u s trade remedy law and agriculture trade diversion and investigation effects we study u s agricultural antidumping and countervailing duty cases from 1980 to 2005 and gauge the effectiveness of trade remedy law as a form of protection the purpose is to measure the resulting investigation and trade diversion effects previous research on trade in manufactured products has shown that the domestic protection offered by ad and cv duties is largely offset by trade diversion in contrast we find that for agriculture trade diversion is relatively unimportant so ad and cvd cases are very effective forms of protection for u s agriculture les auteurs etudient les cas de tarifs antidumping et de tarifs compensatoires dans l agriculture aux etats unis entre 1980 et 2005 et evaluent l efficience de cette forme de protection l objectif est de mesurer les effets resultant des enquetes et de la diversion de commerce des etudes anterieures sur le commerce de produits manufacturiers ont montre que la protection offerte par ces mesures antidumping et compensatoires etait largement contrebalancee par la diversion de commerce a contrario il appert qu en agriculture la diversion de commerce est relativement peu importante voila qui fait que les mesures antidumping et compensatoires sont des formes de protection efficientes pour l agriculture americaine

us mexico fresh vegetable trade the effects of trade liberalization and economic growth abstract studies of us mexico vegetable trade have generally emphasized the importance of us tariffs in determining the competitive advantage of us producers even so research has identified at least four factors related primarily to the different levels of economic development in the us and mexico that also have important effects on us mexico agricultural trade in general and fresh vegetable trade in particular these include the differential growth rates of us and mexican real wages production technology yields and per capita income as well as cyclical movements in the real mexican peso us dollar exchange rate this study examines the relative contribution of nafta and the development related factors to likely future changes in us fresh vegetable imports from mexico the analysis employs an econometric simulation model of us and mexican markets for five fresh vegetables tomatoes cucumbers squash bell peppers and onions accounting for 80 of us fresh vegetable imports the results suggest that the 1994 1995 peso devaluation rather than nafta was primarily responsible for the sharp increase in us imports of mexican vegetables observed in the first years following the implementation of nafta over time however the results suggest that differences in the growth rates of us and mexican production yields and to a lesser extent of us and mexican real incomes and or real wage rates could plausibly contribute more to the future growth of us tomato squash and onion imports from mexico than the trade liberalizing effects of nafta

on the causal links between fdi and growth in developing countries we analyse the granger causal relationships between foreign direct investment fdi and gdp in a sample of 31 developing countries covering 31 years using estimators for heterogeneous panel data we find bi directional causality between the fdi to gdp ratio and the level of gdp fdi has a lasting impact on gdp while gdp has no longrun impact on the fdi to gdp ratio in that sense fdi causes growth furthermore in a model for gdp and fdi as a fraction of gross capital formation gcf we also find long run effects from fdi to gdp this finding may be interpreted as evidence in favour of the hypotheses that fdi has an impact on gdp via knowledge transfers and adoption of new technology

imports and the supply of winter tomatoes an application of rational expectations a model of the florida tomato industry is formulated under the hypothesis that growers make production decisions as rational economic agents this assumption implies that anticipated mexican tomato imports as well as other economic variables are taken into account when the planting decision is made maximum likelihood estimation methods are used to solve the simultaneous equations model and the implications of the model s reduced form are analyzed the empirical findings are consistent with the rational expectations hypothesis that producers respond to market information in its entirety when making acreage decisions key vwords expectations imports mexico rational expectations supply response tomatoes florida produces about 90 of u s tomatoes harvested for fresh use during the november to mid june season since the cuban trade embargo of february 1962 mexico has become the major foreign supplier of fresh winter tomatoes the total fresh winter tomato market in the united states has been almost equally shared by florida and mexico in recent years the rivalry for this market reached the point in 1978 that florida growers charged that mexican producers were dumping their product on the u s market schmitz firch hillman many florida growers suggest that unless mexican tomato imports are limited the florida tomato industry will effectively disappear primary attention in this paper is focused on domestic tomato acreage allocations in light of the mexican influence on the winter tomato market the paper does not attempt to evaluate the welfare effects of mexican imports on the florida tomato industry in addition to the emphasis on acreage response the domestic quantity and price effects are also considered most efforts to explain acreage devoted to agricultural crops have utilized some variant of a cobweb model because the ultimate price of the crop cannot be ascertained until the completion of the production cycle nevertheless if the supply and demand framework is truly representative of the way the market works an alternative to lagged price for representing the anticipated price for the crop is the price prediction of the supply and demand model itself thus acreage would be dependent on the expected price of the crop and expected price would result from the solution of the supply and demand model for price on the basis of information available at planting time the underlying hypothesis is that producers are acting in accordance with the information available to them at planting time and in a way represented by the interaction in the supply and demand model viewed in this way planted acreage decisions would be based on such factors as anticipated mexican imports and their attendant effect on the price of tomatoes one distinction between this and the traditional cobweb framework is that in the latter case lagged imports may influence planted acreage via their effect on lagged prices but any impact expected imports might have on current price is ignored in the acreage

implications of immigration policies for the u s farm sector and workforce i background in 1942 the united states and mexico signed the bracero program a formal agreement to draw seasonal labor to work in u s agriculture which provided employment opportunities to poor rural mexicans 1 however this program was abolished in 1964 ending the legal seasonal labor supply to u s agriculture in the southwestern states concurrently the united states passed the immigration act of 1965 establishing a quota of 120 000 legal immigrants per year the abandonment of the bracero program the new legal immigrants quota limits and economic inequality between the united states and mexico paved the way for steady entry of illegal laborers and led to eventual insurmountable illegal immigration population in the united states because illegal immigration was not a serious problem in the 1960s and 1970s legislation addressed only the number of legal immigrants allowed to enter the united states but in the 1980s illegal immigration began to emerge as a national problem and extensive debates entrenched around issues such as preventing the entry of unauthorized workers providing public services to illegal immigrants and even legalizing these workers consequently the u s congress attempted to address the immigration problems by enacting the 1986 immigration reform and control act irca the goals of irca were to eliminate the stock of undocumented workers through amnesty 2 and domestic enforcement of employer sanctions and curb the influx of illegal immigrants by increasing the border surveillance amnesty failed to eliminate the stock of illegal immigrants because only about half of the illegal immigrants filed for citizenship and it created future expectation of amnesty and more illegal unauthorized entry furthermore domestic sanctions on employers of undocumented workers and deportation of these workers were scantly enforced to stop the influx of immigrants irca focused heavily on tightening border control the irca also legislated the h 2a program which allowed agricultural employers to bring in guest workers during seasonal operations ers 2007 however farmers complained that the cumbersome paperwork of h 2a and bureaucratic delay were not conducive to procure seasonal laborers at the time of peak farm operations such as vegetable and fruit picking 3 in spite of irca s amnesty provision and strengthened control measures illegal immigration continued to rise about 12 million unauthorized immigrants resided in the united states in 2007 martin 2007 which is reaffirmed by many popular press reports leading to an extended congressional debate that began at the start of this decade to solve the illegal immigration problem several bills were proposed by the house of representatives the senate and the white house addressing issues related to increased domestic and border enforcements 4 paths to citizenship and guest worker programs montgomery 2006 these bills were not passed because of major disagreements among lawmakers over providing citizenship and guest worker programs as a result of the failed legislations and the september 11 attack the government primarily focused on border security accordingly funding for border enforcement has steadily increased 5 and resources were diverted from domestic to border enforcement however boucher and taylor 2007 documented that increased funding to secure the border did not deter undocumented workers from crossing the border because determined immigrants eventually find a way to enter the country by repeated attempts following september 11 2001 the u s immigration and customs enforcement ice further decreased the number of human hours devoted to worksite inspection because monitoring critical infrastructure took priority gao 2005 for example from 1999 to 2003 the number of human hours for domestic enforcement decreased from 480 000 to 18 000 6 7 but by late 2005 the u

self selection bias in longitudinal estimation of wage gaps cross sectional regression analyses of wage gaps may be biased by omission of unobserved worker characteristics recent studies therefore have used longitudinal data to difference out the effects of such variables this paper however shows that self selection of job changers may cause longitudinal estimation of wage gaps to be inconsistent

whose greed whose grievance and whose opportunity effects of foreign direct investments fdi on internal conflict abstract this paper investigates the influence of foreign direct investments on the probability of civil conflict onset contributing to the debate on globalization and civil conflict i relax the common assumption that all forms of globalization are equivalent in their effects on civil conflict i also incorporate the cross sectoral heterogeneity of investments in existing arguments about the socioeconomic externalities of foreign direct investments as determinants of conflict with long time horizons and managerial control of their foreign affiliates foreign direct investors are strategic players aiming to maximize profits and uniquely able to alter their environment through socio political channels this distinguishes fdi from trade and foreign portfolio investments through a combination of political agency and socio economic influences on grievance and greed among domestic groups some types of fdi are likely to alleviate the risk of civil conflict service sector fdi while others exacerbate it primary sector fdi analyses using a new data set of sector specific fdi stock 1980 2013 lend empirical support to the argument showing that economic globalization can have simultaneous positive and negative externalities these findings are informative for the current dialogue on the role of global markets in sustainable development

migration transfers and economic decision making among agricultural households an introduction abstract the increasing volume of remittances and public transfers in rural areas of the developing world has raised hopes that these inflows may serve as an effective mechanism for reducing poverty in the long term by facilitating investments and raising productivity particularly in agriculture where market failures are most manifest the seven papers in this special issue systematically test the relationship between transfers and productive spending amongst rural households in six different countries overall the studies embrace a less optimistic view of the role of migration and public and private transfers on agriculture with migration as facilitating a transition away from agriculture or to models of less labour intensive agriculture

economic reforms fdi and economic growth in india a sector level analysis summary booming foreign direct investment fdi in post reform india is widely believed to promote economic growth we assess this proposition by subjecting industry specific fdi and output data to granger causality tests within a panel cointegration framework it turns out that the growth effects of fdi vary widely across sectors fdi stocks and output are mutually reinforcing in the manufacturing sector whereas any causal relationship is absent in the primary sector most strikingly we find only transitory effects of fdi on output in the services sector however fdi in the services sector appears to have promoted growth in the manufacturing sector through cross sector spillovers

rent seeking in international trade the great tomato war this paper presents a model of international rent seeking activities by producers in both exporting and importing nations the model is applied to the winter vegetable trade between the united states and mexico an analysis is made of the attempts to form export import coalitions reasons for these failures are given due to past failures to impede trade essentially free trade in winter vegetables between the two countries exists

migration to the united states and mexican rural development a case study an analysis of the impact of migration to the united states on the sending community and on the labor market in the receiving country is presented based on a case study of las animas mexico as the community becomes increasingly involved in migration tendencies can be identified regarding changing migration patterns class differentiation among villagers impact of migration on village economy and the changing role of mexican workers in california labor markets results indicate the importance of social networks in determining the outcome of migration while migration is individually rational it is a factor of stagnation for village economy and it helps reproduce segmented california labor markets excerpt

u s mexican trade in winter vegetables and illegal immigration this paper presents an integrated approach to u s mexican trade in a labor intensive commodity fresh winter tomatoes and illegal immigration of agricultural labor a seven equation econometric model is developed that includes excess demand u s import and supply mexican export equations for fresh winter tomatoes u s demand and mexican supply equations for apprehensible individuals intercountry price and wage relationship equations and a u s border patrol apprehension effort equation the empirical results indicate that both u s and mexico economic conditions affect the number of apprehended illegal mexican aliens the results also indicate that immigration and trade policies affect apprehensions

agricultural export dumping the case of mexican winter vegetables in the u s market this paper examines the 1978 agricultural dumping charge brought by florida winter vegetable producers against mexican growers it discusses fair value in the context of three antidumping criteria prices at home and abroad selling below cost of production and third market test the u s department of commerce found in favor of the mexican producers by using the third market test a test which leads to ambiguous results it is the authors contention that the law should be changed so that future cases can be decided on a normal business practice concept accounting for production and costing decisions unique to highly perishable products

the producer welfare effects of trade liberalization when goods are perishable and habit forming the case of asparagus asparagus is a perishable highly seasonal crop we find that out of season imports of asparagus caused habit formation that increased demand in the u s growing seasons we find that habit effects offset about 64 of the welfare losses to u s asparagus producers from increased mexican imports under nafta and all of the u s producer welfare losses from increased peruvian imports under the andean trade preference act we estimate that the u s producer welfare losses from nafta are less than the annualized value of market loss assistance provided them in the 2008 farm bill jel classifications d12 f130 q17 q18

an estimate of a sectoral model of labor mobility this paper develops a model of sectoral labor mobility and tests its main implications the model nests two distinct hypotheses on the origin of mobility a sectoral shocks and b worker employer mismatch we estimate the relative importance of each hypothesis and find that the bulk of labor mobility is caused by mismatch rather than by sectoral shift we then try to put a value on society s match specific information that is we ask to what extent the availability of the option to change jobs raises gnp we find that the mobility option raises expected earnings by roughly between 8 5 percent and 13 percent of labor earnings which translates to an increase in gnp of between 6 percent and 9 percent

unintended consequence of trade on regional dietary patterns in rural india abstract this paper investigates how trade liberalisation has contributed to a dietary shift from one dominated by traditional staples to one high in animal products a trend that is associated with both improved intake in micronutrients and higher rates of obesity and other diet related diseases in developing countries in the context of india s trade liberalisation in 1991 we examine whether the difference in consumption of cereals and animal products across rural regions before and after the reforms can be attributed to their differential degree of exposure to tariff reductions the estimates reveal that trade reforms have a negative impact on cereal consumption through reducing edible oil prices and a positive effect on the consumption of animal products through enhancing consumer tastes towards these foods these findings provide evidence for the role of trade in supporting dietary diversity and highlight the need for complementary policies to enhance the coherence between trade policy and nutrition actions

job search and cyclical unemployment a model economy is described that integrates job search and signal extraction analysis equilibrium differs from search models without signal extraction in that even with a fixed real sector unemployment fluctuates stochastically it differs from standard signal extraction models because search introduces persistence in fact unemployment follows a second order difference equation with coefficient that are functions of current and lagged values of the stochastic shocks thus the model has the potential to mimic actual business cycle data despite the fact that the underlying shocks are independently and identically distributed policy implications are discussed

migration and technical efficiency in cereal production evidence from burkina faso this article uses a double bootstrap procedure and survey data from burkina faso in a two stage estimation to explore ways in which continental and intercontinental migration determine efficiency in cereal production of rural households findings suggest that continental migration has a positive relation and intercontinental migration no relation with technical efficiency for continental migrant households migration has removed surplus male labor a cause for inefficiency in production intercontinental migration leads to a gender imbalance in the household which cannot be compensated for by investments in farm equipment the failure of intercontinental migration to transform cereal production from traditional to modern is attributed to an imperfect market environment

the liberalization of retail services in india summary despite the recent controversy about opening up the distribution sector to foreign retailers there is political will that remains in favor of pushing through reforms in india in this paper we quantify the economic impact of the removal of barriers to foreign investment in multi brand retailing on different stakeholders using a newly developed general equilibrium model the model accounts explicitly for both foreign direct investment and the activities of foreign affiliates using heterogeneous production technologies we find that the unilateral reduction of barriers to fdi in distribution services in india benefits the economy as a whole consumers and foreign producers but hurts domestic distributors nevertheless when we consider the associated productivity improvements documented in the literature to downstream and upstream industries we find that domestic producers are expected to benefit from the liberalization of the distribution sector as well

private foreign investment in india pain or panacea private foreign capital whose presence in indian industry was long regarded with concern and suspicion is now presented as a panacea for india s poor industrial and export performance this paper examines available evidence to compare the behaviour and performance of domestic and foreign controlled firms in india over the last five decades it discusses the contribution of foreign capital to aggregate investment balance of payments and economic growth we assess the effects of government policy towards foreign investment review recent changes and outline implications for the future

foreign direct investments environmental externalities and capital segmentation in a rural economy this paper examines the possible effects of external investment inflows on the development of local rural economies taking into account two recurrent features of many developing countries capital market segmentation and environmental externalities to investigate this issue we examine a model with two sectors the local sector and the external sector physical capital accumulation in the latter sector is driven by foreign direct investments while in the former sector it follows a solow type accumulation mechanism we assume that the production activity of the external sector damages the environment while the local sector relies on natural resources in this context we give the conditions under which capital inflows can promote diversification of host economy while improving welfare of local populations if these conditions are not satisfied external investments fuel a welfare reducing process for the local community and a self enforcing growth of the external sector at the expense of the local one

foreign direct investment and growth in india a cointegration approach the two way link between foreign direct investment and growth for india is explored using a structural cointegration model with vector error correction mechanism the existence of two cointegrating vectors between gdp fdi the unit labour cost and the share of import duty in tax revenue is found which captures the long run relationship between fdi and gdp a parsimonious vector error correction model vecm is then estimated to find the short run dynamics of fdi and growth our vecm model reveals three important features a gdp in india is not granger caused by fdi the causality runs more from gdp to fdi b trade liberalization policy of the indian government had some positive short run impact on the fdi flow and c fdi tends to lower the unit labour cost suggesting that fdi in india is labour displacing

liberalization fdi and growth in developing countries a panel cointegration approach using a panel cointegration framework the article explores the two way link between fdi and growth for a panel of 23 developing countries in addition it investigates the impact of liberalization on the dynamics of the fdi and gdp relationship a long run cointegrating relationship is found between fdi and gdp after allowing for heterogeneous country effects the cointegrating vectors reveal a bidirectional causality between gdp and fdi for more open economies for relatively closed economies long run causality appears unidirectional and runs from gdp to fdi implying that growth and fdi are not mutually reinforcing under restrictive trade and investment regimes

do wages rise with job seniority many previous studies have found a strong positive effect of job seniority tenure on wages this paper re examines the evidence using a simple instrumental variables scheme to deal with the fact that tenure is likely to be related to unobserved individual and job characteristics that affect the wage we use the variation of tenure over a given job match as the principal instrumental variable for tenure the variation in tenure over the job is uncorrelated by construction with the fixed individual and job match specific components of the error term of the wage equation our main finding is that the partial effect of tenure on wages is small and that general labour market experience and job shopping account for most wage growth over a career the strong cross section relationship between tenure and wages is due primarily to heterogeneity bias prior researchers see mincer and jovanovic 1981 bartel and borjas 1981 borjas 1981 cline 1979 and mellow 1981 and many others have established that job seniority has a strong positive relationship with wage rates in a cross section or a cross section time series of individuals in this paper we re evaluate the evidence concerning the partial effects on wages of job seniority tenure and total labour market experience the extent to which wages rise with tenure is important for several reasons first and foremost the wage tenure profile is a fundamental question about the structure of earnings over careers second the wage tenure profile is a key determinant of the extent to which the earnings power of individuals is tied to specific jobs and it is important for assessment of the losses suffered by displaced workers hamermesh 1984 third evidence that wages rise with job tenure has been used to explain the decline in quits with tenure since the wage growth on the current job lowers the probability that the worker will locate a superior alternative a growing theoretical literature surveyed in parsons 1984 has taken the evidence of a strong wage tenure profile at face value and sought to provide an explanation for the relationship the most prominent explanation is the theory of specific human capital oi 1962 becker 1962 mincer 1974 parsons 1972 kuratani 1973 and hashimoto 1980 in which the growth of wages with tenure holding experience constant is attributed to the worker s share of investments in firm specific skills more recently lazear 1981 has presented a supervision model of wage growth in which firms defer compensation as a means of inducing workers not to shirk freeman 1977 and harris and holmstrom 1982 provide an explanation for wage growth based on an insurance motive salop and salop 1976 nickell 1976 and guasch and weiss 1982 present adverse selection models of wage growth in which firms use a wage tenure profile as a

does unmeasured ability explain inter industry wage differentials this paper provides empirical assessments of the two leading explanations of measured inter industry wage differentials 1 true wage differentials exist across industries and 2 the measured differentials simply reflect unmeasured differences in workers productive abilities first we summarize the existing evidence on the unmeasured ability explanation second we construct a simple model which shows that if matching is important then endogenous job change decisions can create important self selection biases even in first differenced estimates of industry wage differentials third we analyze a sample that approximates the experiment of exogenous job loss we find that i the wage change experienced by a typical industry switcher closely resembles the difference in the relevant industry differentials estimated in a cross section and ii pre displacement industry affiliation plays an important role in post displacement wage determination

permanent differences in unemployment and permanent wage differentials this paper tests for the existence of wage premiums based on geographic and industry unemployment differences these differences are broken down into permanent and transitory components in equations controlling for variation in state generosity of unemployment insurance benefits findings indicate that wage premiums arise for long run unemployment differences but that negative short run shocks to industries generate wage cuts while positive shocks generate wage hikes therefore labor contracts accommodate long term anticipated unemployment and entail sharing of short term unemployment risks

agricultural price policy employment and migration in a diversified rural economy a village town cge analysis from mexico using the village town computable general equilibrium cge model this paper explores the implications of resource mobility across farm and non farm activities and alternative model closure rules in shaping agricultural policy impacts two sets of agricultural policy experiments on three alternative model closure scenarios were conducted using data from a 1993 survey of 196 households in michoacan mexico including 53 in a town or county seat and 143 in the surrounding villages experiment 1 simulates the village town economy wide impact of a 10 decrease in the support price for staples experiment 2 combines this support price decrease with a compensating lump sum income transfer to staple producers similar to what actually occurred under mexicos procampo program results show that the prediction made by the aggregate cge model that mexicos agricultural price liberalization reduces rural employment and incomes and stimulates migration was not materialized the decline in staple production has been relatively small and it has concentrated on large commercial farms rather than in small farm sector in which most producers are found and from which most migrants originate however with the use of village town model and microsurvey data the authors demonstrated that under plausible market closure conditions mexicos staple price liberalization has a minimal effect on rural wagers and migration this is contrary to the predictions of the aggregated cge model

bilateral investment treaties and fdi does the sector matter summary developing and transition countries have increasingly engaged in the signing of bilateral investment treaties bits in order to attract fdi based on the widely shared view that fdi can contribute significantly to economic development and poverty reduction however the degree to which foreign investments can be expected to generate employment offer access to international technology and know how and ultimately create growth varies considerably depending on the type of investment it is therefore important to determine what type of fdi is attracted by bits by providing a legal commitment to the fair and equitable treatment of foreign investors bits aim to decrease investment risk and to attract foreign investors we argue that bits can be expected to be most effective in those sectors of the economy with a larger risk of expropriation i e sectors characterized by large sunk costs relatively low levels of firm specific know how and in sectors that are politically sensitive to foreign ownership this paper represents the first attempt to empirically study the heterogeneous effect that bits may have across different sectors of investments we analyze investments made in 13 countries in the former soviet union and central and eastern europe disaggregated over seven sectors we indeed find the effect of bits to differ considerably across sectors of investment using capital intensity as a proxy we confirm that fdi in those sectors with higher sunk costs responds more strongly to the signing of bits given the considerable differences in the development impact that can be expected from fdi in different sectors it remains to be shown whether bits are an effective tool to attract those types of investments that are most beneficial for the development of the host economy

mismatch versus derived demand shift as causes of labour mobility labour mobility may be caused by shifts in the derived demand for labour on the part of firms or sectors or it may be caused by mismatches between workers and their jobs both reasons may be important and this paper merges them into one model it explores the consequences for a wage tenure relationships and b the issue of sluggishness of wages caused by the implied selectivity of workers into preferred jobs and sectors

reforming the wto to defuse potential trade conflicts in genetically modified goods perdikis nicholas kerr w a hobbs j e reforming the wto to defuse potential trade disputes in genetically modified goods world economy 2002 24 3 pp 379 398

the location choices of foreign investors a district level analysis in india this paper analyzes the determinants of the location choices made by foreign investors at the district level in india to gauge the relative importance of economic geography factors local business conditions and the presence of previous foreign investors we employ a discretechoice model and poisson regressions to control for the potential violation of the assumption of independence of irrelevant alternatives our sample includes about 19 500 foreign investment projects approved in 447 districts from 1991 2005 we find that foreign investors strongly prefer locations where other foreign investors are they are also attracted to industrially diverse locations and those with better infrastructure we conclude that the concentration of fdi in a few locations could fuel regional divergence in post reform india

aid and growth what does the cross country evidence really show abstract we examine the effects of aid on growth in cross sectional and panel data after correcting for the possible bias that poorer or stronger growth may draw aid contributions to recipient co

does foreign direct investment lead to productivity spillovers firm level evidence from indonesia this paper examines whether spillovers from foreign direct investment fdi make any contribution to productivity growth in the indonesian chemical and pharmaceutical firms using plant level panel data the spillover effects from fdi are analyzed using a stochastic frontier approach and productivity growth is decomposed using a generalized malmquist output oriented index the results show positive productivity spillovers from fdi higher competition is associated with larger spillovers and domestic firms with r d gain more spillover benefits compared to those without r d fdi spillovers are found to be positive and significant for technological progress and positive but not significant for technical and scale efficiency change

does nonagricultural labor relax farmers credit constraints evidence from longitudinal data for vietnam we examine the relationship between participation in nonagricultural labor activities and farming production decisions focusing on the use of inputs using longitudinal data for vietnam from 1993 to 1998 we find that households engaged in nonagricultural labor spend significantly more on seeds services hired labor and livestock inputs this is consistent with the hypothesis that nonagricultural labor income relaxes credit constraints to farming

impact of foreign direct investment volatility on economic development in the indian subcontinent using annual data over forty years from 1975 to 2014 this study investigates the gross domestic product gdp growth and the conditional volatility of foreign direct investment fdi in the indian subcontinent the study reports the rising trends of both fdi and gdp and documents that the greater than expected fdi due to innovative shocks or policy innovations positively influences conditional volatility of fdi which in turn positively contributes to the economic growth development the conditional volatility used in the study is the variance derived from the diagnostically selected exponential garch egarch model the study also reports the causality of both the fdi and its volatility across borders more specifically it reports bidirectional causality of fdi between india and pakistan but unidirectional causality from bangladesh to both india and pakistan it further documents that this volatility is persistent in all the economies and that it spillovers from both india and pakistan to bangladesh the evidence attributes the economic development in the indian subcontinent to the economic or policy innovations in attracting fdi the findings of this study thus contribute to the literature by documenting the contrasting evidence that the volatility along with the trend of fdi contributes to the economic development and by reconciling the contrasting evidence

technology market policies and institutional reform for sustainable land use in southern mali to identify appropriate interventions that support sustainable land use a farm household modelling approach is applied to analyze micro economic supply reactions to various policy measures the modelling framework links agro technical and economic data and takes both production and consumption decisions into account allowing land use and production technology adjustments in accordance with farm household objectives different types of farm households are distinguished on the basis of their resource endowments savings coefficients and time discount rate actual and alternative sustainable cropping and livestock activities for different weather regimes are defined for southern mali the effects on sustainable land use and expected farm household welfare of adopting alternative technologies and modifying prices transaction costs access to credit and land taxes are demonstrated even with full information on sustainable technologies strong policy interventions are required to halt soil degradation structural policies proved to be more effective than price policies to reduce soil degradation while maintaining positive income effects when prices are determined endogenously structural policy loses some effectiveness as an incentive for sustainable land use due to the effect of additional supply on local cereal and meat prices

game theoretic models of wage bargaining this paper aims at being a tool to help apply game theoretic bargaining models to wage negotiations in this perspective we review a number of articles which explicitly deal with wage determination as well as purely game theoretical models which we believe can be fruitfully extended to account for specific features of labour markets we discuss some common shortcomings in the wage negotiation literature and suggest possible lines of research worth pursuing to deal with such weaknesses