a short run solution to the power crisis of pakistan abstract pakistan is in a deep power crisis since 2008 which the government is trying to control by adding new generation capacity this strategy however will not be helpful in the short run the only way the power crisis can be controlled or mitigated in the short run is to efficiently utilize the available resources government lacks such a strategy at this point the paper provides such a strategy by setting up a power sector model with multiple modules of generation transmission and distribution the model provides an efficient way of utilizing the available resources and can be used to perform simulations at different stages of the supply chain the results of model show that if the given resources are utilized efficiently the power generation increases by 3222 gwh or 5 percent of the current output and the revenue increases by 945 million or 12 percent the extra generated power decrease the cost of power production by 0 52 kwh cents and reduces the power load shedding for 2 3 h these outcomes can significantly relieve the sector and the people of pakistan the results of the model have important policy implications on working of the sector and circular debt reduction

market power versus regulatory power in the spanish electricity system 1973 1996 this study not only establishes that the institutional changes the change of political regime and economic changes the energy crisis that occurred during the 70s and 80s had an important effect on business strategies within the spanish electricity sector but above all it shows how the resulting regulatory model was not the product of any clearly defined plan on the part of the spanish authorities as the majority of authors seem to implicitly or explicitly maintain but rather it arose from the dialectical interaction between companies which resisted losing the power of the market and institutions which in order to define any medium term energy policy in the future european domestic electricity market required an increase in their regulatory power

renewable energy for continuous energy sustainability in malaysia abstract demographic change dramatic population increase and rapid industrial growth are major trends emerging in malaysia climate change and depletion of fossil fuel along with the rise in petroleum prices have forced the malaysian government to rethink strategies to be more in line with other developed countries including the decision to embark on renewable energy re resources as a better source of energy amongst the global energy mix the malaysian government is making frantic efforts to make policies re programmes and incentives more effective so as to promote and develop the use of re malaysia is rich with fossil fuel but these are fast depleting although re is necessary current re resources are still not enough therefore exploration into other resources must be considered in order to meet future energy demands the objective of this paper is to identify the potential of available renewable energy resources in malaysia as well as the country s current implementation strategies this paper also discusses the different re policies in malaysia in order to determine the potential of re various sources and published materials in conferences international journals and information released by relevant government bodies and miscellaneous resources are used this research has revealed that among all the renewable energy sources that are present in malaysia biomass and solar energy are the most prospective ones plus renewable energy re sources are quite advantageous as they are free from greenhouse gas ghg emissions and related global warming effects they can also be applied in off grid electricity generation for rural communities

institutional determinants of power sector reform in pakistan the electricity supply sector in pakistan has performed poorly in recent years reforms were introduced in the mid 1990s to improve the sector but progressed slowly with no significant impacts on pre reform performance this study uses new institutional economics as a theoretical basis to elucidate reasons for the failure of power sector reforms in pakistan to make improvements interviews with 23 experts using q methodology generated 215 statements that were used as a q concourse of these 51 statements were selected for the q sample and ranked by 34 respondents depending on their importance analysis revealed four important discourses on the determinants of power sector reform failure in pakistan these included weak governance structure country and sectoral endowments inefficient regulator and unspecified political institutions or unfriendly political contexts the study recommends establishment of institutions that support a market based power supply sector and improvements to the contractual arrangements between stakeholders to reduce opportunistic behaviour

role of residential demand response in modern electricity markets abstract electricity generation must match the demand at each instant following seasonal patterns and instantaneous fluctuations thus one of the biggest drivers of costs and capacity requirements is the electricity demand that occurs during peak periods this paper reviews market related problems of modern electric grids and possible solutions to address them in particular one techno economical solution namely residential demand response programs enabled by a smart grid is analyzed and modeled in detail the implications of this solution from both economic and policy perspectives are discussed the analysis results in several insights first a local optimum does not generally lead to a global optimum especially for complex markets second in this approach there exists a disconnection between the locus of the problem electric utilities and the locus of the solution change of demand third any techno economic solution must be carefully designed and global impact should be evaluated to ensure that the final objective is achieved and fourth two way communication is an essential requirement for the successful deployment of smart grids

the importance of comprehensiveness in renewable electricity and energy efficiency policy based on extensive research interviews and supplemented with a review of the academic literature this article assesses the best way to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency it begins by briefly laying out why government intervention is needed and then details the four most favored policy mechanisms identified by participants eliminating subsidies for conventional and mature electricity technologies pricing electricity accurately passing a national feed in tariff and implementing a nationwide systems benefit fund to raise public awareness protect lower income households and administer demand side management programs drawing mostly from case studies in the united states the article also discusses why these policy mechanisms must be implemented comprehensively not individually if the barriers to renewables and energy efficiency are to be overcome

the value of value pricing of roads second best pricing and product differentiation abstract some road pricing demonstrations use value pricing in which travelers can choose between a free but congested roadway and a priced roadway recent research has uncovered a potentially serious problem for such demonstrations second best tolls may be far lower than those typically charged and from a welfare perspective the latter may be worse than not pricing at all that research however assumes that all travelers are identical and it therefore neglects the benefits of product differentiation using a model with two user groups we find that accounting for heterogeneity in value of time is important in evaluating constrained policies and improves the relative performance of policies that offer differential prices

the new electricity market of singapore regulatory framework market power and competition abstract this study examines whether the new electricity market of singapore nems is functioning at a workable level of competition the generation market of the nems appears highly concentrated by a four firm concentration ratio or the herfindahl hirschman index however other measures of market power present that the nems is working at close to a competitive market first there seems to be a number of effective competitors in the market second supply margin assessment and residual supply index support that the market is competitive though there are some possibilities in which the largest generator or a few large generators jointly could still have market power third the lerner index of the nems shows that the generation market is fairly competitive and the lerner index adjusted with an industry level price elasticity of demand implies that there has not been much exercise of market power finally vesting contracts a contractual obligation of a specified quantity of electricity supply to the market have appeared to be a strong and effective tool to mitigate market power in the nems the vesting contracts are considered the force behind the lowering in the average uniform singapore electricity price and the lerner index in 2004

road pricing with optimal mass transit abstract this paper considers the second best policy problem that arises when auto travel is priced below its marginal cost and there is a substitute mass transit mode using analytical methods a global comparison is made between the second best levels of transit service and the fare and their first best levels the fact that the results are global permits an application to road pricing not possible with the local results of kraus 2003

on the competitiveness of grid tied residential photovoltaic generation systems in pakistan panacea or paradox abstract pakistan is experiencing a slow uptake of grid tied residential pv generation systems gtrpvgs despite of steep fall in pv module price higher solar irradiation and enactment of net metering by the government this slow uptake is attributed to the lack of awareness of four major stakeholders namely the house hold utility financier and the policy maker this paper presents a coherent framework that addresses the concerns of the stakeholders using four country specific parameters i e the local solar irradiation pv system costs borrowing and discount rates and electricity tariffs to compute npv irr payback period and levelized cost of electricity lcoe assuming net metering we model the economic payoffs on self consumption and sale of pv electricity at varying net metering rates system sizes load to generation profiles borrowing and discount rates findings suggest economic competitiveness of pv electricity with an irr and payback averaging around 28 and 5 years respectively moreover the lcoe is also found to be significantly lower than the retail rates the findings inform the household and financier on the economic yield utility on efficient tariff setting and government on sustainable policy design finally we argue that gtrpvgs bears huge potential for pakistan suffering from energy deficit unsustainable cost transmission losses and environmental hazards

energy production system optimization evidence from pakistan abstract the ongoing energy crisis in pakistan and the dependency on thermal electricity generation has contributed to the necessity to optimize energy production system the expensive thermal electricity and inability to recover its cost gives unprecedented rise to the electricity tariffs in this study optimization of the energy production system has been performed using linear programing model as the high cost of electricity generation has been found as the root cause of energy crises the objective function of the proposed model is cost minimization that will also reduce the circular debt specifically it has examined the optimum proportion of energy production from each available source under two different scenarios the first scenario considers that the existing system should be used at its maximum capacity in the second scenario seventy percent utilization of power plants has been examined the second scenario summarizes the optimum mix of energy production which minimizes the cost of electricity production the differential cost that is payable by the government as a subsidy is also compensated similarly it reduces circular debt that is a bottleneck between power generation companies and oil supply companies thus the proposed model has a tendency to minimize the cost of energy production and further reduce circular debt as well as the burden of a subsidy on the government the study specifies the problems confronting pakistan s energy sector and identifies the key elements of a potential policy response to address the country s severe power crisis

turn on the lights macroeconomic factors affecting renewable energy in pakistan the objective of the study is to examine the relationship between macroeconomic factors i e population growth urbanization industrialization exchange rate price level food production index and live stock production index and renewable energy in pakistan over a period of 1975 2012 in addition this study uses oil rent as an intervening variable to overcome the biasness of the single equation model the results indicate that macroeconomic factors positively contributed to renewable energy consumption in pakistan the causality test indicate that there is a unidirectional causality running towards macroeconomic factors to renewable energy in pakistan however renewable energy granger cause oil rent but not via other route in addition there is bidirectional causality between exchange rate and live stock production in pakistan variance decomposition analysis shows that economic growth has a major contribution to increase renewable energy in pakistan

energy consumption economic growth nexus for pakistan taming the untamed abstract a recent survey of energy growth literature has highlighted the potential trade off between bivariate models that suffer from omitted variable bias and the danger of over parameterization of multivariate models in the individual country setting narayan and smyth 2 this is a serious limitation when the interest is in drawing policy implications for specific countries with short times series of available data the maximum entropy bootstrap approach was used to re examine the nature of causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for pakistan where the available time series data was only from 1971 to 2011 unlike the techniques used in much of the earlier literature this approach does not rely on asymptotic methods and therefore leads to robust inference even in small samples moreover the approach can be applied in the presence of non stationarity of any type and structural breaks without requiring data transformation for to achieving stationarity and is not sensitive to specification errors such as those in lag length selection the empirical findings based on both the bivariate as well as the multivariate frameworks supported the conservation hypothesis implying the existence of a unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption

the importance of incorporating reliability of supply criteria in a regulatory system of electricity distribution an empirical analysis for austria abstract grid tariffs are the main source of income for distribution system operators dsos reductions of tariffs increase the cost pressure on dsos assuming they work efficiently tariff reductions potentially lead to a decrease of the electricity system s quality if no reliability of supply criteria are incorporated in the regulatory system our statistical analysis shows that the correlation between grid tariffs and electricity supply interruptions in a regulatory regime neglecting this incorporation is significant and that furthermore decreasing tariffs harm the reliability of supply even in the short run our econometric analysis of the influence of tariffs on reliability of supply shows a significant correlation between the grid tariffs and the duration of power outages in the austrian electricity grid an annual average interruption duration per installed capacity of a specific grid increases ceteris paribus by 1 36 min if the grid tariff of this specific grid is decreased in the previous year by 1 mwh

the dynamics of electricity demand in pakistan a panel cointegration analysis abstract this paper examines the dynamics of electricity demand in pakistan at the aggregate and sectoral levels over the period 1978 2012 panel cointegration test and fully modified ordinary least squares method is employed to determine the long run relationship between electricity consumption real income real price of electricity and domestic price of non energy products the results reveal that electricity demand is more responsive to changes in income than changes in prices at the aggregate and disaggregate levels short run and long run income elasticities are positive and statistically significant supporting the conservation hypothesis it appears from the results that long run price elasticities are negative and significant at the aggregate level and for the agriculture commercial residential sectors and public utilities the short run price elasticities are significant but low in magnitude which implies that changes in electricity price exert minimal effect on the electricity consumption in pakistan the domestic price of non energy products is positive and significant for aggregate sample in the short run the domestic price of non energy products exert significant negative positive impact on electricity demand in the agriculture industrial sectors the results thus provide important information to the agents operating in the electricity market regarding the income and pricing policies and helps in planning the future strategy of electricity demand management

overcoming electricity crisis in pakistan a review of sustainable electricity options abstract pakistan is facing severe electricity supply shortages causing forced power outages over the last decade ranging from 8 to 12 h a day in urban areas and up to 18 h in rural areas the major causes behind the increasing gap between supply and demand are mainly increases in electricity demand on one hand and depleting energy resources and financial constraints on the other in this context the government has been taking various measures including a partial restructuring of the electricity sector under guidelines from international financing institutes at present the country is therefore not only facing a serious challenge of meeting the electricity demand but is also facing the challenge of ensuring energy security in the context of globally important climate change issues the role of policy makers at this stage is crucial for not only assessing and reviewing the current strategies to minimize the electricity supply and demand gap but also the need to develop future strategies ensuring affordable electricity with efficient generation transmission and distribution towards sustainable development in the country this paper provides a review of the current energy situation discussion on policy drivers and plans analysis of the issues of the power sector as well as recommendations for narrowing the electricity supply demand gap towards sustainable electricity for the country

renewable energy an efficient mechanism to improve gdp abstract this article analyzes the effects of renewable energy on gdp for 116 economies in 2003 through structural equation modeling sem approach in order to decipher the mechanism of how the use of renewables improves macroeconomic efficiency we decompose gdp by the expenditure approach although previous theory predicts positive effects of renewables on capital formation and trade balance the sem results show that renewables have a significant positive influence on capital formation only the result that renewables do not have a significant impact on trade balance implies that renewables do not have an import substitution effect thus we confirm the positive relationship between renewable energy and gdp through the path of increasing capital formation but not for the path of increasing trade balance

an overview of energy status and development in pakistan abstract energy is the basic necessity for life and a key factor to excel a country s economy pakistan despite being richly blessed with natural energy resources is dependent on foreign sources and is currently facing severe energy deficiency at the time of its independence in 1947 pakistan inherited 60 mw of power the energy sector had made some progress in the beginning but unfortunately the growth in positive curve couldn t last long the dilemma of the ever increasing gap between demand and supply has rendered pakistan an energy deficient country where most the people have none or limited access to electricity this paper gives an overview of the energy status of pakistan in this paper i have discussed a major aspects of energy sector of pakistan its establishment history and accomplishments b various institutions for energy generation and distribution c total installed and generation capacity d current energy reserves in the country such as coal oil natural gas nuclear energy as well as the renewable energy resources which include wind energy biogas hydel energy geothermal energy solar energy tidal and wave energy e current energy crisis in the power sector discussing the key issues leading to the origin causes and consequences of the problem the paper also presents f possible solutions to overcome this crisis which is becoming hazardous for the country s economy the various government semi government and private organizations and their efforts to resolve the situation of energy deficit and g renewable energy can provide an alternative form of energy why and how it can provide better replacement of other forms of energy barriers that halt progress in this area and various renewable energy projects have also been illustrated the goals principles and impacts of the national power policy 2013 is also mentioned in this paper

chaos in power pakistan s electricity crisis abstract pakistan is facing a severe electricity crisis due to a persistent and widening gap between demand and available system generating capacity the worsening of power shortages has become a major political issue reflecting the hardships for individuals and businesses it threatens to undermine the credibility and legitimacy of government and to further stress the social fabric of the country the power crisis did not emerge suddenly it is the direct result of imprudent and reckless energy policies over the last three decades these policies have impeded the development of cheap and abundant domestic energy sources they have also resulted in very inefficient fuel mix choices compromising energy and economic security pakistan s energy bankruptcy is ultimately due to massive institutional and governance failure this paper analyzes the problems confronting pakistan s electricity sector and identifies the key elements of a potential policy response to address the country s severe power crisis

information content of equity analyst reports abstract we catalog the complete contents of institutional investor all american analyst reports and examine the market reaction to their release including the justifications supporting an analyst s opinion reduces and in some models eliminates the significance of earnings forecasts and recommendation revisions analysts both provide new information and interpret previously released information the information in a report is most important for downgrades target prices and the analyst s justifications are the only significant elements for reiterations no correlation exists between valuation methodology and either analyst accuracy or the market s reaction to a report our adjusted r 2 s are much larger than those of studies using only summary measures

a review of energy and power planning and policies of pakistan pakistan is facing multiple challenges for harnessing the indigenous energy resources and devise rational energy policies the country is believed to have abundant energy resources however coping substantial electricity supply gap of over 5000 mw this paper analyses country s energy and power planning studies conducted since its independence in 1947 and policies announced so far it is found that water resources management attained more emphasis in early decades of post independence rather than energy concerns the first energy and power planning study was conducted in late 1960s and since then various studies were undertaken to supplement five yearly medium term development plans of government however it is pertinent to mention that formal energy and power policies were only announced from 1994 onwards owing to growing electricity demand and progressing industrialization beside this the focus of these policies is not only varied but were conceived without undertaking integrated energy planning using energy modeling tools e g markal times leap enpep balance message and energyplan it is despite the fact that these tools are successfully applied globally for devising the energy policies and address the complexities of energy system by assisting effective policy formulation this study recommends that integrated energy planning using energy modeling tools will be helpful to develop sustainable energy policies in pakistan to eradicate electricity crises

do investors see through mistakes in reported earnings this study investigates whether investors see through materially misstated earnings and whether they anticipate earnings restatements for firms that restate at least one annual report we find that investors are misled by mistakes in reported earnings at the time of initial earnings announcements investors react positively to the component of the favorable earnings surprise that will subsequently be restated and they attach the same valuation to it as to the true earnings surprise we also find that investors anticipate the subsequent downward restatements and start marking stock prices down several months before a restatement announcement so that the full impact of a restatement is about three times as large as the restatement announcement effect indeed we show that investors punish restating firms because the stock price gains that shareholders enjoy when firms initially announce overstated earnings are more than reversed by the time of the restatement announcement

on revenue recycling and the welfare effects of second best congestion pricing in a monocentric city abstract this paper examines congestion taxes in a monocentric city with pre existing labor taxation when road toll revenue is used to finance labor tax cuts 35 of the optimal road tax in our numerical model does not reflect marginal external congestion costs but rather functions as a ramsey mirrlees tax i e an efficiency enhancing mechanism allowing for an indirect spatial differentiation of the labor tax this adds a quite different motivation to road pricing since welfare gains can be produced even in absence of congestion we find that the optimal road tax is non monotonic across space reflecting the different impacts of labor supply elasticity and marginal utility of income which both vary over space the relative efficiencies of some archetype second best pricing schemes cordon toll flat kilometer tax are high 84 and 70 respectively when road toll revenue is recycled lump sum the optimal toll lies below its pigouvian level extensions in a bimodal framework show that the optimality of using road toll revenue to subsidize public transport depends on the initial inefficiency in public transport pricing

a study of financial analysts practice and theory the study reported here focused on determining what analytical techniques financial analysts who are members of aimr actually use the study achieved a response rate of 33 75 percent questions covered 16 areas including the use of present value analysis the importance of quarterly earnings announcements in decision making belief in efficient markets acceptance or rejection of market anomalies and belief in the importance of international diversification for risk reduction

pricing urban congestion a structural random utility model with traffic anticipation abstract we design and estimate a game theoretic congestion pricing mechanism in which the regulator aims at reducing urban traffic congestion by price discriminating travelers according to their value of time vot travelers preferences depend on their observable characteristics on the endogenous amount of congestion anticipated on their marginal utility mu of income and on some unobserved factors using a french household survey we estimate the demand models to simulate different pricing mechanisms we find that unobserved determinants of transportation demand are significant and are used to measure the anticipated time spent in traffic and the comfort of traveling diverging from these expectations is felt as more discomfort than if no expectations were formed a priori however some of this discomfort is derived from travelers marginal utility of income the lost time in traffic is clearly unpleasant because of its opportunity cost when the regulator and the transportation provider share common objectives we show that a great welfare improvement can be achieved when implementing a homogenous pricing that accurately accounts for travelers vot

benchmarking and regulation of power distribution companies in pakistan abstract using stochastic frontier analysis the study examines the cost effectiveness of electricity distribution utilities in pakistan for this purpose cost in efficiency is calculated for 8 distribution utilities using data for the period 2003 2013 the findings reveal that on average there is 72 5 efficiency in the electricity distribution sector it indicates that electricity distribution utilities in pakistan are cost inefficient by 27 5 it is also found that quality of service affects efficiency the results imply that there is significant potential to improve efficiency of electricity distribution utilities and that quality of service should be incorporated as part of efficiency of the electricity distribution utilities in pakistan

second best congestion pricing the case of an untolled alternative abstract this paper deals with second best one route congestion pricing in case of an untolled alternative using a two link network simulation model the effects of various demand and cost parameters on the relative efficiency of one route tolling are analyzed it is investigated whether the existence of costs of congestion charging may be a reason for one route tolling to be more overall efficient than two route tolling finally the efficiency of revenue maximizing one route and two route tolling is discussed

organization and functioning of liberalized electricity markets an overview of the dutch market abstract in this paper we examine the organization and the functioning of the dutch electricity market first we describe the organization of the dutch electricity supply chain and the role of the main market participants including the transmission system operator distribution system operators program responsible parties and metering companies we then describe the organization of financial trading and clearing mechanism of electricity through the organized futures exchange the european energy derivatives exchange and the spot market amsterdam power exchange which includes the day ahead market and intra day markets we also detail the functioning of the imbalance market and reserve capacity management in the netherlands through a set of numerical analysis we provide an exploratory analysis of the apx day ahead spot prices and the real time imbalance prices using electricity price data from 2002 to 2013 we observe the price spikes both in the day ahead and imbalance markets usually occur around 6 10 am and 5 7 pm we also observe that in the imbalance market system overages happen significantly more often than shortages pointing out that the market tends to buy more than what is demanded this could be explained by the risk attitude of the market participants in the imbalance market

can law impose competition a critical discussion and evidence from the turkish electricity generation market electricity markets have undergone regulatory reforms since the early 1980s around the world technical analyses of these reforms usually pay lip service to the influence of politics over regulatory processes existing studies examine certain aspects of the market such as demand pricing and efficiency and they touch upon political issues only passingly when economic models cannot provide sufficient explanation this approach problematically takes politics as an ad hoc variable this study shows that electricity is intrinsically a political good and argues that any meaningful reform effort should take institutions as the starting point rather than a residual the argument that politics has to be an endogenous variable in any model aspiring to explain behavior in electricity markets is demonstrated in the paper the evidence for the political good character of electricity is found by examining the turkish regulatory reform for which it is argued that there is not a satisfactory relationship between expected and realized gains

energy security and renewable energy policy analysis of pakistan abstract sustainable energy supply is an important factor for continued economic growth of any society pakistan is among those developing countries which are facing severe shortages of energy now a days the current and past governments in the country have designed various energy policies to fulfill energy demands but could not fill the demand supply gap there has been a shortage of about 5000 mw of electrical supply during summer 2016 a policy for development of renewable energy was framed in 2006 which was aimed to supply sustainable energy to all consumers including those households which have not been supplied electricity and natural gas in rural and far flung areas the policy was extended for implementation in 2011 and is still in use the basis of this policy rests on energy security and self sufficiency social equity and economic benefits this study aims at analyzing renewable energy policy of pakistan and examining and finding the ways to secure energy supplies in future using leap four scenarios business as usual green pakistan nuclear and optimization have been developed to assess the validity of the energy plans the study concludes that green pakistan scenario employing renewable energy technologies having minimum operation and externality costs is the most suitable option in future

an institutional framework for the development of sustainable and competitive power market in pakistan abstract pakistan is continuously striving for sustainable and competitive power market under the comprehensive power sector reform program pakistan shifted its power market from monopoly model to single buyer model by unbundling water and power development authority wapda and establishing national transmission and dispatch company ntdc current severe power situation in the country is triggering the government of pakistan gop to accelerate the implementation of intended reform program and to readily undertake next planned transformation i e from single buyer model to wholesale market model this research endeavors the future dynamics of power market after the structural spin off by pre assessment of upcoming wholesale power market market power of both public and private electricity generators has been computed using 8 largest firm concentration ratio herfindahl hirschman index hhi and residual supply index rsi the findings suggest that future power market will function with non existence of market power except in the periods of peak electricity demand and maximum hydro generation furthermore insufficient installed capacities and underutilization of public thermal units may enable some players to exercise market power for sustainable and competitive power market an empirically supported framework has been proposed based on the analysis the framework proposes utilization of huge available renewable energy potential for future which will protect the whole infrastructure from market power it recommends respective roles and responsibilities for the smooth transition among market models the framework will be supportive in terms of successful and smooth transition from single buyer model to wholesale market model and potential of wind solar biogas to be properly explored and utilized to reduce energy gap

life cycle sustainability assessment of electricity generation in pakistan policy regime for a sustainable energy mix abstract electricity crisis has become a key issue in pakistan mainly due to a tenacious and spreading gap between demand and supply moreover the current production is causing severe environmental and energy security issues due to reliance on thermal sources stakeholders are hindered to address these issues due to a significant knowledge gap causing discrepancies in power policies a comprehensive approach over the sustainability dimensions is missing due to non adoption of life cycle thinking this study adopts an integrated approach of life cycle sustainability assessment of the electricity sector in pakistan for proposing policy guidelines and implementation framework to optimize the future energy mixes in total 20 sustainability indicators have been assessed covering life cycle of seven electricity generation sources currently in use these sources have been ranked by equally weighting the sustainability dimensions and respective indicators hydropower is found as the most sustainable option having lowest environmental and economic impacts while due to worst economic and social impacts oil is found to be the least sustainable option for the country while establishing tradeoffs between different electricity generation sources this study presents an unbiased view and highlights the worth of life cycle approach in sustainability assessment for improving the energy policies

the value of scarce water measuring the inefficiency of municipal regulations abstract rather than allowing urban water prices to reflect scarcity rents during periods of drought induced excess demand policy makers have mandated command and control approaches primarily rationing the use of water outdoors while such policies are ubiquitous and likely inefficient economists have not had access to sufficient data to estimate their economic impact using unique panel data on residential end uses of water in 11 north american cities we examine the welfare implications of urban water rationing in response to drought using estimates of expected marginal prices that vary both across and within markets we estimate price elasticities specific to indoor and outdoor water use our results suggest that current policies do target water uses that households themselves are most willing to forgo nevertheless we find that rationing outdoor water in cities has costly welfare implications primarily due to household heterogeneity in willingness to pay for scarce water we find that replacing rationing policies with a market clearing drought price would result in welfare gains of more than 29 of what households in the sample spend each year on water

motorization in developing countries causes consequences and effectiveness of policy options abstract this paper examines the rise in car use and decline in bus use in developing countries using a theoretical mode choice model and numerical simulations the empirical literature points to rising per capita income as a primary determinant of rising motor vehicle use known as motorization this analysis of commuter car bus mode choice shows that in addition to rising income other factors may drive rising car use at the urban level first greater income inequality increases car use if car use is still low and reduces car use if it is already high second traffic congestion hinders buses more than cars causing positive feedback between car use and travel time that reduces bus use and contributes to its abrupt collapse third policy interventions to reduce congestion in urban areas such as tolling car use and reserving lanes for buses increase consumer surplus by maintaining bus service as an alternate travel mode even as incomes rise socially optimal reserved bus lanes may achieve most of the gains from a socially optimal toll on car use

estimating the welfare effect of congestion taxes the critical importance of other distortions within the transport system abstract this paper extends the first best analysis of peak period congestion pricing to account for interactions with other distortions within the transport system including congestion on unpriced routes accident and pollution externalities suboptimal transit pricing and gasoline taxes we illustrate how the presence of each of these distortions changes the welfare effect of a congestion tax over a wide range of parameter scenarios in all cases the welfare changes are potentially significant implying that these distortions are important to consider in an economic evaluation of congestion taxes

the validation of granger causality through formulation and use of finance growth energy indexes abstract the paper aims to investigate the finance growth energy nexus validity in pakistan by taking large range of relevant variables and developing indexes focus of the paper is to evaluate the long run relationship between financial development economic development and energy consumption after extracting the indices granger s ordinary least squares ols regression and correlation is used to explain short run deviation in the nexus in order to capture co integration eagle granger approach is applied lastly hurst exponent are used to estimate annual rescaled range statistics to explain deviation during period of analysis granger causality has been empirically tested in a robust way incorporating large range of relevant variables on overall nexus of finance growth energy that has been hardly tested in such depth index formation through econometric analysis is novel part of this study which revealed that in short run financial development index fdi and energy price have significant relationship with energy consumption however in long run analysis has endorsed the concept of granger casualty especially on feedback hypothesis study has practical and theoretical contribution to the literature that could be highly beneficial to policy makers

can privatization of u s highways improve motorists welfare abstract we assess the welfare effects of highway privatization accounting for government s behavior in setting the sale price firms strategic behavior in setting tolls and motorists heterogeneous preferences for speedy and reliable travel we find motorists are able to benefit from privatization by negotiating tolls with private providers that increase their consumer surplus surprisingly we find that by obtaining tolls and service that align with their varying preferences motorists may be better off negotiating with a monopolist than with duopoly providers or under public private competition toll regulation may be counterproductive because it is likely to treat motorists as homogeneous

electricity demand of manufacturing sector in turkey a translog cost approach abstract this paper models factor demand for manufacturing sector in turkey we estimated a translog cost function with four factor consist of capital labor intermediate input and electricity over the 1980 2001 our objective taking in the consideration electricity as production input was twofold on the one hand to estimate the price elasticity of electricity demand in manufacturing sector and on the other hand to use cross price and morishima elasticities of substitution results for structural analysis regarding effects of electricity liberalization which initiated in 2001 empirical result shows that electricity demand is relatively price sensitive 0 85 our result in terms of electricity price is consistent with the previous studies while electricity labor and electricity capital inputs are complementary results indicate the existence of substitution possibilities between electricity and intermediate input this means that changes in electricity prices have impact on labor demand and investment demand these results have important implications for public policy

modelling and forecasting the demand for natural gas in pakistan abstract this study examines both the short and long term dynamics of natural gas consumption in pakistan through an econometric model sector specific income price and cross price elasticities of natural gas demand are estimated over the period 1978 2011 the estimated income elasticities indicate that real gdp per capita exerts a larger impact on gas consumption as compared to its price the price and cross price elasticities are relatively low indicating consumers indifference in pakistan towards price escalation they neither decrease gas consumption nor try to explore less expensive substitutes for natural gas a validation of the estimated demand equations is performed showing high degree of accuracy through tracking the historical data in order to determine the future outlook of natural gas demand sectoral equations are simulated as baseline both moderate and extreme demand scenarios are projected for the period 2012 2020 ex post simulation resulting through baseline scenario suggests that the power sector is more likely to occupy top position in terms of natural gas consumption it is expected that the natural gas consumption would reach 734 062 mmcft by 2020 followed by the transport sector 238 943 mmcft industrial sector 541 869 mmcft residential sector 304 821 mmcft and the commercial sector 72 784 mmcft furthermore simulation results based on moderate and extreme scenarios reveal that a deliberate increase in natural gas prices reduces per capita natural gas consumption significantly over the forecast time horizon 2012 2020 the findings of this study have significant implications with respect to energy conservation and economic development particularly price and income elasticities have practical relevance for appropriate pricing and income policies additionally forecast results can provide useful support for designing an appropriate infrastructure and investment plan with reference to gas market in future

winning or losing from dynamic bottleneck congestion pricing the distributional effects of road pricing with heterogeneity in values of time and schedule delay abstract this paper analyses the efficiency and distributional impacts of congestion pricing in vickrey s 1969 dynamic bottleneck model of congestion allowing for continuous distributions of values of time and schedule delay we find that congestion pricing can leave a majority of travellers better off even without returning the toll revenues to them we also find that the consumer surplus losses or gains from tolling are not strictly monotonic in the value of time because they also depend on the value of schedule delays the greatest losses are not incurred by drivers with the lowest value of time but by users with an intermediate value of schedule delays and the lowest value of time for that value of schedule delays for second best pricing with an untolled alternative the pattern of distributional effects is quite similar to that for first best pricing in contrast with results from prior static models users who are indifferent between the two alternative routes are not the ones who gain least from this type of second best pricing our results suggest that in assessing the distributional impacts of road congestion pricing it is important to take into account both the distribution of the value of time and of the value of schedule delays as well as the dynamics of departure time choice

sustainable energy development in nigeria current status and policy options abstract sustainable energy development focuses on maintaining the provision of energy in a manner that can enhance the short medium and long term economic development of a country the provision of sustainable energy requires the development and implementation of technologies that can improve the energy situation of a given country such as renewable energy energy efficient technologies and the proper use of conventional energy resources to achieve this effective energy policy options must be instigated that can adjust to changing circumstances in nigeria the development of sustainable clean modern energy is an immense challenge as is the proper use of the country s conventional energy resources this is as due to the lack of effective support policies and poor participation by the government in clean energy development the energy situation in nigeria could be improved by the provision of adequate energy policy options designed to augment existing energy policies this study critically reviews the current status of energy resources in nigeria and the associated policies important policies unavailable under current government strategies are proposed and prioritised based on their likelihood of success in short medium and long term among the most important policies based on priorities are policies to address crude oil theft complete deregulation of the petroleum subsectors utilisation of associated gases creation of favourable business climate for private investors increase attraction for foreign direct investment in clean energy technology renewable portfolio standards development introduction of tendering schemes use of efficient fuel stoves development of demand side bidding and energy efficiency standard law we believe that these proposed policy options could improve the sustainable development of nigeria s energy resources

roles and potentials of renewable energy in less developed economies the case of nepal increasing the share of renewable energy in the national energy mix remains one of the major energy policy goals across many economies this paper assesses the roles and potentials of renewable energy sources in less developed economies while citing nepal as an example renewable energy has a significant role to play in the electrification of rural areas in developing economies and contribute towards sustainable development realizing full potentials of renewable however requires addressing both the associated demand side and supply side constraints innovative subsidies and tax incentives adequate entrepreneurial support strengthening institutional arrangement and promoting local community based organizations such as the cooperatives are the necessary factors in promoting the green technologies in countries like nepal international factors such as large scale investment and adequate technology transfer are equally crucial to create a rapid spread and increase affordability of decentralized renewable energy technologies in less developed economies

linking financial development economic growth and energy consumption in pakistan abstract this paper aims at exploring the finance growth energy nexus for pakistan over the 1972 2012 period by employing the system gmm estimation technique the study tries to capture the impact of financial development over energy consumption through economic growth channel and includes energy prices and urbanization in the structural model the study finds positive and significant impact of economic growth and urbanization on energy consumption while the effect of energy prices over energy consumption is significant but negative financial development positively and significantly affects energy consumption through the economic growth channel our analysis is important for policy makers for effective energy demand planning and conservation policies that would ensure sustainable economic development as well as serve as motivation to search alternative energy sources to meet the bourgeoning energy demand in pakistan

a dynamic equilibrium of electricity consumption and gdp in hong kong an empirical investigation abstract public debates on electricity policy in hong kong focus on the regulation regime but seldom discuss the macroeconomic impact in this paper we use the novel dataset on electricity consumption and report the following findings 1 there is a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp and electricity consumption 2 a one way causal effect exists from electricity consumption to real gdp 3 a significant adjustment process occurs when equilibrium is interrupted 4 there exists possible structural change in the relationship between electricity consumption and economic activities in 1990s

efficient congestion tolls in the presence of unpriced congestion a peak and off peak simulation model abstract this paper develops a congestion pricing model to examine efficient congestion tolls for an urban highway facility that resembles california state route 91 the highway that has been subject to congestion tolls since december 27 1995 two lanes out of six each way are subject to congestion tolls and the other four lanes are not the simulation model combines the economic theories of second best pricing of transportation facilities and peak load pricing and considers both welfare maximizing and profit maximizing cases the simulation results show that the second best peak period toll is quite low and that the welfare gains from the toll are modest compared to a regime in which all lanes are subject to tolls

peak load pricing of a transportation route with an unpriced substitute abstract this paper considers two routes to work which could be two bridges a freeway and a tollroad or roadway travel and subway travel both routes are subject to pure bottleneck and queue congestion if peak load pricing can be imposed on both routes the first best solution is attained however if one route is unpriced then the other route should have a second best time varying toll that is negative at the tails of the rush hour positive near the peak of the rush hour and zero on average if the two routes have the same capacities and if the parameter g is 1 then two thirds of the total traffic should use the priced route and the efficiency gain of second best pricing is two thirds of the efficiency gain of first best pricing

on the electricity shortage price and electricity theft nexus abstract pakistan is facing severe electricity shortfall of its history since 2006 several measures have been implemented in order to mitigate electricity shortage the focus has been on raising the installed capacity of electricity generation and transmission the present policy results in expensive thermal electricity generation mostly using expensive and environmentally hazardous furnace oil and inability of utilities to recover their cost of supply although there is unprecedented rise in electricity tariffs this study concentrates on the electricity demand and traces the relationship between electricity shortfalls tariff rate and electricity theft in the background of recent electricity crisis using the data for the period 1985 2010 we employed the granger causality test through error correction model and out of sample causality through variance decomposition method empirical evidence shows that electricity theft greatly influences electricity shortfalls through lowering investment and inefficient use of electricity the study concludes that electricity crisis cannot be handled without combating rampant electricity theft in the country

prospects progress policies and effects of rural electrification in bangladesh abstract energy is instrumental for the development and economic growth of a country although bangladesh is known as a developing country in south asia it has been recognized as a model country by the united nations for its remarkable achievements in attaining the united nations millennium development goals successive governments of the country have taken several developmental initiatives that aim to improve the standard of living and to provide basic rights to the citizens an increase in the demand for energy particularly electricity is a normal consequence of many of these initiatives thus the provision of sufficient electricity has become a genuine challenge for the government studies have indicated that even if the national demand for electricity remains static another 35 years is required by the government to provide electricity to all given the current production pace providing electricity to all may nearly be an impossible task because of the ever increasing demand for electricity the situation in rural areas where many people are deprived of electricity supply is even severe fortunately this coastal and agro based country is geographically located in an area that has a potential in exploiting different renewable forms of energy therefore renewable energy sources can be considered potential solutions to satisfy the future energy demand of the country and to provide electricity particularly in rural areas bangladesh is one of the countries that is seriously vulnerable to the effects of climate change hence the use of renewable energy can contribute to mitigate the effects of both climate change and environmental degradation in the country

assessment of present conventional and non conventional energy scenario of pakistan abstract it has become the universal fact that the energy is one of the key factors for the smooth and faster upgradation of the socio economic activities in any country in pakistan s history of over 60 years the country presently is facing possibly the worst energy crisis that has geared back the socio economic development below the level of critical sustainability and tolerance of the people every walk of life and industrial activities have declined due to long electricity shut down every day since last few years in view to access the current status of available energy resources the present research study has been carried out to review and assess the demography of the country versus energy sectors energy supplies consumptions status of fossil fuel resources oil gas coal conventional non conventional electricity generation and past present future energy demand supply during 2001 2011 the results of this assessment indicate that conventional resources in pakistan are and will not be enough to meet the ever growing energy demand and consequently highlight the importance of the renewable energy sources that are apparently encouraging in the country but have not been developed to any satisfaction priority is imperative to be given for the adequate development of renewable energy sectors in addition to the present energy mix

does renewable energy consumption add in economic growth an application of auto regressive distributed lag model in pakistan abstract the objective of the study is to examine the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth by incorporating capital and labour as potential determinants of production function in case of pakistan this study used auto regressive distributed lag ardl model and rolling window approach rwa for cointegration in context of pakistan the study used quarterly data over the period of 1972q1 2011q4 the causality analysis applied through vecm granger causality and innovative accounting approaches the results reveal that all the variables in the study are cointegrated that shows the long run relationship between the variables furthermore renewable energy consumption capital and labour boost economic growth the causality analysis shows the feedback effect between economic growth and renewable energy consumption

national energy scenario of pakistan current status future alternatives and institutional infrastructure an overview abstract in this article the current energy consumption of pakistan is presented and the issue of security of electrical energy supply is discussed the power sector has been looked from variety of aspects such as demand and supply gap diminishing energy sources energy security and increasing energy costs furthermore the status of energy and potential of renewable sources of energy has been discussed as sustainable alternative in addition the roles of different sectors in the promotion and development of renewable energy technologies have been discussed the renewable energy future prospects are encouraging in pakistan with a total renewable energy potential of about 167 7 gw which is more than enough to meet the total electricity demand of the country this vast potential of renewable sources of energy could be utilized to overcome the energy shortage which has not been utilized properly due to lack of policies and infrastructure the diversification of existing energy resources and exploration of new sources is an important aspect to be considered in order to have a sustainable power development and its implementation in the country

uncovering the distribution of motorists preferences for travel time and reliability we apply recent econometric advances to study the distribution of commuters preferences for speedy and reliable highway travel our analysis applies mixed logit to combined revealed and stated preference data on commuter choices of whether to pay a toll for congestion free express travel we find that motorists exhibit high values of travel time and reliability and substantial heterogeneity in those values we suggest that road pricing policies designed to cater to such varying preferences can improve efficiency and reduce the disparity of welfare impacts compared with recent pricing experiments

structural changes of global power generation capacity towards sustainability and the risk of stranded investments supported by a sustainability indicator abstract global power plant capacity has experienced a historical evolution showing noticeable patterns over the years continuous growth to meet increasing demand and renewable energy sources have played a vital role in global electrification from the beginning first in the form of hydropower but also wind energy and solar photovoltaics with increasing awareness of global environmental and societal problems such as climate change heavy metal induced health issues and the growth related cost reduction of renewable electricity technologies the past two decades have witnessed an accelerated increase in the use of renewable sources a database was compiled using major accessible datasets with the purpose of analyzing the composition and evolution of the global power sector from a novel sustainability perspective also a new sustainability indicator has been introduced for a better monitoring of progress in the power sector the key objective is to provide a simple tool for monitoring the past present and future development of national power systems towards sustainability based on a detailed global power capacity database the main findings are the trend of the sustainability indicator projecting very high levels of sustainability before the middle of the century on a global level decommissioned power plants indicating an average power plant technical lifetime of about 40 years for coal 34 years for gas and 34 years for oil fired power plants whereas the lifetime of hydropower plants seems to be rather unlimited due to repeated refurbishments and the overall trend of increasing sustainability in the power sector being of utmost relevance for managing the environmental and societal challenges ahead to achieve the 2 c climate change target zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 may be required this would lead to stranded assets of about 300 gw of coal power plants already commissioned by 2014 gas and oil fired power plants may be shifted to renewable based fuels present power capacity investments have already to anticipate these environmental and societal sustainability boundaries or accept the risk of becoming stranded assets

congestion and tax competition in a parallel network the purpose of this paper is to study the effects of tolling road use on a parallel road network where each link can be tolled by a different government using both theoreticaland numericalmo dels the paper analyses the potential tax competition between countries that each maximise the surplus of local users plus tax revenues in controlling local and transit transport three types of tolling systems are considered i toll discrimination between local traffic and transit ii only uniform tolls on local and transit transport are acceptable iii tolls on local users only the results suggest that the welfare effects of introducing transit tolls are large but that differentiation of tolls between local and transit transport as compared to uniform tolls does not yield large welfare differences also the welfare effects of toll cooperation between countries are relatively small in comparison with the welfare gains of non cooperative tolling of transit the numerical model further illustrates the effects of different transit shares and explicitly considers the role of asymmetries between countries higher transit shares strongly raise the transit toll and slightly decrease local tolls with asymmetric demands the welfare gains of introducing differentiated tolling rise strongly for the country with lower local demand

transport tax reform commuting and endogenous values of time abstract we consider a model of urban transport with two trip purposes commuting assumed perfectly complementary to labour supply and noncommuting to analyse the effects of transport tax reform on the value of time and marginal external congestion costs higher commuting taxes plausibly reduce time values but higher noncommuting transport prices will typically raise the value of time the intuition for this latter finding is that the reduction in congestion that follows from the tax increase itself raises net wages per hour of work inclusive of commuting time empirical illustrations with belgian data show a potentially large effect of transport tax reform on time values in quite a few of the tax reforms studied traffic levels are reduced but the increase in time values implies that marginal external congestion costs actually increase

funding transportation spending in metropolitan washington dc the costs of alternative revenue sources abstract this paper develops and implements an analytical framework for estimating the efficiency costs of raising additional revenue from taxes on labor property gasoline peak road use and higher transit fares for the washington dc area the model incorporates driving externalities and interactions between the different policies an economic case can be made for using congestion taxes and possibly gasoline and property taxes to raise extra revenue though it should be qualified for example the inelastic demand for driving limits the congestion benefits per dollar of revenue raised and these taxes have adverse employment effects in the same way that a tax on labor income does

structural estimation of congestion costs abstract we estimate a structural model of congestion costs using a bayesian nash equilibrium approach the individual s preference for traveling depends on the anticipated level of congestion which in turn is determined by travelers decisions of mobility the model is estimated using a french transportation household survey results confirm the presence of incomplete information and show that aversion to congestion is 6 6 lower during peak times than during off peak times a traveler s willingness to pay to save 1 min in traffic is estimated at 0 73 euros during peak times and 0 25 euros during off peak times

energy crisis and potential of solar energy in pakistan abstract energy is the basic need of modern life pakistan is an energy deficient country energy crisis is making bad impacts and destroying the economy the current study investigates the relationship between the energy and demand supply in pakistan the purpose of this research is to evaluate the real reasons behind the current energy crisis we want to find supplementary and alternate energy sources to cut down the load on the national energy mix we select different areas and conduct our research and find the best possible renewable energy sources in this paper we proposed the solution and best available indigenous resource in energy demanding areas

exploring the driving factors of global lng trade flows using gravity modelling abstract taking into account the attributes of the liquefied natural gas lng trade and the space time characteristics of trade flows this paper identifies the multiple dimensional factors that influenced the global lng trade between 2004 and 2015 following an analysis of the data via the application of gravity models the empirical results of this study indicate that these influencing factors possess both general and regional characteristics in contrast to general trade the lng trade is mainly affected by the economic magnitude of the demand side regionally pipeline natural gas has a significant substitute effect on the lng trade within the global model though not within the asian model additionally the lng trade in asia is more sensitive to the influence of import prices and research and development investment than in the global model our subsample analyses show that the results are robustness across different periods finally this paper discusses pertinent policy implications for the lng trade especially as related to asia

prospects of pakistan china energy and economic corridor abstract china s seaborne foreign oil supply through the strait of malacca is facing challenges because of territorial disputes pirate attacks and geopolitics the pakistan china energy and economic corridor pceec offers the option of constructing an oil pipeline to bypass the strait of malacca this paper studied the prospects of the pceec in the context of the security of china s foreign oil supply chain we assessed all the existing and proposed oil supply routes from the middle east and africa to china s border in terms of supply timeframes costs energy consumption and ghg emissions we used weight based model to estimate the capex opex and per barrel levelized cost of a proposed oil pipeline in the pceec from economic time energy and environmental perspective our assessment suggested that the construction of an oil pipeline in the pceec would be compatible with the existing routes and offer the shortest time for transporting oil to china s border the pceec would offer numerous prospects for regional energy and economic connectivity for both countries and the region including social economic commercial and geopolitical benefits

an overview of implemented renewable energy policy of pakistan abstract after initiation of renewable energy policy in 2006 yet it could not be executed the green path for sustainable energy development in pakistan currently the share of non hydro big hydro projects renewables is less than 4 less than 900 mw of total installed electricity capacity against the medium term plan of having minimum capacity of 9700 mw in 2030 with several strategies and goals established in place to support the development of renewables however it is not well organized and also ill managed to find the effective renewable energy mix for the country according to targets this study aims to analyze that whether targets of renewable energy technology rets deployment will be met under the current regime a cross country analysis of renewable energy status reveals the workable instruments to increase the growth of rets amongst developed and developing nations it is clearly evident that without supplementary and policy instruments these ambitious targets cannot be achieved the strong political and financial commitments are necessary to accomplish the green pathway as governments are more tilted towards thermal power generation to overcome the huge electricity demand supply gap

measuring the competitiveness benefits of a transmission investment policy the case of the alberta electricity market transmission expansions can increase the extent of competition faced by wholesale electricity suppliers with the ability to exercise unilateral market power this can cause them to submit offer curves closer to their marginal cost curves which sets market clearing prices closer to competitive benchmark price levels these lower wholesale market clearing prices are the competitiveness benefit consumers realize from the transmission expansion this paper quantifies empirically the competitiveness benefits of a transmission expansion policy that causes strategic suppliers to expect no transmission congestion using hourly generation unit level offer output market clearing price and congestion data from the alberta wholesale electricity market from january 1 2009 to july 31 2013 an upper and lower bound on the hourly consumer competitiveness benefits of this transmission policy is computed both of these competitiveness benefits measures are economically significant which argues for including them in transmission planning processes for wholesale electricity markets to ensure that all transmission expansions with positive net benefits to electricity consumers are undertaken

automobile externalities and policies this paper discusses the nature and magnitude of externalities associated with automobile use including local and global pollution oil dependence traffic congestion and traffic accidents it then discusses current federal policies affecting these externalities including fuel taxes fuel economy and emissions standards and alternative fuel policies summarizing insofar as possible the welfare effects of those policies finally we discuss emerging pricing policies including congestion tolls and insurance reform and summarize the appropriate combination of policies to address automobile externalities

the london congestion charge by the 1990s the average speed of trips across london was below that at the beginning of the twentieth century before the car was introduced and by the end of that decade public concern over levels of traffic congestion was high in early 2003 london imposed a congestion charge a daily charge for driving or parking a vehicle on public roads within central london between the hours of 7 00 a m and 6 30 p m on workdays traffic congestion has declined substantially and the program is largely popular this article describes the origins of the london congestion charge how it overcame practical and theoretical difficulties and what effects it has had the introduction of the london congestion charge is in important respects a triumph of economics it represents a high profile public and political recognition of congestion as a distorting externality and of road pricing as an appropriate policy response

the diagnosis of an electricity crisis and alternative energy development in pakistan abstract the electricity sector in pakistan is currently facing the formidable challenges of an insufficient installed capacity a suboptimal infrastructure circular debt and revenue shortage all of these problems hamper socioeconomic activities this paper diagnoses the overall condition of the electricity sector as well as the potential and recent progress in the implementation of alternative energy projects in the context of the targets set in the national energy security plan nesp the assessment reveals the unsatisfactory overall progress of the implementation of the nesp in general and alternative energy in particular we assess that if the short term measures contained in the nesp have been adequately executed were enough to bridge the existing electricity supply demand gap and the country might not be facing an ongoing electricity crisis further we investigated the specific alternative energy policy issues that hinder this sector s development in pakistan we conclude that fuel diversification by means of the maximum utilisation of alternative energy resources would help in solving the crisis and would also furnish the long term energy needs of the country finally we recommend a comprehensive strategy for revamping the electricity sector and developing the alternative energy resources needed to tackle the ongoing electricity crisis in pakistan

pakistan s overall energy potential assessment comparison of lng tapi and ipi gas projects abstract pakistan is facing severe energy crisis in spite of the fact that nature has blessed her with huge energy potential short fall of electricity supply in the country is increasing and has been recorded up to 4522 mw in 2010 this deficit reached to 7000 mw in may 2011 a comprehensive review of pakistan s energy sector is presented in this paper energy potential major issues of energy sector and energy import options are discussed issues like poor management combined cycle capacity low hydro power share circular debt and energy security have been covered energy potential assessment includes hydro solar wind coal nuclear hydrogen cells geo thermal ocean resources and bio mass future prediction calculations are based upon country s current and world s average per capita energy consumption current oil and gas reserves of the country contribute to only 5 percent and 48 8 percent of the energy mix and at the current rate will be exhausted by 13 and 16 years respectively the overwhelming dependence of the energy sector on imported fossil fuels may create a situation of energy security threat however dependence upon the energy import options cannot be avoided in order to lessen the severity of energy crisis in near future some of the energy import options are turkmanistan afghanistan pakistan and india tapi iran pakistan and india ipi gas pipelines liquefied natural gas lng from qatar etc on the other hand exploitation of vast renewable potential like hydro solar and wind requires serious attention exploitation of indigenous coal resources would also be a key for solving energy crisis in the long run in summary this paper presents energy potential assessment in context of major issues future predictions and impact of energy import options this in turn provides a big clear and brighter picture of the country s energy sector

renewable energy sources in power generation in pakistan abstract pakistan as an underdeveloped and populous country requires an uninterrupted source of energy to keep its development on track and provide its citizens with a reasonable standard of living conversely the country is unable to fulfil its domestic energy requirements and is undergoing an acute energy crisis electricity is a sector that has suffered the most from the energy shortages the gap between demand and supply is met through blackouts and at times the country plunges into darkness for more than 10 12 h a day this crisis that the country is currently facing did not occur overnight the root cause of this debacle goes back in history and can be attributed to decades of mismanagement poor planning and negligence this article provides a comprehensive overview of the electricity sector in pakistan and the issues it is beset with in addition an analysis of the energy policies that the country has announced over the years as well as the impact that they have had on the electricity sector is presented it is concluded that pakistan s existing energy mix is not sustainable due to the excessive reliance on imported fossil fuels rising electricity generation cost and increase in power generation related emissions this paper develops a roadmap and proposes the energy sources that can fulfil the country s rising energy requirements whilst being sustainable at the same time the roadmap identifies and highlights the primary tasks that the country must undertake to reach its vision of meeting its energy needs and integrating renewable energy sources in the power generation the recommendations of this paper will provide guidelines to the decision makers and policymakers with an insight on how the energy technology and resource development should be carried out which sources should be given priority and how the issues should be resolved both in the short and long term

a review of the wind power developments in pakistan abstract pakistan is among the 10 countries that face the worst energy crisis of the world as the country struggles with a number of financial political and social issues the transition from a conventional fuels based economy to a green economy is not an easy one pakistan has been blessed with immense potential of clean renewable sources of solar wind and biomass but they have not been exploited yet renewable energy technology sector has not penetrated the energy mix and is currently an emerging market this paper highlights the steps the country has taken in the past and the steps that are being taken at present to emerge out of the prevailing energy crisis when even the most urban areas suffer from power outages of 12 h per day until 2009 no single grid interconnected wind farm existed but now the situation has changed considerably and wind farms contributing to the national grid are a reality now three grid interconnected farms have been inaugurated and many others are in pipeline the national policy regarding wind power systems has recently changed after unexpected setbacks to ongoing projects this paper reviews the developments in the wind power sector of the country and lists some suggestions that can help improve the wind power penetration in the national energy mix