engendering foreign direct investment family structure labor markets and international capital mobility abstract in this paper i develop a theoretical foundation for analyzing how gender roles in the household affect foreign direct investment in a developing country context it is argued that the extent to which women and men share the costs of social reproduction at the household level is a central determinant of women s labor supply and the profitability of investment i combine a model of family structure with a structuralist macroeconomic model to investigate the effects of various public policies on women s wages and employment a major goal is to specify the constraints imposed by international capital mobility on the prospects for increased equality and living standards for women

global feminization through flexible labor abstract the emphasis on structural adjustment and labor flexibility in both developing and industrialized economies is rapidly altering the nature of employment women are being substituted for men and many forms of work are being converted into the kinds of jobs traditionally geared to women international data on recent trends in female economic activity reveal that new types of labor data are needed to highlight the mechanisms of control over workers and the actual economic forms of vulnerability to which women are exposed the paper concludes by posing questions that challenge the traditional concerns of donors and policy makers in many developing countries

estimating impact of cassava research for development approach on productivity uptake and food security in malawi cassava in malawi is the second most important staple food crop after maize this paper assesses the impact of agricultural research for development approach in malawi on cassava yields per capita area planted to cassava and household calorie intake from cassava and maize given the growing interest over the past decade in agricultural research for development as an innovation systems approach for improving the delivery of research derived benefits to smallholder farmers and having impact in africa this paper provides empirical evidence as to the effects of this framework the paper concludes that malawi s cassava research for development has contributed to measurable gains in area planted to cassava cassava yields and household caloric intake

sdg 8 decent work and economic growth a gendered analysis abstract sdg 8 calls for promoting sustained inclusive and sustainable economic growth full and productive employment and decent work for all even as it highlights the importance of labour rights for all it also makes visible some significant tensions we note for example that despite many critiques of narrow economic measures of growth the focus here remains on gdp and per capita growth this is problematic we argue because the gdp productive boundary excludes much of social reproductive work this puts sdg8 in tension with sdg 5 which calls for the recognition of the value of unpaid care and domestic work there has been a significant increase in the rate of working women in the formal and informal sector however there has not been a subsequent gender shift in the doing of social reproductive work in this paper we argue sdg 8 s focus on decent work and economic growth is inadequate that productive employment and decent work for all men and women by 2030 needs to take into account the value and costs of social reproduction we trace key historical debates on work to argue that both gender and labour rights have to underpin sdg 8 if its promise of inclusive sustainable and decent work is to be realized

economic globalization and women s employment the case of manufacturing in mexico sociological research has been generally critical of the effects of economic globalization on developing countries however greater worldwide economic integration may have created new employment o

women and globalization a study of 180 countries 1975 2000 how do rising levels of international interconnectedness affect social economic and political conditions for women research on gender and international relations frequently offers clear propositions but seldom submits them to broad quan titative testing this article begins to fill that gap we advance the hypothesis that on balance and over time increasing cross national exchange and communication lead to improvements in women s status and equality economic aspects of global ization can bring new opportunities and resources to women but equally important globalization promotes the diffusion of ideas and norms of equality for women in an analysis of 180 countries from 1975 to 2000 employing cross sectional time series regression techniques we examine the impact of several measures of global ization on women s levels of life expectancy literacy and participation in the economy and parliamentary office international trade foreign direct investment membership in the united nations un and world bank and ratification of the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women cedaw are asso ciated with improved conditions for women how do rising levels of international interconnectedness affect the social eco nomic and political conditions for women competing hypotheses are easy to identify indeed research on gender and international relations sometimes offers clear propositions but seldom submits them to broad quantitative testing this article begins to fill that gap we expect to find a considerably mixed picture some women will benefit from globalization and some will be hurt the status of women will improve in some respects but not others nevertheless we advance the hypothesis that on balance and over time increasing cross national exchange

economic development and gender equality is there a gender kuznets curve this research note examines the relationship between economic development and gender equality drawing on the concept of the kuznets curve the authors hypothesize that the relationship between economic development and gender inequality is curvilinear s shaped with three distinct stages in the first stage economic development improves gender equality because it enables greater female labor force participation an independent income stream increases women s intrahousehold bargaining power the opportunity to develop human capital confers greater political and social recognition in the second stage labor force stratification and gender discrimination encourage divergent male female income trajectories which decrease the opportunity costs of female labor force withdrawal and lend traction to social resistance against burgeoning gender norms consequently there is a deceleration in initial equality gains in the final stage gender equality again improves as greater educational participation and technological advancement provide new employment opportunities for women increase the opportunity costs of staying home and encourage the evolution of new social institutions and norms that overcome prior discriminatory practices the authors find support for this argument in statistical tests of the relationship between economic development and gender equality on a panel of 146 developing countries for the period 1980 2005 they employ four indicators that reflect distinct dimensions of women s political social and economic status they find economic development positively influences gender equality when per capita incomes are below 8 000 10 000 these equality gains level off or decline slightly in the second stage from 8 000 10 000 to about 25 000 30 000 beyond this level economic development is again associated with improvements in gender equality the key implication is that the effect of economic development on gender equality is contingent on the level of development policymakers and social activists should develop policy correctives to ensure that economic development confers improvements in gender equality across phases of development

post keynesian employment analysis and the macroeconomics of oecd unemployment the post keynesian hereafter pk theory of employment is derived from keynes s chapter 3 1936a the principle of effective demand where labour hire demand is derived from an effective demand point determined in the product markets 1 tobin 1992 p 392 states this chapter is the most important innovation of the general theory the effective demand principle means that there is an employment function keynes 1936a chapter 20 relating alternate labour hire decisions to alternate points of effective demand there is no aggregate demand for labour schedule with the real wage as the independent variable davidson 1983

the costs of missing the millennium development goal on gender equity abstract at the millennium summit the world community pledged to promote gender equality and chose as a specific target the achievement of gender equity in primary and secondary education by the year 2005 in every country of the world based on the findings from a growing empirical literature that suggests that gender equity in education promotes economic growth reduced fertility child mortality and undernutrition we estimate what the costs in terms of growth and forgone fertility mortality and undernutrition reduction will be for the 45 countries that are on current projections unlikely to meet the target our estimates suggest that by 2005 the countries that are off track are likely to suffer 0 1 0 3 percentage points lower per capita growth rates as a result will have 0 1 0 4 more children per woman and by 2015 an average of 15 per 1 000 higher rates of under five mortality and 2 5 percentage points higher prevalence of underweight children under five sensitivity analyses suggest that the results are quite robust to using different specifications and approaches to estimating these losses

do regimes matter epistemic communities and mediterranean pollution control international regimes have received increasing attention in the literature on international relations however little attention has been systematically paid to how compliance with them has been achieved an analysis of the mediterranean action plan a coordinated effort to protect the mediterranean sea from pollution shows that this regime actually served to empower a group of experts members of an epistemic community who were then able to redirect their governments toward the pursuit of new objectives acting in an effective transnational coalition these new actors contributed to the development of convergent state policies in compliance with the regime and were also effective in promoting stronger and broader rules for pollution control this suggests that in addition to providing a form of order in an anarchic international political system regimes may also contribute to governmental learning and influence patterns of behavior by empowering new groups who are able to direct their governments toward new ends

economic restructuring gender and the allocation of time abstract a significant aspect of economic life takes place in an area of production largely ignored in standard macroeconomic analysis namely the household production of nonmarketed goods and services these household produced goods and services are vital for social reproduction and human development moreover there is a dynamic interaction between their production and that of the market economy as household members especially women must allocate their time between the two sets of economic activities section 2 provides some stylized facts about the nature and scope of nonmarket activities taking place within the household unit and how they relate to the market economy methodological issues concerning the measurement of the production of nonmarketed goods and services and of time use patterns are discussed in section 3 sections 4 and 5 examine the empirical evidence regarding the intensity of time devoted to nonmarket and market work by women and the resulting consequences on their well being as well as on the development of children there are longterm serious economic and welfare consequences of these responses that make such a topic an urgent one for both academics and policy makers alike a summary of the major points raised concludes the paper

impawn rate optimisation in inventory financing a canonical vine copula based approach abstract in the inventory financing business an optimal impawn rate loan to value ratio can help the inventory financing providers ifps she maintain competitiveness in the inventory financing market however the literature has been silent on how ifps can optimise the business through the optimisation of the impawn rate this study examines the role of the optimal impawn rate in the inventory financing business the key to setting the optimal impawn rate is first evaluating default probability and then incorporating this into the profit function we use a data driven approach to explore the copula model in setting the optimal impawn rate through numerical analysis we find that the clayton canonical vine copula has a better performance for the prediction of default probability than the multivariate normal distribution mvn and can thus be used to evaluate default probability in addition we uncover that setting multiple impawn rates for different collaterals allows inventory financing to yield a higher profit further although the interest rate industrial impawn rate and optimal impawn rate have strong effects on inventory financing profit interestingly the relationship between them is marginally diminishing

the effect of trade openness on women s welfare and work life summary this study of 134 countries analyzes whether women are generally the losers or winners of globalization the results show that economic integration does not directly improve women s life expectancies women s access to primary and secondary education may improve slightly although women s welfare does not seem to improve more than that of men on the other hand economic integration does influence women s professional lives in developing countries trade openness increases female labor force participation in industrialized states it decreases the share of working women trade openness in developed countries increases the number of women employed in the service sector while in developing states it increases the number of women working in industrial jobs and in agriculture

financial crisis gender and power an analytical framework abstract this paper begins to remedy the neglect of gender aspects of financial crises by exploring a suggestive microfoundational model of unequal gender power and cost bearing in a borrower household this model shows that financial market liberalization can assess women s access to formal sector employment and encourage the growth of household credit both for a household enterprise and for the acquisition of labor saving household assets the price of these gains however is greater household risk because of greater cash flow dependence and financial fragility a financial crisis can force the household to bear heavier adjustment costs than would otherwise be felt and these costs may well be borne disproportionately by women who become more economically vulnerable as a result

the effect of export oriented growth on female labor market outcomes in turkey using data from two rounds of an official household labor force survey this paper analyzes the impact of export oriented growth strategy on female labor force participation and employment in urban turkey controlling for both supply side and demand side factors while the long term economic growth at the province level is found to have a significant positive effect on both the employment and participation of women the impact of export orientation is not as strong and is more pronounced in the case of nonmarried women

entry versus success in the labor force young women s employment in sri lanka abstract in this paper we contribute to the understanding of women s labor force behavior in developing societies through a household level analysis of young single women in sri lanka we argue that in the context of saturated and imperfect labor markets of asian societies such as sri lanka it is important to 1 a differentiate between labor force participation and employment 2 b consider familial and cultural factors in addition to the standard determinants of labor supply and demand and 3 c examine the labor force activity of the current generation of single women in sri lanka where unemployment among young women is widespread our results strongly support the strategy of differentiating between labor force participation and employment that the determinants of these components of the employment process function in different ways is best illustrated by our findings regarding the effects of education higher education levels lead to greater labor force participation but highly educated women are also more likely to be unemployed than to be employed in addition our findings show that the labor market behavior of young women is shaped by familial expectations and resources in terms of the protected role of young daughters in the household cultural differences in the acceptability of young women working across ethnic groups the necessity for women to work across social classes and classbased advantages in access to information and channels that facilitate job acquisition

gender awareness in modeling structural adjustment abstract the macroeconomic models underpinning the design of structural adjustment programs are gender blind this paper discusses strategies for introducing gender analysis into these models and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the models from a gender perspective it concludes that besides being blind to gender the models are also blind to the waste of resources and impoverishment that stems from deficient aggregate demand undemocratic decision making and directly unproductive expenditures that buttress male power this waste is however likely to be diminished by moves to more egalitarian systems of gender relations entailing changes in the structure of entitlements and the social matrix in which macroeconomic processes are embedded

economic reform structural adjustment and female labor force participation in buenos aires argentina abstract female labor force participation lfp has recently increased in the metropolitan area of buenos aires in a remarkable way this increase has been a result neither of improvements in the conditions of labor supply nor due to the diversification of the structure of occupational opportunities available for women using cross sectional and panel data i show that most of the growth in female lfp can be explained as a response to increasing unemployment and job instability associated with the implementation of structural adjustment policies since 1991 i argue that more women have decided to look for work as a way to reduce households economic uncertainty

patriarchal norms religion and female labor supply evidence from turkey summary despite significant structural and social change the share of women working or seeking jobs in turkey has declined this paper focuses on the role of social conservatism as a constraint for women s labor force participation using 2008 demographic and health survey data in analyzing labor supply model i incorporate cultural constraints specifically the sexual division of labor in the household and broader gender ideology into the analysis i find that both patriarchal norms and religiosity are negatively associated with female labor force participation and that the impact of patriarchal norms is statistically significant after controlling for endogeneity

competitive corruption factional conflict and political malfeasance in postwar italian christian democracy this article studies the relationship between cartels of politicians and systemic political corruption in a democratic setting some electoral systems including open list systems of proportional representation encourage intraparty competition for office the authors analyze the relationship between intraparty conflict in postwar italy s dominant political party the christian democrats and charges of malfeasance against christian democratic members of the chamber of deputies in the years between the first postwar parliamentary elections of 1948 and the end of the xi legislature in 1994 when the electoral system was substantially modified suspected malfeasance is operationalized as requests by the judiciary to lift parliamentary immunity in order to proceed with an investigation of a member of the chamber of deputies results show a significant statistical relationship between intraparty conflict and alleged corruption on the part of dc deputies starting in the early 1970s these results are interpreted to mean that the dramatic levels of political corruption observed in italy in recent decades were in part an outgrowth of the search for campaign funds by incumbent dc members of parliament in competition with other candidates from the same party electoral competition with other parties did not significantly affect the extent of charges of malfeasance against dc deputies using maps the authors also provide preliminary evidence that italian corruption did not spread from south to north in a process of cultural contagion as is commonly believed instead they find the determinants of corruption appear to be endogenous to institutions of the postwar political system

emerging stock markets portfolio capital flows and long term economie growth micro and macroeconomic perspectives abstract the paper examines two major components of financial liberalization stock market development and portfolio capital flows in the context of less developed countries the paper considers microeconomic and macroeconomic perspectives on their implications for long term development and economic growth it concentrates on 1 a the role of stock markets in financing corporate growth 2 b the implications of stock market volatility for resource allocation and productive efficiency and 3 c the interactions between the foreign exchange and stock markets in the context of economic shocks its policy recommendations are that ldcs should promote bank based systems influence the scale and composition of capital inflows and prevent a market for corporate control from emerging

gender inequality and economic growth a cross country analysis abstract this paper investigates empirically the determinants of economic growth for a set of semi industrialized export oriented economies in which women provide the bulk of labor in the export sector the primary hypothesis tested is that gender inequality which contributes to women s relatively lower wages was a stimulus to growth via the effect on exports during 1975 95 empirical analysis shows that gdp growth is positively related to gender wage inequality in contrast to recent work which suggests that income inequality slows growth evidence also indicates that part of the impact of gender wage inequality on growth is transmitted through its positive effect on investment as a share of gdp

financial liberalisation stockmarkets and economic development abstract during the 1980s and 1990s many developing countries dcs have been engaged in far reaching reforms of their financial systems liberalising them and making them more market oriented this liberalisation involving inter alia financial de repression has been inspired partly by the work of the mckinnon 1973 and shaw 1973 m s school this paper suggests that in addition to financial de repression there has been a major new element in the development of dc financial systems in recent years the establishment and fast expansion of stockmarkets these markets have played a key role in the internal as well as external financial liberalisation processes in leading dcs further the paper finds that the actual behaviour of these markets in many countries has led to outcomes which undermine the effects of the higher real interest rates arising from financial de repression

employment and poverty during economic restructuring the case of bogota colombia bogota is seemingly a positive example of what restructuring and sensible macroeconomic policy can bring to latin america despite liberalisation and a vast increase in the number of people seeking work unemployment rates have fallen large numbers of new jobs have been created principally in the informal sector there seems little real doubt that since 1970 poverty in bogota has become both less common and less serious however if there is less poverty it is principally because of demographic change adults form a larger proportion of the labour force and more of those adults are working poverty has been cut by the huge rise in labour participation fewer people are hungry but people are also a great deal busier nor has the degree of income inequality been reduced

constrained geographical mobility and gendered labor market outcomes under structural adjustment evidence from egypt summary we examine in this paper the evolution of gender gaps in labor market outcomes during structural adjustment and explore the extent to which widening gaps can be attributed to women s more limited geographical mobility using comparable household surveys carried out in 1988 and 1998 we show that gender gaps in access to wage and salary employment and in earnings have widened during this period especially in the nongovernmental sector we attribute these changes at least in part to women s more limited geographical mobility we show that women s commuting rates are not only much lower than those of men but also have remained stagnant in a period where males were having to travel significantly more to obtain jobs outside the government

corruption and development a review of issues in this paper we start with a discussion of some of the different denotations of the problem of corruption we then consider the ways in which the damaging consequences of corruption operate in a developing economy while not ignoring its possible redeeming features in some cases we pursue the question of why corruption is perceptibly so different in different societies and also persistent finally we examine the feasible policy issues that arise in this context

gender wage inequality and export led growth in south korea this article investigates the relationship between gender wage inequality and export led growth in south korea the persistent gender wage gap in korea s manufacturing sector is found to be linked to women s segregation in the country s major export industries where real wage growth has lagged productivity growth despite favorable market conditions that might drive up women s wages relative to those of men the interaction of state and firm level hiring training and promotion practices that structure women s and men s employment opportunities differently appear to have resulted in a relatively weaker fall back position for women in labour markets econometric results are consistent with the hypothesis that women s weaker fall back position limits their ability to bargain for wage increases commensurate with productivity growth further evidence is presented which links gender wage inequality to the growth of korean exports

international capital flows identifying the gender dimension abstract this paper explores the main issues involved in examining the gender impact of international capital flows to developing countries it argues that at the macroeconomic level women lose more than men from slow and or unstable economic growth financial crises and meltdowns and even more so the longer and deeper the economic downturn because without a social security system the family and women have many additional burdens women should formulate an agenda of their own with respect to international monetary reform and some proposals are outlined in this respect including those involving capital controls

how unstable is the demand for money in the united kingdom the ratio of money to income was once described by lawrence klein 1962 as one of the five great ratios of economics and its determinants the arguments of the demand for money function were thoroughly investigated in the united kingdom and elsewhere in the late 1960s and early 1970s the success of these investigations and the associated rise of monetarism hardly needs retelling except to note that a markedly different attitude exists now as evidenced by laidler 1981

the effects of monetary targeting on business activity and financial market stability in the united kingdom abstract this paper utilizes a vector autoregressive modelling technique to test which of the uk monetary aggregates m0 m1 or m3 is more appropriate as an intermediate target for the bank of england the empirical results suggest that m0 is the most suitable choice and that m3 is not as to m1 the results are less straightforward and imply that m1 may be useful for addressing policy concerns over the external balance other implications of the results are distilled and analyzed in the paper

what can explain the apparent lack of international consumption risk sharing recent research in international business cycles finds that international consumption comovements do not match the risk sharing predictions of standard complete markets models in this paper i ask whether two different types of explanations can help explain this result 1 nonseparabilities between tradables and nontradable leisure or goods and 2 the effects of capital market restrictions on consumption risk sharing i find that risk sharing cannot be resolved by either explanation alone however when i allow for both nonseparabilities and certain market restrictions risk sharing among unrestricted countries cannot be rejected this evidence suggests that a combination of these two effects may be necessary to explain consumption risk sharing across countries

gender and trade aspects of labour markets we provide a comprehensive up to date review of the large body of theory and evidence on the linkages between trade liberalisation and gender inequality in income as well as two of the latter s key underlying determinants wages and employment on balance the evidence for developing countries points to an overall beneficial impact of trade expansion on female employment both relative to male employment and in absolute terms although largely concentrated in unskilled manufacturing by contrast the bulk of the evidence suggests a widening gender wage gap as a result of freer trade

export orientation and female share of employment evidence from turkey abstract we investigate the relationship between export orientation and female share of employment in the turkish manufacturing sector during 1983 85 following the onset of export led industrialization policies using plant level data we find that female share of employment in a plant increases with the export to total output ratio of its sector the contribution of the study to the literature is its use of plant level data for a large number of plants enabling us to control for other determinants of female share of employment such as workers skill composition at the plant level

the long run stability of the demand for money italy 1861 1996 this paper examines the stability of the demand for money in italy using a newly extended data set for the period 1861 1996 we examine how the evolution of the financial system in italy and policy shifts have affected the behavior of the long run demand for money and present tests of structural stability we find the demand for broad money to be remarkably stable despite periods of considerable economic turbulence in addition we present evidence on the monetary transmission mechanism our results shed light on attempts to model long run relationships in other countries such as the uk and the us

impact of tissue culture banana technology on farm household income and food security in kenya while tissue culture tc technology for vegetative plant propagation is gradually gaining in importance in africa rigorous assessment of broader welfare effects for adopting smallholder farm households is lacking using survey data and accounting for selection bias in technology adoption we analyze the impact of tc banana technology on household income and food security in kenya to assess food security outcomes we employ the household food insecurity access scale hfias a tool that has not been used for impact assessment before estimates of treatment effects models show that tc banana adoption combined with improved crop management causes considerable increases in farm and household income technology adoption also reduces relative food insecurity in a significant way these results indicate that tc technology can be welfare enhancing for adopting farm households adoption should be further promoted through upscaling appropriate technology delivery systems

the impact of crisis stabilization and structural adjustment on women in lima peru abstract structural adjustment and stabilization policies have been implemented in various latin american countries besieged by debt crisis and high inflation recent development literature has suggested that the negative effects of such policies are borne disproportionately by the poor of these countries and more specifically by poor women empirical studies are lacking however and the connection between the crises and women is not always clear the present study attempts to contribute to the literature on the subject by analyzing the situation of women in lima peru using data on the cost of living poverty levels unemployment and underemployment job segregation and discrimination and female wages relative to male wages the study tries to analyze whether women have been more negatively affected by the peruvian crisis and structural adjustment policies than men the findings do indeed suggest that the economic crisis is severe for all but that it is particularly harsh on lima s women

introduction epistemic communities and international policy coordination the growing technical uncertainties and complexities of problems of global concern have made international policy coordination not only increasingly necessary but also increasingly difficult if decision makers are unfamiliar with the technical aspects of a specific problem how do they define state interests and develop viable solutions what factors shape their behavior under conditions of uncertainty what are the origins of international institutions and how can we best study the processes through which international policy coordination and order emerge while a variety of analytic approaches have been used to address the problems of international cooperation the approaches have yielded only fragmentary insights at its core the study of policy coordination among states involves arguments about determinism versus free will and about the ways in which the international system is maintained and transformed among the overlapping topics of debate are whether national behavior is determined or broadly conditioned by system level factors unit level factors or some complex interplay between the two whether state policymakers can identify national interests and behave independently of pressures from the social groups they nominally represent and whether states respond consistently to opportunities to create defend or expand their own wealth and power to enhance collective material benefits or to promote nonmaterial values a related question of

feminization of the labor force the effects of long term development and structural adjustment abstract using crosscountry data pooled for 1985 and 1990 we analyze the relationship between women s share of the labor force and the processes of long term economic development and macroeconomic changes associated with structural adjustment we find that the relationship between long term development and women s share of the labor force is u shaped controlling for the feminization u we also find that structural adjustment policies have led to an increase in feminization of the labor force via worsening income distribution and increased openness

are countries with official international restrictions liquidity constrained abstract in this paper i empirically examine consumption smoothing behavior across a broad group of countries using a unique data set that indicates whether residents in a country face an official government restriction i then ask whether the ex ante consumption movements among restricted countries differ from those of unrestricted countries to gauge the departure from standard consumption smoothing i use the campbell and mankiw consumption income and interest rates reinterpreting the time series evidence in o j blanchard and s fischer eds nber macroeconomics annual 1989 mit press cambridge ma 1989 and the response of consumption to income a cross country investigation european economic review 35 723 756 1991 approach of regressing consumption growth on income growth and instrumenting with lagged variables interestingly i find that consumption growth for residents in countries that impose international restrictions have a significantly higher coefficient on income growth than do residents in countries without those restrictions thus a greater proportion of consumers facing international restrictions appear to act as though they are liquidity constrained according to the campbell and mankiw approach i also discuss alternative interpretations that do not depend upon liquidity constraints

the gendered labor market impacts of trade liberalization evidence from brazil this paper investigates gender differences in the impact of brazil s trade liberalization on labor market outcomes to identify the causal effect of trade reforms the paper uses difference in difference estimation exploiting variation across microregions in pre liberalization industry composition the analysis finds that trade liberalization reduced male and female labor force participation and employment rates but the effects on men were significantly larger thereby tariff reductions contributed to gender convergence in labor force participation and employment rates gender differences are concentrated among the low skilled population and in the tradable sector where male and female workers are most likely to be imperfect substitutes

socioeconomic context family regimes and women s early labor market experience the case of colombia and venezuela abstract this paper compares the early labor market experience of mature and young cohorts of women in bogota and caracas the cross country cross cohort comparisons demonstrate the importance of both rising women s human capital and family regimes to women s labor market behavior while divorce was a central stimulus of women s work in both contexts the more stable patriarchal family regime in bogota more strongly conflicted with employment than the matrifocal and flexible pattern in caracas results also show important changes in the dynamics of female employment as younger cohorts exhibit more intermittent and unstable employment patterns

long term trends in the world economy the gender dimension abstract this paper considers the implications of long term trends in the international economy for the relative employment and income of men and women in developed and developing countries we find that given a persistent gender division of labor mass unemployment in the north is due to different forces operating on men and women the rate of growth of men s jobs has fallen because of deindustrialization but men have not withdrawn from the labor force at a comparable rate women have been entering the labor force in feminized jobs at a faster rate than they have been created in the south women have largely taken traditionally feminized jobs in the labor intensive export oriented growing manufacturing sectors in latin america entry has been largely in the service sector men have been losing jobs in agriculture and domestic manufacturing the paper proposes that the optimal solution to the mass unemployment problem in the north as well as in the south and the apparent competition for jobs between the north and the south and between men and women lies in achieving a trend increase in the growth rate of oecd and world aggregate demand and output but such a trend rise in the long term rate of growth of demand would only be possible if there were new cooperative institutional arrangements within and between countries in such arrangements women need to have an important independent role

the role of the state in financial markets this paper reexamines the role of the state in financial markets and identifies seven major market failures that provide a potential rationale for government intervention in practice government interventions in capital markets even in industrial countries have been pervasive the paper provides a taxonomy of those interventions with respect to both the objectives they serve and the instruments they employ there is a role for the government in financial markets but the success of government interventions has been mixed it is important that interventions be well designed the paper sets out principles for government regulatory interventions and applies them to prudential regulation it then examines three other areas of intervention directed credit finanical repression and competition policy and identifies circumstances in which some amount of financial repression may actually be beneficial

the effects of the east asian crisis on the employment of women and men the philippine case abstract this paper analyzes the differential employment impacts on women and men brought about by the east asian crisis and the preceeding periods of boom bust cycles and increased openness it is found that the growth period in the second half of the 1980s favored male employment more than female employment the economic decline due to the east asian crisis reversed this process and increased male unemployment more than female unemployment especially in urban areas despite a more rapid displacement of women workers from the manufacturing sector one contributing factor to this is the resilience of the community social and personal services and wholesale and trade sector during the crisis evidence such as increased female labor force participation and longer working hours for women relative to men during the crisis points to increased female employment and work hours in the labor market as a major coping mechanism during the crisis the paper therefore argues that the boom bust cycles in the macroeconomy are not gender neutral and contributes to increasing earnings and labor time disparities between women and men to the detriment of the women

agricultural technology adoption and household welfare measurement and evidence abstract previous studies on the adoption and impacts of improved crop varieties have relied on self reported adoption status of the surveyed households however in the presence of weak variety maintenance and poorly functioning seed certification system measurement errors in self reported adoption status can be considerable this paper investigates how such measurement errors can lead to biased welfare estimates using dna fingerprinting based varietal identification as a benchmark we find that misclassification in self reported adoption status is considerable with significant false negative and positive response rates we empirically show that such measurement errors lead to welfare estimates that are biased towards zero and substantially understate the poverty reduction effects of adoption while the empirical evidence suggests attenuation bias our theoretical exposition and simulations demonstrate that upward bias and sign reversal effects are also possible the results point to the need for improved monitoring of the diffusion process of improved varieties through innovative adoption data collection approaches to generate robust evidence for prioritizing and justifying investments in agricultural research and extension

portfolio capital flows hot or cold a distinction is often made between short term and long term capital flows the former are deemed unstable hot money and the latter are deemed stable cold money using time series analysis of balance of payments data for five industrial and five developing countries we find that in most cases the labels short term and long term do not provide any information about the time series properties of the flow in particular long term flows are often as volatile as short term flows and the time it takes for an unexpected shock to a flow to die out is similar across flows long term flows are also at least as unpredictable as short term flows and knowledge of the type of flow does not improve the ability to forecast the aggregate capital account copyright 1995 by oxford university press

macroeconomic consequences of cyclical and secular changes in feminization an experiment at gendered macromodeling abstract this paper analyzes the macroeconomic implications of cyclical and secular movements in the feminization of the labor force and changes in the intensity of female household labor we assume that a rise in the feminization of the labor force stimulates investment while a rise in the intensity of female household labor raises savings we examine the interaction of these two effects in the context of a dynamic keynesian growth cycle model and assess the likelihood of a structurally adjusting economy experiencing a recovery through feminization our analysis shows that for a gender based recovery to succeed the impact of feminization of the labor force on investment must be stronger than the impact a rising intensity of female household labor has on savings our analysis shows that high and high middleincome countries are more likely to benefit from feminization processes

a gendered value chain approach to codes of conduct in african horticulture codes of conduct covering the employment conditions of southern producers exporting to european markets mushroomed throughout the 1990s especially in the horticulture sector linking uk and european supermarkets with export firms in africa the majority of employment in this sector is informal a significant proportion of which is female this paper explores the gender sensitivity of codes currently applied in the african export horticulture sector from an analytical perspective that combines global value chain and gendered economy approaches through an analysis of these two approaches it develops a gender pyramid which provides a framework for mapping and assessing the gender content of codes of conduct the pyramid is applied to codes that cover employment conditions in three commodity groups and countries exporting to european markets south african fruit kenyan flowers and zambian vegetables and flowers it concludes that the gender sensitivity of codes needs to be greatly enhanced if they are to adequately address employment conditions relevant to informal and especially women workers

capital account liberalisation and poverty how close is the link the literature on the theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship between finance and economic growth is both substantial and extensive the same cannot be said on the relationship between financial development and poverty reduction an equally important aspect in this study we visit the theoretical arguments and conduct an empirical analysis of the relationship between the capital account dimension of financial liberalisation and poverty for developing countries for the period 1985 2005 in particular we employ the system gmm technique to test whether capital account liberalisation has helped alleviate poverty and also whether the extent to which capital account liberalisation affects poverty depends on the quality of institutions we also use ols and iv techniques to verify our findings our findings indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between the degree of capital account liberalisation during the period and the poverty rate developing countries with higher institutional quality have lower poverty rates but the effect has low statistical significance a higher degree of capital account liberalisation is associated with a lower income share for the poor

secular changes in the gender composition of employment and growth dynamics in the north and the south abstract in a simple theoretical exercise the paper shows that gender relations matter in the standard analysis of trade liberalization and economic growth it utilizes a model with the two differential equations phase diagram technique which enables us to examine the cumulative interaction between economic growth and changes in the female share of employment the model shows that changes in the gender composition of employment caused by a new global division of labor between the north and the south can thwart the economic benefits customarily associated with trade liberalization in both regions

international integration and national corruption we argue that greater degrees of international integration lead to lower levels of corruption which we define as the misuse of public office for private gain we theorize that international factors affect a country s level of corruption through two principal channels one acts through economic incentives altering for various actors the costs and benefits of engaging in corrupt acts the second mode is norma tive prevailing norms in international society delegitimate and stigmatize corrup tion countries that are more integrated into international society are more exposed to economic and normative pressures against corruption we therefore test the fol lowing hypothesis the more a country is tied into international networks of ex change communication and organization the lower its level of corruption is likely to be the analysis of data from approximately 150 countries strongly confirms our expectation

globalization and gender wage inequality in china summary this paper uses an enterprise population level dataset to investigate the link between globalization and gender inequality in the chinese labor market we find that foreign and exporting firms employ more female workers than domestic nonexporters foreign participation and export orientation within the same region and industry significantly encourage female employment and reduce the gender wage gap furthermore we show that while a large gender wage gap exists for foreign and exporting firms it mainly reflects the difference in gender productivity gender wage discrimination is observed only among private nonexporting firms overall our results highlight the importance of globalization in encouraging female employment and reducing gender discrimination

monetization financial liberalization and economic development barter sector in 1954 55 the monetized sector contributed 69 to the net national product of india the share of the monetized sector increased to 78 6 of the net national product by 1974 75 during this period the explicit objective of monetary policy in india was to help accelerate the pace of economic development in an environment of reasonable price stability there are several versions of the financial liberalization hypothesis but the one put forward by ronald mckinnon is chosen here because of its succinctness and easy amenability to empirical verification 2 mckinnon s theory in essence deals with the effect of financial liberalization on the accumulation of capital through a policy of high real interest rates this formulation has been made operational by estimating the response of real demand for money balances and private investment to alternative rates of return under the implicit assumption that these are the only two alternative forms of assets held by the private sector 3 all this is predicated on the assumption that the effective limitation on the rate of real capital formation is the supply of real savings and not the inadequate willingness to invest most underdeveloped countries have a significant barter sector a reduction in the share of the barter sector can help to further accelerate the accumulation of capital in a barter system a good share of the factors of production is tied up in distribution away from production to achieve the double coincidence required in such a system with the

financial development and economic growth views and agenda this critique argues that the preponderance of theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence suggests a positive first order relationship between financial development and economic growth the body of work would push even most skeptics toward the belief that the development of financial markets and institutions is a critical and inextricable part of the growth process and away from the view that the financial system is an inconsequential sideshow responding passively to economic growth many gaps remain however and the paper highlights areas in acute need of additional research

growth and poverty evidence for developing countries in the 1980s abstract measures of consumption poverty for a sample of developing countries in the 1980s respond elastically to changes in mean consumption although there is a high variance in poverty outcomes at a given rate of growth there is no sign of systematic effects of growth on inequality

policy uncertainty and the demand for money in the united kingdom limited studies that have assessed the impact of economic uncertainty on the demand for money have concentrated on using a volatility measure of money supply and output certainly other factors such as regulation taxes budget deficits national debt etc can contribute to an uncertain environment this new measure of uncertainty which is called policy uncertainty is now constructed for several countries and published we investigate the impact of this new measure on the demand for money in the uk and find that it has a negative and significant short run effect but not any log run effects