factor demand technical change and inter fuel substitution in africa abstract the translog production function has been widely used in applied production analysis due to its flexibility and superiority over other functional forms this study develops a translog production function for a group of african countries the random effects model is estimated using generalized least squares estimator the main findings are first output in africa is driven by a more intensive use of petroleum and electricity and to a lesser extent capital labor and coal relative to technological progress second african production technology exhibits increasing returns to scale suggesting a path towards market entry barriers third technical change is scale biased and factor augmenting albeit very slow fourth all energy inputs are substitutes indicating africa s potential to proportionally switch towards cleaner fuels without adversely affecting economic growth finally and perhaps more generally the study reinforces the assertion that imposing restrictions like homotheticity homogeneity or separability on the production technology is unrealistic and should rather be a testable hypothesis within any applied analysis in view of the documented findings relevant implications for africa are discussed

the impacts of tourism energy consumption and political instability on economic growth in the mena countries using panel data of 24 countries in the middle east and north african mena region from 2001 to 2009 the purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of tourism energy consumption and political instability on economic growth within the neoclassical growth framework to address the objective of this study we utilise both the static panel data approach as well as the dynamic generalised method of moments gmm estimator to examine the impact of candidate variables our results show that energy consumption and tourism significantly contribute to the economic growth of countries in the mena region hence our study lends some support to the existence of the tourism led growth and energy led growth hypotheses in the region in line with our expectation our estimation results also reveal that political instability impedes the process of economic growth and development in the mena region therefore macroeconomic policies to promote expansion in tourism and energy consumption will directly stimulate economic growth additionally efforts to help the region overcome its history of political instability would attract more international tourist arrivals and further invigorate economic growth

determinants of electricity consumption function in pakistan old wine in a new bottle abstract the objective of the study is to re investigate the multivariate electricity consumption function for pakistan particularly economic growth foreign direct investment and population growth over a 36 year time period i e between 1975 and 2010 the study employed the bounds testing procedure for cointegration which examines the short run and long run estimates dynamic short run causality test is applied to determine the causality direction between electricity consumption and its determinants by using wald f statistics the results reveal that determinants of electricity consumption function are cointegrated and influx of foreign direct investment income and population growth is positively related to electricity consumption in pakistan however the intensity of these determinants is different on electricity consumption if there is 1 increase in income foreign direct investment and population growth electricity consumption increases by 0 973 0 056 and 1 605 respectively this infers that income foreign direct investment and population growth induce an increase in electricity consumption in pakistan dynamic short run causality test indicates that there has been unidirectional causality which is running from population growth to electricity consumption in pakistan

is renewable energy a model for powering eastern african countries transition to industrialization and urbanization abstract this study profiles a conversation on the appropriateness of renewable energy as a model for powering development in east african countries estimated output elasticities of nonrenewable energy 0 29 0 48 are by far larger than those of renewable energy 0 12 0 08 and as such highlights the relative importance of the former also the biased component of technical change shows higher technological progress for nonrenewable energy furthermore substitution elasticities are positive 0 77 0 92 suggesting huge potential for a transition towards renewable energy however inherent limitations in renewables documented in wesseh and lin 52 53 undermine the usefulness of east african countries reliance on renewable energy

energy consumption gdp nexus heterogeneous panel causality analysis abstract existing studies examining the granger causality relationship between energy consumption and gdp use a panel of countries but implicitly assume that the panels are homogeneous this paper extends the granger causality relationship between energy consumption and gdp by taking into account panel heterogeneity for this purpose we use a large panel of 79 countries for the period 1980 2007 specifically we examine four different causal relationships homogeneous non causality homogeneous causality heterogeneous non causality and heterogeneous causality the results show that roughly seven tenths of the countries exhibit bi directional granger causality two tenths exhibit no granger causality and one tenths exhibit uni directional granger causality

electricity consumption and economic growth in algeria a multivariate causality analysis in the presence of structural change this article addresses the issue of electricity consumption petroleum price and economic growth in algeria the primary objective is to investigate and analyze the causal relationship between electricity consumption ec brent oil price bop and economic growth gdp for algeria over the period of 1971 2010 to examine short run long run and joint causality relationships we used a multivariate cointegration approach based on the recent advances in time series econometrics e g zivot andrews test gregory hansen cointegration test vector error correction models vecm the empirical results show that there is evidence of short run and a strong long run bi directional causal relationship between ec and real gdp in algeria findings indicate also the absence of causal relationship between bop and ec our empirical findings support the idea that there a link between electricity consumption and economic growth and disproves the neo classical assumption referred to as the neutrality hypothesis

causality analysis of diesel consumption and economic growth in cameroon abstract this study examines the causal relationship between diesel consumption and economic growth in cameroon by using a three step modern time series technique tests for unit roots cointegration and granger causality based on error correction model are employed on annual data covering the period 1975 2008 empirical results of the study confirm the presence of a long run equilibrium relationship between diesel consumption and economic growth the error correction model shows that an estimated 1 increase in economic growth causes a rise in diesel consumption of 1 30 in the long run the overall results show that there exists bidirectional causality in the long run relationship and no causality in the short run relationship between diesel consumption and economic growth at the 5 level of significance thus the energy policies in cameroon should place priority on the discovery of new oil field and building capacity additions of the refinery to increase production of petroleum products as this would propel the economic growth of the country

a dynamic panel study of economic development and the electricity consumption growth nexus abstract this study examines the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for 88 countries categorized into four panels based on the world bank income classification high upper middle lower middle and low income within a multivariate panel framework over the period 1990 2006 the larsson et al 2001 panel cointegration test indicates there is a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp coal consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force for the high upper middle and lower middle income country panels the results from the panel vector error correction models reveal 1 bidirectional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run for the high income and upper middle income country panels 2 unidirectional causality from electricity consumption to economic growth in the short run but bidirectional causality in the long run for the lower middle income country panel and 3 unidirectional causality from electricity consumption to economic growth for the low income country panel

energy diversity and development in economic systems an empirical analysis abstract as economic systems develop over time they tend to become more complex with more structure and greater throughputs assuming favorable conditions energy use increases as more economic sectors develop and more channels for flow are opened economic diversity as measured by the number of economic sectors using energy and the equatability of flows between them generally increases as diversity increases the efficiency of generating outputs with a given amount of energy also increases development capacity the product of system energy throughput and diversity of flows is a measure of the potential system output and is calculated for selected countries capacity changes over time are shown to relate to changes in economic output in selected countries two distinct development strategies become evident one which promotes energy use and one which emphasizes diversity and the sustainability of each is examined while most countries utilize a mix of the two developing countries generally rely more on increasing energy use to increase output while developed countries tend to become more diverse as a means of increasing outputs sustainability is enhanced by strategies which promote diversity and resource use efficiency in economic systems

the role of investment for energy conservation future japanese economic growth abstract this article describes a variant of the cobb douglas production function the rasche tatom model which explicitly includes an energy factor the model is applied to the japanese economy to investigate the role of investment for energy conservation first the impact of rising energy prices on potential gnp and productivity is shown second it is suggested that the japanese economy will achieve a high growth rate 5 0 5 5 in the coming five years through substitution of capital for energy ie investment for energy conservation an international comparison of the models is also discussed

causal independence between energy consumption and economic growth in liberia evidence from a non parametric bootstrapped causality test abstract this contribution investigates causal interdependence between energy consumption and economic growth in liberia and proposes application of a bootstrap methodology to better reflect causality employment is incorporated as additional variable the study demonstrates evidence of distinct bidirectional granger causality between energy consumption and economic growth additionally the results show that employment in liberia granger causes economic growth and apply irrespective of the short run or long run evidence from a monte carlo experiment reveals that the asymptotic granger causality test suffers size distortion problem for liberian data suggesting that the bootstrap technique employed in this study is more appropriate given the empirical results implications are that energy expansion policies like energy subsidy or low energy tariff for instance would be necessary to cope with demand exerted as a result of economic growth in liberia furthermore liberia might have the performance of its employment generation on the economy partly determined by adequate energy therefore it seems fully justified that a quick shift towards energy production based on clean energy sources may significantly slow down economic growth in liberia hence the government s target to implement a long term strategy to make liberia a carbon neutral country and eventually less carbon dependent by 2050 is understandable

energy consumption and economic growth evidence from 11 sub sahara african countries abstract the paper examines the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for eleven countries in sub saharan africa using the autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds test the study finds that energy consumption is cointegrated with economic growth in cameroon cote d ivoire gambia ghana senegal sudan and zimbabwe moreover this test suggests that energy consumption has a significant positive long run impact on economic growth in ghana kenya senegal and sudan granger causality test based on vector error correction model vecm shows bi directional relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for gambia ghana and senegal however granger causality test shows that economic growth granger causes energy consumption in sudan and zimbabwe the neutrality hypothesis is confirmed in respect of cameroon and cote d ivoire the same result of no causality was found for nigeria kenya and togo the result shows that each country should formulate appropriate energy conservation policies taking into cognizance of her peculiar condition

energy consumption fuel substitution technical change and economic growth implications for co2 mitigation in egypt abstract energy consumption propels economic growth but the level of co2 emissions associated with a fossil dominated energy structure raises concerns for the fight against climate change to draw consensus this study develops a translog causality based model in order to study causation between electricity natural gas petroleum and economic growth in egypt in addition the models results are used to estimate the substitution possibilities between various energy pairs and to subsequently test the co2 mitigation benefits arising from fuel substitution results support a bidirectional relationship between all energy types and economic growth in egypt and suggest also that these energy types are substitutes although technical progress is estimated to be a bit slow varying between 4 5 and 7 5 there appears to be substantial co2 emissions mitigation benefits from fuel substitution amounting to reductions in the range of 1 5 and 2 2 million metric tons under a 5 investment scenario and 2 5 and 4 5 million metric tons under a 10 investment scenario these results have broader implications for energy conservation policies and industrial merger policies in developing countries moreover by studying technical change insights are provided on future co2 mitigation potential driven by energy efficiency

electricity planning and implementation in sub saharan africa a systematic review abstract universal electricity access is an important development objective and the focus of a number of key global un initiatives while robust electricity planning is widely believed to be a prerequisite for effective electrification to date no comprehensive overview of electricity planning research has been undertaken on sub saharan africa the world region with the lowest access rates this paper reviews quantitative and qualitative electricity planning and related implementation research considering each of the 49 sub saharan african countries the four regional power pools and the sub continent as a whole applying a broad understanding of electricity planning and a practical limit of 20 reviewed articles per country and region 306 relevant peer reviewed journal articles are included in this review a general classification scheme is introduced that classifies the planning literature along the addressed value chain depth number of different analysed criteria and number of evaluated decision alternatives the literature is found to be strongly clustered in a few countries with less than 5 identified relevant articles in 36 of the 49 countries the total amount of articles per year is clearly increasing over time addressing technology choice operation distribution and implementation analyses although including different high level criteria in analysing electricity systems is common the literature is only starting to use formalised multi criteria decision making mcdm tools the review indicates that 63 of relevant articles favour renewable energy technologies for their given problems frequently mentioned success factors for electrification in sub saharan africa include adequate policy design sufficient finance and favourable political conditions while considerable regional and methodological literature gaps are apparent the literature in this review identifies a rich and fruitful ground for future research to fill these gaps

natural gas consumption and economic growth nexus panel data analysis for gcc countries abstract this study investigates the relationship between natural gas energy consumption and economic growth by including trade openness total labor force and gross fixed capital formation as a major determinants of gdp growth within the multivariate framework model in gulf cooperation council gcc countries a panel gdp model is constructed taking the period of 1980 2012 the result revealed that natural gas energy consumption is cointegrated with gdp growth in the investigated countries in addition based on the panel dynamic ordinary least square dols and the fully modified ordinary least square fmols this study concluded that the natural gas energy consumption affects the gcc s countries gdp growth positively in the long run furthermore the results from the granger causality test revealed bidirectional causality between natural gas energy consumption and gdp growth which confirms the feedback hypothesis from the outcome of this research a number of policy implications were provided for the gcc countries

a re examination of the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia abstract the purpose of this study is to re investigate the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia from 1972 1 to 2003 4 this study adopted the newly developed ecm based f test kanioura a turner p 2005 critical values for an f test for cointegration in the multivariate model applied economics 37 3 265 270 for cointegration to examine the presence of long run equilibrium relationship through the autoregressive distributed lag ardl model the empirical evidence suggests that electricity consumption and economic growth are not cointegrated in malaysia however the standard granger s test and mwald test suggest that electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia granger causes each other this finding provides policymakers with a better understanding of electricity consumption and allows them to formulate electricity consumption policy to support the economic development and to enhance the productivity of capital labour and other factors of production for future economic growth in malaysia

electricity consumption and economic growth exploring panel specific differences abstract in this paper we examine the long and short run dynamics between electricity consumption and economic activities using panel data of per capita electricity consumption and per capita gdp of 160 countries for the period of 1980 2010 accounting for the degree of electricity dependence and the level of urbanization furthermore in order to capture the differences in this relationship the full sample is divided into various subsamples based on countries income levels regional locations and oecd memberships this framework is argued and found to be appropriate since the causal links and inferences arising therefrom differ considerably among the subsamples which led us to conclude that the electricity growth nexus is highly sensitive to regional differences countries income levels urbanization rates and supply risks

economic efficiency and ecological considerations in resource development policies a case study abstract this case study of the formation of a forest policy for bangladesh incorporates many of the issues faced by developing countries in their search for natural resource policies that strike a balance between urgent needs for immediate material benefits and the long term necessity of utilizing and conserving natural resources in an ecologically sound manner the forest resources of bangladesh are under extreme pressure from illicit timber cutting and encroachment by agriculture through clearfelling and burning and overgrazing the study seeks to develop a forest policy that balances economic efficiency and forest management practices based on ecological principles ricardian type supply schedules are developed by ranking alternative site quality biological treatment combinations according to unit cost of production and comparing them with an econometrically derived long term demand schedule the optimal level of resource development is determined by equating marginal cost of production in end value terms with the projected long term forest products price level this is equivalent to maximizing the sum of consumer and producer surpluses commonly referred to as net economic benefits the study predicts a three fold increase relative to present levels in bangladesh timber output this can be achieved using 15 less of the present timberland base thereby releasing some one million acres of less productive hill forest areas this surplus land can then be allocated to non timber uses to meet conservation goals the proposed policy stresses participation by local communities and the growing of diverse species on private woodlots this is expected to increase the forest resource base of the country thus reducing the economic cost of timber production and improving environmental quality at the same time

energy consumption political regime and economic growth in sub saharan africa abstract in this paper we examine the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth and how democracy moderates this relationship using panel data of 16 sub saharan african ssa countries for the period 1971 2013 employing a panel vector autoregressive model pvar in a generalized method of moments gmm framework the findings support the feedback hypothesis for energy consumption and growth second the interaction variable energy consumption and democracy is positively and significantly related to economic growth supporting the view that democracy moderates the energy consumption and growth nexus further the results provide strong evidence of a uni directional relationship from trade openness to energy consumption additionally impulse responses and variance decompositions also confirm positive feedback relationships between energy consumption and economic growth energy prices and economic growth

the impact of electricity supply on economic growth in sri lanka abstract yang energy econ 22 2000 309 has found a bi directional causal relationship between gross domestic product and electricity consumption in taiwan roc this study applies yang s model to examine the impact of electricity supply on economic growth in sri lanka morimoto and hope an extended cba model of hydro projects in sri lanka 2001 have found that the expected increase in economic output due to increased electricity supply parameter eo plays a crucial role in their cost benefit analysis model this study shows that the application of yang s regression analysis is one possible approach to estimate a better range for the parameter eo the estimated figure is that an extra output of rs 88 000 137 000 us1120 1740 for every 1 mw h increase in electricity supply

improvement of energy demand forecasts using swarm intelligence the case of turkey with projections to 2025 the energy supply and demand should be closely monitored and revised the forecasts to take account of the progress of liberalization energy efficiency improvements structural changes in industry and other major factors medium and long term forecasting of energy demand which is based on realistic indicators is a prerequisite to become an industrialized country and to have high living standards energy planning is not possible without a reasonable knowledge of past and present energy consumption and likely future demands energy demand management activities should bring the demand and supply closer to a perceived optimum turkey s energy demand has grown rapidly almost every year and is expected to continue growing however the energy demand forecasts prepared by the turkey ministry of energy and natural resources overestimate the demand recently many studies are performed by researchers to forecast the energy demand of turkey particle swarm optimization pso technique has never been used for such a study in this study a model is proposed using pso based energy demand forecasting psoedf to forecast the energy demand of turkey more efficiently although there are other indicators as well gross domestic product gdp population import and export are used as basic energy indicators of energy demand in order to show the accuracy of the algorithm a comparison is made with the ant colony optimization aco energy demand estimation model which is developed for the same problem

reforms in sub saharan africa s power industries most sub saharan countries wish to carry out reforms in the organisation of their power companies up to now only three countries have operated major changes in their statutory system a few others are well engaged in the process but many still find themselves at a stage of definition and preparation of reforms delays observed in relation to agendas fixed initially can mainly be explained by hesitation of the decision makers over the schemes to be maintained as much because the solutions proposed do not provide totally satisfactory answers to the questions they are confronted with because of the desire to explore other possibilities better adapted to the african reality the recent advent of independent power production and of interconnection development projects in these countries the impact of which needs to be fully assessed can have an initial effect of slowing down the pace of reforms but the possibilities these developments offer for diversification of power supply sources endow them with particular interest for the definition of new sectorial models

elicitation of honest preferences for the assignment of individuals to positions the problem of eliciting honest preferences from individuals who must be assigned to a set of positions is considered individuals know that they will be charged for the positions to which they are assigned a set of prices that provide no incentive for the individual to misrepresent his preferences is suggested it is shown that these prices constitute an element of the optimal solution to the dual of a linear programming assignment problem both the optimal allocation and the prices to be charged can be derived by solving two linear programming problems once preferences have been elicited the procedure can usefully be viewed as a simulation of a competitive market under conditions where such a market cannot be expected to function well it results in an efficient allocation where all resources are valued at their opportunity costs and consumer surplus is maximized its outcome thus has the desirable properties of competitive market equilibria

an algorithm for identifying fair and optimal allocations the concept of a fair and optimal allocation was recently introduced by sun and yang sun n yang z 2003 a general strategy proof fair allocation mechanism economics letters 81 73 79 this note states some basic properties of fair and optimal allocations and provides a simple algorithm for identifying them c 2007 elsevier b v all fights reserved

large indivisibles an analysis with respect to price equilibrium and fairness an exchange economy is considered in which there are a finite number of individuals the same number of indivisibles and a fixed amount of a divisible good each individual consumes exactly one of the indivisibles and a certain quantity of the divisible good the existence of prices corresponding to pareto efficient allocations is proved it is also shown that this economy possesses fair allocations income fair allocations coalition fair allocations and pareto efficient egalitarian equivalent allocations in this study the effect of including large indivisibles in an exchange economy will be analyzed the analysis will be carried out with respect to the existence of price equilibrium and with respect to the existence of different forms of fairness the economy consists of a finite number of individuals the same number of indivisibles and a fixed amount of a divisible good it is assumed that each individual consumes exactly one of the indivisibles and some quantity of the divisible good we may interpret the indivisibles as being professions or houses the relationship between price equilibrium and a pareto efficient allocation is well known and proved in a number of cases under different assumptions about preferences and commodities for a standard economy see e g debreu 5 in case of nonconvexities which may also describe a certain type of indivisibility we may have an exact relationship in economies with a continuum of individuals see e g hildenbrand 11 but otherwise an approximate relationship obtains the degree of approximation depends on the degree of nonconvexities in preferences and not on the number of individuals see e g arrow and hahn 1 we will prove the existence of prices characterizing a pareto efficient allocation in a case where the indivisibles play an essential role and where approximate results would be too approximate the indivisibles may be considered large for the individual compared to his total consumption the theory of fairness has developed considerably during the seventies different kinds of concepts of fairness have been introduced and analyzed see daniel 41 foley 81 pazner and schmeidler 121 and schmeidler and vind 141 among others normally these authors have considered models with divisible goods or an infinite number of individuals for exchange economies the existence of fair allocations an envy free and pareto efficient allocation has been proved in

transferring ownership of public housing to existing tenants a market design approach this paper explores a housing market with an existing tenant in each house and where the existing tenants initially rent their houses the idea is to identify equilibrium prices for the housing market given the prerequisite that a tenant can buy any house on the housing market including the one that he is currently possessing or continue renting the house he is currently occupying the main contribution is the identification of an individually rational equilibrium selecting and group non manipulable price mechanism in a restricted preference domain that contains almost all preference profiles in this restricted domain the identified mechanism is the minimum price equilibrium selecting mechanism that transfers the maximum number of ownerships to the existing tenants we also relate the theoretical model and the main findings to the u k housing act 1980 whose main objective is to transfer ownerships of houses to existing tenants

energy consumption and economic growth revisited in african countries abstract the aim of this paper is to provide new empirical evidence on the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for 21 african countries over the period from 1970 to 2006 using recently developed panel cointegration and causality tests the countries are divided into two groups net energy importers and net energy exporters it is found that there exists a long run equilibrium relationship between energy consumption real gdp prices labor and capital for each group of countries as well as for the whole set of countries this result is robust to possible cross country dependence and still holds when allowing for multiple endogenous structural breaks which can differ among countries furthermore we find that decreasing energy consumption decreases growth and vice versa and that increasing energy consumption increases growth and vice versa and that this applies for both energy exporters and importers finally there is a marked difference in the cointegration relationship when country groups are considered

electricity consumption and economic growth in burkina faso a cointegration analysis abstract this study empirically establishes the direction of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in burkina faso for the period 1968 2003 the bounds test yields evidence of cointegration between electricity consumption gdp and capital formation when electricity consumption and gdp are used as dependent variable causality results indicate that there is no significant causal relationship between electricity consumption and investment estimates however detect in the long run a bidirectional causal relationship between electricity use and real gdp there is also evidence of a positive feedback causal relationship between gdp and capital formation burkina faso is therefore an energy dependent country it is also a country in which electricity consumption is growing with the level of income all of this shows that electricity is a significant factor in socio economic development in burkina faso as such energy policy must be implemented to ensure that electricity generates fewer potential negative impacts

electricity consumption and economic growth a time series experience for 17 african countries abstract while the availability of electricity by itself is not a panacea for the economic and social problems facing africa the supply of electricity is nevertheless believed to be a necessary requirement for africa s economic and social development this paper tests the long run and causal relationship between electricity consumption per capita and real gross domestic product gdp per capita for 17 african countries for the period 1971 2001 using a newly developed cointegration test proposed by pesaran et al 2001 and using a modified version of the granger causality test due to toda and yamamoto 1995 the advantage of using these two approaches is that they both avoid the pre testing bias associated with conventional unit root and cointegration tests the empirical evidence shows that there was a long run relationship between electricity consumption per capita and real gdp per capita for only 9 countries and granger causality for only 12 countries for 6 countries there was a positive uni directional causality running from real gdp per capita to electricity consumption per capita an opposite causality for 3 countries and bi directional causality for the remaining 3 countries the result should however be interpreted with care as electricity consumption accounts for less than 4 of total energy consumption in africa and only grid supplied electricity is taken into account

the electricity consumption versus economic growth of the polish economy abstract the aim of this contribution is an investigation of causal interdependences between electricity consumption and gdp in poland our research was conducted for total electricity consumption as well as for the industrial consumption of electricity in order to reflect the causality between gdp and electricity consumption properly we performed our investigations in a three dimensional framework with employment chosen as an additional variable we used reliable quarterly data from the period q1 2000 q4 2009 in order to check the stability of the causalities the investigations were performed on two samples a full sample and a pre crisis i e q1 2000 q3 2008 subsample we applied both traditional methods and some recently developed econometric tools we found feedback between total electricity consumption and gdp as well as between total electricity consumption and employment we also found unidirectional causality running from industrial electricity consumption to employment and no direct causal links between industrial electricity consumption and gdp in addition all these findings were in general not seriously affected by the financial and economic crises of 2008 a significant exception is the causal effect of industrial electricity consumption on employment which was more pronounced after the crisis of 2008

dynamics of electricity consumption oil price and economic growth global perspective this study uses the data from 157 countries from 1960 to 2014 to analyze the relationship between economic growth electricity consumption oil prices capital and labor the economic growth of developing countries with industrial infrastructure has a more significant association with electricity consumption than oil prices we use oil prices and electricity consumption jointly to study highly predictive observations for economic growth the data are categorized by income oecd and regional levels the panel cointegration long run parameter estimation and pool mean group tests are used to analyze the cointegration and short run and long run relationships between the variables the empirical results indicate the presence of cointegration between the variables the presence of feedback effects between electricity consumption and economic growth oil prices and economic growth is valid these findings confirm that in spite of the oil prices developing countries rely heavily on electricity consumption for economic growth in the short run growth and feedback effects suggest that more vigorous electricity policies should be implemented to attain sustainable economic growth for the long term

reform of china s electric power industry challenges facing the government abstract china s electrical power industry requires substantial reform if the country s economic growth is to be sustained the 1997 electricity law the creation of a state power company and the abolition of the ministry of electric power are important first steps on the path of reform but it seems that a clear plan is lacking objectives of the reform should include increasing the capacity to deliver power constraining the costs of the power industry increasing end user efficiency and minimising environmental damage efforts should be directed at restructuring the industry in such a way that fair competition may be introduced at least in power generation and at establishing a viable regulatory agency both tasks have the potential to be thwarted by a range of vested interests at different levels of government and industry

energy consumption and economic growth evidence from the economic community of west african states ecowas access to modern energy is believed to be a prerequisite for sustainable development poverty alleviation and the achievement of the millennium development goals however theoretical models and empirical results offer conflicting evidence on the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth that we remain largely unsure of the cause and effect nature of this relationship if indeed a relationship exists at all this paper tests in a panel context the long run relationship between energy access and economic growth for fifteen african countries from 1980 to 2008 by using recently developed panel cointegration techniques we adopt a three stage approach consisting of panel unit root panel cointegration and granger causality tests to study the dynamic causal relationships between energy consumption energy prices and growth as well as relationship between electricity consumption prices and growth results show that gdp and energy consumption as well as gdp and electricity move together in the long run by estimating these long run relationships and testing for causality using panel based error correction models we found unidirectional long run and short run causality the causality is running from gdp to energy consumption in the short run and from energy consumption to gdp in the long run there is also evidence of unidirectional causality running from electricity consumption to gdp in the long run this study thus provides empirical evidence of long run and causal relationships between energy consumption and economic growth for our sample of fifteen countries suggesting that lack or limited access to modern energy services could hamper economic growth and compromise the development prospects of these countries

power sector reform in developing countries mismatched agendas power sector reform is rapidly spreading across all corners of the developing world at an alarmingly rapid pace while the rationales for reform seem to have gained acceptance among the stakeholders the reform model and process are contested this paper examines the impacts of reform using the promised outcomes as a basis for analysis the ability of reform to meet the developmental challenges facing the reformers is explored it concludes that reform has had some achievements if conventional performance indicators are used but also questions the validity of some of these indicators reform has however not fulfilled many of its goals and the prevailing recipes are likely to leave developing countries socially and economically worse off than in the pre reform period progressive government intervention is needed to shift reform process towards a more responsible development path

a note on the electricity growth nexus in lao pdr abstract this paper investigates the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in laos by applying the ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration and granger causality tests our results confirm the existence of a long run relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in addition we found unidirectional causality running from economic growth to electricity consumption in the long run supporting the conservation hypothesis

on agricultural sustainability and its measurement in small scale farming in sub saharan africa abstract we argue in this paper that there is a need to bring the current debate on sustainability down to a more pragmatic level to operationalise sustainability given the diversity of agricultural systems throughout the world the best that is possible may be to develop proximate definitions that do generate testable theories as we try to do in this paper by developing a pragmatic and measurable definition of the concept which is relevant to small scale farming in sub saharan africa the definition we offer takes the community of the village agroecosystem as a relevant and embracing social and spatial unit of analysis it is based on the anthropocentric value judgement that future generations must have the same range of options concerning the use of agroecosystems as the current generation given that village agroecosystems generate various environmental amenities for the human communities this value judgement means that a sustainable agroecosystem is one which has the capacity to respond to exogenous change as well as to internal disruptions by maintaining non declining trends in its resources and amenities over a period of at least one decade the approach we advocate has the dual dangers of over simplification and the creation of tautologies it should always be borne in mind that the criteria of sustainability may differ from ecosystem to ecosystem zone to zone nation to nation each situation should be scrutinised for the essential criteria for assessment which may be different and greater or lesser in number than those we have proposed as a generality we do maintain however that for progress in sustainability assessment this process of choice should be based on the principle of parsimony tautology the erection of self fulfilling predictions is a more fundamental danger in the approach we have taken we have emphasised several times the necessity of rigorous testing of hypotheses concerning the determinants of each of the components of sustainability that we have described this is the real challenge to the researcher but insight into the design of appropiate experiments may be gained from preliminary application of pragmatic tests of relative sustainability of the type described here we try to avoid ecological and economic dogma as far as possible in our discussion of sustainability attempting to argue instead from what we actually observe in the systems we study whilst a great deal of ecological and economic theory may seem at first look to be applicable to the analysis of the sustainability of small scale agricultural systems we find that closer analysis reveals the inapplicability of much of what has been subsumed under the titles of agroecology or natural resource economics concepts such as stress and disturbance stability and diversity community structure economic optimality maximum social welfare do not on inspection provide particularly strong predictive power particularly when applied to the dynamics of resource poor small scale community structured and to a non negligible extent non market driven agricultural systems

energy consumption and economic growth evidence from the commonwealth of independent states abstract this study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for eleven countries of the commonwealth of independent states over the period 1991 2005 within a multivariate panel data framework based on pedroni 1999 pedroni 2004 heterogeneous panel cointegration test and corresponding error correction model cointegration is present between real gdp energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and labor force with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the results of the error correction model reveal the presence of unidirectional causality from energy consumption to economic growth in the short run while bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the long run thus the results lend support for the feedback hypothesis associated with the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth

residential and non residential electricity dynamics abstract this paper uses u s panel data to instrument and examine the dynamics of electricity within the world market while separating between both residential and non residential electricity consumptions during the time period of 1990 2014 to better assess the true differences within each causal relationship all panel data has been separated into one full panel and three subpanels of high middle and low income the empirical framework used consists of various tests that identify the existence of cross sectional dependency a pesaran panel unit root test a westerlund panel cointegration test and the dumitrescu hurlin method of the granger causality test furthermore this paper utilizes dols to estimate any long run elastic relations between real gdp and residential or non residential electricity consumption based on the results this paper determines that no long run relationship exists between non residential electricity consumption and economic growth throughout and that the relationship between residential electricity consumption and economic growth possesses unit elastic behavior in the long run other findings throughout imply causality moves from economic growth in the direction of residential electricity consumption for all panels

income level and the energy consumption gdp nexus evidence from sub saharan africa this study tests the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in sub saharan africa using a panel co integration approach country level time series data of energy consumption and economic growth are pooled and used to estimate the model sub saharan african countries in the sample are classified into low income and middle income countries the findings support the neutrality hypothesis in the short run except for middle income countries and a strong causation running in both directions is found in the long run the different results for low and middle income countries provide evidence of the importance of income level in the causal relationship this study helps to explain the interdependence of energy consumption and economic growth in sub saharan africa results are critical in formulating sustainable development policies that are geared to the efficient allocation of resources which are expected to increase access to energy services in the study region

output and substitution elasticities of energy and implications for renewable energy expansion in the ecowas region abstract this study estimates output and substitution elasticities of renewable energy and nonrenewable energy for the economic community of west african states ecowas and discusses implications for expanding the former the results show that nonrenewable energy promises greater benefits for ecowas economic transition with output elasticities averaging between 0 052 0 579 and 0 055 to 0 223 for nonrenewable energy and renewable energy respectively overall estimated technological progress is low 0 5 to 2 6 the bulk coming from input efficiency substitution elasticities 0 02 0 94 suggest potential for switching towards renewable energy notwithstanding scale economics and sitting problems inherent in renewable power generation challenge the opportunities for energy substitution a sustainable policy solution therefore appears to be one favoring scaled and efficient electricity generation from fossil energy in the short run with a gradual switch towards renewable power in the long run in general the applied model provides insights that energy efficiency enhances sustainable growth by propelling technological advancement especially when technical change is scale biased and factor augmenting the study also provides insights that impacts of exogenous shocks to inputs are temporary and hence do not jeopardize efforts aimed at scaling output through increased and efficient use of labor capital and energy especially nonrenewable energy

can african countries efficiently build their economies on renewable energy abstract the translog production model is estimated to provide insights on the effectiveness of renewable energy for africa the analysis shows that capital labor renewable energy and nonrenewable energy drive output in african countries with renewable energy being a higher driver of growth than the conventional fossil fuels over the sample period this finding is reflective of the fact that renewable sources like wind hydro and solar account for a greater share of power generation in most african countries output elasticities computed for both energy types reaffirm the results and suggest that eastern and central african countries are more renewable energy dependent than the other three regions in addition technological progress is driven mainly by the efficiency with which various factors and energy inputs are used while africa has great potential of facing out conventional fossil energy the discussion provided in this study suggests that such transition is limited in practice due to issues of scale economics and sitting problems

energy economic growth and causality in developing countries a case study of tanzania and nigeria the debate about the precise role of energy in economic development remains contentious existing empirical studies have produced varying results some have argued the complementarity between energy and other factors of production and others have indicated that energy can be substituted for other factors of production commonly these studies have focused primarily on the developed countries one explanation being that supply constraints and price rigidities render any study on factor substitutions in developing countries meaningless however the functional relationship between energy consumption and income in developing countries is constantly investigated with the use of regression techniques while such techniques are useful in empirical analysis no mechanism exists for indicating causal directions between variables this limits the scope for policy analysis and prescription the need to identify causal direction between energy consumption and income growth in developing countries is overwhelming apart from providing further insights into the role of energy in economic development it provides policy analysts with a clearer understanding of the likely impact of energy supply constraints on economic growth this article examines the causal directions between energy consumption and economic growth proxied by gdp and gnp for nigeria and tanzania the results show a simultaneous causal relationship between energy and economic growth for both countries the implication being that unless energy supply constraints are eased economic growth and development will remain elusive to these countries given similar economic characteristics and profiling the same energy scenario for other developing countries our finding supports the view that energy plays a key role in economic development

electricity consumption oil price and economic growth global perspective abstract the study uses the panel data of 210 countries over the period 1960 2014 to analyze the empirical relationship between economic growth electricity consumption oil price gross fixed capital formation and population while the current literature on the topic focus largely on relationship between oil consumption and economic growth while only a few presented the research studying relationship between electricity and economic growth we used oil price and electricity consumption jointly to study the highly predictive observer for economic growth furthermore the data is categorized into income oecd regional level renewable energy consumption level and oil export import countries pedroni panel cointegration fully modified ols and panel vector error correction test apply to analyze the cointegration short run and the long run relationship between the variables the results of full panel confirm a bidirectional relationship between electricity consumption and gdp oil price and gdp fixed capital formation population and gdp moreover the results confirm that countries using non renewable sources for electricity generating such as through coal and oil the electricity consumption of these countries exhibit a negative relationship with the economic growth furthermore the finding varies across income oecd and regional renewable energy consumption level

fair allocation of indivisible goods and criteria of justice a set of n objects and an amount m of money is to be distributed among m people example the objects are tasks and the money is compensation from a fixed budget an elementary argument via constrained optimization shows that for m sufficiently large the set of efficient envy free allocations is nonempty and has a nice structure in particular various criteria of justice lead to unique best fair allocations that are well behaved with respect to changes of m this is in sharp contrast to the usual fair division theory with divisible goods

nigeria s electric power sector reform what should form the key objectives nigeria s electric power sector requires substantial reform if the country s economic development and poverty alleviation program is to be realised this understanding is behind the reform programme recently initiated by the nigerian government with the goal of privatising the national electric power monopoly nepa currently the country faces serious energy crisis due to declining electricity generation from domestic power plants which are basically dilapidated obsolete unreliable and in an appalling state of disrepair reflecting the poor maintenance culture in the country and gross inefficiency of the public utility provider building on an analysis of the major shortcomings of the current electric power company this paper presents the central issues that should form the key objectives of the proposed reform this include corporatization of the electric power industry increasing access and power delivery capacity constraining the costs of the power industry and increasing efficiency and share of renewables in energy generation as well as minimising environmental damage we conclude with the observation that efforts at reform will not yield the desired result if the current end user inefficiency is not constrained as nigeria implements its national utility privatisation programme it is hoped that this review will benefit policy makers and emerging managers and providers of electricity service in the country

between ostrom and nordhaus the research landscape of sustainability economics abstract we survey the emerging research area of sustainability economics through a quantitative full text analysis of peer reviewed journal publications from 1987 to 2013 to identify relevant contributions we draw on existing definitions of sustainability economics for a keyword based identification strategy a combined focus on a the human nature relationship b the long term uncertain future c normative orientation towards sustainability and d economic analysis our analysis of a random subsample of 343 relevant papers reveals that i sustainability economics is a rapidly developing research area ii while theoretical contributions shaped the area in earlier years applied work now constitutes the largest share of contributions iii the research landscape can be clustered into eleven research clusters these range from participatory governance of social ecological systems associated with the work of elinor ostrom to questions of intertemporal allocation and distribution applied to climate economics associated with the work of william nordhaus iv the research area is broad in scope and heterogeneous and there is relatively little interaction between important clusters v relevant contributions are published in more than 100 journals ten journals publish half of all contributions led by ecological economics and 40 appear in non economics journals underscoring the importance of interdisciplinary dialogue

options using a collective lottery to ration vaccines during an influenza pandemic for many countries the best way to counter an influenza pandemic is to provide citizens with a pandemic vaccine however since the global supply of the vaccines is far smaller than the quantity demanded how to allocate the limited vaccines can be a very challenging task for them in this study we introduce a collective lottery mechanism that allocates vaccines as fairly as the traditional lottery while also offering more options for family members or those who are close so that they can choose the joint probability of successes that can maximize their welfare this mechanism thus gives rise to a pareto improvement over the traditional lottery our empirical study uses the us and the uk as examples in sequential collective lotteries that are simulated to prove that such an improvement while maintaining fairness in fact exists

foreign direct investment pollution and economic growth evidence from malaysia the bounds test developed by pesaran et al 2001 is applied to examine the existence of a long run relationship between foreign direct investment fdi inflows pollution and output of malaysia granger causality tests are also utilized to test for the presence of the short run and long run causal relationship between these variables both fdi inflows and pollution have short run causal relationship on output output only has long run causal relationship on fdi inflows

energy conservation policies growth and trade performance evidence of feedback hypothesis in pakistan this study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and trade openness in pakistan by using the annual time series data for the period of 1973 2011 our main results show i the presence of long run link between energy consumption and trade performance ii positive impact of gross domestic product exports and imports on energy consumption iii bidirectional causal relationship between exports and energy consumption and also be tween imports and energy demand and iv bidirectional causality between gross domestic product and energy consumption points to the presence of feedback hypothesis in pakistan we therefore note that energy conservation policies will reduce the trade performance which in turn leads to the decline in economic growth in pakistan the present study may guide policymakers in formulating a conclusive energy and trade policies for sustainable growth for long span of time

electricity consumption and economic growth evidence from korea abstract this paper investigates the short and long run causality issues between electricity consumption and economic growth in korea by using the co integration and error correction models it employs annual data covering the period 1970 2002 the overall results show that there exists bi directional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth this means that an increase in electricity consumption directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further electricity consumption

electricity consumption and economic growth bounds and causality analyses of opec members this paper investigates the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for opec members the bounds test yields evidence of a long run relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for all opec members causality results suggest that economic growth is dependent on electricity consumption in five countries less dependent in three countries and independent in three countries because these countries do not necessarily share similar political and economic traits no single universal policy implication can be inferred from the results the disparities across these causality results therefore stress the importance of formulating causality explanations while taking into account the particularities of individual countries rather than blindly applying the conventional interpretations

the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in the asean countries abstract this paper investigates the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth among the association of south east asian nations asean 4 members namely indonesia malaysia singapore and thailand using modern time series techniques for the period 1971 2002 the results indicate that there is a bi directional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia and singapore this means that an increase in electricity consumption directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further electricity consumption in the two countries however uni directional causality runs from economic growth to electricity consumption in indonesia and thailand without any feedback effect thus electricity conservation policies can be initiated without deteriorating economic side effects in the two countries

examining the economic impact of covid 19 in india through daily electricity consumption and nighttime light intensity abstract the covid 19 pandemic has disrupted economic activity in india adjusting policies to contain transmission while mitigating the economic impact requires an assessment of the economic situation in near real time and at high spatial granularity this paper shows that daily electricity consumption and monthly nighttime light intensity can proxy for economic activity in india energy consumption is compared with the predictions of a consumption model that explains 90 percent of the variation in normal times energy consumption declined strongly after a national lockdown was implemented on march 25 2020 and remained a quarter below normal levels throughout april it recovered subsequently but electricity consumption remained lower even in september not all states and union territories have been affected equally while electricity consumption halved in some it declined very little in others part of the heterogeneity is explained by the prevalence of covid 19 infections the share of manufacturing and return migration during the national lockdown higher covid 19 infection rates at the district level were associated with larger declines in nighttime light intensity without effectively reducing the risk of a covid 19 infection voluntary reductions of mobility will hence prevent a return to full economic potential even when restrictions are relaxed together daily electricity consumption and nighttime light intensity allow monitoring economic activity in near real time and high spatial granularity

clean energy growth nexus in sub saharan africa evidence from cross sectionally dependent heterogeneous panel with structural breaks abstract this paper examines the existence and nature of a causality relationship between clean energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of eleven sub saharan african countries over the period 1971 2007 we apply the panel unit root test that accounts for the presence of multiple structural breaks 13 and the newly developed panel cointegration methodology which allows for cross section dependence and multiple structural breaks 38 as well as a bootstrap corrected granger causality test the estimation results show that there is cointegration between clean energy consumption and economic growth further the results from the panel causality tests indicate that there is indeed a unidirectional granger causal flow from clean energy consumption to economic growth

the electricity consumption and economic growth nexus evidence from greece abstract this paper attempts to cast light into the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in greece in a multivariate framework for this purpose we used cointegration techniques and the vector error correction model in order to capture short run and long run dynamics over the sample period 1970 2011 the empirical results reveal that in the long run electricity demand appears to be price inelastic and income elastic while in the short run the relevant elasticities are below unity we also argue that the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in greece is bi directional our results strengthen the notion that greece is an energy dependent country and well directed energy conservation policies could even boost economic growth furthermore the implementation of renewable energy sources should provide significant benefits ensuring sufficient security of supply in the greek energy system this evidence can provide a new basis for discussion on the appropriate design and implementation of environmental and energy policies for greece and other medium sized economies with similar characteristics

consumer s surplus without apology the purpose of this paper is to settle the controversy surrounding consumer s surplus and by so doing to validate its use as a tool of welfare economics i will show that observed consumer s surplus can be rigorously utilized to estimate the unobservable compensating and equivalent variations the correct theoretical measures of the welfare impact of changes in prices and income on an individual i derive precise upper and lower bounds on the percentage errors of approximating the compensating and equivalent variations with consumer s surplus these bounds can be explicitly calculated from observable demand data and it is clear that in most applications the error of approximation will be very small in fact the error will often be overshadowed by the errors involved in estimating the demand curve the results in no way depend upon arguments about the constancy of the marginal utility of income consequently this paper supplies specific empirical criteria which can replace the apologetic caveats frequently employed by those who presently apply consumer s surplus moreover the results imply that consumer s surplus is usually a very good approximation to the appropriate welfare measures to preview below i establish the validity of these rules of thumb for a

renewable energy electricity development in ghana observations concerns substitution possibilities and implications for the economy abstract can ghana build its economy on renewable energy is it possible to substitute nonrenewable for renewable energy what is the impact of renewable energy on the economy of ghana these questions are relevant and worth considering as far as the renewable energy development agenda in ghana is concern using the translog production function approach this study primarily investigates whether ghana can move away from nonrenewable electricity generation to renewable power generation in particular we provide estimates for the relationship between the two energy types and output the estimates are then used to calculate the output and substitution elasticities between renewable and nonrenewable energy our findings show that while the impact of nonrenewable energy on ghana s economy is negative that of renewable energy is insignificant with output elasticities for both energy types averaging 0 139 and 1 875 respectively even though substitution elasticity suggests the possibility of moving towards a renewable power generation system this study also highlights the limitations associated with such transition citing inherent problems such as scale cost and location based on the analysis done in the context of the findings this study recommends a policy that supports an optimal energy matrix with both renewable and nonrenewable sources

a competitive partnership formation process a group of heterogeneous agents may form partnerships in pairs all single agents as well as all partnerships generate values if two agents choose to cooperate they need to specify how to split their joint value among one another in equilibrium which may or may not exist no agents have incentives to break up any existing partnerships or form new partnerships this paper proposes a dynamic competitive adjustment process that always either finds an equilibrium or exclusively disproves the existence of any equilibrium in finitely many steps when an equilibrium exists partnership and revenue distribution will be automatically and endogenously determined by the process moreover several fundamental properties of the equilibrium solution and the model are derived

the economic impact of subsidy phase out in oil exporting developing countries a case study of algeria iran and nigeria abstract one of the crucial issues of energy markets in oil exporting developing countries is the high level of subsidies on petroleum products and the low efficiency in energy use the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of a subsidy phase out policy on the energy sector and oil revenues in three countries algeria iran and nigeria by using a standard econometric approach we find that the effects of different deregulation policies are substantial we also analyse the impact of a policy based on autonomous energy efficiency improvement finally a combination of both policies is elaborated and quantified our results show that a policy geared at more rational use of energy would permit these countries to save enough oil to meet future increases in demand while maintaining stable production capacity furthermore such an energy policy could result in additional oil revenues which would enhance their economic development

energy demand convergence in apec an empirical analysis this paper empirically examines the cross country convergence of per capita energy and electricity usage in apec a significant economic bloc to this end the study applies conventional panel unit root tests and sequential panel selection model spsm procedure based on the panel kss unit root with a fourier function for robustness analysis the results from conventional unit root test results indicate that per capita energy usage and electricity consumption are converging for all apec countries in line with improving living standards in apec the findings also provide some support for policies to promote energy integration among apec countries according to spsm analysis evidence of energy convergence is found for 15 out of 19 apec countries and evidence of electricity convergence is found for 17 out of 19 apec countries pursuit of policies to achieve energy supply stability can move divergent countries toward convergence

renewable electricity consumption and economic development new findings from the baltic countries abstract this study employed homogeneous and heterogeneous panel methods to examine the relationship between renewable and non renewable electricity consumption and economic development in three transition economies in the baltic region namely estonia latvia and lithuania for the period of 1992 2011 the study put forward four hypotheses to examine the renewable electricity development nexus the findings indicated that there existed a unidirectional causality from the economic development to renewable electricity consumption thus the results obtained from the statistical analyses have provided empirical evidence in support of the conservation hypothesis that postulates that economic development causes the expansion of renewable electricity consumption but not vice versa

a general strategy proof fair allocation mechanism abstract this paper studies a general problem of efficiently and fairly allocating n indivisible objects like jobs or houses with a certain amount of money to n persons with a requirement that each person be assigned with one object the precise preferences of individuals over both the objects and money are unknown and manipulable but assumed to follow some general patterns to ensure the existence of a fair allocation a mechanism is developed that elicits honest preferences over both the objects and money and that assigns the objects with some money to individuals efficiently and fairly

towards an explanation of the productivity slowdown an acceleration deceleration hypothesis after two and a half decades of prosperous post war development western industrialised countries recently experienced a slowdown of economic growth and productivity advance together with an increase in the rates of inflation and unemployment in trying to explain this malaise we are looking at a diagnosis that could help us to identify early indicators of a future turnaround or some policy variables which deserve to be included in a therapeutic programme although we shall focus on what can be measured complying with the standards of the guild we shall not refrain from considering complex relationships which can be grasped only intuitively even if they include phenomena which lie beyond the limits of official statistics 2 the outcome may be soft economics but we find some consolation in the dictum that it is better to be vaguely right than to be precisely wrong

a meta analysis investigation of the direction of the energy gdp causal relationship implications for the growth degrowth dialogue abstract the complex relation between energy use and the economic process has long attracted attention issues such as the scarcity of energy resources energy theory of value degrowth and a growth approaches are closely related to the relationship between energy and development the present study traces the implications of the energy gdp causality dialogue for the context of the growth degrowth debate where the energy development link plays a decisive role in that context the present research investigates the possible existence of a fundamental macro direction of causality between energy use and economic growth that is not influenced by study specific characteristics and events towards this objective we perform a meta analysis that takes into account 158 studies on causality between energy and gdp covering the period 1978 2011 this is the first time to our knowledge that meta analysis has been applied to investigate the direction of the energy and gdp causal relationship the meta analysis results neither support the existence of a fundamental macro direction nor the so called neutrality hypothesis e gdp in the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth

no envy and consistency in economies with indivisible goods we consider the problem of fair allocation in economies with indivisible goods our main objective is to identify appealing subsolutions of the no envy solution we formulate desirable properties of solutions and look for solutions satisfying them given an allocation chosen by a solution for some economy and given a subgroup of the agents consider the problem of fairly distributing among its members the resources that this group has collectively received the solution is consistent if it recommends that the same bundle be attributed to each of these agents as initially we show that there is no proper subsolution of the no envy solution that satisfies consistency however many subsolutions satisfy bilateral consistency or the converse of consistency but again there is no proper subsolution satisfying these two properties together

electricity use and economic development abstract a study of the relationship between electricity use and economic development in over one hundred countries constituting over 99 of the global economy has been undertaken correlations between electricity consumption capita and gdp capita have been analysed and compared with those between total primary energy supply capita and gdp capita a supporting analysis has correlated the proportion of energy used in the form electricity the e e ratio with gdp capita the general conclusions of this research are that wealthy countries have a stronger correlation between electricity use and wealth creation than do poor countries and that for the global economy as a whole there is a stronger correlation between electricity use and wealth creation than there is between total energy use and wealth the study also shows that in wealthy countries the increase in wealth over time correlates with an increase in the e e ratio the results imply that the energy ratio toe should be replaced by the electricity ratio kwh as a development indicator and more precisely by the e e ratio kwh toe

towards understanding the benefits and challenges of smart micro grid for electricity supply system in nigeria the poor state of electricity supply system in nigeria is threatening the welfare and security of life and properties of millions of individuals with adverse economic consequences for the country the inadequacy of the national grid especially the inability of the electricity generation capacity to match increasing demand in the country has led to increasing agitation for increased penetration of renewable energy sources ress into the electricity supply mix while great attention has been focused on the potential of ress for electricity generation in the country little or no attention has been given to the application of smart micro grid sm g technologies to the ageing nigeria grid infrastructures and electrification of the rural areas the aim of this paper is to bring into focus the benefits and challenges of enabling sm g in the electricity supply system in nigeria sm g will bring benefits to the electricity stakeholders in form of improvements in reliability efficiency economics environment security and safety the paper gives an overview and reviews the current state of the electricity supply system in the country it discusses the sm g concepts and associated technologies and highlights how they can help address the electricity problems in the country the challenges of applying these concepts in nigeria context are also discussed enabling sm g in the country will not only lead to improvement in the quality efficiency and reliability of the electricity grid but also promote the provision of electricity supply to the remote rural areas using ress

the effect of energy on output per worker in the balkan peninsula a country specific study of 12 nations in the energy community in this paper we explore the long run co integration relationship between output per worker capital per worker and energy per worker for 12 countries in the balkan peninsula albania austria bulgaria cyprus greece hungary italy macedonia romania slovakia slovenia and turkey which are part of the energy community in line with the current developments in energy economics 62 we add to the literature by reviewing the elasticity coefficients for the 12 countries using the augmented solow 63 framework and the ardl bounds procedure 57 the causality nexus is explored using the toda and yamamoto 1995 procedure the results show that output capital and energy in per worker terms are co integrated we note that all countries have positive and statistically significant long run energy elasticity coefficients except for macedonia we note that energy is statistically significant in the short run for all other countries the causality results support the conservation hypothesis for 7 countries albania bulgaria cyprus hungary italy romania and turkey the growth hypothesis for 2 countries austria and macedonia and the feedback hypothesis for 3 countries greece slovakia and slovenia respectively

energy demand economic growth and energy efficiency the bakun dam induced sustainable energy policy revisited abstract in embarking on a dynamic course of economic development and industrial modernism malaysia sees the need to increase its electricity generation capacity through the development of a mega dam project the bakun dam although hydroelectricity generation offers one of the benign options in accommodating the increasing energy consumption per capita in malaysia it is argued that the construction of bakun s dam which involves a complete and irreversible destruction of 69 640 ha of old forest ecosystem remains a difficult and uncertain endeavour it is further argued that apart from mega dam technology there are also other means to orchestrate a sustainable energy system in malaysia these include the implementation of demand and supply initiatives such as the deployment of energy saving technology or influencing behavioral change towards a sustainable energy consumption pattern

ant colony optimization approach to estimate energy demand of turkey abstract this paper attempts to shed light on the determinants of energy demand in turkey energy demand model is first proposed using the ant colony optimization aco approach it is multi agent systems in which the behavior of each ant is inspired by the foraging behavior of real ants to solve optimization problem aco energy demand estimation acoede model is developed using population gross domestic product gdp import and export all equations proposed here are linear and quadratic quadratic acoede provided better fit solution due to fluctuations of the economic indicators the acoede model plans the energy demand of turkey until 2025 according to three scenarios the relative estimation errors of the acoede model are the lowest when they are compared with the ministry of energy and natural resources menr projection

electricity sector reform in cameroon is privatization the solution abstract the economic difficulties of cameroon and of its government owned companies led the international monetary fund imf and the world bank to set up a vast privatization program with the government s collaboration in the electricity sector the state had a complete control over the industry through the societe national d electricite sonel an integrated monopoly utility under the imf world bank program sonel has been sold to foreign interests this article presents cameroon s electricity sector the proposed reform and the importance of electricity in economic development an evaluation of the reform is presented from two different perspectives first we consider the reform from a theoretical and market design point of view second we challenge the reform from a more fundamental level by questioning the relevance of privatization at this stage of the electricity sector development this brings us to review the strategic place of electricity in economic growth how different countries have dealt with their electricity industry in early development stage and how the objective of multinational corporations could be in conflict with specific electricity sector goals from these two different perspectives we conclude that the imf and the world bank have set up a reform process that is against good public policy we conclude with some suggestions for improving the reform process

analyzing the effects of energy action plans on electricity consumption in covenant of mayors signatory municipalities in andalusia permitted deposit due to funding body institutional and governmental policy or mandate may be required to comply with embargo periods of 12 months to 48 months

a cross sectional analysis of energy output correlation abstract the nature of the correlation between energy consumption and output is examined based on cross sectional data for 100 countries the bias in the correlation due to the use of nominal income and to the convention adopted in measuring non commercial energy consumption is analysed it is found that when real income is used and non commercial energy consumption measured in commercial energy replacement value the cross sectional energy elasticity increases rapidly from about unity for the low income developing countries to between 1 6 and 1 8 for the high income developing countries and declines marginally thereafter in the industrial country income range the results show certain disparity on energy output ratio across countries with higher income countries consuming disproportionately more energy per unit of real output

a literature survey on energy growth nexus abstract this paper provides a survey of the recent progress in the literature of energy consumption economic growth and electricity consumption economic growth causality nexus the survey highlights that most empirical studies focus on either testing the role of energy electricity in stimulating economic growth or examining the direction of causality between these two variables although the positive role of energy on growth has become a stylized fact there are some methodological reservations about the results from these empirical studies a general observation from these studies is that the literature produced conflicting results and there is no consensus neither on the existence nor on the direction of causality between energy consumption electricity consumption and economic growth as a policy implication to avoid from conflicting and unreliable results the authors may use the autoregressive distributed lags bounds test two regime threshold co integration models panel data approach and multivariate models including new variables such as real gross fixed capital formation labor force carbon dioxide emissions population exchange rates interest rates etc thus the authors should focus more on the new approaches and perspectives rather than by employing usual methods based on a set of common variables for different countries and different intervals of time

productivity growth and energy consumption in the nigerian manufacturing sector a panel data analysis this paper examines the impact of efficiency in energy consumption on the growth in productivity in the nigerian manufacturing sector the study utilizes a panel data technique covering a period of substantial energy price reviews in nigeria the study shows that for most industries productivity growth has been energy using whereas in a few attempts have been made to switch productivity growth towards energy saving however it will take some time for the effect of current energy pricing policy to permeate the whole manufacturing sector due to the high cost required to invest in energy saving equipment especially in the face of a rapid decline in real income coupled with high product prices

energy consumption and economic growth in central america evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model abstract this study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for six central american countries over the period 1980 2004 within a multivariate framework given the relatively short span of the time series data a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship based on the heterogeneous panel cointegration test by pedroni pedroni p 1999 critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors oxford bulletin of economics and statistics 61 653 670 pedroni p 2004 panel cointegration asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the ppp hypothesis new results econometric theory 20 597 627 cointegration is present between real gdp energy consumption the labor force and real gross fixed capital formation with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the granger causality results indicate the presence of both short run and long run causality from energy consumption to economic growth which supports the growth hypothesis