energy consumption and economic growth nexus in tanzania an ardl bounds testing approach abstract in this paper we examine the intertemporal causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in tanzania during the period of 1971 2006 unlike the majority of the previous studies we employ the newly developed autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds testing approach by pesaran et al 2001 bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships journal of applied econometrics 16 289 326 to examine this linkage we also use two proxies of energy consumption namely total energy consumption per capita and electricity consumption per capita the results of the bounds test show that there is a stable long run relationship between each of the proxies of energy consumption and economic growth the results of the causality test on the other hand show that there is a unidirectional causal flow from total energy consumption to economic growth and a prima facie causal flow from electricity consumption to economic growth overall the study finds that energy consumption spurs economic growth in tanzania

exploring the effects of energy consumption on output per worker a study of albania bulgaria hungary and romania in this article we explore the long run cointegration between output capital and energy consumption in per worker terms for albania bulgaria hungary and romania we use the augmented solow 1956 model and the ardl bounds procedure pesaran et al 2001 to examine the short run and long run effects of energy and capital on output in per worker terms we also conduct causality test using the toda and yamamoto 1995 non causality procedure our results show the existence of long run cointegration between output per worker and energy per worker for all the four countries we find that energy per worker have a dynamic short run positive effect in albania 0 37 bulgaria 0 25 hungary 0 36 and romania 0 68 and a long run positive effect in bulgaria 0 32 and romania 0 63 which duly indicate that energy consumption has a momentous long run effect in these two countries the causality results indicate a unidirectional causation from output per worker to energy per worker for all the four countries and from capital per worker to energy per worker for albania and romania consequently a balance between effective energy consumption and sound energy conservation policies are likely to support economic growth in the four countries

a multivariate cointegrated modelling approach in testing temporal causality between energy consumption real income and prices with an application to two asian ldcs unlike previous studies on the casual relationship between energy consumption and economic growth this paper illustrates how the finding of cointegration i e long term equilibrium relationship between these variables may be used in testing granger causality based on the most recent johansen s multiple cointegration tests preceded by various unit root or nonstationarity tests we test for cointegration between total energy consumption real income and price level of two asian ldcs thailand and sri lanka nonrejection of cointegration between variables rules out granger noncausality and implies at least one way of granger causality either unidirectional or bidirectional secondly by using a dynamic vector error correction model we then analyse the direction of granger causation and hence the within sample grangerexogeneity or endogeneity of each of the variables thirdly the relative strength of the causality is gauged through the dynamic variance decomposition technique by decomposing the total

estimating short and long run relationships a guide for the applied economist many applied economists face problems in selecting an appropriate technique to estimate short and long run relationships with the time series methods this article reviews three alternative approaches viz general to specific vector autoregressions and the vector error correction models as in other methodological controversies definite answers are difficult it is suggested that if these techniques are seen as tools to summarize data as in smith 2000 often there maybe only minor differences in their estimates therefore a computationally attractive technique is likely to be popular

energy consumption real income and temporal causality results from a multi country study based on cointegration and error correction modelling techniques abstract unlike previous studies on the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth this paper illustrates how the finding of cointegration i e long term equilibrium relationship between these variables may be used in testing granger causality based on the most recent johansen s multivariate cointegration tests preceded by various unit root or non stationarity tests we test for cointegration between total energy consumption and real income of six asian economies india pakistan malaysia singapore indonesia and the philippines non rejection of cointegration between variables rules out granger non causality and imples at least one way of granger causality either unidirectional or bidirectionial secondly by using a dynamic vector error correction model we then analyse the direction of granger causation and hence the within sample granger exogeneity or endogeneity of each of the variables thirdly the relative strength of the causality is gauged through the dynamic variance decomposition technique by decomposing the total impact of an unanticipated shock to each of the variables beyond the sample period into proportions attributable to shocks in the other variables including its own in the bivariate system results based on these tools of methodology indicate that while all pair wise relationships shared common univariate integrational properties only relationships for three countries india pakistan and indonesia were cointegrated for these countries temporal causality results were mixed with unidirectional causality from energy to income for india exactly the reverse for indonesia and mutual causality for pakistan the vdcs were not inconsistent with these results and provided us with an additional insight as to the relatively more dominant direction of causation in pakistan simple bivariate vector autoregressive models for the three non cointegrated systems did not indicate any direction of causality significantly in either direction

energy consumption and gdp causality relationship in g 7 countries and emerging markets abstract the causality relationship between energy consumption and income is a well studied topic in energy economics this paper studies the time series properties of energy consumption and gdp and reexamines the causality relationship between the two series in the top 10 emerging markets excluding china due to lack of data and g 7 countries we discover bi directional causality in argentina causality running from gdp to energy consumption in italy and korea and from energy consumption to gdp in turkey france germany and japan hence energy conservation may harm economic growth in the last four countries

a re examination of the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia abstract the purpose of this study is to re investigate the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia from 1972 1 to 2003 4 this study adopted the newly developed ecm based f test kanioura a turner p 2005 critical values for an f test for cointegration in the multivariate model applied economics 37 3 265 270 for cointegration to examine the presence of long run equilibrium relationship through the autoregressive distributed lag ardl model the empirical evidence suggests that electricity consumption and economic growth are not cointegrated in malaysia however the standard granger s test and mwald test suggest that electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia granger causes each other this finding provides policymakers with a better understanding of electricity consumption and allows them to formulate electricity consumption policy to support the economic development and to enhance the productivity of capital labour and other factors of production for future economic growth in malaysia

electricity consumption and economic growth in seven south american countries abstract this paper attempts to investigate the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth among seven south american countries namely argentina brazil chile columbia ecuador peru and venezuela using widely accepted time series techniques for the period 1975 2006 the results indicate that the causal nexus between electricity consumption and economic growth varies across countries there is a unidirectional short run causality from electricity consumption to real gdp for argentina brazil chile columbia and ecuador this means that an increase in electricity consumption directly affects economic growth in those countries in venezuela there is a bidirectional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth this implies that an increase in electricity consumption directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further electricity consumption in that country however no causal relationships exist in peru the documented evidence from seven south american countries can provide useful information for each government with regard to energy and growth policy

the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in the asean 5 countries abstract the objective of this study is to examine the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for asean 5 countries which includes indonesia malaysia thailand singapore and the philippines for empirical examination annual time series data in the period of 1980 2012 are used the results of johansen co integration test reveal that there exists one co integrating relationship among the variables in case of indonesia malaysia the philippines and singapore the results uncover the existence of two co integrating associations among the variables for thailand the granger causality test suggests that there is no unilateral causality for indonesia as in all the three cases in case of malaysia the economic growth caused energy consumption however no evidence is found for causality either from exports or from gross fixed capital formation to energy consumption while in the cases of thailand and the philippines the direction of causality runs from gross fixed capital formation to energy consumption for singapore energy consumption runs from two sides i e one from exports side and the other from gross fixed capital formation side the findings exhibit that energy consumption has significant and long run relationship to economic growth for almost all asean 5 countries the findings suggest that policy makers need to formulate policies conducive to the energy development which will consequently accelerate sustainable economic growth in asean countries energy development should be based on the existing condition of each country a comprehensive investment framework for renewable energy should also be developed besides maintaining adequate energy inventory the asean countries should strengthen their institutions and capacity as well as cooperation in energy management and development

electricity consumption employment and real income in australia evidence from multivariate granger causality tests this paper examines the relationship between electricity consumption employment and real income in australia within a cointegration and causality framework we find that electricity consumption employment and real income are cointegrated and that in the long run employment and real income granger cause electricity consumption while in the short run there is weak unidirectional granger causality running from income to electricity consumption and from income to employment

electricity consumption and economic growth a time series experience for 17 african countries abstract while the availability of electricity by itself is not a panacea for the economic and social problems facing africa the supply of electricity is nevertheless believed to be a necessary requirement for africa s economic and social development this paper tests the long run and causal relationship between electricity consumption per capita and real gross domestic product gdp per capita for 17 african countries for the period 1971 2001 using a newly developed cointegration test proposed by pesaran et al 2001 and using a modified version of the granger causality test due to toda and yamamoto 1995 the advantage of using these two approaches is that they both avoid the pre testing bias associated with conventional unit root and cointegration tests the empirical evidence shows that there was a long run relationship between electricity consumption per capita and real gdp per capita for only 9 countries and granger causality for only 12 countries for 6 countries there was a positive uni directional causality running from real gdp per capita to electricity consumption per capita an opposite causality for 3 countries and bi directional causality for the remaining 3 countries the result should however be interpreted with care as electricity consumption accounts for less than 4 of total energy consumption in africa and only grid supplied electricity is taken into account

modeling the causal linkages between nuclear energy renewable energy and economic growth in developed and developing countries abstract this article investigates the causal relationship between two types of energy variables and economic growth using dynamic simultaneous equation panel data models for 17 developed and developing countries our results indicate that there is a unidirectional causality running from nuclear consumption to economic growth in belgium and spain while a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to nuclear consumption is supported in bulgaria canada netherlands and sweden a bidirectional relationship appears in argentina brazil france pakistan and the usa while no causality exists in finland hungary india japan switzerland and the u k second the results for the second nexus among renewable energy and economic growth show that there is a unidirectional causality running from renewable consumption to economic growth in hungary india japan netherlands and sweden while there exist a unidirectional running from economic growth to renewable consumption in argentina spain and switzerland a bidirectional relationship is supported in belgium bulgaria canada france pakistan and the usa while no causality exists in brazil finland and switzerland third we find the existence of a bidirectional causality between nuclear consumption and economic and a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to renewable energy consumption for the global panel

renewable and non renewable energy consumption growth nexus evidence from a panel error correction model abstract unlike previous renewable energy consumption growth studies this study examines the relationship between renewable and non renewable energy consumption and economic growth for 80 countries within a multivariate panel framework over the period 1990 2007 the pedroni 1999 2004 heterogeneous panel cointegration test show a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp renewable energy consumption non renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force with the respective coefficient estimates positive and statistically significant there is little difference in the elasticity estimates with respect to renewable and non renewable energy consumption the results from the panel error correction model reveal bidirectional causality between renewable and non renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run also there is bidirectional short run causality between renewable and non renewable energy consumption indicative of substitutability between the two energy sources

applied econometrics and implications for energy economics research abstract developments in applied econometrics particularly with regard to unit root tests and cointegration tests have motivated a rich empirical literature on energy economics over the last decade this study reviews recent developments in time series econometrics applications in the energy economics literature we first consider the literature on the integration properties of energy variables we begin with a discussion of the implications of whether energy variables contain a unit root and proceed to examine how results differ according to the specific unit root or stationarity test employed we then proceed to examine recent developments in the literature on cointegration granger causality and long run estimates between disaggregated energy consumption and economic growth we review both single country and panel studies and pay particular attention to studies which have expanded the literature through adding variables such as financial development and trade in addition to energy consumption to the augmented production function as well as studies which have extended the literature through examining disaggregated energy consumption by type in each case we highlight best practice in the literature point to limitations in the literature including econometric modeling challenges and suggest recommendations for future research a key message of our survey is that the profession needs to guard against overload of research in these areas as most applied studies are no longer adding anything more to what is already known

causal relationship between energy consumption and gdp revisited the case of korea 1970 1999 abstract causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is investigated applying a multivariate model of capital labor energy and gdp usual btu energy aggregate is substituted with a divisia aggregate in an attempt to mitigate aggregation bias to test for granger causality in the presence of cointegration among the variables we employ a vector error correction model rather than a vector autoregressive model empirical results for korea over the period 1970 1999 suggest a long run bidirectional causal relationship between energy and gdp and short run unidirectional causality running from energy to gdp the source of causation in the long run is found to be the error correction terms in both directions

electricity consumption and economic growth in china abstract this paper applies the error correction model to examine the causal relationship between electricity consumption and real gdp for china during 1971 2000 our estimation results indicate that real gdp and electricity consumption for china are cointegrated and there is unidirectional granger causality running from electricity consumption to real gdp but not vice versa in order to overcome the constraints on electricity consumption the chinese government has to speed up the nation wide interconnection of power networks to upgrade urban and rural distribution grids and to accelerate rural electrification

electricity consumption and economic growth in china cointegration and co feature analysis abstract this paper applies the cointegration theory to examine the causal relationship between electricity consumption and real gdp gross demostic product for china during 1978 2004 our estimation results indicate that real gdp and electricity consumption for china are cointegrated and there is only unidirectional granger causality running from electricity consumption to real gdp but not the vice versa then hodrick prescott hp filter is applied to decompose the trend and fluctuation component of the gdp and electricity consumption series the estimation results indicate that there is cointegration between not only the trend components but also the cyclical components of the two series which implies that the granger causality is probably related with the business cycle the estimation results are of policy implication to the development of electric sector in china

energy and economic growth in the usa a multivariate approach abstract this paper examines the causal relationship between gdp and energy use for the period 1947 90 in the usa the relationship between energy use and economic growth has been examined by both biophysical and neoclassical economists in particular several studies have tested for the presence of a causal relationship in the granger sense between energy use and economic growth however these tests do not allow a direct test of the relative explanatory powers of the neoclassical and biophysical models a multivariate adaptation of the test vector autoregression var does allow such a test a var of gdp energy use capital stock and employment is estimated and granger tests for causal relationships between the variables are carried out although there is no evidence that gross energy use granger causes gdp a measure of final energy use adjusted for changing fuel composition does granger cause gdp

effects of energy consumption on per worker output a study of kenya and south africa the paper investigates the long run cointegration relationship and energy elasticities for kenya and south africa over the periods 1978 2009 and 1971 2009 respectively using the ardl procedure developed by pesaran et al 2001 with recomputed critical bounds from narayan 2005 and the solow 1956 framework extended by rao 2010 we also conduct the toda and yamamoto 1995 test for granger non causality the regression results show that short run and long run energy elasticities are 0 50 and 1 71 respectively for kenya and 0 17 and 0 34 respectively for south africa the causality results indicate a unidirectional granger causality running from capital per worker and energy per capita to output per worker for both countries moreover in kenya we detect a strong unidirectional causality a on output from joint consideration of capital stock and energy and b on capital stock from joint consideration of energy and output in south africa the joint causations are neutral hence while energy and capital stock spurs growth in both countries kenya has a greater potential to harness growth and capital productivity via joint consideration of energy with capital and output respectively

the relationship between energy and gnp further results this paper reexamines the casuality between gnp and energy consumption by using updated us data for the period 1947 1979 as a secondary contribution we investigate the causal relationship between energy consumption and employment applying sims technique we find no causal relationship between gnp and energy consumption we find further that there is a slight unidirectional flow running from employment to energy consumption economic interpretations of the empirical results are also presented

tobacco taxes and starting and quitting smoking does the effect differ by education this article uses duration analysis to investigate the role of tobacco taxes in starting and quitting smoking applying a variety of parametric duration models to a sample of irish women it finds that in general tobacco taxes do influence starting and quitting smoking in the expected direction it also finds that the effect for starting differs by education but in a nonmonotonic way with the greatest effect for women with intermediate levels of education the results for quitting suggest the greatest effect for women with the lowest level of education these results are unchanged when account is taken of unobserved heterogeneity

energy economic growth and causality in developing countries a case study of tanzania and nigeria the debate about the precise role of energy in economic development remains contentious existing empirical studies have produced varying results some have argued the complementarity between energy and other factors of production and others have indicated that energy can be substituted for other factors of production commonly these studies have focused primarily on the developed countries one explanation being that supply constraints and price rigidities render any study on factor substitutions in developing countries meaningless however the functional relationship between energy consumption and income in developing countries is constantly investigated with the use of regression techniques while such techniques are useful in empirical analysis no mechanism exists for indicating causal directions between variables this limits the scope for policy analysis and prescription the need to identify causal direction between energy consumption and income growth in developing countries is overwhelming apart from providing further insights into the role of energy in economic development it provides policy analysts with a clearer understanding of the likely impact of energy supply constraints on economic growth this article examines the causal directions between energy consumption and economic growth proxied by gdp and gnp for nigeria and tanzania the results show a simultaneous causal relationship between energy and economic growth for both countries the implication being that unless energy supply constraints are eased economic growth and development will remain elusive to these countries given similar economic characteristics and profiling the same energy scenario for other developing countries our finding supports the view that energy plays a key role in economic development

a multivariate cointegration analysis of the role of energy in the us macroeconomy abstract this paper extends my previous analysis of the causal relationship of gdp and energy use in the usa in the post war period a majority of the relevant variables are integrated justifying a cointegration analysis the results show that cointegration does occur and that energy input cannot be excluded from the cointegration space the results are plausible in terms of macroeconomic dynamics the results are similar to my previous granger causality results and contradict claims in the literature based on bivariate models that there is no cointegration between energy and output

energy consumption and economic growth assessing the evidence from greece abstract this paper attempts to shed light into the empirical relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for greece 1960 1996 employing the vector error correction model estimation the vector specification includes energy consumption real gdp and price developments the latter taken to represent a measure of economic efficiency the empirical evidence suggests that there is a long run relationship between the three variables supporting the endogeneity of energy consumption and real output these findings have important policy implications since the adoption of suitable structural policies aiming at improving economic efficiency can induce energy conservation without impeding economic growth

the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in the asean countries abstract this paper investigates the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth among the association of south east asian nations asean 4 members namely indonesia malaysia singapore and thailand using modern time series techniques for the period 1971 2002 the results indicate that there is a bi directional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia and singapore this means that an increase in electricity consumption directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further electricity consumption in the two countries however uni directional causality runs from economic growth to electricity consumption in indonesia and thailand without any feedback effect thus electricity conservation policies can be initiated without deteriorating economic side effects in the two countries

electricity consumption and economic growth bounds and causality analyses of opec members this paper investigates the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for opec members the bounds test yields evidence of a long run relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for all opec members causality results suggest that economic growth is dependent on electricity consumption in five countries less dependent in three countries and independent in three countries because these countries do not necessarily share similar political and economic traits no single universal policy implication can be inferred from the results the disparities across these causality results therefore stress the importance of formulating causality explanations while taking into account the particularities of individual countries rather than blindly applying the conventional interpretations

electricity consumption and economic growth evidence from korea abstract this paper investigates the short and long run causality issues between electricity consumption and economic growth in korea by using the co integration and error correction models it employs annual data covering the period 1970 2002 the overall results show that there exists bi directional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth this means that an increase in electricity consumption directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further electricity consumption

energy consumption economic growth and prices a reassessment using panel vecm for developed and developing countries this paper reinvestigates the energy consumption gdp growth nexus in a panel error correction model using data on 20 net energy importers and exporters from 1971 to 2002 among the energy exporters there was bidirectional causality between economic growth and energy consumption in the developed countries in both the short and long run while in the developing countries energy consumption stimulates growth only in the short run the former result is also found for energy importers and the latter result exists only for the developed countries within this category in addition compared to the developing countries the developed countries elasticity response in terms of economic growth from an increase in energy consumption is larger although its income elasticity is lower and less than unitary lastly the implications for energy policy calling for a more holistic approach are discussed c 2006 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

electricity consumption and economic growth evidence from turkey abstract this study investigates the causal relationship between electricity consumption and real gdp in turkey during the period of 1950 2000 both of the series were found to be a stationary process around a structural break by the zivot and andrews test thus two different methodologies have been employed to test the granger non causality the dolado lutkepohl test using the vars in levels and the standard granger causality test using the detrended data both tests have yielded a strong evidence for unidirectional causality running from the electricity consumption to the income this implies that the supply of electricity is vitally important to meet the growing electricity consumption hence to sustain the economic growth in turkey

renewable energy consumption and economic growth evidence from a panel of oecd countries abstract this study examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of twenty oecd countries over the period 1985 2005 within a multivariate framework given the relatively short span of the time series data a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship the heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the granger causality results indicate bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run

electricity consumption and economic growth in india abstract this paper tries to examine the granger causality between electricity consumption per capita and gross domestic product gdp per capita for india using annual data covering the period 1950 51 to 1996 97 phillips perron tests reveal that both the series after logarithmic transformation are non stationary and individually integrated of order one this study finds the absence of long run equilibrium relationship among the variables but there exists unidirectional granger causality running from economic growth to electricity consumption without any feedback effect so electricity conservation policies can be initiated without deteriorating economic side effects

energy consumption carbon emissions and economic growth in china abstract this paper investigates the existence and direction of granger causality between economic growth energy consumption and carbon emissions in china applying a multivariate model of economic growth energy use carbon emissions capital and urban population empirical results for china over the period 1960 2007 suggest a unidirectional granger causality running from gdp to energy consumption and a unidirectional granger causality running from energy consumption to carbon emissions in the long run evidence shows that neither carbon emissions nor energy consumption leads economic growth therefore the government of china can purse conservative energy policy and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth

the effect of energy on output per worker in the balkan peninsula a country specific study of 12 nations in the energy community in this paper we explore the long run co integration relationship between output per worker capital per worker and energy per worker for 12 countries in the balkan peninsula albania austria bulgaria cyprus greece hungary italy macedonia romania slovakia slovenia and turkey which are part of the energy community in line with the current developments in energy economics 62 we add to the literature by reviewing the elasticity coefficients for the 12 countries using the augmented solow 63 framework and the ardl bounds procedure 57 the causality nexus is explored using the toda and yamamoto 1995 procedure the results show that output capital and energy in per worker terms are co integrated we note that all countries have positive and statistically significant long run energy elasticity coefficients except for macedonia we note that energy is statistically significant in the short run for all other countries the causality results support the conservation hypothesis for 7 countries albania bulgaria cyprus hungary italy romania and turkey the growth hypothesis for 2 countries austria and macedonia and the feedback hypothesis for 3 countries greece slovakia and slovenia respectively

structural break unit root and the causality between energy consumption and gdp in turkey abstract this paper tries to investigate a series of unit root and causality tests to detect causality between the gdp and energy consumption in turkey employing hsiao s version of granger causality method for the 1950 2000 period the conventional unit root tests indicate the series are i 1 whereas the endogenous break unit root tests proposed by zivot and andrews zivot e and andrews d w k 1992 further evidence on the great crash the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis journal of business and economics statistics 10 251 270 and perron perron p 1997 further evidence on breaking trend functions in macroeconomic variables journal of econometrics 80 355 385 reveal that the series are trend stationary with a structural break therefore it is inappropriate to take the first difference of the data to achieve stationarity the main conclusion of this study is that there is no evidence of causality between energy consumption and gdp in turkey based on the detrended data

a logistic growth theory of public expenditures a study of five countries over 100 years this paper offers a new theory and empirical testing of long term trends of public expenditures for five countries while wagner s law would imply an exponential growth process of the ratio between public expenditures and national income g y the law should be rejected both on theoretical and empirical grounds because it disregards the role of ever increasing distortionary taxation however under some conditions the combination of wagner s law and the pigou s conjecture that the excess burden of taxation constrains the growth of public expenditures can be captured by a non linear first order differential equation the equation is the verhulst s logistic originally invented to model malthusian predictions on population growth the integration of a verhulst equation generates an s shaped curve this analytical framework combines intuitions from a welfare economics and a public choice perspective and potentially offers a new research strategy on the dynamics of government expenditures we offer preliminary econometric estimates on long run trends around 1870 1990 of g y in u s u k france germany italy these estimates confirm a pattern of similar trajectories in spite of different national parameters and suggest that the logistic view of growth of government is consistent with observed data

the relationship between energy consumption energy prices and economic growth time series evidence from asian developing countries this paper estimates the causal relationships between energy consumption and income for india indonesia the philippines and thailand using cointegration and error correction modelling techniques the results indicate that in the short run unidirectional granger causality runs from energy to income for india and indonesia while bidirectional granger causality runs from energy to income for thailand and the philippines in the case of thailand and the philippines energy income and prices are mutually causal the study results do not support the view that energy and income are neutral with respect to each other with the exception of indonesia and india where neutrality is observed in the short run c 2000 elsevier science b v all rights reserved jel classifications c22 q43 q48

social ties and the selection of china s political elite we study how sharing a hometown or college connection with an incumbent member of china s politburo affects a candidate s likelihood of selection as a new member in specifications that include fixed effects to absorb quality differences across cities and colleges we find that hometown and college connections are each associated with 5 9 percentage point reductions in selection probability this connections penalty is equally strong for retiring politburo members arguing against quota based explanations and it is much stronger for junior politburo members consistent with a role for intra factional competition we show that our findings differ sharply from earlier work both because of our more rigorous empirical specification as well as our emphasis on shared hometown and college rather than shared workplace connections

renewable energy consumption and growth in eurasia this study examines the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for 13 countries within eurasia over the period 1992 2007 within a multivariate panel data framework the heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium relationship exists between real gdp renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and labor force the results from the error correction models indicate bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short run and long run thus the empirical findings lend support for the feedback hypothesis of the interdependent relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth

energy use and output growth in canada a multivariate cointegration analysis using a neo classical one sector aggregate production technology where capital labor and energy are treated as separate inputs this paper develops a vector error correction vec model to test for the existence and direction of causality between output growth and energy use in canada using the johansen cointegration technique the empirical findings indicate that the long run movements of output labor capital and energy use in canada are related by two cointegrating vectors then using a vec specification the short run dynamics of the variables indicate that granger causality is running in both directions between output growth and energy use hence an important policy implication of the analysis is that energy can be considered as a limiting factor to output growth in canada

the saving and investment nexus for china evidence from cointegration tests the saving and investment nexus as postulated by feldstein and horioka fh 1980 is revisited the saving investment correlation for china is estimated over the periods 1952 1998 and 1952 1994 the latter culminating in a period of fixed exchange rate regime amongst the key results it is found that saving and investment are correlated for china for both the period of the fixed exchange rate and the entire sample period with high saving investment correlation the results suggest that the chinese economy is in conformity with the fh hypothesis this is a valid outcome for in china capital mobility was fairly restricted over the 1952 1994 period as indicated by the relatively low foreign direct investment