defining the rebound effect abstract this paper gives rigorous definitions of the rebound effect not only in the well described single commodity case khazzoom 1980 the energy journal 1 4 21 40 but also for a multiple commodity case it is shown that the familiar laws for the single case do not hold for the multiple case the paper describes the state of the art of empirical estimation of the rebound effect with special focus on the estimates done for the netherlands we conclude that according to every definition empirical evidence shows that the re is probably small between 0 and 15

building the family nest premarital investments marriage markets and spousal allocations we develop a model of the household in which spousal incomes are determined by premarital investments the marriage market is characterized by assortative matching and endogenously determined sharing rules form the basis of intra household allocations by incorporating pre marital investments and spousal matching into the collective household model we are able to identify the fundamental determinants of endogenously determined and maritally sustainable intra marital sharing rules in particular we find that all sharing rules along the assortative order support unconditionally efficient outcomes where both pre marital investments and intra household allocations are efficient the efficiency of both pre marital choices and household allocations then enables us to show that for each couple the marriage market generates a unique and maritally sustainable sharing rule that is a function of the distribution of pre marital endowments and the sex ratios in the market

human capital formation and local economic performance bradley s and taylor j 1996 human capital formation and local economic performance reg studies 30 1 14 this paper is concerned with the interaction between the vocational education and training system vet and local economic performance in britain after briefly discussing the shortcomings of britain s vet system the paper examines the way in which the education and training system and the local economy interact in particular it is argued that the outputs from the local education and training system determine and are determined by the locality s stock of high skill workers these high skill workers in turn help to determine the competitiveness and hence the economic performance of the local economy this has feedback effects on the stock of high skill workers through its effect on the occupational mix of in migrants some empirical tests of the model are provided based on data relating to 107 local education authority areas in england bradley s et taylor j 1996 la formation du capi

vehicle scrappage and gasoline policy abstract we estimate the sensitivity of scrap decisions to changes in used car values and show how this scrap elasticity produces emissions leakage under fuel efficiency standards a process known as the gruenspecht effect we first estimate the effect of gasoline prices on used vehicle values and scrappage of vehicles with different fuel economies we then estimate the scrap elasticity itself which we find to be 0 7 when applied in a model of fuel economy standards 13 16 percent of the expected fuel savings leak away through the used vehicle market this effect rivals or exceeds the importance of the often cited mileage rebound effect jel h23 l62 l78 q35 q38 q48 q58

interrupted work careers depreciation and restoration of human capital the quantitative effects and even the existence of a human capital depreciation phenomenon have been a subject of controversy in the recent literature prior work however was largely cross sectional and the longitudinal dimension if any was retrospective using longitudinal panel data on married women in nls we have now established that real wages at reentry are indeed lower than at the point of labor force withdrawal and the decline in wages is greater the longer the interruption another striking finding is a relatively rapid growth in wages after the return to work this rapid growth appears to reflect the restoration or repair of previously eroded human capital the phenomenon of depreciation and restoration is also visible in data for immigrants to the united states however while immigrants eventually catch up with and often surpass natives returnees from the nonmarket do not fully restore their earnings potential

does family income matter for schooling outcomes using adoptees as a natural experiment one would expect that family income is an important positive factor in children s school attainment however evidence is often tainted by the lack of control for parental ability since at least a portion of ability is transferred genetically to children this paper uses a sample of adopted children and offers genetically unbiased estimates we further correct for biases arising from unobserved parenting qualities and from parents differentiation between their own birth and adopted children family income still has a significant effect it implies that high ability children in low income families face binding credit constraints that society may wish to relieve

unemployment and early school leaving theoretical predictions about the effect of unemployment on school leaving are ambiguous unemployment might affect the decision to leave school in a number of different ways i current youth unemployment a higher probability of current unemployment for those who choose to leave school would tend to discourage early school leaving first by reducing the expected gains from job search a discouraged worker effect and second by reducing the opportunity cost of additional education ii expected future unemployment the theoretical predictions here are less clear cut an increase in the probability of future unemployment that affected both those with and without additional education would tend to reduce the rate of return to education and hence education demand on the other hand those with more education may be less affected by rises in unemployment and this may encourage further schooling these two opposing effects have been formalised as a shift and a tilt in the unemployment probability schooling relationship kodde i988 fig i suggests that in the united kingdom both effects could have accompanied the transition from the late 1970s to the i98o the full effects of uncertainty on education investment in a two period model depend on the correlation between the uncertainty in the two periods levhari and weiss 1974 how current unemployment rates are used to form expectations of future unemployment is clearly an important issue here also some individuals may be able to undertake job search before committing themselves to leave school and whilst affected by the risk of future unemployment may be comparatively unaffected by the risk of current unemployment iii effects ofparental unemployment parents unemployment in general reduces family income their children s educational demand may fall as a consequence for three reasons first the consumption demand for education will be lower second a reduction in the first period income reduces the investment demand for education assuming decreasing absolute risk aversion kodde i 988

investigating meso economic rebound effects production side effects and feedback loops between the micro and macro level abstract research on the rebound effect has so far mainly considered micro economic rebound effects at the level of consumers and households as well as macro economic rebound effects in the sense of energy efficiency induced economic growth effects this article focuses on an area of rebound research that has not yet received sufficient attention namely on meso economic rebound effects as production side and sector level rebounds the article summarizes and systematizes reasons why companies generate rebounds distinguishes market and sector level rebounds from macro economic growth effects identifies a number of feedback loops by which production side and sector level rebounds multiply or nullify consumer side rebound effects and finally discusses some conclusions on the potential quantitative dimension of production side rebound effects

estimating the supply and demand of gasoline using tax data abstract we estimate supply and demand functions for the u s gasoline market using information from excise tax returns provided by the irs for the period 1990 2009 we find price and income elasticities of demand similar to those found using eia data we find a price elasticity of supply of 0 29 which differs from the common assumption of a perfectly inelastic short run supply curve by using a novel data source the analysis provides a robustness check of aggregate studies of gasoline demand and a consistent econometric estimate of the price elasticity of gasoline supply the results are useful in guiding tax and regulatory policies regarding gasoline consumption

does predicted rebound depend on distinguishing between energy and energy services pour analyser le role des services energetiques et des combustibles dans l effet de relance de la consommation d energie liee a des actions d amelioration de l efficacite energetique plusieurs approches sont utilisees et comparees celle de cobb douglas celle de leontief et celle de la croissance equilibree

estimating direct and indirect rebound effects for u s households with input output analysis part 1 theoretical framework abstract this is the first part of a two part paper providing an analytical model of the indirect rebound effect given a direct rebound estimate that integrates consumer demand theory with the embodied energy of household spending from environmentally extended input output analysis the second part applies the model developed in part one to simulate the direct and indirect rebound for the average u s household in terms of primary energy co2e nox and so2 emissions and for energy efficiency investments in electricity natural gas or gasoline services part one provides a critical review of the largely independent economic and industrial ecology literatures on the indirect rebound by studying the two goods case and the n goods case we demonstrate that the indirect rebound is bounded by the consumer budget constraint and inversely related to the direct rebound we also compare the common proportional spending and income elasticity spending assumptions with our model of cross price elasticities including both substitution and income effects for the indirect rebound by assuming zero incremental capital costs and the same embodied energy as conventional technologies for efficient appliances we model an upper bound of the indirect rebound future work should also consider the increase in consumer welfare possible through the rebound effect

do recessions keep students in school the impact of youth unemployment on enrolment in post compulsory education in england in this paper i assess the impact of the youth labour market on enrolment in post compulsory education to that end i construct data for a panel of english regions and identify youth labour market effects using variation in youth unemployment rates across regions and over time my estimates suggest that the youth labour market has large enrolment impacts at least twice as large as suggested by uk estimates based on time series data this helps to explain why enrolment growth slowed down from the mid 1990s and suggests that a weakening youth labour market could cause enrolment to increase again

an empirical study of direct rebound effect for passenger transport in urban china transport sector accounts for about 8 of total energy consumption in china and this share will likely increase in the visible future improving energy efficiency has been considered as a major way for reducing transport energy use whereas its effectiveness might be affected by the rebound effect this paper estimates the direct rebound effect for passenger transport in urban china by using the linear approximation of the almost ideal demand system model and simulation analysis our empirical results reveal the existence of direct rebound effect for passenger transport in urban china a majority of the expected reduction in transport energy consumption from efficiency improvement could be offset due to the existence of rebound effect we have further investigated the relationship between the magnitude of direct rebound effect and households expenditure it was found that the direct rebound effect for passenger transport tends to decline with the increase of per capita household consumption expenditure

impact of energy efficiency gains on output and energy use with cobb douglas production function abstract a special issue of energy policy 28 2000 was devoted to a collection of papers edited by dr lee schipper the collection included a paper entitled a view from the macro side rebound backfire and khazzoom brookes in which it was argued that the impact of fuel efficiency gains on output roughly gdp is likely to be relatively small by cobb douglas production function however an error in the analysis leads to under estimation of the long term impact this paper first provides a partial equilibrium analysis by an alternative method for the same case and then proceeds to an analysis on the issue in a two sector general equilibrium system in the latter analysis energy price is internalized both energy use efficiency and energy production efficiency are involved

real wages in the business cycle and the theory of income distribution an unresolved conflict between theory and facts in mainstream macroeconomics the focus of this article is the recurring tension between mainstream macroeconomics and observed facts in connection with the difficult task of providing explanations of the business cycle consistent both with the traditional theory of income distribution and with the empirical evidence concerning the co movements of real wages and employment over the cycle the attempts to reconcile facts and theory have led to the continuous introduction of specific and arguably ad hoc hypotheses in contrast with the search for greater theoretical rigour claimed by the various streams of macroeconomic modelling subsequent to the neo classical synthesis in addition the specific assumptions introduced in the models or their implications are in turn often contradicted or at best not confirmed by subsequent empirical research it is suggested in the conclusions that the difficulty of keeping together in a simple and consistent framework theory and facts reflects the flawed theoretical foundations of mainstream theory

the wage expectations of european business and economics students expected earnings and expected returns to education are seen by labor economists as a major determinant of educational attainment in spite of this the empirical knowledge about expectations and their formation is scarce in this paper we report the results of the first systematic study of the wage expectations of european university students our data are based on a uniform questionnaire answered by about 3 000 business and economics university students across europe we study the determinants of wage expectations and expected employment probabilities the variability of these expectations and their variation across countries and universities we also examine the tradeoff between expected starting wages and expected wage growth

the aggregate production function is not neoclassical standard postulates concerning the aggregate production function are about marginal productivities and the associated demands for labour and capital these demands are supposed to be negatively related to the factor prices namely the wage rate and the interest rate the theoretical cases in which these neoclassical properties fail to hold are regarded as anomalies we compute the aggregate values for production capital and labour and find that the neoclassical postulates do not hold for the detailed dataset that we consider the obvious implication of this result is that the models and analysis based on the aggregate neoclassical production functions are ill founded as they are based on something that does not exist

the quiet revolution that transformed women s employment education and family the modern economic role of women emerged in four phases the first three were evolutionary the last was revolutionary phase i occurred from the late nineteenth century to the 1920s phase ii was from 1930 to 1950 phase iii extended from 1950 to the late 1970s and phase iv the quiet revolution began in the late 1970s and is still ongoing three aspects of women s choices distinguish the evolutionary from the revolutionary phases horizon identity and decision making the evolutionary phases are apparent in time series data on labor force participation the revolutionary phase is discernible using time series evidence on women s more predictable attachment to the workplace greater identity with career and better ability to make joint decisions with their spouses each of these series has a sharp break or inflection point signifying social and economic change these changes moreover coincide by birth cohort or period the relationship between the development of modern labor economics and the reality of women s changing economic role is explored the paper concludes by assessing whether the revolution has stalled or is being reversed women who graduated college in the early 1980s did not opt out but recent cohorts are too young to evaluate this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

empirical estimates of the direct rebound effect a review beginning with william stanley jevons in 1865 a number of authors have claimed that economically justified energy efficiency improvements will increase rather than reduce energy consumption jevons paradox is extremely difficult to test empirically but could have profound implications for energy and climate policy this paper summarises and critiques the arguments and evidence that have been cited in support of jevons paradox focusing in particular on the work of len brookes and harry saunders it identifies some empirical and theoretical weaknesses in these arguments highlights the questions they raise for economic orthodoxy and points to some interesting parallels between these arguments and those used by the biophysical school of ecological economics while the evidence in favour of jevons paradox is far from conclusive it does suggest that economy wide rebound effects are larger than is conventionally assumed and that energy plays a more important role in driving productivity improvements and economic growth than is conventionally assumed 2008 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

on constructing numeraire free measures of price value deviation a note on the steedman tomkins distance this paper argues that there exists an infinite number of numeraire free measures a la steedman tomkins of price value deviation on the empirical side it provides an illustration of those measures using input output data from the swedish economy copyright the author 2010 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

the classicals and the neoclassicals a rejoinder to frank hahn refutes the classical and marxist analysis of prices and competition presentation of an intertemporal equilibrium model in a simple formalism possibility of locating prices of production and a distributed profit rate in an intertemporal equilibrium relationship between prices in intertemporal equilibrium and prices of production ebsco

the rebound effect microeconomic definitions limitations and extensions abstract the rebound effect results in part from an increased consumption of energy services following an improvement in the technical efficiency of delivering those services this increased consumption offsets the energy savings that may otherwise be achieved if the rebound effect is sufficiently large it may undermine the rationale for policy measures to encourage energy efficiency the nature and magnitude of the rebound effect is the focus of long running dispute with energy economics this paper brings together previous theoretical work to provide a rigorous definition of the rebound effect to clarify key conceptual issues and to highlight the potential consequences of various assumptions for empirical estimates of the effect the focus is on the direct rebound effect for a single energy service indirect and economy wide rebound effects are not discussed beginning with khazzoom s original definition of the rebound effect we expose the limitations of three simplifying assumptions on which this definition is based first we argue that capital costs form an important part of the total cost of providing energy services and that empirical studies that estimate rebound effects from variations in energy prices are prone to bias second we argue that energy efficiency should be treated as an endogenous variable and that empirical estimates of the rebound effect may need to apply a simultaneous equation model to capture the joint determination of key variables third we explore the implications of the opportunity costs of time in the production of energy services and highlight the consequences for energy use of improved time efficiency the influence of time costs on the rebound effect and the existence of a parallel rebound effect with respect to time each of these considerations serves to highlight the difficulties in obtaining reliable estimates of the rebound effect and the different factors that need to be controlled for we discuss the implications of these findings for econometric studies and argue that several existing studies may overestimate the magnitude of the effect

energy efficiency rebounding to a sound analytical perspective abstract recent controversy suggests that energy efficiency policies used to reduce carbon emissions might actually increase overall energy consumption the result would be an unintended increase in carbon emissions this paper examines the underlying issues of this so called rebound effect from both a historical perspective and through the results of a recent macroeconomic analysis completed for the united states depending on the assumptions of income and price elasticities as well as the supply demand interactions within a macroeconomic model the rebound effect might reduce overall savings by about 2 3 compared to a pure engineering analysis in other words an economy wide cost effective engineering savings of 30 might turn out to be only a 29 savings from a macroeconomic perspective despite the impact of a rebound effect the net result of energy efficiency policies can be a highly positive one

supply and demand elasticities in the u s ethanol fuel market abstract the market for ethanol has grown from approximately 1 2 billion gallons in 1997 to almost 5 billion gallons in 2006 with the huge increase in ethanol demand in recent years the growth in derived demand for corn has driven up many food prices this paper uses monthly data from 1997 2006 to estimate the market supply and demand for ethanol at the national level the simultaneous determination of the supply and demand curves using two stage least squares allows for the calculation of supply and demand side elasticities which are important results in light of the tremendous growth in this market and recent legislation concerning ethanol

a view from the macro side rebound backfire and khazzoom brookes abstract this paper attempts to delineate a few key insights extracted from theoretical macroeconomic considerations of the rebound issue the goal has been to reduce these thoughts to a clear set of assertions that if true would be useful points of reference in the ongoing discussion despite their non empirical nature

technological efficiency and the demand for energy road transport this paper reconsiders how far fuel efficiency induced by technological progress and presumably by high energy prices affects energy demand this investigation is motivated by one of the most important phenomenon of recent energy demand developments apparent asymmetry with respect to energy prices

on the rebound feedback between energy intensities and energy uses in iea countries abstract the interaction or feedback between energy efficiencies or energy intensities and energy use has long been the topic of debate some have argued that energy efficiency improvements by reducing energy intensities and therefore lowering the cost of energy services would lead to rebound effects offsetting much or all of any initial savings in energy in this paper we analyse historical data on energy use efficiency and pricing in different sectors to try and identify rebounds for the period of our data since about 1970 we show that key measures of activity car use manufacturing output and structure house area etc have changed little in response to changes in energy prices or efficiency instead continuing their long term evolution relative to gdp or other driving factors while our analysis cannot disentangle more macro level economic feedbacks in a detailed way we show indirectly that such effects also appear to have been small over the 1970s and 1980s overall our analysis of disaggregated sectoral and subsectoral energy use and activity trends in a variety of iea economies suggests that any feedback effect is small compared to both the effects on energy use of changes in energy intensities and overall economic growth we conclude that most of the improvements in energy efficiencies led to reductions in energy intensities observed in the 1970s and 1980s weighted by 1990 activity levels intensities were roughly 15 20 lower in 1994 5 than in 1973 which in turn meant real savings of energy energy demand in iea countries is roughly this much below what it would have been for the same gdp had these savings not occurred rebounds may have taken back some of the overall savings but most remain even after the fall of oil prices in 1986 any boost to gdp as a result of these savings could not have been sufficient to increase energy demand enough to significantly alter these conclusions that the savings remained after the fall in oil prices supports the notion that net savings restrained energy growth relative to gdp in some formulations arise from technological progress even if energy prices do not increase how far this effect can reach however is a matter of considerable debate

heterogeneity in the rebound effect further evidence for germany rebound effects measure the behaviorally induced offset in the reduction of energy consumption following efficiency improvements using both panel estimation and quantile regression methods on household travel diary data collected in germany between 1997 and 2009 this study investigates the heterogeneity of the rebound effect in private transport with the average rebound effect being in the range of 57 to 62 our results are in line with a recent german study by frondel peters and vance 2008 but are substantially larger than those obtained from other studies furthermore our quantile regression results indicate that the magnitude of estimated fuel price elasticities from which rebound effects can be derived depends inversely on the household s driving intensity households with low vehicle mileage exhibit fuel price elasticities and hence rebound effects that are significantly larger than those for households with high vehicle mileage

investment in schooling and the marriage market we present a model in which investment in schooling generates two kinds of returns the labor market return resulting from higher wages and a marriagemarket return defined as the impact of schooling on the marital surplus share one can extract men and women may have different incentives to invest in schooling because of different market wages or household roles this asymmetry can yield a mixed equilibrium with some educated individuals marrying uneducated spouses when the labor market returns to schooling rises home production demands less time and the traditional spousal labor division norms weaken more women may invest in schooling than men

a general equilibrium view of global rebound effects abstract how do energy efficiency gains affect energy consumption the effects are generally called rebound effects in the literature previous studies have extensively focused on only part of the global economy to study rebound effects e g energy consumption by households one industry or one country however since the global economy is highly connected among countries these studies may lead to misleading conclusions if the rebound effects in the rest of the economy are significant recently saunders 2008 analyzes the demand side by taking the global economy as a whole wei 2007 also provides a general analysis by using cobb douglas production functions for the global economy the present article expands wei 2007 general analysis to explore the rebound effects from an economist s viewpoint by taking the global economy as a whole and applying general forms of production functions the analysis provides new insights related to rebound effects we highlight the role of energy supply as a determinant of rebound we show that the substitution between energy resources and other productive resources is more relevant to long term rebound we predict that long term rebound may be lower than short term rebound and we also discover that super conservation can happen in both the short term and the long term

interpreting the capitalist order before and after the marginalist revolution in this article i compare the approaches to process and order of classical political economy and marginalist economics taking into account the implicit ontological commitments of each perspective in their explanation of capitalism i draw on the social ontology developed by tony lawson especially the notion of social positioning the classical political economists studied the capitalist economy as a process of reproduction and distribution of the economic surplus where socio economic order depends on the division of society into social classes after the marginal revolution the classical approach is definitely abandoned in a context where the analysis of human institutions in terms of social positions is progressively replaced by methodological individualism this leads to a conception where the notion of socio economic order is interpreted always in terms of market exchange between individuals and in many cases replaced with a concern with the stability of an equilibrium situation

value price and exploitation the logic of the transformation problem this paper tries to clarify the logical structure of the relationship between labor values and prices from an axiomatic perspective the famous transformation problem is interpreted as an impossibility result for a specific interpretation of value theory based on specific assumptions and definitions a comprehensive review of recent literature is provided which shows that there are various theoretically relevant and logically consistent alternative interpretations based on different assumptions and definitions

sraffa leontief lange the political economy of input output economics abstract the fields of political economy and input output economics are commonly unrelated due to the discrepancy between the qualitative and quantitative analysis in economic science with the aim to overcome this separation this paper relates the basic model of production of commodities by means of commodities to the paradigm of planning as the substitute for the market by sketching the logical historical development of input output economics the model of sraffa the leontief matrices and the political economy of marxist tradition represented by oskar lange are strongly associated so that the typical qualitative concepts of planning law of value and historical development of the capitalist system can be connected to the quantitative framework of matrix programming and mathematical formalization

values prices of production and market prices some more evidence from the greek economy this paper extends the empirical investigation of the relation between labour values and different price forms in the case of the greek economy subjecting the labour theory of value to empirical tests with data from various countries helps in the derivation of general conclusions regarding its empirical validity and practical usefulness our results on the closeness of values and prices as measured by their absolute deviation and correlation the shape of the wage profit curves the predictive power of labour values over market prices compared with other value bases and the comparison of fundamental marxian categories when estimated in value and price terms provide further support for the empirical strength of the labour theory of value

values prices and wage profit curves in the us economy this paper presents labor values and prices of production calculated for the postwar u s economy using a seventy one sector input output model with fixed capital as well as actual wage profit curves during the same period it is found that the cross sectional deviations of values and prices of production from market prices are quite small between 12 and 14 percent on average over time approximately 75 percent of the variation of market prices is accounted for by changes by both values and prices of production and 93 percent of the variation of prices of production is accounted for by changes in labor values wage profit curves exhibit near linearity casting some doubt on the significance of reswitching for actual economies copyright 1989 by oxford university press

on measuring the deviation of prices from values it has often been found useful to measure in some way the extent to which with profit prices diverge from zero profit values but it is not satisfactory to employ a measure which varies with the choice of numeraire for this element of arbitrariness has nothing to do with the central idea of asking how much the direction of the price vector differs from that of the value vector the authors develop a measure which involves no numeraire and then illustrate its use with data from the united kingdom the irish republic and australia copyright 1998 by oxford university press

nature or nurture learning and the geography of female labor force participation one of the most dramatic economic transformations of the past century has been the entry of women into the labor force while many theories explain why this change took place we investigate the process of transition itself we argue that local information transmission generates changes in participation that are geographically heterogeneous locally correlated and smooth in the aggregate just like those observed in our data in our model women learn about the efiects of maternal employment on children by observing nearby employed women when few women participate in the labor force data is scarce and participation rises slowly as information accumulates in some regions the efiects of maternal employment become less uncertain and more women in that region participate learning accelerates labor force participation rises faster and regional participation rates diverge eventually information difiuses throughout the economy beliefs converge to the truth participation attens out and regions become more similar again to investigate the empirical relevance of our theory we use a new county level data set to compare our calibrated model to the time series and geographic patterns of participation

education and fertility evidence from a natural experiment declining fertility is often attributed to the increased education of women it is difficult to establish a causal link because both fertility and education have changed secularly in this paper we study the connection between fertility and education using educational reform as an instrument to control for selection our results indicate that increasing education leads to postponement of first births away from teenage motherhood and towards women having their first birth in their 20s as well as for a smaller group up to the age of 35 40 we find no evidence however that more education results in more women remaining childless or having fewer children

supply elasticity matters for the rebound effect and its impact on policy comparisons abstract we develop a model of the rebound effect which explicitly accounts for both the demand and supply sides of the energy sources we consider a transportation sector originally using a dirty fossil fuel and examine the relative effectiveness of alternative policies efficiency improvements in the dirty fuel technology sector e g cafe standards and technology shifts by partial adoption of a new clean technology e g low carbon fuel standards the model generates endogenous equilibrium quantities and prices for the dirty and clean fuels we characterize the magnitude of the rebound effect as a function of demand and supply elasticities and use the equilibrium values to compare policy options when the supply of the dirty fuel is inelastic we find that introducing a new technology with non zero emissions may actually increase the total level of emissions similar to the leakage effect a technology shift policy can perform better than an efficiency improvement policy in the dirty fuel sector only when the dirty fuel supply is sufficiently elastic the emission intensity of the new technology very low and the technology shift is greater than a threshold value using data for gasoline as a proxy for the dirty technology and several other cleaner technologies we show that these conditions are satisfied by a hypothetical zero emission technology but not by electric vehicles using the average us generation mix or the current us corn based e85 our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for the supply side in estimating the magnitude of the rebound effect and its impact on fuel consumption in a large scale policy implementation

on the regional labour market determinants of female university enrolment in europe casarico a profeta p and pronzato c d on the regional labour market determinants of female university enrolment in europe regional studies this paper empirically investigates how young women s decisions of investing in post secondary education are affected by labour market outcomes of older women living in the same region eu silc data on educational decisions of women who completed secondary schooling are used and indicators of the regional labour market are constructed exploiting regional and time variability it is found that the share of working women with young children of women with managerial positions and the self employed positively affect the probability to enrol significant effects of these variables for men are not found

what drives markups evolutionary pricing in an agent based stock flow consistent macroeconomic model this paper studies coordination between firms in a multi sectoral macroeconomic model with endogenous business cycles firms are both in competition and interdependent and set their prices with a markup over unit costs markups are heterogeneous and evolve under market pressure we observe a systematic coordination within firms in each sector and between each sector the resulting pattern of relative prices are consistent with the labor theory of value those emerging features are robust to technology shocks

labour time versus alternative value bases a research note this paper provides empirical support for the law of value understood as the proposition that embodied labor time is conserved in exchanges of commodities market prices are well correlated with the sum of direct and indirect labor content is it possible to produce equally good correlations by taking the sum of direct and indirect x content where x is some input other than labor time the authors repeat the analysis for electricity iron and steel and oil and show that the answer is no the high correlations in the case of labor time are therefore not a statistical artifact copyright 1997 by oxford university press

the rebound effect some empirical evidence from india abstract the present paper looks at the effect of technical efficiency gains on energy use in three sectors in india at varying levels of aggregation high positive rebound implies that efficient technology unless supplemented by appropriate pricing policy will not be successful in containing demand however the main purpose of the paper is to focus on the unique mechanism of rebound that may occur in developing countries with unmet demand

safe port in a storm the impact of labor market conditions on community college enrollments the paper examines the impact of the business cycle on enrollments and finances at individual community colleges between the late 1960s and the mid 1980s we find that 1 percent increases in the unemployment rates of recent high school graduates and of all adults are associated with rises in full time attendance of about 0 5 percent and 4 percent respectively part time enrollment exhibits similar anticyclical patterns this link carries over in large part to degrees obtained in contrast state and local appropriations per student are procyclical we interpret this funding pattern as a failure to integrate education policy sufficiently closely with labor market policy

the more the merrier the effect of family size and birth order on children s education there is an extensive theoretical literature that postulates a tradeoff between child quantity and quality within a family however there is little causal evidence that speaks to this theory using a rich dataset on the entire population of norway over an extended period of time we examine the effects of family size and birth order on the educational attainment of children while we find a negative correlation between family size and children s education when we include indicators for birth order and or use twin births as an instrument family size effects become negligible in addition birth order has a significant and large negative effect on children s education we also study adult earnings employment and teenage childbearing and find strong evidence for birth order effects with these outcomes particularly among women these findings suggest the need to revisit economic models of fertility and child production focusing not only on differences across families but differences within families as well

the neo ricardians focuses on the neoclassical theory of economics in great britain calculation for the standard commodity assumptions of piedro sraffa on the cycle of production functions of the rate of return ebsco

the greenhouse effect the fallacies in the energy efficiency solution abstract the view that widespread improvements in energy efficiency can by themselves do anything to halt the build up of greenhouse gases around the globe is fundamentally unsound it is based on the same fallacies that underlie the claim that energy savings from improving efficiency can substitute for new energy supply the paper by keepin and kats1 claiming that per tonne of coal not burned improvements in energy efficiency are more cost effective than substituting nuclear for coal fired power is therefore an irrelevancy as far as this debate is concerned reductions is energy intensity of output that are not damaging to the economy are associated with increases not decreases in energy demand at the macroeconomic level even within the boundaries of their own flawed approach their attempt2 to refute the critique of their thesis made by jones3 was little more than misdirected grape shot with no discernable connected thread of argument

on sraffa s standard commodity the necessity of expressing the relative price of a commodity in terms of another commodity makes it impossible to distinguish that part of any change that can be ascribed to the characteristics of the commodity itself from the part of that change that is to be ascribed to the characteristics of the commodity of reference i e the numeraire ricardo 1817 was the first to point out this problem and the need to find an invariable measure of value but he was not able to solve the problem in 1960 sraffa suggested using a bundle of commodities that he called standard commodity to accomplish this function claiming that it was a standard of value invariant with respect to changes in the distribution of income but in sraffa s book there is no explicit proof of this claim this gave rise to many misunderstandings about the standard commodity and its role as invariable measure of value this paper proposes a proper definition of an invariable measure of value and then proves that the sraffa standard commodity does fulfil the requirements of this definition copyright 2004 oxford university press

the macroeconomic rebound effect in china the rebound effect measures the fraction of an energy efficiency improvement that is offset by increased energy consumption a rebound effect can arise at both the microeconomic level and the macroeconomic level the macroeconomic rebound effect measures the effect of an increase in energy efficiency on overall energy demand after markets adjust and re equilibrate at the macroeconomic level energy efficiency gains can increase energy consumption through two channels the macroeconomic price effect and the macroeconomic growth effect in this paper we econometrically estimate the macroeconomic energy rebound effect in china our results show that there is a statistically significant macroeconomic price rebound effect for china for each province and for the short run intermediate run and the long run we also find some evidence of a macroeconomic growth rebound in the short run and the intermediate run for some years either nation wide or for some provinces in china moreover for some years and some provinces we cannot reject backfire the rebound effect is an important phenomenon that the government of china should not neglect when making energy policy as it affects how improvements in energy efficiency translate into changes in energy consumption

labour values prices of production and the missing equalisation tendency of profit rates evidence from the german economy during recent years several empirical studies have found that deviations from labour values to market prices are quite small however most of these articles do not offer a detailed reason for this result in this paper two theoretical justifications of the labour theory of value are brought together with some data concerning labour values prices of production and market prices on the basis of german input output tables from 2000 and 2004 in addition the statistical characteristics of profit rates are analysed both of the theoretical arguments are much in line with the empirical observations because there is only a slight transformation tendency and at the same time profit rates and capital intensity are negatively correlated moreover during the period under observation the german economy seems to be in a state of statistical equilibrium copyright oxford university press

quantitative empirical research in marxist political economy a selective review this paper surveys quantitative empirical research in some key areas of marxist political economy following an introductory section on the value controversy the paper surveys quantitative empirical research on the following topics a marxist national accounts b classical marxist theory of relative prices c probabilistic political economy d profitability analysis and e classical marxian theories of growth and technical change i end by highlighting two important puzzles in the extant literature

career interruptions and subsequent earnings a reexamination using swedish data this paper reexamines the link between career interruptions and subsequent wages using a rich new swedish dataset we are able to disaggregate time out of work into several components regressing

the deviation of production prices from labour values some methodology and empirical evidence contrary to what is expected from indirect evidence and two commodity hypothetical examples the evdie nce provided in this paper supports david ricardo s empirical proposi tion that relative prices of production are mainly determined by labo r value ratios the results obtained indicate that a 1 percent change in profit rate will cause relative prices to change up to 2 percent and as the profit rate on gross capital is approximately 5 percent o ne ends up with a 90 percent labor theory of value the empirical evidence refers to the yugoslav economy but the factors that determ ine the deviations considered turn out to be of the same order of mag nitude as in other economies copyright 1987 by oxford university press

on the present state of the capital controversy the post war capital controversy seems to have had two distinguishable stages thanks to the unambiguous phenomena of reswitching and reverse capital deepening the first stage was conclusive in discarding from pure theory the traditional versions of neoclassical theory that relied on the notion of capital as a single quantity subsequently however when the implications of those phenomena took centre stage in the controversy together with the reformulations of the theory which intended to do away with the quantity of capital several misunderstandings prevented i shall contend decisive progress in the analysis and we entered an inconclusive phase of the discussion