international scientist mobility and the locus of knowledge and technology transfer abstract despite the growing interest of scholars and policymakers to better understand the determinants for researchers in public science to transfer knowledge and technology to firms little is known how temporary international mobility of scientists affects both their propensity to engage in knowledge and technology transfer ktt as well as the locus of such transfer based on a sample of more than 950 german academics from science and engineering faculties we investigate how the duration and the frequency of scientists visits at research institutions outside their home country affect ktt activities we find that most mobile scientists engage in ktt to firms both in the host and in their home country suggesting that ktt activities to firms abroad do not substitute or crowd out but complement ktt to firms in the home country we further find that the longer research visits abroad are the higher the likelihood that scientists engage in ktt to firms again both in the host and the home country however the more frequently scientists visit institutions abroad the more likely they are to engage in ktt to firms only in their home country our results therefore provide evidence for the benefits of brain circulation the article contributes to the growing strand of the literature on scientist mobility and on the determinants of industry science linkages at the individual level

why voluntary export restraints are voluntary the paper presents an analysis of the effect upon an oligopolistic equilibrium of introducing a voluntary export restraint ver upon an importing firm a ver set at the free trade level of imports is shown to raise the profits of all firms within the industry the result follows as the imposition of a ver upon a free trade nash price competition forces the domestic firm to become an industry price leader the ver raises industry prices by facilitating collusion and lowers consumer welfare pourquoi les restrictions volontaires d 1 exportation sont volontaires ce memoire presente une analyse des effets de l introduction de restrictions volontaires a l exportation rve sur une entreprise qui importe dans un monde en equilibre oligopolistique on montre que l introduction de rve approximant le niveau des importations en regime de libre echange devrait augmenter les profits de toutes les entreprises dans l industrie cela decoule du fait que l imposition de rve sur un univers de concurrence par les prix a la nash en regime de libre echange force l entreprise domestique a devenir le leader en prix l introduction de rve augmente le niveau des prix de l industrie en facilitant la collusion et de ce fait reduit le niveau de bien etre des consomrnateurs

what makes basic research economically useful abstract economic analysis has helped us understand the strong economic dimension in the explosive growth of science and more recently the reasons for continuing public subsidies however the growing domination of the market failure approach has led to the analytical neglect of two major questions for policy makers how does science contribute to technology are the technological benefits from science increasingly becoming international on the former too much attention has been devoted to the relatively narrow range of scientific fields producing knowledge with direct technological applications and too little to the much broader range of fields the skills of which contribute to most technologies on the latter national systems of science and of technology remain closely coupled in most major countries in spite of the technological activities of large multinational firms empirical research is needed on concentration scale and efficiency in the performance of basic research where techniques and insights from the applied economics of industrial r d are of considerable relevance there is no convincing evidence so far of unexploited economies of scale in basic research this evidence shows that many policies for greater selectivity and concentration in basic research have been misconceived economists and other social scientists could help by formulating more persuasive justifications for public subsidy for basic research and by making more realistic assumptions about the nature of science and technology

on the equivalence of import quotas and voluntary export restraint abstract this note re examines the trade effects of a voluntary export restraint and an import quota whether or not they are equivalent in the presence of a dominant monopolist supplier depends fundamentally on the elasticity of a alternative non restricted producers excess supply functions and the market share of the dominant monopolist

policy orientation effects on performance with licensing to start ups and small companies abstract this study empirically tests a model of a university s selectivity and support policy orientation for technology licensing and its interaction with the external environment for entrepreneurship using a sample of 134 us research universities we investigate main two way and three way interaction effects for two measures of technology transfer performance licenses with companies that subsequently go public and product royalties results indicate both main and moderating effects for both measures of performance implications for practice and policy are offered with special attention to public universities

the limits of capital transcending the public financer private producer split in industrial r d abstract a near consensus has emerged supporting the public funding of industrial r d as a solution to a host of market failures however the common policy prescription urges government to go no further than minimal market enhancing intervention largely keeping the state to the role of financer of privately conducted r d by focusing on three general issues in the context of industrial r d trust coordination and motivation this article develops an argument for a more expansive government role two models of state intervention are at the center of the analysis public production of r d and state sponsorship of inter firm and inter organizational networks it is argued that both these models have distinct advantages as well as weaknesses in addressing common challenges to industrial r d production informed by the positive experiences of different states that have moved in recent years from high technology industries periphery to the center this article explains how the two models of state intervention address the various problems associated with pure private production it is concluded that while even advanced countries with well developed markets might find it advantageous to actively intervene in industrial r d the two models should especially be considered in cases of economies that suffer from weak market signals low retention of value added functions limited professional capacities and limited institutional thickness and networks

market equilibrium under the threat of a ver abstract this paper characterizes market equilibrium under oligopoly when a ver has introduced both asymmetry amongst exporters and uncertainty a restrained and an unrestrained exporter choose price strategically under the threat of a ver on the latter a pure strategy equilibrium is shown to result only when the probability of the ver is high otherwise a unique mixed strategy equilibrium results as the probability of the ver rises the expected domestic price rises even if the ver is not imposed

endogenous federal grants and crowd out of state government spending theory and evidence from the federal highway aid program contrary to simple theoretical predictions existing evidence suggests that federal grants do not crowd out state government spending a legislative bargaining model with endogenous grants documents a positive correlation between grant receipts and preferences for public goods this correlation has likely biased existing work against measuring crowd out to correct for such endogeneity the model motivates instruments based on the political power of state congressional delegations exploiting this exogenous variation in grants the instrumental variables estimator reports crowd out that is statistically and economically significant this endogeneity may explain the flypaper effect a nonequivalence between grant receipts and private income jel d70 h40 h77

market share quotas abstract anecdotal evidence reveals that an import quota is not always filled when the quota is specified in terms of a market share limit instead of a quantity limit in a simple cournot duopoly we show that imposing a market share quota eliminates pure strategy equilibria instead a mixed strategy equilibrium occurs where the quota is not binding under one of the two equilibrium domestic strategies compared with a tariff that restrains the foreign market share to an equivalent level domestic output and social welfare may be higher under a market share quota

impacts of grants and contracts on academic researchers interactions with industry abstract based on a representative national sample of 1564 academic researchers we investigate the impacts of research grants and contracts on the nature and extent of faculty research and technology activities with industry a particular focus is on understanding the independent contributions of industry and government grant sources on levels of industrial involvement in addition to examining the source of grants the study controls for a number of independent factors including scientific field research center affiliation tenure status and gender results suggest independent effects of grants and contracts on industrial activities grants and contracts from industry have a significant effect on academic researchers propensity to work with industry as measured by an industrial involvement scale federally sponsored grants also have an impact in increasing work with industry but a more moderate one further those with more grants and contracts of each type have a greater propensity for industrial involvement than those who have such contracts but fewer this holds even when proxies for productivity and career stage are introduced in regression equations the analysis also considers whether provision of grants and contracts is best viewed as a predictor of industrial involvement or just another type of industrial involvement using factor analysis and nested multivariate modeling to compare effects

power in firm networks what it means for regional innovation systems christopherson s clark j 2007 power in firm networks what it means for regional innovation systems regional studies 41 1223 1236 the role of power within regional firm networks is noted in empirical studies but insufficiently theorized it is suggested that network functioning is conflictual and that more powerful network members particularly transnational corporations tncs leverage regional resources to advance their sustainable competitive advantage the agendas and power exercised by tncs within regionalized firm networks have significant implications for regional policy and the uneven allocation of resources and capacities within and among regions the findings indicate that transnational firm access to resources that are critical to innovation including university research and skilled labour negatively affects the potential for innovation by small and medium size firms christopherson s et clark j 2007 le pouvoir au sein des reseaux d entreprise son importance pour les systemes d

is environmental policy a secondary trade barrier an empirical analysis should international trade agreements be extended to include negotiations over environmental policy the answer depends on whether countries distort levels of environmental regulations as a secondary means of providing protection to domestic industries our results suggest that they do previous studies of this relationship have treated the level of environmental regulation as exogenous and found a negligible correlation between environmental regulation and trade flows in contrast we find that when the level of environmental regulation is modelled as an endogenous variable its estimated effect on trade flows is significantly higher than previously reported jel classification fl f14 f18 est ce que la politique environnementale est une barriere commerciale secondaire une analyse empirique est ce que les accords commerciaux internationaux doivent etre etendus pour couvrir la politique environnementale la reponse depend du degre de distorsion que les pays introduisent dans leur politique environnementale pour proteger leurs industries nationales nos resultats suggerent que cet impact est important des etudes anterieures de cette relation ont traite la politique environnementale comme exogene et ont montre qu il existe une co relation negligeable entre politique envir onnementale et flux commerciaux au contraire nous revelons que quand la politique environnementale est consideree comme variable endoge ne son effet sur les flux com merciaux est plus eleve de maniere significative que ce qu on a note anterieurement

international technology transfer in services this study examines the nature of technology and the process of its transfer in five service industries from parent companies to foreign affiliates three principal research questions are posed what is the key technology in each industry what are the main methods for transferring this technology how and why do technology and transfer methods differ across firms industries and countries the empirical analysis shows that key technologies were generally knowledge of experience in the industry and methodology for producing the service transfer of the technology was mainly done through the training and transfer of experts and organizational forms were wholly owned subsidiaries and international partnerships more technology transfer occurred when firms were more international when affiliates were more recently established and when parent ownership was lower in the affiliate some evidence exists that more firm specific jointly produced technology leads to higher ownership percentage and greater transfer to affiliates

the drivers of efficient knowledge transfer performance evidence from british universities using data from the united kingdom this study explores the institutional and environmental factors that influence universities efficiency in knowledge transfer while studies of universities knowledge transfer performance have so far focused on patent commercialisation and research contracting with industry it is increasingly acknowledged that universities engage in a broader range of knowledge transfer activities including consulting public engagement and provision of knowledge intensive services when these are taken into account less research intensive universities and those with a greater share of staff in the arts and humanities improve their relative efficiency more specialised older and larger institutions are more efficient performers while research intensity is no longer a strong predictor of efficiency

socially excessive dissemination of patent licences compared with the social optimum a monopolist usually sells too little this result seemingly includes the case of a lab that licences its patented cost innovation katz and shapiro 1986 find conditions under which the lab will issue fewer than the socially optimal number of licences however i find instead that its incentives can be socially too high the monopoly seller may sell too much for example it can be profit maximizing to sell several licences while it is socially optimal that none is sold en comparaison avec l optimum social un monopoleur habituellement vend trop peu voila qui semble tenir pour le cas d un laboratoire qui vend des licences pour une innovation brevetee qui reduit les couts katz shapiro 1986 ont montre dans quelles conditions le laboratoire va emettre moins que le nombre optimal de licences cependant l auteur decouvre que les incitations peuvent plutot l amener a en emettre trop plus que l optimum social par exemple il se peut que la maximisation du profit amene a vendre plusieurs licences alors qu il serait socialement optimal de n en vendre aucune

the flypaper effect what happens to a state s spending when it receives an unconditional grant from the federal government the standard theoretical analysis predicts that the increase in spending will be the same as that generated by an equivalent increase in local incomes or roughly 5 10 percent for most states in contrast numerous empirical analyses have found that spending increases by much more with some estimates near 100 percent this result is known as the flypaper effect since the money appears to stick where it hits the authors review this evidence as well as other studies that find similar behavior in firms

mapping the university technology transfer process abstract transfer of technologies from the universities to the private sector is increasingly regarded as playing a significant role in new business starts growth of existing businesses and new job creation further there are monerous models describing the process of technology transfer some of the existing models represent this process as a linear progression of steps from idea generation and technology development at the university to patenting the technology and then establishing a university private firm link through a formal search process the process culminates in patent rights transfer other models describe technology transfer in terms of networking arrangements and emphasize not so much formal search as the role of long term relationships between the two parties still other studies indicate that it is possible to combine the two approaches formal search and informal networking arrangements to ensure successful transfer business firms involved in transfer also may be classified into several groups transfer could occur between the university and an established firm between the university and a recently created new venture or transfer could result in the creation of a new company technology for example could be transferred to a large company that uses the transferred technology as a basis for just one of many product lines or to a small firm that makes the transferred technology a cornerstone of its product strategy are there any differences among the transfer processes used when large or small firms are involved or when technology is transferred to an existing company or results in the creation of a new firm to address these questions we mapped the technology transfer processes of 23 different technologies developed at the university of minnesota from 1983 to 1993 more than half of the technologies studied went to large companies and were used either to upgrade existing products or to extend existing product lines in eight cases technologies were transferred to small firms in three cases technologies were transferred to venture capital firms or intermediaries and had not been commercialized at the time the study was completed in the rest of the cases new firms were created by the inventors university scientists themselves and served as vehicles for marketing their inventions none of the firms of the latter group have grown beyond a part time employment opportunity for the inventors and only one firm provided evidence that additional hiring would be necessary in the near future only four cases involved transfers of technologies that have been developed and patented by the university to firms that did not have any relationships with the university prior to the transfer in these four cases the firms used some form of search strategy to find a needed technology however there is no evidence that any of the firms had a well developed formal search procedure in the overwhelming majority of cases some form of relationship existed between the university or individual inventors and the private firm prior to the transfer these relationships ranged from long term friendships and or cooperation to such less involved forms as interaction at research seminars and university sponsored events further in four cases the technologies were initially developed by private companies whereas the university s role was to assist in refinement or testing of the technology the research yielded a number of additional findings that deserve further investigation and discussion specifically the study did not provide any evidence that the successfully completed technology transfers made any substantial contribution to either new business creation or the generation of new jobs this finding suggests that scholars and policy makers should proceed with caution before accepting a notion that new or high technology firms will have any direct economic impact the study findings hold specific implications for entrepreneurial behavior and public policy the formal search and shopping for a technology model suggests that both business and academic government laboratories publicize respectively their requirements and offerings and that opportunities for creative brokerage ought to exist we found that in the majority of cases technology was transferred not through formal search but through some prior relationships among individuals this observation suggests that the ability to build extended networks of relationships not only within the business world but also with the university community is an important skill that owners and managers of the technology based businesses need to possess entrepreneurs seeking to start businesses based on new technologies may need to reevaluate how much of their limited time to allocate to build and maintain networks and cooperative relationships and how much time to shop for new technologies through formal channels further public policy and the efforts of the university transfer agencies intended to facilitate transfer may need to shift their emphasis from facilitating shopping by organizing and or paying for publicity which is currently the major emphasis to providing assistance in network building and relationship marketing efforts

the evolving state of the art in technology transfer research revisiting the contingent effectiveness model the purpose of our study is to review and synthesize the rapidly evolving literature on technology transfer effectiveness our paper provides a lens into relatively recent work focusing particularly on empirical studies of us technology transfer conducted within the last 15 years in doing so we update and extend the contingent effectiveness model of technology transfer developed by bozeman 2000 specifically we include the growing interest in social and public value oriented technology transfer and thus the contingent effectiveness model is expanded to consider this literature we categorize studies according their approaches to measuring effectiveness draw conclusions regarding the current state of technology transfer evaluation and offer recommendations for future studies

alternative hypotheses and the volume of trade the gravity equation and the extent of specialization we examine why the gravity equation works and the implications for its use first we demonstrate that the gravity equation as a statistical relationship can be generated from a model with incomplete specialization and trade costs second we analyse the predominance of zero bilateral trade values as a puzzle broadly inconsistent with the complete specialization models typically used to derive the gravity equation but consistent with the alternative hypothesis of incomplete specialization third we demonstrate that the explanation for why the gravity equation works has considerable relevance for how the gravity equation is interpreted and used and how we view bilateral trade diverses hypotheses et le volume du commerce l equation de gravite et le degre de specialisation les auteurs examinent comment fonctionne l equation de gravite et les implications de son usage on propose trois contributions d abord on montre que l equation de gravite en tant que relation statistique et non pas en tant que prediction specifique de commerce bilateral peut etre produite a partir d un modele avec specialisation incomplete et couts de transaction ensuite on analyse la predominance de valeurs zero dans les commerces bilateraux en tant qu enigme generalement incompatible avec les modeles de specialisation complete utilises habituellement pour deriver l equation de gravite mais compatible avec l hypothese de rechange de specialisation incomplete enfin on montre que les raisons pour lesquelles l equation de gravite fonctionne ont un impact sur la facon de l interpreter et de l utiliser et sur notre facon de concevoir le commerce bilateral

impact of environmental regulations on trade in the main eu countries conflict or synergy in an increasingly integrated world with declining trade barriers environmental regulations can have a decisive role in shaping countries comparative advantages the conventional wisdom about environmental protection is that it comes at an additional cost on firms imposed by the government which may erode their global competitiveness however this paradigm has been challenged by some analysts in particular porter 1991 and porter and van der linde 1995 argue that pollution is often associated with a waste of resources and that more stringent environmental policies can stimulate innovations that may over compensate for the costs of complying with these policies this is known as the porter hypothesis while there is a broad empirical literature on the impact of trade on environment the empirical literature on the impact of environmental regulations on trade flows is relatively scarce very heterogeneous and presents mixed results the innovative feature of this paper is its attempts to estimate in a gravity setting augmented with a proxi of environmental stringency the impact of three major multilateral environmental agreements meas on 15 eu countries bilateral exports according to our estimates in the period 1988 2008 to be member of meas had a positive average impact on eu15 bilateral exports this evidence can be partly explained by a possible trade diversion effect with respect to countries that did not sign meas and a corresponding trade creation effect among members of the environmental agreements furthermore evidence coming from interaction effects estimates seems to show that for exporting countries having signed the unfccc and the montreal agreements partly mitigates by the amount of the estimated coefficient the negative impact of having a relatively more stringent environmental regulation on bilateral trade this result could have important policy implications for the future international trade environmental negotiations

a kuznets curve in environmental efficiency an application on oecd countries the role of the environment is an important issue in policy making andthe accurate assessment of the environmental conditions is vital inthis paper using nonparametric techniques an environmental efficiencyindex is developed for each of the oecd countries these indexes allowone both to do cross section comparisons on the state of each country sproduction process in its treatment of undesirable outputs and also totrace each country s modification of their production processesovertime furthermore in this study we investigate the factorsunderlying societies environmental concerns that eventually lead tochanges in the environmental efficiency the results provide furtherempirical evidence for the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis

capital grants and regional public investment in spain fungibility of aid or crowding in effect the aim of capital grants to subcentral governments is to increase their investment however recipients may try to allocate additional resources to cut saving or deficit generating a crowding out effect on self financed investment using data from the spanish autonomous communities during the period 1984 to 1999 the effect of capital transfers on regional public investment saving and deficit are estimated econometric results demonstrate that capital grants have no relevance when explaining the dynamics of saving however in deficit regressions they are shown to be both significant and negative both results lead us to a partial long run crowding out effect of grants on self financed investment

toward a new conception of the environment competitiveness relationship accepting a fixed trade off between environmental regulation and competitiveness unnecessarily raises costs and slows down environmental progress studies finding high environmental compliance costs have traditionally focused on static cost impacts ignoring any offsetting productivity benefits from innovation they typically overestimated compliance costs neglected innovation offsets and disregarded the affected industry s initial competitiveness rather than simply adding to cost properly crafted environmental standards can trigger innovation offsets allowing companies to improve their resource productivity shifting the debate from pollution control to pollution prevention was a step forward it is now necessary to make the next step and focus on resource productivity

the politics of public good provision evidence from indian local governments this paper uses village and household survey data from south india to examine how political geography and politician identity impacts on public good provision we provide evidence that the nature of this relationship varies by type of public good for high spillover public goods residential proximity to elected representative matters in contrast for low spillover public goods sharing the politician s group identity is what matters jel d78 h40

reviving manufacturing with a federal cogeneration policy abstract improving the energy economics of manufacturing is essential to revitalizing the industrial base of advanced economies this paper evaluates ex ante a federal policy option aimed at promoting industrial cogeneration the production of heat and electricity in a single energy efficient process detailed analysis using the national energy modeling system nems and spreadsheet calculations suggest that industrial cogeneration could meet 18 of u s electricity requirements by 2035 compared with its current 8 9 market share substituting less efficient utility scale power plants with cogeneration systems would produce numerous economic and environmental benefits but would also create an assortment of losers and winners multiple perspectives to benefit cost analysis are therefore valuable our results indicate that the federal cogeneration policy would be highly favorable to manufacturers and the public sector cutting energy bills generating billions of dollars in electricity sales making producers more competitive and reducing pollution most traditional utilities on the other hand would lose revenues unless their rate recovery procedures are adjusted to prevent the loss of profits due to customer owned generation and the erosion of utility sales from a public policy perspective deadweight losses would be introduced by market distorting federal incentives ranging annually from 30 to 150 million but these losses are much smaller than the estimated net social benefits of the federal cogeneration policy

a technological communications costs model of r d consortia as public policy abstract for complex technologies the process of innovation and diffusion often requires close cooperation among people for learning what one another know the social and political context of those links among researchers is an important determinant of their efficiency where there are social and political barriers to those links free market structures are not well suited to minimizing the costs of the communication of technological information the paper develops a technological communications costs market failure model of r d results as impure public goods it shows how the design of the european r d consortia promoting public policies esprit and eureka helps firms overcome the market failures described by the model the analysis expands the traditional market failure justifications for a government role in industrial r d governments can play a positive economic role by helping firms overcome social and political barriers to negotiations and technological communications yet market failure arguments are not alone sufficient for policymaking so the paper considers the esprit and eureka policy designs in a political context as model policy tools for organizing public support for industrial r d

faculty support for the objectives of university industry relations versus degree of r d cooperation the importance of regional absorptive capacity abstract the growing importance of regions in the analysis of innovation and the pressure on european universities to interact with their environment justify this article it argues that faculty support for the objectives of university industry relations uir does not vary across disciplines and does not respond to university encouragement in a region with low absorptive capacity these results are in contrast with those obtained in studies of technology leading countries like the usa furthermore incentives for uir may generate unpredicted dynamics while instruments to cooperate are not significant finally support for the objectives of uir should not be confused with the degree of r d cooperation the former is sensitive to university age while the latter is sensitive to gender discipline commitment to r d and university encouragement empirical evidence is obtained from a sample of faculty from the valencian community spain and analysed through a set of models for discrete choice

university start up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public a resource based view of academic entrepreneurship abstract although academic entrepreneurship is a topic receiving some attention in the literature higher education s appetite for expanding technology transfer activities suggests that more research is needed to inform practice this study investigates the effects of particular resource sets on two university commercialization activities the number of start up companies formed and the number of initial public offering ipo firms to which a university had previously licensed a technology utilizing multisource data on 120 universities and a resource based view of the firm framework a set of university financial human capital and organizational resources were found to be significant predictors of one or both outcomes

footloose and pollution free in numerous studies economists have found little empirical evidence that environmental regulations affect trade flows in this paper we propose and test several common explanations for why the effect of environmental regulations on trade may be difficult to detect we demonstrate that whereas most trade occurs among industrialized economies environmental regulations have stronger effects on trade between industrialized and developing economies we find that for most industries pollution abatement costs are a small component of total costs and are unrelated to trade flows in addition we show that those industries with the largest pollution abatement costs also happen to be the least geographically mobile or footloose after accounting for these distinctions we measure a significant effect of pollution abatement costs on imports from developing countries and in pollution intensive footloose industries

knowledge interactions between universities and industry in austria sectoral patterns and determinants the relationship between university and industry is a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon and an important topic of the recent debate on innovation systems this chapter explores the role of knowledge flows between universities and firms in the austrian national innovation system and provides valuable insights into several dimensions of knowledge flows that are not typically explored in research on this topic the patterns of interaction between 46 different fields of science and 49 economic sectors represent an important and interesting outcome of the analysis left censored tobit models are used to evaluate the effect of sector specific and science field specific characteristics upon the probability of knowledge interaction disaggregated by type of interaction

multilateral productivity comparisons when some outputs are undesirable a nonparametric approach multilateral productivity comparisons of firms producing multiple outputs some of which are undesirable are obtained by making two modifications to the standard farrell approach to efficiency measurement the restriction that production technology satisfy strong disposability of outputs is relaxed to allow for the fact that undesirable outputs may be freely disposable and the efficiency measures are modified to allow for an asymmetric treatment of desirable and undesirable outputs performance measures that satisfy these requirements are calculated as solutions to programming problems the methodology is applied to a sample of mills producing paper and pollutants

the industrial organization of congress or why legislatures like firms are not organized as markets this paper provides a theory of legislative institutions that parallels the theory of the firm and the theory of contractual institutions like market institutions legislative institutions reflect two key components the goals or preferences of individuals here representatives seeking reelection and the relevant transactions costs we present three conclusions first we show how the legislative institutions enforce bargains among legislators second we explain why given the peculiar form of bargaining problems found in legislatures specific forms of nonmarket exchange prove superior to market exchange third our approach shows how the committee system limits the types of coalitions that may form on a particular issue

how large is the swedish academic sector really a critical analysis of the use of science and technology indicators sweden is perceived to be top ranking and a role model in terms of its volume of academic r d this perception is based on analyses using two standard indicators we assess the validity of these and argue that institutional features skew the result in favour of a high ranking swedish academic r d is more appropriately characterised as average or below average in terms of input and above average in terms of output science policy makers need to acknowledge this and devise policies that strengthen rather than threaten the functioning of an efficient system c 2004 published by elsevier b v

the economics of split ticket voting in representative democracies in u s elections voters often vote for candidates from different parties for president and congress voters also express dissatisfaction with the performance of congress as a whole and satisfaction with their own representative the authors develop a model of split ticket voting in which government spending is financed by uniform taxes the benefits from this spending are concentrated while the model generates split ticket voting overall spending is too high only if the president s powers are limited overall spending is too high in a parliamentary system the authors model can be used as the basis of an argument for term limits copyright 1997 by american economic association

international regulations and environmental performance this article employs the data envelopment analysis dea approach to compute the environmental performance of all but two organisation for economic co operation and development oecd countries it is found that although the environmental performance of countries differs over time poland and hungary are the two best performers for all periods while italy japan austria and switzerland are ranked among the worst the effect of international regulations and some observed characteristics of countries on environmental performance are also investigated international regulations are reported to have a positive effect on environmental performance

the influence of chinese environmental regulation on corporation innovation and competitiveness abstract according to porter hypothesis appropriate environmental regulation can promote corporation innovation the innovation will even offset the corporation loss caused by environmental regulation and improve corporation competitiveness in order to explore the porter hypothesis practical situation in china this paper does an empirical study to explore this mechanism by using chinese pollution intensive corporations panel data samples during 2007 2012 results show that the implementation of flexible control policies has achieved initial success environmental regulation has significant positive effects on corporation s innovation but the fact of its weak effects also partly explains why environmental regulation still has negative effects on corporation competitiveness even it is insignificant from the point of regional differences east and middle regions have weak but not strong porter hypothesis phenomenon while that of the west region is not significant return on assets roa and gross domestic product gdp in the east region are relatively higher which is not based on high energy consumption and environmental pollution but due to the high transformation rate of research and development expenditure r d to roa for the middle region even it shows signs of the strong porter hypothesis but due to the fact that government gives fiscal subsidies and tax returns to companies to cover the cost from environmental regulation it only has the weak but not strong porter hypothesis phenomenon since this mechanism is not consistent with that of porter hypothesis

universities as engines of r d based economic growth they think they can two issues raised by increased participation of universities in equity arrangements designed to commercialize faculty research are addressed a the effects that an increased emphasis on patenting faculty research and on enhancing the commercial value of these patents has on the characteristics of academic research net revenue streams and existing channels through which academic research enters the market and b processes of institutional change and imitation whereby changes in the policies of elite research universities exert competitive and emulative pressures on other institutions increased efforts by universities to foster the commercialization of technological innovations erodes the singular position of institutions of higher learning in the united states based on past performance there is little reason to expect that a substantial reallocation of faculty effort towards commercially oriented r d will generate appreciable net revenues for other than a select number of universities these ventures also serve to shift academic researchers from the social roles in which they are most efficient as suppliers of a collective goodscientific and technological knowledge just as very few men are both capable business managers and ingenious inventors so few are at the same time ingenious inventors and exalted altruists some twenty years ago a university professor devised a method for measuring with accuracy the content of butterfat in milk the device if patented would doubtless have yielded him a very handsome income the inventor gave it freely to the public saying modestly that to do so was but part of his duty as a servant of the people and it has come into use the world over we call his conduct noble but our very recognition of its nobility is an admission of its rarity f w taussig inventors and money makers 1915 58

strategic trade practices in the presence of a ver the authors investigate the choice of competing exporters to move simultaneously or sequentially when a voluntary export restraint has introduced both asymmetry and uncertainty amongst them a restrained and an unrestrained exporter choose price strategically under the threat of a voluntary export restraint on the latter given the choice firms adopt a sequential move strategy but which leads and which follows depends upon the threat of the second voluntary export restraint the restricted firm thus sells its full quota even if this threat is low copyright 1992 by economics department of the university of pennsylvania and the osaka university institute of social and economic research association

asymmetric information and agenda control the bases of monopoly power in public spending abstract a pervasive empirical finding widely known as the flypaper effect is that lump sum intergovernmental grants generate considerably greater public spending by the recipient jurisdiction than would be predicted by equivalent shifts in personal income in that jurisdiction moreover such observations are inconsistent with standard median voter models of the political process we posit a model in which it is in the interest of suppliers of a collectively provided good not to generate full information to voters about outside aid the empirical results are consistent with flypaper and suggest that voters are very poorly informed about outside grants

environmental regulations in gravity equations evidence from europe one implication of the pollution haven hypothesis is that countries export more by applying more lenient environmental regulations most studies that apply gravity type equations do not find robust support for environmental regulations to affect bilateral exports in this paper we show that one can obtain robust negative effects of stringency as long as gravity equations are well specified with respect to theory our results based on the european data are both very consistent with us studies on environmental regulations and another line of very recent studies that infer non biased price or substitution elasticities from trade equations we show that more stringent environmental regulations when depicting a pure cost effect are reducing exports the coefficient is even larger in the case where exporting countries are central and eastern european countries comparing to the eu15 further we show that there is no significant difference in the impact of regulations on trade in case of dirty and clean sectors finally when using gmm estimation our environmental stringency coefficient gets significantly reinforced

the flypaper effect identifying areas for further research the flypaper effect literature dates back three decades it is overwhelmingly neo classical in approach attempting to improve the median voter demand model and or temper it with public choice supply side perspectives whilst this approach provided valuable early substantial analytical insights more recent papers seem to have contributed only marginally to an understanding of the flypaper effect if indeed it exists at all hence as well as providing a long overdue comprehensive review of the literature on the flypaper effect this paper identifies more productive avenues for further research

public selection and financing of r d cooperative projects credit versus subsidy funding abstract in this article we develop an analytical model of the selection process for r d cooperative projects to study the factors that motivate public project selection and corresponding funding using two different financial instruments subsidies and credits for this purpose we propose a three stage empirical strategy to analyse the differential individual effects of several factors on the decisions taken by the public agency this analysis is based on project level data from cooperative r d project calls under the spanish profit initiative for the period 2000 2003 the main results show that the public agency uses the two financial instruments to address different objectives first some projects close to the market are well supported through credits while basic research projects receive only selective support in the form of subsidies second there is significant diversity in the selection and funding of technological areas third regarding the explicit goal of fostering cooperation the public agency selectively favours partnerships with universities and technology institutes through the award of subsidies however there seems to be less incentive for large consortia fourth there are significant regional differences among financed projects and also our data show sharp yearly fluctuations

bridging the trade environment divide protection for free traders this word represents the consummate evil for environmentalists it is the ultimate good of course for the trade community protection conjures up dark images of smoot and hawley while the environmental camp sees clear mountain streams lush green forests and piercing blue skies one cannot blame all of the tensions at the trade environment interface on linguistic differences but these competing perspectives are emblematic of a deep clash of cultures theories and assumptions trade officials often seek to limit efforts to link trade and environmental policy making and sometimes to prohibit such efforts altogether in this regard the narrow focus and modest efforts of the world trade organization s committee on trade and environment are illustrative 1 the launch of negotiations for a free trade area of the americas with an express decision to exclude environmental issues from the agenda provides an even starker example of the trade community s hostility toward serious environmental engagement economists have been prominent among those arguing that pollution control and natural resource management issues are best kept out of the trade policy making process cooper 1994 bhagwati 1999 other economists however have tried to set trade policy making in a broader context and to build environmental sensitivity into the international trading system runge 1994 rodrik 1997 summers 2000

international trade and environmental regulation time series evidence and cross section test this paper examines empiricallywhether more stringent domestic environmental policiesreduce the international competitiveness ofenvironmentally sensitive goods esgs our timeseries evidence indicates that there are no systematicchanges in trade patterns of esgs in the last threedecades despite the introduction of more stringentenvironmental regulations in most of the developedcountries in the 1970s and 1980s this observedphenomenon is then subjected to a multi countryeconometric test using an extended gravity equationframework the test suggests that overall morestringent environmental regulations do not reducetotal exports exports of esgs and exports ofnon resource based esgs neither was there anyevidence to support the hypothesis that new tradebarriers emerge to offset the effects of morestringent environmental regulations

university support and the creation of technology and non technology academic spin offs the literature on academic entrepreneurship typically assumes that creating a supportive environment in a university can result in a higher rate of establishment of academic spin offs in a relatively straightforward manner in contrast we argue that at times academics choose to launch an independent company vis a vis pursuing alternative business engagement activities when their university provides inadequate support drawing from hybrid entrepreneurship and necessity entrepreneurship we model the individual decision to spin off as a reaction to the organizational characteristics of the parent university rather than to its outcome through a longitudinal study of 559 spin offs from 85 italian universities from 1999 to 2013 we find that although stronger administrative support from the parent university leads academics to create more technology spin offs a u shaped relationship instead exists between the number of administrative staff within a university and the rate of establishment of non technology spin offs when the level of administrative staff is too low or too high relative to the fitted amount estimated using several university level factors academic staff reacts by establishing firms to achieve improved cash and human resource management

myths and facts about electricity in the u s south this paper identifies six myths about clean electricity in the southern u s these myths are either propagated by the public at large shared within the environmental advocacy culture or spread imperceptibly between policymakers using a widely accepted energy economic modeling tool we expose these myths as half truths and the kind of conventional wisdom that constrains productive debate in so doing we identify new starting points for energy policy development climate change activists may be surprised to learn that it will take more than a national renewable electricity standard or supportive energy efficiency policies to retire coal plants low cost fossil generation enthusiasts may be surprised to learn that clean generation can save consumers money even while meeting most demand growth over the next 20 years this work surfaces the myths concealed in public perceptions and illustrates the positions of various stakeholders in this large u s region

is environmental efficiency trade inducing or trade hindering abstract global efforts to identify strategies for sustainable economic growth and development underline the need for understanding important links between environmental policies and international trade in this paper by constructing an environmental efficiency index for 111 countries from 1980 to 2009 we are able to empirically test for one such link an improvement in the environmental efficiency index in terms of carbon dioxide emissions reflects a decrease in the cost of efforts to mitigate the environmental costs associated with growth countries that improve their environmental efficiency are found to experience strong international trade effects both through increased exports and increased imports while the positive link between efficiency improvements and exports is supportive of the porter hypothesis the positive link between efficiency improvements and imports is supportive of strong positive income effects on account of environmental efforts these results which are robust to alternative estimation strategies lend strong support to global efforts to improve countries environmental efficiencies

congressional committees and the political economy of federal outlays the literature on the organization of the united states congress has been dominated by distributive and informational theory one important source of disagreement between these two theories is their characterization of whether individual legislators can engage in pork barrel activities here we provide evidence which indicates that the pork barrel is alive and well in the contemporary united states congress we focus on whether members of power and constituency committees can direct disproportionate federal expenditures to their districts finding strong and systematic evidence of pork barrel activities by committee members provides empirical support for distributive theories of legislative organization

the effects of grants in aid on state and local expenditures abstract this paper develops econometric methods to estimate the effect of the piecewise linear budget constraints created by grant formulas in which the subsidy rate is not constant over expenditures e g closed end grants the methods are applied to the afdc program the results show that because of the kinked nature of the grant formula 1 the present federal formula actually increases cross state inequality in afdc benefits 2 several subsidy rates in the formula actually reduce benefits and 3 the so called flypaper effect disappears

science technology and regional economic development review and prospects abstract this paper reviews the literature on the location and regional effects of science and technology st these pools of mobile workers are most attracted to large urban areas in only some of these areas however does the spin off process result in the generation of new technology based firms the availability of local venture capital appears to be the principal influence on this variation government policy regarding science and technology has impacts on regions by contributing to the agglomeration of r d government policy also often fails to recognize that s t policy and industrial policy have regional effects that may be long term in nature and most detrimental to those regions whose economies are least competitive finally some priorities for future research on innovation in a regional setting are identified

technology transfer and public policy a review of research and theory abstract my purpose is to review synthesize and criticize the voluminous multidisciplinary literature on technology transfer to reduce the literature to manageable proportions i focus chiefly not exclusively on recent literature on domestic technology transfer from universities and government laboratories i begin by examining a set of fundamental conceptual issues especially the ways in which the analytical ambiguities surrounding technology transfer concepts affect research and theory my literature review follows and i emphasize technology transfer s impact and effectiveness i employ a contingent effectiveness model of technology transfer to organize the literature as the model s name implies it assumes that technology effectiveness can take a variety of forms in addition to examining the more traditional effectiveness criteria those rooted in market impacts the model considers a number of alternative effectiveness criteria including political effectiveness capacity building

modelling the impact of environmental regulations on bilateral trade flows oecd 1990 1996 since the early seventies an increasing attention has been paid to the impact environmental polict nmight have on foreign trade one of the most important issues is whether countries with relatively strict environmental regulations tend to experience a deterioration of international competitiveness and thus a fall in exports and a rise in imports of the pollution intensive commodities or on the other hand benefit from the improvement in environmentally more sensitive industries so far most empirical studies have concluded that the proportion of environmental costs to the total production costs is still so marginal that environmental policies have hardly any effect on comparative advantage patterns and thus on foreign trade one of the few exceptions is van beers and van den bergh 1997 who found that stricter regulations have some negative impact on bilateral trade flows between oecd countries the aim of this paper is to show that tyhis outcome is partly due to model mis specification the analysis id based on a triple indexed model and on its variants it is found that as soon as both the importing and exporting country specific effects are taken into consideration the relationship between stricter regulations and foreign trade becomes statistically insignificant this suggests that environmental costs do not have a real impact neither negative nor positive on foreign trade

biosecurity bioterrorism and the governance of science the increasing convergence of science and security policy science and security policy are increasingly overlapping because of concerns that legitimate research might be misapplied to develop biological weapons this has led to an expansion of security policy to cover broad areas of research and scientific practice including funding publishing peer review employment materials transfer post graduate teaching and academics ability to design and perform experiments and disseminate research such changes raise policy concerns because many of the technologies used to produce biological weapons are dual use and have legitimate peaceful applications as a result attempts to control their generation diffusion or application can have unintended impacts on socially beneficial applications this paper explores recent changes in the governance of science and technology and contributes to future policy making by assessing the relative merits of understanding the development of dual use policy in terms of either technology transfer or technology convergence 2007 elsevier b v all rights reserved

the job generation impacts of expanding industrial cogeneration sustainable economic development requires the efficient production and use of energy combined heat and power chp offers a promising technological approach to achieving both goals while a recent u s executive order set a national goal of 40 gw of new industrial chp by 2020 the deployment of chp is challenged by financial regulatory and workforce barriers discrepancies between private and public interests can be minimized by policies promoting energy based economic development in this context a great deal of rhetoric has addressed the ambiguous goal of growing green jobs our research provides a systematic evaluation of the job impacts of an investment tax credit that would subsidize industrial chp deployment we introduce a hybrid analysis approach combining simulations using the national energy modeling system with input output modeling nems simulates general equilibrium effects including supply and demand side resources we identify first order employment impacts by creating bill of goods expenditures for the installation and operation of industrial chp systems second order impacts are then estimated based on the redirection of energy bill savings accruing to consumers these include jobs across the economy created by the lower electricity prices that would result from increased reliance on energy efficient chp systems on a jobs per gwh basis we find that the second order impacts are approximately twice as large as the first order impacts