a multi society examination of the impact of psychological resources on stressor strain relationships this paper sequentially addresses a conceptual and an empirical goal our conceptual goal was to develop a globally relevant model of the relationship between work role stressors and strain using conservation of resources cor theory as our foundation stressors included in the model are role conflict and role ambiguity with three resources mastery optimistic orientation and self esteem as moderators on the stressor strain relationship with this conceptual framework developed we explored our empirical goal a test of the model using both societal level and individual level indicators first we pan culturally tested the model across our seven society sample next we split these societies into high and low gross national income categories likewise we split the respondents in our sample regardless of their country into high and low idiocentrism individualism and allocentrism collectivism categories and tested at these group levels our findings showed that personal resources mastery optimistic orientation and self esteem generally served to buffer the experienced strain due to work role ambiguity and conflict this study provides specific information that can assist the global business community in understanding how stress pervades their workforces overall our findings offer substantial evidence that a global model of stress is truly viable providing direction for future research on stress in the global workforce

profit function approximations and duality applications to agriculture monte carlo simulations of profit functions indicate that flexible functional forms may be ranked nearly the same with respect to allen uzawa partial substitution elasticities or price and fixed factor elasticities flexible functional form approximations of output price elasticities are generally worse than approximations of input price or fixed factor elasticities minflex laurent functional forms did not appear to approximate underlying elasticities any better than did their translog and generalized leontief counterparts

measuring trade strategy in the presence of non tradeables theory and some evidence for the caribbean this article models trade policies in the presence of non tradeables and investigates trade strategy interventions and outcomes where the price of non tradeables endogenously adjusts to trade interventions trade regime bias and neutrality issues are examined within a three sector open economy model the theoretical framework is operationalised using empirical evidence for trinidad and barbados the robustness of partial equilibrium measures of protection for classifying trade strategies is challenged and evidence on alternative general equilibrium or true measures of protection is reported true or revealed trade strategies are shown to differ from those apparently intended by policy makers

india trade policy review the review of india s trade policy by the wto the third of its kind is in three parts the report by the wto secretariat a statement by the government of india and minutes of the discussion of the report by the trade policy review board the review provides detailed information not only on india s trade and foreign investment policies but also an analytical review of india s export and economic performance the review notes that india has made considerable progress with the liberalisation of its trade and investment regime but it has a long way to go if it were to achieve a growth rate of eight to nine per cent the stated objective of the policy makers this paper drawing upon the material in the report analyses india s growth prospects and endorses the broad conclusions of the report

sources of stagnation in sub saharan africa abstract this paper investigates the sources of economic stagnation in sub saharan africa during the 1970s several policy variables are considered as well as a set of environmental variables which include climate violence export prices and other exogenous factors the paper uses statistical analysis in an attempt to identify the relative importance of the policy variables and the environmental variables taken as groups it also seeks to identify particular policy variables which seem to have been most significant in determining growth outcomes the technique employed for investigation is reduced form econometric estimation in a preliminary analysis the impact of the international trade environment on average economic performance in africa during the period since independence is investigated the results suggest an extremely close relationship between movements in export prices and average performance throughout the 20 year period a second econometric exercise investigates the joint impacts of environmental and policy variables on growth in a cross section of african states since 1970 the spirit of the approach is exploratory and a relatively large number of variables are constructed and tested through multivariate analysis a primary finding is that the environmental variables seem to have had more impact on growth as a group than the policy variables this finding must be qualified however by the continuing lack of some important policy variables agricultural price data have not yet become available in sufficient quantity for cross section analysis nor have several important human resource variables and indices of the use of resources in the public domain among the policy variables which have been used for the analysis those identified with retrenchment during periods of declining commodity prices seem most significant primary among these are the real effective exchange rate and some measures of effectiveness in foreign exchange reallocation during periods when imports must contract severely in the final section of the paper the cross section results are used for a counterfactual analysis of the growth experiences of individual african states measures of growth opportunity cost are constructed which suggest the degree to which errors in management and uncontrollable circumstances have held states below their potential growth paths the results suggest that some success stories may owe much to good luck while some failures may well be due less to bad management than to adverse circumstances

farm level fertilizer demand in java a meta production function approach this paper models seed variety choice and the demand for variable inputs as jointly determined by profit maximizing cultivators the approach parallels that of hayami and ruttan who postulated that changes in the output fertilizer price ratio induce movements along a meta fertilizer response function the envelope of individual variety specific response surfaces ignoring the possibility of seed variety switching leads to underestimates of fertilizer demand elasticities in addition estimation with samples reflecting a single seed variety may involve serious selection bias a two stage procedure which adjusts for selectivity bias is used to estimate the model with farm level data from java

a revenue function approach to the measurement of output substitution possibilities in agriculture the purpose of this article is to calculate hicksian and marshallian estimates of output substitution possibilities in an agricultural industry the hicksian elasticities or net substitution possibilities are measured within a revenue maximizing framework holding input levels constant the marshallian elasticities that encompass both net substitution and expansion effects are measured within a profit maximizing framework allowing both output and input levels to vary the results are empirically reasonable and consistent with the duality theory for revenue and profit maximizing behavior a notable empirical result is that in the very short run or market period with input levels held constant there exists considerable scope for changing the output composition between crops and cattle on cattle farms

profit efficiency among basmati rice producers in pakistan punjab farm specific profit inefficiency among basmati rice producers was estimated from a variable coefficient profit frontier the mean level of inefficiency at farm resources and price levels was 28 with a wide range 5 87 average loss of profit was rs 1 222 per hectare socioeconomic factors related to profit loss were the farm household s education nonagricultural employment and a credit constraint institutional determinants of profit loss were a water constraint and the late application of fertilizer punjab wide benefits of increasing farmer s profit efficiency are large a 25 reduction in profit loss among basmati rice producers may generate over rs 240 million in extra profits each rice season rice is a major export commodity for pakistan generating about 2 5 billion pakistan rupees rs annually or 20 of foreign exchange earnings from commodity trade in the early 1980s two varieties dominate in pakistan s international trade in rice basmati 370 a high quality long grained aromatic variety and the medium long grained irri 6 distinct export markets exist for these rices over 90 of the basmati is exported to oil rich middle eastern nations while the mediumlong varieties are mainly marketed in southeast asia in 1983 the export price of basmati was about rs 7 900 per ton while the price of medium long grained varieties averaged rs 2 700 per ton pakistan has a comparative advantage in the international market for basmati but probably not for medium long grained rices azhar and mamhud historically pakistan had a near monopoly in international trade in basmati but now faces increased competition from thailand and the united states efferson therefore pakistan must strive to increase the efficiency of basmati production to retain its comparative advantage and competitive edge in foreign rice markets basmati 370 is a pure line selection made in

national business ideology and employees prosocial values employees prosocial values have been shown to foster helping cooperating and volunteering behaviors which in turn increase firm performance however despite the importance of prosocial values there is a general neglect of this area in the international arena as more trade occurs globally interest in cross cultural prosocial values is growing we therefore build on socialization theory and introduce national business ideology as a country level determinant of employees prosocial values we thus argue that transformational leadership and professional altruism are key elements of a national business ideology s stimulation of employees prosocial values while corporate corruption is considered to be an impediment based on 19 026 individuals from 17 countries our cross level analyses point to the national business ideology explaining national level variances above and beyond cultural aspects results support our hypothesis that national business ideology including transformational leadership and professional altruism is positively related to employees prosocial values the hypothesis on corporate corruption however was not supported instead results indicate that employees apply rationalization strategies to justify corruption with prosocial values being important for organizational performance as well as social welfare in general we thus draw attention to socialization processes in national corporate work contexts

the cross cultural research imperative the need to balance cross national and intra national diversity this paper provides a brief overview of the evolution of comparative management theories paradigms and highlights the contribution of the cross vergence construct despite progress most studies of work values across countries continue to suffer from two primary limitations the first is the fallacious assumption of cultural homogeneity with nations given the growing diversity of the workforce within country intra national variations can often be as significant as cross national differences the second is the fallacious assumption of cultural stability over time since cultures evolve albeit slowly it is important to take these changes over time into consideration and be aware of the paradoxes inherent within any given society hence the paper calls for the need to balance cross national and intra national diversity in order to truly understand cross cultural phenomena and thus further improve the quality of cross cultural research

one more time international business in a global economy this paper seeks to redirect the debate on the past present and future of international business ib it sets out to dispel prevailing myths pertaining to the field s disciplinary roots its domain and underlying bases of theory and knowledge ib is positioned as an integrative field whose competitive advantage and added value lie in the synergetic combination of global and local knowledge that is unavailable to and not imitable by its major competitors in particular economics and strategy

who bears the incidence of import protection evidence from sri lanka abstract a simple general equilibrium model is employed to measure the incidence of protection this model focuses on the internal relative price effects of protection through the equilibrium conditions of the nontraded goods market the incidence of protection is measured via the concepts of incidence parameter true protection rates and income transfers resulting from protection the model is applied to sri lankan data the results indicate that a high proportion of all trade interventions operate as an implicit export tax that true protection rates to both import competing and exporting sectors are far below the nominal rates of assistance being provided to them and that income loss to exporters is about 4 of gdp we conclude that the incidence of protection falls mostly on the sri lankan exporters

on the use and misuse of profit functions for measuring the price responsiveness of peasant farmers a comment the standard profit function approach has been applied successfully in a number of ldcs to measure the price responsiveness of peasant farmers yet various problems afflict this approach including but not restricted to the existence of non competitive market structures zero valued observations exclusion of relevant variables lack of participation in output and or input markets and endogeneity of input and or output prices the impact of these problems on estimation results however can be minimised through modifications and adaptations of the standard approach better specification of the underlying technology and the use of selected functional forms

cross cultural management research trend and future directions u the historical perspectives on cross cultural studies outlined in the following historical pages are based on negandhi 1975 and england negandhi and wilpert 1979 perspective the emerging field of cross cultural studies on organizational functioning is largely a result of partial integration between the cross cultural comparative management field and organization theory areas although some cross cultural organization studies were conducted prior to the 1950s the large scale projects on industrialization of developing countries at 4 major universities mit chicago california and princeton during the 1950s provided a major impetus to the comparative management area scholars from various social disciplines psychology sociology social and cultural anthropology economics and political sciences contributed toward these efforts the differing backgrounds of these scholars are reflected in their conceptualizations and methodologies as well as in their specific findings harbison and myers 1959 the conceptual and methodological approaches used by the comparative management theorists can be divided roughly into the following groups the economic development orientation the environmental approach and the behavioral approach

risk schooling and the choice of seed technology in developing countries a meta profit function approach the determinants of rice seed variety choice are studied in a framework in which cultivator s variety specific profit risk preferences uncertainty and schooling affect variety choice the econometric model takes the form of a simultaneous equation switching regimes model with random profit functions the meta profit function adoption of high yielding varieties in indonesia is found to be positively associated with profitability likelihood of flooding quality of irrigation conditional on relative profit and availability of credit and negatively associated with likelihood of drought and land wealth schooling significantly affects variety specific profit and input demand but not variety choice the spread of high yielding rice varieties hyv s has ushered in an era of agricultural transformation in asia in indonesia the adoption of these new seed varieties contributed importantly to a spectacular increase in indonesia s rice production over the last decades rice output grew at an annual rate of 4 percent during the 1970 s and almost 6 percent in the 1980 s while experimental plots have demonstrated that under optimal conditions the mean yield of hyv rice far exceeds that of traditional varieties tv s many asian cultivators do not plant hyv s in indonesia the hyv revolution has been particularly slow to spread to many areas outside of java and partly as a consequence the distribution of the gains derived from hyv s has been uneven accounting for differences in adoption rates is therefore of some interest differences in prices and fixed factors of production are one explanation for inter farm differences in seed variety adoption if cultivator s seed technology choices are the result of profit maximizing behavior then varietal choice will depend on the determinants of profit variable factor prices the prices of varietyspecific output and the level of fixed factors including the agro climatic environment different profit functions exist for each variety reflecting the differences in their biological technology if seed variety choice is itself part of the cultivators profit maximization problem then there exists a single profit function the metaprofit function which treats variety choice as a variable input and from which all

perceptions of country corruption antecedents and outcomes globalization has increased the need for managers and future managers to predict the potential for country corruption this study examines the relationship between hofstede s cultural dimensions and how country corruption is perceived power distance individualism and masculinity were found to explain a significant portion of the variance in perceived corruption a significant portion of country s risk trade flow with u s a foreign investment and per capita income was explained by perceived corruption

strategic trade policy learning by doing effects and economic development abstract this paper examines the general equilibrium consequences of temporary and permanent trade policy interventions in circumstances where the price of non tradeables endogenously adjusts to trade policy changes and where there may be learning by doing externality effects in the tradeables goods sector using a simple multisector dynamic model the paper demonstrates the difficulties of designing mixed and selective interventions such that the ex post real exchange rate and welfare outcomes are in line with the ex ante intent

education experience and allocative efficiency a dual approach a generalization of the dual non frontier profit function approach to evaluating allocative efficiency is developed that allows for training human capital variables to influence the efficiency level directly an application to pennsylvania dairy indicates that education and experience are substitutes and play a significant role in the level of efficiency while these operators are not allocating their variable inputs in an absolutely efficient manner relative efficiency can be achieved for four of six possible input combinations for prescribed levels of education and experience furthermore the estimates of the efficiency measures suggest that these operators are maximizing production rather than short run profits

profit supply and factor demand functions comment in lau and yotopoulos 1972 a new method of estimating production relations was developed building on lau and yotopoulos 1971 this method bringing together estimates of profit and factor demand functions was further developed in yotopoulos and lau to incorporate a test of rationality their method has since been applied by yotopoulos lau and lin sidhu sidhu and baanante 1979 1981 jamison and lau and junankar 1980a b 1982 because the assumption of rationality is so fundamental to economics and because few tests of this hypothesis exist the lau yotopoulos method is very important however these studies rest on advanced economic theory and sophisticated econometrics so it is easy to be intimidated by them sophisticated estimators however are not necessarily free from er

import substitution and export led growth a study of taiwan s petrochemical industry abstract in this paper the study of taiwan s petrochemical industry is used to discuss the validity of certain hypothesis concerning the economic success of the asian newly industrializing countries nics we find in the case of taiwan s petrochemical industry that in order to promote local upstream production import substitution was a supplementary strategy in taiwan s export led growth moreover and contrary to the neoclassical hypothesis the state played a crucial role in the initial stage of the industry s development in the 1970s and has continued to provide help and subsidies until the present time this strategy was succesful insofar as export growth in the downstream sector was maintained after 1982 the state increased its subsidies without significant effect on growth suggesting both the growing political clout this industry and a decline in the state s autonomy

measuring the benefits of environmental change using a duality approach the case of ozone and illinois cash grain farms abstract the measurement of the economic effects of a changing environment can be complex and costly this study uses a duality approach to quantify the relationship between ambient levels of ozone and economic damage on illinois cash grain farms econometric estimates from producers profit functions indicate a significant negative relationship between ozone and the levels of profit and output these findings are consistent with results from more traditional ecosystem assessment procedures given the data and experimentation costs associated with traditional approaches this study s results point to duality as a potentially powerful tool for assessing the economic effects of various environmental phenomena

a comparative study of the work values of north and south vietnamese managers we examine managerial work values and subsequent behaviors of vietnamese managers that foreign investors may face doing business in vietnam to establish a global reference point we compare the managerial values of vietnamese managers with those of chinese and u s managers the findings from this exploratory study while not always intuitive should help foreign investors to better understand vietnam furthermore the study raises important theoretical issues concerning individualism and collectivism as cross cultural measures

ozone pollution and farm profits in england and wales tropospheric ozone is an air pollutant known to adversely affect crop yields across europe experimental work is underway to quantify yield effects at ambient ozone levels for a number of crops in this article we undertake direct farm level evaluation of the impact of ozone by estimating a multi output profit function using a panel dataset of cereal farms in england and wales a system of equations comprising the profit function input and output share equations is estimated using a fixed effects seemingly unrelated regression technique with ozone as a quasi fixed input estimated parameters are used to calculate tropospheric ozone related profit and output supply elasticities the main findings from the profit function show that a 10 increase in average ozone levels would decrease variable profits by 1 3 and wheat output supply by 1 these results are of a significantly lower magnitude but qualitatively consistent with findings from similar studies carried out in north america

comparative advantage trade and growth export led growth revisited abstract this paper argues that the evidence in support of export promotion and export led growth is not as strong as is sometimes suggested and that the effectiveness of such policies depends on both the level of development and the structure of exports employing cross section analysis for a wide range of less developed countries we found a strong correlation between economic growth and the proportion of manufactures and stage three processed primary products moreover the proportions of both manufactures and stage three items were also strongly correlated to the level of per capita income although not conclusive these findings lend support to our contention

exports imports and economic growth in south korea and japan a tale of two economies this article investigates the relationship between exports imports and economic growth for south korea and japan by constructing a vector autoregression var model causality is examined between real gross domestic product gdp real exports and real imports several principal results emerge from the empirical work first the three variables are cointegrated for both countries implying that a long run steady state exists second there is evidence of bidirectional causality between imports and economic growth for both countries finally japan seems to experience export led growth while gdp growth in south korea has a negative effect on export growth these contrasting findings could result from export goods in japan exhibiting greater nonprice competitive aspects although their success fails to trigger a virtuous circle since growth fails to lead to increased exports while for south korea output growth leads to a decrease in export growth suggesting a strong domestic market

intra industry trade and the shifting of protection across sectors abstract recent work on commercial policy has focussed on the incidence of protection across sectors this work has focussed on the relative price effects of intervention and has been developed in a setting of inter industry trade this paper focusses on the incidence of protection in a setting of intra industry trade a three sector general equilibrium model is developed and incidence is explored in a variety of settings the analysis suggests that the non tradeable sector may bear the major burden of protection in a setting of intra industry trade

wealth culture and corruption this paper examines the impact of national wealth income distribution government size and four cultural variables on the perceived level of corruption in a country the study finds that corruption is significantly correlated to gnp per capita power distance masculinity and uncertainty avoidance significant interaction effects occur in collectivistic and high power distance countries suggestions for future research are developed

can trade liberalization stimulate economic growth in africa abstract this paper examines changes in economic growth that are likely to result from changes in trade policies exports and investment in 12 sub saharan african ssa countries using a vector error correction model vecm our results indicate that trade policies exports and investment rate shocks have a significant impact on economic growth in 10 of the 12 ssa countries this suggests that it is possible to stimulate economic growth in some african countries through an outward looking strategy of export expansion more significantly the results further suggest the importance as well as the need for african countries to embark on trade liberalization policies in order to enhance economic growth in the current world economy

estimating farm level input demand and wheat supply in the indian punjab using a translog profit function application of the translog profit function to farm level data from punjab india allowed a more disaggregated analysis of the farm production structure compared to the case of cobb douglas formulation the flexibility afforded by translog formulation permitted measurement of the different impacts that exogenous variables have within and across input demand and output supply functions policy relevant elasticity estimates with respect to variable inputs and output prices fixed inputs a few soil related state of nature variables measured by soil analysis and education which are usually considered constraints to farm production were obtained and two examples of policy applications were developed

a comment on some features of true protection greenaway and milner 1987 analyse the concept of true protection and reach certain results about the relationship between the change in price of exportables importables and home good this note shows that their results are not necessarily correct because they have overlooked some features of their model in their analysis

robust error specification in a production system economists estimating demand and supply systems face the question of using shares or quantities as dependent variables this article finds that inconsistent estimates are obtained if one makes the wrong choice a robust structure is presented to let the data choose the preferred form empirical applications to u s and texas agriculture using the generalized method of moments suggest that shares and quantities are rejected in favor of a more general functional form the texas application provides some evidence for fixed capital but not for labor copyright 2013 oxford university press

the poverty impacts of improved cowpea varieties in nigeria a counterfactual analysis adoption of improved agricultural technologies has long been recognized as critical for reducing poverty through increased productivity incomes and asset accumulation using a nationally representative survey data from a sample of over 1500 households in nigeria this paper evaluates the impacts of adoption of improved cowpea varieties on income and asset poverty reduction using an endogenous switching regression model the results showed that adoption of improved cowpea varieties increased per capita household income and asset ownership by 17 and 24 percentage points respectively the results based on the observed and counterfactual income and asset distributions further showed that adoption reduced both income poverty and asset poverty by 5 percentage points the paper concludes with a discussion of the policy options for increasing adoption and impacts of improved cowpea varieties in nigeria

the impact of natural culture and economic ideology on managerial work values a study of the united states russia japan and china this study assesses the impact of economic ideology and national culture on the individual work values of managers in the united states russia japan and china the convergence divergence crossvergence cdc framework was used as theoretical framework for the study while the schwartz value survey svs was used to operationalize over investigation of managerial work values across these four countries the findings largely support the crossvergence prospective while also confirming the role of national culture implications from the findings are drawn for the convergence divergence crossvergence of values as well as for the feasibility of multidomestic or global strategies for a corporate culture

trade strategy and revealed trade bias an evaluation for a small industrializing economy abstract the traditional classification of trade strategies into import substitution is and export promotion ep is based on the traditional two sector trade model in the context of a three sector model including nontradeables there is potentially greater analytical richness and apparently greater possibility of a wider range of ex ante trade strategies included among these possibilities is a mixed is ep strategy which generates a protradeable bias this paper investigates the properties of a general equilibrium model and the necessary commercial policy interventions required to bring about particular changes in relative prices detailed evidence on revealed trade regime biases within the tradeables good sectors and between tradeables and nontradeables is provided for barbados the evidence indicates that ex post classification of trade strategy may differ significantly from the ex ante or intended strategy and that use of partial equilibrium estimates of effective protection of tradeables alone is likely to be an inappropriate means of classifying trade strategies

estimating substitution and expansion effects using a profit function framework this study reports a first attempt to derive all the relevant information with respect to the structure of production of an industry using knowledge of only a profit function using estimates of a profit function for canadian agriculture a procedure to separate substitution and expansion effects for both inputs and outputs was implemented information concerning net input and output substitution and complementarity possibilities were obtained the most important empirical results suggest that the hypothesis of nonjoint production of crop and animal outputs in canadian agriculture cannot be rejected and that hired and operator labor are complements rather than substitutes

market imperfections access to information and technology adoption in uganda challenges of overcoming multiple constraints limited empirical evidence exists on how multiple binding constraints influence the adoption of improved technologies by smallholder farmers this article uses the case of groundnut variety adoption in uganda to investigate the role of information seed supply and credit constraints in conditioning technology uptake new data from a household survey in seven groundnut growing districts n 945 indicate that 8 of farmers lack information on new varieties while 18 and 6 of farmers respectively cannot adopt mainly due to seed supply and capital constraints a tobit type specification that considers all nonadopters as being uninterested in the technology i e corner solutions would lead to inconsistent parameter estimates and incorrect conclusions in this context we therefore estimate a modified multi hurdle specification of demand for new varieties taking into account how information seed supply and capital constraints jointly determine adoption probability and intensity the study reveals new empirical insights on why agricultural technology adoption in africa has lagged behind slow uptake is not mainly due to a lack of economic incentives but rather a reflection of information seed supply and credit constraints that prevent farmers from translating their desired demand into adoption of modern varieties policy implications are discussed

market deregulation trade liberalization and productive efficiency in bangladesh agriculture an empirical analysis the impact of trade liberalization and of market deregulation in general on the performance of agriculture remains contentious and empirical issue in the literature following the random coefficient frontier modelling framework this paper attempts to contribute to this debate by computing the farm specific productive efficiency indices in bangladesh agriculture before and after reform it also examines the impact of some farm specific and policy variables on productive efficiency the empirical results show that there are wide variations in productive efficiency across farms and regions and the average efficiency of all regions increased modestly by 8 percentage points from the pre reform to post reform period the efficiency differentials are largely explained by farm size infrastructure households off farm income and the reduction of government anti agricultural bias in relation to trade and domestic policies the implication of these results suggests the need for further policy reform to augment p

national context and individual employees trust of the out group the role of societal trust out group trust is a crucial driver of international business performance however employees from different countries vary in their levels of out group trust the aim of this study is therefore to capture national forces driving out group trust based on kramer s theorizing on the multiple bases of trust we argue that at the societal level dispositional categorization based and rule based trust influence employees out group trust in particular we argue for dispositional and rule based societal trust to increase and for categorization based societal trust to decrease employees out group trust through different types of socialization using data on 25 622 employees from 42 countries we find partial support for the coexistence of these bases of societal trust disentangling trust forming and trust impeding models we find support for dispositional and rule based societal trust as drivers of employees out group trust and for categorization based societal trust as impeding employees out group trust in a combined model however rule based trust is not significantly related to employees out group trust considering the coexistence of trust and distrust employees out group trust develops through socialization effects conveying general trust in others i e high dispositional trust and the equality of social groups i e low categorization based trust

incidence theory and the shifting of protection across sectors the south asian experience using the theoretical framework of a simple general equilibrium model this paper examines whether strategies aimed at protecting or promoting manufacturing industries indirectly taxed the agricultural and service sectors a panel data set consisting of five south asian countries over a 26 year time period is employed in the analysis three different estimation procedures are used to account for factors that are country specific and those that are common to all countries the results indicate that the agricultural sector indirectly felt the brunt of the net protection provided to manufactures due to the shifting of protection across sectors the service sector on the other hand indirectly benefited from the general equilibrium spillover effects

the impact of societal cultural values and individual social beliefs on the perceived effectiveness of managerial influence strategies a meso approach this paper reports the findings of a 12 nation study designed to test empirically the relationships between societal cultural values individual social beliefs and the perceived effectiveness of different influence strategies the relationships between three types of broad influence strategy persuasive assertive and relationship based and four dimensions of individual beliefs cynicism fate control reward for application and religiosity were examined three of project globe s cultural values in group collectivism uncertainty avoidance and future orientation were selected to investigate their direct effects on the rated effectiveness of influence strategies and their possible interaction with dimensions of individual beliefs results showed that different dimensions of individual social beliefs predict the perceived effectiveness of the three types of influence strategy and that cultural values can moderate the strength of the relationship between these dimensions of individual social beliefs and the perceived effectiveness of influence strategies

beyond import substitution and export promotion a new typology of trade strategies there is considerable confusion in the literature as to what exactly is meant by export promotion or outward orientation this article identifies five mutually exclusive trade strategies and defines the underlying sectoral and market orientations of each it then measures empirically the strategies of six developing countries the empirical findings indicate that some of the successful east asian countries actually pursued an infant industry based exporter oriented protected export promotion strategy not the commonly perceived static comparative advantage based export promotion strategy their protectionist policies are not mere exceptions but integral elements of their export oriented strategy

evaluation of the incentive structure a survey and application to cameroon abstract this article uses a simple general equilibrium framework to evaluate the incentive structure of a country pursuing a mixed import substitution export promotion strategy it illustrates how features of general equilibrium analysis can be incorporated into the traditional balassa corden effective protection framework which is supplemented by the evaluation of the incidence of protection on firms importing and exporting households consumers and taxpayers and the government its application to a less developed country ldc cameroon shows that the burden of tariff protection is shifted 25 in the short run and 64 in the long run on to the unprotected sectors especially exports as a result average nominal protection 58 8 is much higher than protection actually provided to the protected sectors the welfare effect of protection is ambiguous households viewed only as final consumers lose when they are viewed as taxpayers protection may become beneficial in the long run taking substitution possibilities into account when measuring protection has an impact on the ranking of firms according to their nominal and effective protection

the structure of u s agricultural technology 1910 78 this paper utilizes 1910 78 time series data and a single product aggregate translog profit function to measure the structure of u s agricultural technology duality relations are used to devise a multifactor measure of biased technical change a measure of nonhomotheticity is introduced which indicates the effects scale change has had on aggregate cost shares the empirical analysis finds that different nonhomothetic technologies characterized the prewar and postwar periods differing technical change biases are consistent with relative price trends during the two periods showing that the long run structure of u s agricultural technology has been consistent with the hayami ruttan induced innovation theory

ethical preferences for influencing superiors a 41 society study with a 41 society sample of 9990 managers and professionals we used hierarchical linear modeling to investigate the impact of both macro level and micro level predictors on subordinate influence ethics while we found that both macro level and micro level predictors contributed to the model definition we also found global agreement for a subordinate influence ethics hierarchy thus our findings provide evidence that developing a global model of subordinate ethics is possible and should be based upon multiple criteria and multilevel variables

egypt s multiproduct agricultural technology and agricultural policy based on the hypothesis that egyptian farmers maximise economic profits the multiproduct translog profit function is used to estimate input demand and output supply functions for corn rice and cotton crops grown in egypt s nile delta elasticity estimates indicate a generally high degree of price responsiveness the estimates are used to evaluate egyptian agricultural policies concerning labour mechanisation and output prices the results show that egypt s agricultural policies of taxing output and subsidising certain inputs have hada substantial negative impact on agricultural productivity

how costly is the maintenance of the coal mining jobs in europe the spanish case 1989 1995 abstract the aim of this paper is to estimate the welfare effects of the coal policy in spain for the period 1989 1995 in order to carry out the study a partial equilibrium analysis has been used and the so called conventional or neo classical cost of protection is calculated the results indicate that the coal policy produces an important conventional cost even when applied to the most profitable areas of the industry thus the maintenance of coal mining jobs in spain appears to be quite expensive in terms of protection costs

trade policy and growth of developing countries some new data abstract the present study provides empirical evidence on trade policy and economic growth of developing countries our data indicate that adverse changes in world demand carried greater weight in determining export performance than changes in trade policy the results presented confirm that high growth rates of export earnings occur only when external demand to strong low income countries are shown to fare worse across all time periods though there are regional variations these are not due solely to differences in trade policy thus an outward oriented policy is not necessarily a valid policy recommendation for all conditions and all countries

mapping world cultures cluster formation sources and implications this paper extends and builds on ronen and shenkar s synthesized cultural clustering of countries based on similarity and dissimilarity in work related attitudes the new map uses an updated dataset and expands coverage to world areas that were non accessible at the time cluster boundaries are drawn empirically rather than intuitively and the plot obtained is triple nested indicating three levels of similarity across given country pairs also delineated are cluster adjacency and cluster cohesiveness which vary from the highly cohesive arab and anglo clusters to the least cohesive confucian and far eastern clusters exploring predictors of cluster formation we draw on the ecocultural perspective and other inputs and examine the combined role of language religion and geography in generating cluster formation we find that these forces play a prominent yet complex role for instance the religion and language brought by the spanish fail to create a singular cohesive latin american cluster akin to the anglo cluster the role of economic variables is similarly considered finally comparing the current map with that of 1985 we find strong support for the divergence vs convergence argument implications for international business are delineated

effective protection policy appraisal and trade policy reform when the effective protection concept was rst developed it was widely regarded as a key widely used especially in the context of policy reform and policy appraisal in developing countries this paper re appraises tmeasure of the structure of protection and became widely deployed it was however subject to a he concept reviews the extent of its application and discusses the factors behind its longevity as an investigative tool the theoretical critique on the grounds that it was essentially a partial equilibrium measure which could not be easily embedded ipaper concludes that the measure still has a role to play in evaluating the structure of protection n a general equilibrium framework notwithstanding this critique the concept has continued to be

true protection concepts and their role in evaluating trade policies in ldcs in many ldcs it is not uncommon to find incentives designed to encourage import substitution activities coexisting alongside incentives aimed at encouraging export activities this article evaluates a recent approach to evaluating commercial policy which among other things highlights some of the implications of simultaneously pursuing import substitution and export promotion the study develops a model which emphasises the incidence of protection and identifies the concept of true protection empirical results for a number of ldcs are discussed and the implications of these results evaluated in addition the article contrasts this approach with the effective protection approach to evaluating commercial policy

the response of peasant farmers to price incentives the use and misuse of profit functions recent famines in chad ethiopia and the sudan have highlighted a major problem facing less developed countries how does an ldc become self sufficient in food production the answers to this question range from the narrowly defined economic one or economistic approach to the more widely based institutional reforms approach the former approach typified by say schultz 1964 or the world bank 1982 would emphasise the importance of mainly price incentives the latter approach as typified by myrdal 1968 in his monumental work asian drama would emphasise the importance of land reforms as a pre condition for agricultural development the debate has sometimes followed a misleading path and discussed whether peasants are rational or whether they are lazy inert tradition bound etc the aim of this article is to show that the use of profit functions to model peasant behaviour in ldcs is seriously flawed neo classical economic theory within which profit functions are embodied ignores the historical social institutional and political context within which peasant farmers operate peasant farmers do not operate in full blooded capitalist impersonal competitive input and output markets the article is structured as follows section ii outlines the profit function approach and section iii provides a survey and critique of applications of the profit function to ldc agriculture section iv concludes with some general remarks on analysing peasant behaviour in an alternative paradigm

the crossvergence perspective reflections and projections in this retrospective i chronicle the development of the crossvergence theory of values evolution which states it is the dynamic interaction of the sociocultural influences with the business ideology influences that provides the driving force to precipitate the development of new and unique values systems in societies crossvergence theory was introduced in our 1993 jibs paper and was the focus of our 1997 decade award paper as well as of a series of subsequent papers thus i discuss the purpose and findings for six papers that have contributed to our present level of knowledge concerning crossvergence theory i conclude my comments with a discussion of the relevance of longitudinal and multilevel research measures found to be useful and methodologies to consider as well as identifying research topics in need of exploration

the adoption and impact of soil and water conservation technology an endogenous switching regression application this paper identifies the factors that affect farmers decisions to adopt soil and water conservation technology in africa and how this technology impacts farm yields and net returns this technology is important because it improves efficiency of water use from rainfall a critical issue in water deficient sub saharan africa an analysis of new data from a survey of 342 rice farmers in northern ghana shows that farmers education capital and labor constraints social networks and extension contacts and farm soil conditions mainly determine adoption of field ridging and the adoption of this technology increases rice yields and net returns significantly jel q15 q24

a life s work on trade and development this paper reflects on the career contributions of professor chris milner to the literature on international trade and economic development as such it not only provides an overview of a life s work but also sets the context for the nine papers which follow all of these were specially written for this special issue of the world economy and all relate to different areas that professor milner worked in

credit constraints and smallholder dairy production in the east african highlands application of a switching regression model abstract accurate assessment of farmers credit constraint condition is important in order to understand the circumstances under which credit would have its greatest impact in this study a switching regression model was used to determine the impact of credit on smallholder dairy farms in the east african highlands using farm level data from ethiopia and kenya farmers were classified as credit constrained or credit non constrained based on their responses from the farm level surveys no consistent relationship was found between farmers credit constraint condition and their borrowing status most of the variation in milk output per farm was explained by the number of crossbred milking cows in the dairy herd as credit is likely to facilitate investment in crossbred dairy cows it will have substantial impacts on smallholder dairy farms especially if it is targeted to credit constrained farms

environmental impacts of technological change in bangladesh agriculture farmers perceptions determinants and effects on resource allocation decisions this article measures the impact of modern technology adoption in raising farmers environmental awareness and the impact of farmers environmental awareness on resource use by utilizing survey data from 21 villages in three agro ecological regions of bangladesh the econometric analysis is based on the application of the tobit model explaining farmers environmental awareness in the first stage and a profit function examining environmental awareness and resource use relationships in the second stage results reveal that the level and duration of involvement with modern technology raises farmers environmental awareness and that farmers environmental awareness reduces resource use including chemicals farmers who are aware of the adverse environmental impacts of modern agricultural technology use lower amounts of all inputs in order to avoid further environmental damage therefore efforts to raise farmers environmental awareness are expected to enhance intangible benefits accruing from a relatively less chemical intensive environment

empowerment effects across cultures three studies examined cross cultural variations in empowerment effects study 1 investigated whether hofstede s power distance scores moderated the effect of job autonomy on job satisfaction using world values survey data on 33 nations study 2 surveyed frontline hotel employees from canada and prc to investigate the moderating role of power distance at the individual level in study 3 hotel management students from canada and prc were asked to play the role of a frontline employee who had to handle a special customer request in a scenario experiment these studies show consistently that the cultural value of power distance moderates the effect of empowerment on job satisfaction moreover willingness to accept and exercise the discretionary power allowed by management and desire to satisfy customer needs and wants are two employee conditions that are essential for the successful implementation of the empowerment approach

farm size relative efficiency and agrarian policy in cote d ivoire profit function analysis of rice farms abstract this paper examines the relative economic efficiency of small and large rice farms in cote d ivoire using a profit function approach no differences in the relative economic efficiency of small and large farms were found this conclusion is robust under alternative model specifications agrarian reforms directed towards further concentration of landholding for large farms in cote d ivoire cannot be justified based on economic efficiency results show that access to credit and use of modern rice varieties significantly increase profits to improve technical efficiency of rice farms an accelerated program to provide information credit improved seeds and other inputs is needed when all the farms i e large and small are taken together there is evidence of allocative inefficiency strategies are needed to remove such management related inefficiencies in rice production either through the development of a better market price information system or effective farmer oriented technical training programs by rice extension workers

the true protection concept a comment on greenaway and milner empirical studies estimating shift parameters to evaluate the true protection especially for developing countries often reach the result that those parameters have very high values this study is to show that it is not substitutional relationships but much more the very inflationary monetary policy of many developing countries which forces the shift parameters towards one moreover it is shown that it makes little sense to distinguish between traditional and non traditional exports and that shift parameters are not necessarily stable over time

trade strategy in medium term adjustment abstract trade strategy is prominent in current discussions of stabilization and adjustment the orientation of trade strategy can be categorized according to revealed trade performance or characteristics of incentive structures or the nature of the main policy instruments the record of trade stratedy in developing countries has been richer and more complex than currently fashionable dichotomous categorizations in terms of inward or outward orientation suggest many trade strategy and policy issues remain unsettled these include the effects and optimal timing of import liberalization the appropriate instruments for export promotion trade policy concomitants of productivity change and interactions with microeconomic experience and policies among others more country specific and industry specific empirical research is necessary

true protection and the real exchange rate in a capital rich developing country some evidence for saudi arabia this paper investigates how alternative measures of the real exchange rate respond to trade policy and terms of trade changes it employs a modelling framework which endogenises the price of non tradeable goods and applies the model to price and real exchange rate data for saudi arabia for the period 1982 92 the results show that the popular propositions about the response of the real exchange rate to terms of trade or trade policy changes do not necessary hold this is a consequence of the measure of the real exchange rate utilized rather than a product of saudi arabia s capital richness

on firm and product specific true protection efforts at providing relevant indices of incentive structure comparative advantage and international competitiveness have led to the concept of true protection such a framework can be used to analyse the incidence of protection across sectors analysis has so far been carried out under the assumption of a uniform tariff and calculations limited to average rates nothing could then be said with respect to the incidence at the firm or product level this article expands on an existing model by 1 presenting firm and product specific true protection indices 2 generalising previous conclusions on true protection to encompass firm and product specific analysis it is shown that failure to take into consideration substitution possibilities may yield incorrect evaluation of the structure and level of protection