decoupling of industrial energy consumption and co2 emissions in energy intensive industries in scandinavia as methodology the ex post analysis deserves more attention as a device to calibrate energy sector models this paper studies the impact of energy prices and taxes on energy efficiency and carbon emissions of ten industrial sectors in the three scandinavian countries a database with sector specific energy prices and taxes has been established which allows the analysis to take various price reductions and tax exemptions better into account a translog factor demand system estimation for a cross industry pooled model is explored and fixed effects across industries and time is estimated the findings here confirm recent analyses which indicate higher long term elasicities for industries than normally assumed in scandinavian energy sector models with the observations on differences in energy intensities among sectors and countries the findings allow for some optimism as to the opportunities for further decoupling between trends in gross value added carbon emissions and energy consumption

energy consumption restricted productivity re estimates and industrial sustainability analysis in post reform china this paper investigates the impact of energy on china s industrial sustainability by using a novel approach to estimate real total factor productivity the growth accounting indicates that the substantial industrial reforms in china have led to productivity growth energy and capital are also important factors driving china s industrial growth productivity growth in china s industry is mostly attributable to the high tech light industrial sectors

grouping durable goods modelling consumer preferences has a long history of interest in the literature several approaches that have been proposed consider consumer behaviour to be hierarchical products are divided into groups and preferences within a group are modelled independently an important question that arises in these efforts concerns the development of appropriate higher level groups this paper replicates and extends an earlier study by pickering et al 1973 in which product groups were developed based on consumer perceptions of product attributes we collect survey data perceived product attributes and similarity ratings for a set of durable products multiple measures are thus used to test the stability and consistency of product groups a matrix of product similarity values is constructed for each of these two survey based measures cluster analysis is then performed to develop a grouping scheme for these durable goods althought differences are observed the product composition of the resulting product groups a

environmental regulation technological innovation and energy consumption a cross region analysis in china abstract china has encountered the environmental issues and energy pressures in the middle income stage strengthening environmental regulation is a crucial measure to prevent environment deterioration and energy dilemma this paper investigates the three types of environmental regulations on energy consumption using feasible generalized least squares method during 1997 2015 in direct and indirect path the main conclusions are as follows in the direct path the economical and supervised types of environmental regulations have inhibited energy consumption whilst legal environmental regulation has no significant impact as for indirect path the rebound effect of energy is greater than the energy conservation generated by technological innovation which is embodied as an inhibitory effect the effects of environmental regulation display regional difference the legal and supervised types of environmental regulations have significant cost effect and rebound effect on energy consumption in the entire samples on the contrary the economical environmental regulation shows the opposite sigh in eastern regions the counterfactual simulation results show that the net effects of environmental regulations on energy consumption are negative which is beneficial for relieving energy pressures based on the findings this paper provides pertinent policy implications

a multi dimensional analysis on microeconomic factors of china s industrial energy intensity 2000 2017 abstract reducing energy intensity is the key point to solve the contradiction among economic development energy constraints and environmental pressure in china considering microeconomic factors this paper extends decomposition and attribution models and analyses the drivers of china s industrial aggregate energy intensity aei at the regional sectoral level the results show that aei decreased by 49 during 2000 2017 at the regional level most provinces presented negative contribution on regional energy intensity effect the aei decline was attributed to the drop of greatest negative effect of r d efficiency in liaoning the increase in investment intensity and r d intensity lead to an increase in aei largely owning to shandong and liaoning respectively at the sectoral level the aei decline can be mainly explained by the inhibition effect of energy intensity and r d efficiency however this negative contribution was greatly offset by the r d intensity effect the investment intensity showed a positive impact in aei increase and smelting and pressing of ferrous metals sector was the main contributor regional and sectoral investment structure effect shifted from increasing to decreasing aei over the study period based on the results targeted policy recommendations are proposed to further decrease the china s industrial aei in the 14th fyp period

learning by doing and the introduction of new goods a dynamic general equilibrium model is developed in which goods are valued according to the characteristics they contain the set of goods produced in any period is endogenously determined and learning by doing is the force behind sustained growth it is shown that the set of produced goods changes in a systematic way over time with goods of higher quality entering each period and those of lower quality dropping out the model is then used to study the effect of introducing a traditional sector in which there is no learning

the evolution of chinese industrial co2 emissions 2000 2050 a review and meta analysis of historical drivers projections and policy goals the emissions of the chinese industrial sector alone comprise 24 1 of global emissions 7 8 gtcyr 1 in 2015 this makes chinese industrial emissions of unique national and international relevance in climate policy this study reports a literature survey that quantitatively describes the evolution of these emissions from 2000 to 2050 in the context of policy goals the survey reveals that 1 the major historical factor contributing to the decrease in industrial co2 emissions has been the reduction in energy intensities however that decrease has been more than compensated for by increases in industrial activity 2 an ensemble of projections shows that china s industrial emissions will likely peak in 2030 in alignment with china s commitment to the paris agreement the timing of the peak varies across industrial sub sectors with ferrous metals and non metallic products sectors peaking first and the electricity sector later 3 the assumptions underlying optimistic scenarios broadly match the drivers of recent decreases in historical emissions energy intensity industrial structure and energy mix furthermore these factors feature prominently in china s policy portfolio to both develop and decarbonize the chinese industrial sector the industrial carbon intensity targets of 2020 and 2025 are close to the median predictions in the medium scenarios from studies 2019 the authors

energy investment economic growth and carbon emissions in china empirical analysis based on spatial durbin model abstract the international community has reached a consensus on preventing the global climate from deterioration by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere energy industry is a key field for greenhouse gas emission and investment in the energy industry plays a crucial part in promoting the low carbon development of china s energy industry energy investment can effectively break the high carbon lock in effect of energy industry and achieve the low carbon development of energy industry by guiding regulating and gathering social funds into the field of cleaner production and the field of low carbon technology based on the unified framework of energy economy and environment this article takes 30 provinces in china as the research object and constructs a spatial econometric model to investigate the impact of energy investment and economic growth on carbon emission reduction the results indicate that both energy investment and economic growth are responsible for the increase of china s provincial co2 emissions but their driving mechanisms are significantly different furthermore the increase of carbon emissions in adjacent provinces will bring about the increase of local carbon emissions through spatial spillover effects based on these findings the corresponding countermeasures and policy suggestions are put forward

the political obstacles to greater exchange rate flexibility in china summary an undervalued currency has arguably helped china pursue an east asian style export led model of development spurring economic growth and job creation recently however the undervalued exchange rate has exposed china to a raft of growing major financial and economic vulnerabilities including an overheating of the domestic economy and renewed financial sector difficulties despite these risks chinese leaders have refused to significantly revalue the renminbi suggesting that political objectives are taking precedence over economic optimality i aim to glean insight into such political explanations by building upon present theories in political economy

using latent variable approach to estimate china s economy wide energy rebound effect over 1954 2010 the energy rebound effect has been a significant issue in china which is undergoing economic transition since it reflects the effectiveness of energy saving policy relying on improved energy efficiency based on the ipat equation and brookes explanation of the rebound effect this paper develops an alternative estimation model of the rebound effect by using the estimation model and latent variable approach which is achieved through a time varying coefficient state space model we estimate china s economy wide energy rebound effect over 1954 2010 the results show that the rebound effect evidently exists in china as a result of the annual average of 39 73 over 1954 2010 before and after the implementation of china s reform and opening up policy in 1978 the rebound effects are 47 24 and 37 32 with a strong fluctuation and a circuitously downward trend respectively indicating that a stable political environment and the development of market economy system facilitate the effectiveness of energy saving policy although the energy saving effect of improving energy efficiency has been partly realised there remains a large energy saving potential in china

international inequalities in per capita co2 emissions a decomposition methodology by kaya factors in this paper we provide a methodology for decomposing international inequalities in per capita co2 emissions into kaya multiplicative factors and two interaction terms we use the theil index of inequality and show that this decomposition methodology can be extended for analyzing between and within group inequality components we can thus analyze the factors behind inequalities in per capita co2 emissions across countries between groups of countries and within groups of countries the empirical illustration for international data suggests some points firstly international inequality in per capita co2 emissions is mainly attributable to inequalities in per capita income levels which helps to explain its recent reduction while differences in carbon intensity of energy and energy intensity have made a less significant contribution this result is strongly influenced by the performance of china and india secondly the between group inequality component which is the biggest component is also largely explained by the income factor thirdly the within group inequality component increased slightly during the period something mainly due to the change in the income factor and the interaction terms in a few regions

assessing global co2 emission inequality from consumption perspective an index decomposition analysis abstract co2 emission inequality among countries is a key issue in international climate negotiations in view of the growing popularity of the consumption based emission accounting system in climate policy studies analyzing the emission inequality from the consumption perspective can help policymakers design emission abatement scenarios that are fairer to all parties using a new approach based on the theil index and the index decomposition analysis ida technique this paper examines global per capita consumption based emission inequality in 1995 2009 the sources and determinants of both the status and evolution of the emission inequality are quantified the empirical results show that the global emission inequality was sourced mainly from the emerging economies particularly china and india the global inequality decreased at an accelerating rate during the period studied the narrowing disparity among countries in per capita consumption level drove while the expanding disparity in consumption based emission intensity largely hindered the inequality reduction comparing the consumption based emission inequality with that under the production based principle reveals that the latter partly masked the inequality in the distribution of global co2 emissions through production outsourcing more detailed results and discussions are presented

the principle of minimum differentiation holds under sufficient heterogeneity the so called principle of minimum differentiation stated by hotelling has been challenged by many authors this paper restores the principle by showing that n firms locate at the center of the market and charge prices higher than the marginal cost of production when heterogeneity in consumers tastes is large enough

decoupling co2 emissions and industrial growth in china over 1993 2013 the role of investment abstract since industrial sector is a leading energy consumer and co 2 emitter in china the degree of the decoupling of co 2 emissions and industrial growth plays a critical role in realizing the energy conservation and emission reduction goals of china this is the first study to present a specific investigation on the decoupling of co 2 emissions and industrial growth in china from 1993 to 2013 using an extended logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi model focusing on both energy related and process related co 2 emissions and introducing three novel investment factors i e investment scale investment share and investment efficiency we highlight and explore the remarkable role of investment in the mitigation and decoupling of co 2 emissions with industrial growth the results show that china s industrial sector experienced the weak decoupling during 1993 2013 the investment scale is the most important factor responsible for the increase in co 2 emissions and the inhibition of the decoupling the investment efficiency effect has a volatile trend and overall it plays the most significant role in reducing co 2 emissions followed by the energy intensity effect and process carbon intensity effect whereas the energy mix carbon coefficient and investment share have marginal effects among 36 industrial sub sectors the seven factors of rcmcp raw chemical materials and chemical products nmp nonmetal mineral products and spfm smelting and pressing of ferrous metals have significant effects on the decoupling thus the three sub sectors should be among the top concerns for abating co 2 emissions finally we provide policy recommendations considering both conventional and investment factors for china s industrial sector to realize emission reduction targets

is china s economic growth decoupled from carbon emissions abstract a comprehensive understanding of the interdependence between china s economy and carbon emissions can better serve china s transition towards a low carbon economy and can also provide reference for other developing countries the purpose of this paper was to investigate the dependence of china s economy on co2 emissions i the tapio decoupling model was applied to quantify the decoupling elasticity between china s economy and co2 emissions ii the structure decomposition technique was utilized to quantity the contribution of china s economic structure to the decoupling elasticity iii the combined decomposition model which combined cobb douglas c d production function with logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi technique and was solved the residual problem was employed to identify more driving factors labor input investment carbon coefficient energy structure energy intensity economic structure and technology state affecting the decoupling elasticity the main results were as follows i the decoupling elasticity showed a downward trend during the whole period and the decoupling state was characterized by two types expansive negative decoupling 2002 2005 and weak decoupling 2000 2002 and 2005 2014 ii the industry sector played the most negative effect on the decoupling process expect 2013 2014 from the cumulative effect the contribution of six sectors to promote decoupling effect was ranked as follows construction agriculture trade other transport industry iii the most critical factor driving the increased co2 emissions was the investment effect accounting for 145 34 of the cumulative total co2 emissions while the energy intensity effect contributed to a cumulative reduction in co2 emissions of 1443 72 mt finally some policy recommendations were offered to achieve the decoupling of china s economic growth and carbon emissions

is carbon emission growth decoupled from economic growth in emerging countries new insights from labor and investment effects abstract as emerging countries are both major contributors to global carbon emissions growth and global economic growth the sharp contradiction between economy and carbon emissions has seriously hindered the sustainable development of emerging countries and is not conducive to the realization of global emission reduction targets this work takes brics brazil russia india china and south africa the representatives of emerging countries as an example to investigate the decoupling state between economic growth and carbon emissions and to uncover the driving factors behind these decoupling the results show i russia and south africa have experienced the longest time of strong decoupling indicating that the decoupling in these two countries is better than that in other countries china india and south africa was characterized by expansive coupling weak decoupling and expansive negative decoupling respectively ii the labor effect and investment effect have contributed to the carbon emissions growth in the brics and the reasons for the carbon emissions changes in russia india china and south africa are strongly consistent while brazil has a different performance iii the investment decoupling effect has hindered the decoupling process in russia south africa china and india but has promoted the decoupling process in brazil while the energy intensity effect is the driving force in the decoupling process in most countries finally the policy recommendations for the different decoupling status of each country were put forward

what drives the change in china s energy intensity combining decomposition analysis and econometric analysis at the provincial level abstract we employ decomposition analysis and econometric analysis to investigate the driving forces behind china s changing energy intensity using a provincial level panel data set for the period from 1995 to 2009 the decomposition analysis indicates that a all of the provinces except for a few experienced efficiency improvement while around three fourths of the provinces economics became more energy intensive or remained unchanged b consequently the efficiency improvement accounts for more than 90 of china s energy intensity change as opposed to the economic structural change the econometric analysis shows that the rising income plays a significant role in the reduction of energy intensity while the effect of energy price is relatively limited the result may reflect the urgency of deregulating the price and establishing a market oriented pricing system in china s energy sector the implementation of the energy intensity reduction policies in the eleventh five year plan fyp has helped reverse the increasing trend of energy intensity since 2002 although the chinese government intended to change the industry led economic growth pattern it seems that most of the policy effects flow through the efficiency improvement as opposed to the economic structure adjustment more fundamental changes to the economic structure are needed to achieve more sustainable progress in energy intensity reduction

is decoupling economic growth from fuel consumption possible in developing countries a comparison of china and india abstract a better understanding the coupling decoupling of economic growth from energy demand in china and india can serve both countries and other developing countries to achieve the goal of gaining higher economic growth with less energy demand to demonstrate the relationship between coupling decoupling economy and energy in china and india better this work has made following contributions i analyzes the decoupling elasticity between economic growth and energy consumption by using the tapio model ii explores the five key effects labor input investment energy structure energy intensity technology level of decoupling elasticity by combining the cobb douglas c d function and log mean divisia index lmdi method and iii evaluates the decoupling efforts by applying decoupling efforts model in china and india between 1990 and 2015 the decoupling elasticity results show china s decoupling elasticity curve is in an inverted u shaped trend and the decoupling elastic value is concentrated between 0 and 0 8 in most years showing a weak decoupling state furthermore the decoupling state is strong decoupling during 2014 2015 indicating china has initially achieved the decoupling of economy and energy consumption while india s decoupling elasticity presents irregular fluctuations indicating that india s decoupling status is not very satisfactory the decomposition results uncover that major effects of decoupling in china and india are similar i e the investment effect is the biggest driver which contributed to a cumulative increasing impact in energy consumption in china and india by 3017 10 million tonnes oil equivalent and 675 18 million tonnes oil equivalent respectively whereas the energy intensity effect is the greatest inhibiting factor which contributed to a cumulative reduction in energy consumption in china and india by 1437 81 million tonnes oil equivalent and 139 21 million tonnes oil equivalent the decoupling efforts results show decoupling effort in china is better than that in india improving energy efficiency is the leading contributor to china s decoupling efforts while advancing technology is the major contributor to india s decoupling effort

does government expenditure affect environmental quality empirical evidence using chinese city level data abstract with rapid economic development the chinese government expenditures at various levels have increased sufficiently at the same time the environmental pollution in china has deteriorated significantly in this study the city level panel data of 106 chinese cities over the 2002 2014 period are utilized to investigate the impacts of government expenditure on the emissions of three typical pollutants specifically the total effects are divided into two types direct effects through which government expenditure affects pollution directly and indirect effects which refer to the indirect influences of government expenditure on environmental pollution through its impacts on gdp per capita to control for potential endogeneity and introduce dynamics the generalized method of moments gmm method is utilized the estimation results indicate that the total effects of government expenditure on these three pollutants are very different for sulfur dioxide so 2 soot and chemical oxygen demand cod the total effects are decreasing inverted u and u shaped respectively furthermore the indirect effects dominate the direct effects

sources of investment inefficiency the case of fixed asset investment in china abstract this study attempts to measure the inefficiency associated with aggregate investment in a transitional economy the inefficiency is decomposed into allocative and technical inefficiency based on standard production theory allocative inefficiency is measured by the deviation of actual investment from the theoretically desired investment demand institutional factors are then identified as part of the driving force of the deviation the resulting model is applied to chinese provincial panel data the main findings are chinese investment demand is strongly receptive to expansionary fiscal policies and inter provincial network effects the tendency of over investment remains even with signs of increasing allocative efficiency and improving technical efficiency

industrial eco efficiency regional disparity and spatial convergence of china s regions abstract in this study the industrial eco efficiency measures of 30 chinese provinces municipalities and autonomous regions from 2001 to 2015 were estimated based on a proposed data envelopment analysis dea model and the non convex metafrontier undesirable outputs super efficiency slacks based measure ncmeta us sbm which simultaneously incorporates non convex metafrontier technology undesirable outputs and super efficiency into slacks based measure subsequently dynamic spatial econometric models were employed to test the spatial convergence of industrial eco efficiency the empirical results show that 1 the average value of industrial eco efficiency was the highest in the eastern region 0 67 followed by the western region 0 30 and central region 0 27 indicating the existence of a significant regional disparity 2 strong evidence for global and club spatial convergence of industrial eco efficiency was found with regard to regional heterogeneity provinces in the eastern region converged faster than those in the central and western regions while the convergence speed of industrial eco efficiency increased after 2008 with respect to temporal heterogeneity 3 the ownership structure appeared to have a higher impact on industrial eco efficiency than other controls in the presence of spatial conditional convergence these findings are robust with regard to both spatial econometric model and spatial weighting matrix specifications based on the empirical analysis the following policies promote industrial eco efficiency in china have been recommended first relevant authorities must take effective measures to encourage the central western regions to adopt clean energy technologies the energy subsidy policies should strive to break through the technological lock in and turn to regional green development second full advantage of the spatial effects must be taken and technological exchanges and cooperation among neighboring areas must be strengthened to ensure that the industrial eco efficiency of the central and western regions converge with those of the eastern coastal areas policy implications of multidimensional heterogeneity and adjustment of industrial structure should be highlighted while promoting industrial eco efficiency finally it is crucial to emphasize factors such as foreign direct investment fdi ownership and industrial structures to attract fdi and optimize the current industrial structure

using an extended lmdi model to explore techno economic drivers of energy related industrial co2 emission changes a case study for shanghai china although investment and r d activities can exert significant effects on energy related industrial co2 emissions eice related factors have not been fairly uncovered in the existing index decomposition studies this paper extends the previous logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi decomposition model by introducing three novel factors r d intensity investment intensity and r d efficiency the extended model not only considers the conventional drivers of eice but also reflects the microeconomic effects of investment and r d behaviors on eice furthermore taking shanghai as an example which is the economic center and leading co2 emitter in china we use the extended model to decompose and explain eice changes also we incorporate renewable energy sources into the proposed model to carry out an alternative decomposition analysis at shanghai s entire industrial level the results show that among conventional macroeconomic factors expanding output scale is mainly responsible for the increase in eice and industrial structure adjustment is the most significant factor in mitigating eice regardless of renewable energy sources the emission reduction effect of energy intensity focused on by the chinese government is less than the expected due to the rebound effect but the introduction of renewable energy sources intensifies its mitigating effect partly resulting from the transmission from the abating effect of industrial structure adjustment the effect of energy structure is the weakest although all the three novel factors exert significant effects on eice they are more sensitive to policy interventions than conventional factors r d intensity presents an obvious mitigating effect while investment intensity and r d efficiency display an overall promotion effect with some volatility the introduction of renewable energy sources intensifies the promotion effect of r d efficiency as a result of the green paradox effect finally we propose that co2 mitigation efforts should be made by considering both macroeconomic and microeconomic factors in order to achieve a desirable emission reduction effect

equilibrium with product differentiation tive consumer formulations is used to examine the properties of single and multiple price equilibria conditions under which decreases in the intensity of consumer preferences reduce price are given it is shown that with certain types of demand curves entry can eliminate price cost markups even given product differentiation if competition is localized it is demonstrated that entry does not affect the markup finally the effect of spurious product differentiation on price is examined

decoupling sectoral economic output from carbon emissions on city level a comparative study of beijing and shanghai china abstract cities do play significant roles in tackling global environmental changes decoupling economic growth from environmental pressures is critical for global sustainable development however few studies pay attention to the decoupling analysis at city level this paper conducts a comparative study of the decoupling performance of economic output from co2 emissions between beijing and shanghai the top two cities in china in this paper the decoupling trends and the decoupling effects are explored from a sectoral perspective by combining the tapio decoupling elasticity and the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi model the results show that beijing and shanghai both experienced weak decoupling in construction expansive negative decoupling in transport expansive coupling in trade and weak decoupling in others over the period 2000 2015 moreover agriculture appeared strong decoupling in beijing and recessive decoupling in shanghai industry showed strong decoupling in beijing and weak decoupling in shanghai the decoupling effects showed different magnitudes and patterns in industrial sectors between beijing and shanghai overall per capita gdp and population growth inhibited the decoupling while energy intensity industrial share energy mix accelerated the decoupling process

analysis of the changes in the scale of natural gas subsidy in china and its decomposition factors abstract this paper applied the price gap approach to estimate natural gas subsidy in china during 2007 2015 and employed the lmdi method to analyze the influencing factors of the changes in the subsidy scale the results showed that the chinese government raised the domestic gas price in contrast to the slump in global gas price in 2009 which accelerated the huge decrease in the natural gas subsidy scale but the stagnation in price adjustment immediately led to a rebound in natural gas subsidy during 2010 2012 however the level of natural gas subsidy has declined substantially in the industrial and commercial sectors since the natural gas pricing mechanism reform began in 2013 but the level of residential natural gas subsidy still remained high because the city gate pricing mechanism was not extended to this sector the pricing mechanism was the most important decomposition factor of changes in the level of natural gas subsidy the contribution rates of competitive gas price pricing mechanism consumption structure and natural gas consumption on decrease in natural gas subsidy scale were 11 08 101 21 3 15 and 9 14 respectively during 2013 2015 a reasonable and well implemented pricing mechanism can prevent a rebound in natural gas subsidy therefore the government should seize the current opportunity of sufficient natural gas supply and relatively low gas price to deepen and advance the natural gas pricing mechanism reform

china s energy demand and its characteristics in the industrialization and urbanization process a reply zhang and qin 2013 argued that in jiang and lin 2012 the equation form and variable selection should be altered and it was problematic to use regression equation to project the future in this reply we disagree with and will refute some of the points raised in their comments the model that we established was based on the mature economic theory with the variable selections all having economic implications considering the economic development stage china s urbanization will speed up and this will have significant effect on energy consumption therefore urbanization is an indispensable variable for analyzing energy demand in china the scenario design only in terms of the gdp is sufficient for illustrating energy demand trend in china to be understood in a way by most of the people although energy forecast is not that precise it has an important implication for energy policy design especially for china which is in transition and china s energy demand will keep high growth in the mid term

evaluation of electricity saving potential in china s chemical industry based on cointegration new huadu business school ministry of education foundation 10jzd0018 10gbj013 basic research universities special foundation 2010221051 national social science foundation 09zd050

decomposition of ireland s carbon emissions from 1990 to 2010 an extended kaya identity in recent decades ireland has been an important example of a development pathway where rapid economic growth was accompanied by rising energy demand and increasing carbon emissions understanding the driving forces of carbon emissions is necessary for policy formulation and decomposition analysis is widely used for this purpose this study uses an extended kaya identity as the scheme and applies the log mean divisia index lmdi i as the decomposition technique change in carbon emissions is decomposed from 1990 to 2010 and includes a measure of the effect of renewable energy penetration results illustrate that scale effects of affluence and population growth act to increase emissions and are countered primarily by energy intensity and fossil fuel substitution renewable energy penetration has a minor effect but has been increasing in recent years policy will need to significantly reduce intensity and increase renewables if applicable targets are to be reached this requires not only a comprehensive suite of policies and measures but emphasis on the development path and non technical change for optimal outcomes

decomposing the decoupling of co2 emissions and economic growth in brazil abstract this paper examines the occurrence of a decoupling between the growth rates in economic activity and co 2 emissions from energy consumption in brazil from 2004 to 2009 this decoupling was highlighted when economic activity and co 2 emissions moved in opposite directions in 2009 more generally we observe several periods of relative decoupling in brazil but not to the extent witnessed in 2009 to identify the determinants of emissions change we develop a decomposition model based on a log mean divisia index lmdi framework the results indicate that the carbon intensity and energy mix are the main determinant of emissions reduction in brazil between 2004 and 2009 modifications in the economy structure are also associated to emission mitigation in the period such evidence demonstrates similarities with events of decoupling registered for the interval 1980 1994 in brazil finds from brazil differ from observations in other countries in which improvement in energy intensity has been the most common determinant of emissions reduction

the economics of product variety a survey demand for variety may arise from a taste for diversity in individual consumption and or from diversity in tastes even when each consumer chooses a single variant the full degree of variety potentially demanded will not in general be supplied because scale economies even to a small degree mean that the potential welfare or revenue gain from greater variety must be balanced against the lower unit production costs with fewer variants the economics of product variety consists essentially in analysing the effect of this balance in different situations and comparing the degree of product variety for different market structures with each other and with the optimum the survey commences with the work on market structures with single product firms generalized monopolistic competition tracing modern developments in both the chamberlinian and hotelling traditions the latter has been particularly fruitful due to the expansion of the original locational ideas into virtual spaces in product characteristics the emphasis in recent work on product variety has been on multiproduct firms in both monopolistic and oligopolistic structures including strategic market preemption although most work has been in a full information context there have been advances in product variety under imperfect information either by consumers to properties of the firms products or firms as to consumers demands

product proliferation in characteristics space the uk fertiliser industry in recent years a number of theoretical papers have addressed both the positive and normative aspects of the problem of how competitive products may be located in characteristics space the major theoretical antecedents have been hotelling s analysis of spatial competition 6 chamberlin s analysis of product differentiation 1 2 and lancaster s goods characteristics theory of demand 7 unfortunately there has been little corresponding empirical analysis two approaches in the theoretical analysis seem to have predominated firstly the examination of the welfare implications of product variety offered in equilibrium conditions 2 and secondly the dynamics of product competition using the spatial competition analogy 3 this paper which adopts the second approach uses an adaptation of lancaster s goods characteristics framework it examines the process of product competition in the uk agricultural fertiliser market the first and second sections briefly outline the main features of the goods characteristics and spatial competition theories and the uk fertiliser market respectively the third section contains the empirical analysis

decoupling economic growth from carbon emissions growth in the united states the role of research and development abstract the united states has achieved economic growth compatible with carbon reduction since 2007 this work is addressed to understand the eight effects especially effects related to research development rd whereas economic scale was the primary inhibitor to the drop of carbon emission followed by investment intensity population size and sectoral energy structure the results of decoupling efforts analysis uncover that energy intensity r d intensity r d efficiency and sectoral carbon intensity contributed to decoupling economic growth from carbon emission whereas investment intensity population size and sectoral energy structure did not contribute to the decoupling finally some policy implications are proposed

the environmental consequences of domestic and foreign investment evidence from china abstract fixed asset investment fai and foreign indirect investment fdi have important influences on economic development and environmental quality because environmental performance is related with economic development fai and fdi may affect environment indirectly through their impacts on economic growth in this study the direct and indirect effects of both fai and fdi on china s environmental quality are distinguished and separately estimated for the first time with a carefully designed framework of a two equation model because most economic activities and environmental pollutions occur in the urban areas a panel data of 112 chinese cities for the period 2002 2015 is utilized several spatial factors are also introduced to control for the potential spatial correlations in economic development and pollutant emissions the estimation results indicate that there exist apparent differences in the environmental effects of fai and fdi the direct effects of fai on so 2 emissions are significant positive and dominate the negative indirect effects by contrast the direct indirect and total effects of fdi on pollutant emissions are all negative therefore overall speaking well designed and targeted policies should be formulated to reduce the negative environmental impacts of fai and to increase the positive influences of fdi on environment

investigating the differences in co2 emissions in the transport sector across chinese provinces evidence from a quantile regression model abstract carbon dioxide co2 emission in china is currently the largest in the world considering that the transport sector it is one of the major contributors its co2 emissions and their main driving factors have become the focus of many scholars however majority of the existing studies usually investigates co2 emissions using the averaging method i e ordinary least squares method in fact the data distribution of socio economic variables is often non normal with the tail having hidden important information in order to overcome the shortcomings of existing research this paper uses a quantile regression approach to explore the main driving forces of the difference in co2 emissions under high medium and low level of development the results show that the effect of economic growth on co2 emissions in the 25th 50th quantile provinces is higher than those in the other quantile provinces due to the differences in fixed asset investment and motor vehicles energy intensity has a similar story owing to different r d funding and r d personnel investments the influences of urbanization in the upper 90th and 75th 90th quantile provinces are higher than those in the other quantile provinces because of the differences in human capital accumulation and patented technology freight turnover produces the same effect which is due to the differences in freight transportation and transport mode however the impacts of passenger turnover in the lower 10th and 10th 25th quantile provinces are the highest in all the quantile provinces therefore in the process of emission reduction the relevant departments should be concerned about the heterogeneous effects of these driving forces on the different quantile provinces rather than adopting the one size fits all approach

how to promote the growth of new energy industry at different stages abstract china is currently the world s largest emitter of carbon dioxide co2 vigorously developing new energy sources has become an important way to reduce co2 emissions therefore more and more scholars have studied effective ways to promote the development of new energy industry however most of the existing research use single equation linear models or static models to study the driving forces of the new energy industry this not only ignores the large number of dynamic relationships between economic variables but also produces endogeneity problems in order to overcome the shortcomings of existing research this paper uses vector autoregressive model to study the new energy industry the results show that energy consumption structure has a positive effect on the new energy industry in the short run but the effect is limited in the long run the impact of the agriculture industry is gradually narrowing over time due to the gradual reduction of crop acreage however the influence of economic growth is positive both in the short and long run this is due to the gradual optimization of industrial structure technological progress produces a similar impact owing to continued investment in research and development funding as well as research and development personnel

decomposition of carbon intensity in electricity production technological innovation and structural adjustment in china s power sector abstract china s power generation accounted for 24 of the world s total output ranking first in 2015 as a suitable performance indicator carbon intensity of electricity reflects a variation in the average level of carbon emissions per unit of electricity generated as the largest carbon emitter among various industries power sector is in duty bound to reduce carbon emissions and achieve sustainable development great progress has been made in china s power sector which is reflected by the effects of technological innovation and structural adjustment with logarithm transformation and integral transformation three dimensional decomposition model is proposed to quantitatively measure the changed carbon intensity of electricity due to technological innovation and structural adjustment in the context of three dimensional model the variation of carbon intensity can be decomposed into absolute changes and or relative changes furthermore accumulative decomposition results are obtained by chain linked calculation rules finally the proposed models are implemented in china s power industry to reveal its historical progress during 1980 2014 some important conclusions are also found based on the decomposition results

determinants of carbon inequality in china from static and dynamic perspectives abstract carbon inequality ci is one of the core issues concerning social welfare and economic development to overcome the disadvantages of the widely used theil economic inequality index which does not consider technical efficiency and technological change we developed static and dynamic inequality analysis tools by incorporating production theoretical decomposition analysis a logarithmic mean divisia index and a shapley sun method into the theil index decomposition model we then investigated the determinants of china s ci during the period 2003 2015 using the original and modified theil index decomposition models our key findings are 1 national ci experienced a downward trend with some fluctuations over time 2 intragroup inequality was the main driver of these changes using the original approach 3 the disparities in industrialization investment scale income population share potential carbon factor energy usage technical efficiency and co2 emission technological change accounted for the decreases in ci whereas the disparities in investment rate potential energy intensity industrial investment output share energy usage technological change and co2 emission technical efficiency contributed to increases in ci we offer some policy proposals based on our results

energy consumption carbon emissions and economic growth in china abstract this paper investigates the existence and direction of granger causality between economic growth energy consumption and carbon emissions in china applying a multivariate model of economic growth energy use carbon emissions capital and urban population empirical results for china over the period 1960 2007 suggest a unidirectional granger causality running from gdp to energy consumption and a unidirectional granger causality running from energy consumption to carbon emissions in the long run evidence shows that neither carbon emissions nor energy consumption leads economic growth therefore the government of china can purse conservative energy policy and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth

does human capital matter for energy consumption in china this article investigates the dynamic relationship between human capital and energy consumption using chinese provincial data over the period 1990 2010 considering for cross sectional dependence and parameter heterogeneity across space and over time we identify a significant and negative human capital energy consumption relationship in china specifically we find that a 1 increase in human capital reduces energy consumption by a range between 0 18 and 0 45 furthermore this negative relationship can be attributed to stronger accumulation of post school human capital in eastern china this finding suggests that energy conservation in china could be achieved by improving post school human capital components such as on the job training experience and learning by doing

decomposition analysis for assessing the progress in decoupling industrial growth from co2 emissions in the eu manufacturing sector decomposition analysis is used in this paper not only to explain changes in industrial co2 emissions but also to comparatively evaluate the progress made in 14 eu countries in decoupling emissions from industrial growth the analysis is performed for the period 1990 2003 by distinguishing two time intervals for assessing progress prior to and following the agreement on the kyoto protocol the refined laspeyres model is used to determine the impact of 5 explanatory factors output energy intensity structure fuel mix and utility mix the obtained results are further elaborated in order to assess the real efforts undertaken in each country and their effectiveness in dissociating the economic and environmental dimensions of development moreover a rescaling procedure is implemented in order to adjust efforts to the average progress in the eu and proceed to a fair comparative evaluation it is found that most eu countries made a considerable but not always sufficient decoupling effort while no significant acceleration is observed in the post kyoto period

energy related ghg emission in agriculture of the european countries an application of the generalized divisia index abstract sustainable agriculture food security and welfare of the farmers require an integrated analysis of the performance of the agricultural sector in this paper we follow the energy environment economy framework and focus on decomposition of changes in the energy related greenhouse gas ghg emission in agricultural sectors of the selected european union eu countries the research relies on country level data from fao and eurostat describing economic activity energy use and ghg emission in the agricultural sectors of the european countries during 1995 2012 the main drivers carbon factor of energy consumed in agriculture energy intensity of agricultural production and growth in agricultural production and their impacts on the energy related ghg emissions in agriculture are analysed for selected countries the generalized divisia index is applied to decompose the changes in the energy related ghg emissions france latvia and belgium appeared as the only countries with increase in ghg emissions during 1995 2012 in the case of france energy intensity went up along with increase in the scale of agricultural production in latvia and belgium an increase in carbon factor appeared as the major factor driving an increase in ghg emissions the appropriate policies need to be employed in these countries seeking to reduce ghg emissions from energy consumption in agriculture improvements in energy efficiency appear to be a more feasible mean for ensuring further reductions in ghg emission

factorial decomposition of co2 emissions a generalized divisia index approach abstract this paper introduces a novel approach to estimating the impact of the major factors driving co 2 emissions gdp energy consumption population their carbon intensities and other related indicators that may be chosen arbitrarily the suggested approach is based on the generalization of the divisia index to interconnected factors the approach also extends the kaya identity by explicitly including gross domestic product and energy consumption a computer program in r language aimed at automating the calculations is supplied factorial analysis of the united states and china s co 2 emissions is provided as an example of application