the distribution of income in china preface notes on the contributors introduction k griffin z renwei part 1 the distribution of income household income and its distribution a r khan k griffin c riskin z renwei three features of the distribution of income during the transition to reform z renwei part 2 income and wealth in rural china the determinants of household income in rural china a r khan the distribution of wealth in rural china t mckinley income distribution and poverty in rural china c riskin part 3 employment and human capital workers in china s rural industries j knight s lina why urban wages differ in china j knight s lina the determinants of educational attainment j knight l shi annex the 1988 household sample survey m eichen z ming index

more shock than therapy market transition employment and income in russia 1991 1995 sixteen predictions from market transition theory are assessed using survey data on employment earnings and income in russia during the first five years of market reform although the private sector has grown self employment is still rare incomes are down and unemployment is up a distended income distribution reflects unprecedented income inequality distinctive features of late soviet era stratification persist low returns to education a gender gap in earnings and low earnings among professionals the russian market transition offers more opportunity in trade consumer services and speculation and less in manufacturing than do other emerging makets this corresponds to merchat capitalism and contradicts the predictions of market transition theory everything the communists told us about communism was a lie everything they told us about capitalism turns out to be true popular russian joke circa 1996

security of electricity supply at the generation level problem analysis abstract since the very beginning of the restructuring process back in 1982 in chile the ability of an electricity market to provide the system with the required level of security of supply has been put into question the mistrust on the ability of the market left to its own devices to provide sufficient generation availability when needed is more and more leading to the implementation of additional regulatory mechanisms this matter is undoubtedly gaining importance and it has taken a key role in the energy regulators agendas in this paper we revisit this discussion under the light of thirty years of electricity market experience we analyze the different reasons why although ideally the market is supposed to provide itself an adequate security of supply at the generation level this result is still far from being achieved in practice

least cost 100 renewable electricity scenarios in the australian national electricity market least cost options are presented for supplying the australian national electricity market nem with 100 renewable electricity using wind photovoltaics concentrating solar thermal cst with storage hydroelectricity and biofuelled gas turbines we use a genetic algorithm and an existing simulation tool to identify the lowest cost investment and operating scenarios of renewable technologies and locations for nem regional hourly demand and observed weather in 2010 using projected technology costs for 2030 these scenarios maintain the nem reliability standard limit hydroelectricity generation to available rainfall and limit bioenergy consumption the lowest cost scenarios are dominated by wind power with smaller contributions from photovoltaics and dispatchable generation cst hydro and gas turbines the annual cost of a simplied transmission network to balance supply and demand across nem regions is a small proportion of the annual cost of the generating system annual costs are compared with a scenario where fossil fuelled power stations in the nem today are replaced with modern fossil substitutes at projected 2030 costs and a carbon price is paid on all emissions at moderate carbon prices which appear required to address climate change 100 renewable electricity would be cheaper on an annual basis than the replacement scenario

the continuing wind of change in the balkans sources of housing inequality in bulgaria the research in this paper explores the institutional changes in the housing system during the period of market transition in bulgaria which follow suit with the greater societal transformations the societal changes are linked theoretically with polanyi s understanding of the transition from a non market to a market society his argument helps in establishing the institutional context of the macroeconomic changes in the past decade the article then focuses on the changing sources of housing inequality it is argued that there are two urban regimes of housing inequality the regime of controlled uniformity during the period of socialism and the regime of primitive diversity during the period of market transition the two regimes are produced mainly through the changing role of the state

market transition and the persistence of power the changing stratification system in urban china research on transitional socialist societies has explored trends in income inequality and issues concerning who gains and who loses during market reforms we find that income inequality in a major chinese city declined only slightly during the first decade of reform policies it then increased dramatically in the subsequent five years strategic position in the state bureaucracy continues to be an important determinant of income although connections to the market system are becoming alternate sources of advantage we interpret these findings in light of the historical and institutional context of urban china

development of supersmart grids for a more efficient utilisation of electricity from renewable sources abstract if europe is serious about reaching its target to keep global mean temperature increase below 2 c it must strive for a 100 renewable electricity system by 2050 the supersmart grid approach combines what is often perceived as two exclusive alternatives wide area power generation and decentralised power generation we argue that by combining these in fact complementary measures it is possible to address the crucial issue of renewable generation fluctuating supply in a comprehensive as well as in a technologically and economically viable manner thus the supersmart grid simultaneously can contribute to energy security climate security social security and national security

gauging the future competitiveness of renewable energy in colombia this article aims to assess the likely competitiveness of different forms of renewable energy in colombia over the next 25 years to this end it compares the likely power production cost for a set of renewable energy sources and compares them to the likely long run cost of traditional energy costs from global and local externalities through the use of traditional energy sources are also factored into the analysis the key conclusion of the article is that while solar pv will likely remain uncompetitive under any future cost scenario cost paths for small hydro modern biomass or geothermal are already close enough to being competitive so that appropriate government intervention may make the decisive difference in making these technologies competitive with conventional energy technologies

from planning to strategy in the electricity industry abstract as more utility markets are deregulated and competition is introduced there is an increasing need to understand how the planning methods used under monopoly have to change to take the new deregulated environment into account although this might seem relatively trivial it has been a major problem for a large number of utilities which have continued using the same planning approaches that they used when they were monopolies in this paper we first describe the environment which under monopoly conditions gave rise to the use of mainly operational research methods for planning we then argue that deregulation has changed the fundamental assumptions making the planning methods used under monopoly less useful after deregulation finally we review a number of methods that utilities should consider using when they formulate strategy in deregulated markets

getting ahead in urban china this article argues that structural segmentation is a universal phenomenon in all complex societies and across political economies each political economy uses specific criteria in delineating segments of its economic and work organizations furthermore it is argued that segmentation identification constitutes a critical destination status for individuals engaged in the status attainment process a representative sample of the working population in tianjin china is analyzed to show that entrance into the core sectors state agencies and enterprises rather that the job per se constitutes the primary goal of status attainment entering into a more desirable work unit sector in china takes on differential significance and process for males and females formales the direct effect of intergenerational factors i e the effect of father s work unit sector is evident for females such an effect is only indirect instead to a great extent their status attainment also upward occupational mobility acr

the emergence of a market society changing mechanisms of stratification in china this article examines the effect of institutional change the shift from redistribution to markets in altering the mechanisms of stratification new institutionalists maintain that interests are emb

reliability and economic evaluation of power system with renewables a review abstract the share of renewable energy generation has been increasing as a result of the world wide concern on environmental deterioration and climate change associated with burning fossil fuel due to the stochastic and intermittent characteristics of renewable energy resources assessing the reliability of power systems with renewables has become challengeable and been widely studied for the past several decades this paper provides a review of the studies on the reliability and economic evaluation of power system with renewables it starts from a summary of the key indicators and models for assessing the reliability and economics of power systems different studies are then compared in terms of type of renewables evaluation method application area level of study and country involved through which the main features of past studies are identified we also discuss the relationship between economics and reliability that shows the necessity of evaluating reliability and economics of power system with renewables simultaneously a case study is finally proposed to illustrate the differences between alternative system settings in reliability and economic evaluation it is found that the types and scales of renewable energy generation have significant impacts on system reliability and economics which needs to be taken into account in the development of renewable energy power systems

social inequalities in reforming state socialism between redistribution and markets in china this article extends market transition theory to an analysis of inequality under the conditions of partial reform in china logit regression analysis indicates cadres officials have no greater odds than other households of being among the privileged or avoiding poverty entrepreneurs andformer team cadres however are advantaged despite the rise of a hybrid elite of entrepreneurs who are currently cadres that capitalizes on redistributive power to gain competitive advantage in the marketplace increases in income inequality are modest when market reform stimulates improved economic performance the poor appear to benefit and experience comparable improvements in household income as a result there is only a slight increase in inequality at least in the early stages of market reform the empirical analysis is based on survey data collected in rural china in 1985

getting personal networks and stratification in the russian labor market 1985 2001 the authors use employment histories from survey data to examine personal network use and stratification in the russian labor market from 1985 to 2001 institutional changes associated with the soviet collapse increased the use of networks and shaped their prevalence and benefits in theoretically coherent ways in russia networks positively affect job quality whether measured by occupation current earnings or wage arrears these findings relate to recent debates over whether job contacts provide advantages and how social capital relates to postsocialist inequalities involving gender communist party membership and education russia also exhibits a previously overlooked relationship between network use and locality type

clean and secure power supply a system dynamics based appraisal abstract across the world the electricity industry is changing with the advent of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power as these are exposed to intermittency seasonality and global climate variation policy makers concerns are now shifting towards security of supply in fact the industry confronts three conflicting goals security of supply competitive prices to customers and environmental protection in this context and given the multiple uncertainties of technology transformation this paper uses modelling based scenario analysis to investigate different extreme and plausible futures simulation is used to analyse policies aimed at increasing the penetration of renewables and to explore how these energy sources may affect system reliability this paper explores the effect of incorporating renewables in colombia where a large hydroelectric component has led to insufficient electricity being available during droughts and to high electricity price volatility though not intuitive at first glance this paper shows that renewables may contribute to i increased security of supply through complementarity e g it does not rain when the sun shines ii reduced price volatility in the medium term and iii increased industry sustainability

simulating the new british electricity market reform abstract the british government is implementing fully its novel electricity market reform gb emr its objective in line with european directives aims at replacing existing nuclear and coal plant with low carbon systems to deliver reliable and affordable power though the gb emr has proposed several policy instruments for meeting its objectives and the academic literature has discussed the main issues no known report includes a comprehensive and dynamic simulation exercise that assesses the extent of this profound and important initiative this paper presents a system dynamics model that supports analysis of long term effects of the various policy instruments that have been proposed in the gb emr focusing on environmental quality security of supply and economic sustainability using lessons learned from simulation the paper concludes that effectively achieving the gb emr objectives requires this comprehensive intervention or a similar one that includes the promotion of low carbon electricity generation through the simultaneous implementation of various direct and indirect incentives such as a carbon price floor a feed in tariff fit and a capacity mechanism

regulation and development of the argentinean gas market gas markets are becoming increasingly important around the world and the long term evolution of these markets is of strategic importance for many countries this makes it essential to understand how regulation and intervention in these markets affects the long term prospect for the secure supply of gas we use argentina as a case to illustrate some of the issues and consequences of gas regulation argentina is a country that has had a significant increase in the use of gas over the years and where a potential gas deficit looms large in the present and the future based on a simulation model developed to understand the supply of gas in argentina we discuss how regulation will influence the long term supply of gas in both argentina and surrounding countries using the model we develop a series of scenarios to highlight the consequences of different current and possible future interventions in the market by the regulator finally we discuss short term regulatory options to reduce the impact of a gas deficit and the possibility of securing the long term supply of gas in argentina

from nuclear phase out to renewable energies in the swiss electricity market abstract liberalisation and the ever larger share of variable renewable energies vres e g photovoltaic pv and wind energy affect security of supply sos we develop a system dynamics model to analyse the impact of vres on the investment decision process and to understand how sos is affected we focus on the swiss electricity market which is currently undergoing a liberalisation process and simultaneously faces the encouragement of vres and a nuclear phase out our results show that nuclear production is replaced mainly by pv and imports the country becomes a net importer this evolution points to a problem of capacity adequacy the resulting price rise together with the subsidies needed to support vres lead to a rise in tariffs in the presence of a high share of hydro the de rated margin may give a misleading picture of the capacity adequacy we thus propose a new metric the annual energy margin which considers the energy available from all sources while acknowledging that hydro storage can function as a battery this measure shows a much less reassuring picture of the country s capacity adequacy

housing tenure choice in transitional urban china a multilevel analysis summary using a 1996 national survey of housing in china and a multilevel modelling technique we examine housing tenure choice in transitional urban china where households have been granted limited freedom of choice in the housing market since the housing reforms of 1988 we e nd that both market mechanisms and institutional forces affect households tenure choice in urban china while some socioeconomic factors such as age household size household income and housing price have similar effects on tenure choice as in the west others such as the number of workers and marital status have rather different effects in addition factors characterising institutional relationships among the state work units and households such as hukou job rank and work unit rank still play important roles in tenure choice

property rights and stratification in socialist redistributive economies in socialist economies work organizations differ widely in the compensation they provide employees despite the absence of key product and labor market processes thought to ex plain such inequalities in market economies existing theories of stratification in socialist economies focus on the power and privilege of elites but inequalities among organizations are not created by political particularism or elite power in this paper i sketch elements of an institutional theory of stratification anchored in a conception of property rights the right to derive income from productive assets two aspects of property rights guide the analysis 1 the dispersion of property rights across a hierarchy of governmentjurisdictions and 2 the exercise of these rights by government jurisdictions as they extract revenues primarily through taxation extraction of revenues from a work organization varies with the budgetary resources of a government jurisdiction and the dependence of that jurisdiction on the out puts of the organization variation in revenue extraction in turn creates inequalities among work organizations in their abilities to provide benefits to employees an analysis of survey data on the provision of housing and benefits by work organizations in the large industrial city of tianjin china provides provisional support for these ideas s tudents of communist states have had little reason to dispute lenski s 1966 claim that the distribution of rewards in a society is a func tion of the distribution of power p 63 as ex emplified in szelenyi s wedding of elite theory to institutional economics this idea has been de veloped primarily in terms of the power of class es or occupational groups szelenyi 1978 be gan with the observation that planned economies operate according to redistributive rather than market principles however the process of re

the first shall be last entrepreneurship and communist cadres in the transition from socialism this article reviews the sociological literature on the transition from socialism to capitalism it distinguishes between the erosion and transition phases and between traditional and corporate segments in the emerging private sector panel survey data from hungary show that during the transition ex communist cadres maintain their advantageous position and do especially well in the more dynamic corporate segment they are successful because human capital is important in both capitalism and socialism and because the cadres are able to convert past political power to economic advantage contrary to the findings of studies based only on agriculture the transition increases income inequalities

assessing emissions mitigation energy policy under integrated supply and demand analysis the colombian case the effects of greenhouse gases on climate variation set policy challenges for the energy industry the largest greenhouse gas contributor globally in this context the energy industry is being subjected to reforms focussing on the environment internalisation of emission costs and the promotion of cleaner technologies to overcome the challenges posed by the emission of greenhouse gases governments have implemented mitigation policies in the power supply industries most policy instruments include either financial incentives or goals and standards and these generate impacts on electricity prices and consumer behaviour this paper models policies effects on prices and demand through an integrated demand and supply analysis for the colombian case while simulation of carbon taxes shows important reductions of fossil fuelled power capacity a feed in tariff policy promotes clean technologies though not significantly reducing use of fossil technologies when applied simultaneously policy has a greater impact on both emission reductions and the diffusion of clean technologies while only increasing electricity prices slightly even when price elasticity of demand is low such policies may have a significant effect on the penetration of renewables and emissions furthermore this structured modelling of policy helps explain how the ultimate intended goal sustainable emissions reduction might be achieved

china s changing urban governance in the transition towards a more market oriented economy china s changing urban development processes and urban landscapes in the transition towards a more market oriented economy have received extensive research attention in recent years relatively the governing of chinese cities is still underresearched this article aims to analyse the forces released both inside and outside the formal socialist state system and the impacts on phenomenal restructuring of urban governance especially at local levels marketisation has created new elements beyond the reach of state work units that represent the state s hierarchical control the pillars of the socialist governing structure the party state the work units system and household registration are shaken by these forces the changes in the organisation of people capital production materials infrastructure and space fundamentally demand new urban governance territorial organisations such as the municipality urban districts street office and residents committees are reinvented and consolidated to restore a governable society the devolution towards the base level and the reinvention of local communities reflect the state s attempt to reconsolidate its power to create a governable society as well as to cope with practical pressures such as the provision of social assistance to poor and aged residents re employment of laid off workers and the management of floating immigrants the combination of new market elements and decentralised state apparatus has given rise to the entrepreneurial endeavour of china s governance this research highlights the micro foundation of the new urban governance in addition to the globalisation capital mobility city competitiveness thesis

burden of proof a comprehensive review of the feasibility of 100 renewable electricity systems an effective response to climate change demands rapid replacement of fossil carbon energy sources this must occur concurrently with an ongoing rise in total global energy consumption while many modelled scenarios have been published claiming to show that a 100 renewable electricity system is achievable there is no empirical or historical evidence that demonstrates that such systems are in fact feasible of the studies published to date 24 have forecast regional national or global energy requirements at sufficient detail to be considered potentially credible we critically review these studies using four novel feasibility criteria for reliable electricity systems needed to meet electricity demand this century these criteria are 1 consistency with mainstream energy demand forecasts 2 simulating supply to meet demand reliably at hourly half hourly and five minute timescales with resilience to extreme climate events 3 identifying necessary transmission and distribution requirements and 4 maintaining the provision of essential ancillary services evaluated against these objective criteria none of the 24 studies provides convincing evidence that these basic feasibility criteria can be met of a maximum possible unweighted feasibility score of seven the highest score for any one study was four eight of 24 scenarios 33 provided no form of system simulation twelve 50 relied on unrealistic forecasts of energy demand while four studies 17 all regional articulated transmission requirements only two scenarios drawn from the same study addressed ancillary service requirements in addition to feasibility issues the heavy reliance on exploitation of hydroelectricity and biomass raises concerns regarding environmental sustainability and social justice strong empirical evidence of feasibility must be demonstrated for any study that attempts to construct or model a low carbon energy future based on any combination of low carbon technology on the basis of this review efforts to date seem to have substantially underestimated the challenge and delayed the identification and implementation of effective and comprehensive decarbonization pathways

modeling generation expansion in the context of a security of supply mechanism based on long term auctions application to the colombian case abstract in an attempt to provide electricity generation investors with appropriate economic incentives so as to maintain quality of supply at socially optimal levels a growing number of electricity market regulators have opted for implementing a security of supply mechanism based on long term auctions in this context the ability to analyze long term investment dynamics is a key issue not only for market agents but also for regulators this paper describes a model developed to serve this purpose a general system dynamics inspired methodology has been designed to be able to simulate these long term auction mechanisms in the formats presently in place a full scale simulation based on the colombian system was conducted to illustrate model capabilities

revolution reform and status inheritance urban china 1949 1996 do regime change and market reform disrupt patterns of intergenerational mobility china s political trajectory is distinctive from that of other communist regimes in two ways during its first three decades the regime enforced unusually restrictive barriers to elite status inheritance and during the subsequent market transition unlike most of its counterparts the communist party survived intact data from a multigeneration survey suggest that despite their obvious exclusion from the party and related administrative careers in the mao era certain prerevolution elites transmitted one type of elite status to their offspring to a surprising degree party elites in contrast were hit hard by radical maoism but recovered quickly afterward and their offspring inherited elite status at much higher rates

how much is enough an integrated examination of energy security economic growth and climate change related to hydropower expansion in brazil abstract reconciling economic growth and energy supply with the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and other goals for environmental protection is a major challenge for emerging economies such as brazil establishing energy security standards consistent with realistic economic growth projections while considering climate change requires complex calculations and relies upon risky assumptions yet such calculations and decisions must be made to avoid future energy shortages and economic crises this paper discusses the current dilemma concerning planning and decision making for the brazilian electric sector considering the construction of hydroelectric power plants in the amazon region energy security requirements projected economic growth and climate change feedbacks

the persistence of power despite the changing meaning of homeownership an age period cohort analysis of urban housing tenure in china 1989 2011 using nine successive waves of the china health and nutrition survey chns data set this study employs hierarchical age period cohort logistic models hapc to analyse temporal patterns of urban homeownership from 1989 to 2011 with the changing meaning of homeownership due to housing reforms the strong period increases in homeownership track policy changes and the most dramatic increase occurs mainly in the era of housing privatisation rather than housing commodification the temporal analyses also offer insights into housing stratification from redistribution to markets the positive effect of education on homeownership is explained by period increases in homeownership whereas working in state sectors has persistently attached to preferred housing tenure choice before and after the housing reforms moreover the significant cohort effect lends support to strengthened temporal inequalities in the reform era these findings not only provide a dynamic understanding of housing stratification in post so

elite opportunity in transitional economies command economies gave communist era elites administrative control and material privilege but severely restricted money income and private wealth markets and privatization have injected new value into public assets and create unprecedented opportunities for elite insiders these opportunities depend on the extent of regime change and barriers to asset appropriation regime change varies from the survival of the entire party hierarchy to its rapid collapse and defeat in competitive elections barriers to asset appropriation vary with the extent pace and form of privatization and the concentration and liquidity of assets different combinations of such circumstances jointly affect the extent to which prior elites obtain ownership or control of privatized assets use political office to extract larger incomes move into salaried elite occupations or fall out of the elite altogether regime change and barriers to asset appropriation affect change at the national level but outcomes vary across economic sectors because of characteristics of organizations elite positions and assets this elementary theory serves to integrate varied findings from recent research on central europe china and russia and yields predictions for other regions

generation expansion planning optimisation with renewable energy integration a review generation expansion planning consists of finding the optimal long term plan for the construction of new generation capacity subject to various economic and technical constraints it usually involves solving a large scale non linear discrete and dynamic optimisation problem in a highly constrained and uncertain environment traditional approaches to capacity planning have focused on achieving a least cost plan during the last two decades however new paradigms for expansion planning have emerged that are driven by environmental and political factors this has resulted in the formulation of multi criteria approaches that enable power system planners to simultaneously consider multiple and conflicting objectives in the decision making process more recently the increasing integration of intermittent renewable energy sources in the grid to sustain power system decarbonisation and energy security has introduced new challenges such a transition spawns new dynamics pertaining to the variability and uncertainty of these generation resources in determining the best mix in addition to ensuring adequacy of generation capacity it is essential to consider the operational characteristics of the generation sources in the planning process in this paper we first review the evolution of generation expansion planning techniques in the face of more stringent environmental policies and growing uncertainty more importantly we highlight the emerging challenges presented by the intermittent nature of some renewable energy sources in particular we discuss the power supply adequacy and operational flexibility issues introduced by variable renewable sources as well as the attempts made to address them finally we identify important future research directions

market culture and authority a comparative analysis of management and organization in the far east three frameworks purport to explain industrial arrangements and practices a market approach that emphasizes economic characteristics a cultural approach that sees organization as the expression of patterned values and an authority approach that explains organization as a historically developed structure of domination the efficacy of each approach is tested in explaining the organizational structures of three rapidly growing east asian economies japan south korea and taiwan the paper argues through comparative analysis that organizational growth is best explained by market and cultural factors but that authority patterns and legitimation strategies best explain organizational structure

dynamic analysis of various investment incentives and regional capacity assignment in iranian electricity market this paper develops a system dynamics model to analyze the impacts of different kinds of capacity payment as investment incentive mechanisms in iranian electricity market since it is aimed that the incurred capital and operating costs of generation technologies be recovered in iranian electricity pool the noncompetitive capacity payment mechanism has been introduced for this purpose in order to encourage new investments in electric power generation system in the current mechanism the capacity payments are designated to the generating units in the whole country electricity market an annual base value of capacity payment is proposed based on recovering the capital cost of a benchmark generation technology this value is altered according to the operational reserve in the day ahead electricity market this supporting policy is simulated and analyzed in the proposed dynamic framework in order to track the trend of new investments in the iranian electricity market the feasibility study of implementing the regional capacity assignment is the main focus of this paper different possible regulating policies such as floating rates for capacity payment and electricity price cap the multiple capacity payments to various technologies and the regional electricity market with territorial capacity allocation are examined in order to investigate the consequences and performances of different decisions and policies in the capacity investment of iranian electricity market