fishery socioeconomics a survey fisheries management is constantly confronted and sometimes confounded by the complexities of real world fishery systems two major sources of such complexities are 1 the many conflicting goals and objectives faced by fishery managers and 2 the wide variety of socioeconomic factors which impact on the validity and effectiveness of regulatory instruments amongst the considerations lying within this fishery socioeconomics framework are distributional issues labor market structure social and opportunity costs fishing community dynamics and fishermen decisionmaking processes andersen 1978 fao 1985 fricke 1985 germa 1986 panayotou 1982 pollnac and sutinen 1979 while their importance is widely recognized little consensus exists regarding the manner in which such topics can best be incorporated into economic analyses and into fishery management decisions this paper reviews relevant literature on fishery socioeconomics addressing the questions what contribution can multi objective socioeconomic analysis play in fisheries economics and in practical fisheries management what insights can be obtained from existing socioeconomic research what specific questions need to be emphasized in future research an attempt is made to consolidate the research in this diverse area which has tended to develop somewhat independently from traditional resource economics theory and which has some clear connections to the ideas of institutional economics see e g wilson 1986 the paper is organized as follows section i explores the wide variety of objectives such as employment distributional concerns and rent generation which often play a practical role in real world fisheries whether or not they are expressed explicitly in fishery policy statements section ii reviews theoretical and empirical studies of income distribution wh le ection iii presents a broad examination of literature dealing with socioeconomic aspects of fishery management this involves both critiques of common management methods such as regulated property rights and limited entry schemes and examinations of alternative approaches such as cooperatives informal contracting and community property rights this leads into an exploration in sections iv and v of the social and opportunity costs for labor in fisheries and of related themes involving fishery labor markets the determinants of labor supply and the key issue of labor mobility section vi presents an overview of the literature concerned with fishermen and fishing community decision processes and behavioral dynamics the discussion is broadened in section vii to review data requirements in socioeconomic analysis and to provide perspectives on future priorities for research in fishery socioeconomics finally the paper ends in section viii with some general conclusions and some thoughts on the diffi ulties that have been faced in integrating socioeconomic research into economic analyses

history dependence in concave economies abstract this paper investigates concave intertemporal optimization problems and derives two mechanisms either growth or control state interactions e g due to endogenous preferences that allow for multiple steady states including an unstable one therefore history dependence is possible in a perfectly governed economy subject to the law of diminishing returns if one of these two mechanisms is present this result complements a large amount of literature that attributes history dependence to convexities as a consequence lock ins into undesired evolutions are possible beyond the familiar case of increasing returns

nonconvexities in optimal pollution accumulation abstract with a few exceptions the analysis of optimal pollution accumulation or detrimental stock externalities rests on the assumptions that the level of damage is unbounded and that pollution decay increases monotonically with the level of pollution stock we show that these assumptions are restrictive and that their generalization alters the basic economic properties of optimal pollution control we specify a decay function which is concave with low stock levels and convex when pollution is higher we show that although multiple steady states may exist the globally optimal solution may be independent of the initial pollution level it is also possible that there are cutoff levels which determine the optimal long run equilibrium implying that the feedback control law is discontinuous and nonmonotonic bounded damage may have similar implications but in contrast to concave convex decay they may occur even with zero discounting

the new frontier of american fisheries governance abstract throughout its history america has viewed its oceans as vast fishery frontiers these frontiers are suffering depletion as large amounts of fishing power combined with significant oceanographic changes are straining the limits of sustainability the new ocean frontier is not the promise of undeveloped resources but rather the challenge of undeveloped sustainable governance systems this paper discusses the institutional transformation necessary to achieve sustainable governance the first part provides an historical overview of the american use of resources as frontiers the second part characterizes the frontier as an extreme form of resource use contrasting it to its opposite ideal the commons the third part outlines behavioral differences between the users of frontiers and commons the pioneers and shareholders building on the attributes of resource management under the two ideals the fourth part of the discussion focuses on the necessary conditions and major challenges to developing the institutional capital required for sustainable us fishery management the institutional capital needed for sustainable fisheries governance is comprised of several pieces 1 a perception of the fishery as an integrated ecosystem 2 an identification of shareholders 3 an allocation of decision making power and responsibility which vests all interests and internalizes the source of control 4 incentive structures to promote long term management 5 management skills among fishery interests 6 management processes that promote adaptability to change the final section provides conclusions and an assessment of the progress us fishery management has made in institutional capital development pressures of scarcity are forcing us fisheries management to evolve away from the frontier ideal but the development of the institutional capital necessary for sustainable fishery governance is incomplete

on the economically optimal exploitation of a renewable resource the case of a convex environment and a convex return function we investigate optimal policies for the exploitation of a renewable resource subject to a concave growth function and a convex return function we prove an important result on the elasticity of the objective function and apply it to give a characterization of the optimal harvesting paths in this class of models in particular we derive conditions such that all optimal programs converge to a fixed point or to a cycle of finite period and hence result in the conservation of the resource we also show which assumptions guarantee that extinction of the stock is optimal that nonconvex preferences or technologies cause problems for economic theory is well known as our model can formally be interpreted as an optimal growth model with nonconcave utility function our results are a further contribution on the dynamics of optimal paths in the general class of economic models with nonconcavities journal of economic literatureclassification numbers c61 e32 q20

avoiding an ecological regime shift is sound economic policy we extend the shallow lake model by adding the capital stock of an industry a government can mitigate the effects of pollution arising from industrial activities by imposing the requirement to abate emissions within this framework two scenarios are examined in the social optimal benchmark the social planner optimally allocates investment in the competitive equilibrium market forces determine the investment in capital but the government can still abate emissions we find that irreversible environmental regime shifts are avoided in the competitive equilibrium by means of a static level of abatement when it is socially optimal to do so

irreversibility of pollution accumulation this paper presents an optimal endogenous growth model with pollutionaccumulation and abatement activities which analyzes the implications ofpollution accumulation irreversibility on the existence of sustainablegrowth paths this model studies different pollution decay functions whichpresent among others the feature that a sufficiently high pollution stocklevel can reduce the rate of decay to zero this study shows that this newfeature which gains support for the biological literature significantlyalters the traditional results on the properties of sustainable endogenousgrowth by reducing the field of existence and strengthening the role ofindividual preferences

complementarity impatience and the resilience of natural resource dependent economies we study how society s preferences affect the resilience of economies that depend on more than one type of natural resource in particular we analyze whether the degree of complementarity of natural resources in consumer preferences may give rise to multiple steady states and path dependence even when resources are managed optimally we find that for a given social discount rate society tends to be less willing to buffer exogenous shocks if resource good are complements in consumption than if they are substitutes the stronger the complementarity between the various types of natural resources the less resilient the economy is and even more so the higher is the social discount rate

the determinants of occupational success in britain this paper is concerned with measuring the true impact of certain human capital variables on an individual s occupational position the particular variables which are analysed are training qualifications and spells of sickness and unemployment the longitudinal nature of the data enables us to control for all relevant individual attributes which remain fixed over the period of the sample this is vitally important because these attributes are strongly correlated with the variables of interest and would seriously corrupt estimates derived from a single cross section a method of generating consistent estimates as n oo t fixed for a dynamic model with fixed effects is also illustrated

optimal and open access harvesting of multi use species in a second best world expansion of human populations and activities has caused increased conflicts between wildlife and humans as a result the distinction between resource and pest species has become blurry we propose an economically based classification of species based on a multi use bioeconomic model the classification of the steady state population of a species is shown to depend on both species density and economic factors we extend earlier work on multi use resource pest species by applying the theoretical model to a developing country context where property rights to wildlife are imperfectly enforced so that second best trade measures are often applied by the international community to promote conservation upon calibrating the model using data for the african elephant we derive three further results first when comparing the optimal stock of a multi use species to the open access stock we find that the ranking in terms of abundance is ambiguous second and consistent with existing literature on resource management in a second best world our case study supports the idea that trade bans have ambiguous effectson wildlife abundance third due to a bifurcation effect characterizing the multi use model s solution strategic and temporary subsidizing by the north may enable them to free ride on conservation efforts of the south henceforth

job matching and on the job training conventional analysis predicts that workers pay part of their on the job training costs by accepting a lower starting wage and subsequently realize a return to this investment in the form of greater wage growth missing from the conventional treatment of on the job training is a discussion of the process by which heterogeneous workers are matched to jobs requiring varying amounts of training this matching process constitutes a key feature of the on the job training model presented in this article and tested with a unique data set containing extensive information concerning on the job training employer search wages and wage and productivity growth

economic growth pollution and renewable resources abstract this paper first analyzes a model of economic growth with stock pollution allowing smooth substitution between emissions and reproducible capital when emissions are optimally controlled the steady state consumption is lower than without pollution control but the optimal steady state equilibrium may not exist if the marginal productivity of capital is bounded the steady state is shown to be a local saddle point independent of the rate of discount if pollution is not controlled a competitive economy moves along a stable growth path toward a too heavily polluted steady state next a growth model in which pollution affects the growth of renewable resources is presented the conditions for the existence and saddle point property of the steady state are given and the consequences of nonoptimal externality taxes are discussed when renewable resources are included higher than optimal pollution may decrease steady state consumption contrary to the case where renewable resources are ignored

generating enhanced fishery rents by internalizing product quality characteristics this paper demonstrates howadditional rents are generated in a fisherycharacterized by intraseasonal variation infish characteristics including size condition and composition based on anexpanded conceptual model of the optimalharvest rule fish characteristics affect preand post harvest production yields and outputprices a dynamic empirical model which uses asystem of quality characteristics and anhedonic equation illustrates the complexrelationships and management choices associatedwith internalizing seafood qualitycharacteristics in a hake fishery the modelretains the regulated open access managementsystem but controls intertemporal andintersectoral quotas production portfolios and total allowable catch results demonstratethat including revenue side effects frominternalizing fish quality can generatesignificantly greater rents and reduce therelative benefits of increased productionyields if excluded bioeconomic models canunderestimate the level of regulatory rentdissipation and overemphasize managementobjectives such as full utilization whichcould misdirect processing decisions and resultin a suboptimal resource management plan implications for data collection multidisciplinary analysis and improvements inmarine resource management are discussed

managing the endogenous risk of disease outbreaks with non constant background risk there is a growing concern that risks of disease outbreak and pandemics are increasing over time we consider optimal investments in prevention before an outbreak using an endogenous risk approach within an optimal control setting using the threat of pandemic influenza as an illustrative example we demonstrate that prevention expenditures are relatively small in comparison to the potential losses facing the usa and these expenditures need to be flexible and responsive to changes in background risk failure to adjust these expenditures to changes in background risk poses a significant threat to social welfare into the future

a complete characterization of optimal growth paths in an aggregated model with a non concave production function the convexity of technology has played a crucial role in economic analyses of optimal one sector growth problems for example two of the key results on the traditional model of ramsey 1928 that have relied on the convexity of the technology are that optimal intertemporal growth involves moving monotonically towards a unique steady state as in cass 1965 koopmans 1965 and that the value function is a concave differentiable function of the initial capital stock as in benveniste and scheinkman 1979

sustainable growth renewable resources and pollution thresholds and cycles abstract ayong le kama j econ dyn control 25 2001 1911 combines within an interesting model optimal saving a la ramsey with optimal intertemporal renewable resource use a la berck j environ econ manage 11 1981 101 this note draws attention to two possible outcomes thresholds and limit cycles that are overlooked in ayong le kama but also in other recent works and that are quite important in this context

thresholds in concave renewable resource models abstract a number of renewable resource models some of them just recently published e g about shallow lakes refer to convexities with respect to the resource stock as the source for multiple steady states and associated thresholds this short paper draws attention to the fact that multiple steady states and thresholds are possible in well behaved i e concave models too the ecological consequence is that renewable resource management is sensitive to initial conditions in more cases than so far suggested in the literature

learning and earning do multiple training events pay a decade of evidence from a cohort of young british men this paper estimates the impact of work related training on wage growth over the period 1981 91 using longitudinal data from the national child development study a cohort of young men aged 23 in 1981 a hurdle negbin model is used to control for training endogeneity we find that training incidence has a significant positive effect on wage growth we also find that young men with a higher level of education are not only more likely to be trained but are also more likely to experience substantially higher wage growth as a result

private sector training and graduate earnings this paper uses a survey of british graduates to estimate the impact of employer provided training on the earnings of men and women graduates the results indicate that although the training impact is reduced after controlling for endogeneity some forms of training have a considerable impact however there are substantial gender differences in the earnings impact of various typ es of training moreover men graduates are more likely to receive training than otherwise identical women

evaluating the effect of tax deductions on training dutch employers can claim an extra tax deduction when they train employees older than age 40 this discontinuity in a firm s training cost is exploited to identify the tax deduction s effects on training participation and of training participation on wages the results show that the training rate of workers just above age 40 is 15 20 higher than that of workers just below age 40 this difference mainly results from the postponement of training and is not a stimulating effect of the measure the two stage least squares estimate of the wage effect of training is not statistically different from zero

on backstops and boomerangs environmental r d under technological uncertainty abstract in areas such as climate change the recent economic literature has been emphasizing and addressing the pervasive presence of uncertainty this paper considers a new and salient form of uncertainty namely uncertainty regarding the environmental characteristics of green innovations here rd ii a decreasing probability of finding a backstop leads to the toleration of higher pollution levels slower rd iii learning about the probability of a backstop is driven by failures only and leads to decreasing research incentives and iv small to moderate delays in the resolution of technological uncertainty do not affect the optimal policy

non convexities in continuous time investment theory that non convex preferences or technologies cause problems for economic theory is well known in recent years there have been numerous contributions to the nonconvexity problem in the context of models with a finite dimensional commodity space in the capital theory context non convexities have received explicit treatment in a few papers in two distinguishable ways the problem is cast either in a discrete time framework aoki 1971 rothschild 1971 or in a continuous time framework in which there are implicitly unbounded economies of scale in investment the latter formulation leads to jumps in the state variable or lumpy investment the standard problem treated is one of decreasing costs in the installation of new capacity contributions include chenery 1952 dixit mirrlees and stern 1975 hartwick 1976 manne 1967 srinivasan 1967 starrett 1978 and weitzman 1970 these types of analysis unfortunately ignore some of the most interesting problems associated with non convexities in investment theory in a discrete time framework the important distinction between stocks and flows is blurred while the capacity installation problem by admitting unbounded scale economies excludes the smoothing of state variables that follows by allowing for eventually increasing costs of adjustment in this paper we undertake a systematic examination of non convexities or sometimes non concavities in the context of a classic problem in continuous time investment theory the optimal accumulation of capital by a firm maximizing its present value over an infinite horizon while the results obtained are specific to this particular model we feel that they can be qualitatively extended to any capital theory problem which can be cast in a continuous time optimal control theory framework there are various sorts of non2 convexities which can arise in these problems first there can be either stock or flow non convexities that is non convexities which are introduced into the net benefit function the measure of the flow of benefits at each moment through changes in the capital stock state variable on the one hand or changes in the flow of investment control variable on the other if the benefit and transition functions are not concave in both these variables then necessary conditions are no longer sufficient for optimality and conventional marginal analysis fails non convexities can also be introduced into the value functional which has a stock dimension in order to examine these different sorts of non convexity problems we shall now present the basic economic problem a firm is faced with the problem of maximizing the present value of discounted cash flow over an infinite horizon hence it chooses an investment programme i t to maximize 00

along the way back from the brink abstract an optimal control model of wildlife management is developed to analyze the transitory dynamics set forth by the reintroduction of animals that provide benefits but can also come into conflict with humans the shadow price of these resources can be positive or negative potentially creating a nonconvexity the conditions under which reintroduction is not desirable are determined and those characterizing the initiation of costly population control are investigated an application to deer management illustrates the relevance of the nonconvexity and the magnitude of losses stemming from delays in implementing optimal management the impact of distributional concerns on efficiency is discussed

property rights regimes and natural resources a conceptual analysis the term common property resource is an example of a term repeatedly used to refer to property owned by a government or by no one it is also used for property owned by a community of resource users such usage leads to confusion in scientific study and policy analysis in this paper we develop a conceptual schema for arraying property rights regimes that distinguishes among diverse bundles of rights ranging from authorized user to claimant to proprietor and to owner we apply this conceptual schema to analyze findings from a variety of empirical settings including the maine lobster industry

contagious cooperation temptation and ecosystem collapse real world observations suggest that social norms o f cooperation can be effective in overcoming social dilemmas such as the joint management of a c ommon pool resource but also that they can be subject to slow erosion and sudden collapse we show that these patterns of erosion and 15 collapse emerge endogenously in a model of a closed community harvesting a renewable natural resource in which individual agents face the tempta tion to overexploit the resource while a cooperative harvesting norm spreads through the community via interpersonal relations we analyze under what circumstances small changes in key parameters including the size of the community and the rate of technological progress trigger catastrophic transitions from 20 relatively high levels of cooperation to widespread norm violation causing the social ecological system to collapse

why do low educated workers invest less in further training several studies document that low educated workers participate less often in further training than high educated workers this article investigates two possible explanations low educated workers invest less in training because of 1 the lower economic returns to these investments or 2 their lower willingness to participate in training controlling for unobserved heterogeneity we find that the economic returns to training for low educated workers are positive and not significantly different from those for high educated workers however low educated workers are significantly less willing to participate in training we show that this lesser willingness to train is driven by economic preferences and personality traits

de and reforestation stability instability and limit cycles the optimal intertemporal use of forests is a traditional and extensively investigated topic with recent emphasis on sustainable uses the political discussion about the clearing of tropical forests adds a topical policy dimension to this investigation this study shows that cyclical policies i e clearing is followed by reforestation and then again clearing and so on indefinitely may be optimal this possibility which is due to two things the growth of biomass such as trees and the costs of clearing and reforestation is overlooked in the corresponding literature as a consequence it is possible that present clearing practices observable in many developing countries may be an optimal yet transient policy that will be followed by reforestation as the developed countries with again expanding forests indicate

sushi or fish fingers seafood diversity collapsing fish stocks and multispecies fishery management we present a model of a multispecies fishery and we show the following i consumer preferences for seafood diversity can trigger a sequential collapse of fish stocks under open access fishery ii the stronger the preferences are for diversity the higher is the need for coordinated multispecies regulation iii second best optimal management of only one or a few species is less strict than socially optimal management of the same species iv myopic regulation of one species ignoring spillovers to other species can cause depletion of other stocks that would not be depleted under open access

the environmental kuznets curve when the environment exhibits hysteresis abstract the relevance and implications of the environmental kuznets hypothesis are examined in the presence of stock effects and non linearities associated with pollution generation stock effects lead to hysteresis and irreversibilities in environmental quality that are overlooked when emphasis is placed on the flow effects of pollutants only it is demonstrated here that an optimal growth plan in the presence of stock effects shifts the focus away from prescribing economic growth as a panacea for environmental ills implications for currently industrializing economies are discussed

international pollution problems unilateral initiatives by environmental groups in one country abstract international pollution involving two groups of countries is modelled as a two player game each country is characterized by specific preferences for consumption goods and the environment both countries produce a single consumption good with a given technology that determines pollution per unit output each country is economically isolated except for the presence of a global pollutant within a static framework m hoel j environ econom management 20 55 70 1991 shows that unilateral actions to reduce harmful emissions advocated by environmental groups in one country may result in higher total emissions i characterize cooperative and noncooperative emission strategies for the two countries using welfare functions that within a static framework yield total emissions without cooperation always higher than those with cooperation when both governments choose linear closed loop strategies and one country is not sensitive to the environmental condition the unique equilibrium exhibits less pollution than the cooperative equilibrium only if the other country cares a great deal about the well being of future generations and has relatively low bargaining power in the negotiations equilibria that result from nonlinear closed loop strategies are also characterized

the economical management of multispecies fisheries resource based theory implicitly assumes that property rights to resources are secure extant property rights theory enables us to relax this assumption to take into account processes where there are struggles in establishing property rights that enhance

why do wages increase with tenure on the job training and life cycle wage growth observed within firms empirical results in this paper indicate that firm specific wage growth occurs almost exclusively during periods of on the job training this finding suggests that within firm wage growth is mainly determined by contemporaneous productivity growth the results provide no evidence that contractual considerations are an important source of firm specific wage growth copyright 1989 by american economic association

innovation without magic bullets stock pollution and r d sequences abstract we study the optimal r d trajectory in a setting where new technologies are never perfect backstops in the sense that there is no perfectly clean technology that eventually solves the pollution problem once and for all new technologies have strings attached i e each emits a specific stock pollutant damages are convex in individual pollution stocks but additive across stocks creating gains from diversification the research and pollution policies are tightly linked in such a setting we derive the optimal pollution path and r d program pollution stocks overshoot and in the long run all available technologies produce research is sequential and the optimal portfolio of technologies is finite

tinbergen and tipping points could some thresholds be policy induced abstract thresholds and tipping points that are characteristic of dynamic multi stability are increasingly prominent touchstones of the science policy interface prior economic work has shown thresholds arising in convex concave ecological models that exclude humans may disappear in models of coupled economic ecological systems when economic agents are included as part of the system less well understood is how this result may depend on the ability of humans to manage complex systems we examine the role of institutions that condition the available management choices we find institutional restrictions do not generate non convexities when the ecological system is well behaved but that these restrictions may generate non convexities when the ecological system is convex concave these results are tied to the concept of path controllability which is when managers have sufficient controls to guide the system across the state space path controllability is the dynamic version of the tinbergen rule and generally requires separate controls to manage each possible ecological externality we link the concepts of ecosystem externalities thresholds and path controllability to provide new economic insights into problems with the potential for multi stability and we illustrate the importance of institutions for managing convex concave systems

an overlapping generations model of growth and the environment this article analyzes the potential conflict between economic growth and the maintenance of environmental quality in an overlapping generations model short lived individuals make decisions which have long lasting effects on both factor productivity and the environment the model provides a theoretical explanation of observed correlations between environmental quality and income whereby economic growth is associated first with declines then improvements in environmental quality it suggests circumstances in which multiple pareto ranked steady state equilibria may arise and in which sustained growth of both capital and environmental quality may occur overmaintenance of the environment analogous to dynamically inefficient overaccumulation of capital may emerge copyright 1994 by royal economic society

seniority earnings and unions this paper uses a new data source to investigate whether wages rise more with seniority in unionized or non unionized workplaces the data distinguish workers who are covered by incremental wage scales with automatic progression by seniority for union workers with seniority scales the union wage differential increases with seniority this is not the case for union workers without seniority scales taking account of this heterogeneity we are able to reconcile previous paradoxical empirical findings the results provide support for discriminating monopoly models of the trade union and have important efficiency and distributional implications