institutionalizing the triple helix research funding and norms in the academic system abstract what are the institutional mechanisms that enable or hinder the development of new forms of knowledge production this issue has been slightly neglected in the discussion of the triple helix to redress this shortcoming the authors suggest an institutionalist complement to the triple helix model the article analyzes the institutional regulation of academic research with a special emphasis on how norms in the academic system are constituted via research funding it is argued that funding is a key mechanism of change in the norm system since its reward structure influences the performance and evaluation of research the empirical analysis is based on the public financing of technical research in sweden with comparisons made with other countries the structure of research funding has been reformed in all the countries studied in addition to continuing recognition for scientific merit the reforms have had the effect of emphasizing the commercial potential and the societal relevance of the research supported the two dominant models of research funding an intra academic model and a top down interventionist model seem to be replaced partly with a catalytic one however there are counteracting tendencies some agencies still reproduce a model of reputational control and a collegial orientation among researchers it is concluded therefore that the forces of change and continuity are engaged in a process of negotiation about the normative regulation of academic research

brokerage in sme networks this study focuses on sme networks of design and high tech companies in southeast netherlands by highlighting the personal networks of members across design and high tech industries the study attempts to identify the main brokers in this dynamic environment in addition we investigate whether specific characteristics are associated with these brokers the main contribution of the paper lies in the fact that in contrast to most other work it is of a quantitative nature and focuses on brokers identified in an actual network studying the phenomenon of brokerage provides us with clear insights into the concept of brokerage regarding sme networks in different fields in particular we highlight how third parties contribute to the transfer and development of knowledge empirical results show among others that the most influential brokers are found in the non profit and science sector and have a long track record in their branch

universities as strategic actors in the knowledge economy the university plays a particular role in the global knowledge economy as provider of both public and private goods related to education research and societal impacts at the same time universities in the plural play many different roles and exhibit a rich experimentation in organizational forms and knowledge foci adapting to local and global conditions there is also an aspect of uneven regional development and agglomeration of competencies as the individuals and organizations must also balance local interests and stakeholders with global networks in science technology and innovation thus we can identify empirically that universities are changing their strategies organizational structures and competencies in order to respond to new external demands and internal management practices bonaccorsi and daraio 2007 the question is how to explain this theoretically and identify empirical trends and pathways little previous research has focused upon how universities are learning to compete and why they try to act strategically this article as well as the selected articles in the special issue focus upon how and why this transition is occurring as well as the impacts for understanding universities as strategic actors in the knowledge economy section 2 provides an overview it introduces the three themes and articles collected in this special issue providing a summary of the main contributions section 3 then provides our perspective on how to analyze and understand universities as strategic actors it discusses relevant literature as a way of beginning to provide our perspective of the necessity and elements involved in a more united theoretical and empirical understanding this includes statement of predictions as well as empirical evidence that these trends are occurring section 4 concludes with relevant research themes for the future

the geographical dimension of innovation collaboration networking and innovation in norway this paper looks at the geographical dimension of firm networking in norway by examining the impact of manager level firm level and regional level variables on the decisions of firms to collaborate with partners at different levels of geographical distance using data stemming from a survey of 1604 businesses in five norwegian city regions we model firms use of partners located within the region elsewhere in the country and abroad respectively the results indicate that collaboration is affected in different ways by variables related to all three levels at the level of the manager trust is an important predictor of regional and national collaboration but has no significant effect on the formation of international partnerships which are fundamentally associated with factors such as education and the open mindedness of managers at the regional level r d expenditure tends to increase collaboration between regional actors but reduces the likelihood of engagement with international partners education by contrast has the opposite effect it encourages international collaboration at the expense of local links the results highlight the need to balance policies for boosting regional social capital and r d with investments in education and fostering open mindedness as a means to prevent lock in and develop innovation enhancing global pipelines

who works in a working region inclusive innovation in the new manufacturing economy abstractwho works in a working region inclusive innovation in the new manufacturing economy regional studies scholars have documented economic gains for regions that promote manufacturing through co location of innovation and production activities but it is unclear whether the production jobs created in this new context remain inclusive of workers with limited formal education this paper compares us states that specialize in biopharmaceuticals to understand who participates in a so called working region while some state policy makers have privileged scientific and design occupations at the expense of the production workforce regional actors in north carolina have increased employment in design and development while growing their biopharmaceutical production base aligning innovation and equity goals in the process

comparing systems approaches to innovation and technological change for sustainable and competitive economies an explorative study into conceptual commonalities differences and complementarities this paper makes a distinction between three theoretical frameworks that have been highly influential in the discourse on innovation competitiveness and sustainability sectoral systems of innovation ssi technological innovation systems tis and socio technical systems st systems these frameworks share a common systems approach to innovation but are often positioned as different bodies of literature that correspond to different epistemic communities this paper is explorative and conceptual in nature it presents a systematic comparative review of ssi tis and st systems based on the following analytical dimensions 1 system boundaries 2 actors and networks 3 institutions 4 knowledge 5 dynamics and 6 policy approach in the concluding section commonalities and differences of the three approaches are presented and suggestions for complimentarily are made c 2010 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

issues in measuring industrial r d abstract effective government science and technology policy requires a reliable database on industrial innovation this paper examines a number of issues concerning the measurement of industrial r d by analyzing the relationship between data reported in the nsf census rd 1 survey the basis for the official government r d statistics and data reported in two other sources firms 10 k reports and a federal procurement database we advance and test a hypothesis which accounts for systematic discrepancies between rd 1 and 10 k based estimates of company r d we also develop estimates of the extent of measurement error reflected in the various measures of r d and suggest some modifications to the rd 1 survey

accounting for change in national systems of innovation a friendly critique based on the u s case abstract this paper advances a friendly critique of the national systems of innovation approach and offers some suggestions for its future development i argue that the approach has difficulty accounting for bounded change in national systems i review three recent changes in the u s innovation system the internet boom and bust of the late 1990s and early 2000s the response to the terrorist attacks of september 11 2001 and the acceleration of productivity growth since the mid 1990s in order to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the framework in this respect future research might be enriched at least in the case of large national innovation systems by absorbing concepts developed in other strands of institutionalist literature such as intercurrence and embeddedness

antitrust and technological innovation in the us ideas institutions decisions and impacts 1890 2000 abstract the history of antitrust policy in the us as it relates to technological innovation exhibits major swings every few decades between favoring concentration and favoring deconcentration this paper sketches for each period the contending ideas that frame antitrust technology policy debates the salience of these ideas in the larger antitrust policy process the institutions for agenda setting and decision making in this area the policy decisions themselves and more speculatively the impacts of these decisions on technological innovation and industrial development the paper concludes with a preliminary attempt to identify the cyclical secular and static processes that have shaped the history of this policy area and to use this analysis to inform future policy makers

future governance of innovation policy in europe three scenarios in europe public research technology and innovation policies are no longer exclusively in the hands of national authorities increasingly national initiatives are supplemented by or even competing with regional innovation policies or transnational programmes in particular the activities of the european union at the same time industrial innovation increasingly occurs within international networks are we witnessing a change of governance in european innovation policy based on a set of hypotheses concerning the co evolution of political systems and innovation systems in europe the paper speculates about the future governance of innovation policies trying to pave the ways for empirical analyses it sketches three scenarios stretching from 1 the idea of an increasingly centralised and dominating european innovation policy arena to 2 the opposite i e a progressive decentralisation and open competition between partly strengthened partly weakened national or regional innovation systems and finally to 3 the vision of a centrally mediated mixture of competition and co operation between diverse regional innovation cultures and a related governance structure

a bibliometric review on natural resource accounting during 1995 2014 abstract natural resource accounting plays a critical role in sustainable utilization and conservation of natural resources this paper aims to review research progress on natural resource accounting for the period of 1995 2014 the main research methods for this study include bibliometric analysis and social network analysis covering publications performances characteristics of related journals countries institutions authors and keywords the results show that the total amount of publications on natural resource accounting has increased rapidly since 2001 the most productive journal country institution and author are journal of environmental management usa university of california and dr chen respectively all of them have higher academic influence meanwhile natural resources that attract most attentions are water and energy the six main research methods in this field include mathematic modeling emergy exergy ecological footprint ef life cycle assessment lca and material flow analysis mfa reasons for the prominent performance of key countries and institutions are then discussed and uncovered as well as for six methods finally suggestions on how to further promote the development of this research field are raised

innovation and cooperation in the small firm sector evidence from northern britain freel m s and harrison r t 2006 innovation and cooperation in the small firm sector evidence from northern britain regional studies 40 289 305 over the last 20 years network based models of innovation led economic development have grown increasingly popular to both the polity and the academy in contrast to earlier linear conceptions innovation is viewed as a systemic phenomenon in which interactive learning and cooperative entrepreneurship are fundamental the way that systems and in turn networks are usually defined is by the volume and characteristics of the linkages that bind them together accordingly drawing upon a recent survey of small firms in scotland and northern england 1347 responses the paper is concerned with mapping the extent of small firm innovation related networking and understanding the unique contribution such networks make to the successful introduction of new products and processes importantly it investigated the impact of networking on innovation in both manu

transforming traditional university structures for the knowledge economy through multidisciplinary institutes within the uk considerable policy support has been provided to create multidisciplinary institutes that encourage academics to develop new knowledge for industry and societal problems we consider four large traditional uk universities that have gained significant funding for such activities we examine the changes in institutional structures necessary to enable universities to transform from single discipline based schools to multidisciplinary institutes new incentives for working across schools the cross subsidy transfer of industry funded research and teaching income and senior role models are observed to enable the development of a multidisciplinary research capability yet this capability is not easily sustained it appears that for institutes to survive beyond the initial funding round they regress towards traditional school activities of peer reviewed research and teaching we conclude that to transform academic behaviour a fundamental shift in promotion procedures which remain heavily weighted towards peer reviewed journal publication within single disciplines is required copyright the author 2012 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

do deployment policies pick technologies by not picking applications a simulation of investment decisions in technologies with multiple applications abstract the role of deployment policies that aim to foster technological change has grown considerably especially in the fields of energy and climate however recent research has shown that the adoption of deployment policies carries the potential of locking in the technology that is most cost effective at the point of policy introduction but may be inefficient in the long term the present paper contributes to the emerging literature on the role of deployment policies in creating path dependency and eventually technology lock in while previous studies focused on the relationship between lock in and the technology specificity of deployment policies this paper introduces a new factor the existence of multiple applications for a technology we argue that this factor is highly relevant for technological lock in and should be considered by policy makers to support our argument we simulate the competition among four stationary battery technologies across energy system applications in an investment simulation model this simulation shows that the degree of competition among technologies differs strongly across applications which corresponds with a highly varying lock in probability hence selecting applications in deployment policies very likely corresponds to selecting technologies we discuss the implications of these results for both policy makers and for the academic debate on deployment policies and technological lock in as well as on technology assessment and governance more generally based on the notion that policies can have different technology specificity levels we develop the idea of the application specificity of policies and provide examples of currently enacted deployment policies that vary in terms of their technology and application specificity

science policy in changing times are governments poised to take full advantage of an institution in transition while it is widely acknowledged that the institution of science is currently undergoing a major transformation there remains reluctance in many sectors to embrace the changes and maximize the utility of science and its role in economic growth the transformation of science is driven by economic factors rather than those value based accordingly confusion and contradiction in science policy statements become apparent when the structure of science policy and the mechanisms that aim to support collaborative arrangements of science are examined historical and cognitive evidence shows the distinctions of applied and basic research are human constructions and as such have become a handicap to the emerging knowledge based economy it is concluded that if the economic and social benefits of integrated arrangements in knowledge production are to be realized there is a pressing need to modify the current institution of science and the policies that would underlie it 2003 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

the dynamics of investment projects evidence from peru abstract we analyse the effect of commodity price cycles on firm investment decisions at the project level by considering the decision to delay cancel or complete a project as initially announced in particular we use logit and duration models of competing risks on a novel dataset of announced investment projects in peru from different economic sectors the empirical framework for the timing of investment is motivated by real option models for projects that take time to build with commodity prices used as a proxy of expected future income and their volatility as a proxy for uncertainty our results suggest that both a reduction in commodity prices and a reduction in their volatility increase the probability to delay investment in the mining sector this result is in line with a number of real option models with time to build in other sectors delays in implementation occur more often in periods of high volatility probability regressions under a competing risk framework suggest that higher commodity prices lead to a higher probability of completion in all sectors of the economy

from knowledge based economy to knowledge based economy reflections on changes in the economy and development policies in the north east of england hudson r from knowledge based economy to knowledge based economy reflections on changes in the economy and development policies in the north east of england regional studies against the background of claims made about the emergence of a new knowledge based economy the paper explores the role of knowledge learning and innovation in the economy and in relation to regional economic development and to successive conceptions of regional development policies through the lens of the successive transformations of a particular regional economy that of north east england rather than seeing knowledge as something that has only recently become relevant to economic performance and to understanding of the economy and economic development it is argued that knowledge is central to all economic activity and that different types of such activity draw upon and require different types of knowledge

policy review section in this policy review section gerry stoker of the institute of local government studies presents a critical review of the role of urban development corporations udcs in comparing the experience of the udcs consideration is given to the varying nature of the land and property market in each udc area to the relationship with local authorities and other local bodies and the regeneration strategies pursued by the udcs this is followed by an assessment of the impact of the udcs in economic social and political terms in the second article john britton of the university of toronto examines the theoretical case for interventionist public policies to assist the innovation process in small and medium sized enterprises these arguments are supported by a review of the experience of various national support programmes introduced in the uk in particular the manufacturing advisory service introduced in 1978 and the design advisory service launched in 1982

government r d expenditure and space empirical evidence from five industrialized countries abstract in all industrialized countries several ministries pursue technology policies but only in germany and france are there special ministries for research and technology carrying out explicit technology policy in the usa great britain and france in particular public spending on defense is most relevant technologically in this study this kind of unintended technology policy will be referred to as implicit only a minor part of national r d activity is initiated with regional goals in mind the major part by far aims for national competitiveness the central hypothesis of this paper is that government r d spending generates unintended spatial effects which are far more consequential than the intended ones this study attempts to explain the phenomenon the technology policies of the five major industrialized countries usa germany japan france and great britain will be analyzed and the general tendency of governments to spatially cluster their r d assistance will be discussed the empirical section of this paper focuses on the relationship between government r d spending and employment in the high technology sector

which side of the coin the regional governance of science and innovation koschatzky k kroll h 2007 which side of the coin the regional governance of science and innovation regional studies 41 1115 1127 the paper deals with the impact of recent trends in the devolution of political powers in science technology and innovation policies it argues that some problems are associated with this regionalization because the emerging multi level governance structures turn political action into a complex bargaining process between actor groups with partially conflicting interests the paper sketches the theoretical potentials and limitations of science technology and innovation policy designed at the regional level based on regional evidence from the german federal system it demonstrates which policy aspects are suitable for devolution to regional governments and how they can be integrated in multi level governance structures koschatzky k et kroll h 2007 quelle facette du probleme la gouvernance reginale de la science et de l innovation regional studies 41 1115 1127

the evolving state of the art in technology transfer research revisiting the contingent effectiveness model the purpose of our study is to review and synthesize the rapidly evolving literature on technology transfer effectiveness our paper provides a lens into relatively recent work focusing particularly on empirical studies of us technology transfer conducted within the last 15 years in doing so we update and extend the contingent effectiveness model of technology transfer developed by bozeman 2000 specifically we include the growing interest in social and public value oriented technology transfer and thus the contingent effectiveness model is expanded to consider this literature we categorize studies according their approaches to measuring effectiveness draw conclusions regarding the current state of technology transfer evaluation and offer recommendations for future studies

sectoral patterns of technical change towards a taxonomy and a theory abstract the purpose of the paper is to describe and explain sectoral patterns of technical change as revealed by data on about 2000 significant innovations in britain since 1945 most technological knowledge turns out not to be information that is generally applicable and easily reproducible but specific to firms and applications cumulative in development and varied amongst sectors in source and direction innovating firms principally in electronics and chemicals are relatively big and they develop innovations over a wide range of specific product groups within their principal sector but relatively few outside firms principally in mechanical and instrument engineering are relatively small and specialised and they exist in symbiosis with large firms in scale intensive sectors like metal manufacture and vehicles who make a significant contribution to their own process technology in textile firms on the other hand most process innovations come from suppliers these characteristics and variations can be classified in a three part taxonomy based on firms 1 supplier dominated 2 production intensive 3 science based they can be explained by sources of technology requirements of users and possibilities for appropriation this explanation has implications for our understanding of the sources and directions of technical change firms diversification behaviour the dynamic relationship between technology and industrial structure and the formation of technological skills and advantages at the level of the firm the region and the country

measuring the knowledge base of an economy in terms of triple helix relations among technology organization and territory can the knowledge base of an economy be measured in this study we combine the perspective of regional economics on the interrelationships among technology organization and territory with the triple helix model and offer the mutual information in three dimensions as an indicator of the configuration when this probabilistic entropy is negative the configuration reduces the uncertainty that prevails at the systems level data about more than a million dutch companies are used for testing the indicator the data contain postal codes geography sector codes proxy for technology and firm sizes in terms of number of employees proxy for organization the configurations are mapped at three levels national nuts 1 provincial nuts 2 and regional nuts 3 the levels are cross tabled with the knowledge intensive sectors and services the results suggest that medium tech sectors contribute to the knowledge base of an economy more than high tech ones knowledge intensive services have an uncoupling effect but less so at the high tech end of these services

the market effects of zoning undeveloped land does zoning follow the market through restricting the uses of land zoning gives local governments the power to modify the dictates of unconstrained land markets many believe however that the regulations tend to coincide with or anticipate the market solution rather than modify it the validity of this assertion is an empirical question and has not yet been adequately addressed the purpose of this paper is to develop and apply an empirical test of the null hypothesis that zoning follows the market the null hypothesis can be rejected only if land uses under zoning differ from what they would be without zoning the first task in deriving the test is to differentiate between constrained and unconstrained land market allocations it is shown that parameter estimates for hedonic price functions when markets are zoned cannot be interpreted to imply that the regulations constrain market prices it is also shown that sample selection bias is a likely source of specification error in estimating hedonic price functions for zoned land markets since the sample selection of parcels to zone designations is unlikely to be random the selection process must be accounted for in ordinary least squares ols estimation of zone constrained hedonic price functions fortunately the correction for the specification error also provides a test for the market effects of zoning a bid price interpretation of hedonic price functions for land is presented in section ii the sample selection bias issues are also discussed in that section and a formal test for the market effects of zoning is introduced

r d appropriability opportunity and market structure new evidence on some schumpeterian hypotheses one of the largest bodies of literature in the field of industrial organization is devoted to the interpretation and testing of several hypotheses advanced by joseph schumpeter 1950 concerning innovation and industrial market structure one set of hypotheses focuses on the role of firm size as a determinant of r d spending and the rate of technological advance another set focuses on the effect of market concentration on r d and technological advance in this paper we reexamine the latter set of hypotheses at the industry level using new data on r d appropriability and technological opportunity collected by levin et al 1984 in a survey of r d executives in 130 industries

terms of trade uncertainty and economic growth abstract this paper examines a stochastic endogenous growth model in which terms of trade uncertainty affects savings and growth the model explains the well known positive link between growth and the mean rate of change of terms of trade and predicts also that terms of trade variability affects growth increased terms of trade variability results in faster or slower growth depending on the degree of risk aversion but in either case it reduces social welfare these growth effects imply that welfare costs of macroeconomic uncertainty are much larger than first thought cross country panel regressions provide strong support for the model s key predictions

institutionalized biases in the award of research grants a preliminary analysis revisiting the principle of accumulative advantage abstract accumulative advantage in the research system may allow elite groups to secure a disproportionate share of resources using grant submissions data to a uk research council associations between success in securing grants and potential sources of advantage are explored including membership of the peer review cadre departmental standing track record gender and ethnicity success in securing grants is associated with several potential sources of advantage suggesting that factors other than the quality of the research proposed influence outcomes differential access to these may contribute to the observed biases in the number of grants won against women and non white groups

volatility and a century of energy markets dynamics how similar is the price behavior of oil natural gas and coal are there any interactions among these three fuel prices and their volatilities using the yatchew and dimitropoulos 2016 annual data for the united states over the period from 1870 to 2014 and state of the art econometric methodology we explore for spillovers and interactions among the three energy markets in doing so we use a range of univariate and multivariate volatility models the key contribution to the literature is the estimation of a trivariate bekk model that allows for the interdependence of oil natural gas and coal returns and volatilities using the longest span prices that have ever been studied before

faculty support for the objectives of university industry relations versus degree of r d cooperation the importance of regional absorptive capacity abstract the growing importance of regions in the analysis of innovation and the pressure on european universities to interact with their environment justify this article it argues that faculty support for the objectives of university industry relations uir does not vary across disciplines and does not respond to university encouragement in a region with low absorptive capacity these results are in contrast with those obtained in studies of technology leading countries like the usa furthermore incentives for uir may generate unpredicted dynamics while instruments to cooperate are not significant finally support for the objectives of uir should not be confused with the degree of r d cooperation the former is sensitive to university age while the latter is sensitive to gender discipline commitment to r d and university encouragement empirical evidence is obtained from a sample of faculty from the valencian community spain and analysed through a set of models for discrete choice

navigating the impact innovation double hurdle the case of a climate change research fund this paper analyses how the funding for research grants was allocated from a specific research fund which aimed to support innovative research projects with the potential to have research impact by reducing carbon emissions the fund received a total of 106 proposals of which 27 were successful at obtaining financial support our aims were to test which factors influenced the funding decision and to discover whether or not and to what extent the fund met its intended objectives through the allocation of monies the allocation process and its outcomes were analysed using correlation logistical and linear regression to test our research hypotheses using this research funding process as a single study we found that trying to clear the impact innovation double hurdle in a single funding initiative ultimately compromises both goals this paper therefore contributes to our understanding of innovation management within the context of carbon emission reduction and explains which factors influenced success in securing research monies through the funding process

mapping technological trajectories of the green revolution and the gene revolution from modernization to globalization abstract the dynamics of technology development along the technological trajectories of the green revolution and the gene revolution could be explicated by the social morphologies of modernization and globalization the green revolution was shaped by the exigencies of modernization while the gene revolution is being shaped by the imperatives of neo liberal economic globalization innovation development and diffusion of technologies followed different trajectories in these two realms because of being part of different innovation systems considerations of private gain and profit in the form of high returns to shareholders of agro biotech corporations of global reach largely determine the dynamics of technological innovation in the gene revolution technology transfer and local adaptive work in the green revolution was carried out in the international public domain with the objective of developing research capacity in post colonial third world agriculture to increase food production to avert hunger led political insurrection during the cold war differentiating these two trajectories is important not only due to the normative implications inherent in comparing the impacts of these two revolutions but also due to the important lessons we learn about how different contexts of innovation in the same technology cluster could evolve into contrasting research policy regimes

the influence of market demand upon innovation a critical review of some recent empirical studies abstract a number of recent empirical studies of technical change at the level of the individual firm have concluded that market demand is the dominant influence upon the innovation process calling forth innovations in market economies the pace of innovation in the private sector heavily influences the growth of national output and productivity and these studies and their conclusions have therefore received much attention having been extensively quoted in discussions of appropriate government policy for the encouragement of innovation this paper reviews a number of these studies and concludes that their findings and the interpretations of their findings in the secondary literature are seriously flawed and in many cases invalid the proposition that market demand governs the innovation process is by no means conclusively demonstrated in these studies and they are therefore inadequate and inappropriate guides for the formulation of policy most of the studies examined employ a working definition of demand factors which is so broad as to embrace a range of possible influences upon innovation which should more properly be classified elsewhere the concept of demand utilized in these studies bears little resemblance to the more restrictive and precise definition of market demand found in economics in addition the phenomena analyzed in these studies are a very heterogeneous lot the studies do not address identical empirical questions and their findings are as a result neither uniform nor unambiguous both demand and supply side influences are crucial to understanding the innovation process and it is the exclusive preoccupation with only one set of these forces which is criticized in this paper some implications of the criticism for government policy toward innovation are discussed in the conclusion

blade runner economics will innovation lead the economic recovery according to schumpeterian theories economic expansions are associated with the introduction of successful new products processes and services while depressions are linked to stagnant periods with few innovations can the economic crisis set in motion in 2008 be explained by the inability to innovate and upgrade production and conversely will an economic recovery require a new stream of innovations drawing on the debate which emerged after the 1970s economic crisis this discussion paper tries to assess whether it is likely that the next long term expansion will be linked to a new stream of innovations while most evidence suggests that icts continue to provide the back bone of economic activities there is the prospect that biotechnology will eventually start to fulfil the promise envisaged over 30 years ago in the film blade runner

a complexity approach to innovation networks the case of the aircraft industry 1909 1997 successful innovation depends on complementary competencies in networks of producers users and governmental bodies the effects of complementarities within innovation networks are modeled using kauffman s nk model from the model the hypothesis is derived that producers users and governments self organize in specialized innovation networks producers of particular technologies increasingly focus on particular user markets in particular countries data on 863 aircraft models 1909 1997 show these strong specialization patterns in the post war period policy implications are indicated emphasizing the recent rise in transnational collaborations which can be understood as a means of escaping historical specialization patterns

the u s national innovation system origins and prospects for change in recent years the concept of national innovation systems has attained considerable currency and interest although a precise definition of a national innovation system is difficult analyses of the japanese and u s national innovation systems have implicitly defined them as the array of public and private institutions and organizations within an economy that fund and perform rd nelson 1993 interest in national innovation systems stems in part from a growing acknowledgment of the contributions to national economic welfare of superior performance in the commercialization and adoption of new technologies this awareness in turn has been heightened by the innovative and economic strength of postwar japan

what drives the formation of valuable university industry linkages insights from the wine industry abstract most of the literature on university industry u i linkages assumes that these linkages are beneficial per se we question this assumption suggesting that not all such linkages are equally helpful in this paper we explore the factors driving the formation of valuable u i linkages conceived as those linkages between universities and firms that have a higher potential to diffuse knowledge to other firms in their regional economy our empirical strategy combines case study methodology with econometric techniques using data from two wine clusters in chile and in italy the firm s knowledge base is found to be a key driver of valuable u i linkages we conclude that selectivity should be encouraged among policy makers endeavouring to promote u i linkages

are universities and university research under threat towards an evolutionary model of university speciation according to some universities and academic research are under threat as we move towards a more knowledge intensive economy academics face pressures to link their work more closely to economic needs with potentially adverse long term consequences this has been characterised as a fundamental change in the social contract between universities and the state with the latter now having more specific expectations regarding the outputs sought from the former others have described this as a transition from mode 1 to mode 2 knowledge production or in terms of the emergence of a triple helix relationship between universities government and industry this article critically examines these claims setting them in historical context we analyse the history of the university and its evolving functions as it responded to changing external demands adopting an evolutionary model we describe how different university species emerged and co evolved each with different emphases on the functions of teaching research and contributing to the economy and society turning to the current environment facing universities we identify the main drivers for change and assess their likely impact before arriving at conclusions about the future of the university and university research what we are witnessing today appears to be not so much the appearance of a new and hence worrying phenomenon but more a shift back towards a social contract for the university closer to the one in effect before the second half of the twentieth century one which as it did then may bring about the emergence of new university species

specialization centralization and the distribution of patent intermediaries in the usa and japan reiffenstein t specialization centralization and the distribution of patent intermediaries in the usa and japan regional studies the preparation examination and litigation of patents requires a complex division of labour the inventors and firms that generate patents have been well covered in the geographical literature but the same cannot be said of the producer services whose job it is to shepherd patents through patent offices and the courts this paper explores the spatial distribution of patent intermediaries agents and attorneys in the usa and japan with a view to shedding light on how the institutional architecture of national patent systems shapes the geographies of patent practitioners this comparison reveals important differences in their locational preferences at several scales of analysis us patent intermediation is geographically decentralized and practised in conjunction with other facets of business law while in japan the situation is far more specialized and concentrated in tok

regulatory policy as innovation constructing rules of engagement for a technological zone of tissue engineering in the european union abstract this paper addresses the question of the part that regulation plays in processes of innovation in sectors of technology the politico economic phenomenon of europe is partly constituted by regulatory regime building and new technologies are one of the major sites of regime building a constructionist social theory perspective shows that study of the conflictual processes of regulatory policymaking affords insights into the formation of the rules of engagement that constitute technology domains adopting the concept of emergent technological zone in preference to industrial sector or technoscientific network the paper presents using empirical research a detailed account of the case of the debate and development of regulatory policy for therapeutic tissue engineering in the european union s policy institutions and stakeholder networks it describes how the jurisdiction of an emergent zone has been formed through such negotiations providing a counter example to the common view that regulation lags behind innovation the analysis takes account particularly of the part played by the malleability of the definition of the material technology itself in such constructive governance processes and it also suggests various consequences for the array of producers of the technology for market structuring and for the innovation pathways taken by tissue engineering technology concluding the paper argues that there is conceptual advance to be made by bringing together constructionist social theory with innovation studies approaches that highlight the part played by non firm public institutions in shaping innovation ecologies

effects of government financial incentives on firms innovation performance in china evidences from beijing in the 1990s abstract the purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of chinese government financial incentives on firms innovation performance during the nation s initial economic transition period in the mid 1990s through a large scale empirical survey of more than 1000 chinese manufacturing firms the empirical evidences show that whereas the major government financial incentives such as special loans and tax credits were positively influential to innovative economic performance of firms direct earmarks not only failed to enhance innovative economic performance it sometimes negatively affected it surprisingly the findings show that all financial incentives of governments were unrelated to the patents of either high tech or general firms and direct earmarks affected the patents of these firms negatively although not to a significant degree this indicates that the centrally planned funding system of the 1990s was ineffective for enhancing technological progress for chinese manufacturing firms the study results imply that the chinese government should further increase the role of market force in its reforms a more market driven model by developing more s t initiatives to match the strategic directions of different enterprises particularly soes is recommended

a review of literature and hypotheses on new technology based firms abstract this paper examines the existing literature on new technology based firms in an attempt to understand how such companies contribute to the vitality of an economy and to see which variables are critical in enabling them to do so from recent research efforts we have drawn together a set of hypotheses and organized them around four central questions 1 what do new firms contribute to the economy 2 what factors contribute to the success of such enterprises 3 in what cultural contexts do new businesses succeed and 4 which government policies are effective in stimulating and supporting new companies we found that existing studies suggest 1 that new technology based firms contribute significantly to an economy in terms of exports employment taxes paid research and development and innovations 2 that the founders of these new businesses tend to have a strong entrepreneurial heritage a development rather research oriented background and a high need to achieve and are young and highly educated 3 that sector differences may be a more important influence on company location than are regional policies and 4 that no one government program has proven itself to be more than marginally successful in stimulating industrial innovation

production of university technological knowledge in european regions evidence from patent data acosta m coronado d leon m d and martinez m a production of university technological knowledge in european regions evidence from patent data regional studies this paper explores the european regional distribution of the production of new technological knowledge generated by universities as measured by patent counts the empirical basis for this study is a unique panel data set of 4580 european university patents from 1998 to 2004 the main findings were a strong regional and sectoral concentration of patents and no average relation between university technological specialization and industrial specialization furthermore the results suggest that variations in regional research and development funding do affect patenting activities in regions with elasticities showing constant returns to scale but no evidence was found regarding the industrial potential of the region encouraging the production of new university technological knowledge acosta m coronado d leon m d et martinez m a la

universities in emerging economies bridging local industry with international science evidence from chile and south africa emerging economies are now becoming more central in global competition to achieve this many countries have invested to develop into knowledge economies universities have a role to play in this transformation both as generators of new knowledge as well as actors that can interact with the local industry and contribute to its innovativeness this paper explores using two case studies in the chilean and south african wine industry how universities connect international science to domestic industry it finds that this connection occurs through a few bridging researchers who display particular characteristics compared with their colleagues bridging researchers are more talented than average researchers both because they publish more in international journals and or because they have received awards for their academic work this finding may have significant policy implications as policies aimed at strengthening the skills of these researchers should be welcomed in catching up industries copyright the author 2012 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

uneven growth between interdependent economies an evolutionary view on technology gaps trade and growth preface part one theory and empirics of international growth rate differentials and technology gaps chapter 1 technology growth and welfare a historical perspective 1 1 the search for welfare and the role of technology 1 2 aim of the book 1 3 organisation of the rest of the book notes chapter 2 the literature on economic growth and technological change 2 1 a brief overview 2 2 the traditional literature on economic growth 2 3 new neoclassical growth models endogenous innovation 2 4 the role of technological change 2 5 explaining growth rate differentials notes chapter 3 an evolutionary theory of economic growth and technological change the basics 3 1 economic growth as an evolutionary process a macroeconomic interpretation 3 2 economic growth as an evolutionary process a microeconomic interpretation 3 3 towards an evolutionary theory notes chapter 4 technology and growth in an international perspective 1960 1990 an impressionistic approach 4 1 economic growth and structural change 4 2 technology 4 3 technology and growth catching up or falling behind a global issue 4 4 summary and conclusions appendix iv 1 postwar economic welfare and the selection of country samples appendix iv 2 the 3 digit isic sector classification revision 2 appendix iv 3 on measuring and graphing structural differences between countries appendix iv 4 some tests for the influence of multicollinearity on the regressions in section 4 2 notes part two technology spillovers between interdependent economies catching up or falling behind chapter 5 a model of catching up or falling behind 5 1 description of the model 5 2 solving the model 5 3 the outcomes of the model under varying parameter restrictions 5 4 conclusions of the model notes chapter 6 an empirical test of the model 6 1 testing procedure and data sources 6 2 result 6 3 interpreting the results 6 4 summary and some policy conclusions appendix vi l a description of the data appendix vi 2 the calculation of the n statistic notes part three technological change international trade and economic growth chapter 7 an evolutionary model of technological change specialisation and economic growth 7 1 a descriptive interpretation 7 2 the model 7 3 simulation results 7 4 summary and conclusions appendix vii 1 initial values of the simulation runs for the 3 country 2 sector case appendix vii 2 some mathematical details of the selection equation in discrete time notes chapter 8 an empirical view on the evolution of trade and technology 8 1 patents as indicators of innovation 8 2 summarising some known correlations 8 3 trade and technology a dynamic evolutionary framework 8 4 estimation of the replicator equation 8 5 some further tests on the robustness of the replicator estimates 8 6 explaining the results for the patent variables 8 7 summary and conclusions

measuring the knowledge base of regional innovation systems in germany in terms of a triple helix dynamics the interaction among the three sub dynamics of economic exchange technological innovation and institutional control can be captured with a generalized triple helix model we propose to use the information contained in the configuration among the three sub dynamics as an indicator of the synergy in a configuration this measure indicates the reduction of the uncertainty which prevails at the level of an innovation system on the basis of data at the district level in germany the conclusions of a previous study about the netherlands are tested medium tech manufacturing is the main driver of the knowledge based configuration in a regional economy while knowledge intensive services tend to uncouple the economy from the regional configuration at the level of regions nuts 2 germany s knowledge based economy is no longer structured in terms of the previous east west divide of the country while this divide has prevailed at the level of the states nuts 1 that constitute the federal republic however the effects of high and medium tech are not specific for the western or eastern parts of the country the configuration of medium tech manufacturing can be considered a better indicator of the knowledge based economy than that of high tech manufacturing

leviathan as an inventor an extended agency model of state owned versus private firm invention in emerging and developed economies we examine the relative merits of state soe and private poe ownership on firm invention output in emerging as well as developed economies firm soe affords a vehicle by which governments throughout the world encourage risky investment in new technological paths yet from a traditional agency theoretical standpoint soes are plagued by low powered incentives and dysfunctional involvement e g wasteful budgets and political meddling which reduces soe performance relative to poes to examine this paradox we build an extended agency model which rather than overlooking agency cost drivers entertains a more balanced view in which these so called agency liabilities in fact benefit soes particularly in the sphere of inventions we argue that given relatively higher levels of managerial autonomy soes may outperform poes in some types of inventive output we further propose that key boundary conditions operate to modify this base effect in that contexts lacking political constraints a condition found in most emerging economies increase the risk of political meddling reducing managerial autonomy so that any soe inventive advantages wane significantly we also hypothesize that this negative effect of weak institutions is attenuated in high invention productivity sectors empirically we track the frequency pioneerism and impact of patent inventions of 521 soes and matched poes for 16 years across 43 countries and 22 industries we find empirical support for our hypotheses based on a robust set of fixed effects regression analyses aided by a battery of checks to assess self selection and omitted variable bias

between culture policy and industry modalities of intermediation in the creative economy taylor c between culture policy and industry modalities of intermediation in the creative economy regional studies the creative economy has become one of the most internationally pervasive prescriptions for the future of regional spatial economies accounts of its characteristics and typical ways of working have pointed to the importance of intermediary agents intermediation in the creative economy has however been comparatively under theorized this paper aims to address this gap by focusing on the topic of intermediary efficacy that is by what powers does intermediation bring about effects both for and in the creative economy it argues that a fuller account of intermediation needs to encompass its three principal modalities the transactional the regulatory and the strategic

interactive innovation in financial and business services the vanguard of the service revolution abstract the concept of the reverse product cycle as a theoretical model of innovation in services is developed further in this paper using the vanguard sector of financial and business services as a case study example of how innovation operates as an interactive process the parallels between the emerging service revolution and the nineteenth century industrial revolution are explored in order to identify the key characteristics of the vanguard sectors in each technological revolution the particular nature of the new techno economic paradigm based on information technology is then identified leading to a discussion of the unique conjunction of factors favouring financial and business services as the vanguard sector of the service revolution the central part of the paper then offers an elaboration of the reverse product cycle model stressing the interactive nature of the innovation process as it reflects the prevailing technological opportunities market conditions and industry structures within the adopting sector the example of retail banking is used to illustrate how the innovation cycle proceeds from increases in efficiency through improvements in service quality to the generation of new network service products there is then a discussion of the question of the optimal industry structure for innovation suggestion that in the reverse product cycle large corporations are likely to dominate the early stage of incremental process innovations whereas later in the cycle there is an important role for small entrepreneurial firms to advance more radical process and product innovations the concluding section summarises six major characteristics of the service revolution and suggests how it may proceed from its first to its second phase as the focus of innovation shifts from the vanguard sector of financial and business services to a much broader range of higher level knowledge based services many of which are currently delivered by the public sector

national innovation systems and the intermediary role of industry associations in building institutional capacities for innovation in developing countries a critical review of the literature abstract developed over the past three decades the national innovation system concept nis has been widely used by both scholars and policy makers to explain how interactions between a set of distinct nationally bounded institutions supports and facilitates technological change and the emergence and diffusion of new innovations this concept provides a framework by which developing countries can adopt for purposes of catching up initially conceived on structures and interactions identified in economically advanced countries the application of the nis concept to developing countries has been gradual and has coincided in the nis literature with a move away from overly macro interpretations to an emphasis on micro level interactions and processes with much of this work questioning the nation state as the most appropriate level of analysis as well as the emergence of certain intermediary actors thought to facilitate knowledge exchange between actors and institutions this paper reviews the nis literature chronologically showing how this shift in emphasis has diminished somewhat the importance of both institutions particularly governments and the political processes of institutional capacity building in doing so the paper suggests that more recent literature on intermediaries such as industry associations may offer valuable insights to how institutional capacity building occurs and how it might be directed particularly in the context of developing countries where governance capacities are often lacking contributing to less effective innovation systems stagnant economies and unequal development

shifts in foreign trade competitiveness and growth potential from baltics to bal techs abstract the collapse of socialism and the ensuing transition process have revealed the position of estonia latvia and lithuania in an international economic perspective data presented in this paper suggest that the baltics are competitive in sectors that generate little value added as a result of their inferior level of technology relative to their trade partners mainly oecd europe this raises questions about the income levels attainable in these countries the question with respect to future economic growth is whether there is any potential in the baltic countries to increase the level of technology this paper argues that the socialist past especially the separation of research and development from production is an important obstacle to technological progress in the baltics in order to integrate research and production socialist institutions need to be transformed or abolished while new ones have to be created this will take considerable time and effort

innovation systems and inertia in r d location norwegian firms and the role of systemic lock in abstract this paper seeks to enquire why firms ceteris paribus tend to concentrate their r d activities at home using a systems of innovation si approach we argue that r d inertia is associated with structural inertia and resultant systemic lock in interaction within an si is a self reinforcing mechanism which may or may not lead to ex post efficiency lock in can be efficient when technologies and institutions maintain the competitiveness of firms on the other hand radical innovations or technological discontinuities may require new institutions and resources but systemic lock in may prevent rapid reaction firms can use a voice strategy by intervening to modify the appropriate institutions in the existing si or an exit strategy by seeking alternative si which more closely fit their needs in the case of norway two groups of firms exist group a benefit from a systemic lock in these are large firms in traditional sectors which are highly embedded and around whom the norwegian si has been built these firms engage in voice and loyalty group b are in science based sectors for whom lock in results in inefficiencies and use exit slowly expanding r d abroad to seek competences in technologies not available domestically

a duration model of irreversible oil investment theory and empirical evidence the aim of this paper is to analyse the implications of the theory of irreversible investment under uncertainty for investment in oil fields on the united kingdom continental shelf ukcs we consider the problem of an operator who owns a licence to develop and extract oil from a field of known capacity an intertemporal optimization model in discrete time is developed to derive decision rules for the timing of the irreversible development investment and for the optimal rate of extraction model simulation is then used to describe the properties of the numerical solutions the predictions of the theory on the determinants of the irreversible investment decision are then examined using statistical duration analysis data on the length of the time period between discovery and development are available for individual fields on the ukcs we measure the duration of the irreversible investment gestation lag for each field and test the model by assessing the significance of the theoretical variables in explaining the significance of such a lag both our theoretical model and our empirical results suggest the importance of a nonlinear interaction of the level of oil prices and the volatility of oil prices in determining the development lag the simulation of our theoretical model shows a nonlinear impact of oil price volatility on the trigger level of oil prices our empirical results suggest that the effect of price volatility is a function of the expected price level with increased price volatility having a positive impact on the duration of investment appraisal when expected prices are low and a negative impact when they are high

multi criteria model for sustainable development using goal programming applied to the united arab emirates abstract sustainable development requires implementing suitable policies integrating several competing objectives on economic environmental energy and social criteria multi criteria decision analysis mcda using goal programming is a popular and widely used technique to study decision problems in the face of multiple conflicting objectives mcda assists policy makers by providing clarity in choosing between alternatives for strategic planning and investments in this paper we propose a weighted goal programming model that integrates efficient allocation of resources to simultaneously achieve sustainability related goals on gdp growth electricity consumption and ghg emissions we validate the model with application to key economic sectors of the united arab emirates to achieve sustainable development goals by the year 2030 the model solution provides a quantitative justification and a basis for comparison in planning future energy requirements and an indispensable requirement to include renewable sources to satisfy long term energy requirements

foresight for public procurement and regional innovation policy the case of lombardy public procurement can be a major source of innovation the potential benefits of public procurement might be fully exploited through the acquisition not only of appliances which are already available in the market but also of new appliances which are tailored to the specific needs of the local community and might be exported as well to the international markets in this way public procurement might allow to improve the services delivered to the local community and to increase the technological competitiveness of the local industrial and research system in this context regional foresight might help identify both long term societal needs and the patterns of evolution of emerging technologies that can match these needs the purpose of this paper is to illustrate trough the recent experience of the regional government of lombardy the role of foresight for enhancing public procurement and innovation policy at the regional level

institutional conditions and innovation systems on the impact of regional policy on firms in different sectors moodysson j and zukauskaite e institutional conditions and innovation systems on the impact of regional policy on firms in different sectors regional studies this paper deals with institutional conditions in regional innovation systems how institutions affect the organization of innovation activities among firms and in what ways regional policy initiatives can be supportive the analysis draws on data on innovation networks activities and regional policies targeting the life science media and food industries in scania sweden the study takes account of the ways in which regional policies can impact individuals and organizations action in relation to each other by being internalized it is argued that such ability is decisive for the success or failure of the policy initiative

pathways to impact and the strategic role of universities new evidence on the breadth and depth of university knowledge exchange in the uk and the factors constraining its development there has been an increasing focus on the strategic role of universities in stimulating innovation and economic growth primarily though the transfer of technology this paper interrogates some of the key aspects of much of the conventional wisdom concerning the transfer of technology and the knowledge exchange process in general it analyses the results from two unique surveys a survey of the uk academic community that generated more than 22 000 responses and a stratified survey of businesses that generated more than 2 500 responses the results suggest that much of the conventional wisdom concerning knowledge exchange involving academia is too narrowly confined or is misinformed first there is an excessive focus in much of the academic and policy discourse on commercialisation and technology transfer there are many knowledge exchange mechanisms used by academics these include commercialisation processes but also many other hidden connections second the focus on the science base ignores that knowledge exchange involves academics from all disciplines third the preoccupation with improving innovation and business performance tends to ignore that knowledge exchange involves partners from the public and third not for profit sectors as well as private sector businesses fourth the main constraints that hinder or limit the knowledge exchange process include a lack of time insufficient internal capability to manage relationships and insufficient information to identify partners problems concerning cultural differences between academics and business and disputes concerning intellectual property are not prominent overall the paper suggests that the notion of an academic ivory tower seems to be a myth as far as the uk is concerned it also suggests that a strategic focus on strengthening connections between academia and the rest of society may generate long term benefits but it will also face challenges and should not distort or divert from the wider foundations of scholarship on which the success of universities are built

neighbourhood composition and residential land prices does exclusion raise or lower values hedonic price models are used to explore the degree to which land use and racial composition used as outcome proxies for local zoning practices influence residential land values in santa clara county california fiscal pressures have prompted many california communities to zone on the basis of tax yield potential especially in fast growing settings like santa clara county controlling for variables related to job accessibility as well as proximity to regional transport infrastructure the analysis shows that indicators of land use diversity and jobs housing balance generally correlate with high residential land prices while the fiscal instincts of californian municipalities is to shun housing in favour of commercial development and thus to create imbalanced land development patterns this research suggests these fiscal advantages are partly offset by lower land values and thus lower property tax intake racial diversity on the other hand lowered residential property values even when controlling fo

the dynamics of innovation from national systems and mode 2 to a triple helix of university industry government relations abstract the triple helix of university industry government relations is compared with alternative models for explaining the current research system in its social contexts communications and negotiations between institutional partners generate an overlay that increasingly reorganizes the underlying arrangements the institutional layer can be considered as the retention mechanism of a developing system for example the national organization of the system of innovation has historically been important in determining competition reorganizations across industrial sectors and nation states however are induced by new technologies biotechnology ict the consequent transformations can be analyzed in terms of neo evolutionary mechanisms university research may function increasingly as a locus in the laboratory of such knowledge intensive network transitions

flexibility trap a case analysis of u s and japanese technological choice in the digital watch industry abstract this paper examines the widely shared belief that a flexible system of transactions is faster in adapting to major technological change than an inflexible system borrowing some ideas from elster ulysses and the sirens 1979 explaining technical change 1983 nuts and bolts for social sciences 1989 cambridge university press cambridge this paper contends that the flexible system may lead to a myopic selection of technology because it delays the technological turning point if the important part of the technological evolution is generated by the aggregation of the choice patterns of firms this paper investigates the case history of technological choice in the u s and japanese digital watch industries in the 1970s the paper s conclusions beg a reconsideration of current and previous thinking on industrial policy and technology strategy

dumping in a global world why product quality matters anti dumping actions are now the trade policy of choice of developing and transition economies to understand why these economies have increasingly applied anti dumping laws we build a simple theoretical model of vertical intra industry trade and investigate the strategic incentives of exporting firms to undertake dumping we show that the definition of dumping matters based on a comparison of low quality and high quality prices only unilateral dumping by the low quality firm obtains by contrast the standard wto definition leads to either reciprocal or unilateral dumping by the high quality firm depending on cross country differences in incomes the height of tariff protection and on exchange rate changes

large firms in the production of the world s technology an important case of non globalisation us patenting by 686 of the world s largest manufacturing firms shows that their share of the world s production of technology is less than their share of r d activities and varies greatly amongst sectors in most cases the technological activities of these large firms are concentrated in their home country the characteristics of which influence the volume and trends in their technological activities much more strongly then the international component of these activities at the same time these large firms are major elements in the volume and the pattern of sectoral specializations in their home countries technological activities

towards an economic theory of the multiproduct firm this paper outlines a theory of the multiproduct firm important building blocks include excess capacity and its creation market imperfections and the peculiarities of organizational knowledge including its fungible and taut character a framework is adopted in which profit seeking firms are seen to diversify in order to avoid the high transactions costs associated with using various markets to trade the services of various specialized assets neoclassical explanations of the multiproduct firm are shown to be seriously deficient

terms of trade fluctuations and economic growth in developing economies abstract the effect of terms of trade fluctuations on capital accumulation is investigated in a simple open economy stochastic growth model imported inputs make domestic capital more productive but export prices are uncertain the model s output process has a random walk component so even transient price shocks have permanent effects on output levels the size of the random walk component depends on the country s trade share the supply response of exports and other structural parameters also more variable export prices generally reduce expected domestic investment these results are consistent with the estimated variance ratios and impulse response functions for a number of ldcs

constructing regional advantage platform policies based on related variety and differentiated knowledge bases asheim b t boschma r and cooke p constructing regional advantage platform policies based on related variety and differentiated knowledge bases regional studies this paper presents a regional innovation policy model based on the idea of constructing regional advantage this policy model brings together concepts like related variety knowledge bases and policy platforms related variety attaches importance to knowledge spillovers across complementary sectors the paper categorizes knowledge into analytical science based synthetic engineering based and symbolic arts based in nature with different requirements of virtual and real proximity mixes the implications of this are traced for evolving platform policies that facilitate economic development within and between regions in action lines appropriate to incorporate the basic principles behind related variety and differentiated knowledge bases asheim b t boschma r and cooke p

trade policy and quality leadership in transition economies trade policy and quality leadership in transition economies are analyzed in a duopoly model of trade and vertical product differentiation we first show that the incidence of trade liberalization is sensitive to whether firms in transition economies are producers of low or high quality second we find that neither free trade nor the absence of a domestic subsidy are optimal both a tariff and a subsidy increase price competition and while the former extracts foreign rents the latter results in quality upgrading third there exists a rationale for a government to commit to a socially optimal policy to induce quality leadership by the domestic firm when cost asymmetries are low finally we establish an equivalence result between the effects of long run exchange rate changes and those of trade policy on price competition but not on social welfare

toward prospective voluntary agreements reflections from a hydrogen foresight project abstract there is substantial interest in promoting the emergence of a hydrogen based energy economy if successful this would represent a policy led discontinuous transition away from existing fossil fuel based systems such a move has few precedents and few policy tools exist to manage such a complex and uncertain endeavour furthermore existing hydrocarbon energy systems can be considered techno institutional complexes tic which have developed through the path dependent co evolution of physical technologies and social institutions these complexes have numerous structures that ensure their perpetuation and create important barriers to the implementation of alternatives like hydrogen based systems the authors explore the application of prospective voluntary agreements pva as a policy tool process that can help facilitate a move towards a hydrogen based economy through foresight and negotiation from this perspective we look at the recent case of the nordic hydrogen energy foresight project for evidence

universities technology and innovation centres and regional development the case of the north east of england the paper examines the role of technology and innovation centres tics in bridging the gap between the university research base and industry in order to foster economic development in a lagging industrial region the context is provided by an academic literature on the role of universities in regional innovation systems some of which casts doubt on the capacity of universities to operate in this domain particularly within a lagging region the empirical case reports on a bold experiment initiated by the regional development agency in the older industrial region of the north east of england to create and support new tics in the fields of process innovation in high value manufacturing and new and renewable energy and on the engagement of a regionally committed university with these centres the evidence presented suggests that while there are links between the university and the centres both are principally operating in a national science and technology system in which contributing to addressing uneven regional economic development is a secondary concern copyright the author 2012 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

u s technological leadership where did it come from and where did it go abstract during the quarter century following the second world war the united states was the world s most productive economy by virtually all measures and the technological leader across a very broad front this paper is concerned with the sources of u s technological leadership during that era and the reasons for the erosion of that leadership it is proposed that there were two distinguishable components of post war u s technological dominance one was a lead in mass production industries and this was of long standing the other was leadership in high technology industries due to massive american investments in science and technology eduction and research and development and this was new the u s advantage in mass production industries eroded when after bretton woods the world became a common market the u s preeminence in high technology industries diminished as other countries matched u s investments in science and technology it is argued that since the late 1960s the major industrial nations are bound together technologically as never before