estimates of the returns to quality and coauthorship in economic academia salaries of academic economists are studied to determine if individuals receive differential returns to publishing articles of varying quality and to coauthored versus single authored articles estimates based on detailed data and a flexible nonlinear least squares procedure indicate that substantial returns to quality exist and that an individual s return from a coauthored paper with n authors is approximately 1 n times that of a single authored paper

formulating research policy on expert advice abstract national research assessments represent the principal policy used by countries with public university systems to improve the quality of their universities research they typically employ expert panels of local academics to assess journal quality and use such assessments to reward publications we propose a model of how experts assess quality and test this model using data from the recent australian assessment controlling for objective quality we show that experts cognitive biases dominate their assessments consequently such assessments exaggerate the quality of the experts research and understate that of their colleagues our model can explain 95 of the variation in assessments

effectiveness of fertilizer policy reforms to enhance food security in kenya a macro micro simulation analysis food security represents a key challenge in most sub saharan african countries and in kenya in particular where still a relevant share of the population lives below a minimum dietary energy consump

what are the top five journals in economics a new meta ranking abstractwe construct a meta ranking of 277 economics journals based on 22 different rankings the ranking incorporates bibliometric indicators from four different databases web of science scopus google scholar and repec we account for the different scaling of the bibliometric indicators by standardizing each ranking score we run a principal component analysis to assign weights to each ranking in our meta ranking the top five journals are given by quarterly journal of economics journal of financial economics journal of economic literature jel journal of finance and econometrica additionally leaving out the jel as a survey journal and the finance journals in our top 10 list we confirm the perceived top five journals in the economics profession

economic mobility and poverty dynamics in developing countries this study provides an introduction to this special issue of the journal of development studies on economic mobility and poverty dynamics in developing countries in addition to providing a conceptual framework it outlines how the contributions fit into the extant literature a series of regularities emerge across these studies the poor consist of those who are always poor poor at all dates and those who move in and out of poverty with the latter group tending to be strikingly large such movements in and out of poverty are apparent when looking at poverty in either absolute or relative terms changes in returns to endowments can be a potent source of increased incomes finally seemingly transitory shocks can have long term consequences the study concludes by drawing out the policy implications of these regularities

citations and incentives in academic contests i consider a contest between scholars on the basis of three popular indices of citation there exist equilibria in which there are more and better quality papers in the total citations contest than in the h index contest in some cases the total citations contest yields the same quality of papers but more papers than the euclidean contest as the cost of writing a paper increases the h index is inferior to the total citations index in both the quality and quantity of papers this result is partly driven by how the number of papers constrains how the h index counts citations jel d72

where are the economists who publish publication concentration and rankings in europe based on cumulative publications we measure the past production of research articles by current members of european economics institutions all econlit journals are used weighted to reflect differences in quality both a long 1971 2000 and a short 1996 2000 time period are considered we also provide production indices that take into account the authors career length the total output of each research center is measured as well as its production per member the focus is on 600 centers from eighteen european countries eu 14 israel norway switzerland and turkey european centers are compared to the top sixty u s economics departments statistics regarding the concentration of article production across researchers institutions and countries are provided as well as on publication habits jel a14 l11 r32

rankings methodology for international comparisons of institutions and individuals an application to economics in australia and new zealand abstract the objectives of this paper are threefold first we critically survey and analyse the different methodologies that have been adopted in the rankings literature second using journal articles included in the econlit database and on the basis of two criteria one based on citations and the other on perceptions of journal quality we rank economics teaching departments in australia and new zealand for 1988 2002 and 1996 2002 and for individual academic economists for the periods 1988 2002 1988 1995 and 1996 2002 furthermore we identify individual star performers and recognize them in a designated hall of fame for 1988 2002 third our methodology enables us to make international comparisons on total and per capita bases previous multi country ranking studies in economics do not rank economics departments they provide rankings based on total publications in economics in universities regardless of whether the economists are in the economics departments or in other departments thus no rankings on per capita bases are provided we correct this shortcoming by providing total and per capita rankings and analysing the correlations between total and per capita rankings this is the first study to examine whether the size of the economics department matters with regard to productivity

imperfect information and the business cycle imperfect information has played a prominent role in modern business cycle theory this paper assesses its importance by estimating the new keynesian nk model under alternative informational assumptions one version focuses on confusion between temporary and persistent disturbances another on unobserved variation in the inflation target of the central bank a third on persistent mis perceptions of the state of the economy measurement error and a fourth assumes perfect information the standard nk dsge version imperfect information is found to contain considerable explanatory power for business fluctuations signal extraction seems to provide a conceptually satisfactory empirically plausible and quantitatively important business cycle mechanism

distributional effects of wto agricultural reforms in rich and poor countries rich countries agricultural trade policies are the battleground on which the future of the wto s troubled doha round will be determined subject to widespread criticism they nonetheless appear to be almost immune to serious reform and one of their most common defenses is that they protect poor farmers the authors findings reject this claim the analysis uses detailed data on farm incomes to show that major commodity programs are highly regressive in the united states and that the only serious losses under trade reform are among large wealthy farmers in a few heavily protected subsectors in contrast analysis using household data from 15 developing countries indicates that reforming rich countries agricultural trade policies would lift large numbers of developing country farm households out of poverty in the majority of cases these gains are not outweighed by the poverty increasing effects of higher food prices among other households agricultural reforms that appear feasible even under an ambitious doha round achieve only a fraction of the benefits for developing countries that full liberalization promises but protect u s large farms from most of the rigors of adjustment finally the analysis indicates that maximal trade led poverty reductions occur when developing countries participate more fully in agricultural trade liberalization

withering government spending multipliers the empirical literature has documented a weakening of the consumption and output responses to an increase in government spending during the last thirty years we show that a new keynesian model in which real government spending is observed with measurement errors can account for the reduction in the size of government spending multipliers the model implies consistent with empirical evidence presented by ilzeki et al 2009 that the evolution of monetary policy and greater globalization increasing international trade and decreasing capital controls are key factors in this development

does trade liberalization promote regional disparities evidence from a multiregional cge model of india summary over last few decades there has been a growing interest among researchers in understanding the link between trade liberalization and regional disparities within the context of an individual country in this study we develop the first ever single country multiregional computable general equilibrium cge model for the indian economy to investigate this linkage overall our results suggest that in the short run trade liberalization has a beneficial impact on the rich and fast growing middle income states and a marginal or negative impact on the poor states

monetary misperceptions output and inflation dynamics we revisit the contribution of misperceived money to business cycles and in particular to the inertial dynamics of inflation following a monetary policy shock we establish three things first the difference between preliminary and revised money data captures monetary misperceptions well second misperceived money is quantitatively substantial and also matters significantly for economic activity and third imperfect information about monetary aggregates can help the standard nk model exhibit inertial inflation dynamics

do central banks respond to exchange rate movements a structural investigation abstract we estimate a small scale structural general equilibrium model of a small open economy using bayesian methods our main focus is the conduct of monetary policy in australia canada new zealand and the uk we consider generic taylor type rules where the monetary authority reacts in response to output inflation and exchange rate movements we perform posterior odds tests to investigate the hypothesis whether central banks do target exchange rates the main result of this paper is that the central banks of australia and new zealand do not whereas the bank of canada and the bank of england do include the nominal exchange rate in its policy rule this result is robust for various specification of the policy rule we also find that terms of trade movements do not contribute significantly to domestic business cycles

the uk research assessment exercise and the narrowing of uk economics the aim of this paper is to delineate an empirically grounded structure causal going concern recursive model of uk economics that in the context of the rae and local department decision making explains the progressive elimination of heterodox economics the progressive homogenization of mainstream economics from 1992 to the present and the continued rise to dominance of a select group of departments and indicates whether these regularities will continue under the research excellence framework selectivity exercise in 2014

china s uneven progress against poverty while the incidence of extreme poverty in china fell dramatically over 1980 2001 progress was uneven over time and across provinces rural areas accounted for the bulk of the gains to the poor though migration to urban areas helped the pattern of growth mattered rural economic growth was far more important to national poverty reduction than urban economic growth agriculture played a far more important role than the secondary or tertiary sources of gross domestic product gdp rising inequality within the rural sector greatly slowed poverty reduction provinces starting with relatively high inequality saw slower progress against poverty due both to lower growth and a lower growth elasticity of poverty reduction taxation of farmers and inflation hurt the poor external trade had little short term impact

monetary policy in open economies abstract the recent literature on monetary policy in open economies has produced a strong presumption in favor of activistic policy and flexible exchange rates we argue that this result may owe much to the combination of two commonly made assumptions that nominal goods prices are rigid and that the monetary authorities have a lot of information about the economy when the source of nominal rigidity is found in wages and monetary policy is conducted according to less information demanding rules such as a standard interest rate rule policies that stabilize the money supply or the nominal exchange rate may perform better

ranking economics journals economics departments and economists using teaching focused research productivity author affiliation melody lo college of business university of texas at san antonio san antonio tx 78249 usa melody lo utsa edumc sunny wong department of economics university of san francisco san francisco ca 94117 usa mwong11 usfca edufranklin g mixon jr department of economics auburn university auburn al 36849 usa fmixon comcast net corresponding author acknowledgment the authors thank two anonymous referees of this journal john pepper and charles sawyer for helpful comments we thank helen au yeung subhashish sengupta and augustina pesci gonzalez for collecting the data used in this study the usual caveat applies 1 introductionprevious studies have accurately asserted that rankings of economists research output and economics departments can be just as important to academic economists as the espn football poll is to college football coaches gibbons and fish 1991 mixon and upadhyaya 2001 as a result of this importance economists have produced a substantial amount of research on individual department and journal rankings over the past 30 years much of this literature stream has examined the productivity of traditional forms of economics research in order to rank economists and institutions this study constructs new rankings of economics journals economics departments and economists that are based on i a tabulation of citations to economic education articles published in the economics literature since 1991 and ii a tabulation of the number of economic education articles and pages published since 1991 1 given this methodology our ranking emphasizes teaching focused research thus our construct offers an interesting alternative to economics journal department and faculty rankings that is based on the productivity of traditional types of economics research 2 journal ranking methodology and resultsto construct our teaching focused research ranking of economics journals departments and faculty we examined published articles that list one or more of the economic education classification codes from the journal of economic literature hereafter jel a200 a290 the jel redefined its classification codes for indexing economics research in 1991 so our ranking construct includes all jel classified journal articles in economic education from 1991 through april 2005 overall there are 1535 articles within our time frame table 1 lists the top 20 economics journals with regard to the quantity of production of economic education research of course some journals specialize in this area of economics research e g journal of economic education jee while others publish only an occasional piece in the genre e g economic inquiry ei thus the ranking in table 1 reflects this element at the top of the list with 429 articles since 1991 is the jee the american economic review aer is ranked fifth 54 articles while the journal of economic perspectives jep is 13th 24 articles a few well known regional associations general journals are also in the top 20 among these are the southern economic journal sej in seventh place 34 articles and ei in 16th place 16 articles table 1 teaching focused research productivity based on numbers of articles published top 20 economics journals table omitted see article image to account for the relative importance of economics journals in the field of economic education we first tabulate the number of economic education articles that are contained in the social sciences citation index ssci for each journal a total of 831 of the 1535 articles published since 1991 that list the jel codes for economic education are contained in the ssci next we identified the importance of journals in the field of economic education by examining total citations as well as total citations per article received by a journal s economic education articles published since 1991

the theory of taxation for developing countries tax policy has far reaching implications for economic development and public administration this book which presents a modern theory of public finance brings together many of the most distinguished economists who have written on the subject they provide coherent principles for tax design and a systematic framework for the analysis of practical questions of tax reform and pricing policy in developing countries the book is especially timely as countries experience increasing shortages of government revenue and the distortions brought about by poorly designed tax systems it pays particular attention to the special problems of developing countries such as the taxation of agriculture the aim throughout is to develop techniques that can be quantitatively applied given the data available and empirical case studies illustrate the methods in action the authors analyze the links between tax theory social cost benefit analysis and the pricing of publicly supplied goods and services they also explore the empirical and econometric problems of identifying the tradeoffs between equity and efficiency other topics treated include the analysis of labor markets the taxation of foreign private investment and of fuel and the pricing of education although the models used concentrate on developing countries most of the methods and discussion apply as well to the problems of more affluent countries

assessing the impact of unilateral trade policies eba and agoa on african beneficiaries exports using matching econometrics the existing literature studying the impact of non reciprocal preferential trade agreements nrptas assumes implicitly nrptas are non randomly assigned without showing the evidence of that using a matching methodology this paper investigates whether the african growth and opportunity act agoa and the everything but arms eba unilateral trade concessions have had an impact and in what magnitude on the exports of african beneficiary countries in the light of the evidence of the non random nature endogeneity of nrptas methodologically previous studies using the matching procedure focused on bi or multilateral trade agreements our work focuses on nrptas that depend only on donors conditions accordingly we show that for nrptas gravity covariates cannot be used for the matching procedure we propose to use political variables as determinants for obtaining non reciprocal trade preferences in order to address the endogenous nature of nrpta assignment our main results confirm that a country becomes eligible for a nrpta only when it meets certain conditions defined by their donors such as political stability and economic regulation for agoa and freedom of expression and human development for eba results also show that both agoa and eba policies have had a positive impact on african beneficiary countries exports to nrpta s providers even if the magnitude impact of eba is significantly lower than that of agoa

an updated ranking of academic journals in economics we conduct an update of the ranking of economic journals by kalaitzidakis mamuneas and stengos 2003 however our present study differs methodologically from that earlier study in an important dimension we use a rolling window of years between 2003 and 2008 for each year counting the number of citations of articles published in the previous ten years this allows us to obtain a smoother longer view of the evolution of rankings in the period under consideration and avoid the inherent randomness that may exist at any particular year using this framework we proceed to examine the relative ranking of the canadian journal of economics over time we find the canadian journal managed not only to maintain its relative position but to also improve it over time

negative returns to seniority new evidence in academic markets recent research has suggested that the long observed negative association between seniority and pay among college faculty largely reflects below average research productivity of senior faculty a possibility that most earlier studies did not examine overlooked in both waves of studies however is match quality because the higher quality of the faculty institutional match implied by higher seniority should all else equal result in higher salaries failure to account for match quality inflates the estimated returns to seniority indeed that positive bias the authors find is roughly equal in magnitude to the negative bias caused by failure to account for research quantity and quality when they account for both match quality and faculty research productivity in an analysis of data on economics faculty at five research universities over a 21 year period the authors estimate that holding experience and other factors constant the penalty for twenty years of seniority is 16 of salary

a macro micro analysis of the effects of electricity reform in senegal on poverty and distribution abstract this paper uses a computable general equilibrium cge macro micro model to explore the distributional effects of price reform in the electricity sector of senegal in the first part of the paper we analyse the distribution of electricity in senegal by income quintiles between 1995 and 2001 the analysis demonstrates that poor and rural households are not the main beneficiaries of the expanded network the results of the cge model show that direct price effects are weaker than general equilibrium effects on poverty and inequality moreover compensatory policies tested can help attenuate some adverse effects

consumption government spending and the real exchange rate using panel structural var analysis and quarterly data from four industrialized countries we document that an increase in government purchases raises output and private consumption deteriorates the trade balance and depreciates the real exchange rate this pattern of comovement poses a puzzle for both neoclassical and keynesian models an explanation based on the deep habit mechanism is proposed an estimated two country model with deep habits is shown to replicate well the observed responses of output consumption and the trade balance and the initial response of the real exchange rate to an estimated government spending shock

grading journals in economics the abcs of the abdc many institutions and governments grade academic journals for the evaluation of research in this paper we implement a multi bibliometric methodology for the evaluation of such a list of journal grades we examine the grades assigned by the australian business deans council abdc for over 750 journals in the fields of economics and statistics firstly we generate up to 48 bibliometric based grades for each journal based on the grade distribution implied by the abdc secondly we categorize the bibliometrics employing a cluster analysis of an interrater agreement statistic thirdly we present a visualization of the consistency of the grading by journal finally we list those journals where the majority of the matched bibliometrics indicate a higher or lower grade than their abdc grade

ranking economics departments worldwide on the basis of phd placement an objective ranking of economics departments worldwide in terms of graduate education is derived the central idea is that the value of a department is the sum of the values of its phd graduates as reflected in the values of their current employing departments the scores are thus derived as solutions to a linear system of simultaneous equations in the values the sample includes the top fifty four departments the composition of which is determined endogenously using a criterion requiring a minimum of four placements in the departments comprising the sample two other related rankings are proposed which place more emphasis on more recent faculty recruitments the results point to a very high concentration in the economics phd education market worldwide confirming the dominance of the top u s departments in particular of harvard and m i t nevertheless a modest de concentration trend is under way the rankings are in close agreement with the 1994 national research council survey ranking based on the perceived quality of phd programs

are preliminary announcements of the money stock rational forecasts abstract we develop a theoretical framework of analyzing preliminary announcements of economic data and then apply this framework to the money stock we find that preliminary announcements of the money stock are best characterized as measured with classical errors in variables that is the revision is not correlated with the true value of the series the revision is however forecastable using information available at the time of the preliminary announcement our ability to forecast the revision implies that preliminary announcements are not rational estimates of the true money stock

how do journal quality co authorship and author order affect agricultural economists salaries utilizing an original data set containing annual salaries and peer reviewed publication histories for 326 faculty members from top ranked ph d granting programs we examine the labor market for academic agricultural economists the results suggest that higher quality publications have a greater impact on annual earnings that sole authored articles have a higher return than multi authored articles and that no wage premium exists for being the lead author of a non alphabetic article

reducing fuel subsidies and the implication on fiscal balance and poverty in indonesia a simulation analysis abstract there is an urgent need for phasing out fuel subsidies in indonesia due to a severe budget deficit and a worsening of income distribution fuel subsidies of which almost 72 are enjoyed by the 30 of the richest income groups have consumed on average 63 8 of the total subsidies between 1998 and 2013 this paper aims at evaluating the relationship between existing fuel subsidies and fiscal balance and at analysing the poverty impact of phasing out fuel subsidies applying a cge microsimulation this study found that removing 25 of fuel subsidies increases the incidence of poverty by 0 259 percentage points if this money were fully allocated to government spending the poverty incidence would decrease by 0 27 percentage points moreover the 100 removal of fuel subsidies and the reallocation of 50 of them to government spending transfers and other subsidies could decrease the incidence of poverty by 0 277 percentage points however these reallocation policies might not be effective in compensating for the adverse impacts of the 100 removal of fuel subsidies if economic agents try to seek profit through mark up pricing over the increase of production costs

reputation and earnings the roles of quality and quantity in academe we examine the determinants of professional reputation does quantity of exposures raise reputation independent of quality does quality of the most important exposure have extra effects on reputation in a very large sample of academic economists there is little evidence that a scholar s most influential work provides any extra enhancement of reputation quality rankings matter more than absolute quality quantity has a zero or even negative effect on proxies for reputation data on salaries however show positive effects of quantity independent of quality we test explanations for the differences between the determinants of reputation and salary jel l14 j31

indicator variables for optimal policy the optimal weights on indicators in models with partial information about the state of the economy and forward looking variables are derived and interpreted both for equilibria under discretion and under commitment an example of optimal monetary policy with a partially observable potential output and a forward looking indicator is examined the optimal response to the optimal estimate of potential output displays certainty equivalence whereas the optimal response to the imperfect observation of output depends on the noise in this observation

scholarships citations and salaries economic rewards in economics while substantial attention has been paid to the determinants of academics earnings 5 7 8 14 15 this literature has by implication suggested that the mere fact of having spent more time in the profession and the publication of more scholarly articles and books are the major determinants of salary differences our purpose here is to introduce a new determinant the quality of one s scholarly research measured by the frequency of references to that work as an additional objective measure of productivity we expect that this proxy for the extent of a scholar s influence on the work of other researchers is rewarded by the market in addition to giving a more complete picture of the determination of salaries in academic labor markets our approach should be useful in establishing a better framework for the evaluation of issues of discrimination in such markets than has been presented before 2 9

innis lecture equity and equality is horizontal equity he the most widely accepted principle of equity or does it stand in opposition to the advancement of human welfare this paper argues that the case for the he principle is not as straightforward as is usually thought and that it requires advanced notions of justice and well being the most likely ethical basis for he appears to combine a rawlsian maximin principle and a view of well being that allows for relative local comparison effects the paper also explores some of the dimensions of equality and well being along which the he principle can be applied and presents a number of examples showing how he considerations can provide an important input into policy analysis le principe d d equite horizontale he constitue t il le principe ethique le plus largement admis ou est il un frein a l avancement du bien etre cet article explique pourquoi les assises ethiques du principe d eh ne sont pas aussi claires qu il est parfois suggere et demontre que ce principe fait plutot appel a des notions avancees de justice et de bien etre les assises morales les plus susceptibles d appuyer le principe d eh semblent combiner un argument de type maximin rawlsien et une perspective du bien etre qui tient compte des effets locaux relatifs de comparaison le papier explore egalement certaines des dimensions de l egalite et du auxquelles le principe d eh peut etre applique et presente un certain nombre d exemples montrant en quoi de considerations de type eh peuvent influencer l analyse de politiques

gender and the consulting academic economist we surveyed academic economists on their experiences and perceptions of legal consulting nearly two thirds have consulting experience and 40 have consulted within the last 5 years base hourly rates average 244 with a median of 200 women are less likely than men to have served as consultants and charge lower rates than comparable men but there are few differences by gender in willingness to consult women report substantially more negative bias and are less likely to consult in complex cases or to have a high profile role in litigation jel j44 j71 k41

the distributional impacts of indonesia s financial crisis on household welfare a rapid response methodology analyzing the distributional impacts of economic crises is an ever more pressing need if policymakers are to intervene to help those most adversely affected they need to identify those who have been hurt most and estimate the magnitude of the harm they have suffered they must also respond in a timely manner this article develops a simple methodology for measuring these effects and applies it to analyze the impact of the indonesian economic crisis on household welfare using only pre crisis household information it estimates the compensating variation for indonesian households following the 1997 asian currency crisis and then explores the results with flexible nonparametric methods it finds that virtually every household was severely affected although the urban poor fared the worst the ability of poor rural households to produce food mitigated the worst consequences of the high inflation the distributional consequences are the same whether or not households are permitted to substitute toward relatively cheaper goods households with young children may have suffered disproportionately large adverse effects

reputational capital and academic pay geoffrey k turnbull i introduction economists continue to have a strong interest in academic labor markets as the steady stream of earnings studies over the past several decades readily attests the academic labor market draws the attention of economists not only because it is a topic of direct personal interest but also because it presents an opportunity to examine general theories of labor markets in a context with which the researcher has intimate experience nonetheless important questions about how the market values research teaching and service remain unanswered to what extent does the market reward quality versus quantity of published research or team production in the form of co authorship furthermore how durable is reputational capital for individuals whose research productivity diminishes during their career ultimately these questions relate in one way or another to the nature of the incentive structure faced by academic economists we provide new evidence concerning the role of research quality co authorship administrative service and teaching performance in the production of reputational capital in addition we explore the question of the durability of reputational capital once some of these activities cease we assume that the quantity and quality of published research largely determines an individual s reputational capital in the external market to help us sort out the separate effects on reputational capital of both the quality and quantity of research activity we measure research quality by both journal quality and career citations employing an interactive quantity quality term a related question concerns the role of team production in building an individual s reputational capital do individuals receive differential returns to publishing single authored versus co authored research papers this is an interesting question in light of the substantial increase in co authorship over the last few decades 1 one explanation of this trend is that the academic market has presented scholars with increasing opportunities for specialization in the production of knowledge and that team production involves the combination of complementary skilled researchers if team production reflects complementarities in the production of research we should observe little difference in the returns to single versus co authored work another explanation is that co authorship involves the combination of substitute skilled researchers so that co authorship presents a way for individuals to reduce their research efforts without reducing their individual measured research output to the extent that co authorshi p represents such substitution the market should fully discount the returns to multiple authored papers in this article we also move beyond identifying the factors that enhance an individual s reputation in the market to study the question of the durability of reputational capital some individuals quit publishing once they are tenured or promoted while others experience lengthy but temporary breaks in their flow of research output we examine the potential penalties associated with gaps in research output providing the first empirical evidence concerning the durability of reputational capital for academic economists in order to ensure that our analysis deals with these issues in a way that is most relevant to a large portion of the market for academic economists we use data from several research universities but restrict the sample frame to a single discipline economics much of the previous work estimating how publications or other factors affect academic salaries typically use data from a single university with earnings equations estimated across disciplines restricting the sample to a single discipline has the additional advantage of reducing potential heterogeneity problems associated with measuring productivity across disciplines in addition our data enable us more thoroughly to explore the empirical issues in the debate since they permit more precise measures of the past and current productivity of individuals engaged in comparable work

journals preferences and publishing in agricultural and environmental economics research quality is an increasingly important metric for determining funding allocations promotion and tenure and professional prestige a key metric often used as a proxy for research quality is the ranking of the journal in which a manuscript appears while citation based measures of journal quality are commonly used less is known about other dimensions of journal quality and prestige we report results from an international study using best worst scaling to investigate researchers journal preferences respondents used two criteria to assess journals the impact a paper in the journal would have on career progression and the impact beyond academia of papers in the journal among the sample of journals studied the american journal of agricultural economics is ranked at the top for career progression for the aggregate sample while science was rated at the top for broader impact we find no significant correlation between the journal scores based on the two criteria nor between them and the journals impact factors these results suggest that impact beyond academia is poorly aligned with career incentives and that citation measures reflect poorly if at all peers esteem of journals heteroscedastic scale adjusted latent class models reveal marked heterogeneity in journal preferences related to researchers institutional affiliation and geographic region we find significant differences in error variance over people and choices people were less consistent when choosing their least as opposed to their most preferred journal this finding has broader implications given the burgeoning use of best worst surveys

revealed performances worldwide rankings of economists and economics departments 1990 2000 in this paper i study the production of academic research by economics departments and economists worldwide rankings are provided based on both citations and publications these rankings reveal a dominant position of the united states in the production of economics literature over time however the extent of this dominance is decreasing jel a10 a14

researcher rank stability across alternative output measurement schemes in the context of a time limited research evaluation the new zealand case abstractthis article focuses on the stability of rankings of academics by research productivity in the context of short term decision making in particular the growing use of national research assessment exercises nrae has increased interest in identifying the contributions of individual researchers to an assessment unit s output and ranking the article concentrates on the assessment of individuals using plausible journal ranking schemes we find that despite statistical evidence of a high degree of stability across journal ranking schemes as indicated by rank correlation coefficients the particular ranking scheme used is of great importance to individual researchers this applies with particular force to academics working within a nrae environment based on individual assessment such as new zealand s pbrf

does raiding explain the negative returns to faculty seniority i introduction economists have studied various aspects of faculty mobility research shows that turnover is greater among nonunion faculty rees 1994 female faculty average slightly more employers than male faculty barbezat and hughes 2001 ginther and kahn 2004 1 the responsiveness of turnover to relative pay diminishes with rank ehrenberg kasper and rees 1991 and research productivity enhances prospects for upward mobility ault rutman and stevenson 1979 1982 coupe smeets and warzynski 2005 still questions remain unanswered where do faculty go when they leave a university how does faculty turnover vary with time at a university what percentage of faculty move upward and what percentage move downward because of tenure denials or the prospect of being turned down for tenure the present article contributes to our understanding of these issues but its primary objective was to use data on faculty mobility to provide insights on another issue returns to academic seniority the negative returns to seniority that many studies find are commonly attributed to one of two factors 2 the first view is that negative returns reflect monopsony power on the part of universities faculty with high mobility costs acquire high seniority and because they are unlikely to move they are paid less than equally productive faculty that employers view as more likely to leave a competing explanation is that highly productive faculty are raided according to this story returns to seniority are biased negatively because faculty with high seniority tend to have low unmeasured productivity the best faculty are bid away moving on to better jobs those who remain are the faculty without outside offers and the negative returns estimated for senior faculty actually reflect a penalty for low unmeasured productivity rather than a true penalty for seniority the raiding story has several implications first estimated returns to seniority should become less negative the more fully the productivity is measured second estimated returns should be less negative once we control for faculty who are bid away finally and of particular importance estimated returns to seniority should not be negative for faculty who are bid away the faculty for whom unmeasured productivity is presumably high with the right data set these hypotheses can be tested rejection of the raiding hypothesis would provide tacit evidence of monoposony in academic markets 3 this article contributes to the literature in several ways it is the first research to directly test the raiding hypothesis it provides a detailed look at faculty mobility in one segment of the academic labor market it extends and improves bratsberg ragan and warren 2003 in the following ways it expands the sample to cover three decades of faculty pay records it includes additional controls for productivity number and types of books recent and prospective articles and so forth resulting in the most complete specification of research productivity to date and it allows for heterogeneity in the seniority penalty via phd pedigree and direction of move finally it tests for the possibility that the academic job market does a better job of matching faculty and universities in recent years as might be expected because of the information revolution the sample consists of five public phd granting universities in the midwest we track all tenure track economics faculty employed in these universities over a 30 yr period we measure their productivity their pay and their mobility as such the study provides a rich and detailed investigation of one subset of economics programs it is possible that mobility may be greater in urban areas where faculty can more readily obtain alternative employment without relocating and prior research indicates that pay structures depend on the university s stature and its relative emphasis on research and teaching

looking beyond averages in the trade and poverty debate there has been much debate about how much poor people in developing countries gain from trade openness as one aspect of globalization the paper views the issue through both macro and micro empirical lenses the macro lens uses cross country comparisons and aggregate time series data the micro lens uses household level data combined with structural modeling of the impacts of specific trade reforms case studies are presented for china and morocco both the macro and micro approaches cast doubt on some widely heard generalizations from both sides of the globalization debate additionally the micro lens indicates considerable heterogeneity in the welfare impacts of trade openness with both gainers and losers among the poor a number of covariates of the individual gains are identified the results point to the importance of combining trade reforms with well designed social protection policies

the relative impacts of economics journals 1970 1990 our data collection and database assembly efforts were assisted by john p sophocleus mark gwartney michele butler and scott ralston we received extremely valuable computer programming assistance from jon brunson and edward novak constructive comments were receivedfrom two anonymous reviewers financial supportfrom the faculty development committee at salisbury state university is gratefully acknowledged

english proficiency and labor market performance evidence from the economics profession this article investigates whether the global spread of the english language provides an inherent advantage to native english speakers this question is studied within the context of the economics profession where the impact of being a native english speaker on future publishing success is examined english speakers may have an advantage because they are writing in their native language the quality of writing is a crucial determinant of publishing success and all the top economics journals are published in english using a ranking of the world s top 2 5 of economists this article confirms that native english speakers are ranked 100 spots higher better than similar non native english speakers a variety of extensions examine and dispel many other potential explanations jel a11 j44 f66

do regional trade pacts benefit the poor an illustration from the dominican republic central american free trade agreement in nicaragua the main objective of this paper is to provide an ex ante assessment of the poverty and income distribution impacts of the central american free trade area agreement on nicaragua the authors use a general equilibrium macro model to simulate trade reform scenarios and estimate their price effects while a micro module maps these price changes into real income changes at the individual household level a useful insight from this analysis is that even if the final total impact on poverty is not too large its dispersion across households due to their heterogeneity of factor endowments inputs use commodity production and consumption preferences is significant and should be taken into account when designing compensatory policies additionally growth and redistribution decomposition show that at least in the short to medium run redistribution can be as important as growth the main policy message that emerges from the paper is that nicaragua should consider enlarging its own liberalization to countries other than the united states to boost trade induced poverty reductions

an examination of the reliability of prestigious scholarly journals evidence and implications for decision makers in universities all over the world hiring and promotion committees regularly hear the argument this is important work because it is about to appear in prestigious journal x moreover those who allocate levels of research funding such as in the multi billion pound research assessment exercise in uk universities often come under pressure to assess research quality in a mechanical way by using journal prestige ratings this paper s results suggest that such tendencies are dangerous it uses total citations over a quarter of a century as the criterion the paper finds that it is far better to publish the best article in an issue of a medium quality journal like the oxford bulletin of economics and statistics than to publish the worst article or often the worst 4 articles in an issue of a top journal like the american economic review implications are discussed

distributional impacts of carbon pricing a general equilibrium approach with micro data for households article i nfo many policies to limit greenhouse gas emissions have at their core efforts to put a price on carbon emissions carbon pricing impacts households both by raising the cost of carbon intensive products and by changing factor prices a complete analysis requires taking both effects into account the impact of carbon pricing is determined by heterogeneity in household spending patterns across income groups as well as heterogeneity in factor income patterns across income groups it is also affected by precise formulation of the policy how is the revenue from carbon pricing distributed as well as the treatment of other government policies e g the treatment of transfer payments what is often neglected in analyses of policy is the heterogeneity of impacts across households even within income or regional groups in this paper we incorporate 15 588 households from the u s consumer and expenditure survey data as individual agents in a comparative static general equilibrium framework these households are represented within the mit usrep model a detailed general equilibrium model of the u s economy in particular we categorize households by full household income factor income as well as transfer income and apply various measures of lifetime income to distinguish households that are temporarily low income e g retired households drawing down their financial assets from permanently low income households we also provide detailed within group distributional measures of burden impacts from various policy scenarios

the determinants of econometric society fellows elections we study the results of elections of fellows of the econometric society we aremotivated largely by the question of whether these elections are fair where our de ni tion of fairness is that votes are based solely on the quality of the candidates if so thenconditional on quality other characteristics of the candidates such as geographic locationor subspecialty should not in uence the probability of election we nd that conditionalon a number of measures of the quality of the candidates other characteristics do sig ni cantly predict election for example an australian econometrician is less likely to beelected than a north america based economic theorist this is true whether or not wecontrol for quality measures one might object that even fully informed individuals may differ in their assessment ofquality and that neither the voters nor the authors of this study are fully informed aboutcandidates quality this is true in any study of the impact of ascriptive characteristics onoutcomes we discuss various interpretations of our ndings in the conclusion but readersmust draw their own conclusions about what the results imply about the roles of qualityand fairness in this electoral process 1 the electoral institutionmost members of the economics profession consider election as a fellow as an honor it recognizes prior professional achievements within what are the more technical areasof economics there are roughly 500 living fellows names are placed on the ballot inone of two ways i by the nominating committee of the society or ii by petition ofat least three members who need not be but usually are current fellows the ballotcontains the candidate s name and current af liation a list of at most six publications ashort statement of the candidate s contribution to economics and an indication of whetherthe nomination was by committee or by endorsers and if the latter from 1990 through2000 the names of all the endorsers the ballot deadline is april 30 the electorate dues paying current fellows receive the ballot in early autumn alongwith the nomination form for each candidate mark their ballots and return them tothe society s of ce results are announced in december names on the ballot are inalphabetical order with a different starting point in each annual election voters checkthe names of individuals whom they wish to be elected a candidate is elected who isapproved on at least 30 percent of the ballots returned typically about half the eligiblefellows cast votes losing candidates can be nominated in later years by either of thetwo methods but the process must be undertaken de novo

differences in citation patterns across journal tiers the case of economics we study how citation patterns differ between journal tiers in economics concretely we analyze citations patterns of more than 6 000 economics research articles published in top five second tier and top field economics journals between 1992 and 1996 in line with previous literature we find that top five journals articles generally receive more citations and that the life cycles of those citations are longer however their influence in term of citations is overestimated in its first twenty five years since publication the median top five article accumulates 4 25 around 3 as many citations when compared to the second tier and top field median article we show that this ratio is strongly associated with the field of economics research e g this ratio is the lowest for econometric methods papers and with articles impact e g in all fields of economics research except for theory this ratio decreases sharply as one moves toward high impact articles in term of citations

trade policy review for china continuing globalisation amidst the world financial crisis the 2008 world financial crisis had led many industrialised countries to endure a significant decline in their gdps though the chinese government arranged a 4 trillion rmb stimulus package coupled with 30 trillion rmb of new bank credits in 2008 2010 to mitigate the impact of the world financial crisis the growth of china s international trade declined to a single digit level after 10 years of rapid growth at more than 20 per annum since its wto accession the latest wto trade policy review for china is a timely piece of literature which provides excellent information on china s current economic situation its trade and investment policies and government s priorities of policy support in this article we intend to reveal the latest development in the chinese economy from the second half of 2011 and to predict what it may happen in the next a couple of years china s determination to go global has not faded and china can only become more open in the future

what makes a great journal great in economics the singer not the song abstract this paper analyses what makes a great journal great in economics alternative research assessment measures ram are discussed with an emphasis on the thomson reuters institute for scientific information isi web of science database isi ram that are calculated annually or updated daily are defined including the classic 2 year impact factor 2yif 5 year impact factor 5yif immediacy zero year impact factor 0yif eigenfactor score article influence citation performance per paper online h index zinfluence pi beta papers ignored by even the authors and two new ram measures self citation threshold approval rating and impact factor inflation the data are analysed for the most highly cited journals in economics management business and business finance on the basis of 2yif in addition to evaluating research in the most highly cited journals in economics management business and business finance the paper evaluates alternative ram highlights similarities and differences in ram criteria finds that several ram capture similar performance characteristics and finds that immediacy and pi beta are not highly correlated with other ram harmonic mean rankings of the 12 ram criteria are also presented emphasizing 2yif to the exclusion of other useful ram criteria can lead to a distorted evaluation of journal performance and influence

revisiting the seniority wage effect for faculty abstract this study uses 1999 national data to derive estimates of the effect of seniority on faculty salaries seniority has a positive effect on salary but varies by union status rank job mobility and inclusion of faculty productivity measures

self selection and the earnings of immigrants this paper analyzes the way in which the earnings of the immigrant population may be expected to differ from the earnings of the native population because of the endogeneity of the decision to migrate the empirical study shows that differences in the u s earnings of immigrants with the same measured skills but from different home countries are attributable to variations in political and economic conditions in the countries of origin at the time of migration excerpt

research trends in environmental and resource economics insights from four decades of jeem abstract this paper provides a contemporary analysis of how research issues have developed in the journal of environmental economics and management jeem over the four decades of its existence we have classified the articles in the journal along five dimensions content methods environmental media the regional dimension of studies and cross cutting issues while up to about 10 years ago non market valuation and cost benefit analysis natural resource economics and environmental policy instruments represented the lion s share of articles published in the journal more recently we observe a significant shift towards a more diversified array of research areas with climate change and energy issues finding their way into the journal in addition increasing methodological plurality becomes apparent reflected in a significant shift away from economic theory and towards empirical approaches we also analyze key distinctions between the major environmental economics journals finally we analyze jeem s external influence on leading general economics a journals we find that a citations are positively correlated with a focus on climate change economics market based environmental policies and policy comparisons the use of econometric and statistical methods or experimental approaches and negatively correlated with a focus on water pollution and other pollutants such as pesticides

distributional effects of the panama canal expansion this paper uses a dynamic macro micro framework to evaluate the potential distributional effects of the expansion of the panama canal the results show that large macroeconomic effects are only likely during the operations phase 2014 and onwards and income gains are likely to be concentrated at the top of the income distribution the additional foreign exchange inflows during construction and operations phases result in the loss of competitiveness of non canal sectors dutch disease and in higher domestic prices which hurt the poorest consumers in addition the construction and operation activities increase demand for more educated non farm formal workers although these changes encourage additional labor movement out of agriculture and from the informal to the formal sector much of the impact is manifested in growing wage disparities and widening income inequality using the additional revenues of the canal expansion in a targeted cash transfer program such as red de oportunidades the government of panama could offset the adverse distributional effects and eradicate extreme poverty

fame and the fortune of academic economists how the market rewards influential research in economics we analyze the pay and position of 1 009 faculty members who teach in doctoral granting economics departments at fifty three large public universities in the united states using the web of science we have identified the journal articles published by these scholars and the number of times each of these articles has been subsequently cited in published research articles we find that research influence as measured by various measures of total citations is a surprisingly strong predictor of the salary and the prestige of the department in which professors are employed we also examine how coauthorship is rewarded by the market

the evolution of the scientific productivity of highly productive economists this paper studies the evolution of research productivity of a sample of economists working in the best 81 departments in the world in 2007 the main novelty is that in so far as a productivity distribution can be identified with an income distribution we measure productivity mobility in a dynamic context using an indicator inspired in an income mobility index suggested by fields 2010 for a two period world productivity is measured in terms of publications weighted by the citation impact of the journals where each article is published in the periodical literature we study the evolution of average productivity productivity inequality the extent of rank reversals and productivity mobility for seven cohorts as well as the population as a whole we offer new evidence confirming previous results about the heterogeneity of the evolution of productivity for top and other researchers however the major result is that contrary to what was expected for our sample of very highly productive scholars the effect of rank reversals between the two periods on overall productivity mobility offsets the effect of an increase in productivity inequality from the first to the second period in the youngest five out of seven cohorts jel a11 a12 b41 d63 i32

what s your identification strategy innovation in corporate finance research we study the diffusion of techniques designed to identify causal relationships in corporate finance research we estimate that the diffusion started in the mid 1990s lagged 20 years compared to economics and is now used in the majority of corporate finance articles consistent with recent theories of technology diffusion the adoption varies across researchers based on individuals expected net benefits of adoption younger scholars holders of phds in economics and those working at top institutions adopt faster adoption is accelerated through networks of colleagues and alumni and is also facilitated by straddlers who cross over from economics to finance our findings highlight new forces that explain the diffusion of innovation and shape the norms of academic research this paper was accepted by gustavo manso finance

rice prices and income distribution in thailand a non parametric analysis rice is a staple crop in thailand significantly entering both household production and consumption this paper examines the effect of rice prices on the distribution of real income across households taking into account household characteristics and geographical location the data set is a large scale survey of 11 893 households simple nonparametric techniques for regression and density estimation are used these methods depend on few assumptions and generate flexible graphical results that are directly informative about the problem at hand the main results are that higher rice prices should benefit all rural households but the largest benefits accrue to rural households in the middle of the income distribution copyright 1989 by royal economic society

academic pay in the united kingdom and the united states the differential returns to productivity and the lifetime earnings gap this paper estimates earnings functions for two samples of u k and u s academic economists despite significant differences in compensation schemes a comparably specified human capital earnings model does a good job explaining earnings variations for academic economists in both countries our estimates suggest that rewards for research are more immediate and direct in the united states because of the national salary scale the payoffs to experience and seniority are greater and the payoffs to research are lower in the united kingdom than in the united states after adjusting for productivity and demographic factors we find that u s economists are paid approximately 40 more than otherwise equivalent economists in the united kingdom simulating career age earnings profiles for both markets we find that the earnings gap widens with experience for relatively productive research economists and may even narrow with age for relatively less productive research economists nevertheless the cumulative lifetime earnings foregone are substantial for research and nonresearch economists in the united kingdom

citations or journal quality which is rewarded more in the academic labor market research quality can be evaluated from citations or from the prestige of journals publishing the research we relate salary of tenured university of california uc economists to their lifetime publications of 5 500 articles and to the 140 000 citations to these articles citations hardly affect salary especially in top ranked uc departments where impacts of citations are less than one tenth those of journals in lower ranked departments and when journal quality is less comprehensively measured effects of citations on salary increase if journal quality is just measured by counting articles in journal tiers apparent effects of citations are overstated jel a14 j44

which journal rankings best explain academic salaries evidence from the university of california the ranking of an academic journal is important to authors universities journal publishers and research funders rankings are gaining prominence as countries adopt regular research assessment exercises that especially reward publication in high impact journals yet even within a rankings oriented discipline like economics there is no agreement on how aggressively lower ranked journals are down weighted and in how wide is the universe of journals considered moreover since it is typically less costly for authors to cite superfluous references whether of their own volition or prompted by editors than it is to ignore relevant ones rankings based on citations may be easily manipulated in contrast when the merits of publication in one journal or another are debated during hiring promotion and salary decisions the evaluators are choosing over actions with costly consequences we therefore look to the academic labor market using data on economists in the university of california system to relate their lifetime publications in 700 different academic journals to salary we test amongst various sets of journal rankings and publication discount rates to see which are most congruent with the returns implied by the academic labor market jel a14 i23 j44

distributional and regional economic impact of energy taxes in belgium we analyse the macroeconomic and distributional effects of increased oil excises in belgium by combining a regional computable general equilibrium cge model with a microsimulation framework that exploits the rich detail of household level data the link between the cge model and the microlevel is top down feeding changes in commodity prices factor returns and employment by sector into a microsimulation model the results suggest that policymakers face an equity efficiency trade off driven by the choice of revenue recycling options when the additional revenue is used to raise welfare transfers to households the reform is beneficial for lower income groups but output levels decrease in all regions however when the energy tax revenue is used to lower distortionary labour taxes the tax shift is slightly regressive in this case national gdp is hardly affected but regional production levels diverge the impact of the environmental tax reform on income distribution depends strongly on changes in factor prices and welfare payments whereas sector composition is an important determinant for regional impact variation

gender and promotions evidence from academic economists in france the promotion system for french academic economists provides an interesting environment to examine the promotion gap between men and women promotions occur through national competitions for which we have information both on candidates and on those eligible to be candidates thus we can examine the two stages of the process application and success women are less likely to seek promotion and this accounts for up to 76 percent of the promotion gap being a woman also reduces the probability of promotion conditional on applying although the gender difference is not statistically significant our results highlight the importance of the decision to apply

seniority and monopsony in the academic labor market workers with high seniority usually have higher wages than workers with low seniority and the same total labor marke t experience in contrast the results of this paper indicate that higher seniority is associated with lower salaries for university professors the author documents this finding for national surveys a nd individual institutions and explains it as due to monopsonistic discrimination by employers copyright 1993 by american economic association

income distribution development and foreign trade a cross sectional analysis abstract this paper analyses cross sectional evidence on income inequality in developing countries within a consistent theoretical framework where the major explanatory variables are factor endowments their ownership structure and foreign trade distortions the resulting explanation of cross country differences in income distribution is considerably better than what is found in the existing literature endowments in mineral resources land concentration in agricultural exports trade protection and secondary schooling are shown to be major determinants of differences in income inequality across developing countries

willful blindness the inefficient reward structure in academic research this article examines how economics departments judge research articles and assign credit to authors it begins with a demonstration that only strictly prorated author credit induces researchers to choose e cient sized teams nevertheless survey evidence reveals that most economics departments only partially prorate authorship credit implying excessive coauthorship indeed a half century increase in coauthorship may be better explained by incomplete proration than by any increased specialization among authors a possible explanation for the reliance on incomplete proration is the self interest of economists who are more likely to engage coauthorship full professors the self interest of senior faculty may also explain the relatively small role given to citations in senior promotions a rational response by economists to the under proration of author credit is to engage in false authorship although false authorship is of dubious ethical status it may have the perverse impact of improving the e ciency of team production grossly excessive coauthorship where little attention is paid to most authors listed on a paper as found in some other academic disciplines may be the path down which economics is headed if the reward structure is not altered jel a14 o30 i23

geographic poverty traps a micro model of consumption growth in rural china how important are neighbourhood endowments of physical and human capital in explaining diverging fortunes over time for otherwise identical households in a developing rural economy to answer this question we develop an estimable micro model of consumption growth allowing for constraints on factor mobility and externalities whereby geographic capital can influence the productivity of a household s own capital our statistical test has considerable power in detecting geographic effects given that we control for latent heterogeneity in measured consumption growth rates at the micro level we find robust evidence of geographic poverty traps in farm household panel data from post reform rural china our results strengthen the equity and efficiency case for public investment in lagging poor areas in this setting copyright 2002 john wiley sons ltd

are there lessons for africa from china s success against poverty at the outset of china s reform period the country had a far higher poverty rate than for africa as a whole within five years that was no longer true this paper tries to explain how china escaped from a situation in which extreme poverty persisted due to failed and unpopular policies while acknowledging that africa faces constraints that china did not and that context matters two lessons stand out the first is the importance of productivity growth in smallholder agriculture which will require both market based incentives and public support the second is the role played by strong leadership and a capable public administration at all levels of government

food price surges and poverty in urban colombia new evidence from household survey data abstract the present study simulates the impacts of price surges in 2006 2008 on poverty in the main colombian cities drawing upon household survey data it is found that the price surges increased both extreme and moderate poverty in urban areas but the magnitude of poverty rise was not homogeneous across geographical locations or in terms of household characteristics such as education or gender of the household head as a policy option we suggest geographical targeting or demographic targeting that will select and support poor households by locations or socio demographic characteristics guided by the degree of household vulnerability to food price shocks

returns to articles versus pages in academic publishing do salary setters show article illusion the academic labor market rewards idea splitting where researchers publish several short articles rather than one long one there is a significant positive effect on salary from publishing more articles conditional on the total number of quality adjusted pages ever published

welfare impacts of china s accession to the world trade organization data from china s national rural and urban household surveys are used to measure and explain the welfare impacts of changes in goods and factor prices attributable to accession to the world trade organization wto the price changes are estimated separately using a general equilibrium model to capture both direct and indirect effects of the initial tariff changes the welfare impacts are first order approximations based on a household model incorporating own production activities calibrated to household level data and imposing minimum aggregation the results show negligible impacts on inequality and poverty in the aggregate however diverse impacts emerge across household types and regions associated with heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources with possible implications for compensatory policy responses

the simultaneous evolution of growth and inequality research on inequality and growth can be divided into two strands one deriving from kuznets and lewis has tried to identify a mechanistic relationship between growth or level of income and inequality the other has tried to find causal explanations of growth and inequality treating each independently in this paper we draw from both strands to test whether growth and inequality are the joint outcomes of other variables and processes we find that simultaneous examination of growth and inequality yields significantly different results and has different consequences for policy from previous independent studies the empirical literature on growth and inequality can be divided into two broad strands one following the pioneering work of kuznets and lewis is motivated by the pessimistic conjecture that the process of growth and development somehow requires increasing inequality at least in the early stages this has led to many efforts to identify a mechanical relationship between the level of development and inequality anand and kanbur 1993 or to determine whether faster growth requires higher or lower inequality the second strand has sought to identify the causal factors influencing the evolution of growth and inequality independently this research has looked either at growth for example barro and sala i martin 1995 or at inequality li et al 1997 but has not tried to identify those factors that might simultaneously influence both growth and inequality 2 thus the literature that looks simultaneously at growth and inequality descending most notably from kuznets 1955 relates them in a mechanistic manner that ignores or minimises the role of other causal factors including policy while the literature that incorporates other causal factors including policies looks independently at growth and inequality neither approach is particularly convincing from a theoretical standpoint the evolution of growth and inequality must surely be the outcome of similar processes in addition neither approach is particularly useful for the policy maker who needs to balance the impact of policies on both growth and distribution in this paper we investigate whether growth and inequality are simultaneously determined and if so whether or not they are subject to

do academic salaries decline with seniority this article reexamines the negative seniority earnings relationship for academic economists the empirical results show that the anomalous negative seniority effect found in earlier academic market studies holds in the absence of direct measures of research productivity the negative effect however eventually disappears as more comprehensive measures of publishing citations and other productivity measures are included in the wage equation to control for the quantity and quality of faculty productivity faculty with greater seniority appear to be rewarded relatively less simply because many have been relatively less productive than their colleagues with less seniority at similar stages in their careers

citations in economics measurement uses and impacts i describe and compare sources of data on citations in economics and the statistics derived from them constructing data sets of the post publication citation histories of articles published in the top five journals in the 1970s and 2000s i examine distributions and life cycles of citations compare citation histories of articles in different subspecialties in economics and present evidence on the history and heterogeneity of those journals impacts and the marginal citation productivity of additional coauthors i use a new data set of the lifetime citation histories of over 1 000 economists from thirty universities to rank economics departments by various measures and demonstrate the importance of intra and interdepartmental heterogeneity in productivity throughout the discussion summarizes earlier work including the impacts of citations on salaries and nonmonetary rewards and how citations reflect judgments about research quality in economics and the importance of economic ideas