marriage market divorce legislation and household labor supply this paper provides a theoretical framework for analyzing the impact of the marriage market and divorce legislation on household labor supply in our approach the sex ratio in the marriage market and the rules governing divorce are examples of distribution factors these factors are defined as variables that affect the household members bargaining position but not preferences or the joint budget set we extend the collective labor supply model developed by chiappori to allow for distribution factors we show that our model imposes new restrictions on the labor supply functions and eases the identification of individual preferences and the intrahousehold decision process the model is estimated using psid data for the year 1988 our results do not reject the restrictions imposed by the model also the sex ratio and divorce laws deemed favorable to women are found to affect labor supply behavior and the decision process in the directions predicted by the theory and to have sizable effects

does foreign direct investment lead to lower co2 emissions evidence from a regional analysis in china abstract existing studies have been concerned with the relationship between foreign direct investment and co2 emissions in recent years however little attention has been paid to regional differences in china this paper investigates the impact of fdi on china s co2 emissions at the national and regional levels using provincial panel data from 1995 to 2010 the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat model was adopted the results suggest that fdi contributes to co2 emission reductions in china fdi s impact on co2 emissions decreases from the western region to the eastern and central regions our findings support the pollution halo hypothesis which claims that foreign firms can export greener technologies from developed to developing countries and conduct business in an environmentally friendly manner

the impacts of gdp trade structure exchange rate and fdi inflows on china s carbon emissions abstract this paper examines the impacts of gdp trade structure exchange rate and fdi foreign direct investment inflows on china s carbon emissions from 1982 to 2016 and verifies the validity of ekc environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for china differentiated from the existing literature which rarely considers services trade and exchange rate this paper uses the proportion of services trade to measure trade structure and exchange rate as one of the independent variables firstly the stability of each variable is tested by adf augmented dickey fuller and np ng perron test then ardl bound test is used to test the cointegration of the variables as it has better properties than traditional cointegration methods and is more suitable for the model in this paper thirdly error correction model is used to analyze the long term and short term dynamic relationship between the variables fourthly the granger causality test based on the var is performed it is found that during the study period ekc hypothesis was valid for china and that whilst the impacts of both services trade and exchange rate on china s carbon emissions were negative the impacts of fdi inflows were positive conclusions and policy implications are provided at the end of the paper

an introduction to the wage curve en conomists and policymakers are interested in understanding the forces that determine the level of unemployment and the level of wages this paper describes an empirical discovery made with the help of international microeconometric evidence covering more than a dozen nations about a link between these two variables the connection can be portrayed on a graph with the level of unemployment on the horizontal axis and the level of wages on the vertical axis then the wage curve as shown in figure 1 is a downwardsloping locus this relationship tells us that holding others things constant if a region has a rise in unemployment in a particular year those who live there will have a fall in their wages in that year what does this curve mean how in a field where fully controlled experiments are almost impossible could there be any convincing scientific basis for this wage curve what is the relationship between the wage curve and a phillips curve other than that the curve of figure 1 looks like a phillips curve with the vertical axis mislabeled how does the wage curve fit into existing economic knowledge and is the empirical finding consistent with competitive theory this paper sketches answers to these kinds of questions the discussion draws on our book the wage curve blanchflower and oswald 1994 where the points raised here are investigated more fully it also rests upon work done by other economists whose work is listed in the paper and the bibliography

environmental policy incentives to adopt advanced abatement technology abstract we investigate incentives through environmental policy instruments to adopt advanced abatement technology first we study the case where the regulator makes long term commitments to policy levels and does not anticipate arrival of new technology we show that taxes provide stronger incentives than permits auctioned and free permits offer identical incentives and standards may give stronger incentives than permits second we investigate scenarios where the regulator anticipates new technologies we show that with taxes and permits the regulator can induce first best outcomes if he moves after firms have invested whereas this does not always hold if he moves first

gasoline demand revisited an international meta analysis of elasticities meta analysis is used to determine if there are factors that systematically affect price and income elasticity estimates in studies of gasoline demand four econometric models are estimated using long run and short run price and income elasticity estimates from previous studies as the dependent variables explanatory variables include functional form lag structure time span national setting estimation technique and other features of the model structure elasticity estimates are found to be sensitive to the inclusion or exclusion of some measure of vehicle ownership static models appear to overestimate short run elasticities underestimate long run price elasticities but pick up the full long run income responsiveness there is variation in the elasticity of demand across countries especially in the short run and gasoline demand appears to be getting more price elastic and less income elastic over time

instrument choice for environmental protection when technological innovation is endogenous this paper compares qualitatively and quantitatively the welfare effects of emissions taxes auctioned emissions permits and free grandfathered permits when technological innovation is endogenous we find that there is no unambiguous case for preferring any of these policy instruments the relative welfare ranking of instruments depends on the costs of innovation the extent to which innovations can be imitated the slope and level of the marginal environmental benefit function and the number of polluting firms we illustrate the types of situations when there can be significant welfare discrepancies between the policies and when there are not

optimal abatement technology adoption based upon learning by doing with spillover effect abstract we specify a general model of the dynamic abatement technology adoption process and show how the accumulated experience among them can alter the adoption timing learning by doing lbd effect is considered to describe the reduction of the costly price to the adoption moreover spillovers effect which reflects how accumulated experience can be shared among different technologies is integrated into the learning process to ensure the specification convincing some reasonable assumptions are considered such as one abatement technology must conduct its own experience in order to realize the spillover besides to investigate how the abatement process is influenced by the technology allocation under the spillovers effect an endogenous emission path is considered to necessitate a meaningful optimization problem finally apart from obtaining some basic properties of the model we implement an empirical study to verify the effectiveness of the model data from the iron industry in china is used to specify the process which can highlight the spillovers effect among different technologies from a sector angle in the results we find that intrinsic mechanism in the model results in the interplay among abatement coefficient spillover factor and the growing rate of the emission etc collaborative relationships between variables are discussed as well

the timing of taxes on co2 emissions when technological change is endogenous abstract how do technology spillovers affect the relationship between emissions taxes and technological change without spillovers a regulator applies pigovian taxes which lead to a first best optimum optimal emissions and optimal technology investment given spillovers pigovian taxes are likely to be second best optimal if emissions saving technology and production technology are equally undersupplied raising taxes above the pigovian level boosts emissions saving investment but only at the expense of production investment the technologies are equally undersupplied when there is a degree of symmetry between the sectors and the economy is on a balanced growth path on a transition path with rising atmospheric stocks and a high level of investment in emissions saving technology a regulator may raise carbon taxes above the pigovian level in order to encourage investment in emissions saving technology at the expense of production technology i show this using both analytical and numerical results

toward a new conception of the environment competitiveness relationship accepting a fixed trade off between environmental regulation and competitiveness unnecessarily raises costs and slows down environmental progress studies finding high environmental compliance costs have traditionally focused on static cost impacts ignoring any offsetting productivity benefits from innovation they typically overestimated compliance costs neglected innovation offsets and disregarded the affected industry s initial competitiveness rather than simply adding to cost properly crafted environmental standards can trigger innovation offsets allowing companies to improve their resource productivity shifting the debate from pollution control to pollution prevention was a step forward it is now necessary to make the next step and focus on resource productivity

assets subsistence and the supply curve of labor the backward bending supply curve of labor is now accepted as a matter of course by most economists it has no doubt been perplexing to observe that the most commonly employed types of utility functions do not yield such curves under the usual textbook analysis of the problem 1 particular preference maps have been found that generate backward bending curves 2 however they are nonparametric leading to difficulties of estimation and upon closer examination seem to imply counter intuitive results we will show that taking into account the wealth position of an individual on the one hand and survival consideration on the other greatly expands the variety of shapes that can be derived for the supply curve from some simple utility functions the use of a specific simple utility function also implies some severe restrictions on the form the supply curve can take rendering it testable empirical evidence is shown to support the conclusion that the supply curve is monotonic we will also show that the notion that the aggregate supply curve of labor slopes down rests in part on an error of aggregation and that the empirical evidence usually cited in support of the negative slope when correctly interpreted cannot be so construed

a comparative analysis of funding schemes for public infrastructure spending in quebec the economic literature has been investigating the positive relation between public infrastructure spending and the productivity of the private sector since munnell 1992 we have introduced this relationship into a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the quebec economy to investigate various funding schemes to scale up infrastructure spending in the province we draw our assumptions from estache et al 2010 combined with sectoral elasticity parameters we conduct a comparative analysis where the funding comes from debt alone and debt with sales tax income tax and business tax our main finding is that the income tax seems to produce the most positive effects and the businesses tax the most negative effects though differences are small

the wage curve a review in the wage qurve david g blancflower and andrew j oswald argue that there is a fundamental negative relation between wages and the unemployment rate in a worker s local labor market blancflower and oswald use large scale micro data sets to estimate this relation for the united states britain and 10 other countries i review their empirical methods and findings and provide some further evidence on the nature of the wage curve relationship in the united states i conclude that there is a strong statistical correlation between rates of pay and local unemployment although the interpretation of this correlation remains unresolved this abstract was borrowed from another version of this item

the effect of environmental information disclosure on environmental quality evidence from chinese cities abstract this paper attempts to provide a more systematic view of the relationship between environmental information disclosure eid and environmental consequences to reconcile the existing conceptual controversy and empirical inconclusiveness hence using a panel data of 113 major chinese key environmental protection cities from 2008 to 2018 this study adopts the estimations of dynamic generalized method of moments gmm quantile regression panel threshold model and dynamic spatial durbin model sdm to investigate the effect of eid on environmental quality the non spatial empirical results indicate that eid exerts a positive influence on environmental quality in a particular region and there is a double threshold for the impact of eid this impact becomes pronounced and then strengthened when the level of economic development reaches critical threshold values moreover the first order lag effect of environmental quality and spatial autocorrelation are needed to be incorporated in terms of spatial econometric estimation the results show a positive direct while negative indirect relationship between eid and environmental quality making the total effect nearly zero these findings are evidenced in both the short term contemporaneous and long term cumulative span which reveals so called beggar thy neighbor as well as a zero sum game among local governments overall this study highlights the crucial role of eid in affecting environmental quality and calls for a mutually beneficial coordination between regions

collective labor supply and welfare the paper develops a general collective model of household labor supply in which agents are characterized by their own possibly altruistic preferences and household decisions are only assumed to be pareto efficient an alternative interpretation is that there are two stages in the internal decision process agents first share nonlabor income according to some given sharing rule then each one optimally chooses his or her own labor supply and consumption this setting is shown to generate testable restrictions on labor supplies moreover the observation of labor supply behavior is sufficient for recovering individual preferences and the sharing rule up to a constant finally the traditional tools of welfare analysis can be adapted to the new setting

induced innovation and energy prices this paper uses u s patent data from 1970 to 1994 to study the impact of energy prices on energy efficient innovations theories of technological change have focused both on demand side factors which spur innovative activity by increasing the value of new innovations and supply side factors such as scientific advancements that make new innovations possible data on demand side factors are easily obtained but data on supply side factors that influence innovation are not readily available this paper uses patent citations as a measure of the usefulness of the existing base of scientific knowledge citations to previous patents are used to construct productivity estimates which measure the usefulness of the existing stock of knowledge to inventors in a given energy field for any given year these estimates are then combined with data on demand side factors to estimate a model of induced innovation in energy technologies the results indicate that both energy prices and the supply of knowledge have strongly significant positive effects on innovation the paper concludes with a discussion of the implication of this work for environmental policy

imitation costs and patents an empirical study it has long been recognised that the costs of imitating new products have an important effect on the incentives for innovation in a market economy as arrow i962 and others have pointed out if firms can imitate an innovation at a cost that is substantially below the cost to the innovator of developing the innovation there may be little or no incentive for the innovator to carry out the innovation in their discussions of the innovation process economists frequently have called attention to the major role played by the costs of imitation but there has been little or no attempt to measure these costs to test various hypotheses concerning the factors influencing them or to estimate their effects in this paper we report some findings of what seems to be the first study of this topic in addition we present data regarding the effects of patents on imitation costs and on the rate of innovation

a test of the unitary and collective models of household labour supply this paper tests the unitary and the collective household labour supply models within a structural framework a nonlinear unrestricted household labour supply system is postulated and the set of parametric restrictions imposed by each model is derived our results generally reject the income pooling restrictions embodied in the unitary model also the symmetry of cross wage effects is rejected however the collective model is not rejected for groups with no pre school children

technological change and the timing of mitigation measures we use a coupled carbon cycle and energy systems engineering model to analyze the future time path of carbon emissions under an illustrative co2 concentration stabilization limit of 550 ppm our findings confirm the emission pattern as found by wre global emissions rise initially pass through stabilization in order to decline in the second half of the 21st century we show that for a given co2 concentration target emission trajectories within an intertemporal optimization framework depend mainly on two factors the discount rate and the representation of technological change as either static or dynamic we obtain a similar near term emission time path as wre when using a model with static technology and a discount rate of 7 we obtain a trajectory with lower emissions in the near term when using a lower discount rate and or treating technology dynamics endogenously in the model we briefly outline a model that endogenizes technological change through learning curves we then compare differences in emission trajectories between alternative model formulations of technological change they are sufficiently small as to be of secondary importance when compared to treating co2 concentration stabilization as an inter temporal optimization problem or not whereas our results confirm the computational results of wre we arrive nonetheless at different policy conclusions if long term emission reduction is the goal we cannot follow business as usual even in the short term action needs to start now action does not necessarily mean aggressive short term emission reductions but rather enhanced r d and technology demonstration efforts that stimulate technological learning these are the necessary preconditions that long term reduction targets can be met with improved technology and at costs lower than today we close by pointing out two further critical issues uncertainty and the possible mismatch between the world of economic models and that of climate policy

endogenous labour supply with several occupational categories in a bi regional computable general equilibrium cge model decaluwe b lemelin a and bahan d endogenous labour supply with several occupational categories in a bi regional computable general equilibrium cge model regional studies to make labour supply endogenous in the quebec finance ministry quebec rest of canada bi regional computable general equilibrium cge model household utility functions include as many types of leisure as there are occupational categories each household is modelled as a group of individuals who maximize utility independently while sharing identical preferences for goods therefore the consumption of goods is the same as in a standard linear expenditure system les but cross elasticity of supply of any labour category relative to another s wage rate is zero marginal income tax rates represent not only personal income taxes but also implicit taxation of income through transfer reduction model behaviour is consistent with analytical expectations decaluwe b lemelin a et bahan d l offre de travail endogene du modele bi re

interprovincial two stage water resource utilization efficiency under environmental constraint and spatial spillover effects in china although existing studies have paid much attention to the measurement model of water resource utilization efficiency they have failed to consider the spatial spillover effect of some influencing factors of water resource utilization efficiency causing biased results this study measures the water resource utilization efficiency of 31 provincial administrative regions in china from 2001 to 2014 and the efficiency of each stage by adopting a slack based efficiency evaluation model based on the relaxation of two stages to consider undesirable output then this study employs a spatial durbin econometric model by considering spatial effect to analyze the influencing factors of the overall efficiency of water resource utilization by per capita water resources industrial water living water consumption per capita gross domestic product degree of opening to the outside world industrial structure technological progress and other aspects by comparison existing studies do not consider the spatial spillover effect this study estimates the direct and indirect effects of the influencing factors of water resource utilization efficiency to distinguish local and neighbors impacts of influencing factors of water resource utilization efficiency the results are as follows 1 first stage overall efficiency is significantly higher than second stage water resource utilization efficiency overall efficiency is close to second stage efficiency and second stage efficiency determines the overall effectiveness of water resource utilization 2 the spatial autocorrelation intensity of water resource utilization overall efficiency is significantly greater than zero and water resource utilization overall efficiency presents concentration distribution in the space for which the eastern coastal regions are high high type and the central and western regions are low low type 3 the overall efficiency of water resource utilization has spatial spillover effects and the region s overall efficiency is influenced by both region and neighborhood region 4 the direct and indirect effects of domestic water consumption degree of opening up and industrial structure are the primary significant influencing factors of overall efficiency of water resources in china the spatial spillover effects of domestic water consumption and industrial structure have a significant impact to improve water resource utilization efficiency the government and citizens should focus on such solutions as pollution reduction domestic water savings and transforming the industrial structure moreover china should consider the spatial effects of these influencing factors when government policies are designed

bad eggs learning by doing and the choice of technology we model long run economic development through technology adoption under scientific uncertainty about environmental effects there are four possible long run equilibria in a socially planned economy high growth adopt rapidly but abandon damaging technologies once revealed ddt cfcs cautious brake the introduction of new technologies to avoid mistakes genetically modified organisms no growth halt technological progress to preserve secondary knowledge and collapse adopt rapidly without ever abandoning damaging technologies in the base parameterization a short sighted social planner chooses the cautious strategy a far sighted planner chooses the high growth strategy unless damages are irreversible in which case the cautious strategy again dominates regulatory options in the market economy are investigated pollution taxes do not affect the firm s level of precaution if they can only be applied after the adopting firm has reaped the benefits however they do encourage the abandonment of damaging technologies liability rules do affect precaution but may lead to excessive caution or even a no growth trap

effects of environmental regulation and fdi on urban innovation in china a spatial durbin econometric analysis abstract as for the academics and policymakers more attention has been given to the issue on how to drive urban innovation through the cooperation of environmental regulation and fdi with the use of a city level panel data of 285 chinese cities from 2003 to 2017 this study preliminary explores the impacts of environmental regulation fdi and its interaction term on urban innovation at national and regional levels specifically based on the spatial durbin model under the space and time fixed effect three different spatial weight matrixes i e the first order adjacency the inverse distance and the economic distance are utilized to check the robustness of the results under different standards the results indicate that the impacts of fdi and environmental regulation on urban innovation have not achieved the desired goal without the other s cooperation while most of its interaction term s coefficients on urban innovation are significantly positive which provides robust support for the establishment of porter hypothesis in china moreover spatial heterogeneity is established and the uneven development of urban innovation among different regions deserves more attention in order to effectively increase the ability of urban innovation in china the government should focus on such solutions as enhancing the implementation and supervision efficiency of environmental regulation optimizing the structure of fdi improving the synergistic effects of environmental regulation and fdi and establishing a multi scale spatial cooperation mechanism based on both geographical and economic correlations