international risk and perceived environmental uncertainty the dimensionality and internal consistency of miller s measure increasingly scholars have suggested that there is a need to approach the problem of international risk from a multidimensional perspective brouthers 1995 miller 1993 shan 1991 miller 1992 1993 developed and tested the most comprehensive framework to date miller 1993 showed high inter rater reliability in his measure of perceived environmental uncertainty peu in this paper we test the dimensionality of the scales from a statistical viewpoint and find that the statistical determination is reasonably consistent with miller s conceptual determination we also investigate miller s measure by comparing scales conceptualized by miller with ones determined by factor analysis we test the reliability of these scales and find that the conceptualized scales have generally high internal consistency in samples of both manufacturing and service firms however the findings also suggest that several changes in the peu measure are warranted resulting in a refinement of miller s measure which we have labeled peu 2

creative cities creative spaces and urban policy the paper presents the results of an international study of creative industry policies and strategies based on a survey of public sector creative city initiatives and plans and their underlying rationales as well as this survey and an accompanying literature review interviews were carried out with senior policy makers and intermediaries from europe north america africa and south east asia the paper considers the scope and scale of so called new industrial clusters in local cultural and creative quarters and sub regional creative hubs which are the subject of policy interventions and public private investment the semantic and symbolic expansion of the cultural industries and their concentration in once declining urban and former industrial districts to the creative industries and now to the knowledge and experience economy is revealed in economic sectoral and spatial terms whilst policy convergence and emulation are evident manifested by the promotion of creative spaces and industry clusters

creating trust in piranha infested waters the confluence of buyer supplier and host country contexts research by dyer and chu 2000 suggests that trust in exchange varies significantly across borders and influences the level of trust in cross border exchange dyads however while this is a good start research has yet to develop the concept that not only can the countries of origin of the exchange partners influence the nature and outcomes of dyadic trust but also the country where the exchange dyad is located furthermore such home and host country differences may interact with dyad level differences in trust creation capabilities and influence trust violation and repair we develop a framework and propositions along these lines

creative economy policy in developing countries the case of indonesia this paper investigates how the creative economy discourse is interpreted and implemented in the context of indonesia as a developing country our main conclusion is that the discourse is interpreted differently across localities bandung appears to be the only locality whose interpretation aligns with the general understanding of a creative economy that emphasises knowledge creation and innovation this was made possible by the strong support from academia and communities who wanted to experiment with this policy idea our study also provides an insight into a creative economy developing not only as a discourse but also as a workable framework for development policies in this city conversely other cities seem to pragmatically use the policy idea without considering the local context in a rebranding exercise in order to drive economic development whereby traditional cultural industries are relabelled as creative despite performing hardly any innovation activities despite this bandung illustrates th

home country networks and foreign expansion evidence from the venture capital industry we propose that home country network advantages shape firms foreign expansion we argue that a social status advantage is transferable from one market to another as a signal of quality but that a

social ties and international entrepreneurship opportunities and constraints affecting firm internationalization international entrepreneurship involves the identification and exploitation of opportunities for international exchange yet little is known about the entrepreneurial methods used for opportunity recognition while previous work emphasizes effects operating at the level of the business network i propose that the recognition of exchange opportunities is a highly subjective process shaped by entrepreneurs existing ties with others based on interview data collected from 41 managers i develop a comprehensive measure for classifying different methods of opportunity recognition i then use this measure to classify 665 international exchange ventures set up by entrepreneurs in four chinese cities in contrast with past research i find virtually no role for blind luck although the majority of exchange opportunities were discovered rather than sought these discoveries were intentional rather than accidental i also find that entrepreneurs idiosyncratic connections with others both promote and inhibit international exchange tie based opportunities lead to higher quality and more valuable exchanges that are constrained in terms of geographic psychic and linguistic distance from this i conclude that entrepreneurial networks have distinct opportunity horizons that limit the reach of tie based exchanges and potentially lead to sub optimal internationalization trajectories

the artistic dividend urban artistic specialisation and economic development implications over the past two decades urban and regional policy makers have increasingly looked to the arts and culture as an economic panacea especially for the older urban core the arts regional economic contribution is generally measured by totalling the revenue of larger arts organisations associated expenditures by patrons and multiplier effects this approach underestimates the contributions of creative artists to a regional economy because of high rates of self employment and direct export activity because artists work enhances the design production and marketing of products and services in other sectors and because artists induce innovation on the part of suppliers artists create import substituting entertainment options for regional consumers and spend large shares of their own incomes on local arts output the paper takes a labour centred view of the arts economy hypothesising that many artists choose a locale in which to work often without regard to particular employers but in response to a nur

extending the theory of the multinational enterprise internalization and strategic management perspectives this paper assesses the continued relevance of buckley and casson s 1976 book on the future of the multinational enterprise mne against a background of increasing criticism of transaction cost related scholarly work we demonstrate that the schism that can currently be observed in the field between international business and international management is misguided as the transaction cost internalization school may offer useful insights to both management scholars and managers for this to occur however it is necessary first to extend the empirical scope of transaction cost based reasoning to include the functioning of differentiated network mnes the paper suggests that buckley and casson s book still represents a beacon of clarity and a superb starting point for the study of the mne even if the complexity of this governance structure has grown far beyond what any international business scholar or even international management scholar could have predicted 25 years ago

the influence of customer scope on supplier learning and performance in the japanese automobile industry most studies of japanese supplier automaker relationships have focused on the nature of the dyadic interfirm relationship and the performance of the assembler we examine the relationship from the point of view of the supplier and argue that a broad customer scope strategy i e number of customers leads to superior performance primarily because of learning opportunities in addressing these learning opportunities we draw attention to the important distinction between relation specific and re deployable knowledge and the complementary relationship between them our analysis of 125 japanese suppliers supports the key argument that less exclusive ties may be a superior strategy the argument has important implications for vertical integration and the structure of buyer supplier relations

when ideas trump interests preferences world views and policy innovations the contemporary approach to political economy is built around vested interests elites lobbies and rent seeking groups which get their way at the expense of the general public the role of ideas in shaping those interests is typically ignored or downplayed yet each of the three components of the standard optimization problem in political economy preferences constraints and choice variables rely on an implicit set of ideas once the manner in which ideas enter these frameworks is made explicit a much richer and more convincing set of results can be obtained in particular new ideas about policy or policy entrepreneurship can exert an independent effect on equilibrium outcomes even in the absence of changes in the configuration of political power

the regional nature of japanese multinational business in the world s largest 500 firms there are 64 japanese multinational enterprises mnes with data on regional sales but only three operate globally whereas 57 of them average over 80 of their sales and foreign assets in their home region why is there such a strong intra regional dimension to their activities using empirical data and a new framework for analysing both downstream sales assets and upstream production assets we analyse why most large japanese firms appear to have firm specific advantages fsas that are based in their home region a structural contingency approach is applied to two case studies to explain how home region bound fsas constrained the ability of japanese mnes to implement internationalisation strategies

understanding the structural characteristics of a firm s whole buyer supplier network and its impact on international business performance building on the network theory and the concept of organizational ambidexterity we investigate the impact of structural characteristics of a firm s whole buyer supplier network network density betweenness centralization and average clustering coefficient on its international business ib performance we also explore the moderating roles of average path length and pagerank centrality using a manually collected dataset and a robust empirical methodology we find that while network density is negatively related betweenness centralization and average clustering coefficient have an inverted u shape and a u shaped relationship with ib performance respectively we also find significant moderation effects and in the process we show the economic importance of firms whole buyer supplier network to their ib performance we contribute to the international business and whole buyer supplier network literature

the marginal and average returns to schooling in the uk abstract we explore the possibility that different instruments may affect different margins of the schooling distribution and consistent with recent evidence we find a large significant downward bias in the least squares estimate of the returns to schooling and that the estimates are stable with respect to the choice of instruments however when we remove the assumption that log wages are linear in years of schooling we find sensitivity to the choice of instrument

sme internationalization modes in the german biotechnology industry the influence of imitation network position and international experience in this article we reveal how network enabled imitation processes impact young small and medium sized enterprises smes internationalization and how a firm s network position as well as its experiential knowledge moderate imitative behavior in internationalization modes building on institutional network and organizational learning theory we suggest that firms imitate the internationalization modes of their peers in their network moreover we argue that a firm s imitation propensity depends on two important boundary conditions network position and past experience applying a longitudinal event history analysis to analyze the complete population of 977 german biotechnology firms between 1996 and 2012 largely supports our hypotheses our findings reveal that firms imitate the internationalization modes of their peers in a precise manner this implies that the imitation of others can initially serve as a presumably convenient low risk shortcut to a planned or experience driven internationalization process furthermore our results confirm that this imitation process is channeled through formal network relations and that central network positions that are associated with superior information access enhanced legitimacy and status may promote deviating behavior acknowledging the interplay of different learning sources our findings additionally show that initial internationalization mode choices of smes can have a lasting effect on subsequent internationalization behavior overall our study contributes to a more nuanced view of imitative behavior of internationalizing smes and its boundary conditions and highlights future research opportunities that exist for considering imitation and its implications in international business research

is extending compulsory schooling alone enough to raise earnings evidence from french and british compulsory schooling laws in this paper i compare two reforms that raised the minimum school leaving age to 16 in france 1967 and in england and wales 1972 using a regression discontinuity design i find that while the reform in england and wales led to a 6 7 percent increase in hourly wages per additional year of compulsory schooling the impact of the change to french law was close to zero the results suggest that the major difference between the two reforms was that the fraction of individuals holding no qualifications dropped sharply after the introduction of the new minimum school leaving age in england and wales whereas it remained unchanged in france

the evolutionary view of the mne and the future of internalization theory kogut and zander s 1993 jibs article which developed an evolutionary perspective on the multinational enterprise mne has had three critical impacts on mne research first it has stimulated scholars to conduct more eclectic empirical analyses which should include both transaction cost related parameters and broader learning competence related variables second it has usefully argued that the rigorous study of mne behavior does not need to reply upon the williamsonian behavioral assumption of opportunism third it has implicitly suggested a new path to be followed by internalization theory scholars in order to remain relevant to the field of international business the transaction cost economics lens adopted in internalization theory clearly remains critical to any analysis of mne strategy with impacts on the boundaries of the firm in addition the co evolution of the mne s governance structure and its technological competences determines present and future strategy choices here both transaction cost considerations and learning effects influence strategy selection

a control function approach to endogeneity in consumer choice models abstract endogeneity arises for numerous reasons in models of consumer choice it leads to inconsistency with standard estimation methods that maintain independence between the model s error and the included variables the authors describe a control function approach for handling endogeneity in choice models observed variables and economic theory are used to derive controls for the dependence between the endogenous variable and the demand error the theory points to the relationships that contain information on the unobserved demand factor such as the pricing equation and the advertising equation the authors approach is an alternative to berry levinsohn and pakes s 1995 product market controls for unobserved quality the authors apply both methods to examine households choices among television options including basic and premium cable packages in which unobserved attributes such as quality of programming are expected to be correlated with price without correcting for endogeneity aggregate d

the network dynamics of international new ventures this study uses multi site case research to advance a set of propositions regarding the network dynamics of early stage international new ventures the investigative approach builds on arguments that network theory and analysis are fundamental to international entrepreneurship in the spirit of cross disciplinary research perspectives from the entrepreneurship literature are embraced to help inform our understanding of international new venture networks

the relationship between international diversification and performance in service firms international diversification is a growth strategy that has a major potential impact on firm performance the relationship between international diversification and firm performance has been extensively studied in the international strategy literature a major gap in the literature has been the non existence of studies that have examined the effect of international diversification on performance in service firms previous studies that have tested the international diversification performance relationship were based on samples of manufacturing firms we argue that the form of the relationship between multinationality and performance is different in service firms we provide a theoretical argument for this claim and hypothesize that there is a u shaped curvilinear relationship between multinationality and performance in service firms our sample consists of 81 major german service firms spanning across four industries results show that there is support for a u shaped curvilinear relationship based on the findings implications and directions for future research are provided

the raising of the school leaving age returns in later life using the recently released uk household longitudinal study we examine whether the raising of the school leaving age in 1972 had a permanent impact on earnings for individuals in their early 50s

the uppsala internationalization process model revisited from liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership the uppsala internationalization process model is revisited in the light of changes in business practices and theoretical advances that have been made since 1977 now the business environment is viewed as a web of relationships a network rather than as a neoclassical market with many independent suppliers and customers outsidership in relation to the relevant network more than psychic distance is the root of uncertainty the change mechanisms in the revised model are essentially the same as those in the original version although we add trust building and knowledge creation the latter to recognize the fact that new knowledge is developed in relationships

forced to be rich returns to compulsory schooling in britain do students benefit from compulsory schooling in an important article oreopoulos 2006 studied the 1947 british compulsory schooling law change and found large returns to schooling of about 15 using the general household survey ghs re analysing this dataset we find much smaller returns of about 3 on average with no evidence of any positive return for women and a return for men of 4 7 additionally we utilise the new earnings survey panel data set nespd that has earnings information superior to that in the ghs and find similar estimates zero returns for women and returns of 3 to 4 for men