to have and have not international migration poverty and inequality in algeria in this paper using an original survey we analyze the distributional impact of international migration across two regions of algeria a semi parametric descriptive analysis is complemented with a parametric model remittances do not significantly change the gini coefficient in nearly any of the counterfactual scenarios however migration reduced poverty by 40 percent with different effects across regions for extreme poverty foreign transfers especially foreign pensions have a strong positive impact on very poor families in one region poor families in the other region suffer from a double loss their migrants do not provide local income and they do not send much money home

the impacts of international migration on remaining household members omnibus results from a migration lottery program this brief summarizes the results of a gender impact evaluation study entitled the impacts of international migration on remaining household members omnibus results from a migration lottery program conducted in 2002 in tonga the study observed the impact of migration lottery program on the remaining household members of tongan emigrants on the individual and intra household level income falls rapidly by 22 to 25 percent with a rise in remittances failing to offset a large fall in labor earnings ownership of livestock durable and access to financial services is lower for the remaining household members diets change to be less nutritious and more rice and root crops immigration has a negative impact on household size there is no significant impact of migration on labor supply for men nor women funding for the study derived from the world bank stanford university the waikato management school and mardsen fund

remittances in nepal boon or bane abstract nepal is one of the highest recipients of remittances percentage of gdp in the world for a small land locked economy battered by a decade long maoist insurgency 1996 2006 prolonged political instability slow growth rate and large exodus of youths for employment overseas high inflow of remittances bears a huge significance both at micro and macro levels exploring various facets of high migration and remittances this article shows remittance induced dutch disease effects and policy laxity to improve investment climate in nepal since it is costly to sterilise the impact of remittances each year it might be prudent to learn to live with it and gradually channel remittances to productive usages with a goal to boost productivity

migration remittances and poverty in ecuador abstractwe analyse the influence of the recent wave of migration on the incidence of poverty among stayers in ecuador we draw our data from a survey that provides detailed information on migrants the analysis reveals a significant negative effect of migration on poverty among migrant households this effect is substantially smaller than the one that we find focusing on recipient households we explore the factors that account for this divergence our analysis entails that the existing empirical evidence on the relationship between remittances and poverty does not need to be informative about the size of the direct poverty reduction potential of migration

remittances and inequality in this paper the authors propose a framework and develop techniques for analyzing the impact of migrant remittances on the distribution of rural income by size and subsequently its impact on rural welfare household data are used to assign numerical coefficients to the impact of net remittances from both internal and international migrants on income inequality in 2 mexican villages the impact of migrant remittances on the distribution of rural income by size depends critically on the degree to which migration opportunities become diffused through the village population on the returns to human capital embodied in remittances and on the distribution of potentially remittance enhancing skills and education across village households our empirical findings demonstrate that in a village where many households contain internal migrants but few have experience migrating to the u s remittances from mexico to us migrants have an unequalizing impact on village incomes while remittances from internal migrants have a favorable effect on the village income distribution by contrast in a village with a long historyh of sending migrants to the us and hence a more ready access to us labor markets us to mexico remittances have an equalizing impact on incomes remittances from internal migrants in this village however embody a large human capital component and are highly correlated with household income hence internal migrant remittances account for a comparatively large share of inequalities in the 2nd village the overall effect of remittances on income inequality is favorable in both villages migration type migration stage and interaction terms all appear to play a role in this context the effects of small changes in remittances upon income inequality and rural welfare in the 2 villages are explored and some implications for migration and rural development policy are considered authors modified

two illustrations of the quantity theory of money of two central implications of the quantity theory of money that a given change in the rate of change in the quantity of money induces i an equal change in the rate of price inflation and ii an equal change in nominal rates of interest the illustrations were obtained by comparing moving averages of the three variables in question using quarterly u s time series for the period 1953 77 readers may find the results of interest as additional confirmation of the quantity theory as an example of one way in which the quantity theoretic relationships can be uncovered via atheoretical methods from time series which are subject to a variety of other forces or as a measure of the extent to which the inflation and interest rate experience of the postwar period can be understood in terms of purely classical monetary forces the theoretical background of the study is reviewed very briefly as it is familiar material in the next section the data processing methods are described and rationalized in section ii the illustrations

does relative deprivation induce migration evidence from sub saharan africa this analysis revisits the decades old relative deprivation theory of migration in contrast to the traditional view that migration is driven by absolute income maximization we test whether relative deprivation induces migration in the context of sub saharan africa taking advantage of the internationally comparable longitudinal data from integrated household and agriculture surveys from tanzania ethiopia malawi nigeria and uganda we use panel fixed effects to estimate the effects of relative deprivation on migration decisions using per capita consumption expenditure and multidimensional wealth index as well being measures we find that a household s migration decision is based not only on its absolute well being level but also on the relative position of the household in the well being distribution of the community in which it resides we also discover that the effect of relative deprivation on migration is amplified in rural agricultural and male headed households results are robust to alternative specifications including the use of hausman taylor instrumental variable htiv estimator and pooled data across the five countries results confirm that the migration relative deprivation relationship also holds in the context of sub saharan africa we argue that policies designed to check rural urban migration through rural transformation and poverty reduction programs should use caution because such programs can increase economic inequality which further increases migration flow

return migration and violence abstract there is reason to suspect that return migrants can reduce social violence in migrant prone regions of the world taking into account that recent research shows positive effects of return migration we consider that returners may reduce violence by contributing to social renewal and economic growth in their home communities we estimate the direct effects of return migration in the context of mexico a traditionally migrant country that has suffered record levels of violence in the past decade using data on homicide rates from 2456 municipalities for the 2011 2013 period and an instrumental variable bivariate tobit maximum likelihood approach we find that higher rates of return migration lead to a decline in local homicide rates we also show with a censored quantile instrumental variable cqiv model that municipalities in the bottom quartile of the homicide rate distribution benefit the most from return migration our work has important implications for crime reduction policies in developing countries and specifically in mexico where social violence has wreaked havoc on society in recent years

migration remittances and inequality a sensitivity analysis using the extended gini index abstract this paper uses the extended gini inequality index to examine the sensitivity of measurements of impacts of migrant remittances on the distribution of household income by size to different value judgements when measuring inequality the results illustrate the robustness of earlier findings that the impacts of migration on village income distributions differ for different types of migration and for different periods in a village s migration history the magnitude of these impacts however appears to be quite sensitive to the weights attached to incomes at different points in the village income distribution for example in a village with considerable mexico to u s migration experience remittances from mexico to u s migrants have a favorable effect on the village income distribution however the extended gini analysis shows that this favorable impact decreases as more weight is attached to incomes in the poorest households this finding is consistent with the view that barriers to high paying mexico to u s migration work exist for households at the bottom of the village income distribution

globalization trade and migration undermining sustainability abstract i examine the impact of expanding international trade and migration on prospects for global sustainability from a strictly biophysical ecological behavioral perspective my starting premise is that techno industrial society is inherently unsustainable humans have a natural propensity to expand to occupy all accessible habitats and use all available resources because of continuous growth propelled by improving technology the modern human enterprise is already in a state of ecological overshoot globalization and trade exacerbate the situation by shuffling resources around and short circuiting the negative feedback that would otherwise result from local resource degradation this allows population and material growth within each individual trading region to exceed local biophysical limits this in turn accelerates the depletion of natural capital everywhere and ensures that all now trade dependent regions hit global limits simultaneously large scale migration also worsens matters by reducing negative feedback and enabling increased resource consumption moreover because resource scarcity is likely to precipitate conflict among self identifying tribal groups within multi cultural societies uncontrolled migration may create conditions that impede the implementation of policy measures required for ecological sustainability global sustainability is thus most likely to be achieved through policies that foster increased regional self reliance encourage greater investment in local natural capital and favor the development of strong diverse local economies in place such measures will raise local and therefore global bio capacities and reduce both the pull and push factors in international migration

remittances monetary policy and partial sterilization author affiliation diego e vacaflores dv13 txstate edu acknowledgment the author thanks dennis w jansen for his insightful contributions and continuous guidance i also thank the editor kent kimbrough and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments and suggestions 1 introductionremittances have increased over the last several decades international estimates of official remittance flows suggest that the total amount of worker remittances have increased to us 300 billion in 2010 inter american development bank 2012 this increase may in part be attributed to the rapid growth of money transfer institutions which has reduced the average transaction cost and has made them more visible however it may also be indicative of an actual increase in these monetary transfers due to increased migration flows which now represent approximately 45 of net private capital flows to developing countries the importance of remittances for remittances receiving developing countries does not just come from their size but mainly from its potential and actual effects on both the society and the individual remittances affect labor market decisions school retention export sector competitiveness and financial deepening funkhouser 1992 glytsos 2002 cox edwards and ureta 2003 amuedo dorantes and pozo 2004 chami fullenkamp and jahjah 2005 giuliano and ruiz arranz 2009 in terms of consumption remittance flows have gone from satisfying basic needs to providing a vast array of durable goods for recipient households they can thus potentially promote economic growth and development through higher domestic demand if motivated by altruism or through enhanced productive capacity if motivated by self interest most of the literature on remittances focuses on the microeconomic implication of such flows for the sender and for the receiver of these funds on the basis of survey data this trend in the literature has examined the motivations to remit such as contractual arrangements altruism repayment of migration costs and so on and the uses of these funds in the home country e g for education health care entrepreneurial initiatives social works etc at the macro level the literature on the impact of remittances on the recipient country is sparse but growing as researchers realize that it could have important effects on the overall economy however economists have overlooked the examination of the potential influence that higher levels of remittances can have on the implementation of monetary policy and thus its understanding is still limited since remittances provide a secondary income to households they would affect decisions with respect to labor supply and consumption which can alter the effectiveness of monetary policy when this additional income is a significant portion of a household s income additionally although domestic governments usually try to sterilize capital flows to sustain a given policy the high levels of informality in some developing countries and the significant portion of remittances that continue to flow through informal channels make monetary targeting problematic given these potential complications monetary policy could potentially have a differential impact depending on the remittances share of gdp and fluctuations in remittances can affect the amount of money in circulation and therefore economic performance accounting for such influences thus became imperative for stabilization policy this study examines the potentially different impact that monetary policy can have on output depending on the relative share of remittances as a percentage of gdp and the differential effect that remittances shocks can have on the main macroeconomic aggregates when economies do not fully sterilize such inflows channels never explored before it builds on the theoretical model developed by jansen vacaflores and naufal 2010 explicitly incorporating remittances in a small open economy framework and is able to show that monetary policy has a differential effect on output depending on the relative size of these remittances

remittances and development in latin america flows of workers remittances have become a major source of external finance for developing countries and are particularly important in latin america and the caribbean where they are estimated to have reached 40 billion in 2004 not surprisingly academics policymakers and development practitioners in general have been devoting increasing attention to the potential development impact that these flows may have on receiving countries this paper contributes to this debate along four dimensions first it reviews the evolution of remittances flows to latin america using balance of payments data and compares these statistics with estimates of remittances income based on household surveys second the paper describes the varying profile of remittances recipients in ten latin american countries third the paper reviews the few macro and microeconomic studies that have estimated the impact of remittances on poverty and inequality finally the paper expands some of the existing works to investigate the extent to which that impact is different in latin america and varies across countries in the region

testing long run neutrality using intra year data previous tests of the long run neutrality hypothesis have generally relied on annual time series data this paper analyses the long run neutrality of money in australia using different sources of intra year data which permits an examination of the effects of seasonality and the robustness of previous empirical results a reduced form arima model is used with both quarterly seasonally unadjusted and adjusted australian real gdp and nominal money supply to test the neutrality hypothesis using two measures of money stock namely m1 and m3 it is shown that the hypothesis is supported using m1 as the measure of money supply while it is rejected using m3 recent trends and developments in the money and credit markets in australia provide a possible explanation of the sensitivity of the outcome to the measure of money stock employed in the analysis

temporary migration and endogenous risk sharing in village india when people can self insure via migration they may have less need for informal risk sharing at the same time informal insurance may reduce the need to migrate to understand the joint determinat

a note on public goods dependency abstract this paper models the basic intuition that although rich countries are rich because they have more public goods this very fact makes them more dependent sudden destruction of these public goods can affect rich countries disproportionately more than poor ones

transforming rural economies migration income generation and inequality in rural mexico abstract we analyse how migration shapes the distribution and sources of rural income using nationally representative panel data from mexico income source gini decompositions provide some support for the migration diffusion hypothesis nevertheless migration s influence on other income sources and household re ranking substantially alter distributional impacts we find significant impacts of migration on non remittance income as well as changes in the effects of non migration activities on inequality over time we conclude that migration is transforming rural economies in ways that go beyond the scope of most past research on migration and inequality

measuring the effect of bi directional migration remittances on poverty and inequality in nicaragua this article examines the impact of migrants remittances on poverty and income distribution in nicaragua nicaraguan emigrants are fairly evenly distributed between the us and costa rica poorer migrants overwhelmingly migrate to costa rica richer migrants favour the us this bi directional flow provides an opportunity to examine the distributional impacts of remittances in a situation that offers distinct opportunities to different groups of prospective migrants to this end we use heckman s 1979 sample selection method to predict counterfactual no migration consumption figures for nicaraguan households whose members have emigrated using these estimates we are able to compare the current situation to one in which migration had not occurred we find that migration to costa rica results in increased per capita household consumption for poor households while migration to the us leads to increase in middle class households the rate depth and severity of poverty as measured by the foster greer t

international evidence on the historical properties of business cycles we contrast properties of real quantities with those of price levels and stocks of money for ten countries over the last century although the magnitude of output fluctuations has varied across countries and periods relations among real quantities have been remarkably uniform properties of price levels however exhibit striking differences between periods inflation rates are more persistent after world war ii than before and price level fluctuations are typically procyclical before world war ii and countercyclical afterward fluctuations in money are less highly correlated with output in the postwar period but are no more persistent than in earlier periods jel e32 e31

public capital and total factor productivity this paper examines the impact of the stock of public capital on output levels and productivity growth rates in the united states the analysis is based on the estimation of parameters in a translog profit function prices of intermediate goods are introduced into a quasiproduction function for value added recently developed econometric techniques for dealing with nonstationary time series are used in the estimation the authors find that the services of public capital are an important part of the production process and that about 40 percent of the productivity decline is explained by a fall in the public capital labor ratio copyright 1993 by economics department of the university of pennsylvania and the osaka university institute of social and economic research association

how economic growth becomes a cost the scarcity multiplier competent macro allocation of natural capital would allow micro allocation by economics to be fully useful and may help prevent the latter being confused with the former this macro allocation requires social choice so to see whether it is likely to be competent the effectiveness of democratic politics is investigated dysfunction is predicted because democratic institutions produce elements of irresponsibility and ignorance these permit inflation of want by supply iws a positive feedback in which wants are increased by their supply provoking more supply hence more want four iws systems combine under common conditions to indefinitely escalate the scarcity of natural capital a crucial failure of macro allocation this scarcity multiplier causes apparently rational attempts to satisfy a few wants to exacerbate many increasing dissatisfaction institutions for deliberative public participation may enable democracies to recognize and control iws unless this is done the scarcity multiplier may make cost benefit analysis misleading it may make the costs of development projects exceed their benefits in proportion to their financial success

the impact of migration on rural poverty and inequality a case study in china large numbers of agricultural labor moved from the countryside to cities after the economic reforms in china migration and remittances play an important role in transforming the structure of rural household income this article examines the impact of rural to urban migration on rural poverty and inequality in a mountainous area of hubei province using the data of a 2002 household survey since migration income is a potential substitute for farm income we present counterfactual scenarios of what rural income poverty and inequality would have been in the absence of migration our results show that by providing alternatives to households with lower marginal labor productivity in agriculture migration leads to an increase in rural income in contrast to many studies that suggest that the increasing share of nonfarm income in total income widens inequality this article offers support for the hypothesis that migration tends to have egalitarian effects on rural income for three reasons 1 migration is rational self selection farmers with higher expected return in agricultural activities and or in local nonfarm activities choose to remain in the countryside while those with higher expected return in urban nonfarm sectors migrate 2 households facing binding constraints of land supply are more likely to migrate 3 poorer households benefit disproportionately from migration

public capital and total factor productivity new evidence from the italian regions 1970 98 destefanis s and sena v 2005 public capital and total factor productivity new evidence from the italian regions 1970 98 regional studies 39 603 618 this paper analyses the relationship between industrial total factor productivity and public capital across the 20 italian administrative regions it adds upon the existing literature in a number of ways it analyses a longer period 1970 98 it allows for the role of human capital accumulation it tests for the existence of a long run relationship between total factor productivity and public capital through previously suggested panel techniques and for weak exogeneity of public capital and it assesses the significance of public capital within a non parametric set up based on the free disposal hull the results confirm that public capital has a significant impact on the evolution of total factor productivity particularly in the southern regions this impact is mainly ascribed to the core infrastructures road and airports harbours railroads w

network effects and the dynamics of migration and inequality theory and evidence from mexico international migration is costly and initially only the middle class of the wealth distribution may have both the means and incentives to migrate which can increase inequality in the sending community however the migration networks formed lower the costs for future migrants which can in turn lower inequality this paper shows both theoretically and empirically that wealth has a nonlinear effect on migration and then examines the empirical evidence for an inverse u shaped relationship between emigration and inequality in rural sending communities in mexico after instrumenting we find that the overall impact of migration is to reduce inequality across communities with relatively high levels of past migration we also find some suggestive evidence for an inverse u shaped relationship among communities with a wider range of migration experiences

remittances poverty inequality and welfare evidence from the central plateau of burkina faso abstract this paper applies gini and concentration coefficient decomposition as well as the foster greer thorbecke poverty index and the stark yitzhaki welfare index to new data from four villages in burkina faso to compare the marginal effects of remittances from intercontinental and intra african migration on inequality poverty and social welfare evidence is found that intra african remittances reduce inequality while intercontinental remittances have the opposite effect also it is found that although remittances from intercontinental migration are associated with much lower incidence depth and severity of poverty the marginal impact of remittances from this form of migration on social welfare is limited because recipients do not include the rural poor

remittances and the migration development nexus challenges for the sustainable governance of migration abstract this paper argues that possible effects of international migration on the environment have to be analysed with respect to both the three dimensions of sustainability and the migration stakeholders it has recently been put forward that immigration has to be reduced for environmental reasons in contrast this paper embarks from the view that reducing immigration is costly ineffective and ethically troublesome it argues that there are strong interrelations between development and migration suggesting that one has to consider development problems when discussing migration in this context the enormous amount of remittances of migrant workers could yield considerable potential for promoting sustainable development sustainable governance is needed to manage this potential wisely in doing so it is essential to consider the migration stakeholders sending and receiving countries and the migrants themselves and balance the three dimensions of sustainability

accounting for selectivity and duration dependent heterogeneity when estimating the impact of emigration on incomes and poverty in sending areas the impacts of international emigration and remittances on incomes and poverty in sending areas are increasingly studied with household survey data but comparing households with and without emigrants is complicated by a triple selectivity problem first households self select into emigration second in some emigrant households everyone moves while others leave members behind and third some emigrants choose to return to the origin country allowing for duration dependent heterogeneity introduces a fourth form of selectivity one must now worry not just about whether households migrate but also when they do so this paper clearly sets out these selectivity issues and their implications for existing migration studies and then addresses them by using survey data designed specifically to take advantage of a randomized lottery that determines which applicants to the over subscribed samoan quota may immigrate to new zealand the analysis compares incomes and poverty rates among left behind members in households in samoa that sent samoan quota emigrants with those for members of similar households that were unsuccessful in the lottery policy rules control who can accompany the principal migrant providing an instrument to address the second selectivity problem while differences among migrants in which year their ballot was selected allow for estimation of duration effects the authors find that migration reduced poverty among former household members but they also find suggestive evidence that this effect may be short lived as both remittances and agricultural income are negatively related to the duration that the migrant has been abroad

brain drain in globalization a general equilibrium analysis from the sending countries perspective according to the economic literature high skilled emigration may either harm or bene t developing economies recent research highlighted several positive and negative channels through which the brain drain operates this paper aims at evaluating the relative magnitudes of various brain drain channels and quantifying their global impact on migrants sending countries for this purpose we develop a 10 region general equilibrium model of the world economy characterized by overlapping generations dynamics our ndings suggest that the short run impact of brain drain on resident human capital is extremely crucial as it affects not only the number of high skilled workers available to domestic production but also the sending economy s capacity to innovate adopt modern technologies this latter effect is particularly important in globalization where capital investments are made in places with high production ef ciencies hence despite positive feedback effects those countries facing prevalent high skilled emigration are the most candid victims to brain drain

the long horizon regression approach to monetary neutrality how should the evidence be interpreted abstract fisher and seater american economic review 83 1993 402 develop a long horizon regression test of long run monetary neutrality and reject it in a long annual u s sample this test often fails to be rejected elsewhere we can resolve the conflicting results

undocumented mexico u s migration and the returns to households in rural mexico this paper presents estimates of net income gains to a sample of households in rural mexico from sending migrants illegally to the united states correcting for sample selectivity bias and it examines the role of expected income gains in driving illegal mexico u s migration there is no evidence that people who migrate illegally to the united states are above average contributors to household income either as workers in mexico or as mexico u s migrants however other things being equal villagers who are in the best position to contribute to household income as workers in mexico are positively selected not to migrate to the united states

searching for a break in gnp it has been suggested that existing estimates of the long run impact of a surprise move in income may have a substantial upward bias due to the presence of a trend break in postwar u s gross national product data this article shows that the statistical evidence does not warrant abandoning the no trend break null hypothesis a key part of the argument is that conventionally computed p values overstate the likelihood of the trend break alternative hypothesis this is because they do not take into account that in practice the date is chosen based on pretest examination of the data

impacts of migration and remittances on ethnic income inequality in rural china summary migration is often viewed as the best option for poor rural households to exit out of poverty although the distributional effects of migrants remittances tend to be ambiguous in the literature given that increasing income inequality is a major concern and policy issue this paper examines the impacts of migration and migrants remittances on income inequality in china s rural minority areas using recent proprietary household data treating migrants remittances as a potential substitute for income the results reveal that migration significantly boosts income for all ethnic groups although the returns to ethnic minority households tend to be less than for han households decomposition analyses further reveal that migration increases inequality between ethnic groups despite reducing spatial inequality these countervailing effects imply that the continual transfer of rural urban migrants will likely lead to spatial convergence despite reinforcing ethnic inequalities in rural minority areas importantly the percentage contribution of ethnic inequality to total inequality is larger than that of spatial inequality across sampled rural locations thus highlighting the fact that the ethnic dimension is an important yet often overlooked component of inequality in china

variance estimators of the gini coefficient probability sampling an estimator of the gini coefficient the well known income inequality measure of a finite population is defined for an arbitrary probability sampling design taking the sampling design into consideration alternative estimators of the variance of the estimated gini coefficient are introduced the sampling performance of the gini coefficient estimator and its variance estimators is studied by means of a monte carlo study using stratified sampling from a miniature population of swedish households with authentic income data

remittances and public finances evidence from oil price shocks we study the effect of inflowing remittances a major source of capital for many countries on tax revenues and tax policy instrumenting remittances with changes in the oil price interacted with a country s distance to oil producing countries we find that remittances have a large positive effect on vat revenues but no effect on income tax revenues this suggests that remittances often escape the income tax but can be taxed via consumption we further show that tax policy is responsive to shocks in incoming remittances remittances make the adoption of vat systems more likely and they lead to lower vat rates and higher income tax rates

complementary system perspectives in ecological macroeconomics the example of transition investments during the crisis globally societies are facing a number of interrelated environmental economic and social crises this paper is intended to contribute to the development of an ecological macroeconomics that addresses these multiple crises in combination insights from different research communities will be included in this effort taking an ecological economic understanding of sustainability as the point of departure and inspired by systems thinking it is discussed which economic sub systems should be in focus for sustainability transitions and whether relevant guides for sustainability can be formulated for these systems in particular the focus is on systems that are decisive for resource consumption and pollution although their influence on these is indirect a simple typology of sub systems is suggested and applied in relation to an example that highlights the importance of the interplay between macroeconomic provision and distribution systems the example concerns investments in sustainability transitions of provision systems and demonstrates the complexities of implementing such transformations during the economic crisis it also addresses the need for ecological macroeconomics to develop a third position beyond austerity policies and keynesian approaches

remittances output and exchange rate regimes theory with an application to latin america immigrant remittances have a broad effect on the receiving economies we show this impact on the main macroeconomic aggregates is dependent on the policy arrangements in place that manage capital flows we look at remittance inflows in a small open economy to examine their influence on output under alternative exchange rate regimes using a simple stochastic limited participation model we are able to reproduce dynamics consistent with the empirical literature we find that the dynamics of labor inflation and output are dependent on the parameterization of the utility function and on the monetary rule governing the evolution of the interest rate and in particular with respect to the response of interest rates to exchange rate movements we find that the initial drop of output resulting from a remittances shock is similar under alternative exchange rate regimes but the subsequent recovery of output is faster and stronger under more flexible exchange rate regimes we provide suggestive empirical evidence from a panel vector autoregression specification for 17 latin american countries that corroborates our results

on the causal nexus of remittances and poverty reduction in bangladesh the aim of this article is to investigate the causal relationship between remittances and poverty reduction in bangladesh over the period 1976 to 2010 this issue is of fundamental importance for the developing economy of bangladesh we apply newly developed methods by hacker and hatemi j 2006 2012 that are based on simulations and are robust to the violation of statistical assumptions especially when the sample size is small as is the case in this article our estimation results reveal that causality nexus of poverty and remittances is bi directional we also find that the causal impact of poverty reduction on remittance is stronger than the reverse impact this finding implies that bangladeshi policy makers can influence remittances through poverty reduction in the long run

international differences in growth rates market globalization and economic areas part 1 human capital and growth how robust is the growth machinery nexus j b de long l h summers the role of human capital and political instability in economic development j benhabib m m spiegel allocation of time human capital and endogenous growth m baldassarri p de santis g moscarini part 2 explaining growth infrastructure and growth d canning m fay r perotti part 3 the importance of economic areas on the importance of joining the ec s single market the perspective efta members r e baldwin growth and specialization in an enlarged europe is a virtuous circle possible c a bollino p c padoan part 4 lessons from latin america latin america s economic growth v corbo p rojas inflation fall financial recovery and endogenous growth in latin american countries m bagella m lo cascio

worker remittances and inequality in rural egypt this study analyzes the impact of international migration and remittances on the rural socioeconomic order in egypt the empirical findings show that age marital status employment size of land farmed and number of household males over 13 years are all statistically related to the decision of an individual to go work abroad the variables age size of land farmed employment as a student and number of household males over 13 years of age are all negatively related to the decision to work abroad while the influence of all the other variables is positive the study shows that the remittance earnings of migrants abroad had a negative impact on rural income distribution in egypt the data indicate that remittances from abroad worsened rural household income distribution both in gross terms and in per capita terms because they were earned mainly by upper income villagers regardless of whether households are ranked in terms of gross income or per capita income households in the top income quintile benefited the most from remittances the findings thus tend to confirm those of gilani khan and iqbal and of lipton to the effect that international remittances have a deleterious effect on rural income distribution because they are earned mainly by upper income villagers however it should be noted that the negative impact of remittances on rural income distribution was neither automatic nor inevitable in the once abroad category of migrants the poorest households did send virtually the same number of workers abroad as households in the upper income groups had households sending migrants abroad been as evenly distributed in the past it may be logically inferred that the impact of remittances on rural income distribution would also have been more equitable

macroeconomic narratives in a world of crises an analysis of stories about solving the system crisis since the financial crisis in 2008 a series of publications on macroeconomic responses to the compound crises of the economy and the environment have emerged under labels such as green new deal green growth and the great transition attempts at offering coherent responses to the crises have been made these responses have in common that they all present a large number of policy proposals for ways in which to solve the current crises and achieve a sustainable economy this article provides a mapping of a selection of such responses and an analysis of their content the analysis combines discourse theory and narrative analysis and investigates discourses by studying the narratives they produce the study thus contributes to the long line of analyses on discourses on sustainable economy empirically by investigating and analysing a number of macroeconomic proposals for solving the system crisis and theoretically by elaborating on the concept of narrative dynamics in relation to persuasive strength in political decision making

empirical evidence on the long run neutrality hypothesis using low frequency international data abstract we use the backus and kehoe american economic review 1992 82 864 888 long low frequency data on real gnp gdp prices and money for australia canada denmark germany italy japan norway sweden the united kingdom and the united states to examine the long run neutrality proposition in doing so we apply the fisher and seater american economic review 1993 83 402 415 non structural methodology paying explicit attention to the univariate time series properties of the variables we conclude that the data are generally supportive of the quantity theoretic proposition that money is long run neutral

the place premium bounding the price equivalent of migration barriers large international differences in the price of labor can be sustained by differences between workers or by natural and policy barriers to worker mobility we use migrant selection theory and evide

the effects of international remittances on poverty and inequality in ethiopia abstractthe article studies the effects of international remittances on poverty and inequality in ethiopia using an urban household survey from 2004 counterfactual consumption in the hypothetical case of no remittance is estimated in a selection corrected estimation framework inequality and poverty values in the hypothetical and actual cases are then compared there is a significant reduction in poverty while inequality does not change the head count the poverty gap and the squared poverty gap ratios decreased from 0 41 to 0 38 0 14 to 0 13 and 0 064 to 0 057 respectively

migration remittances and inequality estimating the net effects of migration on income distribution this paper examines the net effects of migration and remittances on income distribution potential home earnings of migrants are imputed as are the earnings of non migrants in migrant households in order to construct no migration counterfacmals to compare with the observed income distribution including remittances the earnings functions used to impute migrant home earnings are estimated from observations on non migrants in a selection corrected estimation framework which incorporates migration choice and labor force participation decisions for a sample of households in bluefields nicaragua migration and remittances increase income inequality when compared with the no migration counterfactual 1998 elsevier science b v

revisiting the brain drain literature with insights from a dynamic general equilibrium world model the existing brain drain literature has found various mechanisms through which the high skilled south to north migration affects developing economies however some of the new found effects remain disputable due to limited evidence this study aimed to provide suggestive guidelines for future research by identifying the mechanisms that can generate larger economic impacts at the aggregate the analysis is based on a dynamic general equilibrium world model that is calibrated to published statistics and incorporates empirical estimates on the effects of brain drain it simulates short and long run impacts of increased brain drain on gdp per capita gni per capita and income inequality the results suggest that more studies should be conducted to further examine how the brain drain influences human capital formation and technology spillovers both have significant impacts on domestic production and national income a better understanding of different remitting patterns is also desirable to understand how to reduce inequality and promote recipients investment in productive assets

immigration and inequality immigration is often viewed as a proximate cause of the rising wage gap between highand low skilled workers nevertheless there is controversy over the appropriate theoretical and empirical framework for measuring the presumed effect and over the precise magnitudes involved this paper offers an overview and synthesis of existing knowledge on the relationship between immigration and inequality focusing on evidence from cross city comparisons in the u s while some researchers have claimed that a cross city research design is inherently flawed i argue that the evidence from cross city comparisons is remarkably consistent with recent findings based on aggregate time series data in particular cross city and aggregate time series comparisons provide support for three key conclusions 1 workers with below high school education are perfect substitutes for those with a high school education 2 high school equivalent and college equivalent workers are imperfect substitutes with an elasticity of substitution on the order of 2 3 within education groups immigrants and natives are imperfect substitutes together these results imply that the average impacts of recent immigrant inflows on the relative wages of u s natives are small the effects on overall wage inequality including natives and immigrants are larger reflecting the concentration of immigrants in the tails of the skill distribution and higher residual inequality among immigrants than natives even so immigration accounts for a small share 5 of the increase in u s wage inequality between 1980 and 2000

effect of remittances on poverty and financial development in sub saharan africa summary this paper assesses the effect of the steadily growing remittance flows to sub saharan africa though the region receives only a small portion of the total recorded remittances to developing countries and the volume of aid flows to sub saharan africa swamps remittances this paper finds that remittances which are a stable private transfer have a direct poverty mitigating effect and promote financial development these findings hold even after factoring in the reverse causality between remittances poverty and financial development the paper posits that formalizing such flows can serve as an effective access point for unbanked individuals and households

migration and self protection against climate change a case study of samburu county kenya climate change will affect the livelihoods of pastoralists in arid and semi arid lands using data on agro pastoral households from northern kenya we explore whether migration of household members enhances adoption of agricultural innovations that aim to provide protection against weather shocks specifically we seek to test whether migration and adaptation are complementary mechanisms to protect the household against adverse shocks or whether they are substitutes do remittances relax capital constraints and facilitate the uptake of adaptive measures or do they render adaptation superfluous our data provide suggestive evidence that remittances from migrant household members may relax capital constraints and that remittances are an important mechanism linking migration to adoption enabling the uptake of new technologies that involve change in activities or high costs specifically migrant households adopt more adaptive measures promoting self protection and we document some support for the hypothesis that this is especially the case for high cost adaptations such as the purchasing of drought tolerant livestock these findings suggest that migration and local innovation are complementary rather than substitutive mechanisms of self protection for pastoral households in the semi arid lands of northern kenya households who have at least one member who has migrated are able to overcome barriers to employ high cost agricultural innovations through using remittances received thus enhancing their self protection against climate change related shocks