global water transfers embodied in mainland china s foreign trade production and consumption based perspectives abstract water resources are embodied in global trade although china is the largest water withdrawal economy in the world 50 of its direct water withdrawal is embodied in chinese imports and exports due to an increasing division of activities between different production units economies such as mainland china mainly import intermediate products for further processing and then export final goods to other economies overall mainland china is a net embodied water supplier not only in final consumption based trade relations but also in intermediate production based ones china s total per capita water use is much lower than the global average but yet china exports embodied water through trade activities pakistan myanmar and india are china s largest embodied water suppliers and hong kong the united states and japan are its largest net recipients the main water exporting sectors in mainland china are electrical and machinery sector 9 and textiles and wearing apparel sector 5 respectively and the main importing sector is agriculture sector 1 with imports coming mainly from myanmar pakistan the united states and north korea this analysis of china s global embodied water transfers can inform policies to increase china s water use efficiency and can be generated to build embodied water budgets for a systematic allocation of water resources on the globe especially from the production and consumption based perspectives

seasonal poverty in madagascar magnitude and solutions abstract seasonal reductions in food consumption pull about one million malagasy below the poverty line during the lean season there they join the nine million more who remain chronically undernourished throughout the year because the seasonality of food shortages coincides with the increased prevalence of diarrhea and other diseases during the rainy season the resulting lean season exacts a heavy toll in the form of increased rates of malnutrition and child mortality combining the results of recent field studies with a seasonal multi market model this paper measures the probable impacts of three common interventions aimed at combatting seasonal food insecurity we find the most promising interventions to be those that increase agricultural productivity of the secondary food crops such as cassava other roots and tubers and maize

inequality and the impact of growth on poverty comparative evidence for sub saharan africa abstract this study explores the extent to which inequality affects the impact of income growth on the rates of poverty changes in sub saharan africa ssa compared to non ssa based on an unbalanced panel of 86 countries over 1977 2004 for all three measures of poverty headcount gap and squared gap the impact of gdp growth on poverty reduction is a decreasing function of initial inequality the impacts are similar in direction for ssa and non ssa so that within both regions there are considerable disparities in the responsiveness of poverty to income growth depending on inequality nevertheless the income growth elasticity is substantially less for ssa implying relatively small poverty reduction response to growth

nonfundamental speculation revisited we show that a linear pure strategy equilibrium may not exist in the model of madrigal 1996 contrary to the claim of the original paper this is because madrigal s characterization of a pure strategy equilibrium omits a second order condition if the nonfundamental speculator s information about noise trading is sufficiently precise a linear pure strategy equilibrium fails to exist in parameter regions where a pure strategy equilibrium does exist we identify a few calculation errors in madrigal 1996 that result in misleading implications

poverty under the kuznets process the object of this paper is to investigate the behaviour of poverty indices during the course of development since development is a complex process one cannot hope to capture in a single model all its different facets thus for example the famous lewis 1954 model although it highlights the role of surplus labour in fixing the supply price of labour to the industrial sector assumes identical real incomes for workers in the rural and urban sectors so that it is not rich enough to provide a vehicle for analysing inequality or poverty an alternative model which also focuses on the transfer of population from the rural to the urban sector in the course of development but nevertheless permits the analysis of distributional change is that due to kuznets 1955 in the simplest version of the kuznets process the population is seen as composed of two distributions a high mean income but high inequality distribution in the urban sector and a low mean income and low inequality distribution in the rural sector and the process of development is characterised as an increase in the population share of the urban sector it is from the workings of such a process that kuznets 1955 hypothesised his famous inverse u relation between inequality and development which we have analysed elsewhere anand and kanbur 1981a our object here is to extend this analysis to an investigation of poverty under the kuznets process while the kuznets model permits an analysis of distributional change it suffers from the drawback that it does not contain an adequate explanation of how and why the population shift takes place we will take up this point later on in this paper where a model of migration is presented which does indeed rationalise the kuznets process section i sets up the kuznets process formally and analyses the behaviour of two classes of poverty indices section ii traces the poverty implications of the todaro 1969 model of migration and arrives at conclusions somewhat different from those of fields 1979 section iii winds up the paper

a multiplier decomposition method to analyze poverty alleviation abstract the objective of this paper is to present a multiplier decomposition method focusing on poverty alleviation the decomposition captures the various mechanisms and linkages through which a production sector s output contributes to poverty alleviation within a socioeconomic system represented by a social accounting matrix sam it is shown that a multiplier can be broken down into two multiplicative effects the distributional and interdependency effects the decomposition method is applied to the case of indonesia a key policy implication is that the human capital of the poor needs to be enhanced if they are not to be sealed off from the industrialization process

computable general equilibrium models adjustment and the poor in africa abstract sahn and others at cornell have conducted a major research program on the impact of adjustment policies on the poor in africa making use of computable general equilibrium cge models their work was summarized in world development april 1996 they concluded that adjustment policies have not hurt and may have helped the poor this paper shows that such conclusions are highly dependent on the assumptions made about parameters relationships and closure in the models moreover in madagascar and tanzania where the cornell models suggest the poor benefited from adjustment there is evidence of worsening social and economic indicators our conclusion is that the cornell results are more a reflection of the assumptions made in developing the cge models than of reality

energy overview for globalized world economy source supply chain and sink abstract energy use of the globalized world economy is comprehensively overviewed by means of a systems input output analysis based on statistics of 2010 emphases are put on the sources of primary energy exploitation inter regional trade imbalance of energy use via global supply chains and sinks of energy use in final demand the largest final user turns out to be the united states compared with china as the leading energy exploiter the global trade volume of energy use is shown in magnitude up to about 90 of the global primary energy exploited the united states is recognized as the world s biggest energy use importer in contrast to russia as the biggest exporter approximately one third of global primary energy exploited is shown to be embodied in inter regional net trade japan and russia are respectively illustrated to be the world s leading net importer and leading net exporter of energy use for china as the leading energy exploiter about 30 of its exploited energy is for foreign regions final use and 70 for its own final use for the european union as the largest sink region nearly 80 of the energy required in its final use is from foreign regions led by russia as reflected in the results the conventional perspective based only on the direct energy consumption by region inevitably leads to inter regional energy grabbing and carbon leakage which raises a serious concern of regional decrease at the expense of global increase in current context of energy shortage and climate change this global energy overview can provide essential strategic implications at the international national and regional scales for sustainable energy policy making

chronic poverty in the united states this paper proposes a method of measuring chronic and transitory poverty using an axiomatically sound additively decomposable index of aggregate poverty our approach is contrasted with alternative methods of measuring poverty persistence we use our method to measure chronic and transitory poverty in the united states during the 1980s and late 1970s and find that chronic poverty is a more serious problem than previously thought between the late 1970s and mid 1980s poverty not only increased it became more chronic and less transitory in nature this is true for the population as a whole and for some but not all of the subpopulations we considered the latter were defined according to race type of social unit and educational qualifications of the head of the social unit all empirical analyses are based on data from the panel study of income dynamics

land contingent poverty alleviation schemes abstract target groups for rural poverty alleviation schemes in south asia and elsewhere have often been identified in terms of their landholding class with landless or near landless households being the intended beneficiaries this paper offers a quantitative approach to the analysis and design of land contingent poverty alleviation schemes an application to bangladesh suggests that when income is generally unobserved landholding class is a good instrument for targeting poverty relief in that it is strongly correlated with the informationally feasible allocations which minimize aggregate poverty for a given budget it is however far from being a perfect instrument even under otherwise ideal conditions the maximum feasible reduction in poverty which is attainable by relying solely on land based targeting is substantially less than that attainable with perfect income information indeed the poverty alleviation impact of domestically financed and revenue neutral transfers across 10 landholding classes in rural bangladesh could also be achieved without targeting by simply giving every household a lump sum payment equivalent to 10 of mean rural income political restrictions on tax powers or errors made in administration will further reduce the gains from land contingent targeting greater impact on poverty for a given budgetary cost will require more precise targeting within landholding classes

potential impacts of electricity price changes on price formation in the economy a social accounting matrix price modeling analysis for turkey recent reforms in the turkish electricity sector since 2001 aim to introduce a tariff system that reflects costs this is expected to affect the production and consumer prices of electricity the changes in electricity prices are then reflected in production costs in other segments of the economy subsequently producer and consumer prices will be affected the potential impact of the changes in electricity prices that the ongoing electricity reforms in turkey will bring about may have important implications on the price formation in economic activities and the cost of living for households this paper evaluates the potential impacts of changes in electricity prices from a social accounting matrix sam price modeling perspective it is found that based on the estimated price multipliers that prices in the energy producing sectors mining and iron and steel manufacturing sectors would be affected more severely than the remaining sectors of the economy consumer prices are affected slightly less than producer prices

china s uneven progress against poverty while the incidence of extreme poverty in china fell dramatically over 1980 2001 progress was uneven over time and across provinces rural areas accounted for the bulk of the gains to the poor though migration to urban areas helped the pattern of growth mattered rural economic growth was far more important to national poverty reduction than urban economic growth agriculture played a far more important role than the secondary or tertiary sources of gross domestic product gdp rising inequality within the rural sector greatly slowed poverty reduction provinces starting with relatively high inequality saw slower progress against poverty due both to lower growth and a lower growth elasticity of poverty reduction taxation of farmers and inflation hurt the poor external trade had little short term impact

microfinance and poverty a macro perspective we test the hypothesis that microfinance reduces poverty at the macro level using cross country and panel data which are constructed by the microfinance information exchange data on microfinance institutions mfis and the world bank data taking account of the endogeneity associated with mfis loans we show that a country with higher mfis gross loan portfolio per capita tends to have lower levels of poverty indices contrary to recent micro evidence our results suggest that microfinance significantly reduces poverty at macro level and thus reinforce the case for channeling funds from development finance institutions and governments of developing countries into mfis

how well do static indicators identify the chronically poor abstract we investigate how well the most widely used static welfare indicators perform in identifying the chronically poor we propose a normative measure of performance the cost of a given impact on chronic poverty when transfers are contingent upon a purely static indicator using longitudinal household data from rural india we find that current consumption is not always a better indicator of chronic poverty than current income both however perform much better than other common indicators such as food share and access to land

global overview for energy use of the world economy household consumption based accounting based on the world input output database wiod abstract globalization has integrated nations into a world economy based on the world input output database wiod this paper explored the energy use of the world economy under a household consumption based mrio multi region input output accounting scheme pertaining to normative economics the household consumption based mrio accounting scheme corresponds to the value judgement of household consumption being the ultimate driver of the economy which complements existing accounting methods based on different viewpoints the energy use associated with the internationally traded products is calculated to be around one fifth of the global total energy consumption for china as the largest exporter and also the biggest deficit economy in terms of energy use its trade imbalance is nearly the summation of that of the united states the united kingdom japan and germany energy self sufficiency rates by supply and by demand are respectively proposed while the united states economy as the largest importer maintains the majority of the energy welfare denoted by the onsite energy use at home china exports large quantities of energy use abroad for economies like germany south korea and taiwan they could be regarded as hubs that export a considerable amount of energy use abroad and absorb massive energy use from outside simultaneously for sustainable use of energy resources economies are suggested to carefully identify their roles in the global trading network of energy use

the welfare cost of means testing pensioner participation in income support we estimate parametric and semi parametric binary choice models of benefit take up by british pensioners and use a revealed preference argument to infer the cash equivalent value of disutility arising from stigma or complexity of the claims process these implicit costs turn out to be relatively small averaging about 3 4 per week across income support recipients using the foster greer thorbecke measure of poverty among pensioners we find that allowing for implicit claim costs incurred by benefit recipients raises the measured degree of poverty by not more than 13 copyright 2007 john wiley sons ltd

why have urban poverty and income inequality increased so much argentina 1991 2001 abstract this article analyzes the trends in income inequality and poverty among argentine households during the nineties we assess the effect of changes in labor force participation unemployment educational levels and returns to individual characteristics on income inequality and poverty by using a microsimulation approach we found that unemployment accounts for a large part of the increase in income inequality and poverty experienced in the past decade changes in labor force participation had an equalizing effect over the whole period while changes in the returns to workers sociodemographic characteristics could be associated with a small increase in income inequality with respect to poverty unemployment affected negatively the proportion of households below the poverty line amplified the poverty gap and increased the severity of poverty in contrast changes in labor force participation are associated with a reduction in the poverty rate

assessing the welfare impacts of public spending an important objective of public spending is to raise household living standards particularly for the poor but how can final impacts on this objective best be assessed evaluating a policy s impact requires assessing how different things would have been in its absence but the counterfactual of no intervention is tricky to quantify the author surveys the methods most often used to assess the welfare effects of public spending limitations of current practices are studied and implications for future best practices are drawn the methods used to assess welfare impacts broadly fall into two groups benefit incidence studies and behavioral approaches benefit incidence studies ignore behavioral responses and second round effects using the provision cost as a proxy for benefits received behavioral approaches present quite different drawbacks in attempting to represent individual benefits correctly a number of recent studies usefully combine both approaches it is still uncertain whether behaviorally consistent methods actually point to fundamentally different policy recommendations what can be concluded is that we need to diversify and compare results from our evaluation methods and broaden our definition of well being to see how various facets of living standard are affected by public spending

quantifying biodiversity footprints of dutch economic sectors a global supply chain analysis abstract economic sectors contribute to biodiversity loss via environmental pressures such as land use and greenhouse gas ghg emissions directly and via their supply chains this study is the first that systematically quantifies supply chain related environmental pressures and terrestrial biodiversity losses in relation to sectoral production by presenting so called biodiversity footprints for 47 sectors in the dutch economy the supply chains of the food and chemical sectors were investigated in more detail by applying a structural path analysis mean species abundance msa was used as a biodiversity indicator representing the degree of ecosystem naturalness our results revealed that i the largest supply chain related biodiversity losses occur in land intensive and energy intensive sectors ii sectors that produce primary resources such as crops and livestock showed the largest biodiversity footprint per eur of output iii for most sectors in the dutch economy more than 50 of the biodiversity losses related to their supply chains were being caused abroad and iv more than 45 of the supply chain related losses caused by the food and chemical sectors occurred upstream of the direct suppliers our results imply that mitigation of ghg emissions as well as land use related options should be considered in sectoral strategies to protect global biodiversity the results create a clear rational for not only improving sectoral production efficiency but also for taking supply chain responsibility supply chain related biodiversity losses often cannot be directly influenced by the sector or occur in other countries additional strategies may be needed then to reduce global biodiversity losses

budgetary rules to minimize societal poverty in a general equilibrium context abstract this paper derives budgetary rules for the allocation of an exogenously supplied budget to mutually exclusive socioeconomic groups so that the maximum reduction of poverty for society as a whole is attained budgetary rules are derived for two mechanisms of intra group benefit distribution and for the cases where the effects of economic interaction within and between groups is considered and where it is not a computer simulation of the budgetary rules on a hypothetical economy demonstrates the importance of economic interaction both to the optimal allocation of benefits and to the resulting reduction in poverty

the challenging economics of energy security ensuring energy benefits in support to sustainable development abstract energy is a key resource to economic development and is required to be available continuously and in adequate amounts also it is expected to be affordable and environmentally friendly ensuring this is a challenge yet strategic to maintain economies running under a sustainable pattern energy security is neither a new concept nor a new concern however because of new issues it requires a novel broader approach such an approach should address both demand security of supply and supply security of demand sides as well as take into account energy scarcity situations and surplus opportunities in addition it should allow for both private markets and public policies and regulations initiatives this paper presents a theoretical and practical basis for the economics of energy security energy security is defined in this context as the ability of an economy to provide sufficient affordable and environmentally sustainable energy services so as to maintain a maximum welfare state even when issues would press it otherwise we introduce the notion of energy security gap to represent the economy s failure to show such ability additionally we also propose a framework to support the evaluation planning and implementation of energy security in an economy this framework relies on the concepts of resilience adaptability and transformability walker et al 2004 to prescribe indicators to assess the energy security of an economy furthermore it proposes mechanisms to enhance energy security as well as a continuous process to increasingly achieve this

a macro micro analysis of the effects of electricity reform in senegal on poverty and distribution abstract this paper uses a computable general equilibrium cge macro micro model to explore the distributional effects of price reform in the electricity sector of senegal in the first part of the paper we analyse the distribution of electricity in senegal by income quintiles between 1995 and 2001 the analysis demonstrates that poor and rural households are not the main beneficiaries of the expanded network the results of the cge model show that direct price effects are weaker than general equilibrium effects on poverty and inequality moreover compensatory policies tested can help attenuate some adverse effects

an environmentally extended social accounting matrix although the social accounting matrix sam approach has been widely used in nationalaccounting and development economics it still neglectsimportant information among which are theinteractions between an economy and the environment this paper environmentally extends sam to capture therelationships among economic activities pollutionabatement activities and pollution emissions anumerical example of the environmentally extendedsocial accounting matrix esam using chinese 1990data is presented the multiplier and structural pathanalyses are applied to the esam for assessingenvironmental impacts of pollution related economicpolicies the analysis results show that an esam canbe a useful tool for environmental policy analysis

environmental and social accounting for brazil an environmentally extendedsocial accounting matrix sam has beenconstructed for brazil for the first time wereview in detail previous studies in thisfield describe the construction structure anddata sources of the brazilian sam anddemonstrate the effect of system closure examining a range of type i and type iimultipliers we show that incomes generated byfinal consumption are highly skewed towardsrich households but energy requirements andcarbon emissions are higher for the consumptionof the poor a significant negative correlationexists between employment and income on onehand and energy requirements and carbonemissions on the other while a significantpositive correlation exists between imports and energy and carbon these correlationsdemonstrate that there is scope for policiesthat pursue imports substitution and reduceenergy consumption and carbon emissions whilstincreasing employment and income

structural path analysis of india s carbon emissions using input output and social accounting matrix frameworks abstract while input output io tables have been widely employed to study energy and environmental issues social accounting matrix sam which further considers the interactions of the production system primary factors households and social institutions in the economy is rarely seen in this field this paper thus compares the transmission dynamics under an io framework and a sam framework with the help of structural path analysis spa technique which decomposes the io and sam analysis results by extracting the interconnections in the economic system a case study is performed to investigate india s carbon emissions based on its latest publicly available io and sam tables as the fourth largest emitter in the world india s large population base fast population growth and huge unmet demand imply a surge of carbon emissions following future economic development there have been a few studies on india s energy and emission issues using io tables but more research from different perspectives is still needed to better support policy making this is the first study on india s carbon emissions under a sam framework and using spa techniques and also the first study that extends the use of spa by transmission path to the energy and environmental literature

hunger inequality ethics and aid abstractthis article considers the inequality in the cross country distribution of hunger using multiple ethical underpinnings under sovereign equality each nation state receives equal weighting leading to the conclusion that hunger should be concentrated in a few large countries under the democratic ethic individuals receive equal weighting and the global distribution of hungry people is irrelevant inequality aversion deliberately prefers equal levels of hunger across countries these ideals are presented in a general social welfare function and compared to the actual changes in hunger during 1991 2001 the distribution of food aid to reduce both hunger and hunger inequality are considered

assessing the importance of international tourism for the turkish economy a social accounting matrix analysis abstract the international tourism sector has grown rapidly in turkey since the 1980s and turkey ranks among the top ten countries in terms of tourist arrivals and receipts previous studies on international tourism in turkey are partial equilibrium studies which emphasized the importance of the sector for foreign exchange earnings employment creation and economic growth the social accounting matrix sam modeling approach is superior to partial equilibrium analysis as it takes into account intersectoral linkages this paper analyzes the contribution of international tourism to the turkish economy using two sams for 1996 and 2002 respectively two analyses are conducted using the sam impact model i sectoral comparison of gdp elasticities and ii sam impact analysis of international tourism on output value added and employment the results show that the gdp elasticity of international tourism is relatively low and the impact of foreign tourist expenditures on domestic production value added gdp and employment in turkey are modest the results imply the possibility of leakage of foreign tourist expenditures out of the economy

tracing co2 emissions in global value chains abstract this paper integrates two lines of research into a unified conceptual framework trade in value added and embodied emissions in trade this allows both value added and emissions to be systematically traced at the country sector and bilateral levels through various routes in global value chains by combining value added and emissions accounting in a consistent way the potential environmental cost along global value chains can be estimated from different perspectives like production consumption and trade using this unified accounting framework we trace value added and co 2 emissions in global production and trade networks among 41 economies in 35 sectors from 1995 to 2009 based on the world input output database and show how they improve our understanding of the impacts of cross border production sharing on the environment

the effects of a large discrete maize price increase on the distribution of household welfare and poverty in rural kenya1 this study estimates the effects of a large discrete maize price increase on the welfare of a sample of rural kenyan households the usual first order welfare approximation formula is extended to a second order formula that allows for supply and demand responses to the price change results show that many rural households are not affected greatly by the price change and there are about as many gainers as losers however these full sample results mask important differences across regions welfare gains generally take place in major production areas while losses are in areas where most households are net buyers of maize semiparametric methods are used to investigate the relationship between income and the size of the welfare effect and poverty dominance techniques are applied to study the impacts of the maize price increase on rural poverty

identifying critical supply chain paths that drive changes in co2 emissions abstract to address the problem of global warming it is important to identify the supply chain paths that drive changes in life cycle co2 emissions and provide both policy makers and decision makers with the information on the critical paths in order to efficiently reduce the co2 emissions in this article i extract and analyze the factors and key supply chains involved in changes in co2 emissions associated with japan s overall demand from 1990 to 2000 using the structural path decomposition spd method applied to the 1990 1995 2000 linked japanese environmental input output tables at the four digit commodity classification level the results reveal that the volume of co2 emissions increased as a result of changes in the input structure of the electricity of the services sector such as electricity amusement and recreation facilities household demand electricity retail trade household demand and electricity public administration local local government demand indicating increasing dependence of services on energy input i also find that the final demand shift changed co2 emissions for example the rise in demand for integrated circuits in exports has contributed to increasing co2 emissions generated from electricity the fall in demand for frozen fish and shellfish in household demand has contributed to decreasing co2 emissions from marine fisheries

energy requirements of sydney households supporting the lifestyles of the populations of modern cities requires vast quantities of natural resources and leads to environmental stresses such as air and water pollution research into the metabolism of cities therefore aims at understanding the physical flows into within and out of cities with a view to reducing the use of resources and the environmental impacts one important physical indicator is energy use most studies on cities only consider direct or end user energy consumption since the function of cities is to serve the lives of their residents indirect energy use in cities or energy embodied in the consumption of goods and services by its residents can be regarded as being as important as direct energy use however physical models of cities are extremely complex and have difficulty in dealing with boundary issues and hence the indirect resource requirements in this paper we use input output analysis and detailed household expenditure data to yield comprehensive energy use breakdowns for the 14 statistical subdivisions of sydney multivariate regression and structural path analysis spa are used to interpret the results clear correlations can be drawn between energy use and income household size age and degree of urbanity the structural path analysis is used to demonstrate how significant differences in lifestyles between inner and outer areas of sydney leads to different energy use characteristics this final consumption based approach to analysing the energy requirements for households has important implications for measures aimed at reducing energy use which tend to only consider direct energy use d 2004 elsevier b v all rights reserved

the employment effects of an income redistribution in developing countries the 1970 ilo mission report to colombia first proposed the notion that since the poor tend to consume a more labour intensive basket of commodities than the rich a redistribution of income in their favour will tend to increase employment this proposal gave rise to a host of attempts in the 1970s to demonstrate its empirical validity in a number of developing countries the results however provided only a very limited degree of support to the ilo hypothesis indeed by 1978 the clear conclusion of the general equilibrium macroeconomic models was that income redistribution would have only a tiny effect on employment 1

growth and inequality in india analysis of an extended social accounting matrix summary based on an extended social accounting matrix sam for 2002 03 this study shows how sectoral growth in india affects inequality a breakdown of the wage account into three educational levels and 10 sectors of employment improves the link between sectoral expansion and household income in the sam the results show that only agricultural growth reduces inequality while growth in heavy manufacturing and services sectors raises inequality given india s current growth pattern inequality is likely to increase further in an analysis of the standard sam growth in any sector would appear to reduce inequality which underlines the importance of our extension

the effect of globalisation on energy footprints disentangling the links of global value chains abstract this paper investigates the impact of global value chains on energy footprints energy footprints are consumption based indicators which record the energy used to produce a country s final demand in order to disentangle key characteristics of global value chains and their effects on the global energy footprint we employ structural decomposition analyses sda furthermore the analysis combines a retrospective with a prospective sda approach after an analysis of the global energy footprint for the period between 1995 and 2009 we discuss three scenarios of international integration and their implications for energy footprints for the period from 2009 to 2030 our results show that the global energy footprint has increased by 29 4 from 1995 to 2009 and the scenarios indicate that it will increase by another 23 5 until 2030 economic activity is the most important driver for the increase in energy footprints rising final demand alone would have increased the global energy footprint by 47 0 between 1995 and 2009 the composition of countries from where consumption and investment goods come adds another 12 6 sectoral energy intensity reductions are the most important decelerator of energy use 27 8 there is a substantial contribution of changing global value chains on the rise in the global energy footprint 7 5 stronger backward linkages in global value chains increased the global energy footprint by 5 5 between 1995 and 2009 changes in the regional composition of intermediate inputs raised it by another 1 8 the shift of the world economy towards east asia alone would have increased the global energy footprint by 3 0 the sectoral composition of global value chains on the other hand had a negligible effect on energy footprints

the impact of macroeconomic adjustment on poverty in the presence of wage rigidities abstract the paper examines the effects of macro economic policy on poverty when the labour market is subject to partial wage rigidity it shows that the orothodox assumption of a perfect labour market ignores a number of important conflicts arising from macro economic policy specifically it demonstrates that an expenditure switching policy will have greater adverse effects on the formal sector compared with the informal sector and this has implications for poverty under reasonable assumptions about the incidence of poverty in these sectors the paper suggests that more confident predictions about poverty outcomes are possible although in the last analysis theoretical ambiguity is always present whether the rigid wage case gives significantly different predictions from the orthodox model is shown to depend critically on the poverty level among the unemployed if this is similar to that found in the formal sector the difference between the two models is only quantitatively important when the share of formal sector employment is large in this case the rigid wage model indicates less favourable poverty outcomes however if poverty levels are high among the unemployed the rigid wage model predicts more favourable effects

optimal non linear income taxation for the alleviation of income poverty there has been much discussion recently of structuring tax and transfer programs to ensure that resources go to the poor with minimal leaks to the nonpoor the poor have no incentive to earn income with 100 percent marginal tax rates but how high or low the marginal rate of taxation should be and how they should vary with income is a complex issue and opinions vary social security schemes that withdraw benefits represent an extremely high effective marginal tax rate other schemes call for relatively low marginal tax rates at the bottom of the income distribution which tax transfer schedule does most to reduce poverty the issue is one of optimal nonlinear income taxation the authors show that one of the key theoretical results of the welfarist literature is overturned if it is desirable for everybody to work the optimal marginal tax rate on the very poorest individuals is strictly negative they argue that the nonwelfarist perspective points toward lower marginal tax rates in the lower part of the income distribution than does the welfarist perspective but numerical simulations suggest that the effect is of limited quantitative significance using conventional functional forms and parameter values optimal marginal tax rates on the poor are in the 60 70 percent range

revisiting advance disclosure of insider trading abstract we derive a parametric restriction necessary and sufficient for an equilibrium to exist in the model of lenkey 2014 given this restriction the equilibrium is unique correcting findings in the original article that multiple equilibria may exist with advance disclosure

an overview of energy consumption of the globalized world economy abstract for the globalized world economy with intensive international trade an overview of energy consumption is presented by an embodied energy analysis to track both direct and indirect energy uses based on a systems input output simulation in 2004 the total amounts of energy embodied in household consumption government consumption and investment are 7749 874 and 2009 mtoe million tons of oil equivalent respectively the united states is shown as the world s biggest embodied energy importer 683 mtoe and embodied energy surplus receiver 290 mtoe in contrast to china as the biggest exporter 662 mtoe and deficit receiver 274 mtoe energy embodied in consumption per capita varies from 0 05 uganda to 19 54 toe rest of north america based on a forecast for 2005 2035 china is to replace the united states as the world s leading embodied energy consumer in 2027 when its per capita energy consumption will be one quarter of that of the united states

does child undernutrition persist despite poverty reduction in developing countries quantile regression results abstract the eradication of child undernutrition and extreme poverty are important objectives for most societies countries with higher national incomes usually improve in both dimensions but not always at the same rate using quantile regression we show that poverty rates tend to decline with increased income at a roughly constant elasticity in contrast while the prevalence of child wasting declines at that same elasticity where it is most widespread the elasticity becomes smaller as wasting becomes less prevalent this finding suggests a greater need for increasingly targeted interventions to achieve a given reduction in undernutrition as its prevalence declines

poverty and basic needs fulfilment in africa during structural change evidence from cote d ivoire abstract much attention is given in the literature to the evolution of social indicators during periods of structural adjustment and economic reform this paper argues that these processes are not distribution neutral from the point of view of basic needs fulfilment and that hence the focus should not be on aggregate indicators but on the distribution of beneficiaries of social services and changes in this distribution evidence is presented for cote d ivoire during the second half of the 1980s a period of intense structural change which shows that the poorest absorbed the bulk of the decline in basic needs fulfilment as a result of structural change this was the case for almost all aspects of basic needs and occurred regardless of the overall trend in the social indicators

national accounting with natural and other types of capital we do double entry national accounting and incorporate zero profit arbitrageconditions euler equations for different types of capital includingnatural capital in non balanced growth capital gains terms for capitalgoods appear in the income side of the accounts depreciation terms appearon the product or expenditure side we consider renewable natural capital aswell as non renewable of both durable and non durable types

technology choice and income distribution within the context of the agricultural sector one can point to numerous attempts to assess the macro economic effects of alternative technologies on the distribution of income one of the most influential early efforts for example was undertaken mainly in the indian context by john mellor 1 who was seeking to redefine agriculture s role in development strategy and policy in rejecting the then existing capital intensive and industry led development model and advocating instead a rural led employment intensive path to development mellor was concerned among other things with the relationships between increased foodgrain production using alternative technologies and the growth rate of non agricultural employment non agricultural sector capital labour ratios and the course of per capita incomes of the labour force more recently haggblade and hazell2 have used an input output based model to examine how differences in the choice of agricultural technology and farm size influence the indirect or multiplier effects of increases in agricultural output they show for example that the input intensity consumption profile of targeted farms and processing characteristics of the farm output all affect the size and composition of nonfarm spinoffs 3 the finding that consumption linkages generally dominate the total multiplier confirms mellor s emphasis on the importance of this particular type of linkage effect

calculation of embodied energy in sino usa trade 1997 2011 abstract in order to find efficient trade measures to reduce china s energy consumption and to provide theoretical support for the climate talks between china and america we investigate the impact of sino usa trade on energy consumption from the perspective of embodied energy an environmental input output life cycle assessment eio lca model was established to calculate the total energy consumption coefficient the direct consumption coefficient and the complete consumption coefficient of the sectors of the national economies of china and america after taking into consideration the data of every sector of the national economy in sino usa trade energy embodied in the import and export trade between china and america was calculated to verify the real energy flows in sino usa trade the research results suggest the following china is the net exporter of embodied energy in sino usa trade and coal crude oil and natural gas are the major components in 1997 2011 the net exports of china s embodied energy totaled 1523 082 200 t of standard coal the amount of china s energy consumption increased by 895 527 900 t of standard coal and america s energy consumption decreased by 11 871 200 t of standard coal as a result of sino usa trade on this basis corresponding policies and recommendations are proposed

structural path and decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy intensities in china 2012 2017 abstract the dependence of the economic development of a region on its energy consumption is a major challenge for developing countries the aggregate embodied energy intensity aei based on an input output framework reflects the interaction between regional economy and energy consumption driven by final demand studying the change in aei from the perspective of sector production and final demand can effectively control the source and trend of energy intensity change in order to control the growth of energy intensity however there is a relative lack of studies determining the causes of aei changes from the perspective of sectors and final demands this study attempted to identify the influencing factors of aei changes and establish an aei based environmental policy in china a multiplicative structural decomposition analysis and a structural path analysis were used to study the aei under conditions of different final demands sectors and transmission layers along with the factors influencing aei changes in china from 2012 to 2017 our results indicate that the final demand category of gross fixed capital formation made the largest contribution to aei changes in 2012 and 2017 and the multiplicative intensity factor significantly inhibited the decrease in aei among the sectors studied only a few were found to significantly affect the change in aei with s11 processing of petroleum coking and nuclear fuel s12 chemical industry and s14 smelting and rolling of metals being the key sectors that input high energy consumption products to other sectors

modeling prices in a sam structure the aim of this paper is to develop an intersectoral price model in a social accounting matrix traditionally the emphasis of the social accounting methodology has been on quantity oriented models and their income effects in contrast the authors use the social accounting matrix to develop a price model that captures the interdependence among activities households and factors and provides a complete set of accounting prices furthermore they use decomposition techniques to trace underlying general equilibrium effects copyright 1995 by mit press

concepts of poverty and the poverty line abstract various approaches adopted in developed economies to distinguishing between the poor and non poor to setting a poverty line are reviewed these include the budget standard food ratio official subjective and relative poverty line methods as well as the analysis of indicators of deprivation there has been significant progress in recent years in the degree of sophistication involved and a movement away from approaches with a quasi absolute background however all the methods face formidable problems at conceptual and empirical levels and no single approach is likely to dominate

structural path analysis and multiplier decomposition within a social accounting matrix framework the main purpose of this paper is to apply structural path analysis to a social accounting matrix sam framework because the sam is a comprehensive essentially general equilibrium data system the whole network through which influence is transmitted can be identified and specified through structural path analysis the latter provides an alternative and much more detailed way to decompose multipliers as compared with the traditional treatment of stone 1978 and pyatt and round 1979 this paper consists of five sections the first one reviews the sam framework as a basis for multiplier analysis and multiplier decomposition in particular the additive decomposition in terms of transfer open loop and closed loop effects is succinctly presented section ii applies this conventional decomposition to a sam of south korea to illustrate with eleven specific cases the effects of an exogenous injection on the endogenous accounts of the sam i e the incomes of the factors household groups and production activities section iii is devoted to the presentation of the elements of structural analysis and more particularly the transmission of economic influence within a structure finally section iv applies structural path analysis to the south korean sam and compares and contrasts the multiplier decomposition which it yields with the alternative decomposition discussed in section ii the comparison is the more significant in that the two decomposition methods are applied to the same eleven selected cases spanning a variety of sectors i e poles of origin for the injection and sectors poles of destination the empirical analysis in section iv suggests that structural path analysis applied to a sam is a potentially operationally useful technique within which a whole series of policy issues can be addressed the final section is devoted to a brief summary and conclusions

the economy wide impact of controlling energy consumption in indonesia an analysis using a social accounting matrix framework escalating oil prices and the need to control carbon emissions sound the alarm for indonesia to reduce or be more efficient in its energy use instead of eliminating the fuel oil subsidy to promote better and more efficient use of energy the indonesian government seems to be more in favour of restricting energy use by for example requiring all hotels restaurants night clubs and other business activities to close down by 1 am societies need to understand the full consequences of adopting restricting energy use and more efficient energy use strategies toward their incomes this paper aims to analyse the impact on the economy of energy policies aiming to reduce and to improve the efficiency of energy use particularly on the income of various household groups this paper will first construct a social accounting matrix for indonesia with detailed energy sectors and second utilise various multiplier analyses to observe and understand the impact of these energy policies

effects and mechanism of influence of china s resource tax reform a regional perspective abstract china s resource tax reform beginning with xinjiang as a pilot area in june 2010 marked a new stage in the progression of china s resource tax system based on the 2007 social accounting matrix sam for xinjiang constructed by ourselves this paper takes a regional perspective on china s resource tax reform to quantitatively calculate its degree of influence and qualitatively analyze its mechanism of influence by adopting an energy computable general equilibrium cge model and a sam price model the results show that the main significance of the reform lies in bolstering local government finances rather than energy conservation or carbon reduction this is because revenue will be transferred from resource enterprises and the central government to the local government while simultaneously the low tax rate narrow tax scope and unreasonable price mechanism will combine to prevent the reform from reaching its environmental goals promoting resource price mechanism reform and deepening resource tax reform will be two key elements of china s future energy strategies because resource enterprises will bear the increased burden caused by the reform the degree of sectoral price increases will be limited therefore the fear that resource tax reform will push up inflation is unnecessary and should not be a barrier to reform

a note on pro poor growth this paper proposes a poverty growth curve that measures whether economic growth is pro poor or not propoor our methodology is developed based on atkinson s theorem linking the generalized lorenz curve and changes in poverty this methodology is applied to both thailand s unit record household surveys and international cross country data empirical study illustrates that our approach to measuring pro poor growth provides conclusive results in the majority of cases d 2004 elsevier b v all rights reserved

the water footprint of tourism in spain this study complements the water footprint wf estimations for spain incorporating insights of the process analysis and inputeoutput io analysis we evaluate the virtual both blue and green consumed water trade of agricultural and industrial products but also of services especially through tourism for a country in which more than 10 of the gross domestic product gdp derives from this activity we use domestic and import disaggregated tables in the agro alimentary activities based mainly on national agrarian industrial services and trade statistics in order to obtain import coefficients water data and io tables of the main trade partners are used to reproduce the technology of these economies results show that 16 of the spanish exports are due to foreign tourism thus the water footprint of foreign tourism in spain is 3 7 km 3 finally we compare reductions in total tourism expenditure and the domestic and

structural adjustment macroeconomic adjustment and poverty a methodology for analysis abstract the object of this paper is to set out a methodology for analyzing the impact on the poor in less developed countries ldcs of adjustment to disturbances arising in the international sectors sectors of these economies the methodology is not based on a detailed general equilibrium model of the whole economy but instead focuses on the effects of the adjustment process on the sectoral composition of national output and expenditure the paper provides a framework for the calculation of quantitative estimates of the impact of adjustment on poverty using household income and expenditure surveys currently available in ldcs it is proposes the use of decomposable poverty indices as a tractable vehicle for calculating the impact of adjustment on overall poverty this framework does require however reasonably disaggregated data on income distribution

poverty and inequality in java examining the impact of the changing age educational and industrial structure abstract this paper uses the method of dinardo et al dinardo j fortin n m lemieux t 1996 labor market institutions and the distribution of wages 1973 1992 a semiparametric approach econometrica 64 5 sept 1001 1044 to examine the distribution of the benefits of growth in java dinardo et al s method presents the decompositions visually rather than in the form of opaque summary statistics in this paper it was modified so that changes in the cumulative distribution functions lorenz curves and generalized lorenz curves are decomposed the change in the distribution of per capita income between 1984 and 1990 is related to the aging of the population decreased reliance on agriculture increased educational attainment and changes in incomes within industry and age education categories

the impact of coffee certification on small scale producers livelihoods a case study from the jimma zone ethiopia what is the impact of product certification on small scale farmers livelihoods to what extent does the participation of ethiopian small scale coffee farmers in certified local cooperative structures improve their socioeconomic situation to answer these questions this article employs household data of 249 coffee farmers from six different cooperatives collected in the jimma zone of southwestern ethiopia in 2009 findings show that the certification of coffee cooperatives has in total a low impact on small scale coffee producers livelihoods mainly due to 1 low productivity 2 insignificant price premium and 3 poor access to credit and information from the cooperative differences in production and organizational capacities between the local cooperatives are mirrored in the extent of the certification benefits for the smallholders good cooperatives have reaped the benefits of certification whereas bad ones did not fare well in this regard the cooperative effect overlies the certification effect

food subsidies and poverty alleviation this paper formulates the problem of the optimal pattern of food subsidies in a general setting where the objective is to minimize a class of poverty indices within the framework of the mo dern public finance theory taking explicit account of the budget con straint and preferences and technologies the authors derive rules fo r retargetting food subsidies to reduce poverty many operational rul es of thumb appear as special cases of the general results the analy sis thus provides not only the microfoundations of these operational rules but also their appropriate generalizations when the conditions under which they arise are not fulfilled copyright 1988 by royal economic society

why have some indian states done better than others at reducing rural poverty the unevenness of the rise in rural living standards in the various states of india since the 1950s allowed the authors to study the causes of poverty they modeled the evolution of average consumption and various poverty measures using pooled state level data for 1957 91 they found that poverty was reduced by higher agricultural yields above trend growth in nonfarm output and lower inflation rates but these factors only partly explain relative success and failure in reducing poverty initial conditions also mattered states that started the period with better infrastructure and human resources with more intense irrigation greater literacy and lower infant mortality rates had significantly greater long term rates of consumption growth and poverty reduction by and large the same variables that promoted growth in average consumption also helped reduce poverty the effects on poverty measures were partly redistributive in nature after controlling for inflation the authors found that some of the factors that helped reduce absolute poverty also improved distribution and none of the factors that reduced absolute poverty had adverse impacts on distribution in other words there was no sign of tradeoffs between growth and pro poor distribution

poverty transition and persistence in ethiopia 1994 2004 summary this study analyzes the persistence of poverty in both rural and urban areas in ethiopia during 1994 2004 the key finding is that households move frequently in and out of poverty but the difficulty of exiting from poverty like the chance of avoiding slipping back increases with the time spent in that state and varies considerably between male and female headed households our results imply that it is important to design anti poverty policies both to hinder households from slipping into extreme poverty and to minimize the length of the poverty spell for households once they have fallen into it

indicators for energy security the concept of energy security is widely used yet there is no consensus on its precise interpretation in this research we have provided an overview of available indicators for long term security of supply sos we distinguished four dimensions of energy security that relate to the availability accessibility affordability and acceptability of energy and classified indicators for energy security according to this taxonomy there is no one ideal indicator as the notion of energy security is highly context dependent rather applying multiple indicators leads to a broader understanding incorporating these indicators in model based scenario analysis showed accelerated depletion of currently known fossil resources due to increasing global demand coupled with increasing spatial discrepancy between consumption and production international trade in energy carriers is projected to have increased by 142 in 2050 compared to 2008 oil production is projected to become increasingly concentrated in a few countries up to 2030 after which production from other regions diversifies the market under stringent climate policies this diversification may not occur due to reduced demand for oil possible benefits of climate policy include increased fuel diversity and slower depletion of fossil resources

one kind of freedom poverty dynamics in post apartheid south africa abstract a 1993 south african living standards survey documented the legacy of apartheid in the form high levels of inequality and human insecurity drawing on a 1998 re survey of households in the 1993 study this paper explores whether this legacy has been superseded or whether apartheid s end has been only one kind of freedom that has left households in a poverty trap from which they cannot escape after proposing a theoretically grounded dynamic poverty typology that distinguishes stochastic from structural poverty transitions the paper goes on to estimate that significant numbers of the south african poor are potentially trapped in a structural poverty trap and lack the means to escape poverty over time

stabilization policy and income distribution in developing countries abstract the trade off between income distribution and stabilization is one of the least understood in development economics the paper reviews the recent literature on the effects of devaluation and monetary and fiscal policy devaluation is shown to have a significant impact on incomes through both its expenditure switching and reducing effects this varying with the time perspective taken the implications of these effects for poverty are explored and shown in principle to be complex and uncertain similarly monetary and fiscal restraint is shown to influence income distribution through changes in the level and structure of output how changes in monetary and fiscal policy affect the poor in developing countries is again difficult to determine theoretically the labor market is shown to be a key determinant of how policy changes are transmitted to poverty groups the paper concludes that rigorous empirical research on this subject is long overdue

structural adjustment and the welfare of rural smallholders a comparative analysis from sub saharan africa the direction and level of changes in real incomes brought about by structural adjustment are determined by a variety of factors including sources of income patterns of expenditures and movements in relative prices in the wake of adjustment an econometric model is used to derive an index of real income which is employed for data from cote d ivoire ghana malawi madagascar and tanzania no systematic changes in relative prices and especially in the ratio of tradable to nontradable prices were noted after the beginning of adjustment although the diversity of income sources implies that the implications of movements in relative prices on smallholder welfare are indeed complex the results indicate that there is no unequivocal pattern of increase or decline in the real welfare of the rural poor but that there are marked differences among countries and regions

measuring welfare poverty and inequality a class of poverty measures is identified the members of which satisfy strong monotonicity and transfer conditions these measures are closely related to indices of income inequality based on the notion of a mean equivalent income a restriction on the class of admissible measures allows poverty to be interpreted in terms of the loss in mean equivalent income resulting from the fact that some people are poor copyright 1987 by royal economic society

an overview of mercury emissions by global fuel combustion the impact of international trade abstract this study provides an overview of mercury emissions by global fuel combustion by compiling the detailed inventory as well as elaborating the impact of international trade based on the global fuel related mercury emissions inventory covering 26 sectors in 186 economies for the year of 2010 systems multi region input output analysis is employed for the first time to investigate international trade s impact on mercury emissions induced by each economy the estimated mercury emissions mainly contributed by coal burning are 859 12 t approximately 30 of which are embodied in commodities transported to consumers in other economies via international trade the emerging economies such as mainland china and india are the prominent net exporters of embodied mercury emissions while developed economies like japan germany and the usa are the net importers indicating that developed economies avoided a large amount of direct mercury emissions by transferring the production of emission intensive commodities to developing economies by integrating the direct emissions and the net trade effect mainland china has the largest embodied mercury emissions followed by the usa and india this study verifies the significant role of international trade in drawing a holistic picture of global fuel related mercury emissions the findings also suggest that focusing on the atmospheric mercury pollution directly emitted by local producers in isolation may result in an absurd situation of regional reduction at the cost of global rise it is anticipated that the current study provides insights for forming a reasonable emission responsibility sharing mechanism and facilitating comprehensive abatement strategies

co2 emissions embodied in china us trade input output analysis based on the emergy dollar ratio to gain insight into changes in co2 emissions embodied in china us trade an input output analysis based on the emergy dollar ratio edr is used to estimate embodied co2 emissions a structural decomposition analysis sda is employed to analyze the driving factors for changes in co2 emissions embodied in china s exports to the us during 2002 2007 the results of the input output analysis show that net export of co2 emissions increased quickly from 2002 to 2005 but decreased from 2005 to 2007 these trends are due to a reduction in total co2 emission intensity a decrease in the exchange rate and small imports of embodied co2 emissions the results of the sda demonstrate that total export volume was the largest driving factor for the increase in embodied co2 emissions during 2002 2007 followed by intermediate input structure direct co2 emissions intensity had a negative effect on changes in embodied co2 emissions the results suggest that china should establish a framework for allocating emission responsibilities enhance energy efficiency and improve intermediate input structure

advance disclosure of insider trading using a strategic rational expectations equilibrium framework we show that forcing a well informed insider to disclose her trades in advance tends to increase welfare for both the insider and less informed outsiders advance disclosure generates price risk for the insider and to mitigate this risk the insider trades less aggressively on her private information consequently outsiders face lower adverse selection costs which improves risk sharing and increases welfare the drop in trading aggressiveness also causes market efficiency to decline furthermore pretrade disclosure encourages excessive risk taking but may either encourage or discourage managerial effort

energy perspective of sino us trade imbalance in global supply chains abstract the unprecedented global supply chain fragmentation brings an ever increasing trade imbalance in terms of monetary flows between china and the united states associated with the bilateral trade imbalance is the reallocation of resources utilization and environmental stress in this regard this study presents an embodied energy model to investigate impacts of sino us trade imbalance on global energy use during 2000 2014 distinguished from previous studies that only evaluate the sino us trade based on specific bilateral perspective this study probes into overall impacts of the sino us trade on global primary energy use pattern from the perspective of global supply chains for the first time a boost to eastbound trade and distinct export industrial structures fuel the unprecedented growth of sino us embodied energy trade imbalance accounting for more than half of the total energy transfers embodied in sino us trade such imbalance firstly increases sharply from 1956 0 pj in 2000 to 5265 3 pj in 2006 followed by a short term decrease to hit a low point at 3267 7 pj in 2009 because of financial crisis and then a gradual resuscitation with a slower pace in the following years the exported energy embodied in manufacturing products dominates eastbound flows whereas energy embodied in agricultural products technology intensive products and primary energy commodities constitute majority of westbound flows due to the dispersed production process in global value chains more than half of primary energy use embodied in the bilateral trade is geographically exploited in other economies along the supply chain i e europe the middle east and south asia furthermore security of energy supply is evaluated for the two economies the results can help predict potential influences of trade conflicts on global energy extraction illustrating policy implications to make sino us trade in line with global energy conservation goals considering sino us trade s impacts along complex supply chains distinctive domestic energy conservation measures should give way to global collective and inclusive governance

impact of inter sectoral trade on national and global co2 emissions an empirical analysis of china and us abstract this paper attempts to discuss the co2 emissions embodied in sino us international trade using a sector approach based on an input output model established in this study we quantify the impact of sino us international trade on national and global co2 emissions our initial findings reveal that in 2005 the us reduced 190 13 mt co2 emissions through the consumption of imported goods from china while increasing global co2 emissions by about 515 25 mt similarly china reduced 178 62 mt co2 emissions through the consumption of us goods while reducing global co2 emissions by 129 93 mt sino us international trade increased global co2 emissions by 385 32 mt as a whole of which the chemical fabricated metal products non metallic mineral products and transportation equipment sectors contributed an 86 71 share therefore we suggest that accelerating the adjustment of china s trade structure and export of us advanced technologies and experience related to clean production and energy efficiency to china as the way to reduce the negative impact of sino us trade on national and global co2 emissions this behavior should take into account the processing and manufacturing industries as a priority especially the chemical fabricated metal products non metallic mineral products and transportation equipment sectors

economic reform growth and the poor evidence from rural ethiopia abstract a new decomposition of poverty changes is developed to analyse the determinants of poverty changes during a period of economic reform 1989 1995 in villages in ethiopia poverty fell substantially but with diverse experiences across villages shocks mattered but the main factors driving consumption changes were relative prices changes resulting in changes in the returns to land labour human capital and location the experience of the poor is mixed one group of the poor in 1989 with relatively good land and location outperformed all other households while another group with much poorer endowments and location experienced virtually unchanged and persistent poverty

energy regulation in china objective selection potential assessment and responsibility sharing by partial frontier analysis to cope with the excessive growth of energy consumption the chinese government has been trying to strengthen the energy regulation system by introducing new initiatives that aim at controlling the total amount of energy consumption a partial frontier analysis is performed in this paper to make a comparative assessment of the combinations of possible energy conservation objectives new constraints and regulation strategies according to the characteristics of the coordination of existing regulation structure and the optimality of regulation strategy four scenarios are constructed and regional responsibilities are reasonably divided by fully considering the production technology in the economy the relative importance of output objectives and the total amount controlling is compared and the impacts on the regional economy caused by the changes of regulation strategy are also evaluated for updating regulation policy

impact of rural industrialization on village life and economy a social accounting matrix approach the effects of decentralization of industries on rural development is one of the neglected topics in the recent development literature of india the impact of industrialization was studied intensively in the early 1970s when the second and third five year plans were emphasizing creation of large industrial units especially basic industries it was observed that such industrialization did not have much effect on rural development industrialization was taking place in a few pockets having little impact on the surrounding areas the industrial scene in the 1990s is quite different instead of basic industries chemical engineering and consumer goods industries dominate the scene industries are being established outside the megalopolies many small industrial towns have come into existence and the process of rural industrial decentralization appears under way so far there has been little analysis of how such decentralization of industries is affecting rural growth and development some indications of the impact do exist in the literature but they do not take into account important factors such as the development of the service sector around the factory and the changes in the village employment structure and in the socioeconomic fabric of village life 2 in this study we attempt to revive the debate on the impact of decentralization of industries on rural development we compare two relatively similar indian villages one close to a factory boriya and another located in a remote area aurepalle to provide insights on the socioeconomic effects of industrial decentralization field surveys of socioeconomic characteristics of households were conducted in both villages to understand better how people s outlook the employ