structural decomposition analysis of sources of decarbonizing economic development in china 1992 2006 abstract to analyze and understand decarbonizing economic development in china this paper undertakes a structural decomposition analysis of the historical change in energy related carbon intensity in china between 1992 and 2006 the results show that the energy related carbon intensity in china decreased by about three fourths between 1992 and 2006 and reduced carbon emissions by about two billion tons the decline in the energy related carbon intensity was mainly caused by changes in production pattern especially changes in energy intensity within each sector between 1992 and 2002 however the most important driving force of carbon intensity from 2002 2006 was not the energy intensity within each sector but the input mix on the other hand changes in demand pattern pushed up the carbon intensity to further decarbonize the economy in the future it is important for china to further enforce policies on shaping the production pattern such as reducing energy intensity and pay more attention to increasing the sustainability of the demand pattern at the same time

factors determining the location decisions of spanish mnes an analysis based on the investment development path on the basis of theoretical assumptions approached via the investment development path idp this study examines the most important factors for and against the location decisions in foreign direct investment taken by multinational enterprises considering host countries at very different stages of economic development latin american and european union countries we carry out different kinds of analysis on a sample of 103 firms belonging to a medium sized country that has recently achieved the status of developed country the results reveal that the importance that home country firm managers give to diverse location factors depends to a certain extent on the stage that each group of host countries has reached in the idp in line with prior research we find that firm managers consider mainly the group of factors associated with strategic asset seeking when deciding to locate their investments in the group of more developed countries european union in contrast our results show that when these firm managers choose the group of less developed countries latin america social and cultural factors play a more determinant role thus suggesting the importance of historical and cultural ties between the home and host countries

china s balance of emissions embodied in trade approaches to measurement and allocating international responsibility international trade is characterized not only by the flow of capital and goods but also by the energy and emissions embodied in goods during their production this paper investigates the evolving role that chinese trade is playing in the response to climate change by estimating the scale of emissions embodied in china s current trade pattern and demonstrating the magnitude of the difference between the emissions it produces some of which are incurred to meet the consumption demands of the rest of the world and the emissions embodied in the goods it consumes estimating china s emissions on a consumption rather than a production basis both lowers its responsibility for carbon dioxide co2 emissions in 2006 from 5 500 to 3 840mtco2 and reduces the growth rate of emissions from an average of 12 5 per cent p a to 8 7 per cent p a between 2001 and 2006 the analysis indicates that a reliable consumption based accounting methodology is feasible and could improve our understanding of which actors and states are responsible for emissions for example recent emissions reductions by developed countries may lack credibility if production has merely been displaced to countries such as china moreover in the current institutional context production methodologies encourage leakages through trade that may do more to displace than to reduce emissions both equity and efficiency concerns therefore suggest that emissions embodied in trade should receive special attention in the distribution of post kyoto abatement burdens

a first empirical comparison of energy footprints embodied in trade mrio versus plum abstract the ecological footprint as an indicator that accounts for human demand on global bioproductivity sets out to quantify the impacts associated with consumption in a given country including the impacts associated with trade the national footprint accounts nfa by global footprint network gfn calculate trade embodied footprints by multiplying yield and embodied energy factors with mass volumes of traded goods in a product land use matrix plum this article compares energy footprints embodied in trade from and to the united kingdom in 2002 as calculated by the nfa plum with the results from a recently developed multi region input output model mrio for the uk although totals for imports and exports are comparable breaking down the results by economic sectors reveals large differences and hardly any correlation between the two methods the omission of trade in services especially transport services and upstream impacts of energy goods fossil fuels and the use of inappropriate embodied energy factors in the nfa plum method are identified as the main reasons for these differences in the light of the results it seems that a comprehensive footprint account of trade can better be achieved with an input output based approach i conclude that mrio models once fully developed will be particularly suitable in the future to estimate the ecological footprints of imports and exports of nations with the possibility to track their origin via inter industry linkages international supply chains and multi national trade flows

fossil resource trade balances emerging trends for the uk abstract the aim of this paper is to examine the extent to which the uk can be classified as a net importer of fossil resources and a creator of pollution havens abroad between 1968 and 2000 using input output techniques and a derived resource flow classification system both the physical trade balance ptb and pollution trade balance utb associated with fossil resource use are computed the ptb shows that between 1968 and the early 1980 s the uk is presented as a net importer of direct fossil resource flows between 1984 and 2000 the uk is identified as a net exporter of direct fossil resources these trends are primarily explained by the uk s discovery and commercial production of north sea oil and gas fields in the late 1970s on the other hand the utb shows that over the whole period the indirect used flows attributable to the uk s exports are higher than those attributable to its imports these findings suggest that the uk did not create pollution havens abroad from the use of fossil resources between 1968 and 2000 however it is noticeable in both cases that from 1995 the uk s position as a net exporter has been decreasing considerably maturing north sea oil and gas fields set against increasing demands for fossil fuels and imported goods is signalling a return to the uk s pre 1984 dependence on direct imported fossil resources and the possible creation of pollution havens abroad knowledge of these trends contributes to the evidence base for the uk s changing import and export structure and the potential environmental repercussions at home and abroad

a review of recent multi region input output models used for consumption based emission and resource accounting abstract the interest in consumption based emission and resource accounting has grown significantly many studies juxtapose consumer emissions carbon footprint and producer territorial emissions of greenhouse gases in order to demonstrate the effects of trade on the national emission budget to this end a respectable number of studies have been undertaken worldwide in order to estimate emissions embedded in international trade of numerous countries and world regions input output approaches and increasingly multi region input output mrio models are commonly chosen as they provide an appropriate methodological framework for complete carbon footprint estimates at the national and supra national level with increasing processing capabilities of computers and a wider availability of economic accounts environmental accounts and trade data such models are now being implemented on a wide scale after a brief overview of salient single region input output studies i provide an in depth review of the most recent multi region input output models used for the purpose of consumption based environmental accounting the main methodological features and important results are described for around twenty studies covering the years 2007 to 2009 this is followed by a detailed review of studies dealing with uncertainty in mrio analysis an area which has not received a lot of attention so far i conclude that further research is mainly needed in two areas a improvements in data availability and quality and b improvements in the accuracy of mrio modelling

the global co2 emissions growth after international crisis and the role of international trade in this paper we decompose the driving forces of global co2 emissions for the post crisis era 2008 2011 from both production based and consumption based aspects the results suggest that non oecd economies have become the major drivers for the rapid global growth of co2 emissions after the crisis more specifically the increasing consumption and investment of non oecd economies as well as stagnation of their emission intensity reductions have largely contributed to global growth of co2 emissions after 2009 on the contrary oecd economies have a less carbon intensive life style coupled with a decrease in investment and stagnation of consumption the oecd economies have successfully reduced both their production based and consumption based emissions however the magnitude of their reduction is much lower than the increase led by non oecd economies in addition both oecd and non oecd economies have started to increase their purchases of intermediate and final products from non oecd economies such changes of international trade caused an additional 673 mt of global emissions from 2008 to 2011 the results of our decomposition provide both worries about and insights into future global climate change mitigation

the development of renewable energy power in india which policies have been effective abstract the international energy agency has identified the development of renewable energy sources as a key element to mitigate climate change at the same time it has projected india to be the second largest contributor to the increase in global energy demand to 2035 india hence faces a significant challenge to ensure its energy security by diversifying its power generation mix in the wake of the creation of a green climate fund in cancun this paper studies empirically the effect of the introduction of the electricity act 2003 and the tariff policy 2006 as well as the implementation of feed in tariffs and minimum quotas on clean electricity sourcing on the development of grid connected renewable energy power in nine indian states over the period 2001 2009 results suggest that the passing of the tariff policy 2006 state level policies quantity based instruments and a greater participation of the private sector have played a key role in promoting the development of installed capacity from renewable energy power in the nine states of the sample

energy consumption as a condition for per capita carbon dioxide emission growth the results of a qualitative comparative analysis in the european union abstract the problematic of climatic changes and the respective consequences raises the need to discuss the problem and define measures to control and or reverse them because one of the causes of climatic changes is the emission of greenhouse gases the european union defined the reduction of emissions as a main concern as well as increasing efficiency in the energy sector with the objective of analysing the main conditions affecting the growth of per capita emissions this paper uses a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis fsqca based on a sample of data from 2010 to 2014 the conditions evaluated were i gdp growth ii change in the share of gdp relating to private consumption iii change in the share of gdp relating to public consumption iv change in the share of gdp on investment v and energy consumption growth the main drivers contributing to reduced emissions were the crisis and energy consumption evaluation of the main factors affecting emissions growth is the main contribution of this study considering that economic growth is an obvious goal the european union must design measures encouraging investment in more efficient and less pollutant technologies which is also in accordance with oecd sustainability goals

a multi region structural decomposition analysis of global co2 emission intensity abstract this paper studies changes in global and national co 2 emission intensities using the multi region structural decomposition analysis sda technique emission intensities such as the ratio of co 2 emissions to gdp have lately been widely used to characterize national emission performance meanwhile the impact of international trade has been found to be important in global emission accounting it is therefore important to analyze changes in emission intensities by taking trade into consideration in this study we first propose two sda models one at the global level and the other at the country level to quantify both the domestic and trade related effects on an intensity indicator the models are then used to study changes in global and countries co 2 emission intensities from 2000 to 2009 the results show that sectoral emission efficiency improvement was the main contributor to the slight decrease in global emission intensity during the period while international trade marginally hampered improvement of global emission intensity comparisons of the performance between emerging economies and advanced economies reveal the importance of production structure and final demand structure in emission intensity reduction the policy implications of the findings are presented

participation in gvcs and co2 emissions abstract this paper attempts to explore the determinants of co2 emissions in the context of international trade while there exist studies that examine the roles of horizontal specialization and inter industry trade transactions little previous research attention has been paid to the roles of vertical specialization and intra industry trade transactions in affecting co2 emissions to fill the knowledge gap this study uses the panel data of 62 countries and regions for the period of 1995 2011 to estimate the effect of participation in global value chains gvcs on per capita co2 emissions major findings include 1 the relationship between participation degrees in gvcs and per capita co2 emissions is found to be inversely u shaped at the aggregate economy level and for most individual industries 2 per capita gdp shows an n shaped relationship with per capita co2 emissions and 3 benign drivers of co2 emissions include r d energy conservation and population control it can be concluded that countries with low gdp or gvc participation degrees are expected to experience worsening co2 emissions in the short or even medium run this trend however can be moderated or even reversed with more r d investments

extending the theory of the multinational enterprise internalization and strategic management perspectives this paper assesses the continued relevance of buckley and casson s 1976 book on the future of the multinational enterprise mne against a background of increasing criticism of transaction cost related scholarly work we demonstrate that the schism that can currently be observed in the field between international business and international management is misguided as the transaction cost internalization school may offer useful insights to both management scholars and managers for this to occur however it is necessary first to extend the empirical scope of transaction cost based reasoning to include the functioning of differentiated network mnes the paper suggests that buckley and casson s book still represents a beacon of clarity and a superb starting point for the study of the mne even if the complexity of this governance structure has grown far beyond what any international business scholar or even international management scholar could have predicted 25 years ago

why does china s carbon intensity decline and india s carbon intensity rise a decomposition analysis on the sectors abstract as more attention paid to global warming the international community argues that developing countries should take more carbon reduction responsibility china and india the top two developing countries confronted heavy pressure to handle the dilemma of environmental protection or economic increase in this context we switched focus to carbon intensity defined as carbon emission per unit of economic output to investigate carbon performance and economic performance simultaneously in this study we fully considered the impact of sector heterogeneity on carbon intensity that is we decomposed the carbon intensity of the 56 industries which subsequently reclassified into 18 industries in china and india using the data from wiod world input output database the results indicate that 1 india s carbon intensity presented a constant increasing trend while china appeared a stable decreasing trend and the former exceeded the latter since 2009 2 all industries of china exerted efforts to decrease carbon intensity conversely india only had a few industries decreasing carbon intensity 3 energy intensity significantly decreased china s carbon intensity while increased india s carbon intensity surprisingly 4 in general structure effect made negative contribution to carbon intensity improvement in china while positive in india specifically economic structure had a positive impact on china and india though the impact was minor for the former significant for the latter energy structure slightly promoted india s carbon intensity to decrease on the contrary it was the largest inhibitor to china this research will not only promote low carbon economy development of china and india but also provide scientific and practical references to other developing countries

energy crisis greenhouse gas emissions and sectoral growth reforms repairing the fabricated mosaic abstract the study examined energy crisis and sought solutions for reforms in the largest regions of the world i e east asia pacific europe and central asia latin america the caribbean south asia and sub saharan africa the study used number of growth related factors over the period of 1975 2012 the results indicate significant relationship between electric power shortage and growth related specific factors however the intensity for each factor varies from region to region the results of granger causality verify multiple cause effect channels in the different regions i e feedback hypothesis economic factors driven electric shortage electric shortage driven economic factors and no causal relationship between the variables the results of variance decomposition analysis indicate that greenhouse gas emissions exhibit the largest contribution due to shortages in the electric power transmission the study opens the debate for environmentalists government and non government officials to formulate the sustainable policies related to energy reforms

an overview of the driving forces behind energy demand in china s construction industry evidence from 1990 to 2012 abstract the rapid urbanization in china has produced a large demand for energy in the past decades it is therefore urgent to have an understanding of the driving forces behind the energy increase in the construction industry this study applies structural decomposition analysis sda to quantify the effects of driving factors from insight into consumption and production the results show that the energy consumption trajectory of china s construction industry is the result of competition between the effect of increasing final demand and improvement in energy efficiency although the effect of consistent efforts in structure optimization by the central government was significant from 2007 to 2012 the potential to save much energy still lies in structure optimization in energy production and final demand according to the projection structural upgrades in economy would be the most important factor for energy reduction in 2020 scenario analysis further indicated that the percentage change of energy increments in 2020 can be reduced at 22 of 2010 level under the optimistic scenario sector aggregation analysis revealed that more aggregates would increase uncertainty to some extent and result in a misinterpretation of the importance of the underlying factors according to the quantitative analysis in this study the percentage change of total embodied energy consumption in the construction industry should be limited below 25 of 2010 level at the end of the 13th five year plan

is the lithuanian economy approaching the goals of sustainable energy and climate change mitigation evidence from dea based environmental performance index abstract even though lithuania has seen extensive social and political transformations there is still a gap in the literature on environmental performance of lithuanian economy specifically the environmental pressures stemming from economic activities have never been analysed in lines with the principles of production economics this paper therefore aims to estimate the environmental performance index epi for lithuanian economic sectors the paper presents the underlying trends in greenhouse gas emissions in lithuania the environmental performance index is estimated by employing the data envelopment analysis in the spirit of the hicks moorsteen indices the present analysis is based on the data from the world input output database specifically the environmental technology is defined in terms of the value added carbon and nitrous oxide emissions labour capital and energy results of the analysis imply that the analysed economic sectors can be grouped into the four clusters with respect to the mean epi and its rate of growth pulp paper and agricultural sectors fall into the best performing group featuring the highest mean epi and the highest growth rate petroleum production and air transport sectors are those featuring the lowest environmental performance therefore the latter sectors should be given an especial importance when developing strategies for increase in sustainability

measuring progress towards carbon reduction in the uk the uk climate change bill proposes to establish legally binding targets for a 60 reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050 this paper discusses the challenges posed by measuring progress towards this target it takes as a premise that the conventional productionbased accounting framework enshrined in the unfccc emissions accounting guidelines is inappropriate for this task because it fails to account for the carbon traded across the uk national boundary accordingly it sets out a consumption based accounting framework using a two region environmental input output eio model which could in principle measure progress in reducing the emissions attributable to final consumers in the uk it illustrates the use of this framework to measure the reduction in carbon dioxide achieved by the uk between 1990 the kyoto base year and the year 2004 and compares this against the production perspective the results indicate that any progress towards the uk s carbon reduction targets visible under a production perspective disappears completely when viewed from a consumption perspective but the robustness of this conclusion depends critically on the accuracy of underlying economic and environmental data sets as well as specific assumptions concerning imports by analysing the consistency of uk input output data we conclude that eio is still some way from being able to answer the critical question of the carbon trade balance for the uk in these circumstances measuring real progress towards carbon reduction in the uk remains elusive

quantifying the global and distributional aspects of american household carbon footprint abstract analysis of household consumption and its environmental impact remains one of the most important topics in sustainability research nevertheless much past and recent work has focused on domestic national averages neglecting both the growing importance of international trade on household carbon footprint and the variation between households of different income levels and demographics using consumer expenditure surveys and multi country life cycle assessment techniques this paper analyzes the global and distributional aspects of american household carbon footprint we find that due to recently increased international trade 30 of total us household co 2 impact in 2004 occurred outside the us further households vary considerably in their co 2 responsibilities at least a factor of ten difference exists between low and high impact households with total household income and expenditure being the best predictors of both domestic and international portions of the total co 2 impact the global location of emissions which cannot be calculated using standard input output analysis and the variation of household impacts with income have important ramifications for polices designed to lower consumer impacts on climate change such as carbon taxes the effectiveness and fairness of such policies hinges on a proper understanding of how income distributions rebound effects and international trade affect them

relating the environmental impact of consumption to household expenditures an input output analysis in this paper we evaluate the relationships between household expenditures and the environmental impact categories climate change acidification eutrophication and smog formation by combining household expenditures with environmentally extended input output analysis expenditure elasticities are examined with regression analysis and are compared and interpreted on the basis of insight at the product level with data from the netherlands in the year 2000 we find that environmental impact increases with increasing household expenditures although the degree to which the environmental impact increases differs per impact category climate change and eutrophication increase less than proportionally with increasing expenditures acidification increases nearly proportionally with increasing expenditures whereas smog formation increases more than proportionally it appears that the mix of necessities and luxuries to which an environmental impact is related is essential in explaining the relationship

foreign research and development in swedish multinationals abstract in 1987 sweden s 20 largest multinationals together operated some 170 foreign rd 2 market proximity i e adaptation of centrally developed products and processes to local market conditions 32 3 exploitation of foreign rd 4 political factors i e environmental factors more or less directly influenced by government action 34 the remaining 20 of employment seemed to be motivated by a combination of factors the primary aim of the first three types of foreign r d units is to enhance a company s competitive position in ways not possible from a domestic location hence they should be little cause of concern for swedish policy makers

the climate dialectic in energy policy germany and india compared abstract climate change expresses the global development crisis as a crisis for all societies governments in both over developed and under developed countries are forced to square the circle between climate crisis and energy policy across these contexts the policy imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions cascades into energy policy and into wider fields of social and political life the article investigates this process advancing the concept of a climate dialectic in policy change from this perspective the article develops a critique of climate policies as they have emerged in germany and india this positions germany a high income post industrial society with india a low income industrialising country key climate and energy initiatives from each country are compared and discussed in terms of a common effort at expanded development opportunities in this respect with the key objective of maintaining growth as usual the persistence of coal fired power and coal extraction becomes highly politicised energy policies are found to be increasingly embedded in the wider climate dialectic forcing new more transformative possibilities onto the agenda

shared producer and consumer responsibility theory and practice abstract over the past decade an increasing number of authors have been examining the nexus of producer versus consumer responsibility often dealing with the question of how to assign responsibility for internationally traded greenhouse gas emissions recently a similar problem has appeared in drafting the standards for the ecological footprint while the method traditionally assumes a full life cycle perspective with full consumer responsibility a large number of producers businesses and industry sectors have started to calculate their own footprints see www isa org usyd edu au adding any producer s footprint to other producers footprints or to population footprints which all already cover the full upstream supply chain of their operating inputs leads to double counting the sum of footprints of producers and consumers is larger than the total national footprint the committee in charge of the footprint standardisation process was hence faced with the decades old non additivity problem posing the following dilemma for the accounting of footprints or any other production factor if one disallows double counting but wishes to be able to account for producers and consumers then one cannot impose the requirement of full life cycle coverage the supply chains of actors have to be curtailed somehow in order to avoid double counting this work demonstrates and discusses a non arbitrary method of consistently delineating these supply chains into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive portions of responsibility to be shared by all actors in an economy

comparing structural decomposition analysis and index to analyze and understand historical changes in economic environmental employment or other socio economic indicators it is useful to assess the driving forces or determinants that underlie these changes two techniques for decomposing indicator changes at the sector level are structural decomposition analysis sda and index decomposition analysis ida for example sda and ida have been used to analyze changes in indicators such as energy use co2 emissions labor demand and value added the changes in these variables are decomposed into determinants such as technological demand and structural effects sda uses information from input output tables while ida uses aggregate data at the sector level the two methods have developed quite independently which has resulted in each method being characterized by specific unique techniques and approaches this paper has three aims first the similarities and differences between the two approaches are summarized second the possibility of transferring specific techniques and indices is explored finally a numerical example is used to illustrate differences between the two approaches

location and the multinational enterprise a neglected factor this article first traces the changing world economic scenario for international business over the past two decades and then goes on to examine its implications for the location of foreign direct investment and multinational enterprise activity it suggests that many of the explanations of the 1970s and early 1980s need to be modified as firm specific assets have become mobile across natural boundaries a final section of the article examines the dynamic interface between the value added activities of multinational enterprises in different locations

the globalisation of technology what remains of the product cycle model this paper reexamines two hypotheses associated with earlier versions of the product cycle model the first hypothesis that innovations are almost always located in the home country of the parent company is rejected on the basis of evidence drawn from one hundred years of u s patent office data the second hypothesis that the international dispersion of activity is led by technology leaders is historically valid however over the last twenty years technology leaders have been ahead instead in the globalization of technology that is in developing internal international networks to exploit the locationally differentiated potential of foreign centers of excellence c 1995 academic press inc copyright 1995 by oxford university press

knowledge transfer capacity and its implications for the theory of the multinational corporation this study updates and extends research on foreign entry modes by examining the impacts of knowledge transfer capacity and knowledge tacitness research on international corporate expansion has long emphasized that deploying intangible knowledge based assets is required for successful international expansion more recently research from a knowledge based perspective has addressed the role of tacitness in constraining a firm s ability to transfer knowledge internationally we combine these perspectives to describe how knowledge tacitness affects the relative suitability of four archetypal entry modes exporting licensing establishing an alliance and wholly owned entry we then examine and develop conceptually a seldom studied firm characteristic knowledge transfer capacity we offer predictions that describe the combined effects of knowledge tacitness and transfer capacity on entry mode choice we distinguish between the transfer capacity of the organization that develops knowledge source transfer capacity and that of the organization that seeks to access that knowledge recipient transfer capacity the discussion addresses how our model generalizes to knowledge seeking strategies and to the study of ongoing multinational networks the study enriches and reconciles multiple theoretical perspectives on entry strategy it brings together the study of knowledge characteristics and firm heterogeneity in the theory of the multinational corporation and in international and strategic management more generally journal of international business studies 2003 34 356 373 doi 10 1057 palgrave jibs 8400037

carbon emissions energy consumption and economic growth an aggregate and disaggregate analysis of the indian economy abstract this study investigates the long and short run relationships among carbon emissions energy consumption and economic growth in india at the aggregated and disaggregated levels during 1971 2014 the autoregressive distributed lag model is employed for the cointegration analyses and the vector error correction model is applied to determine the direction of causality between variables results show that a long run cointegration relationship exists and that the environmental kuznets curve is validated at the aggregated and disaggregated levels furthermore energy total energy gas oil electricity and coal consumption has a positive relationship with carbon emissions and a feedback effect exists between economic growth and carbon emissions thus energy efficient technologies should be used in domestic production to mitigate carbon emissions at the aggregated and disaggregated levels the present study provides policy makers with new directions in drafting comprehensive policies with lasting impacts on the economy energy consumption and environment towards sustainable development

an empirical examination of the pollution haven hypothesis for india towards a green leontief paradox using input output analysis we examine whether india can be regarded as a pollution haven we calculate the extra co2 so2 and nox emissions induced by 1 billion rupees of additional exports this is compared with the reduction of indian pollution caused by an import increase of equal size in contrast to what the pollution haven hypothesis states for developing countries we find that india considerably gains from extra trade comparing 1996 1997 with 1991 1992 the gains have only increased indicating that india has moved further away from being a pollution haven the outcome is robust to changes in the underlying assumptions

knowledge seeking and location choice of foreign direct investment in the united states to what extent do firms go abroad to access technology available in other locations this paper examines whether and when state technical capabilities attract foreign investment in manufacturing from 1987 1993 we find that on average state r d intensity does not attract foreign direct investment most investing firms are in lower tech industries and locate in low r d intensity states suggesting little interest in state technical capabilities in contrast we find that firms in research intensive industries are more likely to locate in states with high r d intensity foreign firms in the pharmaceutical industry value state r d intensity the most at a level twice that of firms in the semiconductor industry and four times that of electronics firms interestingly not only firms from technically lagging nations but also some firms from technically leading nations are attracted to r d intensive states this suggests that beyond catching up firms use knowledge seeking investments also to source technical diversity

complexity context and governance in biotechnology alliances this study explores the effect of coordination needs on alliance governance we examine coordination needs that arise as a consequence of the characteristics and the context of the alliance we posit that alliance characteristics and contextual factors influence alliance form and equity investment levels we evaluate the effects of the complexity of technology transfer and strategic complexity of the alliance we also study contextual factors represented by the distance between the intellectual property protection regimes of the home countries of the participants the focal firm s prior presence in the alliance country and its primary expertise in the industry we offer contrasting predictions based on appropriation and coordination perspectives our results demonstrate support for a dominant coordination perspective with alliance characteristics and some contextual factors influencing alliance form appropriation concerns play a weaker role and receive less support

the effect of trade between china and the uk on national and global carbon dioxide emissions we estimate the amount of carbon dioxide embodied in bi lateral trade between the uk and china in 2004 developing and applying the method of shui and harriss 2006 tile role of co2 embodiment in us china trade energy policy 34 4063 4068 the most recently available data on trade and co2 emissions have been updated and adjusted to calculate the co2 emissions embodied in the commodities traded between china and the uk it was found that through trade with china the uk reduced its co2 emissions by approximately 11 in 2004 compared with a non trade scenario in which the same type and volume of goods are produced in the uk in addition due to the greater carbon intensity and relatively less efficient production processes of chinese industry china uk trade resulted in an additional 117 mt of co2 to global co2 emissions in the same one year period compared with a non trade scenario in which the same type and volume of goods are produced in the uk this represents an additional 19 to the reported national co2 emissions of the uk 555 mt y in 2004 and 0 4 of global emissions these findings suggest that through international trade very significant environmental impacts can be shifted front one country to another and that international trade can but does not necessarily result in globally increased greenhouse gas emissions these results are additional to the environmental consequences of transporting goods which are not robustly quantified here c 2008 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

linking fdi motivation and host economy productivity effects conceptual and empirical analysis we develop a taxonomy that relates foreign direct investment fdi motivation technology and cost based to its anticipated effects on host countries domestic productivity we then empirically examine the effects of fdi into the united kingdom on domestic productivity and find that different types of fdi have markedly different productivity spillover effects which are consistent with the conceptual analysis the uk gains substantially only from inward fdi motivated by a strong technology based ownership advantage as theory predicts inward fdi motivated by technology sourcing considerations leads to no productivity spillovers

location versus home country advantages in r d activities some further results on multinationals locational strategies abstract in this paper we study the question of the determinants of the foreign location of technological activities of multinational firms mnfs do they locate their knowledge activities as a consequence of their home country advantages or according to host country strengths we have defined four types of strategy learning according to revealed technological advantages our results based on the 345 mnfs with the greatest patenting activity in europe globally confirm the main findings of patel and vega research policy 28 2 3 1999 145 155 in a great majority of cases nearly 70 mnfs locate their activities abroad in technological areas or fields where they are strong at home strategies 2 and 3 moreover strategy 3 which corresponds with dynamic learning outclasses strategy 2 which corresponds with myopic learning and becomes increasingly important over time the strategy of japanese firms is very different from european and us mnfs in europe japanese firms seek out locations that have complementary strengths to their own strategy 2 in terms of policy implications it can be noted that the national system of innovation in particular the system of academic research should strengthen the technological advantages of local firms and enable them to successfully locate a part of their r d activities abroad

the carbon content of japan us trade we analyze the greenhouse gas emissions embodied in trade between japan and the us extending the japanese government s linked japan us input output model to include carbon emission coefficients for each sector we estimate that in 1995 japan us trade reduced us industrial emissions by 14 6 million tons of co2 equivalent and increased emissions in japan by 6 7 million tons for a global savings of 7 9 million tons these quantities are less than one percent of each country s total emissions trade with the rest of the world reduced emissions by much larger amounts roughly four percent of each country s emissions the sectoral patterns of carbon intensity are strongly correlated between japan and the us in addition greater carbon intensity has a small but significantly positive effect on net exports policies that tax or otherwise regulate carbon emissions are needed to discourage this destructive route to competitiveness however the most important policy implication may be that us industry could cut its carbon emissions by more than half if it matched the environmental performance of industry in japan r 2007 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

how does environmental regulation affect production location of non carbon ecological footprint abstract the aim of the paper is to investigate how the location of non carbon ecological footprint home or abroad changes along with environmental regulation ecological footprint measures the amount of biocapacity required to sustain the consumption patterns of human beings employing panel data analysis the relationship between income and footprints that result from domestic production and importsis investigated for 87 countries during the period 2004 2010 within the environmental kuznets curve ekc framework we find that an ekc relationship cannot be validated for income gdp per capita and non carbon footprints of production and of imports besides the analysis shows that countries reach the turning points for import footprint at lower levels of income once stringency of environmental regulation and enforcement of environmental regulation are accounted for environmental regulations push the economic structure towards a cleaner transformation by which resources can be exploited more effectively and short run losses in economic growth can be avoided in the medium and long run conditional on a successful transformation toward higher value added and cleaner production processes

the inverted pyramid a neo ricardian view on the economy environment relationship abstract in ecological economics natural resources which may contribute only a small amount to gdp are viewed as fundamental to the functioning of the economy they are sometimes pictured as sitting at the base of an inverted pyramid with the rest of the economy balanced on top of them in this paper we show that when prices are set by markup a standard heterodox assumption then the inverted pyramid picture of the economy emerges naturally in a neo ricardian model we demonstrate the use of the model with brief applications to biophysical economics the paper is one of a growing number that use heterodox macroeconomics to address questions in ecological economics

examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 2 review of input output models for the assessment of environmental impacts embodied in trade this paper offers a detailed review of recently described single and multi region input output models used to assess environmental impacts of internationally traded goods and services it is the second part of a two part contribution in part 1 turner k lenzen m wiedmann t and barrett j in press examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 1 a technical note on combining input output and ecological footprint analysis ecological economics we describe how to enumerate the resource and pollution content of inter regional and inter national trade flows with the aim to illustrate an ideal accounting and modelling framework for the estimation of ecological footprints a large number of such environment economic models have been described but only in the last few years models have emerged that use a more sophisticated multi region multi sector input output framework this has been made possible through improvements in data availability and quality as well as computability we identify six major models that employ multi sector multi region input output analysis in order to calculate environmental impacts embodied in international trade results from the reviewed studies demonstrate that it is important to explicitly consider the production recipe land and energy use as well as emissions in a multi region multi sector and multi directional trade model with global coverage and detailed sector disaggregation only then reliable figures for indicators of impacts embodied in trade such as the ecological footprint can be derived

the increase in brazilian household income and its impact on co2 emissions evidence for 2003 and 2009 from input output tables abstract in recent years brazil has experienced economic growth and a recovery of income that has had a positive impact on the consumption of goods in this paper we evaluate the impact of brazilian household consumption on the co2 emissions for 2003 and 2009 using input output tables from the world input output database we used a semi closed model with eight household groups in order to apply the hypothetical extraction method in the consumption structure of each group further we use the result from the hypothetical extraction to evaluate the impacts of the structure consumption of each household group in terms of co2 emissions we find that there is a trade off between the households greater satisfaction from consumption and the increasing setback in emissions from the restructuring and modification of the consumption basket thus this study contributes to the research on emissions by mapping the recent behavior of the brazilian economy in terms of increased income changes in the consumption structure and their impacts on emissions the paper s aggregated results by income and consumption structure based on the intensity of the emissions and their systemic effects add to the discussions on less polluting production processes more conscious consumption of goods and more rational uses of energy and transportation

a structural decomposition analysis of the emissions embodied in trade abstract the aim of this study is to quantify the driving forces behind the growth of carbon dioxide emissions embodied in trade eet the world input output database is used to estimate eet in 40 countries during 1995 2007 after which a structural decomposition analysis is applied to avoid biases in the results we have used the input output tables in previous year s prices and chained the outcomes in many developed countries the growth of emissions embodied in imports is much higher than the growth of emissions embodied in exports a key reason for this finding is the change in the structure of trade both in intermediate and in final products emerging economies like the bric countries have increased their share in production and trade at the expense of developed countries producers and consumers in developed countries have shifted towards importing a larger share of products from emerging countries this is the distinguishing feature that led to an increase of emissions embodied in imports for developed countries and an increase of emissions embodied in exports for emerging countries these results suggest policy makers to monitor eet more carefully and take the effects of trade on emissions into consideration

consumer supplier government triangular relations rethinking the uk policy path for carbon emissions reduction from the uk residential sector abstract the uk residential household sector is responsible for approximately 30 of total carbon dioxide emissions and is often seen as the most promising in terms of early reductions as most direct household emissions come from only two fuel sources this paper critically examines how existing emissions reduction policies for the sector shape and are shaped by relations between the three main groups of actor in this policy domain central government gas and electricity suppliers and energy users focusing on relations between three dyads government suppliers suppliers consumers and consumers government enables us to examine aspects of demand reduction that have often been overlooked to date by relations we refer to services power relationships and flows of capital and information as well as less easily defined elements such as loyalty trust and accountability the paper argues that the chosen government policy path to deliver demand reduction which heavily emphasises the suppliers role suffers from principal agent problems fails to align consumers and supplier interests toward emissions reduction and does not yet portray a lower carbon future in positive terms it suggests that more attention should be paid to government consumer relations recognising that energy consumers are also citizens

international trade and the sustainability footprint a practical criterion for its assessment a simple and minimal criterion for sustainability is that the value of natural capital plus manufactured capital be not decreasing on the basis of any individual country or region the above simple comparison may be misleading as it does not take account of the production of goods for consumption in other countries regions via international trade in other terms the full environmental footprint of a country may not be properly assessed a method of calculating a weak sustainability criterion has been established for both a closed economy approach and an open economy approach there are significant differences between the open and closed economies measures for several regions particularly the middle east overall global sustainability on this criterion has been positive and increasing using a difference equation approach a further analysis has been made of the average proportional rate of change of global sustainability between 1980 and 1990 and its various regional and structural components have been determined these indicate that most of global sustainability growth can be attributed to western europe other asia and japan particularly through high savings ratios the usa on the other hand has made a very small net contribution to the growth in global sustainability

reappraising the eclectic paradigm in an age of alliance capitalism this article discusses the implications of the advent of alliance capitalism for our theorizing about the determinants of mne activity in particular it argues that due to the increasing porosity of the boundaries of firms countries and markets the eclectic or oli paradigm of international production needs to consider more explicitly the competitive advantages arising from the way firms organize their inter firm transactions the growing interdependencies of many intermediate product markets and the widening of the portfolio of the assets of districts regions and countries to embrace the external economies of interdependent activities

evolution and drivers of production based carbon emissions in china and india differences and similarities abstract added global carbon emissions have mainly come from china and india since 2012 which indicates importance of two countries in curbing global co2 emissions thus their respective mitigation lessons have more realistic significance in developing more effective mitigation strategy this study compared the dynamic evolution of their co2 emissions and driving factors behind changes in order to find similarities and differences of two countries and provide available policy implications to further reduce carbon emissions firstly both china s and india s carbon emissions have been increasing during 2000 14 3 4 9 9 gt and 0 9 2 0 gt respectively however tendency of two countries varied differently growth of china s co2 have slowed down after the 2008 financial crisis while india s emissions were still accelerating at a high level on account of growing share of carbon intensive energy in the whole energy structure from the national and sectoral perspectives both trends of carbon emissions from two countries have been analyzed according to structural decomposition analysis efficiency gains and slowdown of economic growth in china contributed to most decline of co2 but both production and consumption structures urged emissions up while structure effects in india slightly reduced its co2 but low emission efficiency and expansion of trade scales caused growth of emissions on this basis firstly china should optimize production structures by upgrading industries while india should promote energy transformation and improve energy efficiencies secondly strengthening cooperation and communications with developed countries with advanced technology and experience may make more progress in climate change for two countries experience and lessons of emission reduction deriving from the two would also provide references for other regions

input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade and the driving forces processing and normal exports in recent years energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade and the driving forces have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output framework most previous studies however do not differentiate different input structures in manufacturing processing exports and normal exports using china as an example this paper exemplifies how implications of results obtained using different export assumptions differ the study posits that the utilization of traditional i o model results in an overestimation of emissions embodied in processing exports and an underestimation in normal exports the estimate of co2 emissions embodied in china s exports drops by 32 when the extended i o model is used the choice of export assumption has more impact on the decomposition results for processing exports the study further highlights that for a country with an export structure similar to china it is meaningful to look into the impact of export assumption in embodied emission studies

drivers of greenhouse gas emissions in the baltic states a structural decomposition analysis since the mid 1990s three baltic states have significantly increased their per capita gross domestic product gdp and at the same time have managed to keep the co2 equivalent co2e emissions low we used structural decomposition analysis to identify the drivers of change for co2e emissions in these countries between 1995 and 2009 a period that includes the collapse of the soviet union restructuring and economic growth and the great recession the results show that final demand has been the main driving force for increasing emissions in the baltic states and would have caused an 80 64 and 143 emission increase in estonia latvia and lithuania respectively all other factors kept constant this increase has been partly offset by a declining emission intensity of the economy especially in latvia and lithuania whereas in estonia which has one of the highest emission intensities in europe a shift in consumption patterns towards low carbon consumption items and a decarbonizing economic structure were the main balancing factors it is likely that the baltic states will experience a continuation of economic growth given their relatively low per capita gdp which is less than half of the european union average thus adequate carbon policies are paramount

consumer and producer environmental responsibility comparing two approaches abstract two different indicators of environmental responsibility were independently proposed by rodrigues et al rodrigues j domingos t giljum s schneider f 2006 designing an indicator of environmental responsibility ecological economics 59 3 256 266 and lenzen et al lenzen m murray j sack f wiedmann t 2007 shared producer and consumer responsibility theory and practice ecological economics 61 27 42 these indicators are both supposed to reflect the indirect effects of consumer and producer behavior in the generation of environmental pressure in this paper we compare their mathematical properties and interpretation we conclude that they have different implications for environmental policy

inter firm reverse technology transfer the home country effect of r d internationalization one consequence of the internationalization of rd these results are robust to the exclusion of examiner citations we find that this technology transfer process is explained by the degree of home country embeddedness of the multinational firm the us subsidiaries engagement in asset augmenting activities and the presence of a technology gap between the united states and the home country these results point to an alternative understanding of foreign direct r d investment and its implications for the home country s technological activity and general competitive performance copyright 2009 the author 2009 published by oxford university press on behalf of associazione icc all rights reserved oxford university press

examining carbon emissions economic growth nexus for india a multivariate cointegration approach abstract the study probes cointegration and causality between carbon emissions and economic growth for india using ardl bounds testing approach complemented by johansen juselius maximum likelihood procedure in a multivariate framework by incorporating energy supply investment and employment for time span 1971 2006 the study fails to establish long run equilibrium relationship and long term causality between carbon emissions and economic growth however there exists a bi directional short run causality between the two hence in the short run any effort to reduce carbon emissions could lead to a fall in the national income this study also establishes unidirectional short run causality running from economic growth to energy supply and energy supply to carbon emissions the absence of causality running from energy supply to economic growth implies that in india energy conservation and energy efficiency measures can be implemented to minimize the wastage of energy across value chain such measures would narrow energy demand supply gap absence of long run causality between carbon emissions and economic growth implies that in the long run focus should be given on harnessing energy from clean sources to curb carbon emissions which would not affect the country s economic growth

assessment of regional trade and virtual water flows in china the success of china s economic development has left deep marks on resource availability and quality some regions in china are relatively poor with regards to water resources this problem is exacerbated by economic growth flourishing trade activities on both domestic and international levels have resulted in significant amounts of water withdrawal and water pollution hence the goal of this paper is to evaluate the current inter regional trade structure and its effects on water consumption and pollution via virtual water flows virtual water is the water embedded in products and used in the whole production chain and that is traded between regions or exported to other countries for this assessment of trade flows and effects on water resources we have developed an extended regional input output model for eight hydro economic regions in china to account for virtual water flows between north and south china the findings show that the current trade structure in china is not very favorable with regards to water resource allocation and efficiency north china as a water scarce region virtually exports about 5 of its total available freshwater resources while accepting large amounts of wastewater for other regions consumption by contrast south china a region with abundant water resources is virtually importing water from other regions while their imports are creating waste water polluting other regions hydro ecosystems

technological capabilities of countries firm rivalry and foreign direct investment studies on foreign direct investment fdi have concentrated on sectoral effects but rarely on country patterns in this paper we use u s department of commerce data to identify the largest country shares of new fdi entries into the u s and the technological motivations for their investments based on the technological intensities of major investing countries in manufacturing industries we conclude that technological industries attract a disproportionate share of fdi entries however the acquisition of u s technology is not a major motivation the findings indicate that industry rivalry is an important dimension to understanding fdi

drivers of greenhouse gas emissions in the baltic states decomposition analysis related to the implementation of europe 2020 strategy abstract the prevention of climate change by reducing and stabilizing carbon dioxide emissions is the most important concern for policymakers this study enriches the methodology of decomposition analysis by encompassing the eu 2020 strategy components thus the aim of study is to reveal how the implementation of europe 2020 strategy contributes to changes in ghg emissions in the baltic states the results showed that in all baltic states from 1990 to 2012 ghg emissions decreased by 55 the factor which contributed to the reduction of ghg emissions the most was the increase of the share of renewable energy in final energy consumption the reduction of energy consumption and decarbonisation index influenced the decrease of ghg as well as the increase of intensity of renewable resources and energy efficiency considering that during the period of economic growth the slight decrease of share of renewable resources and the growth of final energy consumption was observed all baltic states should achieve the increase of energy efficiency and that the energy consumption from renewable resources would increase seeking for the reduction of ghg emissions

estimating the complete co2 emissions and the carbon intensity in india from the carbon transfer perspective abstract with the impacts of climate change causing widespread concerns many scholars had discussed carbon leakage in the international trade which ignored carbon transfer within domestic sectors departing from them this paper took into account energy related co2 emissions embodied in intermediate production processes we used the srio model to calculate and analyze the carbon footprint of economic sectors in india during the period of 1995 2009 and also investigated the changes in the carbon emission intensity of each sector the results showed that from the production perspective the most famous high carbon sector was egw electricity gas and water supply and this sector accounted for 60 of the co2 emissions of the secondary industry from the consumption perspective this ratio was only maintained at between 10 16 in contrast traditional low carbon sector con construction emitted the largest co2 to other sectors in addition more than 90 of the sectors showed a decreasing trend of carbon emission intensity the conclusions of this paper have important policy implications for the correct allocation of co2 emission responsibility establishment of fair and effective emission reduction policies and the transformation of low carbon economy in india

foreign direct investment and the sourcing of technological advantage evidence from the biotechnology industry this paper investigates the proposition that foreign direct investment in a high technology industry is motivated in part by the sourcing of country specific technological advantages embedded in foreign firms the empirical findings show that foreign equity investment is drawn to american biotechnology firms with high levels of patent activity we suggest that in the biotechnology industry foreign direct investment in the form of equity participation can be an efficient vehicle for tapping into country specific firm embodied technological advantages

a three perspective view of greenhouse gas emission responsibilities in new zealand abstract while responsibility for the environmental impacts of production has been commonly assigned to producers production is driven by consumer demand and it is valid to question whether impacts should instead be assigned to consumers however in each of these approaches producers and consumers either bear the full burden of responsibility or none at all an example of this is the kyoto protocol where all greenhouse gas emissions are assigned to the producer and no consideration is given to where goods are finally consumed rather than taking the conventional producer or consumer responsibility approach a third perspective is possible in which responsibility is shared we use input output analysis to apply all three of these responsibility perspectives to new zealand s domestic greenhouse gas emissions our main findings from the shared responsibility approach are that new zealand producers are responsible for 44 of domestic emissions new zealand consumers take 28 and 27 are exported a shared responsibility approach appears to distribute the burden of responsibility and associated liability between parties more fairly and is likely to be more widely acceptable than pure producer or consumer perspectives

kaya identity for analysis of the main drivers of ghg emissions and feasibility to implement eu 20 20 20 targets in the baltic states abstract the kaya identity relates the greenhouse gas ghg emissions to energy use economic growth and population growth therefore it can be applied to decompose ghg emissions with respect to the latter terms european union eu has established the main targets of sustainable energy development in energy and climate package 20 20 20 eu member states conformed to achieve in 2020 ghg emission reduction by 20 comparing with year 1990 level to achieve 20 of renewable energy sources res in final energy consumption and to reduce energy intensity by 20 compared to year 2005 level as all of these targets are interrelated and have to be achieved together it is very important to track the changes of ghg emissions in eu member states alongside the changes in energy intensity and increase in the share of renewables in final energy consumption the kaya identity and decomposition analysis allow the linking of changes in ghg emissions to changes in energy intensity and carbon intensity of energy which directly reflects the increase of the share of renewables in final energy consumption the impact of gdp growth on ghg emissions is also assessed by kaya identity the paper applies a novel approach in tracking progress achieved in implementing 20 20 20 targets by employing kaya identity and shapley value for decomposition analysis the conducted analysis showed that policies to increase energy efficiency are the most important drivers of ghg emission reduction and achieving eu 20 20 20 targets in baltic states though the share of res has increased significantly in baltic states its impact on ghg emissions reduction per capita in baltic states was insignificant therefore more emphasis on energy efficiency policies is necessary as they are the most effective measures for achieving ghg emission reduction targets

the long run decoupling of emissions and output evidence from the largest emitters abstract for the world s 20 largest emitters we use a simple trend cycle decomposition to provide evidence of decoupling between greenhouse gas emissions and output in richer nations particularly in european countries but not yet in emerging markets if consumption based emissions measures that account for countries net emissions embodied in cross border trade are used the evidence for decoupling in the richer economies gets weaker countries with underlying policy frameworks more supportive of renewable energy and climate change mitigation efforts tend to show greater decoupling between trend emissions and trend gdp and for both production and consumption based emissions the relationship between trend emissions and trend gdp has also become much weaker in the last two decades than in preceding decades

global inequities and emissions in western european textiles and clothing consumption abstract rising demand for cheaper textiles and clothing in western europe is well documented as are changes in the textiles and clothing industry s globalised production structure we apply a sub systems global multi regional input output accounting framework to examine the sustainability implications of meeting western european demand for textiles and clothing goods between 1995 and 2009 our framework estimates environmental and socio economic impacts of consumption in a consistent manner and shows where these occur both geographically and in the value chain the results demonstrate that western european textiles and clothing consumption remains dependent on low cost labour from brazil russia india and china bric principally in the textiles and clothing and agricultural sectors conversely we show that the wage rate for bric workers in the global value chains serving western european textiles and clothing consumption has risen over time but remains low relative to the wage rate paid to western european workers likewise we find that profits are increasingly generated within bric and that they are now at comparable levels to those generated in western europe we find a slight overall decrease in the amount of carbon emitted in the production of textiles and clothing goods for western europe between 1995 and 2009 however the trend is not linear and the importance of different underlying drivers varies over the timeseries we conclude by discussing the implications of these results for a more sustainable future for western european textiles and clothing consumption

large firms in the production of the world s technology an important case of non globalisation us patenting by 686 of the world s largest manufacturing firms shows that their share of the world s production of technology is less than their share of r d activities and varies greatly amongst sectors in most cases the technological activities of these large firms are concentrated in their home country the characteristics of which influence the volume and trends in their technological activities much more strongly then the international component of these activities at the same time these large firms are major elements in the volume and the pattern of sectoral specializations in their home countries technological activities

the carbon footprint of uk households 1990 2004 a socio economically disaggregated quasi multi regional input output model this paper presents a socio economically disaggregated framework for attributing co2 emissions to people s high level functional needs based around a quasi multi regional input output qmrio model the study in theory takes into account all co2 emissions that arise from energy used in production of goods and services to satisfy uk household demand whether the emissions occur in the uk or abroad results show that co2 emissions attributable to households were 15 above 1990 levels in 2004 and that although absolute decoupling occurred between household expenditure and co2 during the uk s switch from coal to gas in the early 1990s since then only slight relative decoupling is evident the proportion of co2 that arises outside uk borders in support of uk consumption is rising and reducing these emissions is particularly problematic in a global trading system investigation into the carbon footprint of different segments of the uk population shows wide variation the segment with the highest carbon footprint emits 64 more co2 than the segment with the lowest results show that recreation and leisure are responsible for over one quarter of co2 emissions in a typical uk household in 2004 we conclude that expanding lifestyle aspirations are significant factors in driving household co2 emissions but the study also emphasizes that attention must be paid to the infrastructures and institutions that result in considerable amounts of co2 being locked up in basic household activities through which people meet their everyday needs for subsistence protection and communication with family and friends the findings highlight the sheer scale of the challenge facing uk policy makers and suggest that policies should be targeted towards segments of society responsible for the highest carbon footprints

low carbon growth for indian iron and steel sector exploring the role of voluntary environmental compliance abstract india s move towards low carbon growth will be successful only when the industries assume responsibilities of climate change previous studies argue that voluntary compliance by firms being business led initiative is appropriate for developing nations however provides little empirical evidence the present study investigates the role of voluntary compliance in improving firms environmental performance in indian iron and steel sector using sample of 76 firms over years 2006 07 to 2011 12 environmental performance is measured by co2 emissions in absence of emission data at firm level we quantify co2 emissions from energy consumption using intergovernmental panel on climate change ipcc reference approach voluntary compliance is indicated by presence of voluntary environmental management standards iso 14001 the study finds that 33 of sample firms comply with iso 14001 further the empirical results based on panel data econometric suggests that there is a significant positive relationship between voluntary compliance and improvement in environmental performance even after addressing simultaneity issues and including other firm characteristics thus voluntary compliance may be used as supplementary policy tool to achieve low carbon growth in industries additionally there is a need to disseminate information about iso 14001 by government as well as firms to create awareness

from production based to consumption based national emission inventories abstract under the united national framework convention of climate change unfccc countries are required to submit national emission inventories nei to benchmark reductions in greenhouse gas ghg emissions depending on the definition and system boundary of the nei the mitigation options and priorities may vary the territorial system boundary used by the unfccc has been critiqued for not including international transportation and potentially causing carbon leakage to address these issues past literature has argued in favour of using consumption based nei in climate policy this article discusses several issues in moving from the standard production based nei to consumption based nei first two distinct accounting approaches for constructing consumption based nei are presented the approaches differ in the allocation of intermediate consumption of imported products second a consistent method of weighting production based and consumption based nei is discussed this is an extension of the previous literature on shared responsibility to nei third due to increased uncertainty and a wide system boundary it may be difficult to implement consumption based nei directly into climate policy several alternative options for incorporating consumption based inventories into climate policy are discussed

asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage given incomplete factor markets appropriate time paths of flow variables must be chosen to build required stocks of assets that is critical resources are accumulated rather than acquired in strategic factor markets barney barney j 1986 strategic factor markets expectations luck and business strategy management sci october 1231 1241 sustainability of a firm s asset position hinges on how easily assets can be substituted or imitated imitability is linked to the characteristics of the asset accumulation process time compression diseconomies asset mass efficiencies inter connectedness asset erosion and causal ambiguity

economic distance and the survival of foreign direct investments taking a theoretical perspective contrasting resource exploitation with resource exploration we argue that foreign direct investments fdis hazard rates are lower in countries that are either m

the paradox of technological capabilities a study of knowledge sourcing from host countries of overseas r d operations we investigate the factors that influence the extent to which a multinational corporation s headquarters mnc hq sources knowledge from the host countries of its r d labs we propose that the technological capabilities held by mnc hqs present a paradox on the one hand they enhance mnc hqs learning capabilities on the other hand they reduce mnc hqs motivations to outsource knowledge from host countries we also argue that it is important to consider both relative and absolute levels of technological capabilities because relative levels can influence mnc hqs motivations to source knowledge from host countries statistical findings generally support our arguments

china s carbon emissions embodied in normal and processing exports and their driving forces 2006 2012 abstract this paper constructed a time series extended input output dataset 2006 2012 to analyze china s carbon emissions embodied in both normal and processing exports at a detailed 135 sector level the structural decomposition analysis sda was further applied to shed light on the driving forces behind the changes in their embodied emissions over the entire time period this empirical study confirms the importance of using the extended model for analyzing the trade related embodiment especially for processing exports the embodied emissions in both normal and processing exports first increased from 2006 to 2008 then dropped during the global financial crisis 2008 2009 and then rose again after 2009 the embodied emissions as a percentage of total co2 emissions were quite stable before and after the global financial crisis at around 24 over the 2006 2008 period and 18 over the 2010 2012 period from 2006 to 2012 emission intensity played the key role in reducing the embodied emissions around 595 mt co2 while the total export effect contributed the most to the increase in embodied emissions around 552 mt co2 similar analysis can be applied to other indicators such as energy water ghg emissions pollutants and materials

border carbon adjustments addressing emissions embodied in trade approximately one fourth of global emissions are embodied in international trade and a significant portion flows from non carbon priced to carbon priced economies border carbon adjustments bcas figure prominently as instruments to address concerns arising from unilateral climate policy estimating the volume of emissions that could be potentially taxed under a bca scheme has received little attention until now this paper examines how a number of issues involved in the implementation of bcas can affect their ability to cover emissions embodied in trade and thus address carbon leakage these issues range from ensuring compliance with trade provisions and assumptions on the carbon intensity of imports to determining which countries are included and whether intermediate and final demand are considered here we show that the volume of co2 captured by a scheme that involved all annex b countries could be significantly reduced due to these issues particularly by trade provisions such as the principle of best available technology bat as a consequence the tariff burdens faced by non annex b parties could dwindle considerably these findings have important policy implications as they question the effectiveness and practicalities of bcas to reduce carbon leakage and alleviate competitiveness concerns adding further arguments against their implementation

the interdependence between fdi and r d an application of an endogenous switching model to taiwan s electronics industry foreign direct investment fdi and research development r d are mutually dependent and should be treated as endogenous variables in empirical studies an endogenous switching regression model is used to examine the mutual effect of fdi and r d in taiwan s electronics industry the empirical results show that fdi and r d are positively related and do reinforce each other unbiased coefficients are obtained as they are compared to those estimates if fdi and r d are treated as exogenous variables the results have a strong public policy implication for taiwan s foreign direct investment and can be further used to estimate the difference in r d expenditures between fdi and non fdi firms

innovation in multinational subsidiaries the role of knowledge assimilation and subsidiary capabilities subsidiaries of multinational firms play an important role in the globalization of innovation yet we have an incomplete idea of the influences on their innovative activity drawing on prior research in international business and strategy we identify two sets of factors that influence the absorption and utilization of knowledge in multinational corporation subsidiaries a the range of external and internal knowledge sources available and b the subsidiary capabilities associated with knowledge absorption and utilization we find that knowledge absorbed from the host country is useful to subsidiary innovation we also find support for the role of subsidiary capabilities both sourcing capability and combinative capability have a significant influence on the scale and quality of innovation

production based and consumption based national greenhouse gas inventories an implication for estonia two national greenhouse gas ghg inventories were prepared for estonia 1 an inventory that includes ghg emissions from the production of goods and services i e commodities within its national territory and 2 an inventory of ghg emissions occurring within and outside its national boundaries due to estonia s consumption of commodities whether produced domestically or traded bilaterally the inventories included estimates of energy related and non energy related carbon dioxide co2 methane ch4 and nitrous oxide n2o emissions converted to co2 equivalent co2eq associated with the production and consumption of commodities grouped in three main sectors energy industrial processes and agriculture input output io analysis emissions embodied in bilateral trade eebt approaches and the basic methods of the 2006 ipcc guidelines were used to perform the estimates the results of the study illustrated that the total co2eq emissions associated with consumption in estonia in 2005 were 18 higher than those associated with production primarily due to the net import of co2eq emissions from countries outside of the european union

a two tiered attribution structural decomposition analysis to reveal drivers at both sub regional and sectoral levels a case study of energy consumption in the jing jin ji region abstract structural decomposition analysis sda is a very commonly used method for exploring the driving forces of environmental pressure ep enhanced with attribution analysis sda can further decompose the driving forces of ep into economic sectors or sub regions and provide more detailed evidence based policymaking however current studies of sda with attribution analysis have not been sufficiently developed and are only one tiered i e they decompose the driving forces of ep into either a sub regional or an economic sectoral level in this study we introduce a method of sda with a two tiered attribution analysis which is capable of 1 exploring the driving force of environmental pressure at a multi regional level and 2 further decomposing the driving forces of ep into both sub regions and economic sectors based on this method we explore the driving forces for the change of energy consumption in the jing jin ji region during the period of 2007 2012 results of this case study indicate that technological change final demand structure and final demand composition respectively contributed 129 12 and 3 while affluence production structure total population and population structure respectively contributed 129 77 38 and 2 to energy consumption change in the region in terms of sub regional and economic sectoral level contributions hebei province and the chemical and smelting and rolling of metals industries were the most prominent contributors through this case study we situate the strengths and limitations of the two tiered attribution sda method and propose key policy suggestions and future research directions

do international acquisitions by emerging economy firms create shareholder value the case of indian firms while overseas acquisitions by emerging economy firms are gaining increased attention from the business press our understanding of whether and why this inorganic mode of international expansion creates value to acquirer firms is limited we argue that international acquisitions facilitate internalization of tangible and intangible resources that are both difficult to trade through market transactions and take time to develop internally thus constituting an important strategic lever of value creation for emerging economy firms furthermore the magnitude of value created will be higher when the target firms are located in advanced economic and institutional environments country markets that carry the promise of higher quality of resources and therefore stronger complementarity to the existing capabilities of emerging economy firms an event study of 425 cross border acquisitions by indian firms during 2000 2007 supports our predictions

dynamic environmental performance analysis a malmquist index approach abstract this article presents a general framework for dynamic environmental performance analysis by generalizing the approach proposed by kuosmanen and kortelainen kuosmanen t kortelainen m 2005 measuring eco efficiency of production with data envelopment analysis journal of industrial ecology 9 4 59 72 from a static to a dynamic setting for this purpose we construct an environmental performance index epi by applying frontier efficiency techniques and a malmquist index approach compared to other dynamic environmental productivity and efficiency analysis approaches based on these methods our approach builds on the standard definition of eco efficiency as it is presented in the ecological economics literature recognizing the importance to analyze the sources of environmental performance changes we show how changes in overall environmental performance can be decomposed into changes in relative eco efficiency and shifts in environmental technology respectively we apply the presented technique at the macro level to dynamic environmental performance analysis of 20 member states of the european union in 1990 2003 according to the results environmental technical change mostly explains the improvement in overall environmental performance while relative eco efficiency change has been minor for most countries during the sample period

prioritizing towards a green export portfolio for india an environmental input output approach abstract proponents of free trade have often hailed international trade as an engine of economic growth however the foreign trade sector like many other sectors in developing countries frequently involves these countries walking a tightrope between their developmental objectives and environmental goals in this regard prioritizing for developing a green yet internationally competitive export portfolio provides a quintessential win win solution to the problem this study factors in both environmental benignity indicated by total co2 emission intensity as well as trade competitiveness indicated by revealed comparative advantage index in identifying the ideal indian export portfolio the analysis calculates the level of direct and indirect emissions from the foreign trade sector exports and imports using the environmental input output eio matrix for 2003 04 for india that has been jointly developed by researchers from keio university japan and the energy and resources institute teri new delhi the derived basket is compared to the current portfolio to estimate the potential saving from compositional changes and to suggest directions for policymaking to emphasize or de emphasize the export of certain categories of exports

the energy intensity in lithuania during 1995 2009 a lmdi approach abstract the measurement assessment and effective mitigation of energy intensity compose a foremost objective of contemporary energy policy although the european union eu member states have been experiencing the convergence in energy efficiency indicators lithuania acceded to the eu in 2004 still remains peculiar with relatively high energy intensity our study therefore is aimed at analyzing the energy intensity trends in lithuanian economy as a whole as well as in separate economic sectors the investigation covers the period of 1995 2009 the logarithmic mean divisia index was applied for decomposition analysis our analysis has shown that energy efficiency falls during economic downturn in order to facilitate these challenges the lithuanian government as well as business should opt for increasing energy efficiency in the most problematic sectors of transport and services in addition the analysis of legal acts namely national energy efficiency programme for 2006 2010 and energy efficiency action plan for 2010 2016 was taken into consideration some suggestions thus were offered for successful implementation of strategic goals outlined in the aforementioned strategic documents

agricultural ch4 and n2o emissions of major economies consumption vs production based perspectives abstract agriculture is one of the most important sectors for global anthropogenic methane ch4 and nitrous oxide n2o emissions while much attention has been paid to production side agricultural non co2 greenhouse gas anghg emissions less is known about the emissions from the consumption based perspective this paper aims to explore the characteristics of agricultural ch4 and n2o emissions of global major economies by using the latest emission data from the food and agriculture organization corporate statistical database faostat and the recently available global multi regional input output model from the world input output database wiod the results show that in 2014 the 42 major economies together accounted for 60 7 and 65 0 of global total direct and embodied anghg emissions respectively the consumption based anghg emissions in the us japan and the eu were much higher than their production based emissions while the converse was true for brazil australia and india the global average embodied anghg emissions per capita was 0 7 t co2 eq but major developing countries such as china india indonesia and mexico were all below this average value we find that the total transfer of embodied anghg emissions via international trade was 622 4 mt co2 eq 11 9 of the global total china was the largest exporter of embodied anghg emissions while the us was the largest importer most developed economies were net importers of embodied emissions mexico us china us china eu china japan china russia brazil eu india eu and india us formed the main bilateral trading pairs of embodied emission flows examining consumption based inventories can be useful for understanding the impacts of final demand and international trade on agricultural ghg emissions and identifying appropriate mitigation potentials along global supply chains

the co2 trade balance between scotland and the rest of the uk performing a multi region environmental input output analysis with limited data in this paper we attempt an empirical application of the multi region input output mrio method proposed by turner lenzen wiedmann and barrett turner k lenzen m wiedmann t barrett j 2007 examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 1 a technical note on combining input output and ecological footprint analysis ecological economics 62 1 37 44 in a recent issue of this journal in order to enumerate the co2 pollution content of interregional trade flows between scotland and the rest of the uk ruk we extend the analysis to account for direct emissions generation by households as final consumers and to a social accounting matrix sam where a more comprehensive account of incomes and expenditures is possible while the existence of significant data problems mean that the quantitative results of this study should be regarded as provisional the interregional economy environment io and sam framework for scotland and ruk allows an illustrative analysis of some very important issues in terms of the nature and significance of interregional environmental spillovers within the uk and the existence of a co2 trade balance between scotland and ruk

a combined input output and sensitivity analysis approach to analyse sector linkages and co2 emissions abstract this paper proposes a methodology which identifies the main productive linkages between activity branches in terms of co2 emissions and applies this methodology to the spanish case it suggests that emissions are related to the input output productive relationships within an economy to the co2 emissions intensity of sectors and to the structure of final demand of different sectors a formal analysis of these factors is carried out by means of an input output framework combined with sensitivity analysis and lineal programming the most co2 emissions intensive productive relationships in spain are shown this consideration of the main linkages contributes to the identification of the key sectors and facilitates the design of effective policy measures aimed at co2 emissions abatement