decoupling of industrial energy consumption and co2 emissions in energy intensive industries in scandinavia as methodology the ex post analysis deserves more attention as a device to calibrate energy sector models this paper studies the impact of energy prices and taxes on energy efficiency and carbon emissions of ten industrial sectors in the three scandinavian countries a database with sector specific energy prices and taxes has been established which allows the analysis to take various price reductions and tax exemptions better into account a translog factor demand system estimation for a cross industry pooled model is explored and fixed effects across industries and time is estimated the findings here confirm recent analyses which indicate higher long term elasicities for industries than normally assumed in scandinavian energy sector models with the observations on differences in energy intensities among sectors and countries the findings allow for some optimism as to the opportunities for further decoupling between trends in gross value added carbon emissions and energy consumption

adverse selection in asset markets theory and evidence from the indian market for cows dairy cows cycle through periods where their quality is more observable the milking phase and where their quality is less observable the dry phase this variation in quality observability creates the potential for an adverse selection problem i develop a theoretical model of trade in dry and milking cows and find empirical evidence consistent with the adverse selection theory in particular dry animal prices fall less in response to negative shocks relative to milking animal prices which is consistent with the model s prediction that negative shocks actually help the dry animal market by pushing more high quality owners to sell

unfixed resources perceived costs consumption and the accessible account effect consumption depletes one s available resources but consumers may be unaware of the total resources available for consumption and therefore be influenced by the temporary accessibility of resource accounts consistent with this possibility consumers in four experiments perceived a unit of consumption to be smaller and consequently consumed more when large resource accounts of money calories or time e g the money in their savings account were made temporarily accessible compared with when small resource accounts were made temporarily accessible e g the money in their wallet manipulating the cognitive accessibility of resources available for consumption influences both subjective judgment and behavior

co benefit of carbon mitigation on resource use in china abstract on one hand natural resources and energy provide the basis for life on earth but waste and emissions are produced during their throughput on the other hand china as the most populous country and an emerging economic powerhouse has taken on the challenge of hitting peak carbon dioxide co2 emissions by 2030 pursuing resource co benefits from carbon mitigation is an effective approach for china on the road to achieving the 2030 goal in this study we combine the computable general equilibrium cge model and the economy wide material flow accounts or analysis ew mfa method to estimate china s future co2 emissions and resource consumption and their co benefit effect three scenarios are analyzed business as usual bau nationally determined contributions ndc and the scenario of achieving the 2 degree target 2deg we find that both the ndc and 2deg targets can be achieved by 2030 without a significant compromise in economic growth with the effect of carbon mitigation china s resource consumption would rise by a factor of 1 7 bau 1 6 ndc and 1 5 2deg during 2012 2030 and the reduction in co benefits of metal ores nonmetallic minerals and fossil fuels would be 0 6 billion tons and 1 4 billion tons 0 8 billion tons and 2 0 billion tons and 2 6 billion tons and 4 6 billion tons for ndc and 2deg respectively sectoral disparity indicates that sectors with high emissions and resource consumption include traditional heavy industrial sectors and energy related sectors for which additional mitigation policies should be employed not only because they offer the most co benefit effects but they also have the least cost

credit market constraints consumption smoothing and the accumulation of durable production assets in low income countries investments in bullocks in india in this paper we formulate and estimate a finite horizon structural dynamic model of agricultural investment behavior that incorporates the major features of low income agricultural environments income uncertainty constraints on borrowing and rental markets and the use of investment assets to generate income and smooth consumption the model is fit to longitudinal indian household data on farm profits bullock stocks and pump sets the estimated structural parameters are used to assess the effects on the life cycle accumulation of bullocks agricultural profits and welfare associated with complete markets and bullock liquidity and with second best policies that provide assured sources of income to farmers and weather insurance

price promotions cause impatience in this research the authors propose that incidental exposure to price promotions can cause downstream impatience in an unrelated domain specifically price promotions trigger reward seeking a ge

accuracy of response in labor market surveys evidence and implications this paper examines the extent of response errors in labor market survey data and explores the implications of such errors for economic analysis explicitly examined are responses to questions on industry occupation union status hours worked and wages analyses are based on two sources 1 a special supplement to the january 1977 current population survey that obtained data from workers and their employers and 2 an exact match of workers and their employers interviewed in the employment opportunity pilot project survey the dual nature of these surveys provides a basis for analyzing the effect of response error on a variety of economic analyses including the trade off between wages and risk the wage impact of unionism and the sensitivity of wage determination models to alternative responses to earnings questions

cultural differences in consumer impatience abstract in this article the authors examine cross cultural variations in how people discount the future specifically they predict that people from western cultures are relatively less patient and therefore discount the future to a greater degree than do people from eastern cultures and thus westerners value immediate consumption relatively more furthermore on the basis of regulatory focus theory the authors predict that when easterners are faced with the threat of a delay in receiving a product i e a prevention loss they are more impatient whereas when westerners are faced with the threat of not being able to enjoy a product early i e a promotion loss their impatience increases this enhanced impatience manifests in preference for expedited consumption of a product purchased online in two studies in both studies the authors used a priming methodology on bicultural singaporean participants the results support the predictions in the second study they also found evidence in support

women s work and economic development using a cross country dataset and microdata from india and thailand we examine how women s work status changes with economic development several clear patterns emerge women s labor force participation first declines and then rises with development women move from work in family enterprises to work as paid employees fertility declines and gender gaps in education narrow women s education levels and those of their spouses appear to be important determinants of women s labor market activities broad welfare indicators such as mortality rates and education levels indicate that women s well being improves on average with development both in absolute terms and relative to men

smallholder dairying under transactions costs in east africa abstract it is argued that dairying is vital to future viability of many small farms in east africa and that high transactions costs for dairy production and marketing limit participation by asset and information poor smallholders case studies from kenya and ethiopia illustrate the role of dairy cooperatives in reducing transactions costs analysis of the determinants of producer prices received by a sample of dairy producers near addis ababa suggests that different levels of access to infrastructure assets and information explain why they contemporaneously accept widely different producer prices for fluid milk

shirking or productive schmoozing wages and the allocation of time at work this study uses detailed time diaries from household surveys for 1975 and 1981 to examine how changes in the use of time on the job affect earnings among nonunion workers the marginal minute of break time apparently increases earnings but not as much as does the marginal minute of work time among union workers additional time in unscheduled breaks appears to be associated with significantly higher earnings though other break time is not the author concludes that further growth in on the job leisure would reduce productivity that monitoring workers would yield returns to the firm but that entirely eliminating breaks would be counterproductive

the evolution of chinese industrial co2 emissions 2000 2050 a review and meta analysis of historical drivers projections and policy goals the emissions of the chinese industrial sector alone comprise 24 1 of global emissions 7 8 gtcyr 1 in 2015 this makes chinese industrial emissions of unique national and international relevance in climate policy this study reports a literature survey that quantitatively describes the evolution of these emissions from 2000 to 2050 in the context of policy goals the survey reveals that 1 the major historical factor contributing to the decrease in industrial co2 emissions has been the reduction in energy intensities however that decrease has been more than compensated for by increases in industrial activity 2 an ensemble of projections shows that china s industrial emissions will likely peak in 2030 in alignment with china s commitment to the paris agreement the timing of the peak varies across industrial sub sectors with ferrous metals and non metallic products sectors peaking first and the electricity sector later 3 the assumptions underlying optimistic scenarios broadly match the drivers of recent decreases in historical emissions energy intensity industrial structure and energy mix furthermore these factors feature prominently in china s policy portfolio to both develop and decarbonize the chinese industrial sector the industrial carbon intensity targets of 2020 and 2025 are close to the median predictions in the medium scenarios from studies 2019 the authors

spending time versus spending money we find systematic differences in the way that people spend time versus money ex post people are able to more easily accommodate negative outcomes by adjusting the value of their temporal inputs ex ante people are willing to spend more time for higher risk higher return options whereas when spending money the pattern is reversed and the more standard pattern of increasing risk aversion is observed although accurate assessment of the opportunity costs of time is key to making good decisions ambiguity in the value of time promotes accommodation and rationalization

the economics of roscas and intrahousehold resource allocation this paper investigates individual motives to participate in rotating savings and credit associations roscas detailed evidence from roscas in a kenyan slum nairobi suggests that most roscas are predominantly composed of women particularly those living in a couple and earning an independent income to explain this phenomenon we propose an argument based on conflictual interactions within the household participation in a rosca is a strategy a wife employs to protect her savings against claims by her husband for immediate consumption the empirical implications of the model are then tested using the data collected in kenya

a non unitary discount rate model we develop a simple macroeconomic model in which agents discount their utility from consumption and the utility from leisure at different rates under this setting time inconsistency emerges for the preferences of agents moreover the time inconsistency problem generates two types of inefficiencies intratemporal and intertemporal we examine the welfare effects of savings subsidy and consumption tax the effects of taxation in our model are quite different from those in the standard model if the discount rate for consumption is higher lower than that for leisure today s self cares less more about the consumption of the future selves than the leisure of the future selves depressing stimulating the consumption of future selves improves the utility of today s self hence a positive negative consumption tax rate improves the utility level of all selves

decoupling economic growth from carbon dioxide emissions in china a sectoral factor decomposition analysis china is facing the dilemma of how to coordinate economic development and carbon dioxide co2 emissions reduction this paper investigates the decoupling effect of economic growth from co2 emissions in china during the period 1992 2012 using the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi method we decompose the driving forces of the decoupling of economic growth from co2 emissions in china s five major economic sectors into several factors and measure the contribution of each factor to the decoupling of china s overall economy from co2 emissions the results show that china performed the weak decoupling of economic growth from co2 emissions during 1992 2012 and so did all its five major sectors such a state did not occur smoothly and presented five different stages energy intensity and economic activity level were the most important factors affecting the decoupling in china energy intensity decreased in all sectors indicating a large acceleration for the sectoral decoupling states this finding is applicable to process carbon intensity in industrial sector and energy emission factor in agricultural industrial construction and service sectors in terms of sectoral effects on the decoupling in china industrial sector played a dominant role while construction sector had the most marginal influence the economic activity level and economic share of industrial sector exerted the most negative effects on the decoupling the energy intensity of industrial sector played a key role in promoting the national decoupling state while the energy emission factor of agricultural sector contributed the least

the labor illusion how operational transparency increases perceived value aubiquitous feature of even the fastest self service technology transactions is the wait conventional wisdom and operations theory suggest that the longer people wait the less satisfied they become we demonstrate that because of what we term the labor illusion when websites engage in operational transparency by signaling that they are exerting effort people can actually prefer websites with longer waits to those that return instantaneous results even when those results are identical in five experiments that simulate service experiences in the domains of online travel and online dating we demonstrate the impact of the labor illusion on service value perceptions demonstrate that perceptions of service provider effort induce feelings of reciprocity that together mediate the link between operational transparency and increased valuation and explore boundary conditions and alternative explanations this paper was accepted by pradeep chintagunta and preyas desai special issue editors this paper was accepted by pradeep chintagunta and preyas desai special issue editors

is china s economic growth decoupled from carbon emissions abstract a comprehensive understanding of the interdependence between china s economy and carbon emissions can better serve china s transition towards a low carbon economy and can also provide reference for other developing countries the purpose of this paper was to investigate the dependence of china s economy on co2 emissions i the tapio decoupling model was applied to quantify the decoupling elasticity between china s economy and co2 emissions ii the structure decomposition technique was utilized to quantity the contribution of china s economic structure to the decoupling elasticity iii the combined decomposition model which combined cobb douglas c d production function with logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi technique and was solved the residual problem was employed to identify more driving factors labor input investment carbon coefficient energy structure energy intensity economic structure and technology state affecting the decoupling elasticity the main results were as follows i the decoupling elasticity showed a downward trend during the whole period and the decoupling state was characterized by two types expansive negative decoupling 2002 2005 and weak decoupling 2000 2002 and 2005 2014 ii the industry sector played the most negative effect on the decoupling process expect 2013 2014 from the cumulative effect the contribution of six sectors to promote decoupling effect was ranked as follows construction agriculture trade other transport industry iii the most critical factor driving the increased co2 emissions was the investment effect accounting for 145 34 of the cumulative total co2 emissions while the energy intensity effect contributed to a cumulative reduction in co2 emissions of 1443 72 mt finally some policy recommendations were offered to achieve the decoupling of china s economic growth and carbon emissions

microenterprise growth and the flypaper effect evidence from a randomized experiment in ghana standard models of investment predict that credit constrained firms should grow rapidly when given additional capital and that how this capital is provided should not affect decisions to invest in the business or consume the capital we randomly gave cash and in kind grants to male and female owned microenterprises in urban ghana for women running subsistence enterprises we find no gain in profits from either treatment for women with larger businesses we strongly reject equality of the cash and in kind grants only in kind grants cause growth in profits suggesting a flypaper effect whereby capital coming directly into the business sticks there but cash does not the results for men also suggest a lower impact of cash but differences between cash and in kind grants are less robust there is suggestive evidence that the difference in the effects of cash and in kind grants is associated more with lack of self control than with external pressure

is carbon emission growth decoupled from economic growth in emerging countries new insights from labor and investment effects abstract as emerging countries are both major contributors to global carbon emissions growth and global economic growth the sharp contradiction between economy and carbon emissions has seriously hindered the sustainable development of emerging countries and is not conducive to the realization of global emission reduction targets this work takes brics brazil russia india china and south africa the representatives of emerging countries as an example to investigate the decoupling state between economic growth and carbon emissions and to uncover the driving factors behind these decoupling the results show i russia and south africa have experienced the longest time of strong decoupling indicating that the decoupling in these two countries is better than that in other countries china india and south africa was characterized by expansive coupling weak decoupling and expansive negative decoupling respectively ii the labor effect and investment effect have contributed to the carbon emissions growth in the brics and the reasons for the carbon emissions changes in russia india china and south africa are strongly consistent while brazil has a different performance iii the investment decoupling effect has hindered the decoupling process in russia south africa china and india but has promoted the decoupling process in brazil while the energy intensity effect is the driving force in the decoupling process in most countries finally the policy recommendations for the different decoupling status of each country were put forward

supply side structural effect on carbon emissions in china abstract this paper carries out a structural decomposition analysis sda of production related carbon emissions in china from 1992 to 2005 by adopting the ghosh input output model it finds that the supply side structure measured by sectoral shares in value added increased production related carbon emissions in 1992 2002 mainly due to the rapid growth of manufacturing sectors but reduced them in 2002 2005 thanks to the decreased shares of carbon intensive sectors whatever the supply side structure forward carbon multipliers of each sector or changes in supply side sectoral shares and related emissions effects calculated by adopting the ghosh input output model were different from their demand side counterparts estimated by adopting the leontief input output model the results suggest optimizing the supply side structure and lowering the forward carbon multipliers to control carbon emissions in the future

the bottom dollar effect the influence of spending to zero on pain of payment and satisfaction spending that exhausts a budget is shown to decrease satisfaction with purchased products relative to spending when resources remain in the budget six studies including those in which participants earn and spend real resources and evaluate real products explore this bottom dollar effect this research contributes to prior mental accounting research regarding how costs influence decision making e g bundling coupling sunk costs and to the satisfaction literature supporting the role of pain of payment in this process we show that the bottom dollar effect increases as effort required to earn budgetary resources increases decreases in the presence of windfall gains and decreases when there is less time between budget exhaustion and replenishment mediation analyses further demonstrate the role of payment pain in the bottom dollar effect implications are discussed in the context of behavioral research marketing promotions management and public policy

is decoupling economic growth from fuel consumption possible in developing countries a comparison of china and india abstract a better understanding the coupling decoupling of economic growth from energy demand in china and india can serve both countries and other developing countries to achieve the goal of gaining higher economic growth with less energy demand to demonstrate the relationship between coupling decoupling economy and energy in china and india better this work has made following contributions i analyzes the decoupling elasticity between economic growth and energy consumption by using the tapio model ii explores the five key effects labor input investment energy structure energy intensity technology level of decoupling elasticity by combining the cobb douglas c d function and log mean divisia index lmdi method and iii evaluates the decoupling efforts by applying decoupling efforts model in china and india between 1990 and 2015 the decoupling elasticity results show china s decoupling elasticity curve is in an inverted u shaped trend and the decoupling elastic value is concentrated between 0 and 0 8 in most years showing a weak decoupling state furthermore the decoupling state is strong decoupling during 2014 2015 indicating china has initially achieved the decoupling of economy and energy consumption while india s decoupling elasticity presents irregular fluctuations indicating that india s decoupling status is not very satisfactory the decomposition results uncover that major effects of decoupling in china and india are similar i e the investment effect is the biggest driver which contributed to a cumulative increasing impact in energy consumption in china and india by 3017 10 million tonnes oil equivalent and 675 18 million tonnes oil equivalent respectively whereas the energy intensity effect is the greatest inhibiting factor which contributed to a cumulative reduction in energy consumption in china and india by 1437 81 million tonnes oil equivalent and 139 21 million tonnes oil equivalent the decoupling efforts results show decoupling effort in china is better than that in india improving energy efficiency is the leading contributor to china s decoupling efforts while advancing technology is the major contributor to india s decoupling effort

we will be right with you managing customer expectations with vague promises and cheap talk delay announcements informing customers about anticipated service delays are prevalent in service oriented systems how delay announcements can influence customers in service systems is a complex problem that depends on both the dynamics of the underlying queueing system and on the customers strategic behavior we examine this problem of information communication by considering a model in which both the firm and the customers act strategically the firm in choosing its delay announcement while anticipating customer response and the customers in interpreting these announcements and in making the decision about when to join the system and when to balk we characterize the equilibrium language that emerges between the service provider and her customers the analysis of the emerging equilibria provides new and interesting insights into customer firm information sharing we show that even though the information provided to customers is nonverifiable it improves the profits of the firm and the expected utility of the customers the robustness of the results is illustrated via various extensions of the model in particular studying models with incomplete information on the system parameters allows us also to highlight the role of information provision in managing customer expectations regarding the congestion in the system further the information could be as simple as high congestion low congestion announcements or it could be as detailed as the true state of the system we also show that firms may choose to shade some of the truth by using intentional vagueness to lure customers

evidence on the validity of cross sectional and longitudinal labor market data this article investigates error properties of survey reports of labor market variables we use the panel study of income dynamics psid validation study a two wave panel survey of workers employed by a large firm that shared its detailed payroll records individuals reports of annual earnings are fairly accurate errors are negatively related to true earnings reducing bias due to measurement error when earnings are used as an independent variable biases are moderately larger for changes in earnings earnings per hour are less reliably reported than annual earnings biases in estimating earnings functions are relatively small but those in labor supply functions may be important

external validity in a stochastic world evidence from low income countries we examine empirically the generalizability of internally valid micro estimates of causal effects in a fixed population over time when that population is subject to aggregate shocks using panel data we show that the returns to investments in agriculture in india and ghana small and medium non farm enterprises in sri lanka and schooling in indonesia fluctuate significantly across time periods we show how the returns to these investments interact with specific measurable and economically relevant aggregate shocks focusing on rainfall and price fluctuations we also obtain lower bound estimates of confidence intervals of the returns based on estimates of the parameters of the distributions of rainfall shocks in our two agricultural samples we find that even these lower bound confidence intervals are substantially wider than those based solely on sampling error that are commonly provided in studies most of which are based on single year samples we also find that cross sectional variation in rainfall cannot be confidently used to replicate within population rainfall variability based on our findings we discuss methods for incorporating information on external shocks into evaluations of the returns to policy

toward to economic growth without emission growth the role of urbanization and industrialization in china and india abstract the contradiction between economic growth and carbon emissions in china and india is the most prominent in the world both countries have faced tremendous pressures to curb carbon emissions because they are major source of new added emission sources meanwhile both countries have faced greater pressures to achieve industrialization and urbanization in order to eradicate poverty better understanding the decoupling status and its drivers can serve to develop effective policy to achieve economic growth without an increase in emission this paper comparatively analyses the decoupling effect of the economic growth from the carbon emissions as well as its drivers during the period 1980 2014 in china and india the tapio decoupling model was used to analyze the decoupling status and the co integration theory and the impulse response functions were applied to investigate the effects of urbanization industrialization per capita gdp and carbon emission intensity to decoupling the results show that china mainly performed a weak decoupling of economic growth from carbon emissions in 1980 2014 while the decoupling status of india was no regular in china carbon emission intensity is the biggest contributor of decoupling followed by urbanization per capita gdp and industrialization in india the biggest driver of decoupling is also the carbon emission intensity followed by urbanization industrialization and per capita gdp therefore improving energy efficiency is the best policy to toward economic growth without emission growth in china and india

decomposition of co2 emissions change from energy consumption in brazil challenges and policy implications this study evaluates the changes in co2 emissions from energy consumption in brazil for the period 1970 2009 emissions are decomposed into production and consumption activities allowing computing the full set of energy sources consumed in the country this study aims to develop a comprehensive and updated picture of the underlying determinants of emissions change from energy consumption in brazil along the last four decades including for the first time the recently released data for 2009 results demonstrate that economic activity and demographic pressure are the leading forces explaining emission increase on the other hand carbon intensity reductions and diversification of energy mix towards cleaner sources are the main factors contributing to emission mitigation which are also the driving factors responsible for the observed decoupling between co2 emissions and economic growth after 2004 the cyclical patterns of energy intensity and economy structure are associated to both increments and mitigation on total emission change depending on the interval the evidences demonstrate that brazilian efforts to reduce emissions are concentrated on energy mix diversification and carbon intensity control while technology intensive alternatives like energy intensity has not demonstrated relevant progress residential sector displays a marginal weight in the total emission change

comparing structural decomposition analysis and index to analyze and understand historical changes in economic environmental employment or other socio economic indicators it is useful to assess the driving forces or determinants that underlie these changes two techniques for decomposing indicator changes at the sector level are structural decomposition analysis sda and index decomposition analysis ida for example sda and ida have been used to analyze changes in indicators such as energy use co2 emissions labor demand and value added the changes in these variables are decomposed into determinants such as technological demand and structural effects sda uses information from input output tables while ida uses aggregate data at the sector level the two methods have developed quite independently which has resulted in each method being characterized by specific unique techniques and approaches this paper has three aims first the similarities and differences between the two approaches are summarized second the possibility of transferring specific techniques and indices is explored finally a numerical example is used to illustrate differences between the two approaches

using an extended lmdi model to explore techno economic drivers of energy related industrial co2 emission changes a case study for shanghai china although investment and r d activities can exert significant effects on energy related industrial co2 emissions eice related factors have not been fairly uncovered in the existing index decomposition studies this paper extends the previous logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi decomposition model by introducing three novel factors r d intensity investment intensity and r d efficiency the extended model not only considers the conventional drivers of eice but also reflects the microeconomic effects of investment and r d behaviors on eice furthermore taking shanghai as an example which is the economic center and leading co2 emitter in china we use the extended model to decompose and explain eice changes also we incorporate renewable energy sources into the proposed model to carry out an alternative decomposition analysis at shanghai s entire industrial level the results show that among conventional macroeconomic factors expanding output scale is mainly responsible for the increase in eice and industrial structure adjustment is the most significant factor in mitigating eice regardless of renewable energy sources the emission reduction effect of energy intensity focused on by the chinese government is less than the expected due to the rebound effect but the introduction of renewable energy sources intensifies its mitigating effect partly resulting from the transmission from the abating effect of industrial structure adjustment the effect of energy structure is the weakest although all the three novel factors exert significant effects on eice they are more sensitive to policy interventions than conventional factors r d intensity presents an obvious mitigating effect while investment intensity and r d efficiency display an overall promotion effect with some volatility the introduction of renewable energy sources intensifies the promotion effect of r d efficiency as a result of the green paradox effect finally we propose that co2 mitigation efforts should be made by considering both macroeconomic and microeconomic factors in order to achieve a desirable emission reduction effect

decoupling sectoral economic output from carbon emissions on city level a comparative study of beijing and shanghai china abstract cities do play significant roles in tackling global environmental changes decoupling economic growth from environmental pressures is critical for global sustainable development however few studies pay attention to the decoupling analysis at city level this paper conducts a comparative study of the decoupling performance of economic output from co2 emissions between beijing and shanghai the top two cities in china in this paper the decoupling trends and the decoupling effects are explored from a sectoral perspective by combining the tapio decoupling elasticity and the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi model the results show that beijing and shanghai both experienced weak decoupling in construction expansive negative decoupling in transport expansive coupling in trade and weak decoupling in others over the period 2000 2015 moreover agriculture appeared strong decoupling in beijing and recessive decoupling in shanghai industry showed strong decoupling in beijing and weak decoupling in shanghai the decoupling effects showed different magnitudes and patterns in industrial sectors between beijing and shanghai overall per capita gdp and population growth inhibited the decoupling while energy intensity industrial share energy mix accelerated the decoupling process

the lmdi approach to decomposition analysis a practical guide in a recent study ang energy policy 32 2004 compared various index decomposition analysis methods and concluded that the logarithmic mean divisia index method is the preferred method since the literature on the method tends to be either too technical or specific for most potential users this paper provides a practical guide that includes the general formulation process summary tables for easy reference and examples

the time vs money effect shifting product attitudes and decisions through personal connection the results of five field and laboratory experiments reveal a time versus money effect whereby activating time vs money leads to a favorable shift in product attitudes and decisions because time increases focus on product experience activating time vs money augments one s personal connection with the product thereby boosting attitudes and decisions however because money increases the focus on product possession the reverse effect can occur in cases where merely owning the product reflects the self i e for prestige possessions or for highly materialistic consumers the time versus money effect proves robust across implicit and explicit methods of construct activation

congestion based lead time quotation for heterogenous customers with convex concave delay costs optimality of a cost balancing policy based on convex hull functions we consider a congestible system serving multiple classes of customers who differ in their delay sensitivity and valuation of service or product customers are endowed with convex concave delay cost functions a system manager offers a menu of lead times and corresponding prices to arriving customers who then choose the lead time price pair that maximizes their net utility value minus disutility of delay and price we investigate how such menus should be chosen dynamically depending on the system backlog to maximize welfare we formulate a novel fluid model of the problem and show that the cost balancing policy based on the convex hulls of the delay cost functions is socially optimal if the system manager can tell customer types apart if types are indistinguishable to the system manager the cost balancing policy is also incentive compatible under social optimization finally we show through a simulation study that the cost balancing policy does well in the context of the original stochastic problem by testing it against various natural benchmarks

a generalizable scale of propensity to plan the long and the short of planning for time and for money planning has pronounced effects on consumer behavior and intertemporal choice we develop a six item scale measuring individual differences in propensity to plan that can be adapted to different domains and used to compare planning across domains and time horizons adaptations tailored to planning time and money in the short run and long run each show strong evidence of reliability and validity we find that propensity to plan is moderately domain specific scale measures and actual planning measures show that for time people plan much more for the short run than the long run for money short and long run planning differ less time and money adaptations of our scale exhibit sharp differences in nomological correlates short run and long run adaptations differ less domain specific adaptations predict frequency of actual planning in their respective domains a very long run money adaptation predicts fico credit scores low planners thus face materially higher cost of credit

adding asymmetrically dominated alternatives violations of regularity and the similarity hypothesis an asymmetrically dominated alternative is dominated by one item in the set but not by another adding such an alternative to a choice set can increase the probability of choosing the item that dominates it this result points to the inadequacy of many current choice models and suggests product line strategies that might not otherwise be intuitively plausible

analysis of electricity consumption in china 1990 2016 using index decomposition and decoupling approach abstract electricity consumption accounts for a significant portion of final energy consumption in countries worldwide and has a close relationship with economic growth this paper explores the factors influencing electricity consumption in china during 1990 2016 using index decomposition analysis and analyses the decoupling status between economic growth and electricity consumption in addition to the influencing factors these analyses are conducted at both national and sectoral levels the results reveal that 1 the economic activity effect was the main driving force increasing total electricity consumption in china while the energy intensity effect hindered it 2 both diversity and aggregation existed at the sector level the power generation chemicals and non ferrous sectors were the top three contributors to increased electricity consumption 3 the change of electricity consumption caused by gdp growth in china showed three decoupling states during 1990 2016 expansive negative decoupling expansive coupling and weak decoupling in particular the energy intensity effect stimulated the occurrence of decoupling 4 industrial sectors played a significant role in decoupling in china while service sectoral electricity consumption showed expansive coupling with its sectoral gdp in recent years

decoupling analysis and environmental kuznets curve modelling of provincial level co2 emissions and economic growth in china a case study abstract guangdong is one of the most representative provinces of china in terms of reflecting how the provincial level co2 emissions dynamically evolve with economic development during the process of industrialisation and urbanisation the present study combines decoupling analysis with environmental kuznets curve ekc modelling to systematically explore the interactions between co2 emissions and economic growth in guangdong from the short to long terms aiming to provide the referential significance of low carbon development to other chinese provinces empirical results indicate that co2 economy interactions in guangdong dynamically changed with time performing an effect of expansive weak decoupling during 1995 2014 and having a potential to achieve a strong decoupling in the long run the decoupling states of various sectors and their contributions to the provincial overall decoupling differed greatly and varied by time and household and service sectors played increasingly important roles overall the decoupling effect of provincial co2 emissions is distinctly affected by the stage of industrialisation and urbanisation renewable energy utilisation as well as low carbon technical progress therefore promoting co2 economy decoupling at the provincial level should be specific to the feature and development reality of various provinces

peasant household behaviour with missing markets some paradoxes explained a model of peasant household behavior under varying degrees of household specific food and labor market failures is constructed to show that these structural features can explain several well known patterns of peasant response which have often been attributed to peculiar motives presumed specific to peasants the model explains sluggish response to cash crops prices and high instability in perceived food and labor scarcities the key role of manufactured consumer goods prices in stimulating peasants effort in cash crops production the effectiveness of taxation as opposed to incentives in stimulating cash crops production and the key role of technological change in food production to enhance cash crop production results are obtained analytically in the case of one market failure and by numerical simulation with more than one

china s energy demand and its characteristics in the industrialization and urbanization process a reply zhang and qin 2013 argued that in jiang and lin 2012 the equation form and variable selection should be altered and it was problematic to use regression equation to project the future in this reply we disagree with and will refute some of the points raised in their comments the model that we established was based on the mature economic theory with the variable selections all having economic implications considering the economic development stage china s urbanization will speed up and this will have significant effect on energy consumption therefore urbanization is an indispensable variable for analyzing energy demand in china the scenario design only in terms of the gdp is sufficient for illustrating energy demand trend in china to be understood in a way by most of the people although energy forecast is not that precise it has an important implication for energy policy design especially for china which is in transition and china s energy demand will keep high growth in the mid term

are the economy and the environment decoupling a comparative international study 1960 20051 ecological modernization theory posits that even though economic development harms the environment the magnitude of the harmful link decreases over the course of development in contrast the treadmill of production theory argues that the strong relationship between environmental harms and economic development will remain constant or possibly increase through time to evaluate these competing propositions interactions between economic development and time are used in cross national panel analyses of three measures of carbon dioxide emissions the results vary across the three outcomes as well as between developed and less developed countries providing mixed support for both theoretical perspectives the authors conclude by discussing how both theories could benefit from engaging contemporary research concerning changes within the transnational organization of production and the structure of international trade and how these global shifts influence environment economic development relationships

why does china s carbon intensity decline and india s carbon intensity rise a decomposition analysis on the sectors abstract as more attention paid to global warming the international community argues that developing countries should take more carbon reduction responsibility china and india the top two developing countries confronted heavy pressure to handle the dilemma of environmental protection or economic increase in this context we switched focus to carbon intensity defined as carbon emission per unit of economic output to investigate carbon performance and economic performance simultaneously in this study we fully considered the impact of sector heterogeneity on carbon intensity that is we decomposed the carbon intensity of the 56 industries which subsequently reclassified into 18 industries in china and india using the data from wiod world input output database the results indicate that 1 india s carbon intensity presented a constant increasing trend while china appeared a stable decreasing trend and the former exceeded the latter since 2009 2 all industries of china exerted efforts to decrease carbon intensity conversely india only had a few industries decreasing carbon intensity 3 energy intensity significantly decreased china s carbon intensity while increased india s carbon intensity surprisingly 4 in general structure effect made negative contribution to carbon intensity improvement in china while positive in india specifically economic structure had a positive impact on china and india though the impact was minor for the former significant for the latter energy structure slightly promoted india s carbon intensity to decrease on the contrary it was the largest inhibitor to china this research will not only promote low carbon economy development of china and india but also provide scientific and practical references to other developing countries

the value of time ten studies are used to document that time is valued in accordance with a double kinked value function there is a zone of indifference for small time gains losses increasing marginal utility disutility for moderate time gains losses and diminishing marginal utility disutility for large time gains losses moderate amounts of time exhibit increasing marginal utility disutility because larger blocks of time provide a more diverse set of usage opportunities it is only when it is difficult to imagine how more less time would be beneficial detrimental that there is diminishing marginal utility disutility for time thus time valuation shows increasing marginal utility when there is a time deficit but diminishing marginal utility when there is a time surplus these findings have implications for how other resources might be valued

decomposing the decoupling of co2 emissions and economic growth in brazil abstract this paper examines the occurrence of a decoupling between the growth rates in economic activity and co 2 emissions from energy consumption in brazil from 2004 to 2009 this decoupling was highlighted when economic activity and co 2 emissions moved in opposite directions in 2009 more generally we observe several periods of relative decoupling in brazil but not to the extent witnessed in 2009 to identify the determinants of emissions change we develop a decomposition model based on a log mean divisia index lmdi framework the results indicate that the carbon intensity and energy mix are the main determinant of emissions reduction in brazil between 2004 and 2009 modifications in the economy structure are also associated to emission mitigation in the period such evidence demonstrates similarities with events of decoupling registered for the interval 1980 1994 in brazil finds from brazil differ from observations in other countries in which improvement in energy intensity has been the most common determinant of emissions reduction

the path of technological progress for china s low carbon development evidence from three urban agglomerations abstract it is widely believed that technological progress is the key driving force for low carbon development based on a panel data of 50 cities during the period 2005 2014 in china s three urban agglomerations beijing tianjin hebei yangtze river delta and pearl river delta this paper presents a comprehensive analysis on the path of technological progress for the low carbon development specifically it firstly estimates the factor biased technological progress by using a translog production function model and then dynamic panel data models are used to investigate the impacts of three sources of technological progress including rd finally we introduce an index to measure the appropriate technical structure and analyze the technological improvement strategy to the low carbon development the main results indicate that technological progress of the three urban agglomerations is biased toward electricity thereby shows a electricity saving effect fdi shows electricity saving and carbon reduction effects but rd the impacts of import and export on the factor biased technological progress are weak furthermore the path of technological progress is highly related to the level of economy when gdp per capita is higher than 37 000 yuan indigenous innovation is the main driver for low carbon development

does urbanization drive economic growth decoupled from energy consumption in china s logistics abstract logistics has gradually become a major energy consumer in china along with urbanization and e commerce a better understanding of economic growth decoupled from energy consumption in logistics could relieve the pressure of energy supply and environmental pollution a combined model based on the tapio decoupling model kaya identity and log mean divisia index was proposed to decompose the impact of urbanization into 4 related factors comparative analysis was applied to investigate the similarities of and differences in the urbanization related factors affecting the decoupling state of provinces the main results were as follows 1 weak decoupling was the dominant state of logistics in china during 2007 2016 there were weak decoupling and strong decoupling in most of the observation period in the eastern region while there was no strong decoupling in the central and western regions 2 from the national perspective urbanization related factors had very significant but different impacts population quantity spatial structure and spatial expansion were the key inhibitors while population density was the main contributor 3 from the regional perspective the patterns of urbanization related factors in the three regions were similar population density had a positive but decreasing effect on decoupling in the three regions especially the western region population quantity had an increasing negative effect on decoupling in the three regions especially the central and western regions spatial expansion had an increasing negative effect on decoupling in the eastern and western regions but a decreasing negative effect in the central region and spatial structure had a stable negative effect on the three regions finally some policy implications were proposed

decoupling economic growth from carbon emissions growth in the united states the role of research and development abstract the united states has achieved economic growth compatible with carbon reduction since 2007 this work is addressed to understand the eight effects especially effects related to research development rd whereas economic scale was the primary inhibitor to the drop of carbon emission followed by investment intensity population size and sectoral energy structure the results of decoupling efforts analysis uncover that energy intensity r d intensity r d efficiency and sectoral carbon intensity contributed to decoupling economic growth from carbon emission whereas investment intensity population size and sectoral energy structure did not contribute to the decoupling finally some policy implications are proposed

eliciting prospect theory when consequences are measured in time units time is not money we elicited the prospect theory components utility probability weighting and loss aversion when consequences are expressed as the time dedicated to a specific task or activity a similar elicitation was performed for monetary consequences to allow an across attribute time money comparison of the elicited components at the individual level we obtained less concave utility and smaller loss aversion for time than for money moreover while the probability weighting was predominantly inverse s shaped for both attributes it was less sensitive to probabilities and more elevated for time than for money this finding implies more optimism for gains and more pessimism for losses this paper was accepted by peter wakker decision analysis

an analysis of the decoupling relationship between co2 emission in power industry and gdp in china based on lmdi method abstract china predominantly relies on thermal power generation to meet its power requirement which has led to a major increase in total co2 emission and poses a huge threat to the development of power industry in order to reduce co2 emission in power industry and develop economy simultaneously it is necessary to study how to achieve the strong decoupling relationship between co2 emission in power industry and gdp in china however such studies are relatively limited so far thus this paper mainly inquiries the major driving factors on the decoupling during the period of 1985 2016 first the decoupling state in china is quantified by using the tapio decoupling indicator then this paper carries out the decomposition of the decoupling index to explore the driving factors affecting the decoupling by the logarithmic mean divisia index lmdi method and kaya identity equation finally energy consumption in power generation thermal power structure power generation structure transmission and distribution loss electrification energy intensity and economic scale are explored to discuss the decoupling relationship with respect to the co2 emission reduction the results show that the decoupling relationship is in an alternating state between weak decoupling and expansive negative decoupling in 1985 2016 and the influences of seven factors on the decoupling relationship are of difference wherein energy intensity as well as energy consumption in power generation promotes the decoupling while both the economic scale and electrification are the two main factors that inhibit the decoupling the other three factors have relatively weak effects therefore based on the empirical results this paper puts forward some policy suggestions to effectively promote the decoupling between china s electric co2 emission and economic growth

how to promote the growth of new energy industry at different stages abstract china is currently the world s largest emitter of carbon dioxide co2 vigorously developing new energy sources has become an important way to reduce co2 emissions therefore more and more scholars have studied effective ways to promote the development of new energy industry however most of the existing research use single equation linear models or static models to study the driving forces of the new energy industry this not only ignores the large number of dynamic relationships between economic variables but also produces endogeneity problems in order to overcome the shortcomings of existing research this paper uses vector autoregressive model to study the new energy industry the results show that energy consumption structure has a positive effect on the new energy industry in the short run but the effect is limited in the long run the impact of the agriculture industry is gradually narrowing over time due to the gradual reduction of crop acreage however the influence of economic growth is positive both in the short and long run this is due to the gradual optimization of industrial structure technological progress produces a similar impact owing to continued investment in research and development funding as well as research and development personnel

how high are rates of return to fertilizer evidence from field experiments in kenya the idea that peasant farmers are rational profit maximizers has been a staple of development economics since theodore schultz 1964 it has also been influential in shaping policy for example agricultural experts have stressed the importance of fertilizer use in raising agricultural yields pointing to impressive results on experimental farms and to huge differences in agricultural productivity across countries with different levels of fertilizer use robert evenson and douglas gollin 2003 historically many countries subsidized fertilizer in response but economists have been skeptical of claims that farmers are leaving money on the table noting that fertilizer may not have the same returns on real world farms as on experimental farms that returns to fertilizer may be low for many farmers even if they are high on average tavneet suri 2007 that fertilizer may require complementary inputs or may be risky many countries have withdrawn or scaled back fertilizer psychology and development theory and experimental evidence

decomposition of co2 emissions over 1980 2003 in turkey abstract there is a multi dimensional need for studying the energy situation in turkey and to obtain insight into the development of co2 emissions on the one hand recent projections of the oecd show that turkey has a yearly gdp growth potential of over 7 on the other hand recent projections of undp and world bank indicate that the level of co2 emission is going to rise six fold by 2025 with respect to the level of emissions in 1990 it is a great challenge to both meet the growth target and keep the co2 under control thereupon this paper tries to unfold factors that explain co2 emissions by undertaking a complete decomposition analysis for turkey over the period 1980 2003 the analysis shows as is common to relatively fast growing economies that the biggest contributor to the rise in co2 emissions is the expansion of the economy scale effect the carbon intensity and the change in composition of the economy which nearly move in tandem also contribute to the rise in co2 emissions albeit at a slower rate the energy intensity of the economy which is decreasing is responsible for a modest reduction in co2 emissions hence in congruence with the scale effect a decoupling of carbon emissions and economic growth is not found in turkey over the period 1980 2003

business models for sustainable biofuel transport the potential for intermodal transport the use of solid wood biofuels for energy production in heating plants has increased drastically during the last decades great interest has been shown in replacing unsustainable road transport of wood fuel with more sustainable intermodal transport this paper maps the common business models for biofuel transport in sweden and suggests how these models may be developed to accommodate intermodal transport a view of the biofuel supply chain as five overlapping networks industry material operations transport and infrastructure connected by four transaction markets sourcing operations transport and traffic have been used four typical business models have been found regional national biofuel company local biofuel company heating plant own account and wood processing industry cooperation and vertical integration among the actors are important to reach the large transport volumes required for intermodal transport key issues to increase the intermodal potential are increased vertical integration and cooperation sharing of transport resources and infrastructure joint purchases outsourcing to expert actors building trust and open communication and not underestimating the complexity of intermodal transport the results have implications for any actor interested in developing intermodal transport or policy measures the contribution includes the new approach of developing business models by using the five layer network market model

decoupling factors on the energy output linkage the spanish case the recent increase of energy intensity in spain and the ratification of the kyoto protocol call for the implementation of energy policies in spain in this paper we investigate the relationship between gross domestic product gdp and energy consumption ec by taking into account several decoupling factors that can affect this linkage specifically we have considered the temporal aggregation of data and its seasonal adjustments the multivariate methodology the substitution between ec and other inputs and the technological changes empirical tests reveal a long run relationship between ec and gdp that can only be established in a complete way with a multivariate cointegration analysis furthermore a short run unidirectional causality from ec to economic growth is found therefore primary ec plays an important role as a limiting factor for economic growth in spain in the short run

adaptive behavior of impatient customers in tele queues theory and empirical support we address the modeling and analysis of abandonments from a queue that is invisible to its occupants such queues arise in remote service systems notably the internet and telephone call centers hence we refer to them as tele queues a basic premise of this paper is that customers adapt their patience modeled by an abandonment time distribution to their service expectations in particular to their anticipated waiting time we present empirical support for that hypothesis and propose an m m m based model that incorporates adaptive customer behavior in our model customer patience depends on the mean waiting time in the queue we characterize the resulting system equilibrium namely the operating point in steady state and establish its existence and uniqueness when changes in customer patience are bounded by the corresponding changes in their anticipated waiting time the feasibility of multiple system equilibria is illustrated when this condition is violated finally a dynamic learning model is proposed where customer expectations regarding their waiting time are formed through accumulated experience we demonstrate via simulation convergence to the theoretically anticipated equilibrium while addressing certain issues related to censored sampling that arise because of abandonments

profitability of fertilizer experimental evidence from female rice farmers in mali abstract we conducted an experiment providing fertilizer grants to female rice farmers in mali we found that women who received fertilizer used both more fertilizer and more complementary inputs s

decomposition of carbon intensity in electricity production technological innovation and structural adjustment in china s power sector abstract china s power generation accounted for 24 of the world s total output ranking first in 2015 as a suitable performance indicator carbon intensity of electricity reflects a variation in the average level of carbon emissions per unit of electricity generated as the largest carbon emitter among various industries power sector is in duty bound to reduce carbon emissions and achieve sustainable development great progress has been made in china s power sector which is reflected by the effects of technological innovation and structural adjustment with logarithm transformation and integral transformation three dimensional decomposition model is proposed to quantitatively measure the changed carbon intensity of electricity due to technological innovation and structural adjustment in the context of three dimensional model the variation of carbon intensity can be decomposed into absolute changes and or relative changes furthermore accumulative decomposition results are obtained by chain linked calculation rules finally the proposed models are implemented in china s power industry to reveal its historical progress during 1980 2014 some important conclusions are also found based on the decomposition results

contests with money and time experimental evidence on overbidding in all pay auctions competition for a prize frequently takes the form of dedicating time toward winning a contest those who spend more time become more likely to obtain the prize we model this competition as an all pay auction under incomplete information and report an experiment in which expenditures and rewards are in terms of time in the experiment subjects must stay in the laboratory doing nothing for an initially prespecified length of time however they can bid in terms of time to leave early the auction has an all pay structure so that if an individual does not submit the highest bid within her group she must stay for the additional time that she bid we correlate behavior in this game with behavior in an isomorphic all pay auction played with money bids we also consider how two measures of sophistication the cognitive reflection test crt score and performance on a probability calibration task correlate with behavior we find strong similarities in overall behavior between the auctions conducted with money and with time bidding greater than equilibrium levels is typical and as a consequence average earnings are negative in both auctions thus the result that there is overdissipation of rent in all pay auctions extends to competition in terms of time

travel configuration on consumer trip chained store choice we predict that in evaluating alternative equidistant trip chains i e the combining of multiple destinations into a single outing consumers will choose trip chains where destinations are more clustered i e closer to each other and further from the origin over equidistant trip chains where destinations are less clustered but closer to the origin this prediction is based on the assumptions of diminishing marginal sensitivity and reference point dependence postulated by reference dependent theory results of the first experiment provide support for this prediction results of the second experiment provide evidence that trip chain configuration affects route choice via both facets of reference dependent theory

spatiotemporal evolution of decoupling and driving forces of co2 emissions on economic growth along the belt and road abstract since the belt and road initiative bri has increased the economic growth of many developing countries in asia more attention should be paid to carbon dioxide co2 emissions in these regions based on the tapio decoupling model and kaya lmdi model this paper investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of decoupling and driving factors of co2 emissions of 57 bri countries from 1991 to 2016 the results are as follows first the decoupling statuses of higher income countries are generally better than lower income countries second northeast asia south asia and west asia accounted for 68 5 16 8 and 13 3 of co2 emission increases in bri countries from 1991 to 2016 third almost all countries co2 emissions significantly rise due to economic growth while energy intensity reduces co2 emissions to some extent energy exports increase co2 emissions to varying degrees in asia countries but their impact has gradually fallen except for europe the population size effect increases co2 emissions especially in west asia china india russia and five opec countries show similar characteristics with the above regions

is energy transition promoting the decoupling economic growth from emission growth evidence from the 186 countries abstract a more comprehensive understanding the effects of energy transition on the decoupling economic growth from carbon emission growth at global and national scale can serve to develop more effective approaches towards to economic growth without emission growth this paper combined decoupling index model and decomposition approach to identify decoupling state and uncover factors driving decoupling process in the world and 186 countries divided into three groups upper middle income umi lower middle income lmi and high income hi between 1990 and 2014 regarding to decoupling state world experienced weak decoupling 1990 2000 expansive negative decoupling and expansive coupling 2000 2011 and weak decoupling 2011 2014 hi initially realized the most desirable strong decoupling while decoupling state of umi and lmi were rather not ideal enough especially lmi changed violently and appeared no clear improving trend turning to decomposition results energy transition had positively contributed to decoupling process of hi while not in umi and lmi hi enjoyed better energy utilization efficiency absolutely offsetting negative impact caused by economic scale to decoupling process more importantly umi and lmi had great economic potential and will definitely emit tremendous carbon emission without taking appropriate measurements consequently umi and lmi shall take more responsibility to reduce carbon emission and actively accelerate the process of energy transition so as to achieve economic growth strongly decouple from carbon emission

decomposition analysis for assessing the progress in decoupling industrial growth from co2 emissions in the eu manufacturing sector decomposition analysis is used in this paper not only to explain changes in industrial co2 emissions but also to comparatively evaluate the progress made in 14 eu countries in decoupling emissions from industrial growth the analysis is performed for the period 1990 2003 by distinguishing two time intervals for assessing progress prior to and following the agreement on the kyoto protocol the refined laspeyres model is used to determine the impact of 5 explanatory factors output energy intensity structure fuel mix and utility mix the obtained results are further elaborated in order to assess the real efforts undertaken in each country and their effectiveness in dissociating the economic and environmental dimensions of development moreover a rescaling procedure is implemented in order to adjust efforts to the average progress in the eu and proceed to a fair comparative evaluation it is found that most eu countries made a considerable but not always sufficient decoupling effort while no significant acceleration is observed in the post kyoto period

continued existence of cows disproves central tenets of capitalism we examine the returns from owning cows and buffaloes in rural india with labor valued at market wages households earn large negative median returns from holding cows and buffaloes at 304 and 75 respectively making the stark assumption of labor valued at zero median returns are then 5 for cows and 10 for buffaloes with 52 and 46 of households earning negative returns for cows and buffaloes respectively why do households continue to invest in livestock if economic returns are negative or are these estimates wrong we discuss potential explanations including labor market failures for why livestock investments may persist

agricultural decisions after relaxing credit and risk constraints the investment decisions of small scale farmers in developing countries are conditioned by their financial environment binding credit market constraints and incomplete insurance can limit investment in activities with high expected profits we conducted several experiments in northern ghana in which farmers were randomly assigned to receive cash grants grants of or opportunities to purchase rainfall index insurance or a combination of the two demand for index insurance is strong and insurance leads to significantly larger agricultural investment and riskier production choices in agriculture the binding constraint to farmer investment is uninsured risk when provided with insurance against the primary catastrophic risk they face farmers are able to find resources to increase expenditure on their farms demand for insurance in subsequent years is strongly increasing with the farmer s own receipt of insurance payouts with the receipt of payouts by others in the farmer s social network and with recent poor rain in the village both investment patterns and the demand for index insurance are consistent with the presence of important basis risk associated with the index insurance imperfect trust that promised

waiting time and decision making is time like money time is a resource as such consumers have to make decisions regarding their use of time in the purchase and consumption of goods and services using prospect theory and mental accounting as theoretical frameworks this article investigates whether consumers treat time like money when they make decisions in a series of studies we found that the value of consumers time is not constant but depends on contextual characteristics of the decision situation our results also suggest that in deterministic situations people make decisions involving time losses in a manner consistent with the convex loss function proposed by prospect theory however in decision making under conditions of risk people seem to make risk averse choices with respect to decisions in the domain of time in contrast to the risk seeking behavior often found with respect to decisions involving losses of money we discuss the nonfungibility of time as an explanation for the discrepancy between decisions involving time and those involving money

decoupling analysis of world economic growth and co2 emissions a study comparing developed and developing countries abstract this study discusses decoupling trends in world economic growth and co2 emissions based on decoupling theories the decoupling trends of economic growth and co2 emissions in typical developed and developing countries in 1965 2015 are compared by using an oecd decoupling factor model and tapio elastic analysis tea method and the igtx decoupling model on this basis this study evaluates correlations of these three decoupling models by employing the spearman s rank correlation coefficient the research indicates that owing to the igtx decoupling model being easily affected by other non environmental factors the shorter the research period of interest the more easily the decoupling indices distort while the accuracy of the tea method is not limited by the length of the research period of interest with respect to the overall decoupling trend the research shows that 1 strong decoupling is found in developed countries and slightly increases in the stabilisation thereof the decoupling state in the united kingdom and germany is more stable than that of the united states and france 2 developing countries demonstrate weak decoupling that fluctuates significantly and lacks regularity the stabilisation and optimisation of china in decoupling process are better than those of brazil and india finally according to research conclusions relevant policies and suggestions are proposed in view of energy savings and emissions reduction in developing countries

the abatement of carbon dioxide intensity in china factors decomposition and policy implications to deal with the challenges brought about by climate changes china decided to reduce the carbon dioxide co2 intensity by 40 45 per cent from 2005 to 2020 using the decomposition technique this study finds that energy intensity is the most important force to drive the decline of co2 intensity between 1980 and 2008 followed by structural factors such as the adjustment of energy and industrial structure therefore any environmental policy to promote energy efficiency will play the biggest role in achieving the target of abating co2 intensity in 2020

decoupling decomposition and forecasting analysis of china s fossil energy consumption from industrial output abstract industries are a major fossil energy consumer and economic development contributor in china the chinese government is performing the industrial reforms to diminishing the dependence of industrial output on fossil energy consumption to guide the present industrial policy adjustment this study employs the tapio decoupling index a structural decomposition algorithm a hybrid forecasting model and industry related data from 2001 to 2014 to evaluate decompose and forecast the relationship between china s industrial output and fossil energy consumption empirical results show that the decoupling index of fossil energy consumption from the value added by china s industry was less than 0 in 2015 consequently the industrial fossil energy consumption reached its peak at that time and will gradually decrease in the future even though the added value continuously increased the mitigation goals set by the chinese government for industrial fossil energy intensity by 2020 are expected to be achieved ahead of schedule the attainment of these goals will strongly support the realization of china s fossil energy related prospects for 2030 to reduce industrial fossil energy consumption china should develop strategies for non fossil energy electricity generation implement electricity price bidding prevent overheated investments to real estate and infrastructure and eliminate backward capacity and establish market access rules for acetic acid calcium carbide ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether