agriculture led growth foodgrains versus export crops in madagascar abstract this article compares the growth generating power of alternative agricultural development strategies in madagascar projections from a semi input output model and a recently developed social accounting matrix suggest that both paddy and export crops stimulate strong linkages with other sectors of the malagasy economy but since paddy output can be increased at lower cost investment in rehabilitating small irrigated rice perimeters generates 40 to 100 more gdp than a comparable investment in coffee production paddy also generates greater employment and a more equitable income distribution

economics of residential crowding in developing countries residential crowding is one of the most noticeable problems of housing in developing countries crowding in these countries is characterized by two important phenomena first a room is usually shared by more than two persons second a single dwelling unit is occupied by more than one household in developed countries residential crowding was widely observed in their early industrial cities but is no longer common yet it constitutes a housing problem for their low income groups a typical policy objective addressed to residential crowding in both developed and developing countries is the provision of a single dwelling unit for every household for instance in the united kingdom the 1945 housing white paper stated that the government s first objective is to afford a this analysis is part of a study of the korean housing market sponsored by the world bank primary credit is due to gill chin lim and james follain in this paper helpful comments have been received from david bradford james trussel and bryan brown an earlier version of this paper was presented at the second conference on major international economic issues university of southern california los angeles and february 1979

hedonic indices and housing programme benefits the availability of reliable measures of housing programme benefits is important for decisions that planners make about appropriate housing policies this paper advocates the use of hedonic price estimation techniques for the direct measurement of housing programme benefits in developing countries without restrictive characterisations of housing demand a market weighted economic welfare index is used to measure the housing benefits the benefits are the difference between estimated hedonic price equations before and after the implementation of a programme summed across all households and then multiplied by the cash equivalent of a unit of hedonic value the cash value of a unit of hedonic value is determined by dividing the observed aggregate market value of houses in an analysis sample by the estimated aggregate hedonic value for that sample measuring housing programme benefits from direct market valuation of programme induced changes in housing attributes does not imply that such programmes are necess

aggregate consumer behaviour and the measurement of inequality this paper presents an approach to inequality measurement based on an econometric model of aggregate consumer behaviour the novel feature of this model is that systems of individual demand functions can be recovered uniquely from the system of aggregate demand functions we present methods for evaluating social welfare based on an explicit social welfare function this social welfare function incorporates measures of individual welfare based on indirect utility functions for all consumer units we develop indexes of inequality based on actual and potential levels of social welfare

accounting for the utilisation of geothermal energy resources within the genuine progress indicator a methodological review abstract the genuine progress indicator gpi was initiated to mainly reflect strong rather than weak sustainability principles and embrace a fisherian understanding of income and capital prior to this review neither existing calculation methodologies nor academic reviews of the gpi had considered the possibility that geothermal energy resources might not deliver sustainable yields although geothermal energy is renewable in the sense of the earth s almost ubiquitous capacity to store heat the resources are frequently utilised at a rate that is unsustainable pressure recovery and fluid heat recharge periods typically endure for several decades or more whenever geothermal resources are utilised unsustainably this paper contends that the gpi should deduct monetary costs for the excess depletion this approach would maintain the gpi s methodological correctness as a measure of sustainable economic welfare in current time terms failure to do so is affirmative of the weak sustainability paradigm inferring that overexploited energy resources can be either fully replaced or partially substituted when their yields begin to diminish this paper sets out a new method for calculating gpi cost deductions for the unsustainable utilisation of geothermal energy resources the outlined approach synthesises existing academic theory concerning geothermal production modes and levelised energy cost calculations

welfare analysis of tax reforms using household data abstract this paper discusses a methodology for calculating the distribution of gains and losses from a policy change using data for a large sample of households estimates are based on the equivalent income function which is money metric utility defined over observable variables this enables calculations to be standardised and a computer program to compute the statistics presented in the paper is available for a general demand system equivalent income is related to measures of deadweight loss and standard errors are computed for each of the welfare measures an application to u k data for 5 895 households is given which simulates a reform that involves eliminating housing subsidies

modeling agricultural growth multipliers agriculture s potential as an engine of third world growth depends in large part on the size of the production and consumption linkages it stimulates in rural regions current estimates of agricultural growth multipliers within rural regions vary widely not only because economic structures differ across regions but also because the array of fixed price models most commonly used embody widely differing basic assumptions among fixed price models the semi input output formulation projects the most plausible multipliers but even they overstate the magnitude of growth multipliers by 10 to 25 according to the price endogenous model developed here

housing crowding in developing countries and willingness to pay for additional space the case of korea the very rapid rate of urban population growth in developing countries is placing great strain on their housing stock housing policies which aim at reducing or eliminating crowding are generally based on notions of needs and standards of adequacy which are more often based on arbitrarily selected criteria than on domestic economic conditions this paper attempts to evaluate the willingness to pay for additional housing space by households and the validity of target housing standards the paper uses three different estimation procedures each with its own strengths and conceptual limitations to determine whether they yield consistent estimates of household willingness to pay for space they show consistently that the willingness to pay for additional space is less than 25 percent of the value of an extra unit of space everything else being equal

demand for housing attributes in developing countries a study of pakistan the paper has applied a conventional framework of analysis of implicit markets to determine the characteristics of demand for housing attributes of quantity and quality in the urban areas of a larg

housing markets in third world cities research and policy into the 1990s abstract a review of analyses of urban housing markets is timely to suggest directions for research and policy in the next decade the neoclassical approach to housing economics is contrasted with a political economy framework with respect to the production or supply of housing and consumption or demand an argument is advanced for increased attention to the analysis of citywide housing markets using insights from both theoretical approaches and for research into processes of exchange such analyses should form the basis for policies which focus neither on selected income groups or residential areas in isolation from wider housing market processes nor on housing output targets but primarily on ensuring the provision of essential inputs

agroindustrialization through institutional innovation transaction costs cooperatives and milk market development in the east african highlands abstract some small holders are able to generate reliable and substantial income flows through small scale dairy production for the local market for others a set of unique transaction costs hinders participation cooperative selling institutions are potential catalysts for mitigating these costs stimulating entry into the market and promoting growth in rural communities trends in cooperative organization in east african dairy are evaluated empirical work focuses on alternative techniques for effecting participation among a representative sample of peri urban milk producers in the ethiopian highlands the variables considered are a modern production practice cross bred cow use a traditional production practice indigenous cow use three intellectual capital forming variables experience education and extension and the provision of infrastructure as measured by time to transport milk to market a tobit analysis of marketable surplus generates precise estimates of non participants distances to market and their reservation levels of the covariates measures of the inputs necessary to sustain and enhance the market policy implications focus on the availability of cross bred stock and the level of market infrastructure both of which have marked effects on participation the velocity of transactions in the local community and inevitably the social returns to agroindustrialization

benefits and consumption effects of public housing programs in belgium some aggregate results in this paper we estimate some aggregate consumption effects and the benefits of public housing programs in belgium on the basis of a small sample of individual households specifying a stone geary utility function defined on housing and other goods we develop estimates of all required inputs to calculate hick s equivalent variation we further analyze changes in consumption patterns as well as the distribution of benefits over the sample our results provide the first information on the effects of public housing in belgium derived from micro data

revisiting the cotton problem a comparative analysis of cotton reforms in sub saharan africa summary the cotton sector has been among the most regulated in sub saharan africa ssa and still largely is in west and central africa wca despite repeated reform recommendations by international donors on the other hand orthodox reforms in east and southern africa esa have not always yielded the expected results this paper uses a stylized contracting model to investigate the link between market structure and equity and efficiency in ssa cotton sectors explain the outcomes of reforms in esa and analyze the potential consequences of reforms in wca we illustrate our arguments with empirical observations on cotton sector performance

state accumulation and market equilibria an application of kalecki kornai analysis to planned economies in the third world this article contains an analysis of macroeconomics and inter sectoral disequilibria in peripheral socialist economies based on an adaptation of the theories of kornai and kalecki to the planned primary export economy with a large peasant i artisan sector the origins of excess state accumulation in such economies is identified and consequences of system reforms for economic management discussed it is argued that macroeconomic policy should take into account heterogeneous production forms severe external resource constraints and social pressure for basic needs satisfaction

the demand for housing characteristics in developing countries this paper develops and estimates an econometric model of the household demand for housing characteristics the model is estimated using data from five cities and three developing countries overall the procedures employed work well in a wide variety of circumstances more specifically it is found that 1 household willingness to pay for living space increases with income but at a less than proportionate rate 2 willlingness to pay for living space declines as household size increases 3 willingness to pay for several quality measures structural quality wall roof and floor quality is quite responsive to income

in kind transfers cash grants and the supply of labour abstract this paper corrects the notion that somehow benefits given in kind interfere less with the work leisure choice than cash grants of equivalent monetary value in a simple model the analysis proves that the true effect depends on the extent of the in kind transfer and the substitutability of the good in question with leisure

the welfare cost of housing standards theory with application to jakarta abstract housing standards are likely to impose quantity constraints on the consumption possibilities of the poor this paper shows how an exact money metric of the welfare loss from such standards can be derived for any well behaved preference ordering recent results from the theory of consumer behavior under rationing permit the cost of standards to be interpreted in terms of the compensated demand function for the standardized good a housing demand function for the poor in jakarta is estimated using household level data and is used to calculate numerically the cost to them of introducing uniformly binding housing standards at unsubsidized prices estimates are also presented of the rate of price subsidy on housing needed for compensation

measuring economic welfare new methods preface 1 an introduction to the money metric 2 the marginal utility of money as an integrating factor 3 calculation of the money metric 4 the approach of dupuit and marshall 5 the hicksian approach 6 approximations based on consumer surplus 7 a reconsideration of the theory of index numbers 8 the money metric as a basis for calculation of social welfare functions 9 measurement of the social costs of monopoly 10 a final comment and conclusion references index

impact of global cotton markets on rural poverty in benin world cotton prices fell by about 40 over 2001 2002 focusing attention on the effect of subsidies for cotton growers in depressing world prices this paper combines farm survey data from benin with assumptions about the decline in farm level prices to estimate the direct and indirect effects of cotton price reductions on rural income and poverty in benin the results indicate that there is a strong link between cotton prices and rural welfare in benin a 40 reduction in farm level prices of cotton results in an increase in rural poverty of 8 points in the short run and 6 7 points in the long run under the assumptions of the partial input output model we estimate the multiplier to be in the range of 2 96 meaning that 1 us of reduced income by cotton growers results in a contraction of 2 96 us in overall income finally econometric analysis of the determinants of the demand for hired agricultural labor suggests that falling cotton prices will not greatly reduce labor demand since the labor intensity of cotton is similar to that of competing crops in benin overall the study demonstrates the impact of changes in world cotton prices on rural poverty in benin thus highlighting the likely negative effects of cotton subsidies in the united states and elsewhere on benin farmers

are we overestimating the negative impact of higher food prices evidence from ghana most studies of the welfare impact of higher food prices adopt deaton s approach based on the first order effect of prices changes using income and expenditure survey data this paper explores the impact of higher maize and food prices in ghana and considers the sensitivity of results to changes in several assumptions if second order effects are included incorporating household response to price changes the welfare impact of food price increases is more positive but only modestly so however if we assume that marketing margins are constant in real terms rather than proportional to prices the welfare impact is substantially more positive these findings highlight the need for more research on the behavior of marketing margins under volatile prices

urban rural cost of living differentials in a developing economy abstract casual observations suggest that the cost of living is substantially greater in urban than rural areas of developing economies with implications for sectoral welfare comparisons an aids demand model for housing and foodgrains is estimated on a household level data set for java after adjusting housing rents for heterogeneity in quality the retrieved cost function indicates that the cost of utility at the urban price vector exceeds its rural value although the differential has been substantially overestimated in the past the relative cost of urban living is found to increase as reference rural income increases

theory and estimation in the economics of housing demand the main purpose of this paper is to review recent theoretical and empirical developments in the economics of housing demand in particular we ask what is known concerning the permanent income elasticity of housing demand vis a vis the current or measured income elasticity what is known concerning price elasticities what is the appropriate functional form for housing demand equations what is the role of demographic variables what is known concerning dynamic aspects of housing demand what appear to be the major sources of bias in existing estimates of demand equations

labour market effects of large scale agricultural investment conceptual considerations and estimated employment effects summary large scale agricultural investments lsais in general and their socio economic implications in particular have been heavily debated in recent years while some claim that lsais are an important catalyst for development in neglected rural areas others caution that they pose a risk to rural communities livelihoods the extent to which lsais provide benefits for local communities is hence still contested this paper sets out to conceptually understand what effects the establishment of a large scale farm has on the rural labor market in low and middle income countries in addition we empirically address the question of whether large scale farming as recorded in the land matrix creates or destroys employment we develop a transition matrix to identify several scenarios based on key determinants of the direct employment creation potential of lsais namely the former land use the crop type and the production model we empirically assess the actual importance of these scenarios and the employment creation to be expected from this sample of lsais based on labor intensities we further look into the net employment effects for land formerly used by smallholder farmers our analysis shows that lsais massively crowd out smallholder farmers which is only partially mitigated through the cultivation of labor intensive crops and the application of contract farming schemes this holds true for all regions targeted by lsais although regional differences are found in terms of magnitude the paper concludes that these effects tend to be large on the local scale i e in the immediate surroundings of the investment site but small in relation to total national employment in agriculture however indirect employment creation related to lsais which is discussed but not empirically addressed in this paper needs to be taken into account to have the full picture

the problem of balance in the peripheral socialist economy a conceptual note abstract the structure of the peripheral socialist economy is fundamentally distinct from the classical socialist economy upon which the planning literature has been based essentially this derives from the fact that the constraint on growth is foreign exchange and not the supply of labour or wage goods as such in consequence the possibilities for accumulation depend on international rent and depression of popular consumption does not in fact contribute much to the rate of growth three different sectors of the peripheral socialist economy can be identified and related to problems of accumulation and planning

farm nonfarm linkages in rural sub saharan africa this paper is an accumulation over the past 25 years of a body of detailed work examining the structure of africa s rural nonfarm economy first it systematically reviews empirical evidence on the nature and magnitude of the african rural nonfarm economy it then explores differences across locality and size across countries and over time in an effort to assess likely patterns of growth a subsequent review of key production and consumption parameters allows an estimate of the magnitude of the agricultural growth multipliers in africa the paper concludes with a brief discussion of policies and programs that will be necessary if farm nonfarm growth linkages are to achieve their full potential

costs and benefits of housing subsidies to tenants from voluntary and involuntary rent control a comparison between tenures and income groups this paper estimates the economic subsides to housing for different groups using the 1988 joseph rowntree memorial trust sample survey of households an olsen type model is used to estimate consumber surplus to households from subsidized housing these estimates are compared to costs and housing services in the owner occupier market poorer families receive larger benefits than richer families transfer efficiency is not high but the local authority sector receives the greatest benefits from controlled rents

the household s decision to accept or reject a conditional transfer offer households deemed by society to have insufficient resources to purchase an adequate commodity bundle are often offered aid i e additional resources conditional upon the households purchasing a given level of some commodity e g food fuel or housing such conditional transfers attempt to modify the households normal behavior i e if the households would normally purchase the required level of the designated commodity upon receipt of the transfer the constraint would not be necessary how these incentives and constraints interact to affect the households behavior determines in large part the number and type of eligibles aided by the program aggregate program costs given payment levels and the types of commodity bundles purchased by the recipient households clearly understanding the decision to accept or reject a conditional transfer offer has widespread implications for the costs of the transfer program the impact on eligible households and the attainment of society s objectives numerous studies have investigated the size and distribution of recipient benefits in conditional transfer programs 1 3 6 8 9 14 16 21 to this author s knowledge however no analysis has estimated a model of the household s decision to participate in a conditional transfer program using household data and a theoretically appropriate measure for the household s net gain to overcome this gap in our understanding of the household s

alternative housing concepts and the benefits of public housing programs abstract almost all previous studies analyzing the benefits and consumption effects of public housing programs have used aggregation theorems to construct composite goods housing and all other goods in this paper we show that if it is more realistically assumed that households have preferences defined on housing characteristics benefits estimated using the composite approach are upward biased some empirical work suggests that the bias is large we therefore strongly advise to take into account the composition of the bundle of housing attributes provided under a public housing program when evaluating the program s economic effects

hungarian agriculture a model for the socialist world abstract hungary s status as a model in agriculture is examined in terms of its economic social and political performance its planning and organizational components and the contextual factors affecting its transferability in economic and social performance the hungarian strategy compares favourably with the rest of eastern europe and the ussr planning and institutional factors contributing to this performance include the new economic mechanism planning approach autonomous agricultural producers co operatives new structures for diffusion of technology and integration of household producers into the commodity system while the transferability of the model remains doubtful due to factors such as size technical base and political choices increased participation in the world economy may force the ussr and the rest of eastern europe into reforms bearing some resemblance to those in hungary

hedonic prices and the demand for housing attributes in a third world city the case of ibadan nigeria this paper estimates the demand functions for a set of housing attributes for the city of ibadan nigeria using rosen s two step estimation procedure the empirical results reveal that the most im