rent controls and rental housing quality a note on the effects of new york city s old controls rent controls are used in many cities throughout the united states and many other countries there is a lengthy literature on the conceptual effects of rent controls this is not surprising given the size of housing in the u s asset base and the political importance attached to homeownership and quality housing it is surprising how little evidence there is on many of the supposed effects of rent controls the evidence on these impacts is relatively slim for a variety of reasons first the data needed to document some of the predicted impacts are not good for example it is difficult to measure effective maintenance inputs and it is costly to obtain any such data on a wide variety of buildings convincing ceteris paribus experiments are difficult to perform because there typically are many other factors for which it is hard to control additionally the negative theoretical implications appear to be so clear that many economists may not have felt much need to quantify the extent of the damage nevertheless there is some evidence on the influences of rent controls from studies estimating the price elasticity of the supply of structures economists have estimated the likely effect of rent controls on the supply of new structures in a city rydell et al lo and fallis and smith 3 have

rent control and prices of owner occupied housing we examine the relation between rent control and prices of owner occupied housing in th e presence of different qualities of housing while a rent ceiling and the price of condominiums are substitutes if housing is undifferentiated it is shown that this is not necessarily the case when housing differs in quality a complete dismantling of rent control may in fact increase the price of condominiums

structural decomposition analysis of sources of decarbonizing economic development in china 1992 2006 abstract to analyze and understand decarbonizing economic development in china this paper undertakes a structural decomposition analysis of the historical change in energy related carbon intensity in china between 1992 and 2006 the results show that the energy related carbon intensity in china decreased by about three fourths between 1992 and 2006 and reduced carbon emissions by about two billion tons the decline in the energy related carbon intensity was mainly caused by changes in production pattern especially changes in energy intensity within each sector between 1992 and 2002 however the most important driving force of carbon intensity from 2002 2006 was not the energy intensity within each sector but the input mix on the other hand changes in demand pattern pushed up the carbon intensity to further decarbonize the economy in the future it is important for china to further enforce policies on shaping the production pattern such as reducing energy intensity and pay more attention to increasing the sustainability of the demand pattern at the same time

out of control what can we learn from the end of massachusetts rent control abstract this paper uses the sudden end of rent control in massachusetts in 1995 to estimate the effects of rent control i examine boston msa data from the american housing survey years 1985 1998 to determine how rent control affected the quantity price and quality of rental housing my results suggest rent control had little effect on the construction of new housing but did encourage owners to shift units away from rental status and reduced rents substantially rent control also led to deterioration in the quality of rental units but these effects appear to have been concentrated in smaller items of physical damage i also examine specifications that allow rent control to affect rent levels both directly through controlled status and indirectly through spillover effects from nearby rent controlled units these estimates imply that rent control may have small effects on the price of the non controlled rental housing stock

co2 embodiment in china australia trade the drivers and implications abstract this study focuses on co 2 emissions embodied in the characteristic china australia bilateral trade which refer to the co 2 emissions due to the production of goods traded between the two countries we perform an assessment of the co 2 embodiment in the trade during the period between 2002 and 2010 we find that the scale effect has been a dominant effect contributing to an increase of co 2 emissions embodied in the bilateral trade through the years while the composition effect seems to be a major driver for reducing co 2 embodiment in the exports of australia to china based on an analysis of the difference between the amounts of actual co 2 embodiment and those in a hypothetical no trade scenario we estimate that the net co 2 emissions due to the bilateral trade declined from around 10 mt of co 2 emissions in 2002 to 10 mt in 2010 that is the bilateral trade contributed to a reduction of the global carbon emissions in the recent years this finding suggests that the rapid growth of exports of carbon intensive goods from australia to china has helped in reducing carbon emissions globally because carbon intensity factors of those goods are much lower in australia than those in china

from production based to consumption based national emission inventories abstract under the united national framework convention of climate change unfccc countries are required to submit national emission inventories nei to benchmark reductions in greenhouse gas ghg emissions depending on the definition and system boundary of the nei the mitigation options and priorities may vary the territorial system boundary used by the unfccc has been critiqued for not including international transportation and potentially causing carbon leakage to address these issues past literature has argued in favour of using consumption based nei in climate policy this article discusses several issues in moving from the standard production based nei to consumption based nei first two distinct accounting approaches for constructing consumption based nei are presented the approaches differ in the allocation of intermediate consumption of imported products second a consistent method of weighting production based and consumption based nei is discussed this is an extension of the previous literature on shared responsibility to nei third due to increased uncertainty and a wide system boundary it may be difficult to implement consumption based nei directly into climate policy several alternative options for incorporating consumption based inventories into climate policy are discussed

rent control and misallocation rent control is still an important type of government regulation of housing markets in many countries and numerous researchers have studied its implications for allocation welfare and investments in housing the present paper aims to improve our understanding of the effect of second generation rent control when it is applied only to one sector of the rental market it is diagrammatically shown that the welfare effects are very different between a universal and a limited application of rent control studying the danish case of second generation rent control lower rents are found in controlled sectors and a minor increase of the rent in the uncontrolled sector using the area of living space in the dwelling as a measure for housing consumption evidence is also produced of both overallocation and underallocation of housing in the rent controlled sectors as envisaged by economic theory

embodied carbon dioxide emission at supra national scale a coalition analysis for g7 bric and the rest of the world abstract presented in this study is an empirical analysis of embodied carbon dioxide emissions induced by fossil fuel combustion for the world divided into three supra national coalitions i e g7 bric and the rest of the world row via the application of a multi region input output modeling for 2004 embodied emission intensities for the three coalitions are calculated and compared with market exchange rate and purchase power parity separately used to investigate the difference between nominal and real production efficiencies emissions embodied in different economic activities such as production consumption import and export are calculated and analyzed accordingly and remarkable carbon trade imbalances associated with g7 surplus of 1 53 billion tons or 36 its traded emissions and bric deficit of 1 37 billion tons or 51 its traded emissions and approximate balance with row deficit of 0 16 billion tons or 3 its traded emissions are concretely revealed carbon leakages associated with industry transfer and international trades are illustrated in terms of impacts on global climate policies the last but not least per capita consumption based emissions for g7 bric and row are determined as 12 95 1 53 and 2 22 tons respectively and flexible abatement policies as well as equity on per capita entitlement are discussed

role of embodied energy in the european manufacturing industry application to short term impacts of a carbon tax abstract role of energy in the manufacturing industry is a major concern for energy and environmental policy design issues like energy prices security of supply and carbon mitigation are often connected to the industry and its competitiveness this paper examines the role and consequences of embodied energy in the european industry to this end a multi regional input output analysis including 59 industrial sectors for all european union countries and 17 more aggregated industries for other regions of the world is developed other segments of the economy are not included this base is combined with energy consumption carbon emission as well as bilateral trade data for every sector in all included countries our main result is that embodied energy in manufactured products imports represents a significant aspect of the energy situation in european industries with quantities close to the direct energy consumption these flows can further be broken down for detailed analysis at the sector level thanks to the number of distinct industries included results demonstrate that an important part of embodied energy inside european products is not concerned with domestic energy price changes in addition a european wide carbon tax would induce an unbalanced burden on industries and countries

a review of recent multi region input output models used for consumption based emission and resource accounting abstract the interest in consumption based emission and resource accounting has grown significantly many studies juxtapose consumer emissions carbon footprint and producer territorial emissions of greenhouse gases in order to demonstrate the effects of trade on the national emission budget to this end a respectable number of studies have been undertaken worldwide in order to estimate emissions embedded in international trade of numerous countries and world regions input output approaches and increasingly multi region input output mrio models are commonly chosen as they provide an appropriate methodological framework for complete carbon footprint estimates at the national and supra national level with increasing processing capabilities of computers and a wider availability of economic accounts environmental accounts and trade data such models are now being implemented on a wide scale after a brief overview of salient single region input output studies i provide an in depth review of the most recent multi region input output models used for the purpose of consumption based environmental accounting the main methodological features and important results are described for around twenty studies covering the years 2007 to 2009 this is followed by a detailed review of studies dealing with uncertainty in mrio analysis an area which has not received a lot of attention so far i conclude that further research is mainly needed in two areas a improvements in data availability and quality and b improvements in the accuracy of mrio modelling

china s provincial co2 emissions embodied in international and interprovincial trade trades create a mechanism of embodied co2 emissions transfer among regions causing distortion on the total emissions as the world s second largest economy china has a large scale of trade which results in the serious problem of embodied co2 emissions transfer this paper analyzes the characteristics of china s co2 emissions embodied in international and interprovincial trade from the provincial perspective the multi regional input output model is used to clarify provincial co2 emissions from geographical and sectoral dimensions including 30 provinces and 28 sectors two calculating principles production accounting principle and consumption accounting principle munksgaard and pedersen 2001 are applied the results show that for international trade the eastern area accounts for a large proportion in china s embodied co2 emissions the sectors as net exporters and importers of embodied co2 emissions belong to labor intensive and energy intensive industries respectively for interprovincial trade the net transfer of embodied co2 emissions is from the eastern area to the central area and energy intensive industries are the main contributors with the largest amount of direct co2 emissions the eastern area plays an important role in co2 emissions reduction the central and western areas need supportive policies to avoid the transfer of industries with high emissions

the impact of rent control on rents in the free sector in most cases rent control covers only a part of the housing stock this note provides a simple analysis of the impact which rent control and non price rationing exert on the rent in the free sector it is shown that depending on the rationing mechanism rents in the free sector can be higher or lower than in the absence of rent controls

moving costs and housing demand abstract several recent housing demand studies use samples of recent movers based on the presumption that only such households are on their demand curves we find contrary to this presumption that the absolute values of the residuals from a standard housing demand equation fall with duration in the present dwelling this shows that the correlation pattern between housing and the explanatory variables at the moving date does not correspond to the average pattern over a typical housing spell we interpret this as evidence of forward looking behavior and show how it may be handled in econometric work with cross section samples

parcelling virtual carbon in the pollution haven hypothesis the methodology proposed in this paper allows us to parcel the pollution haven hypothesis phh into a bi regional input output framework to analyse whether the specialisation of countries in different stages of production and or in final goods trading generates an increase or a decrease in global emissions as a consequence of international trade we apply the model to the spain china trade relationship as it existed in 2005 finding a phh of 29 667 ktco2 if this trade had not existed so each country had met its demand for intermediate and final goods global emissions would have been reduced by these 29 667 ktco2 of this phh 43 5 corresponds to imports of final goods 32 4 is related to imports of intermediate goods for the last stage of production the remainder 24 1 is caused by global value chains gvc between the countries only 3229 ktco2 of phh emissions are linked to domestic emissions from the sector in which the imports are produced the rest is explained by domestic linkages or successive rounds of domestic production which supports the existence of an indirect phh together with a trade growth in the last years the fall of trade barriers would have implied a transformation of global production chains that have boosted global emissions

the effects of direct trade within china on regional and national co2 emissions curbing national carbon emissions and clarifying regional carbon reduction responsibility are two challenges faced by china both of which are influenced by interregional trade to exclude the influence of trade balance this paper proposes a methodology to parcel the pollution haven hypothesis into a multi regional input output model applies it to a longer time gap which is made up of two representative periods of chinese economy 1997 2002 and 2002 2007 and clarifies the provincial and sectoral contributions to national emissions we find that 1 embodied co2 emissions first remain relatively stable and then increase sharply for the two periods and the changing trends are mainly determined by the decreasing carbon intensity and the expanding trade scale respectively 2 with the secondary industry as the main contributor regional carbon spillover is mainly concentrated in the coastal provinces but it contributes to an increase of co2 emissions in the central and western regions 3 the coastal and inland provinces contribute to the increase of national carbon emissions through interregional imports and exports respectively but the pollution haven hypothesis is not obvious and is only observed in 2002

input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade competitive versus non competitive imports energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output framework in the literature two different approaches to deal with emissions embodied in a country s imports can be found one of the approaches is based on the assumption of competitive imports while the other is based on the assumption of non competitive imports we show that the implications of the results obtained using different imports assumptions are not the same the approach using the competitive imports assumption gives estimates larger than those obtained using the non competitive import assumption the differences between the two embodiment estimates come from the transition of embodied emissions in china s imports for intermediate consumption to those in china s exports this explains why relatively high estimates of co2 emissions embodied in china s exports are reported in several recent studies appearing in energy policy

the sensitivity of an empirical model of married women s hours of work to economic and statistical assumptions this study undertakes a systematic analysis of several theoretic and statistical assumption s used in many empirical models of female labor supply using a singl e data set psid 1975 labor supply data the author is able to replic ate most of the range of estimated income and substitution effects fo und in previous studies in this field he undertakes extensive specif ication tests and finds that most of this range should be rejected du e to statistical and model misspecifications the two most important assumptions appear to be the tobit assumption used to control for sel f selection into the labor force and exogeneity assumptions on the wi fe s wage rate and her labor market experience copyright 1987 by the econometric society

input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the effects of sector aggregation abstract energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output analysis framework it is well known that both sector aggregation and spatial aggregation affect the results obtained in such studies with regard to the latter past studies are often conducted at the national level irrespective of country or economy size for a large economy with the needed data studies may be conducted at different levels of spatial aggregation we examine this problem analytically by extending the work of su et al su b huang h c ang b w zhou p 2010 input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the effects of sector aggregation energy economics 32 1 166 175 on sector aggregation we present a numerical example using the data of china and by dividing the country into eight regions it is found that the results are highly dependent on spatial aggregation our study shows that for a large country like china it is meaningful to look into the effect of spatial aggregation

time for revisionism on rent control economists traditional hostility to rent contols is based on models that treat the housing market as perfectly competitive and on the experience with hard controls in new york city and many european countries following world war ii the current soft rent control systems in north america are varied and qualitatively different from earlier hard controls the theoretical case against them is weak particularly when the housing market is viewed as imperfectly competitive the empirical case against them is weak too economists should reconsider their blanket opposition to current rent control systems and evaluate them on a case by case basis

macroeconomic expectations and time varying heterogeneity evidence from individual survey data the goal of this paper is to investigate forecast heterogeneity and time variability in the formation of expectations using disaggregated monthly survey data on macroeconomic indicators provided by

the misallocation of housing under rent control the standard analysis of price controls assumes that goods are efficiently allocated even when there are shortages but if shortages mean that goods are randomly allocated across the consumers that want them the welfare costs from misallocation may be greater than the undersupply costs we develop a framework to empirically test for misallocation the methodology compares consumption patterns for demographic subgroups in rent controlled and free market places we find that in new york city which is rent controlled an economically and statistically significant fraction of apartments appears to be misallocated across demographic subgroups jel c25 d12 d61 r20

china s inter regional spillover of carbon emissions and domestic supply chains in this study we apply the inter regional input output model to explain the relationship between china s inter regional spillover of co2 emissions and domestic supply chains for 2002 and 2007 based on this model we propose alternative indicators such as the trade in co2 emissions co2 emissions in trade and the regional trade balances of co2 emissions our results do not only reveal the nature and significance of inter regional environmental spillover within china s domestic regions but also demonstrate how co2 emissions are created and distributed across regions via domestic and global production networks results show that a region sc o2 emissions depend on its intra regional production technology energy use efficiency as well as its position and participation degree in domestic and global supply chains 2013 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

the effects of partial coverage rent control on the price and quantity of rental housing abstract rent control is widely used but its effects are little understood a two sector model is provided that predicts the effects of rent control on both the price and quantity of rental housing and allows estimates of the size of these effects with limited amounts of data from jurisdictions which have controlled and uncontrolled sectors among other things the model indicates the relationship between the price of rental housing in the absence of rent control and controlled and uncontrolled rent levels under a partial coverage regime

china s regional co2 emissions characteristics inter regional transfer and emission reduction policies abstract this paper analyzes the characteristics of china s regional co 2 emissions and effects of economic growth and energy intensity using panel data from 1997 to 2009 the results show that there are remarkable regional disparities among eastern central and western areas regional elasticities of per capita gdp and energy intensity on co 2 emissions which reflect the regional differences in economic development economy structure and restraining function of energy intensity decrease on the emission energy intensity reducing is more effective to emission abatement for provinces with higher elasticity of energy intensity but may not be significant for provinces with lower elasticity the inverse distribution of energy production and consumption regional unfairness caused by institutional factors like energy price and tax system result in inter regional co 2 emission transfer embodied in the power transmission the calculation indicates that the embodied emission transfer was gradually significant after 2003 from eastern area to the central and western areas especially energy production provinces in central area which leads to distortion on the emission and emission intensity the regional emission reduction targets and supporting policies should be customized and consistent with the actual situations rather than setting the same target for all the provinces

quo vadis mrio methodological data and institutional requirements for multi region input output analysis abstract in order to understand wider sustainability impacts of consumption and to successfully promote and implement sustainable consumption and production policies there is a need to capture the whole life cycle impact of products and services across international supply chains multi region input output mrio databases are a well described and suitable foundation for global sustainability analyses addressing a wide range of policy and research questions in this paper we reflect on the reasons for the recent boom in mrio compilation summarise the current state of development and discuss future options for mrio analysis we list in detail the requirements for efficient and effective mrio research and propose systemic and institutional changes we deliberately try to go beyond existing ambitions for mrio compilation and thus intend to stimulate discussion and to lay out the options for the future of mrio research