renewable energy investment and job creation a cross sectoral assessment for the czech republic with reference to eu benchmarks the development of renewable energy sources has been primarily justified on the ground of environmental policies and energy security but new jobs opportunities and establishment of new economy sectors may be equally important co benefits from investments in this sector the main goal of this paper is to assess the employment benefits of investments in renewable energy in the czech republic we examine the level and rate of the development of the renewable energy sector in the czech republic in terms of green job creation for the period 2008 2013 in comparison to data from other eu countries including germany as a leading early investor in renewables whilst the deployment of renewable energy in the czech republic has succeeded to create a significant number of jobs more than 20 000 employees in 2010 our analysis illustrates a strong dependency of job creation on the continuation of financial incentives we also find that biomass and waste energy processing offer the highest employment per mwh which benefits employment in economically fragile rural areas we discuss the question of competitiveness of a country that was not amongst the early adopters of renewables arguing that the technical skills of the labour force in the czech republic provide a potential for more sustained investments in the sector

one size fits all towards a differentiated regional innovation policy approach innovation has moved to the foreground in regional policy in the last decade concrete policies were shaped by best practice models derived from high tech areas and well performing regions these are often applied in a similar way across many types of regions here an attempt is made to show that there is no ideal model for innovation policy as innovation activities differ strongly between central peripheral and old industrial areas in this paper we analyse different types of regions with respect to their preconditions for innovation networking and innovation barriers based on this classification different policy options and strategies are developed

regional innovation systems in hungary the failing synergy at the national level lengyel b and leydesdorff l regional innovation systems in hungary the failing synergy at the national level regional studies entropy statistics are used in this paper to measure the synergies of knowledge exploration knowledge exploitation and organizational control in the hungarian innovation system the data consist of high and medium technology firms and knowledge intensive services categorized by subregions proxy for geography industrial sectors proxy for technology and firm size proxy for organization configurational information along these three dimensions is used as an indicator of a reduction of uncertainty or in other words the synergy across the knowledge functions the results indicate that three regimes have been created during the hungarian transition with very different dynamics 1 budapest and its agglomeration emerge as a knowledge based innovation system on every indicator 2 the north western part of the country where foreign owned companies have induced a shift

multi criteria revision of the hungarian renewable energy utilization action plan review of the aspect of economy abstract in 2012 the hungarian government has decided to revise the country s national renewable action plan mostly due to the experienced changes of the economic environment and the continuously decreasing cost of renewable energy technologies present paper introduces the methodology and the most important results of this revision process carried out by the centre for energy research of the hungarian academy of sciences first the results of hungarian initiatives aiming the increase of the share of renewable were examined then by analysis of technological and economic trends of recent years new scenarios were set to reach the targets set by adopting the 2009 28 ec directive 1 a multiple criteria decision analysis mcda of all potential renewable technologies and their respective fuels served as a basis for the most competitive scenarios the authors focused on five aspects economy environment climate job creation and innovation due to coverage constraints present paper dominantly focuses on the review of the economical aspect but in addition to those mentioned further aspects may also be considered in the optimisation process the results of the revision highlight that by 2020 hungary will still mostly be using bioenergy in its renewable portfolio which also allows the country to exploit its significant potential

employment factors for wind and solar energy technologies a literature review abstract in this paper we present an up to date literature review on employment opportunities associated with the deployment of renewable energy technology we identified approximately 70 studies and data sources published over the past decade that report analysed or observed employment impacts of renewable energy growth these publications cover many different countries and several technology options and present widely varying results derived from distinct methodological approaches our first overall conclusion is that there is clear lack of authenticity of findings in this literature since recursive referencing abounds and relatively few studies yield truly original research when we omit non authentic analyses as well as those that aggregate results in a way that does not allow us to calculate employment factors defined as the number of jobs or amount of work generated per unit of electricity production capacity the total list of references is brought to 31 independent items of these only 14 references provide separate estimates of the employment factors for the stages of manufacturing and installation respectively as opposed to employment factors for these two activities combined a total of 23 items provide values for operation and maintenance o m employment factors we observe significant uncertainties in quoted figures for job creation both across and within publications

decomposing final energy use for heating in the residential sector in austria abstract in austria a considerable number of measures have been implemented to reduce final energy use for residential heating since the 1990s the aim of this analysis is to investigate why despite these implemented measures final energy use for heating has not decreased in the expected way the impact of eight factors on final energy use for heating is quantified by applying the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi i method the dataset covers the sector of private households in austria for the period from 1993 to 2009 the main findings of the analysis are 1 while technical improvements reduce final energy use for heating significantly rising comfort needs nearly outweigh these savings 2 consumer behaviour reduces calculated final energy use considerably 3 the extent of this reduction is declining significantly in the period observed 4 the growing share of single family houses has increased energy demand for heating in the observed period though a reversal of this trend is detected from 2007 onwards 5 the impact of growing floor space per person is the major effect revealed by the analysis 6 weather conditions have a major impact on annual fluctuations of energy consumption

the limits of capital transcending the public financer private producer split in industrial r d abstract a near consensus has emerged supporting the public funding of industrial r d as a solution to a host of market failures however the common policy prescription urges government to go no further than minimal market enhancing intervention largely keeping the state to the role of financer of privately conducted r d by focusing on three general issues in the context of industrial r d trust coordination and motivation this article develops an argument for a more expansive government role two models of state intervention are at the center of the analysis public production of r d and state sponsorship of inter firm and inter organizational networks it is argued that both these models have distinct advantages as well as weaknesses in addressing common challenges to industrial r d production informed by the positive experiences of different states that have moved in recent years from high technology industries periphery to the center this article explains how the two models of state intervention address the various problems associated with pure private production it is concluded that while even advanced countries with well developed markets might find it advantageous to actively intervene in industrial r d the two models should especially be considered in cases of economies that suffer from weak market signals low retention of value added functions limited professional capacities and limited institutional thickness and networks

factorial decomposition of co2 emissions a generalized divisia index approach abstract this paper introduces a novel approach to estimating the impact of the major factors driving co 2 emissions gdp energy consumption population their carbon intensities and other related indicators that may be chosen arbitrarily the suggested approach is based on the generalization of the divisia index to interconnected factors the approach also extends the kaya identity by explicitly including gross domestic product and energy consumption a computer program in r language aimed at automating the calculations is supplied factorial analysis of the united states and china s co 2 emissions is provided as an example of application

assessing employment in renewable energy technologies a case study for wind power in brazil abstract environmental concerns and the search for climate change mitigation have led to the deployment of renewable energy technologies ret in several countries the adoption of incentive policies especially those based on heavy subsides has motivated the discussion of social and economic benefits brought about by these technologies mainly on the impact on employment rates in this context several studies have been conducted to quantify job creation by ret concluding that the latter are more labor intensive than traditional fossil fueled technologies however results for different assessments vary largely due to distinct methodological approaches and are frequently highly aggregated thus results are not comparable or applicable to other contexts previous studies have failed to quantify the effects of imports and exports of ret equipment in total employment usually associating employment and installed capacity in the year studied this study has aimed to address these issues creating an index for employment quantification based on production instead of installed capacity we have estimated both direct jobs in manufacture construction and operation and management and indirect jobs both in the upstream supply chains of materials and inputs to manufacture of wind turbines and construction of wind farms we have also performed an assessment of jobs created in wind energy projects which are expected to begin operation in brazil until 2017 the resulting job potential in brazil corresponds to13 5 persons year equivalent for each mw installed between manufacture and first year of operation of a wind power plant and 24 5 persons year equivalent over the wind farm lifetime results show that major contribution from wind power for job creation are in the construction stage and despite of the low amount of jobs created in operation and maintenance relative to new installed capacity those stable jobs stand out as they persist over the entire wind farm s life time

power in firm networks what it means for regional innovation systems christopherson s clark j 2007 power in firm networks what it means for regional innovation systems regional studies 41 1223 1236 the role of power within regional firm networks is noted in empirical studies but insufficiently theorized it is suggested that network functioning is conflictual and that more powerful network members particularly transnational corporations tncs leverage regional resources to advance their sustainable competitive advantage the agendas and power exercised by tncs within regionalized firm networks have significant implications for regional policy and the uneven allocation of resources and capacities within and among regions the findings indicate that transnational firm access to resources that are critical to innovation including university research and skilled labour negatively affects the potential for innovation by small and medium size firms christopherson s et clark j 2007 le pouvoir au sein des reseaux d entreprise son importance pour les systemes d

beyond hofstede and globe improving the quality of cross cultural research journal of international business studies 2010 41 1259 1274 doi 10 1057 jibs 2010 41 overview of 41 8 hofstede and globe in cross cultural research while hofstede s work was not the first systematic study on crossnational cultures his seminal book culture s consequences international differences in work related values 1980 succeeded in putting cross cultural analysis at the forefront of international business ib research in a later paper he boldly asserted that the business of international business is culture 1994 1 despite the criticisms that have been voiced against his work see mcsweeney 2002 oyserman coon kemmelmeier 2002 hofstede s influence on the fields of ib and management is undeniable according to harzing s publish or perish citation index as of june 2010 there were over 54 000 citations to his work this is a remarkable record that attests to first the growing popularity of cross cultural research in light of continued internationalization of the world economy and second hofstede s personal impact on scholarly research this jibs issue brings together 10 articles on culture and ib all of which were submitted to the editorial team led by jibs editorin chief lorraine eden while the articles were independently submitted through the regular double blind reviewing process the decision to join them in one collection creates in effect a special issue on culture in international business research which the jibs editors hope will be widely read and cited by ib scholars in general terms the papers in this collection fall into one of two categories 1 articles and commentaries about conceptual and methodological issues associated with hofstede s oeuvre vs the global leadership and organizational behavior effectiveness globe project s cultural dimensions and 2 articles and perspectives that use culture and or cultural dimensions as well as the operational measurement thereof to explain differences in behavior and practices across countries the common feature of all these scholarly pieces is that they challenge particular assumptions often made too easily in conventional cross cultural research the first paper in this collection is a perspective written by franke and richey that cautions against questionable generalizations from small numbers of countries in international business research using statistical analysis to support their assertion franke and richey argue that in order to draw credible generalizations in ib a minimum of 7 10 countries must be used this is an important message researchers should never formulate strong conclusions about the impact of cultural dimensions on journal of international business studies 2010 41 1259 1274 2010 academy of international business all rights reserved 0047 2506

assessing the impact of renewable energy deployment on local sustainability towards a theoretical framework renewable energy sources res have a large potential to contribute to the sustainable development sd of specific territories by providing them with a wide variety of socioeconomic and environmental benefits however the existing literature has put much emphasis on the environmental benefits including the reduction of global and local pollutants while socioeconomic impacts have not received a comparable attention these include diversification of energy supply enhanced regional and rural development opportunities creation of a domestic industry and employment opportunities with the exception of the diversification and security of energy supply these benefits have usually been mentioned but their analysis has been too general i e mostly at the national level and a focus on the regional and even more so the local level has been lacking at most studies provide scattered evidence of some of those regional and local benefits but without an integrated conceptual framework to analyse them this paper tries to make a contribution in this regard by developing an integrated theoretical framework which allows a comprehensive analysis of the impact of renewable energy on local sustainability and which can be empirically applied to identify these benefits in different territories

decomposition analysis of the variations in residential electricity consumption in brazil for the 1980 2007 period measuring the activity intensity and structure effects abstract introduced at the end of the 1970s to study the impacts of structural changes on electricity consumption by industry index decomposition analysis techniques have been extended to various other areas to help in the formulation of energy policies notably in developed countries however few authors have applied these techniques to study the evolution of energy consumption in developing countries in brazil the few available studies have focused only on the industrial sector in this article we apply the decomposition technique called the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi to electricity consumption of the brazilian residential sector to explain its evolution in terms of the activity structure and intensity affects over the period from 1980 to 2007 the technique is sufficiently robust and flexible to perform this analysis by disaggregating residential consumers by consumption classes and regions of the country among the main results is measurement of the impact of government programs for income transfer and universal service on variations in residential consumption typical of developing countries

decomposition analysis of gas consumption in the residential sector in ireland abstract to date decomposition analysis has been widely used at the macro economic level and for in depth analyses of the industry and transport sectors however its application in the residential sector has been rare this paper uses the log mean divisia index i lmdi i methodology to decompose gas consumption trends in the gas connected residential sector in ireland from 1990 to 2008 which despite an increasing number of energy efficiency policies experienced total final consumption growth of 470 the analysis decomposes this change in gas consumption into a number of effects examining the impact over time of market factors such as a growing customer base varying mix of dwelling types changing share of vacant dwellings changing size of new dwellings the impact of building regulations policy and other factors such as the weather the analysis finds the most significant effects are changing customer numbers and changing intensity the analysis also quantifies the impact of building regulations and compares it with other effects such as changing size of new dwellings by comparing the historical impact on gas consumption of policy factors and non policy factors this paper highlights the challenge for policy makers in achieving overall energy consumption reduction

employment creation potential of renewable power generation technologies a life cycle approach abstract the present study analyses the employment characteristics of nine different renewable power generation technologies two types of solar photovoltaic wind small scale hydro geothermal wood biomass and three types of biogas the analysis uses a renewable energy focused input output model that the authors developed to analyse life cycle environmental and socio economic impacts of renewable power generation technologies and policies the analysis reveals that there are distinctive differences among the nine technologies impacts on employment the total employment creation potential over the life cycle is estimated to be in the range of 1 04 5 04 person years per gwh furthermore the nine technologies have unique features regarding how many and what kinds of jobs are created across the whole life cycle the introduction of these technologies into an economy directly and indirectly induces jobs in different industrial sectors reflecting their technological characteristics on the other hand the nine different technologies have a common employment effect in that they create relatively high employment opportunities in the service sectors such as wholesale trade non life insurance and judicial financial and accounting services the present study reveals quantitative employment characteristics of the different types of renewable power generation technology to provide valuable information for renewable energy policy making

china s changing energy intensity trend a decomposition analysis china experienced a dramatic decline in energy intensity from the onset of economic reform in the late 1970s until 2000 but since then the rate of decline slowed and energy intensity actually increased in 2003 most previous studies found that most of the decline was due to technological change but disagreed on the role of structural change to the best of our knowledge no decomposition study has investigated the role of inter fuel substitution in the decline in energy intensity or the causes of the rise in energy intensity since 2000 in this paper we use logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi techniques to decompose changes in energy intensity in the period 1980 2003 we find that 1 technological change is confirmed as the dominant contributor to the decline in energy intensity 2 structural change at the industry and sector sub industry level actually increased energy intensity over the period of 1980 2003 although the structural change at the industry level was very different in the 1980s and in the post 1990 period 3 structural change involving shifts of production between sub sectors however decreased overall energy intensity 4 the increase in energy intensity since 2000 is explained by negative technological progress 5 inter fuel substitution is found to contribute little to the changes in energy intensity

following or breaking regional development paths on the role and capability of the innovative entrepreneur structural change economic diversification and new path development feature prominently in scientific and policy debates against the backdrop of increasing specialization in the economy this paper reinterprets schumpeterian innovative entrepreneurship as a fundamental process that creates new connections between distinct fields of specialization thereby induces path breaking innovations and structural change it is argued that the transformation capability of innovative entrepreneurs rests essentially on their position s and networks within evolving innovation systems by focusing on micro level processes and transformation capability the paper complements the large body of work on structural barriers unintended consequences supporting institutional arrangements and policy implications are discussed

which side of the coin the regional governance of science and innovation koschatzky k kroll h 2007 which side of the coin the regional governance of science and innovation regional studies 41 1115 1127 the paper deals with the impact of recent trends in the devolution of political powers in science technology and innovation policies it argues that some problems are associated with this regionalization because the emerging multi level governance structures turn political action into a complex bargaining process between actor groups with partially conflicting interests the paper sketches the theoretical potentials and limitations of science technology and innovation policy designed at the regional level based on regional evidence from the german federal system it demonstrates which policy aspects are suitable for devolution to regional governments and how they can be integrated in multi level governance structures koschatzky k et kroll h 2007 quelle facette du probleme la gouvernance reginale de la science et de l innovation regional studies 41 1115 1127

forecasting job creation from renewable energy deployment through a value chain approach abstract this paper introduces a new approach to the study of the socioeconomic impact of renewable technologies through the analysis of the reinforcing effects of the expansion of this industry and the specific characteristics of the employment along the value chain the method proposed is based on the collection critical analysis and presentation of the results obtained using primary information sources the model design includes contributions extracted from a prior analysis of the existing assessment methods to lessen the uncertainty of the job ratios often used in these types of analysis one factor to be taken into account is the high degree of development in the sector and above all the maturity of the technology considered from the point of view of the industry fabric the economy of scale and technological development actually influences the human resources needs sometimes increasing the demand for professionals within the scope of r d and sometimes reducing jobs in the manufacturing industry which is gradually applying processes with a greater degree of automation the influence of these experience curves is different for every single stage of the value chain trade balance of technologies is also crucial for local employment generation an analytical model was developed based on the above assumptions and applied to the spanish pv industry this industry has been playing a leading role in the expansion of renewable energy and offers a high potential towards the short term development of the smart grids in this country this model represents very well the history of the spanish pv industry reflected through the evolution of the jobs and is shown to be the foundation of a methodology for prospective studies in the social and economic impacts of renewables

leveraging knowledge as a competitive asset the intensity performance and structure of universities entrepreneurial knowledge exchange activities at a regional level universities are no longer considered to be isolated islands of knowledge but as institutions increasingly engaged with a range of external partners through entrepreneurial activities this paper examines the associations between the intensity and performance of knowledge exchange activities undertaken in uk universities with non academic actors drawing on data concerning the structural factors of interactions of universities in the uk with external partners the paper sheds further light on the nature of these activities through a prism of competitive and uncompetitive regions in order to better understand how universities may be able to leverage both their knowledge and partnerships more effectively as competitive assets on the one hand it is found that academics in uncompetitive regions are more intensively engaged in entrepreneurial activities but generate less income from them than their counterparts in competitive regions suggesting that there are differences in the income generating capacity of academics across regions on the other hand academic knowledge is found to be more strongly bounded within a certain distance in uncompetitive regions whilst geographical distance seems less of a hindrance to academics in competitive regions

the challenges of determining the employment effects of renewable energy abstract the benefits of promoting renewable energy are regularly claimed to be energy security climate change mitigation and job creation while the first two benefits are generally accepted the impact of renewable energy on employment is still disputed this paper presents a discussion of the various factors that influence the analysis of renewable energy and its impact on employment the advantages and disadvantages of input output methods and analysis methods are discussed as well as the issues surrounding the measurement of job creation a critical evaluation of the literature reveals factors that should be considered when completing a study about renewable energy and employment labour intensity of renewables cost increases and availability of investments counting job losses job quality and skills model assumptions and sources of information analytical studies using extensive surveys were found to be more appropriate for regional studies while input output methods were better suited to national and international studies

comparing structural decomposition analysis and index to analyze and understand historical changes in economic environmental employment or other socio economic indicators it is useful to assess the driving forces or determinants that underlie these changes two techniques for decomposing indicator changes at the sector level are structural decomposition analysis sda and index decomposition analysis ida for example sda and ida have been used to analyze changes in indicators such as energy use co2 emissions labor demand and value added the changes in these variables are decomposed into determinants such as technological demand and structural effects sda uses information from input output tables while ida uses aggregate data at the sector level the two methods have developed quite independently which has resulted in each method being characterized by specific unique techniques and approaches this paper has three aims first the similarities and differences between the two approaches are summarized second the possibility of transferring specific techniques and indices is explored finally a numerical example is used to illustrate differences between the two approaches

universities technology and innovation centres and regional development the case of the north east of england the paper examines the role of technology and innovation centres tics in bridging the gap between the university research base and industry in order to foster economic development in a lagging industrial region the context is provided by an academic literature on the role of universities in regional innovation systems some of which casts doubt on the capacity of universities to operate in this domain particularly within a lagging region the empirical case reports on a bold experiment initiated by the regional development agency in the older industrial region of the north east of england to create and support new tics in the fields of process innovation in high value manufacturing and new and renewable energy and on the engagement of a regionally committed university with these centres the evidence presented suggests that while there are links between the university and the centres both are principally operating in a national science and technology system in which contributing to addressing uneven regional economic development is a secondary concern copyright the author 2012 published by oxford university press on behalf of the cambridge political economy society all rights reserved oxford university press

ethical and unethical bargaining tactics an empirical study competitive negotiators frequently use tactics which others view as unethical in that these tactics either violate standards of truth telling or violate the perceived rules of negotiation this paper sought to determine how business students viewed a number of marginally ethical negotiating tactics and to determine the underlying factor structure of these tactics the factor analysis of these tactics revealed five clear factors which were highly similar across the two samples and which parallel to a moderate degree categories of tactics proposed by earlier theory data from one sample also permitted comparisons of the appropriateness of certain tactics across gender nationality ethnic origin and perception of one s negotiating style

path renewal in old industrial regions possibilities and limitations for regional innovation policy coenen l moodysson j and martin h path renewal in old industrial regions possibilities and limitations for regional innovation policy regional studies this paper analyses the potential barriers and limitations for regional innovation policy to facilitate industrial renewal in old industrial regions it draws on a case analysis of the policy programme biorefinery of the future geared to promote renewal of the forest industry in northern sweden it is shown that infusion of radical emergent technology is necessary for new regional path development but not sufficient to avoid a singular focus on technology push policy should pay more attention to complementary experimentation processes in relation to demand side characteristics firm strategies and business models as well as regulatory aspects moreover coordination between regional innovation policy and adjacent domains and levels of policy making is needed as some of the most pressing obstacles for renewal are not specific to the region but i

impact on firms of the use of knowledge external sources a systematic review of the literature this study summarizes the main conclusions from a systematic review of the empirical literature regarding the impact on firms of the use of knowledge external sources universities research institutes and knowledge intensive business services with the aim to organize the literature we classify the different works according to the research question addressed i which firms use knowledge external sources ii do firms using knowledge external sources achieve better results and iii which firms benefit the most from using knowledge external sources stylized facts are that larger more r d intensive and high tech firms are more likely to use knowledge external sources and that use of knowledge external sources is associated to firms higher technical results less attention has been paid to the third question and evidence is not conclusive several recommendations for future research emerge first to take in greater consideration methodological issues so that potential biases in the results caused by sample selection and endogeneity are handled properly second to pay more attention to heterogeneous outcomes third to use continuous indicators of depth and breadth of links allowing for non linear relationships and fourth to extend evidence for developing countries and service industries

economic effects of renewable energy expansion a model based analysis for germany abstract the increasing utilization of renewable energy sources res is a major energy policy strategy in many countries worldwide germany is a forerunner in the deployment of res and has ambitious goals for the future the support and use of renewables affects the economy it creates business opportunities in sectors producing renewable energy facilities but comes with costs related to supporting its deployment this paper analyses and quantifies the net balance of economic effects associated with renewable energy deployment in germany until 2030 to this end we use a novel model the sectoral energy economic econometric model this is an econometric multi country model which for germany contains a detailed representation of industries including 14 renewable energy technology sectors our results show that renewable energy expansion can be achieved without compromising growth or employment the analysis reveals a positive net effect on economic growth in germany net employment effects are small but also positive their size depends strongly on labour market conditions and policies results at the industry level indicate the size and direction of the need for restructuring across the sectors of the germany economy

lying to level the playing field why people may dishonestly help or hurt others to create equity unethical and dishonest behavior has increasingly attracted the attention of scholars from various disciplines recent work has begun to focus on a previous overlooked factor predicting dishonest behavior the beneficiary or victim of dishonest acts in two laboratory experiments we manipulate the level of resources allocated to our participants their wealth and investigate whether perceived inequity from wealth that is randomly or subjectively assigned leads individuals to cross ethical boundaries through helping or hurting others the results show that dishonest behavior is influenced by positive and negative inequity that motivates helping and hurting acts furthermore a third experiment shows that people tend to discount the wrongness of crossing ethical boundaries to hurt or help others when the action restores equity

distributional employment impacts of renewable and new energy a case study of china abstract the main goal of this paper is to argue for the necessity and significance of studying the distributional employment impacts of renewable and new energy development rne based on the comprehensive review of the methodology and conclusions of existing literatures this paper builds up an extended input output model to study rne s distributional employment impacts on gender and personnel structure the case study of china s power sector in this paper affirmed earlier doubts that rne development will indeed aggravate the gender inequality problem and add to the level of mismatch between the structure of labor demand and supply causing structural unemployment problems the quantitative analysis in this paper outlined here implies that from 2011 to 2020 the development of rne will bring about 7 million employment gains but only 81 8 of which can be realized due to the mismatch problem the study of china may alert other countries to be less optimistic about rne s employment impacts and reaffirm the need to carry out the distributional employment impacts analysis this paper concludes with policy suggestions such as providing suitable training and equal promotion opportunities for women offering courses and vocational trainings to rne related majors in order to reduce the structural unemployment problem and further speed up the development of rne

the expansion of renewable energies and employment effects in germany the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy is a high priority of the european union as well of its member states the german government wants to increase the share of renewable energies from about 5 to 12 by 2010 to attain this goal the german government has introduced compulsory compensation schemes for electricity produced from renewable energy fed into the public grid this paper examines the economic impact of this policy employing an econometric model particular emphasis was given to employment effects in general we distinguish two effects 1 an expansive effect resulting from additional investments and 2 a contractive effect resulting from an increase in the production cost of power the first effect will dominate during the first years and lead to an increase in employment of approximately 33 000 new jobs however the contractive effect will offset these gains and lead to a slightly negative employment balance by 2010

economic and co2 mitigation impacts of promoting biomass heating systems an input output study for vorarlberg austria this paper reports on an empirical investigation about the economic and co2 mitigation impacts of bioenergy promotion in the austrian federal province of vorarlberg we study domestic value added employment and fiscal effects by means of a static input output analysis the bioenergy systems analysed comprise biomass district heating pellet heating and automated wood chip heating systems as well as logwood stoves and boilers ceramic stoves and buffer storage systems the results indicate that gross economic effects are significant regarding both investment and operation of the systems and that the negative economic effects caused by the displacement of conventional decentralised heating systems might be in the order of 20 40 finally co2 mitigation effects are substantial contributing already in 2004 around 35 of the 2010 co2 mitigation target of the land vorarlberg for all renewable energy sources

absorptive capacity and social capital in regional innovation systems the case of the lahti region in finland the recent theories of innovation suggest that there is great potential for innovation in the structural holes and weak links of the innovation system higher absorptive capacity enables an easier

residential energy consumption in urban china a decomposition analysis abstract residential energy consumption rec is the second largest energy use category 10 in china and urban residents account for 63 of the rec understanding the underlying drivers of variations of urban rec thus helps to identify challenges and opportunities and provide advices for future policy measures this paper applies the lmdi method to a decomposition of china s urban rec during the period of 1998 2007 at disaggregated product activity level using data collected from a wide range of sources our results have shown an extensive structure change towards a more energy intensive household consumption structure as well as an intensive structure change towards high quality and cleaner energy such as electricity oil and natural gas which reflects a changing lifestyle and consumption mode in pursuit of a higher level of comfort convenience and environmental protection we have also found that china s price reforms in the energy sector have contributed to a reduction of rec while scale factors including increased urban population and income levels have played a key role in the rapid growth of rec we suggest that further deregulation in energy prices and regulatory as well as voluntary energy efficiency and conservation policies in the residential sector should be promoted

measuring systemic problems in national innovation systems an application to thailand the paper contributes to research on innovation systems in general and in particular to the current debate on rationales for innovation policy by providing a framework to identify systemic problems in a given system of innovation and test the framework empirically the data were drawn from the thai community innovation survey in the period after which a major change in the country s innovation system policy had been initiated by hierarchical factor analysis systemic problems are identified and grouped into four components institution network science and technology infrastructure and other support services the analysis allows researchers to investigate the mismatch between policies and problems and identify policy gaps c 2012 elsevier b v all rights reserved less

regional structural heterogeneity evidence and policy implications for ris3 in macro regional strategies in the future of european union eu cohesion policy a critical feature is how to capitalize on the current research and innovation strategy for smart specialisation ris3 introduced in the 2014

complex innovation policy systems towards an evaluation mix abstract the mix of contemporary innovation policies impacting on a given territory are typically characterised by quite different underlying rationales and instruments complexity is further increased by multi level considerations thus policies with different characteristics and from different administrative levels are continually interacting with one another in complex policy systems these interactions significantly complicate the evaluation of individual policies and raise a series of difficult questions around how their respective evaluation processes should interact to facilitate learning around the performance of policy systems this paper contributes with a simplified definition of an innovation policy system as the conjuncture of policy mix and multi level dimensions from which a series of steps are proposed for arriving at an evaluation mix relevant for the specific characteristics of a given policy space these ideas are explored with respect to the case of the basque country region of spain and signal an agenda for further applied policy research

modelling strategy and net employment effects of renewable energy and energy efficiency a meta regression by conducting a meta analysis of the empirical literature on the net employment effects of renewable energy we explore the extent to which the reported net employment effects are driven by the applied methodology we find that the reported conclusions on net employment effects are to a large extent driven by the methodology that is applied where computable general equilibrium cge and i o methods that include induced effects and studies that consider only the near future in their study period up to 2020 are generally less optimistic about net employment creation in the wake of the energy transition in addition we found that policy reports have a greater tendency to report a positive net employment effect than academic studies

innovation strategy choices in the urban economy this paper analyses how the innovation strategies of individual firms reflect the density diversity and international connectivity of their urban locations it makes three contributions theoretically it argues that observed strategies reflect a series of inter related choices and that each may be influenced differently by the knowledge dynamics of firms locations empirically it uses norwegian community innovation survey data to demonstrate how firms in the capital are less inclined to engage in innovation activities but also more likely to commit strongly once engaged than are comparable firms located elsewhere methodologically it illustrates how the results of sequential regressions on inter related strategy choices differ from those obtained using a more conventional estimation strategy implications for innovation policy and research are drawn

innovation in space the mosaic of regional innovation patterns this article casts light on the increasingly complex geography of innovation and knowledge sourcing activities we argue that the spatial patterns of learning and knowledge exchange vary substantially across different types of regions and industries the article elucidates such variations by combining three analytical approaches namely i modes of innovation differentiating between science technology innovation sti and doing using interacting dui modes ii regional innovation systems distinguishing between organizationally thick and diversified thick and specialized and thin systems and iii types of knowledge linkages that connect actors during the innovation process we explore in detail the key characteristics of the spatial architectures of innovation and knowledge flows in sti and dui industries located in regional innovation systems with varying degrees of organizational thickness and specialization we also discuss empirical examples documented in the extant literature to illustrate our arguments on how innovation and knowledge circulation unfold in space in various territorial and industrial contexts

renewable energy and employment in germany abstract the positive impacts of an increasing share of renewable energy on the mitigation of climate change as well as on the decrease of the dependency of energy imports are indisputable however one persistent problem for the german economy has been its high level of unemployment in the recent past therefore any policy strategy will be measured also by its net impact on the labor market the paper describes the results of a study that models this impact and is novel within three respects firstly an input output vector for the renewable energy sector was developed based on the results of more than 1000 interviews with an extensive questionnaire secondly gross and net effect of two different policy scenarios for germany until 2030 were calculated and thirdly the approach varies from earlier studies by its explicit modeling of export and foreign trade effects

driving forces of residential co2 emissions in urban and rural china an index decomposition analysis abstract there exist many differences between urban and rural china among which residential co 2 emissions arising from energy consumption is a major one in this paper we estimate and compare the energy related co 2 emissions from urban and rural residential energy consumption from 1991 to 2004 the logarithmic mean divisia index decomposition analysis is then applied to investigate the factors that may affect the changes of the co 2 emissions it is found that energy intensity and the income effects respectively contributed most to the decline and the increase of residential co 2 emissions for both urban and rural china in urban china the population effect was found to contribute to the increase of residential co 2 emissions with a rising tendency however in rural china the population effect for residential co 2 emissions kept decreasing since 1998

do national level policies to promote low carbon technology deployment pay off for the investor countries abstract national level policies to promote deployment of low carbon technologies have been suggested and used as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the context of international climate change mitigation the long term benefits of such policies in the context of international climate change mitigation depend on their effects on near term emissions abatement and resultant long term technological change that will reduce abatement costs of achieving global mitigation goals there is also an argument that these policies might foster early mover advantages in international low carbon technology markets we first review the factors that could influence such benefits and use a global integrated assessment model to present an illustrative example to understand the potential magnitude of these benefits we find that reductions in long term abatement costs might not provide sufficient incentives to justify policies to promote the deployment of low carbon technologies in particular the emerging higher risk and currently expensive alternatives we also find that early mover advantages can potentially provide substantial benefits but only if these advantages are both strong and persistent our results suggest a role for international cooperation in low carbon technology deployment to address the existence of free riding opportunities in the context of global climate change mitigation

sectoral systems of innovation and production the concept sectoral system of innovation and production provides a multidimensional integrated and dynamic view of sectors it is proposed that a sectoral system is a set of products and the set of agents carrying out market and non market interactions for the creation production and sale of those products a sectoral systems has a specific knowledge base technologies inputs and demand agents are individuals and organizations at various levels of aggregation they interact through processes of communication exchange co operation competition and command and these interactions are shaped by institutions a sectoral system undergoes change and transformation through the co evolution of its various elements 2002 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

institutional conditions and innovation systems on the impact of regional policy on firms in different sectors moodysson j and zukauskaite e institutional conditions and innovation systems on the impact of regional policy on firms in different sectors regional studies this paper deals with institutional conditions in regional innovation systems how institutions affect the organization of innovation activities among firms and in what ways regional policy initiatives can be supportive the analysis draws on data on innovation networks activities and regional policies targeting the life science media and food industries in scania sweden the study takes account of the ways in which regional policies can impact individuals and organizations action in relation to each other by being internalized it is argued that such ability is decisive for the success or failure of the policy initiative

competitive bluffing an examination of a common practice and its relationship with performance bluffing a common and consequential form of competitive behavior has been comparably ignored in the management literature even though misleading one s rivals is suggested to be an advantageous skill in a multifaceted and highly competitive environment to address this deficiency and advance scholarship on competitive dynamics our study investigates the moral reasoning behind competitive bluffing and using a simulated market entry game examines the performance effects of bluffing findings suggest that decision makers views on the ethicality of bluffing competitors differ from their beliefs on the ethicality of misleading other organizational stakeholders analysis also indicates that decision makers who view competitor bluffing as more ethical less unethical are more willing to engage in competitive bluffing finally while bluffing is often thought to be an effective business practice results show that in the context of repeated interaction bluffing is not conducive to high levels of performance and in fact can have undesirable consequences

r d determinants accounting for the differences between research and development the determinants of r d are an important topic of innovation studies the classical schumpeterian hypotheses about the influence of size and market power have been complemented with the role played by industry determinants such as demand pull technological opportunity and appropriability in determining r d investments however r d has always been considered as a whole even though research and development activities differ in many aspects we take advantage of a new panel database of innovative spanish firms pitec to distinguish between research and development efforts of firms we analyze the differentiated role played by traditional r d determinants in driving research and development results show that demand pull and appropriability have a higher effect on development while technological opportunity is more influential for research differences are statistically significant important in magnitude and robust to the use of different indicators for demand pull technological opportunity and appropriability and to several robustness checks

the effect of technological imitation on corporate innovation evidence from us patent data abstract technological imitation may play a crucial role in motivating firms to innovate however theoretical predictions and empirical findings on the role of imitation have not yet reached a consensus one major gap in the previous studies is that the empirical tests are based on samples consisting of only one industry over a short period of time this study uses a novel measure of industry level technological imitation proxied by quick citations by competitors to examine the relationship between imitation and innovation using us patent data for the period 1977 2005 we find that there are inverted u shaped relationships between the degree of industry level technological imitation and industry level innovation activities and between the degree of industry level technological imitation and the value of firm level innovation our results suggest that positive externalities from the interactions among firms during the innovation process outweigh the negative effects of free riding concerns on firms innovation activities and incentives to innovate up to a high degree of technological imitation while free riding concerns outweigh the positive externalities when the level of technological imitation is extremely high the sector by sector analyses show that the relationship between technological imitation and the quantity and market value of innovation are not very different across pavitt sectors a comparative analysis on the role of imitation between agglomerated and non agglomerated industries suggests that the positive effect of a moderate level of imitation and the negative effect of an excessive level of imitation are more pronounced for agglomerated industries the results suggest that creating innovation clusters such as silicon valley in the united states and shenzhen city in china and allowing different innovators to cooperate imitate and compete with each other would be very effective in promoting corporate innovation however an excessively high level of technological imitation is more detrimental for firms in innovation clusters because it lowers those firms incentives to innovate more radically

constructing regional advantage platform policies based on related variety and differentiated knowledge bases asheim b t boschma r and cooke p constructing regional advantage platform policies based on related variety and differentiated knowledge bases regional studies this paper presents a regional innovation policy model based on the idea of constructing regional advantage this policy model brings together concepts like related variety knowledge bases and policy platforms related variety attaches importance to knowledge spillovers across complementary sectors the paper categorizes knowledge into analytical science based synthetic engineering based and symbolic arts based in nature with different requirements of virtual and real proximity mixes the implications of this are traced for evolving platform policies that facilitate economic development within and between regions in action lines appropriate to incorporate the basic principles behind related variety and differentiated knowledge bases asheim b t boschma r and cooke p

the long term effect of renewable electricity on employment in the united kingdom abstract assessment of the employment impact of renewable electricity technologies is generally implemented through either complex and data intensive methods such as computable general equilibrium models or simplistic approaches normally focused on specific energy generation technologies such as employment factors in contrast this article proposes a transparent and easily reproducible econometric methodology based on the vector error correction model that uses aggregated and widely available data the model is applied to the power generation sector in the united kingdom using annual data from 1990 onwards and provides evidence that the long term employment impact of renewable technologies is much higher than the impact arising from deploying nuclear or natural gas technologies the impulse response function analysis indicates that a permanent 1 gigawatt hours increase in annual electricity supply generated by renewable technologies creates 3 5 jobs in the long term period finally this study derives the implications of the findings in the context of decarbonisation scenarios for the power sector in the united kingdom and assesses the extent to which decarbonisation pathways based on renewable electricity contribute to stimulating employment in the generation sector

socioeconomic impact of wind energy on peripheral regions abstract the socioeconomic benefits from the development of wind power could go beyond environmental issues or the diversification of the energy mix there is an increasing interest in quantifying the impact on regional economies of such deployment especially in those peripheral regions with low growth rates and traditional declined sectors however many studies in this field are meta analyses or they do not take into account the different dynamics between temporal and permanent activities in the sector as well as the regional singularities the main aim of this paper is to analyse the economic impact of wind energy in terms of contribution to the gdp and job creation applying as a case study the spanish peripheral region of galicia this quantification is addressed from a regional and sectoral perspective the methodology is based on the analysis of the value chains regarding the design of the investment breakdown between temporal and permanent activities and the input output approach in order to assess the economic impact in addition the regional symmetric matrices are updated by means of a variation of the ras technique which avoids the fixed technical coefficients related to the traditional input output models empirical evidences underline the remarkable economic impact on the regional gdp and to a lesser extent on the employment although wind sector is capital intensive employment increases in large amounts in industrial subsectors and knowledge intensive activities such as r d hence it might be an industrial alternative in peripheral regions if legislative instability is removed and promotion polices foster the regional value chain

entrepreneurs creativity and firm innovation the moderating role of entrepreneurial self efficacy there are several studies in entrepreneurship investigating determinants of innovation outcomes in smes although entrepreneurs entrepreneurial creativity is often seen as a prerequisite previous research indicates it is not an exclusive determinant of innovation we use theoretical logics of social cognitive theory and innovation theory to develop a conceptual model of entrepreneur s creativity self efficacy and innovation outcomes the model is then tested on a large sample of small and medium firms from two distinct economies the united states and slovenia empirical findings partially support the proposed moderation effects of entrepreneurial self efficacy but with the same variations between countries the implications of these results in relation to entrepreneurship theory and practice are discussed