renewable and non renewable energy growth emissions linkages review of emerging trends with policy implications abstract this study is an extension of the previous studies which focused mainly on energy growth nexus but fails to consider the carbon emission implication of this relationship the methodology of the study permits a comprehensive and comparative analysis of existing studies on renewable and non renewable energy growth emission nexus in order to draw some implications for policy and research the survey revealed the extent of the spread of studies across issues time and geographical space countries and regions it also disclosed the range of methodological approaches adopted to analyse the issues over time and the frequency of their use it unravelled the varied findings across countries and regions given the diverse methods employed and specific features of the economies analysed arising from the literature survey this study highlights the existing gaps in the literature and new direction for policy and research the general policy implication of the findings of this study is that pollution effect of energy growth nexus should be taken into consideration in policy formulation for sustainable development further the design of regional and global policies should recognise the fact that energy growth emission linkages varied across countries even in the same region some new direction for research on renewable and non renewable energy growth emission linkages pointed out in this survey includes the following future research on energy growth nexus without considering the pollution impact may not contribute so much to the literature studies should investigate the substitution complementary effects of the energy varieties on growth emission nexus while new methodological contributions are imperative

renewable natural resource management and use without markets natural resources by their nature are not readily bent to the status of private property efficient resource use is complicated by jurisdictional externalities public goods non use values and beneficiaries spatially separated from the location of resources the task is made more challenging by ecological complexity that obscures cause benefits and effects costs and dramatic time lags between individual actions and subsequent social consequences that together with substantial uncertainty introduce the chance of irreversibilities resource economists have played a major role in the literature on externalities the development of individual transferable quotas non market valuation techniques and common property management

energy consumption and sustainable economic welfare in g7 countries a comparison with the conventional nexus abstract this is an empirical study on the causal relationship between sustainable economic welfare growth and energy consumption for canada france germany italy japan uk and the usa using a multivariate panel framework with variables such as employment capital energy consumption and r d the short and long run relationships are compared with those produced from the commonly known so far energy gdp gross domestic product growth relationship results mainly show that in the long run g7 economies can reduce energy consumption without compromising sustainable economic welfare in the short run though both gdp and economic welfare are very much dependent on energy consumption for their materialization of growth sustainable or not the current paper follows the tendency of new economics that shift their focus therein and propagate the use of sustainable welfare in place of the criticized gdp the calculation of the index for sustainable economic welfare isew reveals that uk closely followed by usa have the largest gap on average 52 and 50 respectively between their gdp and sustainable economic welfare japan is experiencing a steadily widening gap while canada is the most sustainable country among g7

the renewable energy growth and environmental kuznets curve in turkey an ardl approach abstract this study examines the potential of renewable energy sources in reducing the impact of ghg emissions in turkey using autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach the relationship between co 2 emissions electricity generated using renewables and gdp in turkey has been investigated during 1961 2010 moreover the validity of environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis has been tested model results show that the coefficient of electricity production from renewable sources hydro power excluded with respect to co 2 emissions is negative and significant in the long run although this effect is positive and statistically significant in the short run since the ecm term is 0 82 it becomes negative around 1 year this means that renewable electricity production will contribute to environmental enhancement with a one year lag our results also suggest a u shaped ekc relationship between per capita ghgs and income estimations from a long run regression show that although the peak point of gdp per capita has been calculated to be 9920 us dollars this turning point was outside of the observed sample period therefore ghg emissions start to decrease with an increase in per capita gdp in the following years model research implies the potential and the importance of renewable energy sources in controlling of emissions in turkey

coal consumption and economic growth evidence from a panel of oecd countries this study examines the relationship between coal consumption and economic growth for 25 oecd countries within a multivariate panel framework over period 1980 2005 the larsson et al 2001 panel cointegration test indicates there is a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp coal consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force the respective coefficients for real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force are positive and statistically significant whereas the coefficient for coal consumption is negative and statistically significant the results of the panel vector error correction model reveal bidirectional causality between coal consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run however the bidirectional causality in the short run is negative

disaggregate energy consumption employment and income in turkey the purpose of this paper is to contribute to literature on energy consumption and economic growth relationship by examining how much of the variance in national income growth can be explained by the growth of different sources of energy consumption and employment in turkey we use the recently developed generalized forecast error variance decomposition technique of koop et al j econom 74 1996 119 and pesaran and shin econ lett 58 1998 17 to determine the information content of the growth rate of energy consumption waste seems to have the largest initial impact followed by oil however over a 3 year horizon lignite appears to explain the largest forecast error variance of gdp the total energy consumption explains 21 of forecast error variance of gdp energy consumption appears to be almost as important as employment in turkey therefore policy makers may be interested in identifying the energy dependencies of economic growth in allocating the energy investment budget

effects of renewable energy sector development on electricity consumption growth nexus in the european union abstract the aim of this study is to assess the effect of renewable energy sector development on the relationships between electricity consumption and economic growth in the european union countries in the period between 1995 and 2015 a panel vector autoregressive model is used for testing granger causality and estimating impulse response functions the results indicate that the relationships between economic growth and electricity consumption depend on the level of renewable energy sector development the greater the share of the renewable energy sector in the economy is the more noticeable the mutual dependence between the economic growth and renewable electricity consumption is in countries with relatively well developed renewable energy sectors renewable electricity consumption boosts the economy and vice versa in the remaining countries economic growth and electricity consumption are independent empirical findings suggest that policymakers should develop strategies to implement clean energy policy aimed at stimulating the development of the renewable energy sector to support economic growth

co2 emissions non renewable and renewable electricity production economic growth and international trade in italy abstract this paper applies the autoregressive distributed lag ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration to investigate the dynamic causal relationships between co2 emissions per capita real gdp per capita per capita non renewable electricity production and per capita renewable electricity production and international trade in the case of italy from 1960 to 2011 we find cointegration among these variables in the presence of possible structural breaks and we overcome the problem of multicollinearity in the research design the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis is validated analytically because the estimated pollution model indicates that economic growth leads to less pollution over time per capita renewable electricity production reduces the level of co2 emissions per capita in the short run and in the long run whereas international trade only impacts positively upon carbon dioxide emissions per capita in the long run international trade granger causes co2 emissions per capita and non renewable electricity production per capita moreover the results depict the existence of the long run unidirectional granger causality relation running from output per capita to renewable electricity production per capita and from non renewable electricity production per capita to renewable electricity production per capita the findings indicate that renewable electricity production is a key solution in reducing pollutant emissions over time this result should be of concern to policy makers

renewable energy as a luxury a qualitative comparative analysis of the role of the economy in the eu s renewable energy transitions during the double crisis the european union eu faces a double crisis both economic and environmental which has brought into stark relief the question of whether climate change mitigation and economic growth are mutually exclusive is saving the environment a luxury reserved for wealthy countries with less affluent countries being too poor to be green we seek to address this important and timely question using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis fsqca to analyse the causal relationship between economic growth and stability and the expansion of renewable electricity shares among the european union s eu 28 member states during the recent economic recession 2008 2013 our paper analyses the recent economic and financial crisis and its effects on sustainability transitions and establishes a new indicator for progress in renewable electricity transitions in the context of europe s 2020 targets it therefore extends the sustainability as a luxury debate to include renewable energy the analysis reveals an ambivalent picture of the role of wealth in renewable energy transitions ret in europe indeed driven by the eu s common renewable energy targets the findings suggest that rets are promoted both because and in spite of the means

on the causal dynamics between emissions nuclear energy renewable energy and economic growth this paper examines the causal relationship between co2 emissions nuclear energy consumption renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a group of 19 developed and developing countries for the period 1984 2007 using a panel error correction model the long run estimates indicate that there is a statistically significant negative association between nuclear energy consumption and emissions but a statistically significant positive relationship between emissions and renewable energy consumption the results from the panel granger causality tests suggest that in the short run nuclear energy consumption plays an important role in reducing co2 emissions whereas renewable energy consumption does not contribute to reductions in emissions this may be due to the lack of adequate storage technology to overcome intermittent supply problems as a result electricity producers have to rely on emission generating energy sources to meet peak load demand

natural gas consumption and economic growth nexus panel data analysis for gcc countries abstract this study investigates the relationship between natural gas energy consumption and economic growth by including trade openness total labor force and gross fixed capital formation as a major determinants of gdp growth within the multivariate framework model in gulf cooperation council gcc countries a panel gdp model is constructed taking the period of 1980 2012 the result revealed that natural gas energy consumption is cointegrated with gdp growth in the investigated countries in addition based on the panel dynamic ordinary least square dols and the fully modified ordinary least square fmols this study concluded that the natural gas energy consumption affects the gcc s countries gdp growth positively in the long run furthermore the results from the granger causality test revealed bidirectional causality between natural gas energy consumption and gdp growth which confirms the feedback hypothesis from the outcome of this research a number of policy implications were provided for the gcc countries

a robust analysis of the relationship between renewable energy consumption and its main drivers we provide a comprehensive and robust analysis of the drivers of renewable energy consumption for a panel of 64 countries using both the static pooled ols panel fixed and random effects and dynamic difference and system gmm panel data estimation approaches we show that the dynamic panel data model provides more efficient estimators than the static ones and that increases in per capita co2 emissions and per capita trade with foreign partners mainly drive the changes in per capita renewable energy consumption we also find limited evidence of oil price effects on renewable energy consumption which reflects the fact that renewable energy is just a complement and not a perfect substitute of crude oil at least in the short run

estimating the environment kuznets curve hypothesis evidence from latin america and the caribbean countries this study explores the effect of economic growth gdp renewable energy consumption re and financial development fd on co2 emission co2 in latin america and caribbean countries to achieve this goal a panel co2 model was built over the period 1980 2010 the kao cointegration test results revealed that the variables are cointegrated the fully modified ols fmols results indicated an inverted u shape relationship between co2 and gdp thus confirming the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis furthermore fmols results also revealed that fd can improve environmental quality by its negative long run effect on co2 however re has no long run effect on co2 indicating that the re does not contribute to co2 reduction the vecm granger causality results revealed feedback causality between gdp re fd and co2 in both short and long run additionally granger causality results also revealed that re gdp and fd can be a good solution to reduce environmental damage since they have a causal effect on co2 this study shows the investigated countries should increase their banking loans on green energy energy efficiency and energy saving projects to reduce environmental damage in addition the above recommendation can increase the contribution of renewable energy in reducing environmental damage

trends in the economic return on energy use and energy use efficiency in china s crop production abstract this study examines trends in energy input and output in china s crop production trends are also observed in energy use efficiency and economic return on energy use from 1991 to 2012 the results indicate that energy input increased from 3647 1 pj to 7919 5 pj and energy output increased from 7222 0 pj to 10954 0 pj between 1991 and 2012 given the growth in the sowing area energy input and output per unit of area sown also increased during this period energy use efficiency was estimated at 1 98 in 1991 and 1 38 in 2012 with an average annual decrease of 1 69 the economic return on crop production in china increased from 1991 to 2012 whereas agricultural labor input decreased consequently the economic return on energy use sowing area and labor all increased stably given a larger growth rate and higher production of high value and low energy crops when compared with low value and high energy crops an increase in the economic return on energy use occurred but so did a decline in energy use efficiency this phenomenon indicates the need to increase investments in technological development and technological innovation adopt new policies to optimize china s crop production structure and establish sustainable production systems

the relationship amongst energy consumption renewable and non renewable and gdp in algeria abstract this study aims to explore economic growth energy consumption nexus in algeria between 1980 and 2012 with cointegration tests we demonstrate the existence of long run link between real gross domestic product real capital and the two categories of energy consumption i e renewable energy per capita and non renewable energy the long run and the short run autoregressive distributed lag ardl estimates indicate that only the non renewable energy sort and capital can contribute to enhancing economic growth whereas renewable energy does not show any significant effect the outcome of causality tests proves a feedback link among non renewable energy consumption and gross domestic product among capital and gross domestic product and among non renewable energy and capital in both short run and long run terms moreover the results reveal a unidirectional link going from renewable energy to economic growth capital and non renewable energy respectively in the long run furthermore the results illustrate the presence of a unidirectional link going from non renewable energy to renewable energy in the short term our outcome suggests that policy makers in algeria should enhance the renewable energy share together with controlling the non renewable one

are there dynamic gains from a poor area development program poor area development programs in which the government transfers extra resources to unusually poor areas have been widely used to fight poverty there has been some research on such programs but little is known about their impact on household living standards over time the authors address the issue for a sizable poor area development program in rural china china s program had a significant impact on rural living standards in the targeted areas of the sample the consumption growth model suggests that households living in the targeted areas had a higher rate of consumption growth than one would have otherwise expected nonetheless the authors found that while the gains in growth were enough to prevent an absolute decline in average living standards they were not enough to reverse the strong underlying divergent tendencies in the rural economy

ordinary and special regimes of electricity generation in spain how they interact with economic activity abstract the purpose of this paper is to review the literature focused on the energy electricity growth nexus highlighting how the focus has shifted from aggregated energy electricity consumption towards specific energy sources moreover it aims to shed light on the relationships between different energy electricity sources and economic growth empirically the paper focuses on the analysis of interactions between electricity generation in spain under both the special regime sr and the ordinary regime or and their relationship with economic activity data for spain is studied for a time span from january 2003 to january 2016 the toda yamamoto causality test is carried out to check for causality relationships additionally both short and long run effects are assessed by using the ardl bounds test approach overall the results reveal high internal consistency when comparing the ardl results with the causality analysis the substitution effect was detected between or and sr however the negative effect of the sr on economic activity deserves special attention by energy policymakers this paper argues that the main challenge of renewable sources for policymakers is their cost effectiveness

renewable energy consumption economic growth nexus in turkey abstract this paper examines the renewable energy consumption economic growth causality nexus in turkey studies in the literature can be grouped as country specific and multi country studies the results of these studies are inconsistent and there is no agreement on the existence or the direction of causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth the results of this country specific study support conservation hypothesis the results of empirical tests from ardl approach show that renewable energy consumption has a negative impact on economic growth and the ones of toda yamamoto causality tests show that there is a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to renewable energy consumption

the renewable energy and economic growth nexus in black sea and balkan countries the aim of this study is to explore the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth within the framework of traditional production function for the period of 1990 2012 in 9 black sea and balkan countries for this purpose we use pedroni 1999 2004 panel cointegration pedroni 2000 2001 co integration estimate methods and dumitrescu and hurlin 2012 heterogeneous panel causality estimation techniques the study has concluded that there is a long term balance relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth and renewable energy consumption has a positive impact on economic growth heterogeneous panel causality analysis results support growth hypothesis in bulgaria greece macedonia russia and ukraine feedback hypothesis in albania georgia and romania neutrality hypothesis in turkey and according to the panel data set including all nine countries the results support feedback hypothesis with the findings it was concluded that there is a significant impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in balkan and black sea countries

rejecting renewables the socio technical impediments to renewable electricity in the united states if renewable power systems deliver such impressive benefits why do they still provide only 3 percent of national electricity generation in the united states as an answer this article demonstrates that the impediments to renewable power are socio technical a term that encompasses the technological social political regulatory and cultural aspects of electricity supply and use extensive interviews of public utility commissioners utility managers system operators manufacturers researchers business owners and ordinary consumers reveal that it is these socio technical barriers that often explain why wind solar biomass geothermal and hydroelectric power sources are not embraced utility operators reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big conventional power plants consumers practically ignore renewable power systems because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption intentional market distortions such as subsidies and unintentional market distortions such as split incentives prevent consumers from becoming fully invested in their electricity choices as a result newer and cleaner technologies that may offer social and environmental benefits but are not consistent with the dominant paradigm of the electricity industry continue to face comparative rejection

herding behaviour in energy stock markets during the global financial crisis sars and ongoing covid 19 abstract environmental change created worldwide interest in investing in renewable energy less reliance on fossil fuels would have a substantial influence on investors for alternative energy especially renewable energy the literature has concentrated on empirical studies of herding behaviour in finance but not in renewable energy this paper fills the gap by investigating herding in renewable energy using daily closing prices in renewable and fossil fuel energy stock returns in the usa europe and asia for march 24 2000 may 29 2020 which covers the global financial crisis gfc 2007 2009 the coronavirus crises of sars 2003 and the ongoing covid 19 2019 2020 pandemic the paper shows that 1 for low extreme oil returns investors are more likely to display herding in the stock market 2 for sars and covid 19 herding is more likely during extremely high oil returns after the gfc and 3 herding is more likely during periods of extremely low oil returns during the coronavirus crises these results suggest that after the gfc investors are more sensitive to asset losses so they will be more likely to display herding in the stock market however during sars and covid 19 investors panic so they may unwisely sell their assets there are strong cross sector herding spillover effects from us fossil fuel energy to renewable energy especially before the gfc while the us fossil fuel energy market has a significant influence on the europe and asia renewable energy returns during covid 19 during sars which was not a pandemic us fossil fuels only had an impact on us renewable energy returns

modeling the causal linkages between nuclear energy renewable energy and economic growth in developed and developing countries abstract this article investigates the causal relationship between two types of energy variables and economic growth using dynamic simultaneous equation panel data models for 17 developed and developing countries our results indicate that there is a unidirectional causality running from nuclear consumption to economic growth in belgium and spain while a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to nuclear consumption is supported in bulgaria canada netherlands and sweden a bidirectional relationship appears in argentina brazil france pakistan and the usa while no causality exists in finland hungary india japan switzerland and the u k second the results for the second nexus among renewable energy and economic growth show that there is a unidirectional causality running from renewable consumption to economic growth in hungary india japan netherlands and sweden while there exist a unidirectional running from economic growth to renewable consumption in argentina spain and switzerland a bidirectional relationship is supported in belgium bulgaria canada france pakistan and the usa while no causality exists in brazil finland and switzerland third we find the existence of a bidirectional causality between nuclear consumption and economic and a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to renewable energy consumption for the global panel

renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies abstract increased economic growth and demand for energy in emerging economies is creating an opportunity for these countries to increase their usage of renewable energy this paper presents and estimates two empirical models of renewable energy consumption and income for a panel of emerging economies panel cointegration estimates show that increases in real per capita income have a positive and statistically significant impact on per capita renewable energy consumption in the long term a 1 increase in real income per capita increases the consumption of renewable energy per capita in emerging economies by approximately 3 5 long term renewable energy per capita consumption price elasticity estimates are approximately equal to 0 70

economic growth fossil fuel and non fossil consumption a pooled mean group analysis using proxies for capital this study employs a pooled mean group estimator to examine the nexus between economic growth and fossil and non fossil fuel consumption for 53 countries between 1990 and 2012 the global sample was divided into four categories developed exporters developed importers developing exporters and developing importers the purpose of these categories was to observe whether factors unique to these countries influence the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth with the exception of developing importers evidence of bi directional causality between fossil fuel consumption and real gdp across all subsamples is observed this leads to the conclusion that efforts to directly conserve fossil fuels may harm economic growth in terms of non fossil fuel use the results are more diverse bi directional causality between non fossil fuel use and real gdp is found in the long and short run for developed importers bi directional causality only in the long run for developed exporters negative long run causality from real gdp to non fossil fuels for developing exporters and long run causality from non fossil fuel use to real gdp for developing importers these results lead to the conclusion that other factors have been responsible for the progress seen in non fossil fuel use thus it is concluded that economic growth on its own is insufficient to promote clean energy development there is a need for policy makers to create an environment conducive to renewable energy investment

are energy conservation policies effective without harming economic growth in the gulf cooperation council countries abstract this study explores the fossil fuels electricity consumption growth of the gross domestic product gdp relationship in the six gulf cooperation council gcc countries for the period 1980 2012 the aim of this study is to examine whether energy conservation policies are appropriate for these countries to reduce their high levels of electricity consumption the autoregressive distributed lag ardl and the toda yamamoto dolado lutkepohl tydl methodologies were employed to investigate this relationship the ardl results revealed that fossil fuels electricity consumption has a long run positive effect on gdp growth in the gcc countries however the tydl granger causality revealed different causality relationships among the countries a bi directional causality was found between fossil fuels electricity consumption and gdp growth in bahrain and the united arab emirates uae while one way causality from fossil fuels electricity consumption to gdp growth was found in oman and qatar on the other hand no causality was concluded between the variables in kuwait and saudi arabia from the results it is clear that energy conservation is not an ideal policy for the bahrain uae oman and qatar because it will have a negative consequence on their output however this policy can be implemented in kuwait and saudi arabia since it will not harm their output

renewable and non renewable energy consumption growth nexus evidence from a panel error correction model abstract unlike previous renewable energy consumption growth studies this study examines the relationship between renewable and non renewable energy consumption and economic growth for 80 countries within a multivariate panel framework over the period 1990 2007 the pedroni 1999 2004 heterogeneous panel cointegration test show a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp renewable energy consumption non renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force with the respective coefficient estimates positive and statistically significant there is little difference in the elasticity estimates with respect to renewable and non renewable energy consumption the results from the panel error correction model reveal bidirectional causality between renewable and non renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run also there is bidirectional short run causality between renewable and non renewable energy consumption indicative of substitutability between the two energy sources

the impact of renewable energy and agriculture on carbon dioxide emissions investigating the environmental kuznets curve in four selected asean countries abstract this study is the first attempt to explore the impact of per capita renewable energy consumption and agricultural value added on carbon dioxide co 2 emissions in four selected countries of the association of southeast asian nations asean 4 indonesia malaysia the philippines and thailand from 1970 to 2013 by examining the existence of the environmental kuznets curve ekc hypothesis our results of long run estimates do not support the inverted u shape ekc in the selected countries the estimates indicate that increasing renewable energy and agriculture decreases co 2 emissions while non renewable energy is positively correlated to emissions short run granger causal relationships exist from non renewable energy to emissions and to agriculture from economic growth to agriculture and from agriculture to renewable energy directly long run causalities indicate the existence of feedback causalities between emissions renewable energy and non renewable energy our policy implication is that developing sustainable agriculture can promote renewable energy and reduce emissions

applied econometrics and implications for energy economics research abstract developments in applied econometrics particularly with regard to unit root tests and cointegration tests have motivated a rich empirical literature on energy economics over the last decade this study reviews recent developments in time series econometrics applications in the energy economics literature we first consider the literature on the integration properties of energy variables we begin with a discussion of the implications of whether energy variables contain a unit root and proceed to examine how results differ according to the specific unit root or stationarity test employed we then proceed to examine recent developments in the literature on cointegration granger causality and long run estimates between disaggregated energy consumption and economic growth we review both single country and panel studies and pay particular attention to studies which have expanded the literature through adding variables such as financial development and trade in addition to energy consumption to the augmented production function as well as studies which have extended the literature through examining disaggregated energy consumption by type in each case we highlight best practice in the literature point to limitations in the literature including econometric modeling challenges and suggest recommendations for future research a key message of our survey is that the profession needs to guard against overload of research in these areas as most applied studies are no longer adding anything more to what is already known

renewable and non renewable electricity consumption environmental degradation and economic development evidence from mediterranean countries abstract in this article we develop an empirical model to investigate the causal link amid renewable and non renewable electricity consumption gdp and carbon emissions by using a panel of 9 mediterranean countries over the period 1980 2014 using the pmg panel ardl and panel econometric technics heterogeneity and cross sectional dependence among the panel were considered to explore the long and short run dynamic relationships as well as the validity of a proposed model the results provide panel empirical evidence that there is short term bidirectional causality between gdp renewable electricity consumption and co2 emissions and between non renewable electricity consumption gdp and renewable electricity consumption for the long term causal relationship the result indicates that there is bidirectional causality between non renewable electricity consumption and co2 emissions however there is evidence of unidirectional causal relationships from gdp to co2 emissions and non renewable electricity consumption and from renewable electricity consumption to co2 emissions the findings imply that non renewable electricity consumption and economic growth stimulate co2 emissions in southern and northern mediterranean countries while renewable electricity reduces them this empirical evidence suggests that expansion of renewable energy sources is a viable strategy for addressing energy security and reducing carbon emissions to protect the environment for future generations

the effect of renewable and nonrenewable electricity generation on economic growth abstract this note examines the impact of electricity generation on economic growth using data for a panel of 174 countries over the period 1980 2012 the paper makes several contributions first contrary to much of the literature the paper focuses on the effect of electricity generation on economic growth because of transmission and distribution losses and theft not all the electricity that is generated is eventually consumed making it necessary to investigate the impact of electricity generation on growth second we disentangle the impact of total electricity generation on growth into renewable and nonrenewable effects with increasing pursuit of energy security technological advances the falling costs of renewables and the movement to exploit renewable energy sources for electrification there is need to study not only the impact of traditional sources of electricity but renewable sources as well third we deviate from previous studies that focus on granger causality and or cointegration by estimating the effect of electricity generation on growth using the system generalized method of moments gmm given that electricity generation and many of the other regressors in our model may be jointly determined with gdp growth the system gmm approach is appropriate to deal with these endogeneity issues fourth we provide evidence of a link between electricity loss and economic growth our results indicate a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between renewable and nonrenewable electricity generation and growth

the effect of electricity consumption from renewable sources on countries economic growth levels evidence from advanced emerging and developing economies abstract this paper uses a sample of 36 countries for the time period 1990 2011 in order to examine the relationship between countries electricity consumption from renewable sources and gross domestic product gdp levels several nonparametric techniques are applied to investigate the effect of electricity consumption from several renewable sources including wind geothermal solar biomass and waste on countries gdp levels when investigating the whole sample ignoring countries economic development status the results reveal an increasing relationship up to a certain gdp level which after that point the effect of electricity consumption on gdp stabilises however when analyzing separately the emerging markets and developing economies and the advanced developed economies the results change significantly for the case of emerging market and developing economies the relationship appears to be highly nonlinear an m shape form indicating that on those countries the levels of electricity consumption from renewable sources will not result on higher gdp levels in contrast for the case of the advanced economies the results reveal an increasing nonlinear relationship indicating that higher electricity consumption levels from renewable sources results to higher gdp levels this finding is mainly attributed to the fact that in the advanced developed economies more terawatts from renewable sources are generated and consumed compared to the emerging market and developing economies which traditionally their economies rely on non renewable sources for power generation and consumption

considering the effect of biomass energy consumption on economic growth fresh evidence from brics region abstract this paper investigates the relationship between biomass energy consumption and economic growth by incorporating capital and trade openness in production function for the case of brics countries in doing so unit root and cointegration tests have been used in order to examine unit root properties and long run relationship between the series for the period of 1991q1 2015q4 the results confirm the presence of long run equilibrium relationship between the variables moreover biomass energy consumption stimulates economic growth capital increments economic growth and trade openness spurs economic growth the feedback effect exists between biomass energy consumption and economic growth trade openness granger causes economic growth capital and biomass energy consumption the policy to adopt biomass as the primary source of renewable energy helps brics countries to achieve sustainable development goal in both short run and long run however the key innovative point of this study is to establish the sign for granger causality test

the causal relationship between energy resources and economic growth in brazil abstract this study investigates the causal relationship between clean and non clean energy consumption and economic growth in brazil over the period of 1980 2009 clean energy consumption at aggregated level of total renewable energy consumption and disaggregated levels of hydroelectric new renewables and nuclear energy consumption are tested within a production function framework a cointegration test reveals a long term equilibrium relationship between real output capital labor and renewable and non renewable energy consumption at aggregated level and a long term equilibrium relationship between real output capital labor and hydroelectric new renewables nuclear and fossil fuel energy consumption at disaggregated level the capital labor and new renewables elasticities of real output are positive and statistically significant other energy consumption item s elasticities are insignificant the results from error correction model reveal the interdependencies between new renewables nuclear fossil fuel and total non renewable energy consumption and economic growth the unidirectional causality from hydroelectric total renewable consumption to economic growth the substitutability between new renewables and fossil fuel consumption and the substitutability between new renewables and nuclear energy consumption additionally nuclear and new renewables energy consumption responds to bring the system back to equilibrium overall aggregated analysis may obscure the relationship between different types of clean energy consumption and economic growth

on the causal dynamics between economic growth renewable energy consumption co2 emissions and trade openness fresh evidence from brics countries abstract the current study investigates the causal relationship between economic growth and renewable energy consumption in the brics countries over the period 1971 2010 within a multivariate framework the ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration and vector error correction model vecm are used to examine the long run and causal relationships between economic growth renewable energy consumption trade openness and carbon dioxide emissions empirical evidence shows that based on the ardl estimates there exist long run equilibrium relationships among the competing variables regarding the vecm results bi directional granger causality exists between economic growth and renewable energy consumption suggesting the feedback hypothesis which can explain the role of renewable energy in stimulating economic growth in brics countries

causality between income and emission a country group specific econometric analysis abstract empirical studies of the environmental kuznets curve ekc examine the presence or otherwise of an inverted u shaped relationship between the level of pollution and the level of income customarily in the diagram of ekc the level of income is shown on the horizontal axis and that of pollution on the vertical axis thus it is presumed that the relationship between income and pollution is one of unidirectional causality with income causing environmental changes and not vice versa the validity of this presumption is now being questioned it is being asserted that the nature and direction of causality may vary from one country to the other in this paper we present the results of a study of income co 2 emission causality based on a granger causality test to cross country panel data on per capita income and the corresponding per capita co 2 emission data briefly our results indicate three different types of causality relationship holding for different country groups for the developed country groups of north america and western europe and also for eastern europe the causality is found to run from emission to income for the country groups of central and south america oceania and japan causality from income to emission is obtained finally for the country groups of asia and africa the causality is found to be bi directional the regression equations estimated as part of the granger causality test further suggest that for the country groups of north america and western europe the growth rate of emission has become stationary around a zero mean and a shock in the growth rate of emission tends to generate a corresponding shock in the growth rate of income in contrast for the country groups of central and south america oceania and japan a shock in the income growth rate is likely to result in a corresponding shock in the growth rate of emission finally causality being bi directional for the country groups of asia and africa the income and the emission growth rates seemed to reinforce each other

does renewable and or non renewable energy consumption matter for total factor productivity tfp growth evidence from the brics abstract studies proved that output growth is mainly associated with the total factor productivity tfp growth and variables that affect the tfp have an important explanatory power on output in this regards the aim of this study is to examine the causal relationship between different types of energy consumption and tfp growth in the brics from 1992 to 2012 a panel bootstrap granger causality test by konya 2006 68 was employed to investigate the direction of possible connection between energy consumption and tfp growth results show that no remarkable causal link exists between renewable energy consumption and tfp growth in the brics however in the case of non renewables energy consumption creates a positive externality that contributes economic development in brazil and south africa by the growth of tfp as well as energy use itself in this respect policies that promote coal and non renewable electricity consumption in south africa and natural gas consumption in brazil may be beneficial for their economic development

energy consumption and economic growth in the light of meeting the targets of energy policy in the eu the bootstrap panel granger causality approach abstract the aim of the paper is to assess linkages between energy consumption and economic growth in the light of compliance with the eu energy policy targets stated in the climate and energy package for 2020 in the european union member states in the period 1993 2011 the study is divided into two main stages during the first one using cluster analysis methods four groups of countries which met three energy policy targets stated in the package at similar levels were identified during the second stage the bootstrap granger panel causality approach proposed by konya 2006 was used to verify the hypothesis of causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the countries from four groups created in the previous step the global financial crisis was also taken into account the results obtained reveal that the level of compliance with energy policy targets influences linkages between energy consumption and economic growth the results indicate causal relations in the group of countries with the greatest reduction of greenhouse gas emissions the highest reduction of energy intensity and the highest share of renewable energy consumption in total energy consumption in the remaining groups the results mostly confirm the neutrality hypothesis

an investigation of renewable and non renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus using industrial and residential energy consumption abstract our study shows that links between economic growth and energy consumption both expressed in per capita terms differed for renewables and non renewables for income panels over the period 1971 to 2011 renewables are mainly found to support the neutrality hypothesis only renewable totals in low and lower middle income llmi countries are found to drive economic growth the feedback growth and conservative hypotheses strongly feature with non renewables total and industrial our results are derived by linking different definitions of energy consumption with economic growth for 89 countries divided into llmi upper middle income umi and high income hi panels

does renewable energy consumption add in economic growth an application of auto regressive distributed lag model in pakistan abstract the objective of the study is to examine the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth by incorporating capital and labour as potential determinants of production function in case of pakistan this study used auto regressive distributed lag ardl model and rolling window approach rwa for cointegration in context of pakistan the study used quarterly data over the period of 1972q1 2011q4 the causality analysis applied through vecm granger causality and innovative accounting approaches the results reveal that all the variables in the study are cointegrated that shows the long run relationship between the variables furthermore renewable energy consumption capital and labour boost economic growth the causality analysis shows the feedback effect between economic growth and renewable energy consumption

energy consumption and growth in south america evidence from a panel error correction model abstract this study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of nine south american countries over the period 1980 2005 within a multivariate framework given the relatively short span of the time series data a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship pedroni s heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp energy consumption the labor force and real gross fixed capital formation with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the granger causality results indicate both short run and long run causality from energy consumption to economic growth which supports the growth hypothesis

renewable energy consumption and economic growth evidence from a panel of oecd countries abstract this study examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of twenty oecd countries over the period 1985 2005 within a multivariate framework given the relatively short span of the time series data a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship the heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium relationship between real gdp renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant the granger causality results indicate bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short and long run

the resource curse revisited a bayesian model averaging approach abstract the evidence for the effects of oil rents on growth is mixed a result which can be explained with model uncertainty we address the issue using bayesian model averaging techniques and an updated cross country data set for long term growth in the period 1970 2014 including 91 countries and 54 potential growth determinants we do not find empirical evidence for the existence of a natural resource curse in our sample on the contrary our results suggest a robust positive effect of oil rents on long term economic growth we then introduce interaction terms of oil rents with potential conditions under which oil dependency can lead to sub standard growth the results indicate that the positive effect of oil rents may be conditional on the quality of institutions we test the robustness of our results using a panel data set and find neither a curse nor a positive effect of oil rents on short to medium run growth

exploring the relationship between agricultural electricity consumption and output new evidence from turkish regional data abstract this study investigates the relationship between agricultural electricity consumption and agricultural output for a panel of 12 regions of turkey for the period 1995 2013 in order to reveal the possible heterogeneity between regions empirical analyses are conducted for the whole panel data and two sub groups within the panel data namely coastal regions and non coastal regions the results from several panel unit root tests indicate that electricity consumption and output are stationary process at their levels for overall panel and the two specific groups by using the ols with regional fixed effects this study finds that coefficient estimate of electricity consumption on output is statistically significant and positive for overall regions coastal regions and non coastal regions in addition the results from the dumitrescu hurlin granger causality test show that there is unidirectional causality running from agricultural output to electricity consumption for non coastal regions and there is bidirectional causality between agricultural electricity consumption and output for overall panel and coastal regions findings and policy implications are further discussed

from nonrenewable to renewable energy and its impact on economic growth the role of research development expenditures in asia pacific economic cooperation countries abstract this study disaggregates energy i e non renewable and renewable energy consumption and investigates its effect on economic growth the period of 1990 2015 is used to examine asia pacific economic cooperation apec countries this paper determines the cross sectional dependence and employs a second generation panel unit root test for precise estimation westerlund cointegration test is used to examine the long run equilibrium relationship between the variables and confirm the presence of cointegration in the long run the continuously updated fully modified ordinary least square cup fm approaches are applied to investigate long term output elasticities between the variables the results show the stimulating role of energy renewable and nonrenewable consumption in economic growth research and development expenditures and trade openness have a positive effect on economic growth moreover the time series individual country analysis also confirms that renewable energy has a positive impact on economic growth the heterogenous causality analysis reveals the feedback effect i e bidirectional causal associations among economic growth renewable energy consumption and nonrenewable energy consumption this empirical evidence suggests that countries should increase investment in renewable energy sectors and plan for development in renewable energy for sustainable energy growth

do countries influence neighbouring pollution a spatial analysis of the ekc for co2 emissions abstract by considering spatial relationships this study aims to analyse to what extent per capita co2 emissions are determined by renewable energy consumption the share of the services sector in gdp energy intensity and real per capita income a panel data set composed of 173 countries over the 1990 2014 period is used to estimate an environmental kuznets curve ekc augmented by neighbouring per capita income and energy intensity both standard and spatial forms are estimated for seven different sets of countries to assess the robustness of the results finally several forecasts are performed to verify global sustainability and to provide some policy suggestions for the period 2015 2100 the empirical results indicate that i most areas support the standard ekc ii there seems to be an inverted u shaped relationship between neighbouring per capita income and national per capita emissions in europe asia and the world as a whole iii neighbouring energy intensity increases national per capita emissions and iv forecasts show that economic growth will accelerate climate change however a steady annual growth in renewable energy consumption and a steady decrease in energy intensity both close to 2 5 may guarantee environmental sustainability prior to 2100

the role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth evidence from asymmetric causality abstract this paper investigates the causality among economic growth renewable energy consumption capital and labor for new eu member countries for the period of 1990 2009 by using asymmetric causality test approach and autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach the empirical results support that renewable energy consumption has positive impacts on economic growth for all investigated countries but only for bulgaria estonia poland and slovenia there is statistically significant impact on economic growth has found and also supports neutrality hypothesis for cyprus estonia hungary poland and slovenia while the conservation hypothesis is present for czech republic the fact that there is a causal relationship from economic growth to renewable energy consumption and the growth hypothesis is supported for bulgaria referring to causality from energy consumption to economic growth

energy consumption and economic growth in the usa evidence from renewable energy abstract recent debates about renewable energy consumption manifest two main expectations firstly renewable energy consumption should contribute to economic growth and secondly it should not cause damage on environment this study focuses on the first issue by applying toda yamamoto procedure and bootstrap corrected causality test for the us since empirical literature criticizes the toda yamamoto test which bases on asymptotic distribution the models consist of real gdp employment investment and kinds of renewable energy consumption only one causal relationship was found from biomass waste derived energy consumption to real gdp no causal relationship was found between real gdp and all of the other renewable energy kinds total renewable energy consumption geothermal energy consumption hydro electric energy consumption biomass energy consumption and biomass wood derived energy consumption that is using of energy from waste cause not only solving the dumping problems but also it contributes to real gdp for policy purpose the results of this study suggest that countries should concentrate on energy producing from waste as an alternative energy resource

the relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in the united states an ardl approach abstract we re examine the relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial output as well as employment in the united states using the autoregressive distributed lag ardl approach developed by pesaran and pesaran pesaran m h pesaran b 1997 working with microfit 4 0 camfit data ltd cambridge and pesaran shin and smith pesaran m h shin y smith r j 2001 bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships journal of applied econometrics 16 289 326 in particular we focus attention on the following energy consumption variables coal fossil fuels conventional hydroelectric power solar energy wind energy natural gas wood and waste the sample period covers 2001 1 2005 6 our results imply that real output and employment are long run forcing variables for nearly all measures of disaggregate energy consumption

renewable non renewable energy consumption economic growth trade openness and ecological footprint evidence from organisation for economic co operation and development countries the purpose of this study is to examine the validity of environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for ecological footprint with the role of renewable energy use non renewable energy use and trade openness in 24 organisation for economic co operation and development countries for this purpose we investigate the period from 1980 to 2014 using with second generation panel data methodologies which allow to cross sectional dependence among countries the group mean results show that the inverted u shaped environmental kuznets curve hypothesis does not hold in organisation for economic co operation and development countries because we found the u shaped relationship between economic growth and ecological footprint in addition it is concluded that increasing renewable energy consumption reduces ecological footprint and increasing non renewable energy consumption increases environmental degradation

renewable energy consumption and growth in eurasia this study examines the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for 13 countries within eurasia over the period 1992 2007 within a multivariate panel data framework the heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long run equilibrium relationship exists between real gdp renewable energy consumption real gross fixed capital formation and labor force the results from the error correction models indicate bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short run and long run thus the empirical findings lend support for the feedback hypothesis of the interdependent relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth

renewable energy and growth evidence from heterogeneous panel of g7 countries using granger causality abstract in this paper we examine the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth across the g7 countries using annual data for the period of 1990 2011 by employing the causality methodology proposed by emirmahmutoglu and kose 2011 8 we investigate if there is a causal relationship between the variables the advantage of this methodology is that it takes into account possible slope heterogeneity and cross sectional dependency in a multivariate panel the empirical results support the existence of a bi directional causal relationship between economic growth and renewable energy for the overall panel however looking at the individual results for each country the neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for canada italy and the us while for france and uk there is a unidirectional causality from gdp to renewable energy and the opposite for germany and japan

energy consumption income and carbon emissions in the united states abstract this paper investigates the effect of energy consumption and output on carbon emissions in the united states earlier research focused on testing the existence and or shape of an environmental kuznets curve without taking energy consumption into account we investigate the granger causality relationship between income energy consumption and carbon emissions including labor and gross fixed capital formation in the model we find that income does not granger cause carbon emissions in the us in the long run but energy use does hence income growth by itself may not become a solution to environmental problems

factors impacting diverging paths of renewable energy a review abstract considered an essential factor for countries development energy demand is growing worldwide unlike conventional sources the use of renewable energy sources has multiple benefits including increased energy security sustainable economic growth and pollution reduction in particular greenhouse gas emissions nevertheless there is a considerable difference in the share of renewable energy sources in national energy portfolios this study conducts a systematic literature review to identify drivers and barriers which could help understanding the diverging paths of renewable energy deployment for countries among a total of 1431 academic studies 60 qualitative and quantitative studies were identified using a multistage selection process designated manuscripts were explored in detail including publication years length of the studies countries represented and renewable energy sources referenced factors explaining countries renewable energy deployments were defined and organized into seven main categories economic environmental political regulatory social technical potential and technological within these categories economic considerations appeared most frequently across manuscripts while environmental factors were least represented these categories were then classified as drivers barriers or undetermined towards renewable energy deployment based on a one sample proportion statistical test economic environmental and social factors were found to be drivers whereas political regulatory technical potential and technological factors were not classified as either a driver or a barrier i e undetermined each main category contains several subcategories among which only national income was found to have a positive impact whereas all other subcategories were considered undetermined no significant barriers to the deployment of renewable energy sources were found over the analyzed period

will initiatives to promote hydroelectricity consumption be effective evidence from univariate and panel lm unit root tests with structural breaks abstract this paper examines whether initiatives to promote hydroelectricity consumption are likely to be effective by applying univariate and panel lagrange multiplier lm unit root tests to hydroelectricity consumption in 55 countries over the period 1965 2011 we find that for the panel as well as about four fifths of individual countries that hydroelectricity consumption is stationary this result implies that shocks to hydroelectricity consumption in most countries will only result in temporary deviations from the long run growth path an important consequence of this finding is that initiatives designed to have permanent positive effects on hydroelectricity consumption such as large scale dam construction are unlikely to be effective in increasing the share of hydroelectricity relative to consumption of fossil fuels

a literature survey on energy growth nexus abstract this paper provides a survey of the recent progress in the literature of energy consumption economic growth and electricity consumption economic growth causality nexus the survey highlights that most empirical studies focus on either testing the role of energy electricity in stimulating economic growth or examining the direction of causality between these two variables although the positive role of energy on growth has become a stylized fact there are some methodological reservations about the results from these empirical studies a general observation from these studies is that the literature produced conflicting results and there is no consensus neither on the existence nor on the direction of causality between energy consumption electricity consumption and economic growth as a policy implication to avoid from conflicting and unreliable results the authors may use the autoregressive distributed lags bounds test two regime threshold co integration models panel data approach and multivariate models including new variables such as real gross fixed capital formation labor force carbon dioxide emissions population exchange rates interest rates etc thus the authors should focus more on the new approaches and perspectives rather than by employing usual methods based on a set of common variables for different countries and different intervals of time

the causal relationship between renewable electricity generation and gdp growth a study of energy sources abstract this paper examines the causal relationship between economic growth and electricity generation from renewable sources biomass geothermal hydroelectric solar waste and wind across 20 oecd countries over 1990 to 2008 the results from a commonly used panel error correction model find a a bidirectional relationship between aggregate renewable generation and real gdp b biomass hydroelectricity waste and wind energy exhibit a positive long run relationship with gdp c hydroelectricity and waste generation exhibit a short run positive bidirectional relationship with gdp growth and d biomass hydroelectric and waste electricity generation have the largest impact on real gdp in the long run we extend the analysis to consider the possibility of structural breaks and cross sectional dependence accounting for cross sectional dependence we find that in the short run increases in biomass and waste generation negatively affect gdp while aggregate renewable and hydroelectricity increase gdp energy conservation policies will positively impact gdp if the policies cause decreases in biomass or waste energy but increase hydroelectricity and wind energy