environmental policy vs public pressure innovation and diffusion of alternative bleaching technologies in the pulp industry abstract in the late 1980s and early 1990s concern over dioxin in both paper products and wastewater led to the development of techniques that reduced the use of chlorine in the pulp industry both regulatory and consumer pressure motivated this change unlike previous studies we use patent data to examine the evolution of two competing bleaching technologies in five major paper producing countries both of which reduce the use of chlorine in the pulping process the use of patent data allows us to focus on the invention stage however adoption data are also presented and by the end of the 1990s nearly all pulp production in these countries used one of these technologies while previous studies emphasize the importance of regulation for inducing innovation here we find substantial innovation occurring before regulations were in place instead pressure from consumers and the public at large to reduce the chlorine content of paper drove invention prior to the introduction of environmental policies in any of the countries concerned

energy growth long term relationship under structural breaks evidence from canada 17 latin american economies and the usa abstract we study the relationship and the causal link between electric power consumption epc and gross domestic product gdp both per capita for 17 countries in latin america canada and the usa considering that many of these economies underwent important economic crises in the last three decades we therefore model the epc gdp relationship through a vec specification that allows for structural breaks along with a robust testing methodology of causal links based on the concepts of weak and super exogeneity rather than granger causality evidence favorable to the growth hypothesis epc gdp is found for eight countries while data of three countries support the conservation hypothesis gdp epc for three countries evidence is favorable to the neutrality hypothesis but should be considered with caution as for the remaining five countries the evidence is not conclusive

causal relationship between trade openness economic growth and energy consumption a panel data analysis of asian countries abstract this paper explores the causal relationship between economic growth trade openness and energy consumption using data of 15 asian countries the study covers the period of 1980 2011 we have applied panel cointegration and causality approaches to examine the long run and causal relationship between variables empirical results confirm the presence of cointegration between variables the impact of economic growth and trade openness on energy consumption is found to be positive the panel granger causality analysis reveals the bidirectional causality between economic growth and energy consumption trade openness and energy consumption

on electricity consumption and economic growth in china abstract the invention and application of the electric power technology triggered the second industrial revolution in human history which marked the human society entered the age of electricity electricity provides the sustainable power for economic and social development with the rapid development of economy the electricity consumption is also increasing the increase of electricity consumption has further promoted the progress of the industrial economy in order to achieve the goal of improving the level of economic development while reducing energy consumption it is necessary to reveal the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth this study is an extensive overview of the literature surrounding this topic in this paper we focus on the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in china we first analyze the general situation of china s electricity consumption and economic development then we explore the relationship between china s electricity consumption and economic growth from three dimensions i e the time dimension the regional dimension and the industrial dimension finally we study the key issues in the research of the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth including variable selection model construction and results discussion this work suggests that the nature of the nexus in china should and can be explored from a wider perspective by developing a suitable integrated methodological framework

modeling unit commitment in political context case of china s partially restructured electricity sector restructuring an electricity sector entails a complex realignment of political and economic institutions which may both delay and distort the achievement of satisfactorily competitive conditions in research and planning for policy interventions in power systems under these varied regulatory environments typical operational models may neglect important interactions between techno economic criteria and political constraints leading to poor understanding of underlying causes of inefficiency and to inappropriate recommendations we develop tractable formulations of the unit commitment problem based on integer clustering of similar units that endogenize important political factors in the northeast grid region of china we demonstrate the importance of these interactions on operations and provide a set of options for researchers to explore further pathways for china s ongoing power system reforms for example wind integration a key policy priority is inhibited by the interaction of institutions limiting short and long term sources of flexibilities in interprovincial trade

industrialization electricity consumption and co2 emissions in bangladesh this paper investigates the relationship between industrialization electricity consumption and co2 emissions in case of bangladesh using quarter frequency data over the period of 1975 2010 the ar

co2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth in bric countries abstract this paper examines dynamic causal relationships between pollutant emissions energy consumption and output for a panel of bric countries over the period 1971 2005 except for russia 1990 2005 in long run equilibrium energy consumption has a positive and statistically significant impact on emissions while real output exhibits the inverted u shape pattern associated with the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis with the threshold income of 5 393 in logarithms in the short term changes in emissions are driven mostly by the error correction term and short term energy consumption shocks as opposed to short term output shocks for each country short term deviations from the long term equilibrium take from 0 770 years russia to 5 848 years brazil to correct the panel causality results indicate there are energy consumption emissions bidirectional strong causality and energy consumption output bidirectional long run causality along with unidirectional both strong and short run causalities from emissions and energy consumption respectively to output overall in order to reduce emissions and not to adversely affect economic growth increasing both energy supply investment and energy efficiency and stepping up energy conservation policies to reduce unnecessary wastage of energy can be initiated for energy dependent bric countries

the relationship between gdp and electricity consumption in 10 asian countries the purpose of this study is to estimate the relationships between gdp and electricity consumption in 10 newly industrializing and developing asian countries using both single data sets and panel data procedures the empirical results from single data set indicate that the causality directions in the 10 asian countries are mixed while there is a uni directional short run causality running from economic growth to electricity consumption and a bi directional long run causality between electricity consumption and economic growth if the panel data procedure is implemented these empirical findings imply that electricity conservation policies through both rationalizing the electricity supply efficiency improvement to avoid the wastage of electricity and managing demand side to reduce the electricity consumption without affecting the end user benefits could be initiated without adverse effect on economic growth the findings on the long run relationship indicate that a sufficiently large supply of electricity can ensure that a higher level of economic growth

why is electricity consumption inconsistent with economic growth in china studies have indicated that there exists a relatively stable and positive correlation between electricity consumption and economic growth and there should not be a large deviation between them however the deviation between electricity consumption and economic growth in china during the asian financial crisis and global economic crisis sparks intense debates we attempt to explain the deviation from the perspective of inventory investment adjustment in the business cycle using the svar model in this paper the results show that the effects of inventory investment adjustment shock and electricity consumption structure shock on the deviation are positive but tend to be negative for electricity efficiency shock the results of historical decomposition of these shocks also show that the inventory investment adjustment shock is the main factor that influences the deviation during the global economic crisis economic fluctuation in the short term can not change the economic development pattern and the characteristics of electricity demand once the economy returns to stable growth the deviation between electricity consumption and economic growth will shrink and disappear soon

the relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption from renewable and non renewable sources a study of turkey abstract the main objective of this study is to analyze the short and long run estimates as well as the causality relationships between economic growth gr electricity consumption from renewable sources relc and electricity consumption from non renewable sources nrelc for turkey in a multivariate model wherein capital k and labor l are included as additional variables using the autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach to cointegration the johansen cointegration test and the gregory hansen cointegration test with structural break we show that gr relc nrelc k and l are cointegrated although nrelc has a long run positive effect on gr the long run estimate of relc is negative but insignificant at 5 level of significance the granger causality test based on the vector error correction model reveals the evidence of neutrality hypothesis between relc and gr and between nrelc and gr in turkey in the short run in addition the granger causality runs from relc nrelc k and l to gr as well as from gr relc k and l to nrelc in the long run which supports the existence of growth hypothesis between relc and gr and feedback hypothesis between nrelc and gr in the long run it is advised that policy makers in the turkish government should continue to reduce the share of electricity consumption from renewable sources and encourage the usage of electricity from non renewable sources to have sustainable long run growth rates it is also essential to promote the investment projects to increase the efficiency of electricity generation from non renewable sources

an econometric study of co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade in turkey abstract this study attempts to empirically examine the dynamic causal relationships between carbon emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of turkey using the time series data for the period 1960 2005 this research tests the interrelationship between the variables using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure the bounds test results indicate that there exist two forms of long run relationships between the variables in the case of first form of long run relationship carbon emissions are determined by energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of second long run relationship income is determined by carbon emissions energy consumption and foreign trade an augmented form of granger causality analysis is conducted amongst the variables the long run relationship of co2 emissions energy consumption income and foreign trade equation is also checked for the parameter stability the empirical results suggest that income is the most significant variable in explaining the carbon emissions in turkey which is followed by energy consumption and foreign trade moreover there exists a stable carbon emissions function the results also provide important policy recommendations

electricity consumption and economic growth exploring panel specific differences abstract in this paper we examine the long and short run dynamics between electricity consumption and economic activities using panel data of per capita electricity consumption and per capita gdp of 160 countries for the period of 1980 2010 accounting for the degree of electricity dependence and the level of urbanization furthermore in order to capture the differences in this relationship the full sample is divided into various subsamples based on countries income levels regional locations and oecd memberships this framework is argued and found to be appropriate since the causal links and inferences arising therefrom differ considerably among the subsamples which led us to conclude that the electricity growth nexus is highly sensitive to regional differences countries income levels urbanization rates and supply risks

electricity consumption employment and real income in australia evidence from multivariate granger causality tests this paper examines the relationship between electricity consumption employment and real income in australia within a cointegration and causality framework we find that electricity consumption employment and real income are cointegrated and that in the long run employment and real income granger cause electricity consumption while in the short run there is weak unidirectional granger causality running from income to electricity consumption and from income to employment

causality relationship between electricity consumption and gdp in bangladesh in this paper we examine the causal relationship between the per capita electricity consumption and the per capita gdp for bangladesh using cointegration and vector error correction model our results show that there is unidirectional causality from per capita gdp to per capita electricity consumption however the per capita electricity consumption does not cause per capita gdp in case of bangladesh the finding has significant implications from the point of view of energy conservation emission reduction and economic development

environmental degradation economic growth and energy consumption evidence of the environmental kuznets curve in malaysia this paper tests for the short and long run relationship between economic growth carbon dioxide co2 emissions and energy consumption using the environmental kuznets curve ekc by employing both the aggregated and disaggregated energy consumption data in malaysia for the period 1980 2009 the autoregressive distributed lag ardl methodology and johansen juselius maximum likelihood approach were used to test the cointegration relationship and the granger causality test based on the vector error correction model vecm to test for causality the study does not support an inverted u shaped relationship ekc when aggregated energy consumption data was used when data was disaggregated based on different energy sources such as oil coal gas and electricity the study does show evidences of the ekc hypothesis the long run granger causality test shows that there is bi directional causality between economic growth and co2 emissions with coal gas electricity and oil consumption this suggests that decreasing energy consumption such as coal gas electricity and oil appears to be an effective way to control co2 emissions but simultaneously will hinder economic growth thus suitable policies related to the efficient consumption of energy resources and consumption of renewable sources are required

the electricity consumption versus economic growth of the polish economy abstract the aim of this contribution is an investigation of causal interdependences between electricity consumption and gdp in poland our research was conducted for total electricity consumption as well as for the industrial consumption of electricity in order to reflect the causality between gdp and electricity consumption properly we performed our investigations in a three dimensional framework with employment chosen as an additional variable we used reliable quarterly data from the period q1 2000 q4 2009 in order to check the stability of the causalities the investigations were performed on two samples a full sample and a pre crisis i e q1 2000 q3 2008 subsample we applied both traditional methods and some recently developed econometric tools we found feedback between total electricity consumption and gdp as well as between total electricity consumption and employment we also found unidirectional causality running from industrial electricity consumption to employment and no direct causal links between industrial electricity consumption and gdp in addition all these findings were in general not seriously affected by the financial and economic crises of 2008 a significant exception is the causal effect of industrial electricity consumption on employment which was more pronounced after the crisis of 2008

supply and demand factors of cleaner technologies some empirical evidence this article identifies and analyzes factors that affect the willingness of firms and consumers to develop and adopt cleaner technologies cleaner technologies is used as a general term for pollution abatement technologies re use systems and environmentally sound consumer products and materials the article also contains the findings of three case studies on cleaner technologies cfc substitutes low solvent paints and coatings and membrane technology in which the importance of the identified factors is investigated from the case studies some general conclusions are drawn about these factors and the way in which policy instruments can be used to stimulate innovation in and diffusion of cleaner technologies no single policy instrument is considered to be optimal instead a policy mix is needed involving a much wider use of economic instruments

can the electricity market be characterised by asymmetric behaviour in this paper we test for asymmetric behaviour of industrial and residential electricity demand for the g7 countries using the entropy based test for symmetry suggested by racine j and maasoumi e 2007 a versatile and robust metric entropy test of time reversibility and other hypotheses journal of econometrics 138 2 547 567 racine j and maasoumi e 2008 a robust entropy based test of asymmetry for discrete and continuous processes econometric reviews 28 246 261 the triples test of randles r flinger m policello g and wolfe d 1980 an asymptotically distribution free test for symmetry versus asymmetry journal of the american statistical association 75 168 172 and the bai j and ng s 2001 a consistent test for conditional symmetry in time series models journal of econometrics 103 225 258 test for conditional symmetry using data that spans over three decades we find overwhelming evidence of conditional symmetry of residential and industrial electricity consumption this finding implies that the use of econometric tests based on linear data generating processes is credible

electricity consumption and economic growth in china abstract this paper applies the error correction model to examine the causal relationship between electricity consumption and real gdp for china during 1971 2000 our estimation results indicate that real gdp and electricity consumption for china are cointegrated and there is unidirectional granger causality running from electricity consumption to real gdp but not vice versa in order to overcome the constraints on electricity consumption the chinese government has to speed up the nation wide interconnection of power networks to upgrade urban and rural distribution grids and to accelerate rural electrification

electricity consumption and economic growth in china cointegration and co feature analysis abstract this paper applies the cointegration theory to examine the causal relationship between electricity consumption and real gdp gross demostic product for china during 1978 2004 our estimation results indicate that real gdp and electricity consumption for china are cointegrated and there is only unidirectional granger causality running from electricity consumption to real gdp but not the vice versa then hodrick prescott hp filter is applied to decompose the trend and fluctuation component of the gdp and electricity consumption series the estimation results indicate that there is cointegration between not only the trend components but also the cyclical components of the two series which implies that the granger causality is probably related with the business cycle the estimation results are of policy implication to the development of electric sector in china

dynamic incentives of environmental regulations the effects of alternative policy instruments on technology diffusion abstract we develop a framework for comparing empirically the effects of alternative environmental policy instruments on the diffusion of new technology market based and command and control approaches can he quantitatively compared by estimating the economic penalty that firms through their actions reveal to be associated with violation of standards in the context of concerns about global climate change we empirically examine the likely effects of pigouvian taxes technology adoption subsidies and technology standards we employ state level data on the diffusion of thermal insulation in new home construction comparing the effects of energy prices insulation cost and building codes

on grid electricity tariffs in china development reform and prospects abstract with the introduction of market oriented measures in china s power sector in the mid 1980s electricity sale prices to the grid companies on grid electricity tariffs became the focus of the energy industry thus affecting all related stakeholders including fuel suppliers power generators and end use consumers a number of changes have gradually been undertaken in terms of electricity tariff settings and their implementation to address specific requirements of the expansion of the power industry at each stage of its development on grid electricity tariffs had been used as a key lever to attract investment in power generation at an early stage of reform and then to encourage competition in the power industry in response to the rising concerns about environmental protection and the promotion of clean energy utilisation tariffs have progressively been developed for renewable electricity generation which has contributed to massive expansion of the renewable power industry in china this paper reviews key milestones of the development of on grid electricity tariffs in china examines the tariff setting mechanisms of coal fired power plants and renewable power generation analyses the factors associated with the adjustments of the tariff levels and discusses the options for further reform and more effective electricity pricing

environmental kuznets curve for carbon emissions in pakistan an empirical investigation this study investigates the relationship between carbon emissions income energy consumption and foreign trade in pakistan for the period 1972 2008 by employing the johansen method of cointegration the study finds that there is a quadratic long run relationship between carbon emissions and income confirming the existence of environmental kuznets curve for pakistan moreover both energy consumption and foreign trade are found to have positive effects on emissions the short run results have however denied the existence of the environmental kuznets curve the short run results are unique to the existing literature in the sense that none of the long run determinants of emissions is significant the contradictory results of short and long run give policy makers the opportunity to formulate different types of growth policies for the two terms taking environmental issues into consideration in addition the uni directional causality from growth to energy consumption suggests that the policy makers should not only focus on forecasting future demand for energy with different growth scenarios but also on obtaining the least cost energy furthermore the absence of causality from emissions to growth suggests that pakistan can curb its carbon emissions without disturbing its economic growth

technology adoption in the presence of an exhaustible resource the case of groundwater extraction in this paper we integrate technology diffusion within hotelling s exhaustible resource model the modern technology is a conservation technology such as drip irrigation used with groundwater resource quality heterogeneity and rising water prices are responsible for the gradual adoption of the modern technology and under reasonable conditions the diffusion curve is an s shaped function of time without intervention the diffusion process will be slower than is socially optimal and optimal resource use tax will accelerate the diffusion of the conservation technology and slow down excessive resource depletion caused by market failure due to open access conditions

a diffusion model incorporating product benefits price income and information we start by assuming that a major benefit of many new durable products such as dishwashers and microwave ovens is time savings others such as vcrs also enhance the value of our leisure time using a household production framework we demonstrate that a utility maximizing individual will have a reservation price for the product which is a function of the product benefits and his wage rate by assuming that the wage rate has an extreme value distribution across the population we are able to derive for the aggregate process an income price dependent logistic adoption equation we then allow for the possibility that certain eligible consumers may delay their purchase of the product because they are unaware that it exists are suspicious of its quality or expect its price to fall unawareness uncertainty and hope for further price declines are assumed to decrease with the increase in the number of previous adopters the resulting diffusion model has the property that the product life cycle phenomenon can be explained jointly or separately by the income price process and the awareness uncertainty expectations process using data on household income on durable penetration within different income classes and on first purchase sales the aggregate diffusion model and its premises are tested and supported it is found that both the income price and awareness uncertainty expectations processes are at work however the dependence of the awareness uncertainty expectations delay process on the number of previous adopters e g word of mouth type effect exists only in certain product categories and is usually relatively weak it is demonstrated that if the word of mouth type effects are weak a price skimming strategy is optimal for a monopolist and also is likely to be implemented by oligopolists the sales forecasting implications of the model also are pursued

the diffusion of clean technologies a review with suggestions for future diffusion analysis abstract this article gives an overview of the literature on clean technology diffusion followed by suggestions for future analysis findings from diffusion analysis are presented in the form of 10 stylised facts helping the reader to see the forest for the trees the overall conclusion is that the diffusion of clean technology same as the diffusion of normal innovations is governed by endogenous mechanism epidemic learning and learning economies and by exogenous mechanisms policy is important for clean technology diffusion but other factors are important too the characteristics of the clean technology absorptive capacities of potential adopters and the age structure of capital it is often overlooked that companies have a choice they can choose between an end of pipe solution a process change adaptation and a change of process substitution this means that the diffusion and evolution of one clean technology will be at the expense of the diffusion of another clean technology something overlooked in studies on clean technology diffusion further research is needed on the influence of public policy on clean technology choice expectations about learning economies and prices adjustment costs network externalities and complementary innovations on clean technology adoption choices

electricity consumption in g7 countries a panel cointegration analysis of residential demand elasticities this article applies recently developed panel unit root and panel cointegration techniques to estimate the long run and short run income and price elasticities for residential demand for electricity in g7 countries the panel results indicate that in the long run residential demand for electricity is price elastic and income inelastic the study concludes that from an environmental perspective there is potential to use pricing policies in the g7 countries to curtail residential electricity demand and thus curb carbon emissions in the long run

the electricity consumption and gdp nexus for the fiji islands fiji is a small open island economy dependent on energy for its growth and development hence the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is crucial for fiji s development in this paper we investigate the nexus between electricity consumption and economic growth for fiji within a multivariate framework through including the labour force variable we use the bounds testing approach to cointegration and find that electricity consumption gdp and labour force are only cointegrated when gdp is the endogenous variable we use the granger causality f test and find that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and labour force to gdp implying that fiji is an energy dependent country and thus energy conservation policies will have an adverse effect on fiji s economic growth

the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in the asean countries abstract this paper investigates the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth among the association of south east asian nations asean 4 members namely indonesia malaysia singapore and thailand using modern time series techniques for the period 1971 2002 the results indicate that there is a bi directional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in malaysia and singapore this means that an increase in electricity consumption directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further electricity consumption in the two countries however uni directional causality runs from economic growth to electricity consumption in indonesia and thailand without any feedback effect thus electricity conservation policies can be initiated without deteriorating economic side effects in the two countries

electricity consumption and economic growth bounds and causality analyses of opec members this paper investigates the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for opec members the bounds test yields evidence of a long run relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for all opec members causality results suggest that economic growth is dependent on electricity consumption in five countries less dependent in three countries and independent in three countries because these countries do not necessarily share similar political and economic traits no single universal policy implication can be inferred from the results the disparities across these causality results therefore stress the importance of formulating causality explanations while taking into account the particularities of individual countries rather than blindly applying the conventional interpretations

electricity consumption and economic growth evidence from korea abstract this paper investigates the short and long run causality issues between electricity consumption and economic growth in korea by using the co integration and error correction models it employs annual data covering the period 1970 2002 the overall results show that there exists bi directional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth this means that an increase in electricity consumption directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further electricity consumption

environment kuznets curve for co2 emissions a cointegration analysis for china abstract this study examines the long run relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption income and foreign trade in the case of china by employing time series data of 1975 2005 in particular the study aims at testing whether environmental kuznets curve ekc relationship between co 2 emissions and per capita real gdp holds in the long run or not auto regressive distributed lag ardl methodology is employed for empirical analysis a quadratic relationship between income and co 2 emission has been found for the sample period supporting ekc relationship the results of granger causality tests indicate one way causality runs through economic growth to co 2 emissions the results of this study also indicate that the carbon emissions are mainly determined by income and energy consumption in the long run trade has a positive but statistically insignificant impact on co 2 emissions

economic growth and co2 emissions in malaysia a cointegration analysis of the environmental kuznets curve this paper attempts to establish a long run as well as causal relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide co2 emissions for malaysia using data for the years from 1980 to 2009 the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis was tested utilizing the auto regressive distributed lag ardl methodology the empirical results suggest the existence of a long run relationship between per capita co2 emissions and real per capita gross domestic product gdp when the co2 emissions level is the dependent variable we found an inverted u shape relationship between co2 emissions and gdp in both short and long run thus supporting the ekc hypothesis the granger causality test based on the vector error correction model vecm presents an absence of causality between co2 emissions and economic growth in the short run while demonstrating uni directional causality from economic growth to co2 emissions in the long run

electricity consumption from renewable and non renewable sources and economic growth evidence from latin american countries abstract this study explores the effect of renewable and non renewable electricity consumption on economic growth in 18 latin american countries to achieve the goal of this study a panel gross domestic product gdp model was constructed taking the period 1980 2010 into account from the pedroni cointegration test results it was found that renewable electricity consumption non renewable electricity consumption labor gross fixed capital formation and total trade are cointegrated moreover the panel dynamic ordinary least squares dols test results revealed that all above the mentioned variables have a long run positive effect on gdp growth in the investigated countries the vector error correction vec granger causality model results revealed the existence of feedback causality between the variables the results of the study indicated that renewable electricity consumption is more significant than non renewable electricity consumption in promoting economic growth in the investigated countries in the long run and the short run based on the results of this study it is recommended that the investigated countries should increase their investment on renewable energy projects to increase the role of electricity consumption from renewable sources in addition it is essential that these countries should reduce their non renewable electricity consumption by increasing their energy efficiency and implementing energy saving projects by applying these recommendations these countries would be able to mitigate global warming and reduce their dependency on fossil fuel to increase their energy security

a structural var analysis of electricity consumption and real gdp evidence from the g7 countries in this paper we depart from the literature on electricity consumption real gdp in that for the first time we examine the reaction of real gdp to shocks in electricity consumption to achieve this goal we use the structural vector autoregressive svar model and examine the impact of electricity consumption shocks on real gdp for the g7 countries we find that except for the usa electricity consumption has a statistically significant positive impact on real gdp over short horizons this finding implies that except for the usa electricity conservation policies will hurt real gdp in the g7 countries

causality between trade openness and energy consumption what causes what in high middle and low income countries abstract this paper explores the relationship between trade openness and energy consumption using data of 91 high middle and low income countries the study covers the period of 1980 2010 we have applied panel cointegration to examine long run relationship between the variables the direction of causal relationship between trade openness is investigated by applying homogenous non causality homogenous causality and heterogeneous causality tests our variables are integrated at i 1 confirmed by time series and panel unit root tests and cointegration is found between trade openness and energy consumption the relationship between trade openness and energy consumption is inverted u shaped in high income countries but u shaped in middle and low income countries the homogenous and non homogenous causality analysis reveals the bidirectional causality between trade openness and energy consumption this paper opens up new insights for policy makers to design a comprehensive economic trade and policies for sustainable economic growth in long run following heterogeneous causality findings

electricity consumption and economic growth in india abstract this paper tries to examine the granger causality between electricity consumption per capita and gross domestic product gdp per capita for india using annual data covering the period 1950 51 to 1996 97 phillips perron tests reveal that both the series after logarithmic transformation are non stationary and individually integrated of order one this study finds the absence of long run equilibrium relationship among the variables but there exists unidirectional granger causality running from economic growth to electricity consumption without any feedback effect so electricity conservation policies can be initiated without deteriorating economic side effects

regionally varying and regionally uniform electricity pricing policies compared across four usage categories the objective of our research is to predict how electricity demand varies spatially between status quo regionally uniform electricity pricing and hypothetical regionally varying electricity pricing across usage categories we summarize the empirical results of a case study of electricity demand in south korea with three key findings and their related implications first the price elasticities of electricity demand differ across usage categories specifically electricity demands for manufacturing and retail uses are price inelastic and close to unit elastic respectively while those for agricultural and residential uses are not statistically significant this information is important in designing energy policy because higher electricity prices could reduce electricity demands for manufacturing and retail uses resulting in slower growth in those sectors second spatial spillovers in electricity demand vary across uses understanding the spatial structure of electricity demand provides useful information to energy policy makers for anticipating changes in demand across regions via regionally varying electricity pricing for different uses third simulation results suggest that spatial variations among electricity demands by usage category under a regionally varying electricity pricing policy differ from those under a regionally uniform electricity pricing policy differences in spatial changes between the policies provide information for developing a realistic regionally varying electricity pricing policy according to usage category

demand pull instruments and the development of wind power in europe a counterfactual analysis renewable energy technologies are called to play a crucial role in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions since most of these technologies did not yet reach grid parity public policies have been implemented in order to foster their deployment the approach that has been privileged in europe is the demand pull approach that aims at creating a demand for these new technologies and at stimulating their diffusion this paper examines the effect of demand pull policies on the diffusion of onshore wind power technology in six european countries denmark france germany italy portugal and spain in a first step a micro founded model of diffusion is calibrated in order to replicate the observed diffusion of wind power in these six countries in a second step a counterfactual analysis is conducted by investigating several scenarios by taking into account the complex self sustained dynamics of diffusion and the learning spillovers that operate in the wind power sector we can derive several insights about demand pull policies first the impact of a demand pull policy on the diffusion of wind power is determined by the stage at which it comes to support it the effect seems to be stronger at the beginning of the diffusion second international spillovers do operate in the wind power sector these international spillovers however are not strong enough to foster the diffusion of wind power in a country having no demand pull support we can derive from these two statements that a strategy consisting in not implementing any demand pull policy with the expectation that international spillovers will reduce the cost of wind power and foster the diffusion of the technology that then shall become competitive is not a good option for a country targeting a high share of wind power in its energy mix

the diffusion of biological waste water treatment plants in the dutch food and beverage industry this article develops an economic model of environmental technology adoption decisions the model is applied econometrically to the diffusion of biological waste water treatment plants in the dutch food and beverage industry it shows that it is possible to explain the overall diffusion pattern of biological waste water treatment plants in terms of a rational choice model in which prospective adopters trade off the costs of effluent treatment against the savings on effluent tax payments effluent charges are shown to be a significant positive factor in the timing of adoption of biological effluent treatment plants this result is brought out by both the rational choice and the epidemic models none of the models however can explain year to year changes in the ownership of biological waste water treatment plants during the 1974 91 period which suggests that there are other factors not included in the model that affect the timing of adoption

renewable energy and growth evidence from heterogeneous panel of g7 countries using granger causality abstract in this paper we examine the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth across the g7 countries using annual data for the period of 1990 2011 by employing the causality methodology proposed by emirmahmutoglu and kose 2011 8 we investigate if there is a causal relationship between the variables the advantage of this methodology is that it takes into account possible slope heterogeneity and cross sectional dependency in a multivariate panel the empirical results support the existence of a bi directional causal relationship between economic growth and renewable energy for the overall panel however looking at the individual results for each country the neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for canada italy and the us while for france and uk there is a unidirectional causality from gdp to renewable energy and the opposite for germany and japan

diffusion paths for micro cogeneration using hydrogen in the netherlands we estimate the diffusion of micro cogeneration systems micogen using hydrogen produced from natural gas in the netherlands for the 2000 2050 period on the basis of economical factors the diffusion is important for the transition to a hydrogen economy based on renewables with natural gas paving the way for hydrogen from renewables for three scenarios full diffusion takes place in the period 2020 2050 the most important factors behind the diffusion are 1 growing energy demand resulting in lower hydrogen costs and higher energy costs in the reference case and 2 lower costs of micogen stemming from learning economies the model is advanced by considering all costs components for heterogeneous users which have been calculated for the entire diffusion period it is the first threshold diffusion model that is being applied to the diffusion of technological clusters involving new or adapted infrastructures 2007 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

the residential demand for electricity in australia an application of the bounds testing approach to cointegration this paper reports estimates of the long and short run elasticities of residential demand for electricity in australia using the bounds testing procedure to cointegration within an autoregressive distributive lag framework in the long run we find that income and own price are the most important determinants of residential electricity demand while temperature is significant some of the time and gas prices are insignificant our estimates of long run income elasticity and price elasticity of demand are consistent with previous studies although they are towards the lower end of existing estimates as expected the short run elasticities are much smaller than the long run elasticities and the coefficients on the error correction coefficients are small consistent with the fact that in the short run energy appliances are fixed

price and income elasticities of residential energy demand in germany we apply a quadratic expenditure system to estimate price and expenditure elasticities of residential energy demand electricity and heating in germany using official expenditure data from 1993 to 2008 we estimate an expenditure elasticity for electricity of 0 3988 and of 0 4055 for space heating the own price elasticity for electricity is 0 4310 and 0 5008 in the case of space heating disaggregation of households by expenditure and demographic composition reveals that the behavioural response to energy price changes is weaker stronger for low income top income households there are considerable economies of scale in residential energy use but scale effects are not well approximated by the new oedc equivalence scale real increases in energy prices show a regressive pattern of incidence implying that the welfare consequences of direct energy taxation are larger for low income households the application of zero elasticities in assessments of welfare consequences of energy taxation strongly underestimates potential welfare effects the increase in inequality is 22 smaller when compared to the application of rich and disaggregated behavioural response patterns as estimated in this paper