulation cases of three seven and ten participants are considered and the results obtained are discussed

a multi stream analysis of the changing pattern of interregional migration in great britain 1960 1991 gordon i and molho i 1998 a multi stream analysis of the changing pattern of interregional migration in great britain 1960 1991 reg studies 32 309 323 this paper uses a combination of spatial and econometric modelling techniques to investigate longer term patterns and processes of change in british interregional migration starting from a distinction between an employment oriented national movement stream and a housing and environment related regional stream the two major influences on the longer distance flows are found to be relative rates of employment growth and perceived environmental quality but while the former induces marked fluctuations within the observation period the influence of the latter factor shows little variation with no sign of a clean break there is however evidence of a sharply reduced responsiveness of migration to unemployment differentials since the mid 1970s gordon i et molho i 1998 une analyse a flux multiples de l evolution de la distribution de la mi