a short run solution to the power crisis of pakistan abstract pakistan is in a deep power crisis since 2008 which the government is trying to control by adding new generation capacity this strategy however will not be helpful in the short run the only way the power crisis can be controlled or mitigated in the short run is to efficiently utilize the available resources government lacks such a strategy at this point the paper provides such a strategy by setting up a power sector model with multiple modules of generation transmission and distribution the model provides an efficient way of utilizing the available resources and can be used to perform simulations at different stages of the supply chain the results of model show that if the given resources are utilized efficiently the power generation increases by 3222 gwh or 5 percent of the current output and the revenue increases by 945 million or 12 percent the extra generated power decrease the cost of power production by 0 52 kwh cents and reduces the power load shedding for 2 3 h these outcomes can significantly relieve the sector and the people of pakistan the results of the model have important policy implications on working of the sector and circular debt reduction

beyond gdp the quest for a measure of social welfare this paper critically examines the various approaches to the measurement of individual well being and social welfare that have been considered for the construction of alternatives to gdp special attention is devoted to recent developments in the analysis of sustainability in the study of happiness in the theory of social choice and fair allocation and in the capability approach it is suggested in the conclusion that although convergence toward a consensual approach is not impossible for the moment not one but three alternatives to gdp are worth developing jel i31 e23 e01

renewable energy for continuous energy sustainability in malaysia abstract demographic change dramatic population increase and rapid industrial growth are major trends emerging in malaysia climate change and depletion of fossil fuel along with the rise in petroleum prices have forced the malaysian government to rethink strategies to be more in line with other developed countries including the decision to embark on renewable energy re resources as a better source of energy amongst the global energy mix the malaysian government is making frantic efforts to make policies re programmes and incentives more effective so as to promote and develop the use of re malaysia is rich with fossil fuel but these are fast depleting although re is necessary current re resources are still not enough therefore exploration into other resources must be considered in order to meet future energy demands the objective of this paper is to identify the potential of available renewable energy resources in malaysia as well as the country s current implementation strategies this paper also discusses the different re policies in malaysia in order to determine the potential of re various sources and published materials in conferences international journals and information released by relevant government bodies and miscellaneous resources are used this research has revealed that among all the renewable energy sources that are present in malaysia biomass and solar energy are the most prospective ones plus renewable energy re sources are quite advantageous as they are free from greenhouse gas ghg emissions and related global warming effects they can also be applied in off grid electricity generation for rural communities

role of residential demand response in modern electricity markets abstract electricity generation must match the demand at each instant following seasonal patterns and instantaneous fluctuations thus one of the biggest drivers of costs and capacity requirements is the electricity demand that occurs during peak periods this paper reviews market related problems of modern electric grids and possible solutions to address them in particular one techno economical solution namely residential demand response programs enabled by a smart grid is analyzed and modeled in detail the implications of this solution from both economic and policy perspectives are discussed the analysis results in several insights first a local optimum does not generally lead to a global optimum especially for complex markets second in this approach there exists a disconnection between the locus of the problem electric utilities and the locus of the solution change of demand third any techno economic solution must be carefully designed and global impact should be evaluated to ensure that the final objective is achieved and fourth two way communication is an essential requirement for the successful deployment of smart grids

the new electricity market of singapore regulatory framework market power and competition abstract this study examines whether the new electricity market of singapore nems is functioning at a workable level of competition the generation market of the nems appears highly concentrated by a four firm concentration ratio or the herfindahl hirschman index however other measures of market power present that the nems is working at close to a competitive market first there seems to be a number of effective competitors in the market second supply margin assessment and residual supply index support that the market is competitive though there are some possibilities in which the largest generator or a few large generators jointly could still have market power third the lerner index of the nems shows that the generation market is fairly competitive and the lerner index adjusted with an industry level price elasticity of demand implies that there has not been much exercise of market power finally vesting contracts a contractual obligation of a specified quantity of electricity supply to the market have appeared to be a strong and effective tool to mitigate market power in the nems the vesting contracts are considered the force behind the lowering in the average uniform singapore electricity price and the lerner index in 2004

market power versus regulatory power in the spanish electricity system 1973 1996 this study not only establishes that the institutional changes the change of political regime and economic changes the energy crisis that occurred during the 70s and 80s had an important effect on business strategies within the spanish electricity sector but above all it shows how the resulting regulatory model was not the product of any clearly defined plan on the part of the spanish authorities as the majority of authors seem to implicitly or explicitly maintain but rather it arose from the dialectical interaction between companies which resisted losing the power of the market and institutions which in order to define any medium term energy policy in the future european domestic electricity market required an increase in their regulatory power

institutional determinants of power sector reform in pakistan the electricity supply sector in pakistan has performed poorly in recent years reforms were introduced in the mid 1990s to improve the sector but progressed slowly with no significant impacts on pre reform performance this study uses new institutional economics as a theoretical basis to elucidate reasons for the failure of power sector reforms in pakistan to make improvements interviews with 23 experts using q methodology generated 215 statements that were used as a q concourse of these 51 statements were selected for the q sample and ranked by 34 respondents depending on their importance analysis revealed four important discourses on the determinants of power sector reform failure in pakistan these included weak governance structure country and sectoral endowments inefficient regulator and unspecified political institutions or unfriendly political contexts the study recommends establishment of institutions that support a market based power supply sector and improvements to the contractual arrangements between stakeholders to reduce opportunistic behaviour

energy substitution effect on transport sector of pakistan a trans log production function approach abstract transport sector of pakistan is one of the highest fossil fuel consumption and carbon dioxide co2 emission sector as a key user of fossil fuel energy pakistan s transport sector has created many problems i e noise air pollution co2 emissions and environmental problem in this study trans log production function model for pakistan s transport sector is established and input factors of labor capital and energy consumption are comprised the output elasticity of an individual input elasticity between a pair of factors and elasticity of substitution between input factors are analyzed to manage the multicollinearity issue ridge regression is applied at different values of k from 1991 to 2018 the outcomes show that output elasticities and a pair of input factor s elasticities are increasing the elasticities of substitutions between labor energy consumption and capital energy consumption show higher outcomes because of the more elevated amount of substitution elasticities the substitution elasticity between labor and capital starts from 0 9797 to 0 9326 with slightly decreasing trend the outcomes suggest that maximum output can be achieved by increasing capital and energy technologies by allocating the maximum capital in the transport industry energy saving technologies substitution between energy and capital and substitution among capital labor can enhance environmental protection in the above s view function the present study estimates the level of energy saving and co2 emissions reduction under the different scenarios from 2015 to 2018 the policy suggestions of the results are given below

determinants of electricity consumption function in pakistan old wine in a new bottle abstract the objective of the study is to re investigate the multivariate electricity consumption function for pakistan particularly economic growth foreign direct investment and population growth over a 36 year time period i e between 1975 and 2010 the study employed the bounds testing procedure for cointegration which examines the short run and long run estimates dynamic short run causality test is applied to determine the causality direction between electricity consumption and its determinants by using wald f statistics the results reveal that determinants of electricity consumption function are cointegrated and influx of foreign direct investment income and population growth is positively related to electricity consumption in pakistan however the intensity of these determinants is different on electricity consumption if there is 1 increase in income foreign direct investment and population growth electricity consumption increases by 0 973 0 056 and 1 605 respectively this infers that income foreign direct investment and population growth induce an increase in electricity consumption in pakistan dynamic short run causality test indicates that there has been unidirectional causality which is running from population growth to electricity consumption in pakistan

energy prices and economic growth in pakistan a macro econometric analysis abstract the paper empirically examines the impact of energy prices on economic growth in pakistan using various channel variables for this purpose a macroeconometric model is estimated using gmm estimation technique using quarterly data for the period 1991 2011 the results indicate that the overall effect of energy prices on growth is negative confirming results from existing empirical literature for pakistan however our methodology allows us to go beyond previous research and describe what drives this overall result we find evidence that high energy price decreases real interest rate investment and stock prices it also decreases the real value of local currency high energy price puts pressure on government expenditures and increases unemployment in the country the results reveal that energy price positively affects output growth through its impact on real interest rate and government consumption while it negatively affects output growth through investment stock prices real exchange rate and unemployment the results show that most of the effect of energy price on economic growth is captured by stock prices real exchange rate government consumption and unemployment in turn real interest rate and investment captures a small effect of energy price on economic growth the study highlights that to improve economic growth policy makers in pakistan should design appropriate policies to control energy prices and to plan energy conservative policies that will motivate to explore alternative energy sources to meet high energy demand in pakistan

is the long run relationship between economic growth electricity consumption carbon dioxide emissions and financial development in gulf cooperation council countries robust the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions economic growth electricity consumption and financial development in the gulf cooperation council gcc countries is investigated in this study using panel data for the period of 1980 2012 a number of econometric techniques dynamic ordinary least squares dols fully modified ordinary least squares fmols and the dynamic fixed effect model dfe are applied in order to estimate the long run relationship between the variables the long run relationship is found to be robust across these different econometric specifications no significant short run significant relationship was observed electricity consumption and economic growth have a positive long run relationship with carbon dioxide co2 emissions whilst a negative and significant relationship was found between co2 emissions and financial development the findings imply that electricity consumption and economic growth stimulate co2 emissions in gcc countries while financial development reduces it granger causality results reveal that there is a bidirectional causal link between economic growth and co2 emissions and a unidirectional causal link running from electricity consumption to co2 emissions however there is no causal link between financial development and co2 emissions also impulse response and variance decomposition analysis outline forecasted impacts of economic growth and electricity consumption on future co2 emissions

turn on the lights macroeconomic factors affecting renewable energy in pakistan the objective of the study is to examine the relationship between macroeconomic factors i e population growth urbanization industrialization exchange rate price level food production index and live stock production index and renewable energy in pakistan over a period of 1975 2012 in addition this study uses oil rent as an intervening variable to overcome the biasness of the single equation model the results indicate that macroeconomic factors positively contributed to renewable energy consumption in pakistan the causality test indicate that there is a unidirectional causality running towards macroeconomic factors to renewable energy in pakistan however renewable energy granger cause oil rent but not via other route in addition there is bidirectional causality between exchange rate and live stock production in pakistan variance decomposition analysis shows that economic growth has a major contribution to increase renewable energy in pakistan

energy production system optimization evidence from pakistan abstract the ongoing energy crisis in pakistan and the dependency on thermal electricity generation has contributed to the necessity to optimize energy production system the expensive thermal electricity and inability to recover its cost gives unprecedented rise to the electricity tariffs in this study optimization of the energy production system has been performed using linear programing model as the high cost of electricity generation has been found as the root cause of energy crises the objective function of the proposed model is cost minimization that will also reduce the circular debt specifically it has examined the optimum proportion of energy production from each available source under two different scenarios the first scenario considers that the existing system should be used at its maximum capacity in the second scenario seventy percent utilization of power plants has been examined the second scenario summarizes the optimum mix of energy production which minimizes the cost of electricity production the differential cost that is payable by the government as a subsidy is also compensated similarly it reduces circular debt that is a bottleneck between power generation companies and oil supply companies thus the proposed model has a tendency to minimize the cost of energy production and further reduce circular debt as well as the burden of a subsidy on the government the study specifies the problems confronting pakistan s energy sector and identifies the key elements of a potential policy response to address the country s severe power crisis

electricity consumption real gdp causality nexus evidence from a bootstrapped causality test for 30 oecd countries the goal of this paper is to examine any causal effects between electricity consumption and real gdp for 30 oecd countries we use a bootstrapped causality testing approach and unravel evidence in favour of electricity consumption causing real gdp in australia iceland italy the slovak republic the czech republic korea portugal and the uk the implication is that electricity conservation policies will negatively impact real gdp in these countries however for the rest of the 22 countries our findings suggest that electricity conversation policies will not affect real gdp

the dynamics of electricity demand in pakistan a panel cointegration analysis abstract this paper examines the dynamics of electricity demand in pakistan at the aggregate and sectoral levels over the period 1978 2012 panel cointegration test and fully modified ordinary least squares method is employed to determine the long run relationship between electricity consumption real income real price of electricity and domestic price of non energy products the results reveal that electricity demand is more responsive to changes in income than changes in prices at the aggregate and disaggregate levels short run and long run income elasticities are positive and statistically significant supporting the conservation hypothesis it appears from the results that long run price elasticities are negative and significant at the aggregate level and for the agriculture commercial residential sectors and public utilities the short run price elasticities are significant but low in magnitude which implies that changes in electricity price exert minimal effect on the electricity consumption in pakistan the domestic price of non energy products is positive and significant for aggregate sample in the short run the domestic price of non energy products exert significant negative positive impact on electricity demand in the agriculture industrial sectors the results thus provide important information to the agents operating in the electricity market regarding the income and pricing policies and helps in planning the future strategy of electricity demand management

overcoming electricity crisis in pakistan a review of sustainable electricity options abstract pakistan is facing severe electricity supply shortages causing forced power outages over the last decade ranging from 8 to 12 h a day in urban areas and up to 18 h in rural areas the major causes behind the increasing gap between supply and demand are mainly increases in electricity demand on one hand and depleting energy resources and financial constraints on the other in this context the government has been taking various measures including a partial restructuring of the electricity sector under guidelines from international financing institutes at present the country is therefore not only facing a serious challenge of meeting the electricity demand but is also facing the challenge of ensuring energy security in the context of globally important climate change issues the role of policy makers at this stage is crucial for not only assessing and reviewing the current strategies to minimize the electricity supply and demand gap but also the need to develop future strategies ensuring affordable electricity with efficient generation transmission and distribution towards sustainable development in the country this paper provides a review of the current energy situation discussion on policy drivers and plans analysis of the issues of the power sector as well as recommendations for narrowing the electricity supply demand gap towards sustainable electricity for the country

electricity demand for south korean residential sector abstract this study estimates the electricity demand function for the residential sector of south korea with the aim of examining the effects of improved energy efficiency structural factors and household lifestyles on electricity consumption in the study time series data for the period from 1973 to 2007 is used in a structural time series model to estimate the long term price and income elasticities and annual growth of underlying energy demand trend uedt at the end of the estimation period the result shows a long term income elasticity of 1 33 and a long term price elasticity of 0 27 with 0 93 as the percentage growth of uedt at the end of the estimation period this result suggests that in order to encourage energy efficiency in the residential sector the government should complement the market based pricing policies with non market policies such as minimum energy efficiency standards and public enlightenment

an overview of energy status and development in pakistan abstract energy is the basic necessity for life and a key factor to excel a country s economy pakistan despite being richly blessed with natural energy resources is dependent on foreign sources and is currently facing severe energy deficiency at the time of its independence in 1947 pakistan inherited 60 mw of power the energy sector had made some progress in the beginning but unfortunately the growth in positive curve couldn t last long the dilemma of the ever increasing gap between demand and supply has rendered pakistan an energy deficient country where most the people have none or limited access to electricity this paper gives an overview of the energy status of pakistan in this paper i have discussed a major aspects of energy sector of pakistan its establishment history and accomplishments b various institutions for energy generation and distribution c total installed and generation capacity d current energy reserves in the country such as coal oil natural gas nuclear energy as well as the renewable energy resources which include wind energy biogas hydel energy geothermal energy solar energy tidal and wave energy e current energy crisis in the power sector discussing the key issues leading to the origin causes and consequences of the problem the paper also presents f possible solutions to overcome this crisis which is becoming hazardous for the country s economy the various government semi government and private organizations and their efforts to resolve the situation of energy deficit and g renewable energy can provide an alternative form of energy why and how it can provide better replacement of other forms of energy barriers that halt progress in this area and various renewable energy projects have also been illustrated the goals principles and impacts of the national power policy 2013 is also mentioned in this paper

sectoral analysis of the causal relationship between electricity consumption and real output in pakistan this study uses the annual data from 1972 to 2010 to assess the causal relationship between electricity consumption and real output at the aggregate and sectoral levels in pakistan this study covers three main economic sectors in pakistan namely agricultural manufacturing and services sectors our cointegration results reveal that the variables are cointegrated at the aggregate and sectoral levels at the aggregate level we find that there is uni directional granger causality running from electricity consumption to real output in pakistan at the sectoral level we find that electricity consumption granger causes real output in the manufacturing and services sectors however there is no causal relationship between electricity consumption and real output in the agricultural sector the policy implication of these results is that electricity conservation policies in general would deteriorate the process of economic growth as well as the real output in the manufacturing and services sectors in pakistan nevertheless we suggest the pakistani government to implement the electricity conservation policies merely to the agricultural sector because such policies may have less or no adverse impact on its real output

evolution of transformer health index in the form of mathematical equation energy is a basic necessity in every country the worldwide demand for energy will rise due to the developments of power generation in industrial service and residential sectors a healthy power system is therefore very important to guarantee continuous electricity supply to the end users and this can be achieved through asset management a proper asset management will allow asset managers to conduct quality assessment of conditions and to develop future management strategies of the electrical assets such as transformers the execution of transformer asset management involves an investigation of the transformer s condition by employing transformer s health index thi mathematical equation algorithm or expert judgment has been investigated by many previous studies as one of the technique to determine health index hi some of the established methods of hi determination such as scoring and ranking method tier method matrices and multi feature assessment model have led to the different interpretations of the final condition of a transformer this paper critically examines and explores the previous studies related to transformer health index by using mathematical equation algorithm or expert judgment the concept of hi and its formulation are presented in this study generally there are three parts of hi formulation which are input algorithm for hi and the output of hi the application of hi is discussed in terms of the performance of in service transformer the limitations of the available methods are also discussed and future works to overcome the problems are suggested

a review of energy and power planning and policies of pakistan pakistan is facing multiple challenges for harnessing the indigenous energy resources and devise rational energy policies the country is believed to have abundant energy resources however coping substantial electricity supply gap of over 5000 mw this paper analyses country s energy and power planning studies conducted since its independence in 1947 and policies announced so far it is found that water resources management attained more emphasis in early decades of post independence rather than energy concerns the first energy and power planning study was conducted in late 1960s and since then various studies were undertaken to supplement five yearly medium term development plans of government however it is pertinent to mention that formal energy and power policies were only announced from 1994 onwards owing to growing electricity demand and progressing industrialization beside this the focus of these policies is not only varied but were conceived without undertaking integrated energy planning using energy modeling tools e g markal times leap enpep balance message and energyplan it is despite the fact that these tools are successfully applied globally for devising the energy policies and address the complexities of energy system by assisting effective policy formulation this study recommends that integrated energy planning using energy modeling tools will be helpful to develop sustainable energy policies in pakistan to eradicate electricity crises

investigating the sustainability of renewable energy an empirical analysis of european union countries using a hybrid of projection pursuit fuzzy clustering model and accelerated genetic algorithm based on real coding abstract renewable energy sustainability plays a significant role in ensuring energy security improving environment and promoting sustainable development of economic and social this paper focuses on assessing and analyzing the sustainability and influencing factors of 27 eu countries renewable energy by dpsir four dimensional indicators system four sustainability dimensions of energy economy society and environment are considered and integrated to deal with the randomness and fuzziness of multi dimensional metadata and to conduct assessment without standard we develop a nonlinear multi factor assessment model projection pursuit fuzzy clustering model with accelerated genetic algorithm based on real coding the results show that the co2 emissions energy productivity non renewable energy emission intensity energy dependence electricity price and policy support are closer related to the renewable energy sustainability the strongest sustainability countries are denmark and sweden from the overall analysis time series analysis shows that general sustainable level is a wave of growth the geographical analysis shows that the countries with better sustainable development are mainly located in the central region showing a belt distribution from north to south the sustainability decreases from the middle to the sides

chaos in power pakistan s electricity crisis abstract pakistan is facing a severe electricity crisis due to a persistent and widening gap between demand and available system generating capacity the worsening of power shortages has become a major political issue reflecting the hardships for individuals and businesses it threatens to undermine the credibility and legitimacy of government and to further stress the social fabric of the country the power crisis did not emerge suddenly it is the direct result of imprudent and reckless energy policies over the last three decades these policies have impeded the development of cheap and abundant domestic energy sources they have also resulted in very inefficient fuel mix choices compromising energy and economic security pakistan s energy bankruptcy is ultimately due to massive institutional and governance failure this paper analyzes the problems confronting pakistan s electricity sector and identifies the key elements of a potential policy response to address the country s severe power crisis

the impact of unconditional cash transfer on fuel choices among ultra poor in pakistan quasi experimental evidence from the benazir income support program abstract we analyze the impact of the unconditional cash transfer program namely the benazir income support program bisp on fuel choices among ultra poor in pakistan using two rounds of household level data collected in 2011 and 2016 the analysis based on regression discontinuity design shows that bisp cash transfer has a significant impact on interfuel substitution cash transfer increases the use of modern fuels among bisp beneficiaries besides cash transfer also encourages the use of intermediate fuels even in some cases traditional fuels cash transfer also increases the share of fuel expenses in total household expenses therefore the fuel stacking theory provides a better explanation of interfuel substitution than the energy ladder theory of the cash transfer program the provincial analysis shows that interfuel substitution exists due to cash transfer but varies from province to province signifying the role of regional heterogeneities the net impact on fuel choices may depend on the availability of different fuel components from policy perspective the expansion of the cash transfer program as planned by the government would require a reasonable investment in the energy sector to ensure an uninterrupted supply of modern fuels

electricity consumption and economic growth a time series experience for 17 african countries abstract while the availability of electricity by itself is not a panacea for the economic and social problems facing africa the supply of electricity is nevertheless believed to be a necessary requirement for africa s economic and social development this paper tests the long run and causal relationship between electricity consumption per capita and real gross domestic product gdp per capita for 17 african countries for the period 1971 2001 using a newly developed cointegration test proposed by pesaran et al 2001 and using a modified version of the granger causality test due to toda and yamamoto 1995 the advantage of using these two approaches is that they both avoid the pre testing bias associated with conventional unit root and cointegration tests the empirical evidence shows that there was a long run relationship between electricity consumption per capita and real gdp per capita for only 9 countries and granger causality for only 12 countries for 6 countries there was a positive uni directional causality running from real gdp per capita to electricity consumption per capita an opposite causality for 3 countries and bi directional causality for the remaining 3 countries the result should however be interpreted with care as electricity consumption accounts for less than 4 of total energy consumption in africa and only grid supplied electricity is taken into account

the electricity consumption versus economic growth of the polish economy abstract the aim of this contribution is an investigation of causal interdependences between electricity consumption and gdp in poland our research was conducted for total electricity consumption as well as for the industrial consumption of electricity in order to reflect the causality between gdp and electricity consumption properly we performed our investigations in a three dimensional framework with employment chosen as an additional variable we used reliable quarterly data from the period q1 2000 q4 2009 in order to check the stability of the causalities the investigations were performed on two samples a full sample and a pre crisis i e q1 2000 q3 2008 subsample we applied both traditional methods and some recently developed econometric tools we found feedback between total electricity consumption and gdp as well as between total electricity consumption and employment we also found unidirectional causality running from industrial electricity consumption to employment and no direct causal links between industrial electricity consumption and gdp in addition all these findings were in general not seriously affected by the financial and economic crises of 2008 a significant exception is the causal effect of industrial electricity consumption on employment which was more pronounced after the crisis of 2008

reforming performance based aid allocation practice performance based aid allocation systems are used by a number of multilateral agencies to allocate aid among developing countries a number of bilateral agencies also allocate aid on the basis of the performance of recipients albeit in a less systematic way than these multilateral agencies this paper points to a number of fundamental problems associated with performance based aid allocation systems including a problematic balancing of need and performance criteria being reductionist with respect to the drivers of effective aid and not being sufficiently nuanced with respect to performance by ignoring a lack of human capital and economic vulnerability in recipient countries together with providing a theoretical framework that articulates these issues this paper introduces and outlines the papers that follow in this special section

benchmarking and regulation of power distribution companies in pakistan abstract using stochastic frontier analysis the study examines the cost effectiveness of electricity distribution utilities in pakistan for this purpose cost in efficiency is calculated for 8 distribution utilities using data for the period 2003 2013 the findings reveal that on average there is 72 5 efficiency in the electricity distribution sector it indicates that electricity distribution utilities in pakistan are cost inefficient by 27 5 it is also found that quality of service affects efficiency the results imply that there is significant potential to improve efficiency of electricity distribution utilities and that quality of service should be incorporated as part of efficiency of the electricity distribution utilities in pakistan

can law impose competition a critical discussion and evidence from the turkish electricity generation market electricity markets have undergone regulatory reforms since the early 1980s around the world technical analyses of these reforms usually pay lip service to the influence of politics over regulatory processes existing studies examine certain aspects of the market such as demand pricing and efficiency and they touch upon political issues only passingly when economic models cannot provide sufficient explanation this approach problematically takes politics as an ad hoc variable this study shows that electricity is intrinsically a political good and argues that any meaningful reform effort should take institutions as the starting point rather than a residual the argument that politics has to be an endogenous variable in any model aspiring to explain behavior in electricity markets is demonstrated in the paper the evidence for the political good character of electricity is found by examining the turkish regulatory reform for which it is argued that there is not a satisfactory relationship between expected and realized gains

organization and functioning of liberalized electricity markets an overview of the dutch market abstract in this paper we examine the organization and the functioning of the dutch electricity market first we describe the organization of the dutch electricity supply chain and the role of the main market participants including the transmission system operator distribution system operators program responsible parties and metering companies we then describe the organization of financial trading and clearing mechanism of electricity through the organized futures exchange the european energy derivatives exchange and the spot market amsterdam power exchange which includes the day ahead market and intra day markets we also detail the functioning of the imbalance market and reserve capacity management in the netherlands through a set of numerical analysis we provide an exploratory analysis of the apx day ahead spot prices and the real time imbalance prices using electricity price data from 2002 to 2013 we observe the price spikes both in the day ahead and imbalance markets usually occur around 6 10 am and 5 7 pm we also observe that in the imbalance market system overages happen significantly more often than shortages pointing out that the market tends to buy more than what is demanded this could be explained by the risk attitude of the market participants in the imbalance market

electricity consumption and economic growth in china abstract this paper applies the error correction model to examine the causal relationship between electricity consumption and real gdp for china during 1971 2000 our estimation results indicate that real gdp and electricity consumption for china are cointegrated and there is unidirectional granger causality running from electricity consumption to real gdp but not vice versa in order to overcome the constraints on electricity consumption the chinese government has to speed up the nation wide interconnection of power networks to upgrade urban and rural distribution grids and to accelerate rural electrification

revisiting electricity liberalization and quality of service empirical evidence from new zealand abstractwhat effect does the firm structure have on the quality of service delivered by networks and infrastructure industries we answer this question by empirically assessing the impacts of complete vertical separation such as ownership unbundling on the quality of service delivered by a liberalized network industry electricity distribution utilities in new zealand are considered for this purpose and are analysed using panel data econometrics the results show robust evidence that ownership unbundling contributed to a fall in the duration and frequency of supply interruptions in electricity distribution however the results also show that unbundling has no effect on reducing distribution network losses these results overall highlight the nonsimple impacts of ownership unbundling on the quality of electricity distribution we suggest that the quality of service may largely improve when considered in the economic regulation of electricity networks than completely relying on specific reform measures

what is challenging renewable energy entrepreneurs in developing countries this paper cumulates the findings from a review of the challenges faced by renewable energy entrepreneurs in developing countries to date research that could facilitate the success of renewable energy entrepreneurs in the world s developing regions has been fragmented across two main bodies of literature management specifically entrepreneurship and renewable energy by conducting a qualitative review of the extant literature i propose that the findings from both bodies of research may be distilled to six 6 key challenges inadequate access to institutional finance the price of renewable energy technologies rets the lack of skilled labour underdeveloped physical infrastructure and logistics power dominance of incumbents inadequate government or policy support through this research i not only advance a unified conceptualisation of the challenges faced by renewable energy entrepreneurs in developing countries but also highlight a number of the revealed opportunities for future research

modeling market power in korea s emerging power market abstract the korean power market is being formed from the unbundled generation transmission and distribution assets of korea electric power corporation the kepco generation has been allocated to six independent gencos with a combined generating capacity of 46 629 mw in 2002 this gave an 11 margin over the peak load that year 41 921 mw one of the concerns for any power market is whether individual participants can increase profits and prices by withholding generation from the market to address this concern a cournot based model of korean power system was created and applied to a set of loads representing the load duration curve for korea s system loads in 2002 our simulation results show a strong possibility for exercise of market power to increase market price in korean market under tight market conditions even 1 gw of withholding can cause a large increase in market price if loads unexpectedly grow faster than the 5 recent experience the gencos will have the collective ability and incentive to spike prices further vesting contracts can reduce the incentive to act strategically requiring that the gencos offer 50 of their capacity in long term forward contracts greatly reduces the payoff to act strategically and requiring vesting for 75 of their capacity results in prices that are essentially the same as the competitive equilibrium depending on the price for the vesting contracts this policy can reduce the incentives to add new generation by gencos or the competitive fringe another approach to reducing the effects of market power is establishing demand response programs simulated here by increasing the elasticity of overall demand these programs can reduce the incentives to withhold capacity but to a lesser degree than vesting contracts the genco with the greatest ability to influence prices through withholding is the largest knhp however acting on its own without the support of the other gencos its ability to raise prices is limited this applies even more for the other gencos alone their ability to run up prices by withholding is limited only when they reinforce each other s withholding by further withholding do we see the extreme prices of the cournot equilibrium in the long run the high prices from the cournot equilibrium create a strong incentive for entry of new generating capacity while the gencos that do the most withholding in the cournot solution do not gain by adding new generation several of the gencos that do relatively less withholding would gain net revenues from adding capacity that is likely to exceed the cost of new capacity for participants on the competitive fringe the incentives to add new generating capacity are much stronger they do not have a stake in maintaining the high cournot solution prices and benefit from increased withholding by the incumbent gencos the projected net revenues from new baseload and peaking capacity greatly exceed the thresholds needed to recover investment costs with freedom for new entrants to add capacity the cournot equilibrium prices cannot be sustained

aid selectivity according to augmented criteria a dominant trend in the literature maintains that donor assistance should be targeted to poor countries with sound institutions and policies in this context donor selectivity refers to what extent aid is allocated according to the principles of this canonical model this paper shows that it is legitimate for donors to simultaneously use other selectivity criteria corresponding either to expected factors of aid effectiveness or to handicaps to development it is notably argued that vulnerability to exogenous shocks and low level of human capital should be considered as selectivity criteria taking these other criteria into account dramatically changes the assessment of donor selectivity

sustainable production framework for cement manufacturing firms a behavioural perspective abstract understanding sustainable production is becoming increasingly important for production and operations managers mainly due to a shortage in natural resources sustainability requires many changes in behaviour at all levels few studies within the sustainable production literature have empirically disentangled the underlying behavioural concepts of sustainable production to address this gap this study utilizes the theory of planned behaviour tpb to develop a theoretical framework to explain sustainable production behaviour survey data gathered from 128 indian cement manufacturing units suggest that attitude subjective norms or social pressures and perceived behavioural control are predictors of the intention for sustainable production which then predicts sustainable production behaviour the research contribution of this study is twofold firstly the current study highlight that the influence of social pressures or subjective norms on intention is greater than attitude and perceived behavioural control and secondly it may be noted that intention is not a strong predictor of the sustainable production behaviour finally our study based on limitations offers extensive future research directions

energy security and renewable energy policy analysis of pakistan abstract sustainable energy supply is an important factor for continued economic growth of any society pakistan is among those developing countries which are facing severe shortages of energy now a days the current and past governments in the country have designed various energy policies to fulfill energy demands but could not fill the demand supply gap there has been a shortage of about 5000 mw of electrical supply during summer 2016 a policy for development of renewable energy was framed in 2006 which was aimed to supply sustainable energy to all consumers including those households which have not been supplied electricity and natural gas in rural and far flung areas the policy was extended for implementation in 2011 and is still in use the basis of this policy rests on energy security and self sufficiency social equity and economic benefits this study aims at analyzing renewable energy policy of pakistan and examining and finding the ways to secure energy supplies in future using leap four scenarios business as usual green pakistan nuclear and optimization have been developed to assess the validity of the energy plans the study concludes that green pakistan scenario employing renewable energy technologies having minimum operation and externality costs is the most suitable option in future

an institutional framework for the development of sustainable and competitive power market in pakistan abstract pakistan is continuously striving for sustainable and competitive power market under the comprehensive power sector reform program pakistan shifted its power market from monopoly model to single buyer model by unbundling water and power development authority wapda and establishing national transmission and dispatch company ntdc current severe power situation in the country is triggering the government of pakistan gop to accelerate the implementation of intended reform program and to readily undertake next planned transformation i e from single buyer model to wholesale market model this research endeavors the future dynamics of power market after the structural spin off by pre assessment of upcoming wholesale power market market power of both public and private electricity generators has been computed using 8 largest firm concentration ratio herfindahl hirschman index hhi and residual supply index rsi the findings suggest that future power market will function with non existence of market power except in the periods of peak electricity demand and maximum hydro generation furthermore insufficient installed capacities and underutilization of public thermal units may enable some players to exercise market power for sustainable and competitive power market an empirically supported framework has been proposed based on the analysis the framework proposes utilization of huge available renewable energy potential for future which will protect the whole infrastructure from market power it recommends respective roles and responsibilities for the smooth transition among market models the framework will be supportive in terms of successful and smooth transition from single buyer model to wholesale market model and potential of wind solar biogas to be properly explored and utilized to reduce energy gap

can the world cut poverty in half how policy reform and effective aid can meet international development goals abstract poverty in the developing world will decline by about one half by 2015 if the trends of the 1990s persist most of this poverty reduction will occur in asia however while poverty will decline only slightly in africa effective aid could make a contribution to greater poverty reduction in lagging regions even more potent would be significant policy reform in these countries we develop a model of efficient aid in which flows respond to policy improvements that create a better environment for poverty reduction and effective aid we investigate scenarios of policy reform and efficient aid that point the way to how the world can cut poverty in half in every major region

life cycle sustainability assessment of electricity generation in pakistan policy regime for a sustainable energy mix abstract electricity crisis has become a key issue in pakistan mainly due to a tenacious and spreading gap between demand and supply moreover the current production is causing severe environmental and energy security issues due to reliance on thermal sources stakeholders are hindered to address these issues due to a significant knowledge gap causing discrepancies in power policies a comprehensive approach over the sustainability dimensions is missing due to non adoption of life cycle thinking this study adopts an integrated approach of life cycle sustainability assessment of the electricity sector in pakistan for proposing policy guidelines and implementation framework to optimize the future energy mixes in total 20 sustainability indicators have been assessed covering life cycle of seven electricity generation sources currently in use these sources have been ranked by equally weighting the sustainability dimensions and respective indicators hydropower is found as the most sustainable option having lowest environmental and economic impacts while due to worst economic and social impacts oil is found to be the least sustainable option for the country while establishing tradeoffs between different electricity generation sources this study presents an unbiased view and highlights the worth of life cycle approach in sustainability assessment for improving the energy policies

aid policies and growth the authors of this paper use a new database on foreign aid to examine the relationships among foreign aid economic policies and growth of per capita gdp in panel growth regressions for 56 developing countries and 6 four year periods 1970 93 they find that the policies that have a great effect on growth are those related to fiscal surplus inflation and trade openness they construct an index for those three policies and have that index interact with foreign aid they have instruments for both aid and aid interacting with policies they find that aid has a positive impact on growth in developing countries with good fiscal monetary and trade policies in the presence of poor policies aid has no positive effect on growth this result is robust in a variety of specifications which include or exclude middle income countries include or exclude outliers and treat policies as exogenous or endogenous they examine the determinants of policy and find no evidence that aid has systematically affected policies either for good or for ill they estimate an aid allocation equation and show that any tendency for aid to reward good policies has been overwhelmed by donors pursuit of their own strategic interests in a counterfactual they reallocate aid reduce the role of donor interests and increasing the importance of policy such a reallocation would have a large positive effect on developing countries growth rates

scaling up foreign aid will the big push work international donors are substantially scaling up aid programmes at the same time there are widespread reservations over how much aid recipient countries can use effectively such concerns are supported by the aid effectiveness literature which finds that there are limits to the amounts of aid recipients can efficiently absorb this article demonstrates that a big push in foreign aid will not lead to diminishing returns as long as donors get the inter country allocation of aid right this is true even if donors provide aid at levels equal to the well known target of 0 7 per cent of their gross national income

electricity demand and supply scenarios for maharashtra india for 2030 an application of long range energy alternatives planning abstract forecasting of electricity demand has assumed a lot of importance to provide sustainable solutions to the electricity problems leap has been used to forecast electricity demand for the target year 2030 for the state of maharashtra india holt s exponential smoothing method has been used to arrive at suitable growth rates probable projections have been generated using uniform gross domestic product gdp growth rate and different values of elasticity of demands three scenarios have been generated which include business as usual bau energy conservation ec and renewable energy ren subsequent analysis on the basis of energy environmental influence and cost has been done in the target year 2030 the projected electricity demand for bau and ren has increased by 107 3 per cent over the base year 2012 and ec electricity demand has grown by 54 3 per cent the estimated values of green house gas ghg for bau and ec in the year 2030 are 245 2 per cent and 152 4 per cent more than the base year and for ren it is 46 2 per cent less sensitivity analysis has been performed to study the effect on the total cost of scenarios policy implications in view of the results obtained are also discussed

sustainable energy development in nigeria current status and policy options abstract sustainable energy development focuses on maintaining the provision of energy in a manner that can enhance the short medium and long term economic development of a country the provision of sustainable energy requires the development and implementation of technologies that can improve the energy situation of a given country such as renewable energy energy efficient technologies and the proper use of conventional energy resources to achieve this effective energy policy options must be instigated that can adjust to changing circumstances in nigeria the development of sustainable clean modern energy is an immense challenge as is the proper use of the country s conventional energy resources this is as due to the lack of effective support policies and poor participation by the government in clean energy development the energy situation in nigeria could be improved by the provision of adequate energy policy options designed to augment existing energy policies this study critically reviews the current status of energy resources in nigeria and the associated policies important policies unavailable under current government strategies are proposed and prioritised based on their likelihood of success in short medium and long term among the most important policies based on priorities are policies to address crude oil theft complete deregulation of the petroleum subsectors utilisation of associated gases creation of favourable business climate for private investors increase attraction for foreign direct investment in clean energy technology renewable portfolio standards development introduction of tendering schemes use of efficient fuel stoves development of demand side bidding and energy efficiency standard law we believe that these proposed policy options could improve the sustainable development of nigeria s energy resources

roles and potentials of renewable energy in less developed economies the case of nepal increasing the share of renewable energy in the national energy mix remains one of the major energy policy goals across many economies this paper assesses the roles and potentials of renewable energy sources in less developed economies while citing nepal as an example renewable energy has a significant role to play in the electrification of rural areas in developing economies and contribute towards sustainable development realizing full potentials of renewable however requires addressing both the associated demand side and supply side constraints innovative subsidies and tax incentives adequate entrepreneurial support strengthening institutional arrangement and promoting local community based organizations such as the cooperatives are the necessary factors in promoting the green technologies in countries like nepal international factors such as large scale investment and adequate technology transfer are equally crucial to create a rapid spread and increase affordability of decentralized renewable energy technologies in less developed economies

linking financial development economic growth and energy consumption in pakistan abstract this paper aims at exploring the finance growth energy nexus for pakistan over the 1972 2012 period by employing the system gmm estimation technique the study tries to capture the impact of financial development over energy consumption through economic growth channel and includes energy prices and urbanization in the structural model the study finds positive and significant impact of economic growth and urbanization on energy consumption while the effect of energy prices over energy consumption is significant but negative financial development positively and significantly affects energy consumption through the economic growth channel our analysis is important for policy makers for effective energy demand planning and conservation policies that would ensure sustainable economic development as well as serve as motivation to search alternative energy sources to meet the bourgeoning energy demand in pakistan

aid and performance a reassessment two visions of aid effectiveness and allocation are compared the first corresponding to the new aid paradigm argues that aid is only effective if domestic policies are appropriate the second in contrast argues that aid effectiveness depends on the external and climatic environment the worse this environment or the more vulnerable the recipient countries the greater the effectiveness of aid cross sectional econometric tests related to gdp growth on two 12 year pooled periods clearly favour the second view the two views can be reconciled through the principle of performance based aid allocation where performance is defined as outcomes adjusted for the impact of environmental factors performance can then be measured in several manners which are subject to comparison one approach would lead one to allocate more aid the worse the external environment is for a given policy and the better the policy is for a given environment

assessment of present conventional and non conventional energy scenario of pakistan abstract it has become the universal fact that the energy is one of the key factors for the smooth and faster upgradation of the socio economic activities in any country in pakistan s history of over 60 years the country presently is facing possibly the worst energy crisis that has geared back the socio economic development below the level of critical sustainability and tolerance of the people every walk of life and industrial activities have declined due to long electricity shut down every day since last few years in view to access the current status of available energy resources the present research study has been carried out to review and assess the demography of the country versus energy sectors energy supplies consumptions status of fossil fuel resources oil gas coal conventional non conventional electricity generation and past present future energy demand supply during 2001 2011 the results of this assessment indicate that conventional resources in pakistan are and will not be enough to meet the ever growing energy demand and consequently highlight the importance of the renewable energy sources that are apparently encouraging in the country but have not been developed to any satisfaction priority is imperative to be given for the adequate development of renewable energy sectors in addition to the present energy mix

does renewable energy consumption add in economic growth an application of auto regressive distributed lag model in pakistan abstract the objective of the study is to examine the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth by incorporating capital and labour as potential determinants of production function in case of pakistan this study used auto regressive distributed lag ardl model and rolling window approach rwa for cointegration in context of pakistan the study used quarterly data over the period of 1972q1 2011q4 the causality analysis applied through vecm granger causality and innovative accounting approaches the results reveal that all the variables in the study are cointegrated that shows the long run relationship between the variables furthermore renewable energy consumption capital and labour boost economic growth the causality analysis shows the feedback effect between economic growth and renewable energy consumption

national energy scenario of pakistan current status future alternatives and institutional infrastructure an overview abstract in this article the current energy consumption of pakistan is presented and the issue of security of electrical energy supply is discussed the power sector has been looked from variety of aspects such as demand and supply gap diminishing energy sources energy security and increasing energy costs furthermore the status of energy and potential of renewable sources of energy has been discussed as sustainable alternative in addition the roles of different sectors in the promotion and development of renewable energy technologies have been discussed the renewable energy future prospects are encouraging in pakistan with a total renewable energy potential of about 167 7 gw which is more than enough to meet the total electricity demand of the country this vast potential of renewable sources of energy could be utilized to overcome the energy shortage which has not been utilized properly due to lack of policies and infrastructure the diversification of existing energy resources and exploration of new sources is an important aspect to be considered in order to have a sustainable power development and its implementation in the country

beyond gdp an analysis of the socio economic diversity of european regions abstractthis paper aims to analyze the socioeconomic diversity of the european union eu 28 regions from a dynamic perspective for that purpose we combine a series of exploratory space time anal

electricity consumption growth nexus the case of malaysia abstract the goal of this paper is to model the relationship between electricity consumption and real gross domestic product gdp for malaysia in a bivariate and multivariate framework we use time series data for the period 1971 2003 and apply the bounds testing approach to search for a long run relationship our results reveal that electricity consumption real gdp and price share a long run relationship the results of the autoregressive distributed lag ardl estimates of long run elasticity of electricity consumption on gdp are found to be around 0 7 and statistically significant finally in the short run the results of the causality test show that there is a unidirectional causal flow from electricity consumption to economic growth in malaysia from these findings we conclude that malaysia is an energy dependent country leading us to draw some policy implications this paper adds support and validity thus reducing the policy makers concern on the ambiguity of the electricity and growth nexus in malaysia

prospects of pakistan china energy and economic corridor abstract china s seaborne foreign oil supply through the strait of malacca is facing challenges because of territorial disputes pirate attacks and geopolitics the pakistan china energy and economic corridor pceec offers the option of constructing an oil pipeline to bypass the strait of malacca this paper studied the prospects of the pceec in the context of the security of china s foreign oil supply chain we assessed all the existing and proposed oil supply routes from the middle east and africa to china s border in terms of supply timeframes costs energy consumption and ghg emissions we used weight based model to estimate the capex opex and per barrel levelized cost of a proposed oil pipeline in the pceec from economic time energy and environmental perspective our assessment suggested that the construction of an oil pipeline in the pceec would be compatible with the existing routes and offer the shortest time for transporting oil to china s border the pceec would offer numerous prospects for regional energy and economic connectivity for both countries and the region including social economic commercial and geopolitical benefits

measuring the competitiveness benefits of a transmission investment policy the case of the alberta electricity market transmission expansions can increase the extent of competition faced by wholesale electricity suppliers with the ability to exercise unilateral market power this can cause them to submit offer curves closer to their marginal cost curves which sets market clearing prices closer to competitive benchmark price levels these lower wholesale market clearing prices are the competitiveness benefit consumers realize from the transmission expansion this paper quantifies empirically the competitiveness benefits of a transmission expansion policy that causes strategic suppliers to expect no transmission congestion using hourly generation unit level offer output market clearing price and congestion data from the alberta wholesale electricity market from january 1 2009 to july 31 2013 an upper and lower bound on the hourly consumer competitiveness benefits of this transmission policy is computed both of these competitiveness benefits measures are economically significant which argues for including them in transmission planning processes for wholesale electricity markets to ensure that all transmission expansions with positive net benefits to electricity consumers are undertaken

aid allocation and poverty reduction the authors derive a poverty efficient allocation of aid and compare it with actual aid allocations they build the poverty efficient allocation in two stages first they use new world bank ratings of 20 different aspects of national policy to establish the current relationship between aid policies and growth onto that they add a mapping from growth to poverty reduction which reflects the level and distribution of income they compare the effects of using headcount and poverty gap measures of poverty they find the actual allocation of aid to be radically different from the poverty efficient allocation in the efficient allocation for a given of poverty aid tapers in with policy reform in the actual allocation aid tapers out with reform in the efficient allocation aid is targeted disproportionately to countries with severe poverty and adequate polices the type of country where 74 percent of the world s poor live in the actual allocation such countries receive a much smaller share of aid 56 percent than their share of the world s poor with the present allocation aid is effective in sustainably lifting about 30 million people a year out of absolute poverty with a poverty efficient allocation this would increase to about 80 million people even with political constraints introduced to keep allocations for india and china constant poverty reduction would increase to about 60 million reallocating aid is politically difficult but it may be considerably less difficult than quadrupling aid budgets which is what the authors estimate would be necessary to achieve the same impact on poverty reduction with existing aid allocations

sunk costs and antitrust barriers to entry us antitrust policy takes as its objective consumer welfare not total economic welfare with that objective joe bain s definition of entry barriers is more useful than george stigler s or definitions based on economic welfare it follows that economies of scale that involve sunk costs may create antitrust barriers to entry a simple model shows that sunk costs without scale economies may discourage entry without creating an antitrust entry barrier this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

the relationship between electricity consumption electricity prices and gdp in pakistan abstract this study analyzes the relationship among electricity consumption its price and real gdp at the aggregate and sectoral level in pakistan using annual data for the period 1960 2008 the study finds the presence of unidirectional causality from real economic activity to electricity consumption in particular growth in output in commercial manufacturing and agricultural sectors tend to increase electricity consumption while in residential sector growth in private expenditures is the cause of rising electricity consumption the study concludes that electricity production and management needs to be better integrated with overall economic planning exercises this is essential to avoid electricity shortfalls and unplanned load shedding

the diagnosis of an electricity crisis and alternative energy development in pakistan abstract the electricity sector in pakistan is currently facing the formidable challenges of an insufficient installed capacity a suboptimal infrastructure circular debt and revenue shortage all of these problems hamper socioeconomic activities this paper diagnoses the overall condition of the electricity sector as well as the potential and recent progress in the implementation of alternative energy projects in the context of the targets set in the national energy security plan nesp the assessment reveals the unsatisfactory overall progress of the implementation of the nesp in general and alternative energy in particular we assess that if the short term measures contained in the nesp have been adequately executed were enough to bridge the existing electricity supply demand gap and the country might not be facing an ongoing electricity crisis further we investigated the specific alternative energy policy issues that hinder this sector s development in pakistan we conclude that fuel diversification by means of the maximum utilisation of alternative energy resources would help in solving the crisis and would also furnish the long term energy needs of the country finally we recommend a comprehensive strategy for revamping the electricity sector and developing the alternative energy resources needed to tackle the ongoing electricity crisis in pakistan

us regional income convergence a spatial econometric perspective rey s j and montouri b d 1999 us regional income convergence a spatial econometric perspective reg studies 33 143 156 this study reconsiders the question of us regional economic income convergence from a spatial econometric perspective recently developed methods of exploratory spatial data analysis provide new insights on the geographical dynamics of us regional income growth patterns over the 1929 94 period strong patterns of both global and local spatial autocorrelation are found throughout the study period and the magnitude of global spatial autocorrelation is also found to exhibit strong temporal co movement with regional income dispersion a spatial econometric analysis of the familiar baumol specification reveals strong evidence of misspecification due to ignored spatial error dependence because of this dependence shocks originating in one state can spillover into surrounding states potentially complicating the transitional dynamics of the convergence process rey s j et montouri

pakistan s overall energy potential assessment comparison of lng tapi and ipi gas projects abstract pakistan is facing severe energy crisis in spite of the fact that nature has blessed her with huge energy potential short fall of electricity supply in the country is increasing and has been recorded up to 4522 mw in 2010 this deficit reached to 7000 mw in may 2011 a comprehensive review of pakistan s energy sector is presented in this paper energy potential major issues of energy sector and energy import options are discussed issues like poor management combined cycle capacity low hydro power share circular debt and energy security have been covered energy potential assessment includes hydro solar wind coal nuclear hydrogen cells geo thermal ocean resources and bio mass future prediction calculations are based upon country s current and world s average per capita energy consumption current oil and gas reserves of the country contribute to only 5 percent and 48 8 percent of the energy mix and at the current rate will be exhausted by 13 and 16 years respectively the overwhelming dependence of the energy sector on imported fossil fuels may create a situation of energy security threat however dependence upon the energy import options cannot be avoided in order to lessen the severity of energy crisis in near future some of the energy import options are turkmanistan afghanistan pakistan and india tapi iran pakistan and india ipi gas pipelines liquefied natural gas lng from qatar etc on the other hand exploitation of vast renewable potential like hydro solar and wind requires serious attention exploitation of indigenous coal resources would also be a key for solving energy crisis in the long run in summary this paper presents energy potential assessment in context of major issues future predictions and impact of energy import options this in turn provides a big clear and brighter picture of the country s energy sector

renewable energy sources in power generation in pakistan abstract pakistan as an underdeveloped and populous country requires an uninterrupted source of energy to keep its development on track and provide its citizens with a reasonable standard of living conversely the country is unable to fulfil its domestic energy requirements and is undergoing an acute energy crisis electricity is a sector that has suffered the most from the energy shortages the gap between demand and supply is met through blackouts and at times the country plunges into darkness for more than 10 12 h a day this crisis that the country is currently facing did not occur overnight the root cause of this debacle goes back in history and can be attributed to decades of mismanagement poor planning and negligence this article provides a comprehensive overview of the electricity sector in pakistan and the issues it is beset with in addition an analysis of the energy policies that the country has announced over the years as well as the impact that they have had on the electricity sector is presented it is concluded that pakistan s existing energy mix is not sustainable due to the excessive reliance on imported fossil fuels rising electricity generation cost and increase in power generation related emissions this paper develops a roadmap and proposes the energy sources that can fulfil the country s rising energy requirements whilst being sustainable at the same time the roadmap identifies and highlights the primary tasks that the country must undertake to reach its vision of meeting its energy needs and integrating renewable energy sources in the power generation the recommendations of this paper will provide guidelines to the decision makers and policymakers with an insight on how the energy technology and resource development should be carried out which sources should be given priority and how the issues should be resolved both in the short and long term

a review of the wind power developments in pakistan abstract pakistan is among the 10 countries that face the worst energy crisis of the world as the country struggles with a number of financial political and social issues the transition from a conventional fuels based economy to a green economy is not an easy one pakistan has been blessed with immense potential of clean renewable sources of solar wind and biomass but they have not been exploited yet renewable energy technology sector has not penetrated the energy mix and is currently an emerging market this paper highlights the steps the country has taken in the past and the steps that are being taken at present to emerge out of the prevailing energy crisis when even the most urban areas suffer from power outages of 12 h per day until 2009 no single grid interconnected wind farm existed but now the situation has changed considerably and wind farms contributing to the national grid are a reality now three grid interconnected farms have been inaugurated and many others are in pipeline the national policy regarding wind power systems has recently changed after unexpected setbacks to ongoing projects this paper reviews the developments in the wind power sector of the country and lists some suggestions that can help improve the wind power penetration in the national energy mix