the environment and welfare implications of trade and tax policy developing countries with comparative advantage in dirty industries face the risk of environmental degradation unless appropriate policies are implemented using applied general equilibrium analysis we examine how trade influences the environment and assess the welfare and environmental implications of alternative pollution abatement policies for indonesia our results indicate that unilateral trade liberalization by indonesia would increase the ratio of emission levels to real output for almost all major pollution categories more importantly when tariff removal is combined with a cost effective tax policy the twin objectives of welfare enhancement and environmental quality improvement appear to be feasible this sheds new and positive light on the role of trade in sustainable development

party systems and electoral volatility in latin america a test of economic institutional and structural explanations three different theoretical explanations are tested for the exceptionally high level of electoral volatility found in contemporary latin america economic voting institutional characteristics of political regimes and party systems and the structure and organization of class cleavages a pooled cross sectional time series regression analysis is conducted on 58 congressional elections and 43 presidential elections in 16 latin american countries during the 1980s and 1990s institutional variables have the most consistent effect on volatility while the influence of economic performance is heavily contingent upon the type of election and whether the dependent variable is operationalized as incumbent vote change or aggregate electoral volatility the results demonstrate that electoral volatility is a function of short term economic perturbations the institutional fragilities of both democratic regimes and party systems and relatively fluid cleavage structures

environmental kuznets curve in romania and the role of energy consumption abstract the aim of present study is to probe the dynamic relationship between economic growth energy consumption and co 2 emissions for period of 1980 2010 in case of romania in doing so ardl bounds testing approach is applied to investigate the long run cointegration between these variables our results confirm long run relationship between economic growth energy consumption and energy pollutants the empirical evidence reveals that environmental kuznets curve ekc is found both in long and short runs in romania further energy consumption is major contributor to energy pollutants democratic regime shows her significant contribution to decline co 2 emissions through effective implementation of economic policies and financial development improves environment i e reduces co 2 emissions by redirecting the resources to environment friendly projects

labor market performance as a determinant of migration in a comparison of migrants with nonmigrants both observed and unobservable productivity factors are relevant this paper focuses more on the unobservable factors and their correlation between places of origin and destination a human capital model of migration demonstrates that more productive workers at the origin would choose to migrate only if the correlation between origin and destination factors is strongly positive longitudinal data drawn from the cote d ivoire living standards survey 1985 86 are used to examine the pattern of migration in the light of labor market performance both of wage employees and non farm self employed workers it is found that indeed the more productive workers migrate furthermore the general direction of migration is toward cities the conclusion is therefore that rural areas lose their productive workers and that urban areas may gain in productivity from the geographical shifts in population

the toxic intensity of industrial production global patterns trends and trade policy this paper exploits a newly developed data set to investigate recent changes in the international distribution of industrial pollution in particular the authors examine three issues 1 the relationship between the toxic intensity of industrial production and the level of economic development 2 the impact of oecd environmental regulation on global changes in toxic intensity and 3 the relationship between trade policy and the toxic intensity of industrial production in ldc s 10 refs

migratory labor and agriculture farm workers are shown to respond strongly to economic incentives to seasonally migrate for work the economic model is specified with separate earnings structures for migratory and nonmigratory work and a reservation wage for migration is specified to reflect the choice between migratory and nonmigratory work the empirical model adjusts for self selectivity in the sample and demonstrates that domestic farm workers sort themselves into migratory and nonmigratory workers in a manner consistent with the theory of comparative advantage implications for immigration and government employment and training programs are considered

how effective is green regulatory threat governments use green regulatory threat as an instrument to induce voluntary pollution abatement by firms if threats suffice to induce adequate reductions in emissions they may save considerable implementation and monitoring costs however green regulatory threat can only induce emission reductions when firms find the threat credible and do not free ride on other firms abatement effort the effect of regulatory threat can be backed out from the data by conditioning abatement effort on firm characteristics 1 theory suggests a measure of environmental exposure that combines a firm s 1 composition and toxicity of emissions 2 its size and pollution intensity and 3 its location that determines the size of the population at risk furthermore firms abatement effort is conditioned on whether they meet participation and incentive constraints determined by their unabated pollution intensity and unit abatement cost then firms position relative to other firms their rung on the abatement ladder determines their participation in abatement activity

the instability of the adjusted and unadjusted environmental kuznets curves abstract we test the stability of the unadjusted and adjusted environmental kuznets curves ekcs our results provide evidence in favour of a theoretically funded adjusted ekc hypothesis in which the impact of per capita gdp on co 2 emissions is evaluated conditionally to the effects of the industry mix and of the energy supply infrastructure in this specification the shape of the gdp co 2 relationship appears quite sensitive to changes in the estimation period in the final part of the paper signs and dynamics of fixed effects of individual countries in different specifications are interpreted as measures of virtuous or vicious of environmental behaviour

a consumption based theory of the environmental kuznets curve abstract most theories about the inverted u relationship between pollution and income termed the environmental kuznets curve ekc are production side theories emphasizing pollution and abatement technologies production side theories are implicitly based on the assumption of low factor mobility and the absence of pollution as a variable in the utility function both assumptions are called into question by the empirical evidence of ekcs for i pollutants that are long lived and not easily shiftable and ii regional cross sections with free labor mobility hazardous waste sites are a prime example this paper develops a stylized model of the ekc based on perfect mobility of households and labor it represents the first attempt at developing a consumption side model of the ekc

economic growth and environmental degradation the environmental kuznets curve and sustainable development abstract in this paper we critically examine the concept of the environmental kuznets curve ekc it proposes that there is an inverted u shape relation between environmental degradation and income per capita so that eventually growth reduces the environmental impact of economic activity the concept is dependent on a model of the economy in which there is no feedback from the quality of the environment to production possibilities and in which trade has a neutral effect on environmental degradation the actual violation of these assumptions gives rise to fundamental problems in estimating the parameters of an ekc the paper identifies other econometric problems with estimates of the ekc and reviews a number of empirical studies the inference from some such ekc estimates that further development will reduce environmental degradation is dependent on the assumption that world per capita income is normally distributed when in fact median income is far below mean income we carry out simulations combining ekc estimates from the literature with world bank forecasts for economic growth for individual countries aggregating over countries to derive the global impact within the horizon of the bank s forecast 2025 global emissions of so 2 continue to increase forest loss stabilizes before the end of the period but tropical deforestation continues at a constant rate throughout the period

carbon dioxide emission and income a temporal analysis of cross country distributional patterns the existence of a cointegrating relationship between income and co2 emission for individual country groups suggests existence of a corresponding relationship between the inter country disparities in the levels of income and co2 emission this paper explores the relationship between the patterns of cross country distribution of income and co2 emission and temporal shifts in such a relationship this paper also examines how the mean level of per capita co2 emission and its distributional inequality are related to the corresponding mean income level and the distributional inequality of income the analysis is based on a cross country panel data set at the level of country group environmental quality demanded is treated as a private good and not as a public good as done in most other studies the technique of lorenz and specific concentration curve analysis are used as the basic analytical framework to argue that a measure of relative distributional inequality of income should be used as an explanatory variable in the environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship along with the mean income level in the empirical exercise johansen s cointegration analysis technique is used to explore existence of statistically significant cointegrating vector s relating mean level of emission and specific concentration ratio scr of emission to mean income level and lorenz ratio lr of income the empirical results confirm that the pattern of cross country income distribution has significant effect on the mean level of emission for all the country groups considered

income and emission a panel data based cointegration analysis this paper presents the results of an investigation of the causality issue of incomeemission relationship based on time series econometric techniques of unit root test cointegration and related error correction model for a panel data set here the nature of causality between per capita co2 emission pcco2 and per capita gdp pcgdp has been examined using a cross country panel data set covering 88 countries for the period 1960 90 using the panel unit root test procedure of im et al 1997 ips we have found that the hypothesis of unit root i e non stationarity of the time series of pcgdp and pcco2 can not be rejected for individual country groups as both the variables are found to follow i 1 process we next have performed the panel data co integration test and finally we have estimated the ecm for these country groups for which significant income emission cointegration was obtained to explore the nature of dynamics implicit in the given panel data set our findings suggest that there is more or less a bi directional causal relationship between income pcgdp and co2 emission pcco2 for africa central america america as a whole eastern europe western europe europe as a whole and the world as a whole that means the movement of the one variable directly affects the other variable through a feedback system thus the policy makers should be cautious to make proper decision about the control of emission level

self selection and the earnings of immigrants comment in a recent article in this review borias 1987 george borjas uses a standard model of self selection to demonstrate that immigrants in the united states may not necessarily be positively selected as is commonly assumed borjas empirical results based on u s census micro data merged with country of origin characteristics for 41 sending countries however do not provide clear or consistent results with respect to the immigration selection issue although they do confirm earlier findings that the characteristics of the countries of origin of u s immigrants explain a substantial proportion of the differences in their economic status jasso and rosenzweig 1986b the purpose of this note is to show that borjas results are themselves subject to biases due to additional processes of self selection in particular his inconclusive findings with respect to immigration selectivity arise from the use of a choice based sample enlargement of his highly selective sample of countries based on the number of foreign born in the united states yields results that appear to conform much more closely and consistently to conventional wisdom namely that the united states appears to attract those persons with above average skills we also provide evidence that changes in the earnings of aggregate immigrant entry cohorts used by borjas to measure the assimilation of immigrants reflect another evidently important selection process namely selective emigration the effects of country characteristics on the wages of the foreign born at entry immigration selectivity are thus not comparable to the effects of such variables on the changes in the characteristics of an immigrant cohort over time emigration selectivity the effects via immigration self selection of country of origin characteristics on the quality q of immigrants who migrate to a destination country is neatly summarized by borjas in his equation 12 with unobservables determining earnings normally distributed the expected quality of immigrants in the united states is given by

assimilation changes in cohort quality and the earnings of immigrants this paper reexamines the empirical basis for two facts that seem to be found in most cross section studies of immigrant earnings 1 the earnings of immigrants grow rapidly as they assimilate into the united states and 2 this rapid growth leads to many immigrants overtaking the earnings of the natives within 10 15 years after immigration using the 1970 and 1980 u s censuses this paper studies the earnings growth experienced by specific immigrant cohorts during the period 1970 80 it is found that within cohort growth is significantly smaller than the growth predicted by cross section regressions for most immigrant groups this differential is consistent with the hypothesis that there has been a secular decline in the quality of immigrants admitted to the united states

trade and pollution linkages piecemeal reform and optimal intervention we demonstrate how coordinated trade and environmental policy can achieve ef ficiency and pollution mitigation gains superior to those obtained without such coordination we show how trade and environment linkages give rise to complex second best policy issues and derive optimal interventions and sufficient conditions for welfare improving piecemeal trade and environmental policy reforms in a small economy changing trade and environ ment distortions in proportion to their optimal levels increases welfare we decompose the economic and environment effects of policies targeted at trade and pollution in both con sumption and production we also decompose production responses into output adjustments and changes in pollution intensities

under and over use of pesticides an international analysis abstract this paper analyzes the economic political and environmental factors that contribute to the consumption and under or over use of pesticides using unbalanced panel data analysis we study how pesticide over or under use varies for countries with different per capita gross domestic product gdp and foreign direct investment fdi stock we begin by controlling for climatic and agricultural variables that should lead to variation in pesticide application rates the residual from the regression provides an indication of a nation s deviation in pesticide use relative to the mean the more negative the residual the more likely it is that that nation is under using pesticides the more positive it is the more likely it is that pesticides are being over used we study the correlation of this residual with important economic and political variables we find that at low levels of per capita gdp there is evidence of pesticide under use and that at the highest income levels there may be increasing over use we also look at the correlation of pesticide use with foreign direct investment stock farm size mechanization and democracy and in most cases find significant correlation with these variables

a panel analysis of job changes and unemployment abstract this paper tests for state dependence in histories of unemployment and job mobility from the first six waves of the german socio economic panel soep transitions between states of employment and unemployment are modelled as outcomes of binomial probit processes which are first and higher order markov the use of simulation estimation allows quite general intertemporal covariance structures in order to capture individual heterogeneity it is investigated how differences in human capital and other personal characteristics and macro or industry determinants such as regional unemployment growth and immigration pressure affect labour mobility

international inequalities in per capita co2 emissions a decomposition methodology by kaya factors in this paper we provide a methodology for decomposing international inequalities in per capita co2 emissions into kaya multiplicative factors and two interaction terms we use the theil index of inequality and show that this decomposition methodology can be extended for analyzing between and within group inequality components we can thus analyze the factors behind inequalities in per capita co2 emissions across countries between groups of countries and within groups of countries the empirical illustration for international data suggests some points firstly international inequality in per capita co2 emissions is mainly attributable to inequalities in per capita income levels which helps to explain its recent reduction while differences in carbon intensity of energy and energy intensity have made a less significant contribution this result is strongly influenced by the performance of china and india secondly the between group inequality component which is the biggest component is also largely explained by the income factor thirdly the within group inequality component increased slightly during the period something mainly due to the change in the income factor and the interaction terms in a few regions

international trade and environmental quality a survey abstract international trade has been incorporating various aspects of environmental issues since 1970 the extent to which environmental problems might affect many facets of trade or vice versa has been the subject of considerable debate over these years in this article we have attempted to establish some of the links between international trade and environmental quality by performing a comprehensive literature review we discuss issues such as establishing direct and indirect effects of international trade on environmental quality effects of trade on economic development environmental quality and energy and their relation with each other and finally the role of governments and international organizations in this context studies have so far revealed some linkages between trade and environment through conventional trade theory however interactions between international trade and types of pollution their sink and assimilative capacity need to be analyzed using a general equilibrium approach currently very little knowledge and agreement on the nature of interactions between trade theories development process and environmental quality exist existing studies have shown that the structure of environmental regulations should be modified to reflect the existence of trade under imperfect competition therefore further research on the interaction between new trade theory and environmental regulation is needed also theoretical and quantitative analysis regarding the effects of environmental regulations on competitiveness and location decision is needed the intensity and type of environmental measures vary across issues and countries therefore harmonizing environmental measures creates an inefficient atmosphere and to assume that trade restrictions will either improve or reverse the environmental damages is a serious mistake given the dynamic and intricate nature of the problem trade and environment debate continues despite vast research and poses a challenge for researchers and policy makers in the foreseeable future

north south trade and industry specific pollutants abstract this paper investigates the production and pollution patterns arising from trade between high and low income countries when firms discharge industry specific pollutants we extend the common pollutant model of copeland and taylor north south trade and the environment quart j econ 109 1994 755 787 to incorporate industry specific pollutants and obtained a diversified equilibrium which differs markedly from the complete specialization equilibrium obtained in the original model with diversified production individual countries shares of production and emissions change in a flexible manner reflecting the competitiveness of their products in the world market this result makes it easier for empirical studies to test the theoretical relationships between industrial production emissions and the different attributes of countries including income and factor endowment despite the striking difference in the equilibrium patterns of production and emissions the prediction of the pollution haven hypothesis is retained and pollution intensive industries relocate to south finally a composite of pollutants weighted by disutilities increases in south and decreases in north

internal migration and urban employment in the third world for more than a decade michael todaros model has provided a widely accepted theoretical framework for explaining the massive flows of rural urban migration that are observed in many third world countries this paper however presents data amassed from a wide range of countries to highlight a crucial shortcoming of that model it will be shown that far from being general in nature the todaro approach is limited to explaining the movement of persons possessed of sufficient human capital to qualify them for modern sector employment the present work utilizes the perspective of the urban subsistence sector to develop a model that serves as a useful complement to that of todaro excerpt

the impact of environmental policy stringency on industrial r d conditional on pollution intensity and relocation costs stringent environmental regulations may encourage industrial innovation as technological advancements lower the cost of pollution abatement popp et al in handbook of the economics of innovation vol ii academic press burlington pp 873 938 2010 the pollution havens hypothesis on the other hand indicates that rather than innovating dirty industries may relocate to countries with less stringent environmental regulations copeland and taylor in j econ lit 42 1 7 71 2004 thus more stringent environmental regulations may increase or decrease innovative activities this paper examines empirically the impact of environmental regulations on r d intensities and r d expenditures in 21 manufacturing industries in 28 oecd countries from 2000 to 2007 i consider pollution intensity and the relative ease of relocation immobility as industry characteristics that determine the optimal industry response to increased environmental policy stringency i find that more pollution intensive industries innovate less as regulatory environments become more restrictive relative to less pollution intensive industries at the same time more immobile industries innovate more than more mobile industries as environmental regulations become more stringent illustrating innovation as an alternative to relocation

misperceived job hazards and welfare abstract bayesian workers produce chemicals hazardously in one sector of a two sector economy having one safe sector adopting an expected ex post welfare perspective we show workers misperceptions of hazards entail a classic externality we characterise chemicals competitive monopoly and socially efficient outputs assuming workers receive identical wage accident compensation contracts under each the value of information which induces workers to place greater stress on firms safety records or sharpens their priors and extend the standard monopoly welfare loss index for sufficient conditions for monopoly to be preferred to competition in chemicals and for size ranking monopoly and efficient chemical outputs

electoral institutions ethnopolitical cleavages and party systems in africa s emerging democracies do electoral institutions and ethnopolitical cleavages shape the structure the fragmentation or concentration of party systems separately or jointly if they shape the structure of party systems jointly how can this joint effect be theoretically specified and empirically tested if ethnopolitical groups and associated ethnopolitical cleavages are not primordially fixed but constructed in the course of social economic and political interactions as the accumulated findings of over three decades of comparative research on ethnopolitics attest how can constructed ethnopolitical groups be specified and associated eth

is the share of renewable energy sources determining the co2 kwh and income relation in electricity generation abstract the present study examines the long and short run causality of the share of renewable energy sources res in the relation between carbon dioxide emissions of electricity generation co2 kw h and real income gdp for 20 european countries over 1991 2010 and in sub period 2001 2010 we used cointegration analysis and the innovative accounting approach that includes forecast error variance decomposition and impulse response functions irfs our results provide supportive evidence for the validity of the environmental kuznets curve ekc and suggest that renewable energy can be a potential determining driver of the difference in the emissions income relations across european countries and a significant way of reducing co2 kw h moreover in this particular 2001 2010 subperiod the share of renewable energy in electricity output will have significant influence on the shape of the ekc which will shift downward as res increases suggesting lower environmental costs of development in these sub period 2001 2010 all the results show a common pattern expected of co2 emissions in electricity generation after the european directive 2001 77 ec and reveal the importance of the interactive impact of renewable energy sources and gdp to reduce the co2 emissions in electricity generation

the performance of immigrants in the canadian labor market in this article we examine the economic assimilation of immigrants to canada we provide new evidence on immigrants who arrived in the 1970s and document an increase in the dispersion of labor market outcomes across immigrants of different vintages over time our results confirm u s evidence of permanent differences across immigrant cohorts what distinguishes the canadian experience is small or negative rates of assimilation for most cohorts over the sample period finally we test the overidentification of the assimilation process specified in previous studies and fail to reject the usual cohort fixed effect specification

carbon intensity and economic development 1962 1991 a brief exploration of the environmental kuznets curve the relationship between national carbon dioxide emissions intensity co2 emitted per unit of gross domestic product and level of economic development has changed from essentially linear in 1962 to strongly curvilinear in 1991 the inverted u curve reached statistical significance briefly in the early 1970s and increasingly since 1982 this is the result not of groups of countries passing through stages of development but of efficiency improvements in a small number of wealthy countries combined with worse performance in poor and middle income countries the curvilinear relation is deepening and is likely to persist due to constraints on poorer countries in the world economy

does the private sector help or hurt the environment evidence from carbon dioxide pollution in developing countries abstract how does the nature of enterprise ownership affect the environment in an economy conventional wisdom and theoretical conjectures are split on this important question in this paper we estimate a reduced form random effects model using data from 44 developing countries over nine years 1987 95 to study for any systematic empirical relationship between the relative level of private sector involvement in an economy and the environmental performance of the economy in terms of its emission of industrial carbon dioxide we control for both observed and unobserved crosscountry heterogeneity along various institutional and structural dimensions such as the scope of financial market industrial sector composition and level of foreign direct investment the regression results indicate that the higher the degree of private sector involvement in a developing economy the lower is its environmental degradation in addition its environmental degradation is likely to be further reduced in presence of a well functioning domestic capital market and through increased participation by developed economies in its private sector development

migration and the public sector a survey charney a h 1993 migration and the public sector a survey reg studies 27 3133 326 a review of the existing literature on human migration reveals relatively few studies that explicitly examine the relationships between public policy decisions and human migration flows the surveyed literature includes studies of national policies such as defence spending migration subsidies and intergovernmental transfers as well as sub national policies such as welfare and unemployment benefits state and local taxes education and other public services suggestions for incorporating public sector information into existing migration analysis frameworks and further areas of research are provided charney a h 1993 la migration et le secteur public une etude reg studies 27 313 326 faire la critique de la documentation disponible sur la migration humaine laisse voir que rares sont les etudes traitant explicitement des rapports entre la politique d etat et les flux migratoires la documentation examinee c

economic growth inequality democratization and the environment we augment the stokey 1998 model by allowing agents to differ with respect to environ mental quality and income in order to analyze the impact of income and environmental inequality and of democratization on aggregate pollution we find that the impact of a more equal income distribution depends on the degree of democracy in a complete democracy a more equal income distribution generates ceteris paribus less pollution which is consistent with indirect empirical evidence whereas the opposite is the case if democratic rights are highly restricted furthermore a democratization is argued to typically lower both the income and the environmental quality of the median voter in this case if in utility terms the fall in environmental quality is worse than the fall in consumption the median voter decides to tighten environmental legislation so that aggregate pollution decreases

carbon pricing and general equilibrium under leontief production technology abstract comparing temperature and emissions data does not clearly show a relationship between the two variables going further this study combines leontief production technology with a computable general equilibrium model of global trade in order to quantitatively test the implications of mitigation policies for welfare and the environment we compute optimal emissions taxes and show that administering carbon fees reduces environmental damages by nearly 50 however there is a tradeoff effect on production which calls for caution when implementing environmental policies in general environmental benefits and resources shifting due to carbon taxes lead to welfare gains

immigrant earnings relative to what the importance of earnings function specification and comparison points immigrant relative earnings estimates are sensitive to the choice of comparison point and the specification of earnings non sample mean comparisons borjas 1985 understate relative earnings simple earnings specifications linear education quadratic experience overstate relative earnings for both poorly and well educated immigrants specifications which ignore omitted variables understate the relative earnings of poorly educated immigrants and overstate those of well educated ones although measures of assimilation and changes in immigrant quality are insensitive to earnings specification they indicate strong earnings growth for post 1964 immigrants an overall decrease in immigrant quality and an increase in mexican immigrant quality

party system competition and private sector development in africa abstractdemocratic transitions by many african countries have generated much analysis of the organisational features of political parties or their role in voter mobilisation during elections yet scholars have largely overlooked how parties negotiate economic policymaking or interact with the private sector in countries that are incipient democracies and emerging markets this article argues that the stability or fragmentation of the party system affects patterns of private sector development and shapes linkages between the state business and labour it compares mozambique and zambia to demonstrate how variations in party system characteristics influence the relationship between economic and political interests

environmental taxes and international spillovers the case of a small open economy abstract in the existence of trade interaction a sub global climate change policy can generate externality which can cause competitiveness issues for the producers in compliant regimes however among compliant regions a small economy also receives a significant spillins effect when a large economy takes some regulatory actions that affect particularly the world prices of traded commodities this externality can have notable impacts on the efficiency and pollution abatement opportunities of the small compliant regime with a trivial converse effect in some cases these impacts on the efficiency and emissions abatement can be in opposite directions we capture these findings by incorporating two protection polices i e border tax adjustment and free emissions allocations to emission intensive and trade exposed industries in a multi region analytical and numerical general equilibrium modeling framework these results convey that the large economies hold leading strategic positions towards a cooperative global climate change movement because of their policies influences on the small economies

self selection and the earnings of immigrants reply my 1987 paper addresses a central question in the economics of immigration who are the immigrants it has been traditionally assumed that immigrants are positively selected that is immigrants are more skilled on average than the typical person in the source country one contribution of my theoretical analysis was to show that this assumption is not necessarily consistent with wealth maximizing behavior in fact under some conditions the immigrant flow may be negatively selected my original study focused only on the selection bias caused by immigrants endogenously sorting themselves out of the source country s population 2 guillermina jasso and mark rosenzweig point out that i ignored other types of selection biases in both my theoretical development and empirical framework these additional biases are due to 1 the selective emigration of the foreign born in the united states and 2 the fact that my empirical work was limited to immigrants originating in 41 source countries regarding the first of these points jasso and rosenzweig restate the well known fact that emigration or return migration is an important characteristic of the immigrant experience robert warren and jennifer marks peck 1980 for instance estimate that perhaps as many as 30 percent of immigrants leave the united states within a decade or two after their arrival jasso and rosenzweig however do not examine systematically how the selective emigration of the foreign born affects either the theory or the empirical analysis in essence their criticism simply asserts that selective emigration is likely to cause problems my 1987 paper however already made note of that fact p 538 moreover the biases caused by emigration were an integral part of my earlier critique of the econometric methodology used by most studies of immigrant earnings determination borjas 1985 pp 466 67 what is obviously needed is the generalization of both my theoretical and empirical frameworks to account for the emigration of the foreign born such a generalization however is not provided by jasso and rosenzweig and does not yet exist 3 the second point made by jasso and rosenzweig deals with the empirical results presented in my paper because i limited my analysis to immigrants originating in 41 countries the sample is not representative and serious selection biases may be at work obviously it is always better to use a more representative sample in the empirical analysis the data were limited to 41 source countries because i was concerned not only with immigrant wage levels but also with immigrant wage growth as recorded by the 2 10

pollution havens and the trade in toxic chemicals evidence from u s trade flows national registries of toxic chemical emissions and facilities are increasingly used to raise public awareness of potential health hazards in local areas but an unintended consequence may be the offshoring of production to less regulated countries using disaggregated u s trade data this study examines the impact of registry listing on subsequent bilateral trade flows estimates from a difference in differences model indicate a significant shift toward imports from poorer countries following registry listing assuming that environmental protection is a normal good this result suggests the emergence of pollution havens due to more stringent u s environmental regulation

co2 emissions energy consumption and output in france abstract this paper examines the dynamic causal relationships between pollutant emissions energy consumption and output for france using cointegration and vector error correction modelling techniques we argue that these variables are strongly inter related and therefore their relationship must be examined using an integrated framework the results provide evidence for the existence of a fairly robust long run relationship between these variables for the period 1960 2000 the causality results support the argument that economic growth exerts a causal influence on growth of energy use and growth of pollution in the long run the results also point to a uni directional causality running from growth of energy use to output growth in the short run

the environmental kuznets curve environmental protection policy and income distribution abstract the effect of economic growth on pollution emissions differs substantially among high income countries i address this issue by analyzing public environmental policy decisions individual heterogeneity relative income effect and the political framework in which policy decisions are taken determine the emergence of the downward sloping segment of the environmental kuznets curve ekc income inequality produces a gap between the country s ability to pay for environmental protection and a country s willingness to pay i test this result by using oecd data on public r d expenditure for environmental protection the conclusion is that contrary to the ek hypothesis moments of the income distribution function other than the mean may be important for the emergence of a virtuous path of sustainable growth in high income countries

on the robustness of robustness checks of the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis since its first inception in the debate on the relationship between environment and growth in 1992 the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis ekc hereafter has been subject of continuous and intense scrutiny the most recent line of investigation criticizes the ekc hypothesis on more fundamental grounds in that it stresses the lack of sufficient statistical testing of the empirical relationship and questions the very existence of the notion of ekc attention is in particular drawn on the stationarity properties of the series involved per capita emissions or concentrations and per capita gdp and in case of presence of unit roots on the cointegration property that must be present for the ekc to be a well defined concept only at that point can the researcher ask whether the long run relationship exhibits an inverted u pattern on the basis of panel integration and cointegration tests for sulfur stern 2004 and perman and stern 1999 2003 have presented evidence and forcefully stated that the ekc hypothesis does not exist in this paper we ask whether similar strong conclusions can be arrived at when carrying out tests of system fractional integration and cointegration as an example we use the controversial case of carbon dioxide emissions the results show that more ekcs come back into life relative to traditional integration cointegration tests however we confirm that the ekc hypothesis remains a fragile concept

information flow expectations and job search rural to urban migration process in india abstract probabilistic migration models assume that search for urban jobs is entirely an urban based activity and that employment in free entry activities is a transitional phase during which migrants are actively searching for formal sector employment this paper tests the empirical validity of these assumptions using data collected by the author in a sample survey in delhi in 1975 76 on 1400 migrants from rural areas the evidence indicates that the migration process postulated in probabilistic models is not realistic in the case of delhi over one half of the sample had moved to delhi after lining up specific jobs a sizeable proportion expected to enter on arrival activities generally considered to be characterized by freedom of entry and the majority of entrants into free entry activities did not search for alternative employment and were engaged in the same activities at the time of the survey

urban employment and the labor market in developing nations urban employment in developing countries is actually richer and considerably more diverse and rural urban migration is less ill fated than can be inferred from the literature this paper focuses on 1 urban labor force growth 2 urban labor market structure outcomes and processes and 3 the interplay among economic growth traditional factors and the urban labor market the assumption that urban unemployment is typically high or rising has never been clearly established this review of the functioning of urban labor markets emphasizes 3 points prevailing sectoral aggregations fail as examples of dual labor markets urban wage rigidity is not typical and there are enough indications of a dispersed wage structure tending toward equilibrium the diverse migratory and employment channels and probabilities also suggest decentralized and flexible adjustments rather than a chronically unresponsive unemployment rate these leave us without an economywide theory of urban unemployment but this is not a great loss as more important and troublesome are the pervasive indicators of inequality rents and differential labor utilization and productivity that have no such simple origin and reflect the unequal endowments pockets of privilege and noncompeting traits that are endemic in the social order urbanization is an aspect of economic transformation that involves changes in location and types of economic activity capital widening activities old new input combinations the viability of traditional skills and the economic basis for self employment and entrepreneurship are relatively poorly explained by current models although traditional and modern are seen as opposing factors it is surely a mistake to see the former as extraneous to the process of economic transformation the economic value of traditional skills has been consistently underrated because of an assumption that the urban demand for them is negligible and that the rural labor force is homogenous analyses of urban employment problems in developing countries must embrace 3 neglected but promising directions 1 a focus on the range of capital widening economic activities that cannot be conveniently be classified as either traditional or modern 2 more knowledge about the differentiating elements in the complex traditional sector and 3 more in depth analysis of the microeconomic units that illuminate the choices made by firms and households in a variety of contexts

induced institutional change in the trade and environment debate because of the assumption of constant emission factors economy environment models often show that free trade has negative environmental consequences however this pessimistic view ignores the possibility of trade strengthening the demand for regulatory institutions an institutional optimism hypothesis stating that the net environmental result of trade liberalization is benign is thus formulated in this paper the hypothesis is examined with a cge model that treats institutional change as an endogenous process dependent on income application to nafta using a broad range of scenarios provides some support for the institutional optimism hypothesis the net pollution effect of trade liberalization is in many cases beneficial or low even for the country specializing in polluting industries the implication is that in many cases environmental interests are served better by a focus on institution building in trading partners than on the process of trade liberalization itself

regional labor markets and the determinants of wage inequality from 1972 to 1990 the united states experienced the largest increase in wage inequality of any developed country the spread in log wages between the 90th and 10th percentiles of the male wage distribution increased by about 60 points and inequality increased within virtually every demographic or skill category of the labor force see chinhui juhn et al 1993 various explanations have been offered including changes in the relative demand for skill intensive goods international trade immigration of less skilled workers and increased labor force participation of women yet attempts to quantify the relative importance of these factors have not met with much success this leaves skill biased technical change as the residual claimant that rationalizes the data this paper uses regional differences in the evolution of wage inequality to provide new evidence on the determinants of relative wages using a model of factor demand in geographic markets i isolate contributions of i changing skill ratios in the labor force ii increased participation of women iii technical change and iv changes in the industrial composition of labor demand the data indicate that changing skill ratios and women s labor supply have affected the wages of low skilled men in the west the data indicate that increased immigration of less skilled hispanic and asian workers has adversely affected the wages of natives causing a greater increase in inequality there than in any other region of the country i modeling wage inequality in regional markets

determinants of co2 emissions in a small open economy abstract the aim of the paper is to explore the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide co2 emissions for a small open and industrialized country austria we test whether an environmental kuznets curve relationship also holds for a single country rather than concentrating on panel or cross section data for a set of countries a cubic i e n shaped relationship between gdp and co2 emissions is found to fit the data most appropriately for the period 1960 1999 and a structural break is identified in the mid seventies due to the oil price shock furthermore two variables are additionally significant import shares reflecting the well known pollution haven hypothesis and the share of the tertiary service sector of total production gdp accounting for structural changes in the economy emission projections derived from this single country specification support the widely held opinion that significant policy changes are asked for when implementing the kyoto protocol in order to bring about a downturn in future carbon emissions

embodied pollution in trade estimating the environmental load displacement of industrialised countries abstract the present paper sets out to aid in the development of environmental load displacement indicators developing the notion of the environmental memory of physical flows we estimated embodied pollution in trade of 18 industrialized countries with a the rest of the world and b developing countries from 1976 to 1994 we found that in the last years of analysis total imports of japan usa and western europe have entailed in general larger air pollutant emissions than local exports the balance of embodied emissions in trade beet seems to follow an inverted u shape across time in japan and western europe and an n shape in the us in the period of analysis japanese and european environmental terms of trade with developing countries improved from the japanese and european point of view whereas american environmental terms of trade with developing countries deteriorated over time although there is no statistical trend between income and embodied emissions in imports in a cross section analysis there does seem to be a positive relationship between both variables at a national level the results suggest that despite many shortcomings this type of assessment may shed useful insights on the international aspects of sustainable development

the value of u s labor market experience in the home country the case of puerto rican return migrants many immigrants to the united states and other industrialized economies eventually return to their home country more than one million foreign born persons left the united states between 1960 and 1970 1 research has documented return migration to israel italy ireland mexico and puerto rico as well as the return of thousands of guest workers from industrialized european economies in the mid seventies 2 however little is known about how the migration experience shapes the earnings profiles of returnees and how the economic standing of returnees compares to that of stayers in the home labor market in this article i analyze the transferability of human capital accumulated abroad by return migrants and the economic assimilation process of returnees i investigate if return migrants can capitalize at home on the years of labor market experience accumulated abroad i also examine whether return migrants assimilate that is if their earnings increase with time spent in the home labor market to evaluate how returnees fare in the home labor market the earnings of returnees are compared to the earnings of stayers one of the findings from the literature of immigration to the united states and other industrialized economies is that immigrants lose human capital on crossing national borders 3 it has also been noted that the earnings of immigrants grow with time spent in the host labor market suggesting that immigrants undergo a process of assimilation 4 most of the research on international return migrants is qualitative in nature and the small sample sizes caution about generalizations a large amount of this research has focused on rural communities the primary concern in the return migration literature has been the effect on local economic development 5

do economic financial and institutional developments matter for environmental degradation evidence from transitional economies abstract several studies have examined the relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth however most of them did not take into account financial developments and institutional quality moreover stern stern d 2004 the rise and fall of the environmental kuznets curve world development 32 8 1419 1439 noted that there are important econometric weaknesses in the earlier studies such as endogeneity heteroscedasticity omitted variables etc the purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in the literature by investigating the linkage between not only economic development and environmental quality but also financial development and institutional quality we employ the standard reduced form modelling approach to control for country specific unobserved heterogeneity and gmm estimation to control for endogeneity our study considers 24 transition economies and panel data for 1993 2004 our results support the ekc hypothesis while confirming the importance of both institutional quality and financial development for environmental performance we also found that financial liberalization may be harmful for environmental quality if it is not accomplished in a strong institutional framework

environmentally sensitive productivity growth a global analysis using malmquist luenberger index abstract we examine conventional and environmentally sensitive total factor productivity tfp in 41 developed and developing countries over the period of 1971 to 1992 due to the non availability of reliable input and co 2 emissions price data the study uses directional distance function to derive malmquist luenberger ml productivity index the index allows us to decompose the tfp into measures of technical and efficiency changes dea is used to compute the directional distance functions we find that tfp index value is not different when we account for the co 2 emissions relative to the situation when they are freely disposable but for the components of tfp change technical and efficiency changes the null hypothesis of whether the indexes are the same under two different scenarios cannot be accepted issues of catch up and convergence or in some cases possible divergence in productivity are examined within a global framework the paper also studies the impact of openness on conventional and environmentally sensitive measures of productivity

immigration from poor to wealthy countries experience of the united states the u s experience with immigration from poor countries is examined using the results of two projects carried out by the national bureau of economic research questions considered include what determines the supply of immigrants how such immigrants fare in the u s job market and how this immigration affects the prospects of native born workers annotation

trade aid and migrations some basic policy issues the link between trade policy and international migration is explored using data from the united states and europe we conclude that restrictive trade policies in industrialised countries have most likely added to migration pressures we then turn to the broader question of the effects of income growth in the sending countries on the propensity to migrate we argue that in relatively poor countries an increase in income will be associated with higher migration flows for middle income countries however income growth will lead to lower migrations in the medium run therefore the relationship between development levels as measured by gdp per capita and the propensity to migrate follows an inverse u pattern econometric analysis of aggregate migration flows from southern europe provides considerable support for such conjecture excerpt

efficiency and distributional implications of global restrictions on labour mobility calculations and policy implications abstract in this paper a procedure for calculating the annual efficiency gains from various alternative changes in existing global immigration restrictions is presented along with an evaluation of impacts of wage rate changes on non migrating labour a simple methodology uses data on u s dollar gnp capita across countries to infer differences in the marginal productivity of labour both between countries and across major world trading areas two key assumptions used are that the worldwide labour supply is fixed and full employment occurs in all regions differences occuring in labour s marginal product across regions are assumed to arise because of barriers to inward mobility of labour in high wage countries when these are removed labour reallocates and efficiency gains occur while the calculations are based on contentious assumptions a striking feature is the size of the annual worldwide gains in some cases annual gains can easily exceed existing worldwide gnp generated in the presence of labour mobility restrictions while all gains do not accrue to ldc s the size of the gains nonetheless suggests that this issue may be much more important to these countries than other issues raised thus far in the north south debate the losses to labour already employed in high wage countries dramatize the incentives for labour unions in the developed world to oppose liberalization

unemployment and the inter regional mobility of labour the relationship between unemployment and interregional labor migration in the united kingdom is explored using data from the labour force survey for 1984 and 1977 the authors conclude that the experience of unemployment increases the likelihood of migration and that households in areas of high unemployment are more likely to move they also find that during periods of higher overall unemployment migration propensities are reduced annotation

economic growth energy consumption financial development international trade and co2 emissions in indonesia this study examines the linkages among economic growth energy consumption financial development trade openness and co2 emissions over the period of 1975q1 2011q4 in the case of indonesia the stationary analysis is performed by using zivot andrews structural break unit root test and the ardl bounds testing approach for a long run relationship between the series in the presence of structural breaks the causal relation between the concerned variable is examined by the vecm granger causality technique and robustness of causal analysis is tested by innovative accounting approach iaa our results confirm that the variables are cointegrated it means that the long run relationship exists in the presence of structural break stemming in the series the empirical findings indicate that economic growth and energy consumption increases co2 emissions while financial development and trade openness compact it the vecm causality analysis has shown the feedback hypothesis between energy consumption and co2 emissions economic growth and co2 emissions are also interrelated i e bidirectional causality financial development granger causes co2 emissions the study opens up a new policy insights to control the environment from degradation by using energy efficient technologies financial development and trade openness can also play their role in improving the environmental quality

unemployment and economic development during the past thirty five years opinions on unemployment have significantly influenced our thoughts about the process of economic development in low income countries the economic strategies appropriate for governments committed to accelerating that process and the best way for the rich nations to assist in that endeavour which of the many and sometimes conflicting opinions of economists regarding the magnitude causes and costs of unemployment in ldcs reigns as the conventional wisdom at any given time is not determined by purely scientific criteria the emergence of a particular set of hypotheses as dominant may be strongly influenced by the attitudes and political preoccupations of observers as well

optimal emission taxes for full internalization of environmental externalities abstract the present study proposes a set of optimal emissions fees that could be used to reduce the damages caused by industrial pollution the approach we use allows for the setting of pollution taxes at their economically appropriate level in particular tax rates are computed for china india and 19 sub saharan african countries all other world regions are grouped according to income level such as low income lower middle income upper middle income and high income economies our results show that constructed optimal pollution taxes range as high as 2 9 per 1 dollar of output for heavy manufacturing in the high income countries and as low as 0 01 in the service sectors of the low income countries these results show that a full internalization of the damages in each sector calls for raising the tax rates in some sectors and lowering them in others

an assessment of the human capital content of international migrants an application to us immigration mcdowell j m and singell l d jr 1993 an assessment of the human capital content of international migrants an application to us immigration reg studies 27 351 363 numerous studies have examined the flow of international migrants generally these studies measure the extent or magnitude of international migration by use of a simple numerical count this paper extends this analysis by providing a methodology for adding an economic dimension to the measure of the magnitude of international migration an earnings equation approach is used to attach an economic value to immigration applying our methodology to us immigration we find considerable variation across source regions in the value of immigrants moreover we find that simply comparing initial earnings without controlling for differences in the characteristics and migration patterns of immigrants from the various source regions can misrepresent the relative earnings potential or value of migrants mcdowell j m et singell l d jr 1993 un

international migration versus foreign investment in the presence of unemployment abstract this paper extends the standard two factor one good model of international factor movements to include unemployment due to a minimum income guarantee within the capital abundant country from this country s perspective we establish important departures from previous full employment results most notably our analysis shows that 1 free factor mobility is worse than no mobility 2 the optimal degree of labour migration is zero and 3 national welfare can always be maximized by an optimal flow of capital the analysis is then extended to examine 1 illegal migration 2 subsidization of employment and 3 alternative views of unemployment

immigrants in the u s labor market 1940 80 this paper explores the extent and causes of the decline in immigrant skills in the united states during the postwar period prior to 1965 immigration to the united states was guided by the national origins quota system this visa allocation system awarded visas to countries based on the representation of the national origin group in the u s population as of 1920 the 1965 amendments abolished the national origins formula thus redistributing visas across source countries and established a system where visas are mainly given to relatives of u s citizens or residents the empirical analysis shows that a single factor the changing national origin mix of the immigrant flow is mainly responsible for the decline in immigrant skills excerpt

can carbon taxes be progressive abstract most studies have assessed the distributional impact of carbon taxes through their effects on commodity prices alone while ignoring their impact on individual welfare brought about by changes in factor prices yet the remunerations of capital and labor are not affected by these taxes similarly and their shares in earned incomes are not uniform across households this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the incidence of carbon taxes on inequality by considering simultaneously the commodity and the income channels we propose a decomposition of the change in individual welfare metrics then we develop a general equilibrium model to assess the impact of carbon taxes on factor and commodity prices and subsequently their distributional impact on households using the lorenz and concentration curves and the gini index our results suggest that changes in factor prices and changes in commodity prices especially those of energy commodities have opposing effects on inequality carbon taxes tend to reduce inequality through the changes in factor prices and tend to increase inequality through the changes in commodity prices hence we find a non monotonic u shaped relationship between carbon taxes and inequality our results suggest that the traditional approach of assessing the impact of carbon taxes on inequality through changes in commodity prices alone may be misleading the findings cast light on the desirability of using both channels in the assessment of carbon taxes on inequality

industrial pollution in economic development the environmental kuznets curve revisited abstract using new international data this paper tests the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis for industrial water pollution we measure the effect of income growth on three determinants of pollution the share of industry in national output the share of polluting sectors in industrial output and end of pipe eop pollution intensities per unit of output in the polluting sectors we find that the industry share of national output follows a kuznets type trajectory but the other two determinants do not when combined our results imply rejection of the ekc hypothesis for industrial water pollution it rises rapidly through middle income status and remains roughly constant thereafter

environmental policy public interest and political market in this paper we highlight the factorswhich influence governments in theirdecision to implement environmentalpolicies of varying degrees of severity wesubstantiate our arguments with analyticalevidence from the public interest theoryand the economic theory of regulation interest group theory we show throughempirical analysis based on the policies of22 oecd countries that pressure groupshave sufficient impact on environmentalregulation so that the economic theorypredominates over the public interesttheory

confronting the environmental kuznets curve t he environmental kuznets curve posits an inverted u relationship between pollution and economic development kuznets s name was apparently attached to the curve by grossman and krueger 1993 who noted its resemblance to kuznets s inverted u relationship between income inequality and development in the first stage of industrialization pollution in the environmental kuznets curve world grows rapidly because people are more interested in jobs and income than clean air and water communities are too poor to pay for abatement and environmental regulation is correspondingly weak the balance shifts as income rises leading industrial sectors become cleaner people value the environment more highly and regulatory institutions become more effective along the curve pollution levels off in the middle income range and then falls toward pre industrial levels in wealthy societies the environmental kuznets curve model has elicited conflicting reactions from researchers and policymakers applied econometricians have generally accepted the basic tenets of the model and focused on measuring its parameters their regressions typically fitted to cross sectional observations across countries or regions suggest that air and water pollution increase with development until per capita income reaches a range of 5000 to 8000 when income rises beyond that level pollution starts to decline as shown in the conventional ekc line in figure 1 in developing countries some policymakers have interpreted such results as conveying a message about priorities grow first then clean up numerous critics have challenged the conventional environmental kuznets curve both as a representation of what actually happens in the development process and as a policy prescription some pessimistic critics argue that crosssectional evidence for the environmental kuznets curve is nothing more than a

migration theories and evidence an assessment abstract this paper presents a critical survey of theories of migration their welfare and policy implications and their empirical relevance we also develop some extensions to the theory beginning with the harris and todaro ht model in particular the ht model is extended to examine risk averse behaviour within families where the migration of members of families serves to diversify risk the welfare implications of the individual migration decision and government intervention in the form of employment subsidies are examined recent evidence on international migration is presented it is shown that migration does not flow automatically in response to wage differentials characteristics of migrants and the process of self selection are found to be important determinants of the rate of migration

does electoral competition exacerbate interethnic or interpartisan economic discrimination evidence from a field experiment in market price bargaining does political competition exacerbate economic discrimination between citizens on ethnic or partisan cleavages individuals often discriminate on group lines in ordinary economic activities especially in low income settings political competition and thus mobilization of partisan and ethnic groups waxes and wanes over the electoral cycle this study therefore investigates discrimination over the electoral cycle in a commonplace yet consequential economic activity market price bargaining by conducting field experiments on taxi fare bargaining at three points in time around ghana s 2008 election the research reveals that drivers accept lower prices from coethnics regardless of temporal proximity to the election however only at election time drivers accept lower prices from copartisans and demand higher prices from noncopartisans in sum political competition affects commonplace economic transactions between citizens on the partisan cleavage this study is the first to show evidence of interpartisan discrimination in everyday behavior and expands our knowledge of electoral cycle effects

toxic release inventories and green consumerism empirical evidence from canada we investigate the empirical relevance of green consumerism as a reaction to the dissemination of information through toxic relase inventories assuming that consumers cannot attribute pollution to individual products from a multi product firm we identify the effect from green consumerism through intra firminter plant spillover effects in pollution abatement when consumers reduce demand equally across all product lines of the multi product firm we subject the predictions from a simple theoretical model to empirical tests using 1993 98 panel data from canada s national pollutant release inventory npri in conjunction with related census data we adjust our analysis for the toxicity of pollutants the empirical results establish that green consumerism works the dissemination of information through toxic release inventories positively affects pollution abatement activities of firms

stoking the fires co2 emissions and economic growth abstract we examine the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions a greenhouse gas central to global warming predictions estimates derived from global panel data suggest a diminishing marginal propensity to emit mpe carbon dioxide as gdp per capita rises despite this global carbon dioxide emissions growth will continue at 1 8 percent per annum for the foreseeable future a result that is not sensitive to average output growth instead emissions growth continues because output and population will grow most rapidly in lower income nations with high mpes this latter feature emphasizes the distributional consequences of policies to reduce emissions

economic growth and emissions reconsidering the empirical basis of environmental kuznets curves abstract recent empirical research indicates that certain types of emissions follow an inverted u or environmental kuznets curve ekc as income grows this regularity has been interpreted as a possible de linking of economic growth and patterns of certain pollutants for developed economies in this paper the empirical basis of this result is investigated by considering some statistical particularities of the various ekc studies performed it is argued that the inverted u relationship between income and emissions estimated from panel data need not hold for specific individual countries over time based on insights from intensity of use analysis in resource economics an alternative growth model is specified and estimated for three types of emissions co2 nox and so2 in four countries netherlands uk usa and western germany it is found that the time patterns of these emissions correlate positively with economic growth and that emission reductions may have been achieved as a result of structural and technological changes in the economy sustainable growth is defined as the rate of economic growth that does not lead to growth in emissions its rate is calculated for each type of emission and country based on estimated parameter values the resulting indicators reflect a balance between the positive influence of growth and negative influence of structural change and technological progress on emission levels

on the dynamic instability of induced migration unemployment in a dual economy abstract previous attempts to integrate the todarian analysis of rural urban migration with the dual economy growth model have relied upon an essentially static version of the migration hypothesis inappropriate in a growth context in this paper it is shown that when a dynamic version of the hypothesis is used the steady state growth equilibrium whilst characterised by a positive unemployment rate typical of todarian models is unstable these results have policy implications which differ from those presented in the previous literature

what is the role of openness for china s aggregate industrial so2 emission a structural analysis based on the divisia decomposition method abstract having observed the weaknesses in previous structural analyses on the role of environmental kuznets curve ekc the author proposes a detailed analysis using a rich data set of provincial level production and so2 emission intensity of 13 industrial sectors the latter represent more than 98 of the total industrial production in each chinese province for the period 1991 2001 through the use of the log mean divisia index decomposition method the variations in province level industrial so2 emissions with regard to the 1990 baseline level are decomposed into the contribution from three components scale composition and technical effects the following analysis seeks to explain how trade openness affects aggregate industrial so2 emission through its impact on the structural determinants for these three components of region specific environmental variations

dirty industries patterns of change in industrial countries this article concerns itself with the environmental role of heavily polluting industries since 1970 analysing its development in 11 basic industries as well as electricity production and road transport in 32 industrial countries it argues for a green industrial policy demonstrating that other mitigations of environmental pressure in industrial countries end of pipe treatment relocation to the third world structural change in the industrial sector and even environmentally oriented modernization have so far been unable to solve the problems of dirty industries although some approaches have shown some promise

environmental regulations transfers and trade theory and evidence abstract this paper develops a theory of compensation of producers for the costs associated with environmental regulations we show that the existence of transfers can give counter intuitive effects of environmental policy on both output and trade flows in particular the compensation obtained by producers neutralizes the effect of environmental policy on output and consequently on trade flows this may help explain why previous empirical research has found weak evidence that environmental regulations affect trade patterns the theory is tested using agricultural sector data the evidence supports the hypothesis that environmental regulations and transfers are positively correlated

international trade and labor migration a theory of the relationship between international trade and labor mobility is developed that takes into account five characteristics of such migration including its temporary nature differences between migrant and native labor the acceptance of unpredictable conditions of employment by migrant labor the ready availability of further labor resources and international capital mobility particular attention is paid to the role of international labor migration in helping to insulate native populations from the rigors of industrial fluctuations and in helping to preserve import competing industries that would have succumbed without the availability of cheap imported labor

migration amongst the batswana the present study undertakes analysis of the effects of employment probabilities and wage alternatives on migration decisions in the context of botswana adopting micro level data both to estimate a multinomial migration function and to develop prediction equations for wages and likelihood of employment data are from the 1978 1979 national migration survey the factors that influence rural batswana adults to remain at home migrate to town on a short or long term basis move to another rural area or emigrate to south africa are examined consideration is given to the effects of employment alternatives on the rate of internal migration and the selectivity of movements with respect to personal household and locational factors excerpt

labor migration in europe experiences from germany after unification abstract this paper examines the effects of diverging economic conditions on labor migration within reunified germany we employ a life cycle model with consumers sovereignty regarding choice of location to derive estimates of labor migration in future periods heterogeneity of individuals is explicitly taken into account by adopting a random utility approach due to insufficient data on east west migration the results are only illustrative and have the character of educated guesstimates within limits our predictions can serve as rough indicators of potential future migration between eastern and western europe

does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation evidence from bric countries abstract a vast number of studies addressed the environmental degradation and economic development but not financial development moreover as argued by stern 2004 the rise and fall of the environmental kuznets curve world development 32 1419 1439 they present important econometric weaknesses using standard reduced form modeling approach and controlling for country specific unobserved heterogeneity we investigate the linkage between not only economic development and environmental quality but also the financial development panel data over period 1992 2004 is used we find that both economic and financial development are determinants of the environmental quality in bric economies we show that higher degree of economic and financial development decreases the environmental degradation our analysis suggests that financial liberalization and openness are essential factors for the co 2 reduction the adoption of policies directed to financial openness and liberalization to attract higher levels of r d related foreign direct investment might reduce the environmental degradation in countries under consideration in addition the robustness check trough the inclusion of us and japan does not alter our main findings

does the need for economic growth influence energy consumption and co2 emissions in nigeria evidence from the innovation accounting test abstract developing economies like nigeria are competing strategically to ensure a rise in sustainable economic growth and reduction in co2 emission the question is could this be possible amidst the series of energy crises facing the country it is against this development that this paper investigates empirically if the nexus between economic growth energy consumption financial development trade openness and co2 emissions in nigeria could provide a clue the study used time series data from 1971 to 2011 to ensure a robust result the study applied the ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration the zivot andrew structural break test and the bayer hanck combine cointegration analysis the causality analysis was checked using the vecm model and this was validated using the innovative accounting and the impulse response test the findings of the study revealed that financial development stimulates energy demand but lowers co2 emissions economic growth lowers energy demand but increases co2 emissions in addition to that the study discovered how trade openness increases energy consumption but improves environmental quality by lowering co2 emissions energy consumption was on the other hand found to have significant increase on co2 emissions the granger causality analysis revealed a bidirectional causal relationship between financial development and energy consumption and the same inference was found in financial development and co2 emissions in this study trade led energy hypothesis and the existence of a feedback effect between economic growth and co2 emissions were discovered the study recommends massive investment in nigeria s financial sector with the motivation for these sectors to invest in efficient and sustainable renewable energy system how it should be done and why it should be done are carefully outlined in this study

from formlessness to structure the institutionalization of competitive party systems in africa giovanni sartori once described african party systems as formless our contribution challenges this view in an era of resurgent multipartism that swept through the subcontinent in the early 1990s and continues until today the article brings together contemporary research on african party systems with the wider disciplinary literature on party system institutionalization using a data set including all continuous election sequences in africa from 1950 to 2008 we find that africa has some of the most volatile party systems ever recorded and yet tremendous diversity across regimes we test the relative impact of political institutions economic performance the history of party system development and social cleavage structure on party system institutionalization in africa we find that its party systems have been shaped by a set of factors unique to the subcontinent but some of the general global patterns of party system development hold true in africa as well

when the weak win the role of investment in environmental lobbying abstract old and environmentally damaging industries often lobby effectively for less stringent regulations and are slow to adopt new and cleaner technologies this paper explains the lobbying success of these industries in terms of the strategic role of investment as a credible commitment device it is demonstrated that if governments are predisposed to special interest groups underinvestment in new technology enables firms to lobby more effectively such industries are shown to be better placed to extract policy concessions despite contributing less to the government in political donations the analysis therefore suggests that political considerations may provide a significant incentive for firms to reject environmentally beneficial investments even when these lower production costs

the environmental kuznets curve does one size fit all abstract this paper uses a new panel data set on state level sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from 1929 1994 to test the appropriateness of the one size fits all reduced form regression approach commonly used in the environmental kuznets curve literature empirical results provide initial evidence that an inverted u shape characterizes the relationship between per capita emissions and per capita incomes at the state level parameter estimates suggest however that previous studies which restrict cross sections to undergo identical experiences over time may be presenting statistically biased results