multi region input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the feedback effects energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output framework despite the increasing interest in using the multi regional input output mrio model by researchers few studies have looked into the mechanism of feedback effects we introduce a method called the stepwise distribution of emissions embodied in trade swd eet to reveal how the emissions embodied in trade are absorbed by a country s final demands through a series of allocation steps a country s indirect absorption patterns and its indirect trade balance of emissions from bilateral trade with other countries are also studied based on the proposed method an empirical study using the data of asian economies shows significant differences in the consumption based emission estimates for some economies due to feedback effects through international trade the differences can be largely captured by the first step or the first two steps of the adjustment procedure in the swd eet analysis other findings and some recommendations are also presented

who s on first an empirical test of the coase theorem in baseball because of their highly developed skills major league baseball players generate significant economic rents according to the weak version of the coase theorem the allocation of these players is independent of who controls the rights to these rents which depends on the rules governing competition in the baseball labour market the rules of major league baseball establish a dual system for senior players the market is competitive and players have the right of free agency allowing them to attempt to contract with the team of their choice for players with fewer years of experience the market is monopsonistic and a player s right to play baseball is owned by his current team consequently we simultaneously observe two different allocations of property rights using individual player data for 1979 and 1980 we test whether baseball player movement is independent of the ownership of these rents we estimate the wage marginal revenue determination process for free agent and non free agent movers and

index decomposition analysis applied to co2 emission studies index decomposition analysis ida was first extended from energy consumption to energy related co2 emission studies in 1991 since then many studies have been reported covering various countries and emission sectors however unlike the case of energy consumption studies a comprehensive literature survey that focuses specifically on emission studies has so far not been reported in this paper we attempt to fill this gap by reviewing 80 papers appearing in peer reviewed journals from 1991 to 2012 in this application area the first part of this paper deals with the developments with regard to the ida approaches used by researchers and the scope and focus of their studies in the second part the empirical results reported in the surveyed studies are analyzed consolidated and presented by emission sector the objective is to reveal the relative contributions of key effects on changes in the aggregate carbon intensity and this is done by emission sector and by country the findings of both parts are useful in understanding the development of ida in the application area of emission study as well as the key drivers of aggregate carbon intensities in the past and their possible future developments

the terms of trade and the international coordination of fiscal policy this paper develops an example of a noncooperative game between fiscal authorities in two countries the key strategic link between countries is the terms of trade an equilibrium without cooperation is characterized by excessive tax rates and public spending levels in each country the outcome is analogous to the nash equilibrium of the static optimal tarif game in trade theory but in this model there is also a dynamic distortion caused by noncooperative behaviour this dynamic distortion depresses capital accumulation and reduces the equilibrium capital stock in each country numerical examples suggest a significant welfare benefit of cooperation

free agency long term contracts and compensation in major league baseball estimates using longitudinal data for major league baseball players this paper estimates the effects of eligibility for free agency or arbitration on compensation and contract duration becaus e eligibility is based on experience and better players are kept longe r a fixed effects approach is used arbitration and free agency eligibility both raised annual compensation however only free agen cy raised contract duration the free agency findings are consistent wi th nash bargaining however additionally considering the arbitration results suggests the winner s curse duration rises only when a team might lose a player the auction market is thus avoided copyright 1993 by mit press

embodied energy and intensity in china s normal and processing exports and their driving forces 2005 2015 abstract international trade has important impacts on a country s energy consumption this paper first uses the time series 2005 2015 extended input output database to study china s embodied energy and intensity in both normal and processing exports structural decomposition analysis sda is then applied to analyze the driving forces behind the embodiment changes the empirical results show that china s energy embodied in both normal and processing exports first increased in 2005 2008 dropped in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and then rose again after 2009 and finally dropped in 2014 2015 the embodied energy in trade as a percentage of total energy consumption in china was relatively stable before and after the global financial crisis at around 28 over the 2005 2008 period and 22 over the 2009 2015 period the contribution of the aggregate embodied intensity aei of exports to china s aggregate energy intensity dropped from 30 in 2005 to 21 in 2015 among china s trading partners the united states japan and korea together accounted for around half of china s embodied energy and aei in exports in 2005 but their shares dropped to only one third in 2015 energy efficiency improvement played the key role in reducing the embodied energy and intensity in china s exports similar analysis can be applied to other regions and indicators

demand contributors and driving factors of singapore s aggregate carbon intensities abstract singapore is an island city state it lacks conventional energy resources and is alternative energy disadvantaged yet its aggregate carbon intensity given by the ratio of carbon emissions to gdp dropped by 30 from 2005 to 2014 currently it has a relatively low carbon intensity using i o analysis we study singapore s aggregate carbon intensity and the factors contributing to its changes at different levels i e final demand sector and transmission levels it is found that domestic exports accounted for nearly two thirds of singapore s aggregate carbon intensity followed by private consumption and investment at the sectoral level the top three contributors were the petroleum petrochemical and land transport sectors improvements in emission intensity and final demand structure were major factors contributing to reductions in carbon intensity our study contributes to the literature in two aspects methodologically it deals with embodied emission intensity and analyzes its changes from the demand perspective this differs from most studies in the literature from the production perspective empirically the findings and policy implications are unique as they are applicable to a major city with urbanization taking place in many developing countries cites role in emissions and environmental sustainability are growing in importance but not many in depth analyses similar to our study have been reported

promises and pitfalls in environmentally extended input output analysis for china a survey of the literature abstract as the world s largest developing economy china plays a key role in global climate change and other environmental impacts of international concern environmentally extended input output analysis ee ioa is an important and insightful tool seeing widespread use in studying large scale environmental impacts in china calculating and analyzing greenhouse gas emissions carbon and water footprints pollution and embodied energy this paper surveys the published articles regarding ee ioa for china in peer reviewed journals and provides a comprehensive and quantitative overview of the body of literature examining the research impact environmental issues addressed and data utilized the paper further includes a discussion of the shortcomings in official chinese data and of the potential means to move beyond its inherent limitations

the coase theorem free agency and major league baseball a panel study of pitcher mobility from 1961 to 1992 a great deal of conceptual and empirical work in the economic analysis of the law and property rights has been directed towards resolving a controversy surrounding the coase theorem many economists and legal scholars interpret the theorem as containing two propositions the first is that in the absence of transactions costs and wealth effects parties will bargain to an efficient outcome the second holds that the same outcome will be achieved regardless of the distribution of property rights the latter is known as the invariance thesis and it has been a source of dispute among scholars and between economic theorists and owners of economic enterprises e g owners of professional sports teams 5 11 16 23 24 25 26 28 29 this paper provides an econometric test of the invariance proposition major league baseball presents a natural experiment consisting of an industry in which there has been an explicit change in the assignment of property rights beginning in 1879 the reserve clause gave monopsony power to team owners a player could negotiate salary only with the team that owned his contract and the team could trade or sell the player as management saw fit in 1976 this system was replaced by the institution of free agency whereby a player with at least six years of major league experience acquired

drivers of stagnating global carbon intensity of electricity and the way forward abstract despite the signing of the paris climate agreement there is still great uncertainty regarding the world s ability to decarbonize and meet the 2 c target in this regard the electricity production sector deserves particular attention the sector has the largest decarbonization potential and its share of the world s co2 emissions from fuel combustion increased from 30 in 1990 to 36 in 2014 to better understand global trends this study analyses the factors influencing changes in the global aggregate carbon intensity aci of electricity a measure of the level of co2 emissions per unit of electricity produced over the last 25 years using multidimensional index decomposition analysis it finds that global aci barely improved since 1990 because of a shift in electricity production from developed to developing countries with higher acis this geographical shift offset consistent improvements to power generation efficiency worldwide and is likely to persist in the future to keep the 2 c target realisable it is imperative to enhance international cooperation to lower the acis of emerging economies and deepen the penetration of renewables which have thus far performed below expectations

carbon emission intensity in electricity production a global analysis we study changes in the aggregate carbon intensity aci for electricity at the global and country levels the aci is defined as the energy related co2 emissions in electricity production divided by the electricity produced it is a performance indicator since a decrease in its value is a desirable outcome from the environmental and climate change viewpoints from 1990 to 2013 the aci computed at the global level decreased only marginally however fairly substantial decreases were observed in many countries this apparent anomaly arises from a geographical shift in global electricity production with countries having a high aci increasingly taking up a larger electricity production share it is found that globally and in most major electricity producing countries reduction in their aci was due mainly to improvements in the thermal efficiency of electricity generation rather than to fuel switching estimates of the above mentioned effects are made using lmdi decomposition analysis our study reveals several challenges in reducing global co2 emissions from the electricity production sector although technically the reduction potential for the sector is known to be great

market size and the demand for talent in major league baseball in this article we look at how revenues affect the personnel decisions of major league baseball mlb teams it is well established that teams with the strongest demands end up with the top stars and deepest benches thus the best chance of winning since a team s demand for talent is its marginal revenue product the critical test is whether large market teams have a greater marginal revenue mr controlling for the impact of re distributional efforts by mlb we find that the mr of a large market team is about 50 larger than that of a small market team furthermore we find that re distributive efforts have a more severe effect on small market teams are the new york yankees a dynasty because they outsmarted everyone no they just outspent everyone sam smith chicago tribune

input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade competitive versus non competitive imports energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output framework in the literature two different approaches to deal with emissions embodied in a country s imports can be found one of the approaches is based on the assumption of competitive imports while the other is based on the assumption of non competitive imports we show that the implications of the results obtained using different imports assumptions are not the same the approach using the competitive imports assumption gives estimates larger than those obtained using the non competitive import assumption the differences between the two embodiment estimates come from the transition of embodied emissions in china s imports for intermediate consumption to those in china s exports this explains why relatively high estimates of co2 emissions embodied in china s exports are reported in several recent studies appearing in energy policy

oil field unitization contractual failure in the presence of imperfect information an empirical analysis of the impact of transaction costs on contracting shows that imperfect in formation can seriously limit the effectiveness of private contracting the case under study is the widespread failure of private crude oil producing firms to use us oil fields to reduce rent dissipation rent dissipation follows as multiple firms compete for migratory oil in common oil pools unitization is the obvious private contractual solution to rent dissipation the authors argue that despite large net gains from unitization imperfect information and information asymmetries among the negotiating parties regarding lease values prevents consensus on unit shares as a result contracts are often not completed or only fragmented units are completed 9 references 1 figure 4 tables

international coordination of fiscal policy in limiting economies we examine the limiting behavior of cooperative and noncooperative fiscal policies as countries market power goes to zero we show that these policies converge if countries raise revenues through lump sum taxation however if there are unremovable domestic distortions such as distorting taxes there can be gains to coordination even when a single country s policy cannot affect world prices these results differ from the received wisdom in the optimal tariff literature the key distinction is that contrary to the tariff literature the spending decisions of governments are explicitly modeled

input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the effects of sector aggregation abstract energy related co2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied by researchers using the environmental input output analysis framework it is well known that both sector aggregation and spatial aggregation affect the results obtained in such studies with regard to the latter past studies are often conducted at the national level irrespective of country or economy size for a large economy with the needed data studies may be conducted at different levels of spatial aggregation we examine this problem analytically by extending the work of su et al su b huang h c ang b w zhou p 2010 input output analysis of co2 emissions embodied in trade the effects of sector aggregation energy economics 32 1 166 175 on sector aggregation we present a numerical example using the data of china and by dividing the country into eight regions it is found that the results are highly dependent on spatial aggregation our study shows that for a large country like china it is meaningful to look into the effect of spatial aggregation

attribution of changes in divisia real energy intensity index an extension to index decomposition analysis abstract in this paper we extend the methodology of index decomposition analysis ida in energy studies by quantifying the contribution of individual attributes to the percent change of factors such as the real energy intensity index and structural change index we apply the proposed method to the real energy intensity index in the multiplicative logarithmic mean divisia index m lmdi approach a major ida technique since the m lmdi is based on geometric mean type indices and chain computation we need some appropriate method to cope with the difficulties that arise we present a numerical illustration of the proposed method using the energy consumption and real value added data of the us manufacturing industry and compare the results obtained by the fisher real energy intensity index

structural path and decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy intensities in china 2012 2017 abstract the dependence of the economic development of a region on its energy consumption is a major challenge for developing countries the aggregate embodied energy intensity aei based on an input output framework reflects the interaction between regional economy and energy consumption driven by final demand studying the change in aei from the perspective of sector production and final demand can effectively control the source and trend of energy intensity change in order to control the growth of energy intensity however there is a relative lack of studies determining the causes of aei changes from the perspective of sectors and final demands this study attempted to identify the influencing factors of aei changes and establish an aei based environmental policy in china a multiplicative structural decomposition analysis and a structural path analysis were used to study the aei under conditions of different final demands sectors and transmission layers along with the factors influencing aei changes in china from 2012 to 2017 our results indicate that the final demand category of gross fixed capital formation made the largest contribution to aei changes in 2012 and 2017 and the multiplicative intensity factor significantly inhibited the decrease in aei among the sectors studied only a few were found to significantly affect the change in aei with s11 processing of petroleum coking and nuclear fuel s12 chemical industry and s14 smelting and rolling of metals being the key sectors that input high energy consumption products to other sectors

the fable of the bees an economic investigation ever since a c pigou wrote his books on welfare a divergence between private and social costs has provided the main argument for instituting government action to correct allegedly inefficient market activities the analysis in such cases has been designed less to aid our understanding of how the economic system operates than to find flaws in it to justify policy recommendations both to illustrate the argument and to demonstrate the nature of the actual situation the quest has been for real world examples of such defects

pay and performance in major league baseball the case of the first family of free agents it is well established that a baseball player s salary is based on his performance experience star status bargaining power mobility and his team s ability to pay this paper focuses on veteran players who are on the brink of retirement and on the

multiplicative structural decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy and emission intensities abstract aggregate intensity indicators such as the ratio of a country s energy and emissions to its gdp are often used by researchers and policymakers to study energy and environmental performance this paper analyzes the relationship between energy or emissions and value added or gdp from a different viewpoint namely from the demand rather than the production perspective using the input output i o framework the aggregate embodied intensity aei defined as the ratio of embodied energy or emissions to embodied value added can be defined at the aggregate final demand category and sectoral levels the total aggregate intensity can be presented as a weighted sum of the aeis at the final demand category or sectoral level changes of the aei at different levels can be decomposed to identify the driving forces using multiplicative sda a study using the latest 2007 and 2012 datasets of china indicates that a its aggregate intensity of co 2 emissions was mainly determined by the aei in investment and b the emission intensity effect generally contributed the most to the aei ratio changes at different levels the proposed framework can be applied to other aggregate intensity indicators and extended to multi country region analysis

what drive the changes in china s energy consumption and intensity during 12th five year plan period abstract during the 12th five year plan period 2011 2015 the chinese government has released a series of energy conservation plans to launch and deepen the transition in the energy use particularly the dual control of the energy consumption and energy intensity was firstly emphasized this paper intends to explore the targeted and effective energy policy implications through investigating the drivers of changes in energy consumption intensity of china during the 12th five year plan period under the input output framework the embodied energy consumptions intensities by final demand category were estimated at aggregate sector level and the total energy consumption intensity was decomposed using the additive multiplicative structural decomposition analysis among the final demand categories china s energy consumption intensity was mainly contributed by the investment followed by the household consumption according to the sda results china s total energy consumption increased by 28 8 of which the energy intensity effect and the investment effect were the most retardant and accelerator respectively at the same time china s total aggregate energy intensity decreased by 16 0 of which the energy intensity effect and the household consumption effect were the most retardant and accelerator respectively in detail the key sectors with respect to the critical effects were picked out above all policy implications are discussed for achieving the energy goals during the 13th five year plan period and launching the energy revolution during the 14th five year plan period

optimal fiscal policy in open economies with labour market distortions abstract we set up a general equilibrium model with unemployment owing to distortions in the labour market it is shown that a public expansion financed by a distortionary income tax may give rise to a decrease in unemployment even if public goods are pure waste such an expansion may give rise to an increase in welfare if it is associated with a decrease in unemployment since part of the gain from a fiscal expansion is achieved at the expense of welfare in other countries non cooperative policies tend to be too expansionary

input output and structural decomposition analysis of singapore s carbon emissions singapore is an island city state it lacks conventional energy resources and is alternative energy disadvantaged in the past decade 2000 2010 its energy related carbon emissions increased from 37 8 to 44 4 million tonnes of co2 this paper analyses the city state s carbon emissions from the demand perspective using the input output i o method and investigate the drivers of emission changes using structural decomposition analysis sda it is the first comprehensive analysis of singapore s emissions using the i o framework the results obtained show that exports accounted for nearly two thirds of its total emissions and growth in its emissions in the last decade was largely export driven emissions increased as export oriented industries and export volume expanded fuel switching and energy efficiency however helped to lower growth in emissions besides exports household related emissions accounted for about a quarter of singapore s total emissions the emissions related to different household groups remained fairly stable as increases in embodied indirect emissions were offset by decreases in direct emissions the high income household group registered the largest increase in direct emissions while the middle income household group registered the largest increase in embodied emissions the policy implications of our findings are discussed

property rights and resource use evidence from mlb starting pitchers we conduct a unique test of the efficiency of property rights in major league baseball the rights to the services of players are resources that can be possessed by the clubs or by the players them

lmdi decomposition approach a guide for implementation since it was first used by researchers to analyze industrial electricity consumption in the early 1980s index decomposition analysis ida has been widely adopted in energy and emission studies lately its use as the analytical component of accounting frameworks for tracking economy wide energy efficiency trends has attracted considerable attention and interest among policy makers the last comprehensive literature review of ida was reported in 2000 which is some years back after giving an update and presenting the key trends in the last 15 years this study focuses on the implementation issues of the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi decomposition methods in view of their dominance in ida in recent years eight lmdi models are presented and their origin decomposition formulae and strengths and weaknesses are summarized guidelines on the choice among these models are provided to assist users in implementation

a spatial temporal decomposition approach to performance assessment in energy and emissions abstract there has been growing interest among researchers and policymakers in comparing or benchmarking countries on the basis of their performance in energy consumption or energy related co 2 emissions such studies allow variations among countries to be revealed the contributing factors identified and the scope for improvement better understood at the same time tracking changes or quantifying improvements in energy use or emissions over time in a country have long been a focus area of researchers and policy makers to provide a fuller picture on country performance in a multi country study over time it would be of interest to integrate the above mentioned spatial and temporal analyses in a single analysis framework this paper deals with this issue using the technique of index decomposition analysis a spatial temporal approach is introduced and two application cases are presented to illustrate how the approach can be applied the first analyzes variations and changes in the aggregate co 2 intensity of electricity production for ten countries from 1990 to 2010 and the second deals with variations and changes in the aggregate energy intensity for eight economic regions of china from 2002 to 2012 in addition two different ways of presenting the results are introduced our study shows that the proposed approach can supplement studies which are conducted purely on a spatial or temporal basis

the public sector and international integration abstract how does international integration affect public sector activities optimal public sector activities are shown to depend positively on a gains from trade effect and ambiguously on the standard distortion effect the bias in non cooperative policies may be strengthened by integration