the political economics of agricultural price support in turkey an empirical assessment the present study is an attempt to explain the variations in the extent of protection provided to the producers of four selected agricultural crops in turkey by a set of independent variables representing various economic and political events of the 1962 1983 period the economic variables were selected in order to assess the divergence between the intentions of the policy makers and their actions as reflected in the level of support actually provided while the political variables were chosen to assess the impact of elections military takeovers and noticeable shifts in the underlying philosophy of the policy makers on the support provided the regression analysis suggested that the political power of the agricultural producers was an important determinant of the policies implemented especially during times of democratic practices that during times of military regimes the agricultural sector tends to be less protected that there is indirect evidence for the existence of political business cycles synchronized to political elections and that general conditions in the economy can influence the behavioral rule of the policy makers

stacking up the ladder a panel data analysis of tanzanian household energy choices energy use statistics in tanzania reflect the country s low level of industrialization and development in 2016 only 16 9 of rural and 65 3 of urban inhabitants in mainland tanzania were connected to some form of electricity we use a nationally representative three wave panel dataset 2008 2013 to contribute to the literature on household energy use decisions in tanzania in the context of the stacking and energy ladder hypotheses we firstly adopt a panel multinomial logit approach to model the determinants of household cooking and lighting fuel choices secondly we focus explicitly on energy stacking behaviour proposing various ways of measuring what is inferred when stacking behaviour is thought of in the context of the energy transition and presenting household level correlates of energy stacking behaviour thirdly since fuel uses have gender differentiated impacts we investigate women s bargaining power in the decision making process of household fuel choices we find that whilst higher household incomes are strongly associated with a transition towards the adoption of more modern fuels especially lighting fuels this transition takes place in a context of significant fuel stacking in tanzania government policy has been aimed mostly at connecting households to the electric grid however the public health environmental and social benefits of access to modern energy sources are likely to be diminished in a context of significant fuel stacking lastly we present evidence that the educational attainment of women in the household is an important aspect of household fuel choices

fuel demand elasticities for energy and environmental policies indian sample survey evidence india has been running large scale interventions in the energy sector over the last decades still there is a dearth of reliable and readily available price and income elasticities of demand to base these on especially for domestic use of traditional fuels this study uses the linear approximate almost ideal demand system la aids using micro data of more than 100 000 households sampled across india the la aids model is expanded by specifying the intercept as a linear function of household characteristics marshallian and hicksian price and expenditure elasticities of demand for four main fuels are estimated for both urban and rural areas by different income groups these can be used to evaluate recent and current energy policies the results can also be used for energy projections and carbon dioxide simulations given different growth rates for different segments of the indian population

activity choice labor allocation and forest use in malawi this article examines the determinants of activity choice affecting forest use among low income households in malawi data from three villages are used to estimate a system of household labor share equations for maize production forest employment and non forest employment a system estimation approach is used to identify factors influencing the competing and synergistic livelihood strategies which households undertake at the forest margin results from constrained maximum likelihood estimation indicate heightened incentives to degrade forests when returns to forest use are high factors reducing forest pressure include favorable returns to non forest employment secondary education of the household head and wealth

a dynamic analysis of the impact of fiscal policy on the money supply note although a positive accommodative fiscal policy money supply relationship is frequently suggested 3 5 often because of an hypothesized overriding concern by the federal reserve with stabilizing interest rates the availablae empirical evidence is mixed l with the exception of 4 the empirical studies have provided estimates of the impact multipliers for various fiscal variables on alternative monetary variables but they have not addressed the question of the impact of a sustained change in a fiscal variable upon the money supply over time in a world in which fiscal variables affect financial and product sector variables with a lag the examination of only the impact multipliers may give an incomplete and or misleading picture thus the aim of this paper is to extend the analysis to a dynamic setting in which the impact of the fiscal variables upon the time path of m1 is examined within the context of a small macroeconomic model in particular dynamic multipliers for the money supply are derived and analyzed

household fuelwood demand and supply in nepal s tarai and mid hills choice between cash outlays and labor opportunity abstract subsistence households are a leading source of deforestation and their consumption of fuelwood in particular is important in many developing countries yet the empirical economic examinations of fuelwood consumption are sparse particularly for rural areas where the deforestation occurs and we would argue that forest policy is often designed without a good understanding of the potential responses of subsistence households to the new policy this paper addresses these issues with household evidence from the two major populated regions of nepal market prices labor opportunities the availability of substitutes and measure of access to the basic resource are the most reliable predictive variables for fuelwood consumption and production there are however regional differences and important distinctions between the elasticities of fuelwood collecting or purchasing households with respect to these predictive variables the difference between collecting and purchasing households is notable it recommends forestry policies that target the labor opportunity and the physical resource in regions where collecting households dominate and policies that affect the fuelwood market itself in regions where purchasing households are important a second interesting finding is that fuelwood is relatively scarcer prices are higher in the mid hills and both collecting and purchasing households in this region are beginning to respond to deforestation by using their own land for fuelwood production

a survey of agricultural household models recent findings and policy implications semicommercial farms that produce multiple crops make up a large part of the agricultural sector in developing economies these farms or agricultural households combine two fundamental units of microeconomic analysis the household and the firm traditional economic theory has dealt with these units seperately but in developing economies in which peasant farms dominate their interdependence is of crucial importance researchers have developed models of agricultural households that combine producer and consumer behavior in a theoretically consistent fashion recent empirical applications of these models have extended them and expanded the range of policy issues which can be investigated using this general framework this article reports the results of empirical applications of this model in india indonesia japan the republic of korea malaysia nigeria senegal sierra leone taiwan and thailand it provides a comparative analysis of the policy implications of the approach for such matters as the welfare of farm households the size of marketed surplus the demand for nonagricultural goods and services and for hired labor and the availability of budget revenues and foreign exchange

examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 2 review of input output models for the assessment of environmental impacts embodied in trade this paper offers a detailed review of recently described single and multi region input output models used to assess environmental impacts of internationally traded goods and services it is the second part of a two part contribution in part 1 turner k lenzen m wiedmann t and barrett j in press examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 1 a technical note on combining input output and ecological footprint analysis ecological economics we describe how to enumerate the resource and pollution content of inter regional and inter national trade flows with the aim to illustrate an ideal accounting and modelling framework for the estimation of ecological footprints a large number of such environment economic models have been described but only in the last few years models have emerged that use a more sophisticated multi region multi sector input output framework this has been made possible through improvements in data availability and quality as well as computability we identify six major models that employ multi sector multi region input output analysis in order to calculate environmental impacts embodied in international trade results from the reviewed studies demonstrate that it is important to explicitly consider the production recipe land and energy use as well as emissions in a multi region multi sector and multi directional trade model with global coverage and detailed sector disaggregation only then reliable figures for indicators of impacts embodied in trade such as the ecological footprint can be derived

forests fuelwood and livelihoods energy transition patterns in eastern indonesia the central thesis of the energy ladder model is a unidirectional transition from primitive to advance fuel with increased affluence of households although now largely discredited this assumption remains a foundation of laissez faire policies that anticipate energy transition resulting spontaneous forest recovery with economic development our results suggest that such policies can undermine broader policy objectives and actually worsen forest conditions in rural indonesia based on a case study of forest margin communities in eastern indonesia we demonstrate that fuel subsidy reform did little to reduce rural household demand for fuelwood while dramatically increasing fuelwood demand for processing agricultural products our results show how household decisions related to fuel sources are affected by non economic considerations and external factors such as opportunities to sell fuelwood we argue that policy interventions that encourage energy transition of households do not necessarily improve forest conditions as household fuelwood use may be a symptom rather than a driver of deforestation and forest degradation thus policies to improve forest conditions should focus more on addressing the market environment of forest margin communities providing energy alternatives to small industries that are often the larger consumers of fuelwood

political business cycles 40 years after nordhaus the aim of this article is to survey the huge literature that has emerged in the last four decades following nordhaus s rev econ stud 42 2 169 190 1975 publication on political business cycles pbcs i first propose some developments in history of thought to examine the context in which this ground breaking contribution saw the light of the day i also present a simplified version of nordhaus s model to highlight his key results i detail some early critiques of this model and the fields of investigations to which they gave birth i then focus on the institutional context and examine its influence on pbcs the actual research agenda finally i derive some paths for future research

general economic conditions and national elections the fact that economic conditions influence voters is a leading commonplace of conversation in election years the question is is this fact in fact a fact despite the overwhelming popularity of the fact it has received neither an explicit theoretical analysis presumably because it is so obvious that economic adversity should create political adversaries nor until recently a satisfactory statistical analysis gerald h kramer has presented a multivariate analysis of congressional elections which would strongly suggest that fluctuations in the rate of unemployment have no appreciable effect upon elections but that fluctuations in per capita real income are influential in the following pages i propose to 1 reaffirm his finding on the electoral unimportance of ordinary fluctuations in unemployment 2 argue that contrary to kramer fluctuations in real income also do not have important electoral effects and 3 present an argument based upon rational voter behavior for the unimportance of general economic conditions in national elections

evaluating energy embodied in national products through input output analysis theoretical definition and practical application of international trades treatment methods abstract production activities of modern economies are ultimately sustained by depletion of non renewable fossil fuels in the perspective of non renewables displacement an accurate evaluation of energy embodied in goods and services is crucial in order to select among alternative products or policies economic based input output models are widely used for this purpose however due to the increasing amount of international trades of products definition of appropriate methods to account for the energy embodied in trades is nowadays crucial in this paper international trades treatment methods in input output analysis are comprehensively formalized and applied to a case study based on the world input output database wiod energy embodied in final demand and in detailed products of key national energy sectors have been evaluated for the wiod countries according to single region and multi regional models it is found that an inappropriate use of international trades treatment models may produce very inaccurate estimations of numerical values of embodied energy three country groups has been identified characterized by different ranges of fractions of imported exported primary fossil fuels single region method a returns best results for countries of group 1 with high values of fossil exports and low values of fossil imports multi regional method c is to be preferred for countries of group 2 with high values of fossil imports and low values of fossil exports finally single region method b returns lower deviations compared to other methods for countries of group 3 with low values of fossil imports and exports this paper aims at supporting researchers in the field of life cycle assessment in the application of environmentally extended input output analysis finding the best trade off between the efforts due to data collection and the accuracy of results

deficits money and inflation abstract this paper examines the interrelationships between monetary and fiscal policy specifically it seeks to determine whether government budget deficits influence monetary growth using a money supply model originally developed by barro we find that deficits have had a significant impact on the growth of the u s money supply throughout most of the period since 1961 such a relationship need not always hold it depends on whether government deficits place upward pressure on interest rates and whether the central bank monetizes the debt in an effort to stabilize interest rates

residential bioenergy heating a study of consumer perceptions of improved woodstoves abstract consumers choices play a key role for the development of biomass heating in the residential sector the city of oslo has granted subsidies to households who change to new improved low emission woodstoves the purpose of this study is to expand the knowledge about users experiences and attitudes to residential biomass heating an adapted model of the theory of planned behavior was used to model households inclination to continue using their woodstoves for heating more than 800 questionnaires were collected from households that recently had invested in an improved woodstove the respondents were satisfied with the new woodstoves the respondents also considered themselves competent to use and maintain the stove and few had problems acquiring fuelwood further analyses showed that the intention to continue to use the new woodstove depends on economic benefits heating performance perceived time and effort to operate the stove environmental effects of heating as well as perceived subjective norm the results imply that when marketing a modern technology for bioenergy heating both public authorities and producers should consider issues related to the users perception of subjective norm such as perceived status of using bioenergy or environmental concerns when designing campaigns to promote the use of woodstoves

natural resources agriculture and property rights abstract the study explores empirically forest resource and soil quality degradation under different property rights regimes in a subsistence agriculture framework the quantitative analysis is a direct test of the theoretical hypothesis of larson and bromley 1990 larson b bromley d 1990 property rights externalities and resource degradation locating the tragedy journal of development economics 33 2 that common property and private property rights may lead to similar incentives for resource protection a household model is formulated and applied empirically with data from indonesia to test rates of forest biomass and soil quality degradation under private and common property rights results show that the two regimes may equal each other by including bequest value sensitivity analysis is conducted by changing model parameters

a review of recent multi region input output models used for consumption based emission and resource accounting abstract the interest in consumption based emission and resource accounting has grown significantly many studies juxtapose consumer emissions carbon footprint and producer territorial emissions of greenhouse gases in order to demonstrate the effects of trade on the national emission budget to this end a respectable number of studies have been undertaken worldwide in order to estimate emissions embedded in international trade of numerous countries and world regions input output approaches and increasingly multi region input output mrio models are commonly chosen as they provide an appropriate methodological framework for complete carbon footprint estimates at the national and supra national level with increasing processing capabilities of computers and a wider availability of economic accounts environmental accounts and trade data such models are now being implemented on a wide scale after a brief overview of salient single region input output studies i provide an in depth review of the most recent multi region input output models used for the purpose of consumption based environmental accounting the main methodological features and important results are described for around twenty studies covering the years 2007 to 2009 this is followed by a detailed review of studies dealing with uncertainty in mrio analysis an area which has not received a lot of attention so far i conclude that further research is mainly needed in two areas a improvements in data availability and quality and b improvements in the accuracy of mrio modelling

the applicability of the traditional theory of economic policy abstract the traditional theory of economic policy requires targets instruments an empirical economic model and a social welfare or criterion function to be specified in order to derive the optimal economic policy empirical studies of reaction functions suggest that economic policy is carried out in some systematic manner subject to interference from political factors this survey addresses the problems of specifying estimating and applying an economic model when economic policy is following a path specified by a reaction function attention is paid to rational expectations the lucas critique and the policy neutrality proposition lack of knowledge of the policy maker s objective function poses the most serious difficulty when applying the theory of economic policy various methods of determining this function are reviewed and the possibility that policy makers might be satisficing is discussed the role played by political factors is considered in the light of the public choice literature

eco efficiency assessment of eu manufacturing sectors combining input output tables and data envelopment analysis following production and consumption based accounting approaches abstract assessing the footprint of anthropogenic activities has become particularly challenging in today s globalized markets where a large number of economic transactions taking place across the globe need to be disentangled before the most critical sectors are identified in this work we present an approach to quantify the eco efficiency of economic activities that combines multi regional environmentally extended input output tables and data envelopment analysis we employ this method to assess the european union manufacturing sectors in terms of three inputs global warming potential potential acidifying equivalent and tropospheric ozone forming potential and one output economic wealth following both production and consumption based accounting approaches our approach classifies economic sectors as efficient and inefficient and for the latter it provides improvement targets that if attained would make them efficient we find that there is a significant mismatch at the sectorial level between both accounting schemes each providing complementary information for policy making in the production based case targets allow identifying sectors and pollutants requiring more stringent regulations and or higher investments in cleaner technologies conversely the consumption based accounting allows identifying the ultimate sources of impact an insight that can assist in the selection of alternative cleaner suppliers via eco labelling of products services and proper taxation schemes

low quality or high quality coal household energy choice in rural beijing abstract household low quality coal consumption contributes to severe haze pollution in china in response subsidy policies on high quality coal consumption and the adoption of new type coal stoves have been implemented using survey data in rural beijing this paper characterizes the determinants of coal consumption and switching behavior between low quality and high quality coals to this end we apply bivariate probit regression and tobit regression to evaluate the effectiveness of government policies and the influence of cognitive psychological and socioeconomic factors on coal consumption behaviors our empirical results reveal that prosociality and local environmental concern play crucial roles in household choices and consumption behaviors between two types of coals but global environmental concern does not the promotion of new type coal stoves significantly facilitates the transition from low quality to high quality coal while price subsidies on high quality coal do not influence market acceptance of high quality coal these results demonstrate the importance of cognitive psychological factors and promotion policies on coal consumption behavior overall we suggest that an education campaign or program regarding local environmental awareness prosocial values and behaviors and on new type coal stoves should be further promoted to accelerate the transition from low quality to high quality coal

fuelwood consumption and forest degradation a household model for domestic energy substitution in rural india this paper disusses domestic en ergy supply and demand in rural india links be tween forest scarcity and household fuel collec tion are analyzed in a non separable household model focusing on substitution of non commer cial fuels from the commons and the private do main based on data from villages bordering a protected area a novel maximum entropy ap proach is used for estimation it is found that households respond to forest scarcity and in creased fuelwood collection time by substituting fuels from private sources for forest fuelwood however the magnitude of the response appears insufficient to prevent current fuelwood collection practices from causing serious forest degrada tion jel q24

household energy demand in kenya an application of the linear approximate almost ideal demand system la aids abstract this paper estimates price and fuel expenditure elasticities of demand by applying the linear approximate almost ideal demand system la aids to 3665 households sampled across kenya in 2009 the results indicate that motor spirit premium msp automotive gas oil ago and lubricants are price elastic while fuel wood kerosene charcoal liquefied petroleum gas lpg and electricity are price inelastic kerosene is income elastic while fuel wood charcoal lpg electricity msp and ago are income inelastic the results also reveal fuel stack behaviour that is multiple fuel use among the households main policy implications of the results include increasing the penetration of alternative fuels as well as provision of more fiscal incentives to increase usage of cleaner fuels this not withstanding however the household income should be increased beyond a certain point for the household to completely shift and use a new fuel

electoral politics and monetary policy does the bank of canada contribute to a political business cycle in this paper i apply the work of abrams and iossifov public choice 129 249 262 2006 to monetary policy in canada to see if same political party affiliation is needed to produce evidence of political opportunism after modifying their analysis to maintain the time series consistency of their variables for canada i find that both an error correction model and a taylor rule reformulation of their test generate evidence consistent with same party political opportunism but only weakly so on the other hand i also find the presence of more traditional indicators of political influence in particular the data suggest that the election of a liberal party government a decrease in the degree of political competition and to a lesser extent the election of a minority government all positively influence the expansiveness of canadian monetary policy

why have improved cook stove initiatives in india failed summary an estimated 2 7 billion people cook meals on biomass fueled brick stone and clay stoves scarcity of wood and negative impacts on health and environment have motivated efforts to design and distribute improved cook stoves in developing countries in india adoption is limited despite massive promotion over many decades existing research suggests that many rural women in india do not want improved stoves and those who do face obstacles to adoption we step back from the many good case studies to examine the broader story of improved cook stoves ics in india we do so by bringing together technical research of applied science and narrative critique of social science rather than assuming a priori that traditional stoves require replacement we ask why indian cook stoves been a magnet for so much attention why adoptions rates have remained low and what lessons might be learned from a broad multi disciplinary perspective our approach is critical and reflexive given our own involvement in ic efforts and puts gender at the center our big picture review shows that the indian chulha for all its problems is a remarkably successful technology which also satisfies several important household needs hence targeting this device for obsolescence has profound implications that cannot be reduced to energy consumption or environmental hazards rural women do not prioritize ics but addressing their priorities requires either capital intensive investment or challenging powerful institutions in contrast ic interventions are relatively cheap decentralized mechanical and seemingly apolitical hence their popularity in development programs our review of chulha research leads us to reject both the optimism of development planners who frame such problems as technical and the antagonistic pessimism of their critics searching for a middle ground requires stepping back from the dogma of efforts to improve biomass cook stoves

household fuel use in developing countries review of theory and evidence because of recent concerns about the negative externalities of traditional fuel use on the environment and health the issue of the household fuel transition in developing countries from dirty fuels towards clean fuels has received growing research attention this paper provides an up to date survey of the economic literature on household fuel use in these countries first we present the conceptual and theoretical frameworks then we discuss the empirical results that show how a wide range of factors drive the household fuel transition finally we suggest priorities for policy initiatives and highlight areas of future research

female labor force participation and household dependence on biomass energy evidence from national longitudinal data this research received financial support from the food policy institute at the australian national university

presidential politics budget deficits and monetary policy in the united states 1960 1976 this paper has focused on the extent to which the traditional tools of macroeconomic management in the united states monetary and fiscal policy have contributed to a political business cycle regardless of whether politicians can successfully influence real economic variables to their own ends the evidence presented here suggests that they tried and that they enjoyed some at least indirect aid from their independent monetary authorities in doing so several major conclusions emerge

the determinants of household energy demand in rural beijing can environmentally friendly technologies be effective with the recent rapid economic growth total energy demand in rural china has increased dramatically and the energy structure is in the transition from non commercial to commercial sources simultaneously it is expected that households in rural areas will face energy shortages and additional environmental problems unless they have more access to renewable energy technologies however little is known about i the transition of energy use patterns and ii whether introduced technologies have been effective to analyze these issues we estimated the energy demands of rural households by using survey data taken from beijing s ten suburban districts the data contain information on both non commercial and commercial energy use key characteristics of the households and several renewable energy technologies our empirical analysis yielded three main results first the per capita income is a key factor in the per capita energy consumption more specifically the marginal increase or marginal change in per capita coal consumption strongly diminishes or declines as per capita income increases second coal and liquefied petroleum gas lpg prices do not exhibit substitution effects but an increase in these prices has strong negative effects on the use of these energy resources third renewable energy technologies are identified to reduce coal consumption and to improve energy efficiency overall these findings suggest a positive perspective if the chinese government were to design appropriate policies associated with renewable energy technologies and related energy prices then coal consumption can be reduced in the near future and the substitution to cleaner energy use will accelerate therefore a smooth energy transition in rural china could be made in a more environmentally sustainable manner

household energy mix in uganda abstract this paper presents evidence that household energy use in uganda conforms to the energy ladder theory as household income increases solid and transitional fuel use evolves in an inverse u manner while electricity consumption shows a direct relationship with income public infrastructure provision income and education are the key variables which can be targeted to reduce household dependence on solid fuels while increasing non solid fuel use while education and public infrastructure have varying impacts on rural and urban households energy mix these variables generally reduce rudimentary fuel use and increase modern fuel consumption timely investment in electricity infrastructure is necessary to cater for burgeoning electricity demand as households become affluent strategies for reforestation dissemination of improved cookstoves relieving supply side constraints for modern fuels and staggered payment options to lower the cost of entry for modern fuels can improve ugandan households energy security

startup costs and the decision to switch from firewood to gas fuel firewood remains a key source of energy for households in developing countries contributing to forest degradation and deforestation the adoption of alternative fuels may be hindered by high startup costs and this problem may be compounded by restrictions in credit availability we use survey data to examine how credit access affects firewood consumption in guatemala our results suggest that access to credit plays a statistically significant role in determining firewood consumption through its effect on the ability to purchase a gas stove however simulations suggest that these effects are small and that subsidizing stoves would be amore promising policy for reducing firewood consumption

rising wages and energy consumption transition in rural china abstract residential energy consumption in rural china is undergoing a transition from traditional biomass energy to modern commercial energy this paper examines the impact of rising wage rates on energy consumption mix in rural china using a unique panel data set from our two round surveys of 409 rural households in 4 provinces the results show that the wage rate at the village level has a significant negative impact on traditional biomass energy consumption and significant positive effects on consumption of electricity and new renewable energy in rural china as traditional biomass energy is mainly collected with family labor and is relatively labor intensive an increase in rural wage rates would enhance the opportunity costs of traditional biomass energy leading to a reduction in biomass energy consumption continuously rising rural wage rates could accelerate the transition from biomass energy to electricity in rural areas these findings could have important policy implications not only for indoor air quality and environmental and health issues in rural areas but also for greater security in rural energy supply and policies to incentive farmers to better utilize biomass resource after harvest

household energy choice and consumption intensity empirical evidence from bhutan abstract this paper uses data from three bhutan living standard surveys blss 2003 blss 2007 and blss 2012 to examine the trends and patterns of household energy consumption and identify and analyze the factors that influence household energy choices consumption intensity and the per capita household expenditure on energy sources in bhutan during the last decade significant numbers of bhutanese households have switched to cleaner energy sources empirical results show that a household s choice of cleaner energy sources is driven by income level and household wealth the age gender and education of the household heads access to electricity and location education and income have a differential role on the choice of clean or dirty fuel wealthier and more educated households use and rely more on clean sources of energy like electricity and liquid petroleum gas while poorer households use and rely on dirty fuel such as fuelwood and kerosene the study shows that female headed households are more likely to choose cleaner fuels and above all the availability of a clean and cost effective source of energy within proximity to the household is an important factor in the adoption of clean energy several models using a variety of alternative independent variables such as proxies for education and wealth were estimated and confirmed the robustness of the results

emergy network analysis of chinese sectoral ecological sustainability abstract ecological sustainability of the chinese economy is vital for china as well as for the world by integrating environmental input output analysis emergy theory and a complex network model into one framework this paper explores chinese sectoral ecological sustainability with the most recent 2012 input output table the results show that there are significant differences in emergy intensities among sectors the non metal mining sector is the most emergy intensive sector at 6 06e 17 sej 10000 yuan followed by the metal mining sector additionally output connections have a positive impact on the emergy yield ratio input connections exert a negative impact on the emergy yield ratio and pagerank centrality has a positive effect on the environmental loading ratio this paper updates the chinese sectoral emergy assessment identifies key sectors in the chinese ecological network and analyzes the impact of network indicators on sectoral emergy performance these analyses will be useful in updating the guide for adjusting industrial structure in china

political instability and economic fluctuations in the republic of korea this paper investigates the interaction between political instability and economic fluctuations during the late president chung hee park s regime the timings and outcomes of the elections are juxtaposed with the phases of business cycles and analyzed since no korean data that are comparable to gallup poll popularity indices for the u s presidents exist indices to measure popular discontent with park s regime and to measure international tensions are devised these indices are statistically analyzed with economic indicators for the business cycles and with economic policy measures

the economic relevance of sustainable agroforestry practices an empirical analysis from tanzania abstract this paper investigates the economic relevance of sustainable behavior of agroforestry practices for smallholders using the example of firewood exploitation in rural tanzania three questions are addressed 1 to what extent do households behave sustainably regarding firewood extraction from agroforestry 2 which factors determine the likelihood of households practicing sustainable agroforestry 3 are sustainably behaving households better off in terms of income compared to households practicing unsustainable agroforestry the analysis is based on cross sectional data of 314 households a sustainability indicator shows that the share of sustainable households varies between 14 and 41 depending on the underlying wood growth rate the results of the logistic regression indicate that property rights regarding the ownership of agricultural land and environmental awareness increase the likelihood of sustainable firewood extraction empirical evidence from the quantile regression reveals that poorest households generate higher income if they extract firewood unsustainably the opposite is true for households of upper income percentiles thus the poor are likely to increase environmental degradation to generate more income causing a downward spiral of the poverty environment trap resulting in income losses in the long run households with a per capita income of 524 tzs or more manage their tree stocks sustainably

fuelling calorie intake decline household level evidence from rural india summary in india average calorie intake has declined even as real monthly expenditure has increased since cross sectional evidence suggests a positive relationship between the two variables the trend emerges as a major puzzle using household level data from four recent rounds of national sample survey data on consumption expenditure and a novel instrumental variable estimation strategy we find that rising expenditure on non food items is one of the factors that has led to the calorie intake decline we provide causal evidence for such a food budget squeeze in the case of one type of non food item viz expenditures on cooking fuel

the environmental impact of poverty evidence from firewood collection in rural nepal abstract we investigate determinants of household firewood collection in rural nepal using 1995 96 and 2002 3 world bank living standards measurement survey lsms data we incorporate village fixed effects endogenous censoring measurement error in living standards and heterogeneous effects of different household assets we find no evidence in favor of the poverty environment hypothesis the evidence for the environmental kuznets curve depends on the precise measure of living standards and time period studied firewood collections fall with a transition to modern occupations and rise with increasing population and household division the local interhousehold collection externality is negligible indicating that policy interventions are justified only by ecological considerations or nonlocal spillovers

unanticipated money and the political business cycle six different series of one period forecasts for money growth are generated for each year 1960 through 1984 the prediction errors are analyzed to see whet herthe authorities attempted to expand the economy in election years by unexpectedly raising money growth while there is no evidence of attempts to fool the public throughout the entire 1960 84 period such fooling may have been tried through 1974 it is speculated that the public discussion of expectations formation and of politicians motivations since then may have signaled officials that further attempts to mislead the public would be prohibitively costly copyright 1986 by ohio state university press

fiscal constraints and electoral manipulation in american social welfare a merican social welfare policy involves a politically significant fiscal interaction between short run pay as you go constraints and long run equilibrium constraints motivated by the contributory principle and the concept of actuarial soundness the fiscal constraints induce conflict between benefit recipients and payroll tax payers to support small election year reductions in payroll taxes means tested program benefits are slightly reduced in election years compared to non election year levels under similar economic conditions the existence of the constraints and of the election year changes is tested using a multivariate time series regression model of monthly transfer payments and contributions for social insurance during years 1948 87 short run dynamics arefound to be weakly incrementalist but otherwise the results support the argument extraordinary manipulations are identified during 1972 special technical features of the econometric analysis are a nonlinear dynamic specification robust generalized method of moments estimation and near cointegration

assessing the energy intensities of imports embodied energy intensities denote the amount of energy direct and indirect that is required to produce one unit of economic output these embodied energy intensities should include imports the energy intensities of imports are in most cases unknown and are therefore often neglected or assumed to be equal to the domestic energy intensities of similar products both assumptions introduce errors in the indigenously calculated embodied energy intensities this certainly applies to countries with a relatively high contribution of imports and a specific economic structure this article advocates to estimate the energy intensities of imports by means of the average energy intensities of the region in which the country is situated in this context different estimation procedures for the embodied energy intensities of imports are presented for a number of countries within oecd europe

effect of fuelwood scarcity and socio economic factors on household bio based energy use and energy substitution in rural ethiopia abstract in ethiopia biomass is predominantly utilized for household energy needs often using inefficient rudimentary stoves which cause adverse environmental and welfare effects this paper examined the contribution of biomass resources to rural household energy use and energy substitution the analysis applied the ordinary least square in the final stage estimation of fuelwood and overall biomass energy consumption by using predicted shadow prices the paper used tobit model to estimate charcoal and agricultural fuel consumption due to the presence of censoring an increase in fuelwood shadow price was associated with reduced household fuelwood consumption with price elasticity of 0 38 the cross price elasticity between fuelwood and agricultural fuels revealed no evidence of energy substitution which conforms to the findings of previous studies household access to electricity was associated with lower household biomass energy utilization but kerosene was not fuelwood substitute household energy use conformed to the fuel stacking or multiple fuel use concept but households preferred modern energy options as welfare increased in areas where modern energy is available this suggests that there is a promising prospect for fuel transition but access to modern energy and economic growth have key roles the findings suggest that a concerted policy effort is required that would help diversify rural livelihoods improve living standards and encourage economic growth encourage inter fuel substitution through improved modern energy access and afforestation to increase biomass supply

a ladder within a ladder understanding the factors influencing a household s domestic use of electricity in four african countries abstract according to the energy ladder hypothesis electricity is at the top of the energy ladder of household energy use that depends primarily on wealth status income and education levels of the users however it is often observed that households with higher income wealth and education levels do not use electricity for all domestic activities such as lighting heating and cooking creating a ladder within a ladder using a comprehensive data set from the living standard measurement study from four african countries ethiopia malawi tanzania and uganda covering 17 000 households this paper investigates the factors determining a household s adoption of electricity for lighting only and for lighting and cooking the results of a multinomial logit model and an ordered probit model show that demographic characteristics a household s wealth and human capital access to markets and remoteness greatly accelerate a household s use of electricity for light and cooking which provides evidence of a ladder within a ladder

an energy pricing scheme for the diffusion of decentralized renewable technology investment in developing countries the purpose of this paper is to investigate price support for market penetration of renewable energy in developing nations through a decentralized supply process we integrate the new decentralized energy support renewable premium tariff to analyze impacts of tariff incentives on the diffusion of renewable technology in senegal based on photovoltaic and wind technologies and an assessment of renewable energy resources in senegal an optimization technique is combined with a cash flow analysis to investigate investment decisions in renewable energy sector our findings indicate that this support mechanism could strengthen the sustainable deployment of renewable energy in remote areas of senegal although different payoffs emerged profits associated with a renewable premium tariff are the highest among the set of existing payoffs moreover in analyzing impacts of price incentives on social welfare we show that price tariffing schemes must be strategically scrutinized in order to minimize welfare loss associated with price incentives finally we argue that a sustainable promotion of incentive mechanisms supporting deployment of renewable technology in developing nations should be carried out under reliable institutional structures the additional advantage of the proposed methodology is its ability to integrate different stakeholders producers investors and consumers in the planning process

impacts of household income change on co2 emissions an empirical analysis of china abstract sustained increase in chinese household income has exerted positive impact on the consumption of goods and services this paper aims to analyze the unequal impacts of household consumption across different income households on the whole co2 emissions by utilizing a semi closed input output model and hypothetical extraction method the semi closed input output model moves household consumption activities into the intermediate use along with dividing urban and rural households to several groups by their income levels and the hypothetical extraction method hem is used to estimate the reductions of co2 emissions relative to total emissions after extracting the consumption of each household group the results show that 1 the impact on co2 emissions generated by urban households consumption are 1 8 times as much as that of rural ones 2 excluding consumption of higher income households from the economy would cause greater co2 emission reductions than lower ones specifically urban highest income households have the most relative reductions of co2 emissions which are 12 2 in 2007 and 13 8 in 2012 while for rural highest income households are 5 1 in 2007 and 5 1 in 2012 and urban and rural highest income households are respectively 3 8 and 1 8 times on the relative reductions of the lowest income ones 3 the relative reductions of household co2 emissions from food sectors is the most while from residence sectors is the least based on the above conclusions this paper puts forward consumption based policy implications

monetary policy signaling from the administration to the federal reserve this chapter employs the index of monetary policy signaling from the administration to the federal reserve safer that was developed in chapter two the safer index is a simple weekly sum of articles that appeared in the wall street journal in which administration officials expressed a desire for easier 1 or tighter 1 monetary policy a key assumption is that systematically over time the financial media capture the essence of communication that is going on between the executive branch and federal reserve officials 1 the signaling index is employed in ordinary least squares regressions for the period from january 1964 to november 1991 cumulative values of the safer index over a three week period as an explanatory variable are found to have a statistically significant effect on the average federal funds rate during the third week as the dependent variable further evidence suggests that the safer index is granger causal with respect to the federal funds rate after classifying the signals by sources within the administration oval office council of economic advisers treasury and other and unidentified sources it is shown that for the overall 1964 1991 period signals from the treasury department and from other and unidentified sources have a statistically significant effect on the federal funds rate while signals from the oval office and the council do not when the data are segmented according to who was the chairman of the federal reserve board at the time ordinary least squares results indicate that the federal reserve did not systematically respond to executive branch signaling in a statistically significant way when william mcchesney martin g william miller and alan greenspan were chairmen but did respond statistically significantly to administration signaling during portions of the periods during which arthur burns and paul volcker were chairmen

energy consumption in rural china a household model for three villages in jiangxi province abstract in china fuelwood and coal are the most important energy sources for rural households in poor areas along with population and economic growth excessive fuelwood collection is a major cause of deforestation burning coal contributes to environmental problems such as air pollution acid rain and greenhouse gas emissions the purpose of this article is to analyze factors determining choice of energy source and labor input into fuelwood collection in poor forest rich regions and to provide policy recommendations on ways to affect these choices to this end a nonseparable household model reflecting choices in labor allocation and energy demand of rural households is estimated from available data for three villages in a poor forest rich region in jiangxi province southeast china innovative aspects of this article are the analyses of factors driving household substitution between forest and non forest fuels and of dissimilarities in household responses under different market access conditions

the influence of energy efficiency on other natural resources use an input output perspective abstract energy efficiency improvements reduce the costs of energy services and under some circumstances increase the available income this generates an additional increase of consumption of goods and services that need additional energy to be produced distributed and consumed this effect is known as the indirect rebound effect in the literature however beyond this additional increase of global energy consumption there is also a variation of the use of other natural resources due to the same mechanism this effect which we label as direct and indirect cross rebound effect is generally not considered by academia nor policy making when designing and implementing energy policies this research conceptualizes this effect develops a methodology for its estimation and provides estimates for the spanish economy results show that an energy efficiency in households could increase the use of minerals and water while reducing the use of energy fossil fuels and metal ores in spain these reductions however are lower than the expected ones from an input output perspective leading to positive direct and indirect cross rebound effects between 64 6 and 74 7 for energy equivalent to direct and indirect rebound effect 48 63 for fossil fuels 84 89 for metal ores backfire for non metallic minerals 147 134 and extreme backfire for water 1191 1628

application of an almost ideal demand system aids to ethiopian rural residential energy use panel data evidence abstract it is well known that poor rural households in low income economies are reliant on traditional fuels to meet basic domestic energy needs but little is known about the specific underlying socio economic drivers of residential fuel choices in ethiopia i used the linear approximation almost ideal demand system laaids with normalized prices to compute expenditure elasticity and a multinomial logit model mlm to examine household fuel use the laaids model result showed that expenditure was elastic for modern fuels but inelastic for traditional fuels regression results from the mlm indicated that fuel choice behaviour of rural households could be more accurately described as fuel stacking behaviour as opposed to the energy ladder hypothesis in rural areas household fuel choice may be constrained by limited access to commercial fuels and efficient cook stoves supply dependency and affordability consumer preferences and a web of other intricate factors rural households had less incentive for fuel switching due to underlying factors and the availability of fuel wood without direct financial cost with continued deforestation and receding forests households are expected to develop inter fuel substitution and switching behaviour conditional on access to modern energy technologies

is there a dead spot new evidence on fomc decisions before elections using new data that chronicle the fed s internal forecast of the output gap from 1973 to 1998 this paper tests for an electoral cycle in the decisions of the federal open market committee fomc the paper provides evidence of a dead spot in the committee s decisions before presidential elections for given values of these internal forecasts the fomc is less likely to decide to tighten monetary policy in the year preceding a presidential election than at other times

how does the implementation of the policy of electricity substitution influence green economic growth in china abstract to promote the level of electrification reduce environmental pollution and achieve the goal of clean energy usage and green economic growth in china the national development and reform commission and other eight departments jointly issued and implemented the policy of electricity substitution in 2016 electricity substitution aims to replace traditional fossil fuels such as coal and fuel oil with clean electric energy in different fields e g industry transportation and construction and deal with the pollutants at power generation however we still need to find out the exact impact of the policy of electricity substitution on energy saving and emission reduction in this paper we estimate the economically feasible increment of electricity demand according to different classifications in electricity substitution technology furthermore based on the input output model we discuss the relative influence of the policy of lectricity substitution the main conclusions are first the policy of electricity substitution alone is not adequate to reduce the dependence on fossil energy and environmental pollution under china s current power generation structure we should also increase the use of renewable energy second the power sector plays a leading role in stimulating economic output and the increasing electricity consumption due to the policy of electricity substitution can boost the green development of china s economy

examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities part 1 a technical note on combining input output and ecological footprint analysis in recent years there have been a number of attempts to develop a more comprehensive approach to the issue of measuring resource use and or pollution generation embodied in trade flows including contributions that combine input output techniques and ecological footprint analysis in this two part paper we describe how to enumerate the resource and or pollution content of inter regional and inter national trade flows part 1 and we present a literature review of recent methodological and empirical developments part 2 it is straightforward in principle to extend the basic input output approach to capture international trade flows however in practice problems of data availability and compatibility and of computability of extended input output matrices mean that simplifying assumptions are generally applied but with the implications of these assumptions often not made fully explicit what appears to be absent from previous applications is an account of the analytical method by which ecological footprints should ideally be estimated in an international input output accounting analysis this allows an explicit analysis of the problems that prevent the application of the full method and identification of the most appropriate short cut methods in a transparent way the objective of this paper is to provide such an account

eroi of different fuels and the implications for society abstract all forms of economic production and exchange involve the use of energy directly and in the transformation of materials until recently cheap and seemingly limitless fossil energy has allowed most of society to ignore the importance of contributions to the economic process from the biophysical world as well as the potential limits to growth this paper centers on assessing the energy costs of modern day society and its relation to gdp our most important focus is the characteristics of our major energy sources including each fuel s energy return on investment eroi the eroi of our most important fuels is declining and most renewable and non conventional energy alternatives have substantially lower eroi values than traditional conventional fossil fuels at the societal level declining eroi means that an increasing proportion of energy output and economic activity must be diverted to attaining the energy needed to run an economy leaving less discretionary funds available for non essential purchases which often drive growth the declining eroi of traditional fossil fuel energy sources and the effect of that on the world economy are likely to result in a myriad of consequences most of which will not be perceived as good

modeling the choice to switch from fuelwood to electricity implications for giant panda habitat conservation despite its status as a nature reserve wolong nature reserve china has experienced continued loss of giant panda habitat due to human activities such as fuelwood collection electricity though available throughout wolong has not replaced fuelwood as an energy source we used stated preference data obtained from in person interviews to estimate a random utility model of the choice of adopting electricity for cooking and heating willingness to switch to electricity was explained by demographic and electricity factors price voltage and outage frequency in addition to price nonprice factors such as voltage and outage frequency significantly affect the demand thus lowering electricity prices and increasing electricity quality would encourage local residents to switch from fuelwood to electricity and should be considered in the mix of policies to promote conservation of panda habitat 2002 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

political models of the business cycle should be revived political models of the business cycle have typically been ignored because they appear inconsistent with rational behavior and because empirical evidence is inconclusive this paper addresses the second issue demonstrating for u s real gnp unemployment and inflation that electoral cycles persistent patterns across electoral terms are significant but apparently only for republican incumbents and that partisan cycles persistent differences between parties are also significant these findings are consistent with the conjecture that a minority party is more constrained by electoral concerns whereas a majority party is freer to pursue partisan objectives

the congress and fiscal policy although the common belief is that the congress has paid little attention to fiscal policy the same kinds of political economic models which have been used to explain presidential budgetary policy may be used equally well to explain congressional budgetary behavior the congress fiscal policy appears to be systematically sensitive to both economic and political factors changes in the unemployment rate have a major impact on congressional budgetary policy as for political factors the president s lead is followed most closely on revenue proposals and not at all on the expenditure side the electoral cycle in particular the off year congressional election year is also important inducing larger deficits and smaller increases in revenues

quo vadis mrio methodological data and institutional requirements for multi region input output analysis abstract in order to understand wider sustainability impacts of consumption and to successfully promote and implement sustainable consumption and production policies there is a need to capture the whole life cycle impact of products and services across international supply chains multi region input output mrio databases are a well described and suitable foundation for global sustainability analyses addressing a wide range of policy and research questions in this paper we reflect on the reasons for the recent boom in mrio compilation summarise the current state of development and discuss future options for mrio analysis we list in detail the requirements for efficient and effective mrio research and propose systemic and institutional changes we deliberately try to go beyond existing ambitions for mrio compilation and thus intend to stimulate discussion and to lay out the options for the future of mrio research

monetary policy and presidential elections a nonpartisan political cycle this paper develops a federal reserve reaction function which relates policy intentions to forecasts of policy objectives pre and postpresidential election estimates of this reaction function for the post accord period of 1953 1984 suggest two conclusions

presidential elections and federal reserve policy an empirical test traditional macro economic models of federal reserve fed behavior typically assume that the fed enjoys a well defined objective function based on social welfare and generally predict counter cyclical monetary policy the increasing observation of procyclical monetary policy has led many researchers to investigate new models of fed behavior several recent papers imply that procyclical fed behavior is due to a lack of political accountability friedman 7 toma 23 and shughart and tollison 21 all attribute considerable bureaucratic discretion to the fed and seek to explain monetary policy by examining typical bureaucratic objectives other papers such as pierce 19 20 weintraub 26 and kane 10 11 argue that the fed operates in an arena filled with political constraints that cause sub optimal monetary policy but these constraints are not modeled explicitly one possible political constraint on fed behavior is the incumbent president s desire for re election in the political business cycle pbc literature presidential re election opportunities are enhanced by the production of a precise set of inflation and unemployment outcomes leading up to the election thus to the extent that presidents desire cyclical macro economic outcomes there will be executive pressure on the fed to create or accommodate such outcomes the effect this pressure will have on fed policy is ultimately an empirical question but most models deal with it by assumption traditional macro modeling assumes a zero effect while the pbc models implicitly assume that a favorable election cycle is a primary goal of all economic policymakers this paper examines presidential influence on the federal reserve by testing for an election cycle in money growth the major result is the identification of a regular 16 quarter cycle in money growth corresponding with presidential elections this cyclical effect is found to be stable over time and significant under a wide range of model specifications further when the cyclical component of money growth is used to simulate a simple macro model it produces a classic political business cycle in inflation and real output growth

elections and the fed is there a political monetary cycle to understand the political causes of macroeconomic policy it is necessary to examine the institutions that actually make such policy and the incentives those institutions face an explanation of the political causes of united states monetary policy must treat the various institutions that are influential in the monetary policy process which are at a minimum the federal reserve fed and the executive including the president the treasury department and other advisors in the executive office of the president the reelection motive has proven useful in modeling presidential incentives in this article i investigate whether electoral incentives associated with the theory of the political business cycle pbc can help to explain the behavior of the fed over the last quarter century the political business cycle has had a curious hold on modern political economy while the empirical evidence in favor of the cycle is far from overwhelming its theoretical importance leads to continuing empirical

household energy choices and fuelwood consumption an econometric approach using french data this study proposes an econometric analysis of household fuelwood demand in france the choice concerning the energy used for heating is modeled stressing the combination between one type of energy used as a main source and another one used as a back up this endogenous decision has an impact on fuelwood consumption and is taken into account to avoid biased estimates of price and income elasticities the results show that the choice of energy mix is determined by the income and the socio economic characteristics of households and that fuelwood consumption is price sensitive in the case where wood is the main source of energy

quantifying the global and distributional aspects of american household carbon footprint abstract analysis of household consumption and its environmental impact remains one of the most important topics in sustainability research nevertheless much past and recent work has focused on domestic national averages neglecting both the growing importance of international trade on household carbon footprint and the variation between households of different income levels and demographics using consumer expenditure surveys and multi country life cycle assessment techniques this paper analyzes the global and distributional aspects of american household carbon footprint we find that due to recently increased international trade 30 of total us household co 2 impact in 2004 occurred outside the us further households vary considerably in their co 2 responsibilities at least a factor of ten difference exists between low and high impact households with total household income and expenditure being the best predictors of both domestic and international portions of the total co 2 impact the global location of emissions which cannot be calculated using standard input output analysis and the variation of household impacts with income have important ramifications for polices designed to lower consumer impacts on climate change such as carbon taxes the effectiveness and fairness of such policies hinges on a proper understanding of how income distributions rebound effects and international trade affect them

food versus fuel examining tradeoffs in the allocation of biomass energy sources to domestic and productive uses in ethiopia rural households in ethiopia have limited options to meet their domestic energy needs because they lack access to modern fuels and technologies domestic use of certain fuel sources such as cow dung can hinder agricultural outcomes and productivity this article explores the tradeoffs between domestic and productive uses of biomass energy sources in the nile basin of ethiopia using a nonseparable farm household model where labor allocation to energy collection and farming are analyzed simultaneously we estimate a system of five structural equations using three stage least squares and find that the use of dung as a domestic fuel source has negative implications for the value of harvested crops while use of on farm fuelwood is associated with increased value of agricultural output on farm production of fuelwood appears to increase the value of crop output and provide labor savings by making fuelwood collection more convenient for households policy interventions to support the expansion of agroforestry and increase access to new energy efficient technologies are needed to ensure that agricultural productivity can be both increased and sustained

interaction between central bank behaviour and fiscal policy the us case federal reserve behaviour is analysed using a model which incorporates an effect an effect of iscal pressure on monetary policy formulation incentive structures are hypothesized to be such that the central bank plans over a longer horizan than that relevant to the administration with the cyclically adjusted deficit proxying for fiscal pressure from the administration the response to the deficit then plays an interactive role in affecting the trade off weights applied to the competing goals of monetary policy the model performs well for the usa and provides a pattern of policy that is stable over the full 1961ndash 83 period

the federal reserve s response to aggregate demand and aggregate supply shocks evidence of a partisan political cycle the orthodox approach to modeling the fed s response to economic conditions is to employ a monetary policy reaction function most reaction functions are estimated by regressing a policy indicator possibly the federal funds rate or a monetary aggregate on variables that describe the state of the economy such as unemployment inflation and growth in output under certain conditions which we discuss below estimated coefficients from a reaction function provide information about the fed s monetary policy priorities moreover extending the model to include election and partisan dummy variables may provide information about the fed s response to political pressures there are two problems with interpreting the coefficients in a standard reaction function as the weights that the fed attaches to its policy objectives first the monetary policy decision may not be represented accurately by an aggregate reaction function one that models the fed as a whole because there are twelve voting members on the fomc chappell havrilesky and mcgregor 10 have recently addressed this issue by employing a disaggregated set of reaction functions the second problem with interpreting reaction function coefficients as the weights the fed places on its policy objectives is that this interpretation implicitly assumes structural stability of the underlying macroeconomy abrams froyen and waud 1 31 acknowledge this shortcoming when they state coefficients from estimated reaction functions do not provide direct information on policymaker utility functions rather than being the solution to an unconstrained optimization dependent only on policymaker preferences reaction functions are the output of a constrained maximization where the constraints are the reduced form equations that characterize

factors determining household use of clean and renewable energy sources for lighting in sub saharan africa abstract the purpose of the current research is to examine the factors that influence household use of determinants of renewable and clean energy sources used for lighting purposes in africa using the data from the living standard measurement study lsms from three african countries ethiopia tanzania and malawi for this purpose the paper uses multinomial logit and ordered probit econometrics models the descriptive analysis reveals that rural households are dependent largely on kerosene and batteries for lighting their houses while electricity and batteries form a major source of energy for lighting urban households a small fraction of households uses solid fuels and solar as their source of energy for lighting econometric results show that female headed households are likely to adopt clean and renewable sources of energy compared to male headed households wealthier and more educated households are found to use electricity and solar energy for lighting while poorer households tend to use kerosene batteries and solid fuels empirical results indicated that the ethiopian households followed by malawian households are more likely to use clean sources of energy compared to tanzanian households