allocation of fixed transmission cost to wheeling transactions by cooperative game theory this paper describes a methodology to allocate the cost of transmission network facilities to wheeling transactions in decentralized power systems the authors propose that the responsibility placed on transmission facilities involved in each transaction be according to the transmission usage pattern their proposal incorporates the mw mile method and considers economies of scale of transmission network facilities they also incorporate a nucleolus scheme in the cooperative game theory to deal with matters of conflict the applicability of their method is demonstrated in a numerical example

sense and no n sense of energy security indicators energy security ranks high on the policy agenda of many countries to improve on energy security governments undertake regulatory measures for promoting renewable energy increasing energy efficiency or curbing carbon dioxide emissions the impacts of such measures on energy security are typically monitored by means of so called energy security indicators in this paper we show that the common use of wide spread energy security indicators falls short of providing a meaningful metric regulatory measures to improve on energy security trigger ambiguous effects across energy security indicators we conclude that a major pitfall of energy security indicators is the lack of a rigorous microeconomic foundation

a new transmission tariff allocation model based on bilevel programming this paper proposes a flow based approach for the transmission tariff allocation problem based on the notions of long run marginal cost lrmc and nodal exchange factors nefs a worst case power flow expressed in terms of nefs is formulated to characterize the system state additionally the nefs optimal values are determined considering a specific criterion to compute tariffs the resulting problem is formulated as a bilevel program the upper level is a worst case power flow that maximizes line flows taking into account the transmission tariffs computed in the lower level the criterion considered in the lower level aims to minimize the variation range of transmission tariffs which is particularly desirable to provide incentives for renewable sources installed far away from load centers the resulting bilevel problem may have multiple solutions here the uniqueness in tariffs is preserved by solving an alternative problem once both the generation dispatch and the variation range of transmission tariffs are known numerical results are provided for a 6 bus system and the ieee 118 bus system

who governs energy the challenges facing global energy governance this article conceptualizes the energy problems facing society from a global governance perspective it argues that a notion of global energy governance taken to mean international collective action efforts undertaken to manage and distribute energy resources and provide energy services offers a meaningful and useful framework for assessing energy related challenges the article begins by exploring the concepts of governance global governance and global energy governance it then examines some of the existing institutions in place to establish and carry out rules and norms governing global energy problems and describes the range of institutional design options available to policymakers it briefly traces the role of a selection of these institutions from inter governmental organizations to summit processes to multilateral development banks to global action networks in responding to energy issues and points out their strengths and weaknesses the article concludes by analyzing how the various approaches to global governance differ in their applicability to addressing the conundrums of global energy problems

min max fairness criteria for transmission fixed cost allocation conventionally transmission fixed cost allocation is carried out on postage stamp basis amongst various other ways of solving the problem the cost allocation under the usage based domain has also been suggested namely based on proportionate tracing and recently by optimization based real power tracing changing the cost allocation regime from postage stamp basis to usage based methods though technically sound can pose fairness issue the fairness criteria in its simplest form would allocate cost in equitable manner on per unit basis while meeting the constraints the optimization based tracing provides room for defining an objective leading to tracing compliant postage stamp method that strikes a balance in allocation between conventional postage stamp and proportionate tracing based methods in this paper we address this complex cost sharing problem by suggesting a min max fairness algorithm using optimization based real power tracing the min max algorithm achieves fairness by equalizing allocations within constrained space and reaching an equilibrium where further balancing cannot be achieved we show that computing min max fair solution simply corresponds to solving a sequence of sparse lp problems for real power tracing the algorithm satisfies the property of aggregate invariancy results on actual data of central transmission utility of western regional grid of india as well as ieee 30 bus system validate the claims the results are compared with the tracing compliant postage stamp method

delivering energy efficiency and carbon reduction schemes in england lessons from green deal pioneer places against a background of growing international and national carbon reduction legislation the uk government introduced the green deal to deliver a significant increase in housing energy efficiency and reduction in carbon emissions this paper reflects on one english local authority s experience delivering a programme intended to foster local interest in the green deal drawing on social surveys and pre and post green deal intervention interviews with five demonstrator homes households that applied to receive a green deal package fully funded by the scheme providing a test bed for the green deal recruitment and installation process this paper shows that awareness and understanding of the green deal scheme is low there is opposition to the cost of finance offered but a strong interest in improving household warmth and for funding improvements through payments added to the electricity bill demonstrator home residents perceived green deals had improved the warmth and quality of their home but saving money was the primary motivator for their involvement not increasing warmth whilst green deal has not delivered the level of success that was hoped much can be learned from the scheme to improve future energy efficiency schemes that will be necessary to deliver emission reduction commitments

the structure of energy efficiency investment in the uk households and its average monetary and environmental savings abstract socioeconomic and behavioural variables that influence the household s adoption of energy efficiency measures such as cavity and loft insulation and upgrades to the boiler are identified contrary to previous literature by extending brechling and smith s 1994 and hassett and metcalf s 1995 models it is shown that the application of the energy act 2011 which contains provisions on the green deal the new energy company obligation eco and the private rented sector needs to follow a tailored strategy to reach the low adoption households identified by my model moreover for the current adopters of the analysed measures average monetary and environmental adoption benefits are estimated based on parti and parti s 1980 demand model these estimates are smaller than their expected values showing an important energy efficiency gap in the sector particularly low cost measures can bring important savings that can help to meet the pay as you save rule i e the golden rule of the new regulation my model also shows that a poor state of dwelling repair can reduce the adoption benefits increasing the need of subsidies that will be financed through consumer s energy bills however this can increase the number of households in fuel poverty

measuring the energy security implications of fossil fuel resource concentration abstract economic assessments of the welfare effects of energy insecurity are typically uncertain and fail to provide clear guidance to policy makers as a result governments have had little analytical support to complement expert judgment in the assessment of energy security this is likely to be inadequate when considering multiple policy goals and in particular the intersections between energy security and climate change mitigation policies this paper presents an alternative approach which focuses on gauging the causes of energy insecurity as a way to assist policy making the paper focuses on the energy security implications of fossil fuel resource concentration and distinguishes between the price and physical availability components of energy insecurity it defines two separate indexes the energy security price index espi based on the measure of market concentration in competitive fossil fuel markets and the energy security physical availability index espai based on the measure of supply flexibility in regulated markets the paper illustrates the application of espi and espai with two case studies france and the united kingdom looking at the evolution of both indexes to 2030

a comparison of oil supply risks in eu us japan china and india under different climate scenarios for many countries the inflow of energy is essential to keep economies running oil is typically considered to be the most critical fuel as an input for the petro chemical and transportation sector and due to limited and less spread reserves in this study external oil supply risks are assessed for the period up to 2035 for the european union united states china japan and india being the five largest importers of oil in the world based on their current supplier portfolio scenarios are constructed for several climate policy and oil supply projections it is found that risks increase strongly when stringent climate policies are prevented from being implemented especially when a peak in oil supply is taken into account resulting in major oil supply disruptions china faces the lowest oil supply risks in most scenarios but the trends of india china and us converge over time due to increasing import dependency of china and india japan faces high risks since the country has the highest oil import dependency combined with a low oil import diversification for the eu all figures are strongly influenced by russia accounting for 32 of total imports and to a lesser extent norway 11 with high overall risks

building synergies between climate change mitigation and energy poverty alleviation abstract even though energy poverty alleviation and climate change mitigation are inextricably linked policy goals they have remained as relatively disconnected fields of research inquiry and policy development acknowledging this gap this paper explores the mainstream academic and policy literatures to provide a taxonomy of interactions and identify synergies and trade offs between them the most important trade off identified is the potential increase in energy poverty levels as a result of strong climate change action if the internalisation of the external costs of carbon emissions is not offset by efficiency gains the most significant synergy was found in deep energy efficiency in buildings the paper argues that neither of the two problems deep reductions in ghg emissions by mid century and energy poverty eradication is likely to be solved fully on their own merit while joining the two policy goals may provide a very solid case for deep efficiency improvements thus the paper calls for a strong integration of these two policy goals plus other key related benefits like energy security or employment in order to provide sufficient policy motivation to mobilise a wide scale implementation of deep energy efficiency standards

renewable energy policies in promoting financing and investment among the east asia summit countries quantitative assessment and policy implications many countries have implemented various policies for renewable energy development ranging from setting power purchase agreements and the legislation of renewable energy requirements to providing incentives and imposing carbon taxes the evaluation of the effectiveness of such policies however is fragmented which raises a need for a comprehensive analysis this paper aims to assess whether and how policies promoting renewable energy investment have achieved the intended goals it employs five broadly defined criteria market uncertainty profitability technology and financial resources to build an index to assess respectively if such policies have helped create a market for renewable energy maximize potential profits reduce risks relating to the investment develop and adopt new technologies and improve the access to financial resources each criterion is reflected by three indicators values of each indicator are converted into ordinal values for analysis the index not only scans comprehensively all relevant renewable energy investment policies in the east asia summit countries but also provides systematic and quantitative measures to compare the effectiveness of policies in these countries with respect to the creation of market the degree of uncertainty the potential of profitability the development and adoption of technology and the accessibility of financial resources

transmission network cost allocation based on equivalent bilateral exchanges this paper presents a novel methodology for allocating the cost of a transmission network to its users based on the principle of equivalent bilateral exchanges which states that after all physical laws governing the flow of power have been met each demand is assigned a fraction of each generation and each generator is assigned a fraction of each demand in a uniform manner transmission cost allocation based on this principle presents several advantages namely independence from the choice of the slack bus recognition of counter flows and transmission use charges that are stable and always positive

the economic case for low carbon development in rapidly growing developing world cities a case study of palembang indonesia where costs or risks are higher evidence is lacking or supporting institutions are less developed policymakers can struggle to make the case for low carbon investment this is especially the case in developing world cities where decision makers struggle to keep up with the pace and scale of change focusing on palembang in indonesia this paper considers the economic case for proactive investment in low carbon development we find that a rapidly growing industrial city in a developing country can reduce emissions by 24 1 in 2025 relative to business as usual levels with investments of usd405 6 million that would reduce energy expenditure in the city by usd436 8 million emissions from the regional grid could be reduced by 12 2 in 2025 relative to business as usual trends with investments of usd2 9 billion that would generate annual savings of usd175 million these estimates understate the savings from reduced expenditure on energy subsidies and energy infrastructure the compelling economic case for mainstreaming climate mitigation in this developing country city suggests that the constraints on climate action can be political and institutional rather than economic there is therefore a need for more effective energy governance to drive the transition to a low carbon economy

security justice and the energy crossroads assessing the implications of the nuclear phase out in germany abstract the nuclear melt down in fukushima resulted in diverging energy policy decisions across the world where germany decided to opt out of nuclear electricity production yet the government s decision making framework for energy policy decisions does not accurately reflect important drivers for the strategy change this paper presents the energy crossroads framework as a more comprehensive tool to analyse the drivers and impacts of the nuclear phase out 20 expert interviews were performed across business participants as well as policy makers in the national and international energy context results show that germany has adopted an environmental justice rather than energy security stance in their nuclear phase out policy with significant long term consequences

does hidden information make trade liberalization more fragile this paper focuses on the impact of hidden information on strategic interaction in the context of trade agreements in the presence of informational asymmetry it is possible that a tradeoff between liberalization and sustainability of cooperation emerges it is shown that it may be optimal to agree on a degree of liberalization associated with a strictly positive ex ante probability of deviation occurring in that case cooperation will break down in finite time and the optimal degree of liberalization cannot be applied indefinitely ce memoire etudie l impact de l information cachee sur l interaction strategique dans le contexte des accords de commerce quand il y a asymetrie de l information il est possible qu emerge une relation d equivalence entre la liberalisation et la viabilite de la cooperation on montre qu il peut etre optimal de s entendre sur un degre de liberalisation associea une probabilite ex ante strictement positive qu une deviation va se produire dans ce cas la cooperation va s effriter dans une periode finie et le degre optimal de liberalisation ne tient pas indefiniment

a framework to evaluate security of supply in the electricity sector security of electricity supply soes has become a major concern for regulators and policymakers over the last decade however most work focusses either more generally on energy security or on a single fuel we develop a comprehensive but flexible framework to assess the soes for a single jurisdiction taking into the account the specificities of electricity this framework has two aims i provide a snapshot of the situation to understand current weaknesses and determine what actions are required ii capture the evolution over time to evaluate progress and identify potential problems before they materialise the framework based on an extensive literature review consists of twelve dimensions that are critical for soes we develop metrics that capture the state and evolution of each dimension this framework is intended to be a management information tool for all stakeholders aimed at organising data and structuring its analysis to enable monitoring the evolution of the soes while also functioning as an early warning system by flagging potential future problems

a world away and close to home the multi scalar making of indonesia s energy landscape abstract indonesia is the world s largest producer of palm oil a feedstock for agrofuels and an important source of direct nutritional energy for human consumption the country is also an important global supplier of coal petroleum and natural gas while per capita fossil energy consumption is relatively low for biomass and fossil fuel based energy indonesia has been transforming its energy landscape in order to provide for foreign demand the landscape both in literal and in the figurative sense simultaneously forms and is formed by the material resource flows required for society s biophysical reproduction i e the social metabolism in the context of the ongoing energy transition both are subject to change in our analysis of indonesia s palm oil production we find that the drivers shaping the country s resource use as well as its energy landscape are located at a spatial temporal and functional distance from where they take effect the energy landscape and resource use patterns are formed across levels of scale from the subnational to the global energy policy confined to the framework of the sovereign nation state cannot effectively address the complex drivers of increasingly detrimental environmental change associated with energy transitions nor can it trigger a sustainability transition

min max fair power flow tracing for transmission system usage cost allocation a large system perspective power flow tracing has been suggested as an approach for evaluating 1 transmission system usage tsu cost and 2 loss mw cost for generator and load entities in the system recently optimal power flow tracing methods have been proposed to explicitly model fairness constraints in the tracing framework this paper further strengthens the tracing compliant min max fair cost allocation approach the min max model proposed in this paper is robust it addresses concerns like scalability numerical stability and termination in a finite number of steps while searching the optimal solution we also propose a methodology to model discoms and gencos as coalition within min max framework case studies on an all india network of 1699 nodes and comparison with average participation and marginal participation methods bring out the better conflict resolution feature of the proposed approach a method to model hvdc lines within the marginal participation scheme is also proposed quantitative and qualitative comparison of various tsu cost allocation methods on such a large system is another noteworthy contribution of the paper

energy security and improvements in the function of diversity indices taiwan energy supply structure case study abstract facing the risk and uncertainty inherent in social and economic development many countries have adopted an energy supply diversification strategy in their energy security policy to control the energy import risk and cost to ensure that sufficient energy can be obtained at an affordable price level diversification helps the energy system respond to external changes and shocks diversification can also lessen the vulnerability of a single energy source to supply shocks and the market power of various energy supply sources this study develops the diversity reliability index and co vary diversity reliability index based on the hirschman herfindahl and shannon wiener indices investigates the contribution of different energy sources to the energy system and analyzes the covariance between various energies and their impacts on energy security to determine the impact of energy diversity in reducing the risk of energy supply shortages and cost fluctuations

an aumann shapley approach to allocate transmission service cost among network users in electricity markets this work presents a new methodology for the allocation of transmission service cost among network users in energy markets the proposed method is based on an optimization game theoretic framework aumann shapley that retains the desirable properties of other existing methodologies such as the average participations factors apf and long run marginal costs lrmc the approach is shown to be computationally feasible and presents desirable characteristics in terms of economic coherence and isonomy computational results are presented for the brazilian power system and compared with those obtained by three other methodologies lrmc apf and the current method adopted in brazil

security of supply and retail competition in the european gas market some model based insights in this paper we analyze the impact of uncertain disruptions in gas supply upon gas retailer contracting behavior and consequent price and welfare implications in a gas market characterized by long term gas contracts using a static cournot model in order to most realistically describe the economical situation our representation divides the market into two stages the upstream market that links by means of long term contracts producers in exporting countries russia algeria etc to local retailers who bring gas to the consuming countries to satisfy local demands in the downstream market disruption costs are modeled using short run demand functions first we mathematically develop a general model and write the associated kkt conditions then we propose some case studies under iso elasticity assumptions for the long short run inverse demand curves in order to predict qualitatively and quantitatively the impacts of supply disruptions on western european gas trade in the second part we study in detail the german gas market of the 1980s to explain the supply choices of the german retailer and we derive interesting conclusions and insights concerning the amounts and prices of natural gas brought to the market the last part of the paper is dedicated to a study of the bulgarian gas market which is greatly dependent on the russian gas supplies and hence very sensitive to interruption risks some interesting conclusions are derived concerning the necessity to economically regulate the market by means of gas amounts control if the disruption probability is high enough

the mediating role of social workers in the implementation of regional policies targeting energy poverty abstract this paper aims to provide a socio political reflection of the role played by social workers in regional policies and of the real needs of households affected by energy poverty the paper also examines the impact of technical specialised training on the ability of social workers to prevent and mitigate conditions of household energy poverty in europe the adoption of a research action participation methodological framework and a training research approach has permitted the opinions of social workers to be collected through surveys and their central role in implementing regional policies to be highlighted the conclusions obtained have made possible the construction of a self diagnosis and data collection tool which increases the ability of social workers to mediate and implement urgent mitigation measures for energy poverty finally regional policies which aim to mitigate household energy poverty are examined from the professional perspective of social workers

tacit collusion under interest rate fluctuations previous literature has shown that demand fluctuations affect the scope for tacit collusion i study whether discount factor fluctuations can have similar effects i find that collusion depends not only on the level of the discount factor but also and more surprisingly on its volatility collusive prices and profits increase with a higher discount factor level but decrease with its volatility these results have important implications for empirical studies of collusive pricing the role that collusive pricing may play in economic cycles and the study of cooperation in repeated games

can the green deal be fair too exploring new possibilities for alleviating fuel poverty abstract energy efficiency and social programmes have failed to stem the dramatic increase in the number of fuel poor households in recent years as the 2016 deadline for eradicating fuel poverty nears energy efficiency and fuel poverty programmes are undergoing significant changes the ambitions for britain s green deal the overhaul of supplier obligations alongside the winding down of warm front and the introduction of an incentive for renewable heat combine to form a sea change in how energy efficiency and fuel poverty objectives are financed and delivered green deal finance gdf eliminates the up front capital cost of energy efficiency measures to the household by linking repayments to energy savings and spreading them over many years this paper asks whether and how gdf could be beneficial to fuel poor households using scenarios modelled on the english house condition survey it explores the extent to which fuel poverty could be reduced allowing for repayments incurred by gdf it examines how much further fuel poverty could be alleviated were the capital cost subsidised or repayments supported and concludes that a flexible design for gdf is necessary if it is to contribute to alleviating fuel poverty

conceptual proposals for measuring the impact of international regimes on energy security abstract the paper proposes two concepts to assess the effect of international regimes on energy security existing indicators focus mainly on state level factors excluding international influences international relation scholars on the other hand see a clear connection between international regimes and stable energy relations international regimes stabilise energy relations by providing frameworks for negotiations defining controlling and sanctioning compliance and allowing the actors to engage in package deals the researcher needs to include these factors in a complete assessment of political energy security risks as first step the paper uses the effectiveness of control mechanisms as basis for such consideration it refers specifically to international arbitration as the most important control mechanism in international energy relations the simplest measurement option is the share of a county s energy imports covered by a certain regime the paper applies the oslo potsdam solution to account for outcome effectiveness it applies a variant of the international regimes data base protocol to account for effective regime structures in a last section the paper proposes some possible paths for future research

energy poor or fuel poor what are the differences abstract energy poverty and fuel poverty are descriptors of problems of households energy consumption they are both distinct problems and have been addressed by many researchers organizations and governments cross use of the terms of energy poverty and fuel poverty in published papers is common as an accurate descriptor is the presupposition of research and policy development especially for those who just started to pay attention to this issue this paper compares the definitions research priorities status quo and problems of these two concepts and summarizes the relationship between them the paper suggests that only when the research targets are households who are living in a cold climate and have difficulty in getting access to electricity or modern cooking facilities and in supplying indoor heating with appropriate cost the concepts of energy poverty and fuel poverty have the chance to be broadened and mutually integrated

marginal pricing of transmission services a comparative analysis of network cost allocation methods a strict marginal network pricing policy is not able to generate enough revenues to recover the cost of the primary transmission service other related network services are ignored here this cost recovery problem requires the stipulation of a complementary charge which completes the network marginal revenues this paper evaluates numerically and qualitatively three different allocation methods of the complementary charge marginal participation factors mean participation factors and benefit factors the evaluation has been applied to the spanish electrical system model

energy justice at the end of the wire enacting community energy and equity in wales energy justice has emerged as a useful lens for understanding and guiding energy decision making however whilst calls for greater energy justice have grown fleeting attention has been paid to the role and agency of the very people at the heart of this agenda clearly given the increasing prevalence of local energy initiatives such projects warrant more sustained focus both to explore how energy justice is constructed between settings and to prompt greater consideration of its associated outcomes this paper seeks to address this gap by using energy justice to assess local ownership of small scale energy generation through a study of the community energy sector in wales in so doing it aids greater understanding of the energy equity dimension understood in terms of accessibility and affordability of the energy trilemma from a conceptual standpoint the research examines how energy justice is negotiated and contested at community scale through a focus on issues of distributive and procedural justice from a policy standpoint the research shows that community energy is often involved in a wide range of local objectives and directs attention to how best to support such initiatives to further stimulate local action and deliver more widespread equity gains

managing the energy trilemma the case of indonesia abstract this article argues that a central challenge for energy governance is how to manage a complex energy trilemma involving the sometimes competing demands of energy security climate change mitigation and particularly in developing countries energy poverty it suggests that tensions between the horns of the trilemma in large part explain indonesia s current profoundly suboptimal energy policy while these tensions are not inherently incapable of resolution such resolution would require good governance at both state and global levels the possibilities for and obstacles confronting such governance are explored and provisional solutions canvassed

the policy implications of energy poverty indicators abstract the methodologies and indicators that have been proposed in the literature to measure energy poverty are quite diverse some are subjective approaches based on personal or third parties perceptions of affordable warmth at home whereas others calculate objective indicators although these different proposals have already been theoretically compared an empirical comparative analysis that measures in a real case study the practical impact of the theoretical limitations detected for the different indicators was still pending the goal of this paper is thus to contribute to this debate by comparing critically the different approaches used to measure energy poverty in a real case spain in 2015 and to propose a new methodology that might be able to overcome some of the major problems that affect current methods

repeated games with stochastic discounting this paper provides folk theorems for infinitely repeated games where the discount factor is stochastic when discount factors are independently distributed and the current discount fac tor is unobservable prior to current actions standard trigger strategies support a full folk theorem when the infimum of the mean of the sequence of discount factors is sufficiently close to one when players choose actions in each period after having observed the current discount factor this result breaks down payoffs on the boundary of the set of individually rational payoffs are unobtainable as nash equilibrium average payoffs to the supergame in order to highlight the impact of stochastic discounting on the analysis of supergames we provide the stochastic discounting analogue to friedman s perfect folk theorem this paper examines the implications of stochastic discount factors for nash equilibria in repeated games repeated games have broad applicability in olig opolistic markets where optimizing owners make decisions based on the expected present value of alternative actions in this setting firms can invest one dollar today at the present rate of interest to obtain principal and interest tomorrow thus it is natural to interpret the discount factor as 1 1 r where rt is the real rate of interest between periods t and t 1 the paper is motivated by recent evidence kinal and lahiri 1988 among others that the real rate of interest varies stochastically over time and the fact that the existing literature on repeated games assumes the discount factor to be deterministic our results are also relevant for finitely repeated games where the probability that the game ends owing to bankruptcy say varies stochastically over time our theorem 2 shows that when discount factors are independently dis tributed and the current discount factor is unobservable prior to current actions standard trigger strategies support a full folk theorem when the infi mum of the mean of the sequence of discount factors is sufficiently close to one theorem 3 demonstrates that when players choose actions in each period after having observed the current discount factor this result breaks down pay offs on the boundary of the set of individually rational payoffs are unobtain able as nash equilibrium average payoffs to the supergame the reason is that a sufficiently low realization of the discount factor induces players to behave myopically since in such periods the expected discounted value of sustaining one shot cooperative actions is arbitrarily low in order to highlight the impact of stochastic discounting on the analysis of supergames we provide in theorem 4 the stochastic discounting analogue to friedman s perfect folk theorem the supergame strategies we employ never break down and involve actions correlated with current realizations of the discount rate players revert to a one shot nash equilibrium for low realiza tions of the discount factor and return to one shot collusive behaviour for high realizations

non universal nature of energy poverty energy services assessment of needs and consumption evidences from rural himachal pradesh abstract consumer behavior in rural ecosystems represents considerable variations vis a vis consumption of energy in different forms consumer preference towards any given energy service is a function of geographical situatedness local customs traditions and tastes including local weather conditions rural flavour of energy poverty has a distinctive micro character which can be understood in terms of socio cultural behaviourism of an energy consumer this geo spatial flavour further appears to be a function of socio economic functionalities of communities which could be socio culturally similar or different energy poverty is saddled with conceptual concentricity empirical evidence shows that the phenomena and the concept both are vulnerable in terms of operationalization by means of a single universal definition it exhibits contrarian hues in terms of availability access distribution affordability and acceptability of an energy service this study presents an alternative approach to understanding of both the phenomena and the associated conceptual construct the present paper is an explicit representation of the everyday grain of energy needs and consumption patterns in six rural socio cultural systems this study based upon fieldwork in the six villages viz bhadroya thapkour and gaghwal kangra district and kakira bidingi and talhara chamba district throws up interesting findings which challenge the contemporary discourse on energy poverty

strategic bidding under uncertainty a binary expansion approach this work presents a binary expansion be solution approach to the problem of strategic bidding under uncertainty in short term electricity markets the be scheme is used to transform the products of variables in the nonlinear bidding problem into a mixed integer linear programming formulation which can be solved by commercially available computational systems the be scheme is applicable to pure price pure quantity or joint price quantity bidding models it is also possible to represent transmission networks uncertainties scenarios for price quantity plant availability and load financial instruments capacity reinforcement decisions and unit commitment the application of the methodology is illustrated in case studies with configurations derived from the 80 gw brazilian system

coal consumption urbanization and trade openness linkage in indonesia abstract this paper explores the effects of economic growth urbanization industry and trade openness on coal consumption in indonesia over the period 1970 2015 to closely adhere to the environmental kuznets curve narratives we consider coal consumption which has been scarcely explored in the ekc debate as a proxy of environmental pressure we estimate the autoregressive distributed lag ardl method and confirm that the variables are cointegrated for long run linkage with the presence of structural breaks the empirical evidence showed that economic growth urbanization and trade openness increase coal consumption while decreasing share of secondary industry reduce it we also verify the existence of environmental kuznets curve having a vital role in the energy mix indonesia needs to restrain excessive coal consumption to enhance environmental quality our results also imply urbanization and trade openness are crucial factors on coal consumption consequently it should be taken into consideration in energy policy making process such as energy conservation policies in the residential sector and prioritize foreign investment which brings cutting edge coal technologies

can biomass energy be an efficient policy tool for sustainable development abstract this paper first reviews the potential causality from biomass energy to co2 emissions and economic development within relevant literature later the paper examines statistically the impacts of biomass energy consumption on co2 emissions and gdp in the us to this end paper observes environmental and economic implications of biomass fuel usage throughout energy literature and launches asymmetric causality test to confirm disconfirm the literature output the findings of the tests indicate that biomass energy consumption per capita mitigates co2 emissions per capita and increases gdp per capita eventually upon its output this research asserts that biomass energy consumption can be an efficient policy tool for environmentally sustainable development in the us and that hence biomass production technologies and biomass consumption need to be promoted in other countries as well as in the us on the other hand analyses underline the fact that policy makers should consider as well some potential constraints of biomass energy usage such as land use constraints and carbon leakage from biomass production therefore although this paper explores the remedial impact of biomass on environment and growth one may suggest also that further possible works consider the effects of biomass sources in detail to minimize the some worsening influence of biomass usage on climate change