hybrid r d we develop a model of r d collaboration in which individual firms carry out in house research on core activities and undertake bilateral joint projects on non core activities with other firms we develop conditions on the profit functions of the firm under which r d investments in different projects of a firm are complementary we show that this condition is met by standard price and quantity setting oligopoly models we then study the relation between the number of joint projects and investments and profits in this context we identify a second aspect of complementarity equilibrium investments in in house as well as in each joint project are increasing in the number of projects however we find that an increase in number of joint projects of all firms lowers collective profits suggesting the presence of excessive incentives for conducting research

understanding innovation an analysis of persistence for spanish manufacturing firms abstract this study focuses on the persistence of innovation in a panel of spanish manufacturing firms for the period 1990 2008 in particular we analyse whether persistence in firms innovation activities over time is the result of previous experience the dynamic capabilities of the firm or industry market related characteristics we find that r d input and innovation output are highly persistent at the firm level after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity and initial conditions and by using a dynamic random effects probit we conclude that there are similar determinants of persistence in r d and innovative activities among external environmental factors market dynamism affects r d and innovation regarding firm specific characteristics size and outsourcing also have a positive impact on both processes past innovative behaviour is clearly more decisive in explaining the current state of r d and innovation activities than external factors or firm level heterogeneity

the effects of development constraints on forest management at the urban forest interface this article develops a model of a forest owner operating in a small open city environment where the rent for developed land is increasing concave in nearby preserved open space and is rising over time reflecting an upward trend in households income within this framework we examine how changes in nearby preserved open space and alternative development constraints affect an individual private landowner s decisions regarding both regeneration harvests and conversion dates we also examine how such policies affect development density once conversion from forestry to residential use occurs we show that when residential rents change over time the nature of the timber problem at the urban forest interface changes because it forces us to allow for the possibility of changes in land use from timber to residential use as a result the traditional faustmann setup is not suitable to study forest management decisions at this interface we also find that in the presence of rising income increases in permanently preserved open space hasten regeneration and conversion cuts of a neighboring parcel currently under forest use and leads to lower density development once conversion takes place compared to the case where income is constant we also find that both a binding development moratorium and a binding minimum lot size policy can postpone regeneration and conversion cut dates and thus help to protect open space even if only temporarily however the policies do not have the same effects on development density of converted forestland while the former leads to high density development the latter encourages low density development

you can t manage right what you can t measure well technological innovation efficiency abstract this paper proposes a new approach to tackle the innovation performance relationship it addresses the so far mixed and inconclusive results of studies analyzing this relationship we argue that the undifferentiated use of innovation inputs and outputs to measure firm innovativeness is not without problems and that from a productive perspective they should be simultaneously analyzed this study follows a two stage empirical analysis using a sample of spanish manufacturing firms for the period 1992 2005 by examining two inputs and two outputs of the innovation process in the first stage we estimate technological innovation efficiency by means of an intertemporal data envelopment analysis dea bootstrap and also observe the yearly efficiency changes based on a global malmquist index in the second stage we analyze the effect of technological innovation efficiency on firm performance through a generalized method of moments gmm system the results support our arguments that the best measurement of outcomes of technological innovations is through the efficiency with which they are developed in addition we test the moderating effect of technological intensity level and firm size on the efficiency performance relationship

forest management under fire risk when forest carbon sequestration has value abstract we develop a multiple forest use model to determine the optimal harvest date for a forest stand producing both timber and carbon benefits under a risk of fire an empirical application is provided for a forest owner producing maritime pine in southwest of france our results indicate that a higher risk of fire will decrease the optimal rotation period on the contrary higher carbon prices increase the optimal harvesting age to investigate the contradictory effects of fire risk and carbon price on forest rotation we identify the set of carbon prices and fire risks that lead to a given rotation age we also show that forest owner s willingness to pay for a risk reduction can be substantial 37 33 euros by ha and by year to reduce the annual fire risk from 1 26 to 0 07

the effect of process management on different types of innovations an analytical modeling approach abstract we investigate the trade off between r d efficiency and creativity during the development of a new product a firm s ability to balance efficiency with innovation positively affects its capacity to maintain its competitiveness although the trade off between efficiency and creativity has long been discussed in terms of practical application little analytical research has been performed to enhance theoretical understanding to redress this gap in the literature we present an extreme value model that accounts for innovation type and competition intensity and offer a set of theoretical and practical insights to demonstrate that the effects of process management depend on the nature of the innovation employed we show that the inverse relationship between efficiency and creativity is more pronounced if r d projects represent paradigm shifting innovations rather than incremental innovations we then demonstrate how competition drives firms to decrease investment in innovation activities and improve process efficiency to maximize profit our results suggest that process management activities are less recommended for firms that pursue radical innovation and the acceleration of growth

innovation and employment a reinvestigation using revised pavitt classes the relationship between innovation and employment is addressed in this article through a model and empirical test at industry level for eight european countries in 1994 2004 we investigate this relationship for manufacturing and services and propose a revised pavitt taxonomy covering both of them in order to identify specific patterns of technological change and job creation and loss the contrasting effects of strategies of technological or cost competitiveness are investigated using innovation variables from cis2 and cis3 together with demand wages and industry dynamics they account for changes in employees and hours worked the diversity in these relations across industries is also explored when the model is applied to each revised pavitt class different mechanisms of technological change and effects on jobs emerge

policy relevant nonconvexities in the production of multiple forest benefits abstract this paper challenges common assumptions about convexity in forest rotation models which optimize timber plus nontimber benefits if a local optimum occurs earlier than the globally optimal age policy based on marginal incentives may achieve suboptimal results policy relevant nonconvexities are more likely if i nontimber benefits dominate for young stands while the optimal age depends primarily on timber benefits or ii nontimber benefits dominate for mature stands and also determine the optimal age nonconvexities may create either temporary or persistent difficulties policymakers may improve efficiency by exploiting the relationship between the timber only optimum and the global optimum

innovation in services the purpose of this article is to lay the foundations of a theory that can be used to interpret innovation processes in the service sector the hypothesis underpinning this article is based on lancaster s definition of the product in both manufacturing and services as a set of service characteristics the article follows the example of those who have sought to apply lancaster s work to technological phenomena various modes of innovation in the service sectors are highlighted and illustrated

firm size and the nature of innovation within industries the case of process and product r d the effect of firm size on the allocation of r d effort between process and product innovation is examined it is hypothesized that relative to product innovations process innovations are less saleable in disembodied form and spawn less growth this implies that the returns to process r d will depend more on the firm s output at the time it conducts its r d than the returns to product r d incorporating this distinction in a simple model the authors derive and test predictions about how the fraction of r d devoted to process innovation varies with firm size within industries

research and development with asymmetric firm sizes this article presents a theoretical model of research and development r d competition among firms the goal of the model is to simultaneously explain two empirical observations pertaining to the persistence of dominantfirms small firms make a disproportionate share of major innovations while largefirms tend to spend more in absolute terms on r d than smallfirms do in the model here firms choose investment levels and r d project riskiness in equilibrium a large firm invests more than a smaller firm but by choosing safer r d projects makes fewer major innovations

the size distribution of innovating firms in the uk 1945 1983 a survey of 4 378 significant innovations shows that firms with fewer than 1 000 employees commercialized a much larger share than is indicated by their share of r and d expenditures innovations per employee have been consistently above average in firms with more than 10 000 employees and have become so in firms with fewer than 1 000 intersectoral variation in the size distribution of innovating firms can be explained as a function of r and d based technological opportunities and of technological ease of entry by user firms with principal activities outside the sector copyright 1987 by blackwell publishing ltd

unemployment and urban labour markets two quite distinct views on how metropolitan labour markets work have co existed for over three decades both claim empirical support and after a brief period of confrontation they continue to co exist today giving quite conflicting signals to policy makers according to the first model the urban labour market consists of a number of spatially defined sub markets so that local unemployment exists primarily because of deficiencies in highly localised demand for labour by this argument unemployment rates remain high in the absence of a renewed supply of appropriate jobs within short commuting distances of the jobless the solution according to this model is to attract private and public sector production into such areas in contrast a second model views the city as a single market in which transactions between labour and capital take place regardless of the location of residence and employment sites according to this perspective the spatial incidence of unemployment simply reflects the residential

the impact of order and mode of market entry on profitability and market share market share performance and profitability of overseas business activities has long been an important issue in international business in this study we explore the impact of order and mode of market entry into an overseas market we find that early entrants have significantly higher market shares and profitability than late followers we also find that equity joint ventures have a higher profitability than either wholly owned operations or contractual joint ventures a significant interaction exists between order and mode of market entry as expected firm efficiency and size affect the performance of firms these results are based on the business activities of a sample of 14 466 foreign firms in china in 1995

sectoral patterns of technical change towards a taxonomy and a theory abstract the purpose of the paper is to describe and explain sectoral patterns of technical change as revealed by data on about 2000 significant innovations in britain since 1945 most technological knowledge turns out not to be information that is generally applicable and easily reproducible but specific to firms and applications cumulative in development and varied amongst sectors in source and direction innovating firms principally in electronics and chemicals are relatively big and they develop innovations over a wide range of specific product groups within their principal sector but relatively few outside firms principally in mechanical and instrument engineering are relatively small and specialised and they exist in symbiosis with large firms in scale intensive sectors like metal manufacture and vehicles who make a significant contribution to their own process technology in textile firms on the other hand most process innovations come from suppliers these characteristics and variations can be classified in a three part taxonomy based on firms 1 supplier dominated 2 production intensive 3 science based they can be explained by sources of technology requirements of users and possibilities for appropriation this explanation has implications for our understanding of the sources and directions of technical change firms diversification behaviour the dynamic relationship between technology and industrial structure and the formation of technological skills and advantages at the level of the firm the region and the country

wicksellian theory of forest rotation under interest rate variability abstract we apply the wicksellian single rotation framework to cover the unexplored case of variable and stochastic interest rate we provide a mathematical characterization of the two dimensional optimal stopping problem and show in the presence of amenity valuation that increased interest rate volatility lengthens the optimal rotation period and increases the value of the optimal policy by modelling the interest rate as a mean reverting process and forest value as a geometric brownian motion and abstracting from amenity valuation we present an explicit solution for the problem numerical illustrations indicate that interest rate volatility has a significant and non linear impact on optimal rotation

taxation and rotation age under stochastic forest stand value abstract the paper uses both the single rotation and ongoing rotation framework to study the impact of yield tax lump sum tax and tax on interest rate earnings on the privately optimal rotation period when forest stand value is stochastic and forest owners are risk averse or risk neutral under risk aversion the optimal harvesting threshold is lower and therefore the expected rotation period shorter than under risk neutrality both in the single and ongoing rotation cases whether the forest owner is risk averse or risk neutral a higher yield tax a higher lump sum tax or a higher tax on interest rate earnings raise the optimal harvesting threshold numerical results indicate that the optimal harvesting threshold increases less rapidly under risk aversion than under risk neutrality with an increase in either a yield tax or the volatility of forest stand value

technical change and full employment the result of a major research project which assesses the effects of technical change on employment levels the structure of employment and the nature of work itself this study concludes that social changes must accompany and even precede technical innovation

impacts of tax alternatives on forest values and investment current interest in the theory and application of local government taxes on forests is intense conflicting discussions abound in the literature and several states have recently revised their forest tax laws or are currently considering changes 2 through an analysis not previously available this paper illustrates certain effects of changing from one forest tax system to another yield ad valorem or productivity in young growth forest regions approaching an even distribution of timber age classes given that all alternatives must raise the same annual tax

employment protection and industry innovation we examine the impact of the strictness of employment protection legislation epl on innovation intensity to this purpose we use a panel of annual data from organisation for economic co operation and development countries and analyze the variation of innovation intensity within country between industries our estimates indicate that stricter epl led to significantly lower innovation intensity in industries with higher job layoff propensity our findings are robust to additional industry covariates and other labor market institutions that may affect innovation performance and industry job layoff propensity

profits r d and innovation a model and a test in this article we investigate both conceptually and empirically the relationships between three interconnected elements of the schumpeterian engine of progress the ability of industries rd the ability of innovations to lead to high entrepreneurial profits the commitment of industries to invest profits in further technological efforts we build a simultaneous three equation model with appropriate lags and we test it at industry level for 38 manufacturing and service sectors on eight european countries over two time periods from 1994 to 2006 the results show that the model effectively accounts for the dynamics of european industries

incumbent innovation and domestic entry this paper analyzes the escape entry incentive for innovation by incumbent firms the threat posed by the possibility of leading edge firms entering the market influences incumbent innovation to overcome problems of endogeneity we apply an instrumental variable approach to analyze a rich firm level dataset 1987 2000 for germany we find evidence that domestic entry has a negative effect on incumbent product innovation which is a strong indication of new entrants comparative advantage in commercializing new ideas in contrast domestic entry has a positive effect on incumbent process innovations an effect also known as the escape entry effect

an economic analysis of forest taxation s impact on optimal rotation age because of the tax cutting mood of the general public current interest in forest taxation by legislators is high many states including washington oregon california montana north carolina georgia arkansas and texas have either recently revised or are considering changing their forest taxation laws the response from academicians however is mixed many articles by forest taxation specialists klemperer 1974 1976 1977a 1977b olson and haney 1980 pasour and holley 1976 sutherland and tedder 1979 tedder and sutherland 1979 and the published proceedings of a forest taxation symposium haney and gunter 1978 have appeared in recent years yet general tax economists have largely ignored the problem of forest property taxation as evidenced by aaron s recent study of property taxes in which forest taxation is not even mentioned 1975 at present a rigorous analysis of the impact of forest taxation on the optimal management of timber has yet to appear in the literature because of the profound influence of forest taxation on many state and local economies and on forest productivity it is important that the impact of the various taxation schemes be well understood during the process of revising the forest taxation laws this paper examines the economic impact of various forest taxation schemes on the optimal rotation age under the assumptions of both tax capitalization and tax shifting general tax economists should find taxation of forest property of interest for two reasons first commercial forest land in private ownership comprises more than 15 of the nation s total land area williams 1974 second the results of forest taxation studies apply readily to taxation of renewable resources in general currently the major types of taxes that can be imposed on a forest property may be divided into annual property taxes and harvest taxes the former include the unmodified property tax and the site value tax every year the unmodified property tax takes a percentage of the value of the land plus the value of the trees and the site value tax takes a percentage of the value of the land only still a third type of property tax called the timber tax takes a percentage of the value of the trees only every year although this tax is rarely used it is included in this study because of its theoretical importance harvest taxes include yield taxes and severance taxes at the time of harvest the yield tax takes a percentage of the stumpage value of timber and the severance tax imposes a charge per unit of timber volume harvested past studies of forest taxation have

innovation and employment a firm level analysis with european r d scoreboard data abstract this article analyzes the microeconomic relation between innovation and employment using company data from r d scoreboard for europe covering 2000 2008 a reduced form equation in which r d can account for both product and process innovation is estimated the existence of non constant elasticities is assessed due to the combination of efficient scale and decreasing return to r d in our empirical estimates the scale effect tends to prevail for a given r d intensity generating an increasing relation between total turnover and employment these results have important implications for policymakers innovation supporting policies should be correctly tailored and monitored since the results depend on the characteristics of the benefiting firms moreover r d intensity on gdp should be managed with care if taken as a policy target given that the denominator is endogenous and non linearly dependent on research expenditure

inverted u relationship between r d intensity and survival evidence on scale and complementarity effects in uk data existing evidence on the relationship between rd ii rd and iii creative destruction as proxied by median r d intensity in the industry and the premium on business lending have negative effects on firm survival other findings concerning age size productivity relative growth pavitt technology classes and the macroeconomic environment are in line with the existing literature the results are strongly or moderately robust to different samples stepwise estimations and controls for frailty and left truncation

the migration decisions of young men in great britain an analysis of migration in the united kingdom of males aged 16 to 24 is presented using data from the 1979 european commission labour force survey the author constructs a disaggregate choice model that incorporates spatial aspects of migration decision making the results indicate that migration decisions of young men are significantly affected by family circumstances housing tenure educational attainment labor force status and occupation distinct differences are noted between migration patterns of economically active job changers other economically active young men and those out of work

local authority fiscal stance and the pattern of residential migration in the north west of england the degree of fiscal mobility present in household migration flows between local authority areas in northwestern england is assessed following an introduction the paper is divided into three sections the first reviews the methodologies of previous attempts to assess the extent of fiscally induced migration noting the dominance of american studies and outlines a choice theoretic structure within which it is possible to model human migration patterns section iii considers the problems inherent in modelling migration flows and section iv presents results for a compound poisson analysis of migration between local authority areas within the four counties of the north west region of england as well as an assessment of the prevalence of fiscal mobility excerpt

occupational mobility in england this paper examines evidence on occupational movement in england using data from the new earnings panel dataset although most occupations are characterized by a high degree of immobility there is some evidence of an increase in occupational mobility between 1990 and 1994 using a compound poisson modelling approach for count data combined with a gravity model the paper investigates the incentives and constraints upon aggregate movement between occupations over two time periods 1985 90 and 1990 94 results suggest that the responsiveness of movement into a wide range of occupations as a result of a rise in wages is relatively elastic for males and relatively inelastic for females the paper also demonstrates that significant barriers to movement exist which either prevent a response to market signals or inhibit the extent of that response

a matter of location the role of regional social capital in overcoming the liability of newness in r d acquisition activities laursen k masciarelli f and reichstein t a matter of location the role of regional social capital in overcoming the liability of newness in r d acquisition activities regional studies external knowledge acquisition is a precondition for firms competitive advantage however young firms exhibit a lower propensity to acquire external research and development r d than their older counterparts the paper explores the role of regional social capital in moderating this aspect of the liability of newness the results show that young firms operating in regions with low levels of social capital are less likely to acquire r d externally however this is not the case in regions with high levels of social capital suggesting that the liability of newness in terms of acquisition of external r d does not play a role in these regions

optimal taxation timber and externalities abstract the paper presents a model of the relationship between timber taxation and externalities optimal pigouvian taxation formulas are derived within this framework for common taxes a simulation model of douglas fir is used to estimate the size and direction of these effects the results show that taxation policy can have a marked impact on the production of externalities depending on tree species and land productivity

forest taxation and rotation age under private amenity valuation new results abstract this paper studies the impact of harvesting property and profit taxes on private rotation age in an ongoing rotations model where the private landowner is interested not only in the present value of harvest revenue but also in the private amenity services provided by the forest stand the main finding of the paper is that conventional wisdom about the rotation effects of forest taxes distilled from the faustmann model predominantly ceases to hold this is because forest taxes distort the relative profitability of timber and amenity production in a way that is sensitive to the precise nature of amenity valuation therefore the design of forest tax policy necessitates good knowledge of the landowner s objective function concerning the type of amenity services

women in the labour markets of the london region a model of dependence and constraint this paper uses a simultaneous equations model of labour and housing market relationships in the london metropolitan region in order to illuminate some of the specific characteristics of female labour markets in an explicitly spatial context in addition to restricted female commuting fields two significant sets of spatial constraint were identified firstly the residential location of married women tended to depend on access to male not female employment opportunities and secondly limited access to owner occupation tended to restrict the residential mobility of non married women nevertheless responsiveness to local demand conditions of married women s participation rates on the one hand and non married women s migration on the other rendered local female unemployment comparatively less sensitive to employment change

rural urban migration in economic development abstract this paper provides a review of the theoretical literature on rural urban migration in contemporary ldcs the paper begins with a brief discussion of the lewis model before going on to discuss the todaro and the harris todaro models and the large literature which these models have spawned the question of job search in the context of migration and the role of family members in migration decisions are considered next the paper then takes a closer look at the informal sector and also sets out alternative migration functions to the ones usually employed in the literature the paper concludes with a brief note on some of the important implications arising from our study

the national system of innovation in historical perspective contrary to some recent work on so called globalisation this paper argues that national and regional systems of innovation remain an essential domain of economic analysis their importance derives from the networks of relationships which are necessary for any firm to innovate whilst external international connections are certainly of growing importance the influence of the national education system industrial relations technical and scientific institutions government policies cul tural traditions and many other national institutions is fundamental the historical examples of germany japan and the former ussr illustrate this point as well as the more recent contrast between east asian and latin american countries introduction the national system of friedrich list according to this author s recollections the first person to use the expression national system of innovation was bengt ake lundvall and he is also the editor of a highly original and thought provoking book 1992 on this subject however as he and his colleagues would be the first to agree and as lundvall himself points out the idea actually goes back at least to friedrich list s conception of the national system of political economy 1841 which might just as well have been called the national system of innovation the main concern of list was with the problem of germany overtaking england and for underdeveloped countries as germany then was in relation to england he advocated not only protection of infant industries but a broad range of policies designed to accelerate or to make possible industrialisation and economic growth most of these policies were concerned with learning about new technology and applying it the racialist and colonialist overtones of the book were in strong contrast to the inter nationalist cosmopolitan approach of the classical free trade economists and list s belief that holland and denmark should join the german bund and acquire german nationality because of their descent and whole character reads somewhat strangely in the european community of today nevertheless despite these unattractive features of his outlook he clearly anticipated many contemporary theories after reviewing the changing ideas of economists about development in the years since the second world war the world bank 1991 concludes that it is intangible investment in knowledge accumulation which is decisive rather than physical capital investment as was at one time believed pages 33 35 the report cites the new growth theory

distance income migration trade off of young french workers an analysis per education level magrini m b and lemistre p distance income migration trade off of young french workers an analysis per education level regional studies most research studies on migration see the latter as a move from one geographic area to another taking into account distance in an analysis of young french workers migration from one local labour market to another enables one to evaluate more precisely the migration decision viewed as a cost benefit trade off based on the distance travelled and some territorial characteristics it is found that the wage returns to migration are nil for the most highly skilled workers leading one to consider that these workers conduct their job search on a national scale in contrast the less skilled workers get a positive return to migration magrini m b and lemistre p

location choice and labour market perceptions a discrete choice study henley a carruth a thomas a and vickerman r 1989 location choice and labour market perceptions a discrete choice study reg studies 23 431 445 the location of industry in an economy raises many important issues for economists and governments interested in economic efficiency and equity one interesting question is whether economic factors have an important role to play in explaining location patterns this paper uses a survey data set of uk establishments in growth activities it implements a discrete choice framework to contrast the performance of economic variables with that of establishments perceptions about these economic conditions in explaining location choice henley a carruth a thomas a et vickerman r 1989 le choix de localisation et les perceptions du marche de l emploi une etude par choix discret reg studies 23 431 445 dans une economie la localisation de l industrie souleve de nombreuses questions importantes a la fois pour les economistes et pour les gouvernements qu

network composition collaborative ties and upgrading in emerging market firms lessons from the argentine autoparts sector what types of relational and institutional mechanisms shape knowledge flows and the upgrading capabilities of emerging market firms in the face of economic liberalization we analyze the argentine autoparts sector to distinguish the relative impact of different types of network relationships on a firm s process and product upgrading a few social ties to international assemblers appear to be most beneficial for local suppliers although they may be insufficient to compensate fully for the negative effect of being located in a lower tier supplier customer relationships that are part of regular disciplined discussions for product and process improvements appear to be especially beneficial for upgrading

estimating firm size elasticities of product and process r d this paper provides an empirical test of the particular product life cycle hypothesis which postulates that the firm size elasticity of process r d exceeds the firm size elasticity of product r d panel data on german manufacturing firms is used which is affected by attrition and sample selection an inverse probability weighted generalized empirical likelihood gel estimator is proposed which corrects for the selectivity bias under the identifying assumption of conditionally independent selection and benefits from the superior small sample bias properties of gel compared to generalized method of moments gmm the product life cycle hypothesis is clearly rejected in all specifications

employment and technological innovation evidence from u k manufacturing firms this article uses british firm level panel data on actual innovative activity drawn from different statistical sources to identify the effect of technical change on jobs previous work tends to find positive associations of proxies for technical change and employment but such studies suffer from various statistical drawbacks in this study even when one controls for fixed effects dynamics and endogeneity innovations have a positive and significant effect on employment which persists over several years there seems to be little direct role for spillover effects from industry innovations or any role for industry wages or union power

if i leave here tomorrow an option view of migration when labor market quality declines in this article we provide a framework for determining when it is optimal to move when labor market opportunities are declining we model the decision to migrate as akin to owning a financial option in which the exercise price is the fixed cost of moving we show that a higher fixed cost associated with moving and a higher standard deviation of the quality of the labor market reduce the incentive to migrate we then empirically examine whether the standard deviation of indicators of labor market quality reduce the likelihood of migration our findings strongly support this hypothesis and imply that for the relatively mobile population of high skilled workers the counterfactual outmigration rates that would obtain if future labor market quality were known with certainty are more than twice observed rates

opportunity preference and constraint an approach to the analysis of metropolitan migration the paper aims to consider how the fragmentation in the literature on migration may be overcome and to develop an integrated model of migration which can be applied to all types of population flow in the london metropolitan region the need for such an approach follows from the complexity of flows observed at the 112 zone level of disaggregation as well as the unresolved problems of the literature despite this catholicity of aim the theoretical basis of the model is essentially economic drawing on aspects of human capital and search and spatial choice theories with an emphasis on the interaction between three concepts opportunities preference and constraints in determining observed levels of migration

environmental innovation and employment dynamics in different technology fields an analysis based on the german community innovation survey 2009 the employment effects of environmental technologies are in the focus of politicians but studies analyzing these effects for different environmental innovation fields are rare we use the 2009 wave of the community innovation survey cis allowing for such an analysis at the firm level our econometric analysis shows that innovative firms in general are characterized by a significantly more dynamic employment development especially the introduction of cleaner technologies as process innovations leads to a higher employment within the firm the theoretical background of this finding is that cost savings induced by this type of process innovation improve the competitiveness of firms this has positive effects on demand and thus also increases employment especially material and energy savings are positively correlated to employment because they help to increase the profitability and competitiveness of the firm on the other side air and water process innovations that are still dominated by end of pipe technologies have a negative impact on employment

r d determinants accounting for the differences between research and development the determinants of r d are an important topic of innovation studies the classical schumpeterian hypotheses about the influence of size and market power have been complemented with the role played by industry determinants such as demand pull technological opportunity and appropriability in determining r d investments however r d has always been considered as a whole even though research and development activities differ in many aspects we take advantage of a new panel database of innovative spanish firms pitec to distinguish between research and development efforts of firms we analyze the differentiated role played by traditional r d determinants in driving research and development results show that demand pull and appropriability have a higher effect on development while technological opportunity is more influential for research differences are statistically significant important in magnitude and robust to the use of different indicators for demand pull technological opportunity and appropriability and to several robustness checks

a multi stream analysis of the changing pattern of interregional migration in great britain 1960 1991 gordon i and molho i 1998 a multi stream analysis of the changing pattern of interregional migration in great britain 1960 1991 reg studies 32 309 323 this paper uses a combination of spatial and econometric modelling techniques to investigate longer term patterns and processes of change in british interregional migration starting from a distinction between an employment oriented national movement stream and a housing and environment related regional stream the two major influences on the longer distance flows are found to be relative rates of employment growth and perceived environmental quality but while the former induces marked fluctuations within the observation period the influence of the latter factor shows little variation with no sign of a clean break there is however evidence of a sharply reduced responsiveness of migration to unemployment differentials since the mid 1970s gordon i et molho i 1998 une analyse a flux multiples de l evolution de la distribution de la mi

multilevel approaches and the firm agglomeration ambiguity in economic growth studies empirical studies in spatial economics have shown that agglomeration economies may be a source of the uneven distribution of economic activities and economic growth across cities and regions both localization and urbanization economies are hypothesized to foster agglomeration and growth but recent meta analyses of this burgeoning body of empirical research show that the results are ambiguous recent overviews show that this ambiguity is fuelled by measurement issues and heterogeneity in terms of scale of time and space aggregation growth definitions and the functional form of the models applied alternatively in this paper we argue that ambiguity may be due to a lack of research on firm level performance in agglomerations this research is necessary because the theories that underlie agglomeration economies are microeconomic in nature hierarchical or multilevel modeling which allows micro levels and macro levels to be modeled simultaneously is becoming an increasingly common practice in the social sciences as illustrated by detailed dutch data on firm level productivity employment growth and firm survival we argue that these approaches are also suitable for reducing the ambiguity surrounding the agglomeration firm performance relationship and for addressing spatial sectoral and cross level heterogeneity

the anatomy of industry r d intensity distributions using firm data disaggregated by industry we establish a set of regularities in the distribution of firm r d intensities within manufacturing industries we show how a simple probabilistic process in which chance influences a key unobserved determinant of r d and firm size conditions the returns to r d can account for these regularities and other features of the distributions the model provides a unified noncausal explanation of a series of long observed relationships across mean r d intensity market concentration and the coefficient of variation it also offers a novel explanation for the inverse relationship between r d productivity and firm size jel 031