the nba and the influx of international basketball players the determinants of salaries for professional athletes in the national basketball association nba are examined to investigate how international athletes have fared relative to athletes trained in the united states it is found that international basketball players were paid a large premium above other players of similar skills and characteristics for the 1996 97 and 1997 98 seasons after which the premium disappeared this temporary premium is likely attributable to a winner s curse experienced by nba teams before investing significant resources in scouting and evaluating international players

nonrenewable resource scarcity nonrenewable resource theory often is summarized by hotelling s rule this paper reviews theoretical extensions and empirical investigations of resource extraction models observed data are often inconsistent with the hotelling rule suggesting that other characteristics of nonrenewable resource supply including exploration heterogeneous ore quality technological progress and capital investment are important determinants of the dynamic behavior of resource prices given the persistent recurrence of concern about nonrenewable resource scarcity measures of nonrenewable resource scarcity and the empirical evidence for the time trends of those measures are reviewed finally the implications of nonrenewable resource scarcity for economic growth are examined

determinants of donations in private nonprofit markets abstract we estimate the responsiveness of donations to a number of economic variables including price advertising and the availability of revenue from such other sources as government grants and program service sales utilizing a set of irs data on individual nonprofit organizations in each of seven industries including hospitals and higher education for the years 1982 1994 we find distinct overall patterns as well as notable variation across industries a nonprofit organization s fundraising expenditures are estimated to exert two countervailing effects on donations the direct advertising and information effect augments donations while the indirect effect on the price of donating has a negative effect we do not find evidence that fundraising is carried to the profit maximizing levels in some industries fundraising is substantially short of that level while in other industries it is excessive implying that the marginal return to fundraising is exceeded by the cost focusing on whether revenue from other sources affects donations to a nonprofit organization we find evidence that revenue from either government grants or from the organization s own program sales activity generally does not crowd out private donations to the contrary in most industries there are significant positive effects

externalities property rights and the allocation of resources in major league baseball most economists who have analyzed professional baseball have concluded that two distinctive features of its labor market the reserve clause and player draft influence the distribution of wealth between players and owners but do not affect the allocation of playing talent among teams such conclusions which are strongly at variance with laymen s views of such matters are derived from theoretical considerations rather than empirical examinations our paper examines data from the two decades of major league history and concludes that on the basis of that data the empirical generalizations of previous economists do not appear to be justified

reform of the coal sector in an open economy the case of china cheap abundant and easy to transport and store coal has been produced and consumed to meet people s energy needs the last decade s growth in global coal use has been driven mainly by developing economies like china whose phenomenal economic growth has been powered by coal fired electricity and promoted by the export of manufactured goods a recent reform focus in china s coal sector is on coal taxation the paper develops a game theoretic model tailored to the context of china where coal taxation reform takes place against the background of privatisation of coal firms and an open economy it finds that the adoption of special coal taxes is optimal for social welfare under most circumstances but may induce coal firms to commit opportunistic behaviour in the process of privatisation the paper also cautions about potential resistance to the reform from consumers coal firms and government officials

structural change competitive balance and the rest of the major leagues i introduction competitive balance is the object of significant attention in the analysis of pro sports leagues under rottenberg s 1956 uncertainty of outcome hypothesis enough imbalance may actually drive down the demand for pro sports and league revenues with it but the analysis of competitive balance itself also is insightful for the impact of league self regulation choices in this paper we extend recent approaches in time series analysis found in schmidt 2001 schmidt and berri 2001a 2001b 2003 2004 lee and fort 2005 henceforth lf and fort and lee 2006 beyond its exclusive focus on major league baseball mlb to the national basketball association nba the national football league nfl and the national hockey league nhl we restrict ourselves only to north american leagues henceforth nals although davies downward and jackson 1995 simmons 1996 and dobson and goddard 1998 provide interesting time series analysis in world leagues as well these works add dramatically to the understanding of structural impacts found from ad hoc cross section approaches the review is in lf in nals a number of structural changes have been hypothesized to dramatically alter competitive balance among teams over time first there are the familiar macro occurrences of depression and war and exogenous league factors like the fundamental alteration in local revenue brought on by increases in the value of local tv broadcast rights beginning in the late 1970s second there are more direct league circumstances changes in the rules of the games the draft the end of the reserve clause changes in the number of teams merger and expansion and their locations salary caps and labor issues lf also examined the impact of racial integration on competitive balance but for the rest of the nals there is no clearly defined point marking their racial integration finally schmidt and berri 2003 and eschker perez and siegler 2004 have begun to investigate the impacts of the influx of foreign born players we apply break point detection techniques described at length in lf to within season competitive balance measures in the rest of the nals there are a number of interesting insights all breaks detected for these other nals occur after 1966 and not until 1970 in the nba rule changes in the nfl in the late 1970s correspond with a break point in that league but generally rule changes do not correspond to any break points the imposition in nals of the draft and free agency conform to rottenberg s invariance proposition ip except for a general negative trend in competitive balance in the nba when they do correspond with break points league expansion and team relocation have predictable impacts but some of these alterations do not have corresponding break points mergers in all three of the other nals correspond in interesting ways with break points that enhance competitive balance but not all mergers correspond with break points there is no correspondence between the break points and the imposition of the salary caps in the nba and the nfl finally we can find no correspondence between break points and any labor issues in any of these leagues except for enhanced balance that followed after the 1998 nba lockout explanations for the negative trend in nba are consistent with the idea that there is a short supply of tall people that is a truly physical limit on talent inputs in the nba originally proposed by berri et al 2005 and an explanation for the second break point in the nhl may have to do with the influx of european players the paper proceeds as follows in section ii we specify the empirical approach and handle the important details of stationary series and detrending the results are shown and discussed within the context of the limits of the break point technique in section iii conclusions round out the paper in section iv ii

an assessment of proposed energy resource tax reform in russia a static general equilibrium analysis abstract a large part of government revenues in russia comes from royalties and export taxes on crude oil oil products and gas recently the russian government has considered reducing export taxes on crude oil and oil products compensated by an increase in the royalty on crude oil the objective of the paper is to analyse the economy wide effects of this proposal moreover a hypothetical replacement of export taxes and royalties with a pure rent tax is analysed a static single country multi sector computable generation equilibrium cge model is employed the primary findings are as follows a replacement of export taxes on crude oil and oil products with a royalty on crude oil provides substantial allocative efficiency gains but this policy is not a superior one welfare could be substantially improved when the export taxes and royalty are replaced with a pure rent tax that can be implemented in the form of a cash flow tax on the negative side reducing export taxes on crude oil and oil products results in a strong appreciation of the currency as a result domestic producers become less competitive in domestic markets and there is a massive increase in import demand

demand for collective goods in private nonprofit markets can fundraising expenditures help overcome free rider behavior abstract economic theory ascribes the primary role in the provision of public goods to government this emphasis on government overlooks the role of the not for profit sector in providing collective type goods in this paper we seek to determine the factors influencing charitable contributions to private nonprofit organizations by estimating a demand function for the output of these collective good providers specifically we test the hypothesis that voluntary giving is responsive to conventional market variables such as advertising expenditures price and quality overall the results are strongly supportive

winning in professional team sports historical moments our aims in this paper are to 1 examine the higher moments of the distribution of winning percentages and 2 discover economic implications of such an examination the results prove useful to both current sports league policy questions and future research we speculate that the institutional differences between north american pro leagues and european soccer leagues will prove fruitful areas for future research on the determination of competitive balance jel c1 l83 z20

the impact of resource tax reform on china s coal industry abstract contributing to approximately two thirds of primary energy consumption coal usage is the focus of china s energy policies to regulate the resource taxation system and reduce the burden of coal enterprises the chinese government launched a reform of its resource tax system in 2014 for coal introducing the ad valorem system to replace the volume based system that had been in place for the preceding thirty years to assess the impact of the tax reform this paper constructs two stage dynamic game models by taking the coal and coal fired power industries as the players the market situations of shortage and oversupply are investigated separately empirical data are collected to estimate the model parameters for numerical simulations the model results suggest that the tax reform will reduce both coal prices and the coal industry profitability if the tax levied on each ton of coal is maintained at the same level as before the reform regardless of whether the market is in a shortage or an oversupply situation however the increased buyer s power will amplify the effect of the tax reform the numerical simulations also provide an estimation of the tax rate of the ad valorem system that maintains the profit of the coal industry considering the demand and supply situations in china s coal market policy recommendations are provided to guide further reform of china s resource tax system

the impact of the 1981 and 1994 1995 strikes on major league baseball attendance a time series analysis protracted labour disputes in professional team sports have become increasingly common in the past 30 years although each of the four major professional team sports in the usa have experienced episodes of labour strife major league baseball has the longest and most frequent experience with labour management conflict fans and the media claim with each incident permanent harm is done to baseball s standing as the national pastime the purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether such claims can be supported by the empirical evidence utilizing time series analysis aggregate attendance at professional baseball games is examined the evidence presented suggests that although the most protracted periods of labour discord had short term impacts on attendance there is no empirical evidence that these exogenous shocks had any long term effects

the impact of china s electricity price deregulation on coal and power industries two stage game modeling abstract the regulated price mechanism in china s power industry has attracted much criticism because of its incapability to optimize the allocation of resources to build an open orderly competitive and complete power market system the chinese government launched an unprecedented marketization reform in 2015 to deregulate the electricity price this paper examines the impact of electricity price deregulation at the industry level we first construct two stage dynamic game models to portrait the interaction between the coal and coal fired power industries using the models we compare analytically the equilibriums with and without electricity price regulation concerning electricity price electricity generation coal price and coal production the theoretical analyses find three regulated electricity price intervals that differentiate the reform impacts afterward we collect empirical data to estimate the model parameters the influences on the two industries in terms of market outcome and industrial profitability are simulated our results suggest that the current regulated electricity price falls within the medium interval which means deregulation will result in higher electricity price but lower coal price less coal production and less electricity generation the robustness analyses show that our results hold with respect to the electricity generation efficiency and price sensitivity of electricity demand

an analysis of the spanish electrical utility industry economies of scale technological progress and efficiency abstract in this paper we propose a model to explain the behaviour of the spanish electrical utility industry during the period 1987 1997 under the then existing regulatory system marco legal estable the paper will study the presence of economies of scale the effect of technological progress and the differences in the efficiency of the different companies within the market the paper concludes that the spanish electrical utility industry was not in fact characterized by economies of scale during this period but witnessed a great improvement in efficiency within that period all the critical market factors remind stable

competitive balance measures in sports leagues the effects of variation in season length appropriate measurement of competitive balance is a cornerstone of the economic analysis of professional sports leagues we examine the distributional properties of the ratio of standard deviations rsd of points percentages the most widely used measure of competitive balance in the sports economics literature in comparison with other standarddeviation based measures simulation methods are used to evaluate the effects of changes in season length on the distributions of competitive balance measures for different distributions of the strengths of teams in a league the popular rsd measure performs as expected only in cases of perfect balance if there is imbalance in team strengths its distribution is very sensitive to changes in season length this has important implications for comparisons of competitive balance for different sports leagues with different numbers of teams and or games played jel l83 d63 c63

does the government crowd out private donations new evidence from a sample of non profit firms abstract during the 1980s government grants to non profit organizations declined dramatically and the price of private donations increased given there are different costs associated with government grants and private donations to non profits it is important to study the relationship between these two sources and determine whether government grants crowd out private donations i take a fresh look at the issue of crowd out and improve upon the literature by exploiting a panel data set that links private donations to non profit firms with the government grants they received i study 430 non profit shelter human services and other similar types of organizations that were in operation between 1982 and 1992 i find private donations to these non profits effectively do not change with changes in government grants after controlling for firm heterogeneity and political and economic factors under an ols specification in a 2sls specification after controlling for possible endogeneity of the government grants the estimated crowd out is significantly different from zero and one dollar on average the estimated crowd out is 50 cents

crowd out and diversity abstract research has shown that altruism is lower in diverse communities can this phenomenon be counteracted by government intervention to answer this question this paper introduces diversity to the canonical model of warm glow giving diversity may have two effects on incentives it may attenuate individuals altruistic preferences for public goods and it may cool off the warm glow that individuals get from voluntarism either of these effects leads to diverse communities having lower levels of public goods consistent with prior research however these effects have opposite implications for the efficacy of government intervention i then empirically investigate whether government intervention is more effective in diverse communities for identification i exploit the supreme court mandated 1991 expansion of the ssi program using a new dataset of united methodist churches from 1984 to 2000 the results show that the expansion of ssi crowded out charitable spending by churches the crowd out estimate for the average church is reasonably large but this masks significant differences in crowd out between communities crowd out occurred almost entirely in relatively homogeneous communities there is only modest evidence of crowd out in racially diverse communities thus diverse communities while having the lowest levels of altruism are in this instance the most amenable to government intervention

kids or cash exploring charter school responses to declining government revenues while the literature is extensive on school districts revenue sources less research has been done on the impact of donations on school district funds in this paper we extend the theoretical literature on crowding out of private donations by government grants for one type of nonprofit firm namely charter schools the theoretical model leads us to focus on the key relationships among fundraising effort enrollment which is tied to federal and state funding and donations using a dataset on texas charter schools we adopt a two stage approach to examine the empirical relationship between changes in nondonor revenues and the donations received by charter schools like the extensive empirical estimates of the effects of government grants on donations for other types of nonprofit firms we find evidence of crowding out with respect to our sample of charter schools we also find a significant positive effect of fundraising on donations with a 1 increase in fundraising associated to a 0 58 increase in donations a pattern consistent with overinvestment in fundraising enrollments exhibit a robust inverse relationship to changes in nondonor revenues jel h00 h32 h50

pareto optimal redistribution and private charity abstract when private charity exists and is motivated by utility interdependence a non pareto optimal outcome the free rider problem typically arises nevertheless incremental fiscal redistribution cannot achieve a paretian welfare improvement so long as private charity continues at positive levels donors respond to incremental fiscal redistribution by reducing their voluntary contributions by exactly a dollar for every dollar transferred in this way no net transfer is achieved unless incremental fiscal redistribution is pursued to the point where private contributions have been driven to zero alternatively a net transfer may be achieved by fiscal measures which affect donors marginal incentives to donate

the demand for rugby league evidence from causality tests during the last few years there has been an upsurge of interest in the determinants of the demand for professional team sports typically traditional demand estimation techniques are used to examine the determinants of attendance this paper attempts to show that the use of these techniques may be misleading existing studies implicitly or explicitly assume a direction of causality econometric estimation techniques are then applied to examine this direction of causality however no account is taken of possible spurious regression and time series properties of the data are not fully explored these omissions may have led to faulty policy recommendations in attempting to rectify traditional approaches this study will examine the time series properties of rugby league attendence and success prior to engaging in estimation

an assessment of optimal gas pricing in russia a cge approach domestic gas prices in russia are administratively regulated and they are substantially lower than export netback prices the administrative price regulation operates as an implicit subsidy on domestic gas consumption the russian government aims to liberalise domestic wholesale gas prices in the long term while the export netback parity is defined as a political objective it seems not to be a necessary target anymore the export netback parity is not economically rational for russia because the average export netback price of gas is higher than the marginal cost due to gazprom s market power in export gas markets an optimal domestic gas price is still not well defined this paper addresses this question by employing a comparative static single country multi sector computable generation equilibrium model cge the administrative regulation of domestic gas prices is explicitly modelled the main findings are as follows an increase in the domestic gas price provides economic efficiency gains the more elastic the export and domestic demand for gas the larger the welfare gains the optimal domestic gas price should be approximately 55 of the export netback price increasing the domestic gas price provides additional government revenues which can be used to reduce distortionary taxes on sectoral effects the structure of the russian economy shifts from energy toward non energy intensive sectors in response to an increase in the domestic gas price there is an increase in the export supply of gas furthermore an increase in the domestic gas price leads to a reduction in total co2 emissions

economy wide effects of international and russia s climate policies abstract the objectives of this paper are to analyse the economy wide effects of international climate policy on the russian economy as well as the effects of russia s climate policy on european economies our analysis is based on a general equilibrium model that includes inertias such as imperfect sectoral labour mobility and vintage capital and has a detailed depiction of the power generation sector we found that international climate policy could reduce russia s private welfare by 1 8 annually due to lower revenues from exports of fossil fuels at the sectoral level russia could gain a comparative advantage in producing energy intensive commodities and hence russia s producers of those commodities increase their production and export supplies this could result in a carbon leakage in russia eliminating implicit subsidies on domestic consumption of gas and petroleum products could reduce russia s private welfare loss by 0 6 points and eliminate the carbon leakage nevertheless eliminating implicit subsidies on gas and petroleum products might not be sufficient to achieve the pledged emission reductions by 2030 moreover this leads to an undesirable increase in coal consumption and therefore some additional climate policy such as a carbon tax or an emission trading system might be required we also found that russia s climate policy could have positive but moderate effects on the european economies in particular countries such as lithuania slovakia and hungary benefit due to decreased export prices for gas crude oil and petroleum products from russia

the virtues of gradualism and legitimacy in the transition to a market economy this paper presents a simplified model of sectoral restructuring in eastern europe a move towards allocative efficiency is desired by the reform minded government but the shift to higher productivity which such efficiency requires would lead to massive layoffs and labour reallocation in the transition period we look at the impact of political constraints unanimity and or majority worker approval on reform proposals when the government faces a heterogeneous workforce holding private information on relative outside opportunities when the budgetary consequences of exit compensations are so important as to make partial reforms preferable to full reforms gradualism emerges as the optimum in a dynamic context without government commitment it is also shown that under democratic majority rule a government in control of the agenda of reforms can win majority approval for plans which end up hurting majority interests intertemporally by threatening to switch majorities in future reform proposals this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

the demand for english league football a club level analysis a demand equation is estimated for 19 large urban based english football league clubs over the period 1962 3 to 1991 2 in order to analyse the economic determinants of club attendances while controlling for football specific factors attendances are measured with and without correction for admission of season ticket holders using an error correction specification to model attendances it is shown that both adjusted and unadjusted attendances respond to real ticket prices in the long run in 17 and 18 clubs respectively the price elasticity is typically larger for adjusted attendances suggesting that casual spectators are more price sensitive than season ticket holders among football specific factors league position goals scored and promotion and relegation between the divisions are all important determinants of attendance patterns

the impact of labor strikes on consumer demand an application to professional sports the primary bargaining power of organized labor is its ability to withdraw labor from the rm in the form of a strike from the workers perspective a strike is intended to impose substantial costs upon the rm over time as these costs accumulate the rm develops an appreciation of the solidarity of labor and may eventually surrender to the demands of the workers orley c ashenfelter and george e johnson 1969 note that the strike also serves the function of informing the workers to the reality of the rm s position although the union leadership may recognize early in negotiations that the rm cannot or will not meet the workers demands the rank and le of the union often do not understand the impracticality in their position until the workers have struck and the rm fails to surrender whether strikes ultimately serve as a lesson to workers or rms is partially impacted by the extent to which such events impart costs upon both the rm and the industry for example brian e becker and craig a olson 1986 examined the relationship between worker strikes and changes in shareholder equity these authors found that on average a strike of at least 1 000 workers would reduce shareholder equity by 4 1 percent richard a de fusco and scott m fuess jr 1991 examined airline carriers and found that strikes tended to redistribute wealth from shareholders of those airlines which experienced a strike to shareholders of airlines that had management labor peace furthermore richard mchugh 1991 investigated the impact of a labor strike on both the rm and organizations linked as purchasers or suppliers surprisingly the impact of the strike was greater for the linked rm than it was for the rm directly experiencing the worker strike each of the aforementioned studies found that strikes impose costs on the rm these costs generally centered on the loss of output the rm experienced during the duration of the management labor con ict previous studies have largely neglected the possible extended costs associated with the reactions of the remaining party impacted by the worker strike the consumer although in many industries rms can increase inventories prior to a worker strike this is not true in all industries within the airline industry for example labor strikes temporarily force consumers to either consume the production of other suppliers or live without the particular good or service this outcome leads to the question we investigate do work stoppages permanently impact consumer demand when the struck rm is unable to meet demand during the labor strike a natural setting to explore this issue is the professional sports industry in such an industry worker strikes can completely remove the output from the consumer s consumption basket unlike strikes in other industries though consumers of the output from the professional team sports industry frequently threaten to withdraw all future demand if worker strikes are not avoided or ended quickly this threat has led industry insiders to claim that labor strikes might destroy the professional sports league experiencing management labor dif culty

severance taxes and market structure in an exhaustible resource industry abstract this paper compares the effects of a severance tax on profit maximizing competitive and monopolistic firms which explore and produce an exhaustible resource the producers response to the tax are studied and the deadweight losses from the tax are calculated time paths of exploratory effort extraction and price are computed severance taxes lead both producers to reduce production and exploration and cause a shift in the time path for prices the deadweight losses from the tax are low especially in competition the losses in the monopoly case are relatively higher with the tax burden falling mainly on the monopolistic producer

economic and welfare influences of an energy excise tax in jiangsu province of china a computable general equilibrium approach abstract in recent years although china s energy intensity has gradually decreased the total consumption of energy commodities has increased sharply levying an excise tax on energy commodities is one of the keys to control energy consumption this paper constructed a computable general equilibrium model to simulate levying an energy excise tax in jiangsu province which is one of china s strong economic provinces with lower endowments of energy resources the results show that the energy excise tax is beneficial for energy saving while levying energy will cause economic and welfare declines when at a level tax rate of 5 10 and 15 the loss of gdp will reach 0 27 0 66 and 1 13 respectively and the incomes of inhabitants and enterprises alike will decrease when the energy tax revenue used to compensate for the welfare losses suffered by inhabitants or enterprises there is a double dividend effect energy saving and increasing income moreover the simulation indicated that a 5 improvement of energy efficiency brings about a backfire phenomenon with an increase of 142 in energy consumption however when considering the cost of energy efficiency improvements the rebound effect will be significantly decreased policy suggestions are further recommended to help improve the energy policy in regard to reducing energy consumption

mixed oligopoly with differentiated products abstract the paper analyzes a mixed oligopoly with horizontal product differentiation firms choose their location and price in a model a la hotelling with quadratic transport costs and the solution concept is a subgame perfect nash equilibrium this enables one to determine how the presence of one or several public firms competing with private ones affects social welfare and how the results depend on the total number of firms n and their relative positions it is shown that is only for n 2 or n 6 that a mixed oligopoly with one public firm is socially preferable to the private oligopoly

the combined effect of salary restrictions and revenue sharing in sports leagues i introduction invariance principles are the golden eggs of economics franco modigliani merton miller and ronald coase were awarded nobel prizes for their formulations of important invariance principles a predecessor of the famous coase theorem is rottenberg s invariance proposition according to rottenberg 1956 the distribution of playing talent between clubs in professional sports leagues does not depend on the allocation of property rights to players services el hodiri and quirk 1971 fort and quirk 1995 and vrooman 1995 extend this invariance proposition to gate revenue sharing based on their models they claim that revenue sharing does not change the level of competitive balance within a league this form of invariance proposition has become one of the most heavily disputed issues in sports economics because its centerpieces revenue sharing and the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis represent two of the most important idiosyncrasies in the professional team sports industry according to the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis fans prefer to attend games with uncertain outcomes and enjoy close championship races unlike toyota which benefits from weak competitors in the automobile industry real madrid and the new york yankees need strong competitors to maximize their revenues in sports a weak team produces a negative externality on its stronger competitors revenue sharing arrangements have been introduced as a measure to improve the competitive balance by partially internalizing this externality if the invariance proposition held revenue sharing would be worthless current revenue sharing schemes vary widely among professional sports leagues all over the world in north america the most prominent is possibly that operated by the national football league nfl where the visiting club secures 40 of the locally earned television and gate receipt revenue in 1876 major league baseball mlb introduced a 50 50 split of gate receipts that was reduced over time since 2003 all the clubs in the american league have put 34 of their locally generated revenue gate concession television etc into a central pool which is then divided equally among all the clubs the national basketball association nba and the national hockey league nhl also operate with a pool sharing arrangement moreover in the australian football league afl gate receipts were at one time split evenly between the home and the visiting team this 50 50 split was finally abolished in 2000 other measures to increase competitive balance are salary caps and floors a salary cap floor puts an upper lower bound on a club s payroll since most leagues compute their salary caps and floors on the basis of the revenues of the preceding season caps and floors can be treated as fixed limits the nba was the first league to introduce a salary cap for the 1984 1985 season for the 2008 2009 season the soft salary cap is fixed at us 58 7 million today salary caps are in effect in professional team sports leagues all over the world in the nhl for example each team had to spend between us 34 3 million and 50 3 million on player salaries in the 2007 2008 season in the nfl the salary cap in 2009 is approximately us 128 million per team whereas the salary floor was 87 6 of the salary cap which is equivalent to us 112 1 million the afl also operates with a combined salary cap and floor for 2009 the salary cap was fixed at a 7 69 million the floor at 7 12 million another australian league the national rugby league nrl has implemented a salary cap and floor system which forced each team to spend between a 3 96 million and 4 4 million in 2009 in europe salary caps are in effect in the guiness premiership in rugby union and the super league in rugby league 1 in most industries payroll caps would be regarded as an exploitation of market power and would be prohibited by anti trust authorities

an accurate measurement of the crowd out effect income effect and price effect for charitable contributions in the past empirical research on charitable contributions has focused on two issues estimating the income and price elasticities of contributions and estimating the extent to which government funding crowded out private contributions the two fundamental problems in all these studies are the differences in the underlying conceptual models and the use of imperfect data for empirical analysis this paper addresses both of these problems

rent extracting tariffs and the management of exhaustible resources this paper examines the interaction between a resource exporting and a resource importing country the exporting country must choose the optimal rate of depletion of an exhaustible resource and also must decide on the allocation of the extracted resource between exports and domestic use optimal management from a national point of view entails inefficiency from a global perspective in that too little resource is exported as the supplying country exploits its monopoly power the importing country however has an incentive to extract some of the resource rent by using a tariff although rent extraction is limited by the exporter s ability to use the resource domestically the optimal tariff is positive and induces greater overall inefficiency

charity donations in the uk new evidence based on panel data abstract this paper presents a set of panel data estimates for 159 of the most prominent uk charities for the period 1983 1990 in evaluating alternative specifications we settle on a fixed effects estimation social welfare charities are shown to fund raise short of the point at which net revenues are maximized whereas health and overseas charities are found to net revenue maximize religious charities maximize total revenues estimates of price and fund raising elasticities are presented for charities overall and for four cohorts for alternative income sources no evidence of crowding out is found

the robustness of kingma s crowd out estimate evidence from new data on contributions to public radio we revisit kingma s kingma 1989 journal of political economy 97 1197 1207 widely cited study of charitable contributions to public radio kingma s estimate of partial but statistically significant crowd out remains a benchmark in the literature because he was able to match household level contributions data with station level data on revenue including revenue from government grants to the best of our knowledge no comparable data have become available until now we replicate kingma s estimates with the original data and then apply the same methodology to very similar data from 1996 kingma s estimates are not robust to the use of the newer data

effects and mechanism of influence of china s resource tax reform a regional perspective abstract china s resource tax reform beginning with xinjiang as a pilot area in june 2010 marked a new stage in the progression of china s resource tax system based on the 2007 social accounting matrix sam for xinjiang constructed by ourselves this paper takes a regional perspective on china s resource tax reform to quantitatively calculate its degree of influence and qualitatively analyze its mechanism of influence by adopting an energy computable general equilibrium cge model and a sam price model the results show that the main significance of the reform lies in bolstering local government finances rather than energy conservation or carbon reduction this is because revenue will be transferred from resource enterprises and the central government to the local government while simultaneously the low tax rate narrow tax scope and unreasonable price mechanism will combine to prevent the reform from reaching its environmental goals promoting resource price mechanism reform and deepening resource tax reform will be two key elements of china s future energy strategies because resource enterprises will bear the increased burden caused by the reform the degree of sectoral price increases will be limited therefore the fear that resource tax reform will push up inflation is unnecessary and should not be a barrier to reform

partners in giving the crowding in effects of uk government grants abstract this study examines the determinants of voluntary donations to uk charities using empirical specifications that combine error component and simultaneous equations methods in a series of tests we identify the one way fixed effects endogenous representation for government grants as the best empirical model when this endogeneity is taken into account government grants cause significant crowding in for the full sample and the two largest cohorts price coefficients are negative and fund raising coefficients are positive religion charities are net revenue maximizers whereas other charity cohorts fund raise short of net revenue maximization

impure altruism in dictators giving abstract we design an experiment to test whether incomplete crowding out in dictator games can be rationalized by the impurely altruistic preferences by giving the recipients an endowment of varying levels we create an environment in which crowding out may occur we find that the behavior of 66 of the dictators can be rationalized by the impurely altruistic utility function

on the evolution of competitive balance the impact of an increasing global search the coase theorem maintains that where free market precepts exist the allocation of property rights does not impact the distribution of resources an application to major league baseball suggests that institutions such as free agency and the reverse order amateur draft would not impact player distributions and therefore would not impact competitive balance the present study finds that the distribution of wins is generally consistent with the precepts of the coase theorem and therefore suggests a course for those who wish to alter the level of competitive balance major league baseball should increase its focus on expanding the size of its labor pool jel o15 l83 c22

public goods hidden income and tax evasion some nonstandard results from the warm glow model abstract a large literature explores crowd out in situations where public goods are jointly provided work in this area typically depicts a tax system where individuals take taxes as given but in some settings such as those in developing economies efforts to evade or avoid taxes may be widespread using the canonical warm glow model this paper considers joint public good provision in a setting where individuals can evade taxes by hiding their income the model s implications change significantly in this setting with hidden income stronger warm glow will lead to greater crowd out not less using research on crowd out and inter family transfers i present suggestive evidence that the model s results may help to reconcile divergent estimates of crowd out in the literature

performance and revenue in professional league football evidence from granger causality tests using a dataset comprising annual performance measured by final league position and gate revenue for 77 football league clubs which maintained unbroken league membership between 1946 and 1994 the relationship between performance and revenue is investigated using cointegration and causality tests a cointegrating relationship between performance and revenue is established in only 10 cases out of 77 although it is argued that some caution is required in interpreting these results due to the low power of the relevant tests in relatively small samples in granger causality tests more evidence is found of causality running from lagged revenue to current performance than of causality in the opposite direction while the dependence of performance on revenue seems to be greater for the smaller clubs than for the larger these results lend empirical support to the popular view that unless checked by mechanisms for revenue redistribution within the league the natural tendency is for success to become concen

spatial competition and strategic firm relocation firms compete spatially for customers who have some degree of brand loyalty the number and attractiveness of the alternatives available to these customers dictates the level of competition facing firms in this study data on ticket pricing in four professional sports leagues are used to empirically examine the existence of spatial competition in sports and the impact of space on team relocations results allowing for structural breaks over time while using spatial autoregressive techniques suggest that sports franchises spatially compete when pricing their tickets and that spatial characteristics including the level of spatial competition have influenced the relocation of teams jel d40 l11 r30 l83

an exogeneity test for a simultaneous equation tobit model with an application to labor supply a test of weak exogeneity in the simultaneous equation tobit model is proposed and illustrated using a female labour supply model estimated using cross section data the test statistic can be simply output from any standard tobit maximum likelihood package and is asymptotically efficient the procedure provides consistent estimators for the simultaneous tobit model whose asymptotic covariance matrix is a simple extension of the usual tobit formula we also provide the lagrange multiplier test of weak exogeneity this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

structural change in mlb competitive balance the depression team location and integration no detectable break points in within season competitive balance 1901 99 occur after 1937 in the national league or after 1962 in the american league despite expansion free agency and the growth of local tv revenue disparity since then instead a continual improvement in competitive balance has occurred since those years associated with break points prior to these years 1 the al emerged from the depression much more unbalanced than the nl 2 team movement and league expansion alter balance in well known ways and 3 discriminatory preferences were stronger in larger revenue markets than in smaller revenue markets in both leagues jel c32 l83

how does tax system on energy industries affect energy demand co2 emissions and economy in china abstract energy savings and co2 emission reduction have become a major issue in recent years taxes on energy production sectors may be an effective way to save energy reduce co2 emissions and improve environmental quality this paper constructs a dynamic recursive computable general equilibrium cge model to analyze the impact of the energy tax on energy economy and environment from the perspective of tax rates and tax forms specific tax and ad valorem tax the results show that adjusting the tax system and the tax rate has important implications for energy conservation while having minor impacts on the output of other industries the impact of an increasing energy tax on the energy demand is greater than the impact on sectoral output indicating that energy efficiency will be increased to some extent the co2 reduction will increase over time when an ad valorem tax is implemented on enterprises we found that ad valorem tax has greater elasticity of economic output energy demand and co2 emission reduction the results support the direction of china s resource tax reform however we argue that it is better to increase the tax rate relatively and relax the control on energy prices so that energy efficiency will increase

government free riding in the public provision of higher education panel data estimates of possible crowding out this article employs panel data on more than 1000 us public colleges and universities to investigate the effect of private giving on state government funding government free riding is at question and is found to be active in that private donations partially displace state government funding at the rate of 83 cents on the dollar that compares to the 45 cents political substitution of the 1960s but is much diminished from the 1 07 of the 1980s those are aggregate comparisons for all public institutions a disaggregated approach in this article additionally reveals that doctoral granting research universities are somewhat lesser victims of crowd out in experiencing a 71 cents cut at master level colleges and universities and associate 2 year degree granting colleges crowding out is estimated to be on the order 87 cents and 1 10 respectively relative to the academic year 2000 to 2001 publicly controlled colleges and universities are found to experience significant reductions in state appropriated fu