globalization veto players and welfare spending this article examines the role of globalization and its interaction with domestic political institutions veto players in shaping welfare spending in 18 advanced industrial countries from 1960 to 2000 first the author evaluates how integrated world markets have influenced welfare expenditures results suggest that globalization increased welfare spending in this sample second the author studies how domestic political institutions mediate the impact of globalization on welfare spending with a new data set on veto players for the years 1960 to 2000 the author finds that as the number of and ideological distance among veto players increases the upward pressure of globalization on welfare spending is reduced the results show that globalization has pressured states to expand welfare spending but the extent to which states have responded to pressure critically depends on the number of and ideological distance among veto players whose agreement is required to change welfare policy

simultaneity bias in the analysis of perceived job insecurity and subjective well being abstract the paper assesses perceived job insecurity as a determinant of current subjective well being and demonstrates that standard models may yield significantly downward biased estimates

general equilibrium theory with imperfect competition abstract this survey is organized as follows i introduction ii the main issues iii negishi s model iv objective demand in the cournot nash framework v objective demand in the bertrand nash framework vi the assumption of quasi concavity of the profit functions vii compromises between the conjectural and the objective approach viii insights into the notion of perfect competition ix conclusion

unemployment and domestic violence theory and evidence is unemployment the overwhelming determinant of domestic violence that many commentators expect it to be the contribution of this paper is to examine theoretically and empirically how changes in unemployment affect the incidence of domestic abuse the key theoretical prediction is that male and female unemployment have opposite signed effects on domestic abuse an increase in male unemployment decreases the incidence of intimate partner violence while an increase in female unemployment increases domestic abuse combining data on intimate partner violence from the british crime survey with locally disaggregated labor market data from the uk s annual population survey we find strong evidence in support of the theoretical prediction

the impact of job security on job satisfaction in economic contractions versus expansions job security often measured using the perceived risk of job loss in the near future is a significant determinant of job satisfaction we posit that the impact job security has on job satisfaction is not only a function of how likely it is that a worker loses a job but also how likely it is that a worker could find another the effect this has on worker job satisfaction then is different depending on whether perceived job loss occurs or not when job openings are scarce or when job openings are plentiful we use difference in differences analysis of the 1997 and 2008 waves from the national study of the changing workforce to show that three measures of job security increase private sector worker job satisfaction and reduce worker incentives to quit more when job openings are relatively scarce during contractions than when job openings are relatively plentiful during expansions we find that our results are strongest among less educated workers

job displacement relative wage changes and duration of unemployment using special cps data on displaced workers this article investigates the wage consequences of job displacement in a framework that emphasizes the effects of past job duration s and unemployment duration s on postdisplacement wages our model also attempts to take account of the simultaneity between unemployment duration and the postdisplacement wage it is found that duration strongly reduces subsequent earnings and that considerable overstatement of the loss in firm specific training investments is implied by conventional routes to measuring wage losses

eu regions and multinational corporations change stability and strengthening of technological comparative advantages in a rapidly globalizing economy and particularly in the face of a process of economic integration such as that occurring in the eu regions forge an increasing number of linkages with other locations within and across national boundaries through the local technological development efforts of multinational corporations mncs by using a database of patents granted to the largest firms by the us patent and trademark office uspto we have shown in previous research that the pattern of mnc networks for innovation conforms to an internal within national boundaries hierarchy of regional centres in this paper the hypothesis of the combined significance of cumulativeness and incremental change in innovation is examined by testing the extent of continuity in the sectoral composition of technological profiles of different eu regional centres between the 1970s and the 1990s the results provide support for our hypothesis that a geographical hierarchy of regional locations can be established also across national boundaries within the eu it is shown that the core european regions can be divided into two kinds those in which mncs have consolidated areas of traditional specialisation for the regions in question and those in which there has been a shift towards and a relative growth of the development of fields of high technological opportunities

real wages and unemployment in the big squeeze uk real wage growth has slowed down stagnated and recently turned sharply negative we document the nature of real wage changes across the wage distribution over the last three decades showing that recent patterns represent a distinct break of trend that pre dates the onset of recession we explore whether unemployment has become a stronger moderating influence on real wage growth and report using aggregate economy wide and regional panel data that real wage unemployment sensitivities have become stronger in the period from 2003 onwards finally we offer some assessment of possible drivers of this increased sensitivity of real wages to unemployment

the distribution of economic losses among displaced workers a replication this paper estimates the impact of unemployment on earnings following re employment for a large and representative sample of british men 1984 94 unemployment incidence is found to have only a temporary effect an average earnings setback of 10 on

changes in job instability and insecurity using monthly survey data this article provides evidence on changes in short term job instability and insecurity using the survey of income and program participation monthly measures from this data set are contrasted with annual measures from the survey of income and program participation and the panel study of income dynamics neither data set shows an increase in job turnover during the 1980s and 1990s we also examine indicators of increased insecurity these include the probability that a job ends involuntarily is followed by a spell of nonemployment or that the subsequent job has lower wages these indicators of insecurity also show no upward trend

mind the gap please the changing nature of entry jobs in britain we examine wages in jobs taken by those out of work entry jobs and the characteristics of the individuals who fill them there are large entry wage gaps relative to other jobs more importantly real entry wages have fallen by around 20 log points relative to all other jobs since 1979 one quarter of this decline is accounted for by differences in individual and job characteristics and around 40 from an unexplained fall in the position of entry jobs in the wage distribution that entry wages differ from the stock of all wages should be incorporated into labour supply modelling

the risk and cost of job loss in canada 1978 2008 we assess the risk and cost of worker displacement in canada over the last three decades we show that neither the risk of job loss nor the short term earnings losses of displaced workers trended upwards during that period however short term earnings losses of workers displaced from manufacturing increased in recent years as a smaller proportion found a post displacement job in that sector in line with stevens 1997 and couch and placzek 2010 we find that high seniority workers and individuals with stable labour market attachment experienced five years after displacement earnings losses that ranged between 10 and 18 le risque et le cout d une perte d emploi au canada 1978 2008 on evalue le risque et le cout d un deplacement de travailleur au canada au cours des trois dernieres decennies on montre que ni le risque d une perte d emploi ni les gains perdus a court terme par les travailleurs deplaces n ont eu une tendance a la hausse au cours de cette periode cependant les pertes de gains a court terme des travailleurs deplaces dans le secteur manufacturier ont augmente au cours des annees recentes alors qu une proportion plus faible de ces deplaces ont retrouve un emploi dans ce secteur en coherence avec les resultats de stevens 1997 et de couch et placzek 2010 on decouvre que les travailleurs avec beaucoup de seniorite et les personnes avec un attachement stable au marche du travail ont enregistre cinq ans apres un deplacement des pertes de gains de l ordre de 10 a 18

the public private sector gender wage differential in britain evidence from matched employee workplace data this article shows that little of the gender earnings gap in the public and private sectors in britain are explained by differences in employee characteristics the differences in workplace characteristics however make a significant sizeable contribution it is shown that performance related pay and company pension schemes are associated with higher relative earnings in the private sector whilst increased provision of family friendly employment practices in the public sector is associated with higher relative earnings for women

nominal wage rigidity and the rate of inflation using the accurate and extensive data available in the uk new earnings survey this paper investigates the extent to which nominal wages are downwardly rigid and whether such rigidity interferes with necessary real wage adjustments when inflation is low despite the substantial numbers of individuals whose nominal wages fall from one year to the next we find that if long run inflation is one percent higher the number of individuals with negative real pay growth increases by around 1 4 percent this is controlling for the median and dispersion of the real wage change distribution

hourly earnings in the united states another look at unionization schooling sickness and unemployment using psid data this paper makes use of panel data to consider the effects of unionization schooling sickness and unemployment on individual earnings our results may be summarized as follows the unionization effect is around 15 20 this measure is consistently estimated controlling for both fixed individual attributes and serially uncorrelated measurement error sickness has little immediate impact but there is some indication that after 4 years earnings have fallen permanently by around 8 consequent on a 10 week spell of sickness a spell of unemployment on the other hand leads to a sharp fall in earnings but this effect decays rapidly leaving the possibility of a small permanent impact finally controlling for all fixed individual attributes we are unable to pin down the schooling effect with any accuracy owing to the absence of instruments that are both valid and effective within the data set

job insecurity and wages this paper examines whether subjective expectations of unemployment are reliable indicators of the probability of becoming unemployed and investigates their association with wage growth we find that workers fears of unemployment are increased by their previous unemployment experience and by the unemployment experiences of a close friend and are associated with other objective indicators of insecure jobs we then show that unemployment fear predicts future unemployment above and beyond observed objective variables high fears of unemployment are found to be associated with significantly lower levels of wage growth for men but to have no significant link with wage growth for women

job tenure in britain 1975 1992 the authors examine eighteen years of a large cross section to build up a picture of job tenure in britain they look for changes in the distribution of job tenure over a turbulent period for the u k labor market the authors find some change in the mean job tenure a decrease in elapsed tenure of about 10 percent between 1975 and 1992 these are important changes but they do not support the view that the dramatic changes in the labor market technology and competition have spelled the end of jobs for life copyright 1996 by royal economic society

downsizing and job insecurity this article offers an explanation of why firms downsizing patterns may vary substantially in magnitude and timing taking the form of one time massive cuts waves of layoffs or zero layoff policies the key element of this theory is that workers expectations about their job security affect their on the job performance in a situation where firms face adverse shocks the productivity effect of job insecurity forces firms to balance laying off redundant workers and maintaining survivors commitment the cost of ensuring commitment differs between firms with different characteristics and determines whether workers are laid off all at once or in stages however if firms have private information about their future profits they may not lay off any workers in order to signal a bright future boosting worker s confidence jel j21 j23 d21 d82

is job insecurity on the rise evidence from canadian perception data this paper examines the unexplored issue of worker insecurity perception in canada specifically we explore for changes in worker perceptions of job security using canadian gallup data for the 1977 2006 period we find that the high levels of perceived insecurity of the early to mid 1990s were only cyclical in nature not evidence of structural change we also explore for differences across socio economic groups and find that university educated workers full time workers and white collar workers all felt relatively more secure about present and future job prospects interestingly union members tend to be more concerned about job security than non union ce memoire examine le probleme inexplore de la perception de la precarite de l emploi au canada specifiquement on explore les changements dans les perceptions de precarite d emploi des travailleurs a l aide de donnees gallup pour la periode 1977 2006 il appert que les hauts niveaux de precarite percue du debut au milieu des annees 90 etaient de nature cyclique et non pas le resultat d un changement structurel on examine aussi les differences entre groupes socio economiques et on decouvre que les travailleurs avec une formation universitaire les travailleurs a temps plein et les collets blancs se sentaient relativement plus en securite quant aux perspectives d emploi presentes et futures il est interessant de noter que les travailleurs syndiques sont davantage inquiets quant a la precarite de l emploi que les non syndiques

declining job security this article defines and analyzes job security in the context of implicit contracts designed to overcome incentive problems in the employment relationship contracts of this nature generate predictions concerning the relationship between job security parameters such as worker seniority and sectoral economic conditions and the probability of separations to test these predictions i estimate binomial and multinomial models of job separations using panel study of income dynamics psid data for the years 1976 93 the results are consistent with a decline over time in the incentives to maintain existing employment relationships for male workers and for skilled white collar women

labor market reforms job instability and the flexibility of the employment relationship we endogenize separation in a search model of the labor market and allow for bargaining over the continuation of employment relationships following productivity shocks to take place under asymmetric information in such a setting separation may occur even if continuation of the employment relationship is privately efficient for workers and firms we show that reductions in the cost of separation owing for example to a reduction in firing taxes lead to an increase in job instability and when separation costs are initially high may be welfare decreasing for workers and firms we furthermore show that in response to an exogenous reduction in firing taxes workers and firms may switch from rigid to flexible employment contracts which further amplifies the increase in job instability caused by policy reform

who suffers during recessions in this paper we examine how business cycles affect labor market outcomes in the united states we conduct a detailed analysis of how cycles affect outcomes differentially across persons of differing age education race and gender and we compare the cyclical sensitivity during the great recession to that in the early 1980s recession we present raw tabulations and estimate a state panel data model that leverages variation across u s states in the timing and severity of business cycles we find that the impacts of the great recession are not uniform across demographic groups and have been felt most strongly for men black and hispanic workers youth and low education workers these dramatic differences in the cyclicality across demographic groups are remarkably stable across three decades of time and throughout recessionary periods and expansionary periods for the 2007 recession these differences are largely explained by differences in exposure to cycles across industry occupation employment

working in family firms paid less but more secure evidence from french matched employer employee data the authors study compensation packages in family owned and nonfamily owned firms using french matched employer employee data they first show that family firms pay on average lower wages part of this wage gap is attributable to low wage workers sorting into family firms and high wage workers sorting into nonfamily firms however they also find evidence that company wage policies differ according to ownership status so that the same worker is paid differently under family and nonfamily firm ownership in addition family firms are characterized by lower job insecurity as measured by lower dismissal rates family firms also appear to rely less on dismissals and more on hiring reductions than do nonfamily firms when they downsize the authors show that compensating wage differentials account for a substantial part of the inverse relationship between the family nonfamily gaps in wages and job security

export specialisation and local economic growth this paper aims to provide empirical evidence on whether export specialization or diversification is better for local economic growth using export data from 354 magisterial districts of south africa for 1996 and 2001 we estimate spatial growth regressions that include measures of the degree of export specialization and diversification overall exporting regions outperform other less or non exporting regions also we find that export specialisation rather than export diversification has been associated with local economic growth with specialization in mining and agriculture being especially beneficial our results support the view that specialization in a locality s area of comparative advantage is good for local economic development we also find that localities with higher initial levels of human capital and higher subsequent population growth performed better this is consistent with the belief that policies aimed at strengthening human capital and improving agglomeration economies will enhance local economic development

the narrow moving band the dutch disease and the competitive consequences of mrs thatcher notes on trade in the presence of dynamic scale economies abstract this paper presents a model of trade in which comparative advantage instead of being determined by underlying attributes of countries evolves over time through learning by doing in this model arbitrary patterns of specialization once established tend to become entrenched over time the model sheds light on three widely held views that do not make sense in more conventional models first is the view that temporary protection of selected sectors can permanently alter the pattern of comparative advantage in the protecting country s favor second is the view that seemingly favorable developments such as the discovery of exportable natural resources may lead to a permanent loss of other sectors and reduce welfare in the long run third is the possibility that a temporary overvaluation of a currency due to tight money can lead to a permanent loss of competitiveness in some sectors

the relationship between unions and job satisfaction this paper examines the assoication between canadian unions and their member attitudes data on job satisfaction indicate that unionized workers in canada are less happy with the quality of their jobs than non union workers the former however are more satisfied with their financial compensation and job security than non members

long run trends in workers beliefs about their own job security evidence from the general social survey in recent years federal reserve chairman alan greenspan former u s secretary of labor robert reich and many journalists have argued that workers are more anxious about losing their jobs than they were in the past i use the 1977 96 general social survey to document trends in workers beliefs about their own job security during the 1990s workers have been more pessimistic about losing their jobs in the next 12 months than workers were during the 1980s workers have also been more concerned about suffering future job loss that would have resulted in a decline in earnings or a spell of unemployment

dynamics of export specialization in the regions of the italian mezzogiorno persistence and change guerrieri p and iammarino s 2007 dynamics of export specialization in the regions of the italian mezzogiorno persistence and change regional studies 41 933 947 during the 1980s and 1990s the italian southern economy displayed signs of transformation in production and export structures accompanied by sharp geographical differentiation debate on these changes mainly spurred by growing international pressure has given rise to different views and expectations on the opportunities for endogenous growth on the italian periphery the aim of this paper is to contribute to this ongoing debate by looking at the evolution of sectoral export specialization patterns i e relative comparative advantage structures in the mezzogiorno regions in the period 1985 2000 focusing on inter provincial comparisons the analysis concentrates on the extent of persistence versus change in the evolution of provincial specialization patterns shedding light on the relationship between export structure and performance

uneven growth between interdependent economies an evolutionary view on technology gaps trade and growth preface part one theory and empirics of international growth rate differentials and technology gaps chapter 1 technology growth and welfare a historical perspective 1 1 the search for welfare and the role of technology 1 2 aim of the book 1 3 organisation of the rest of the book notes chapter 2 the literature on economic growth and technological change 2 1 a brief overview 2 2 the traditional literature on economic growth 2 3 new neoclassical growth models endogenous innovation 2 4 the role of technological change 2 5 explaining growth rate differentials notes chapter 3 an evolutionary theory of economic growth and technological change the basics 3 1 economic growth as an evolutionary process a macroeconomic interpretation 3 2 economic growth as an evolutionary process a microeconomic interpretation 3 3 towards an evolutionary theory notes chapter 4 technology and growth in an international perspective 1960 1990 an impressionistic approach 4 1 economic growth and structural change 4 2 technology 4 3 technology and growth catching up or falling behind a global issue 4 4 summary and conclusions appendix iv 1 postwar economic welfare and the selection of country samples appendix iv 2 the 3 digit isic sector classification revision 2 appendix iv 3 on measuring and graphing structural differences between countries appendix iv 4 some tests for the influence of multicollinearity on the regressions in section 4 2 notes part two technology spillovers between interdependent economies catching up or falling behind chapter 5 a model of catching up or falling behind 5 1 description of the model 5 2 solving the model 5 3 the outcomes of the model under varying parameter restrictions 5 4 conclusions of the model notes chapter 6 an empirical test of the model 6 1 testing procedure and data sources 6 2 result 6 3 interpreting the results 6 4 summary and some policy conclusions appendix vi l a description of the data appendix vi 2 the calculation of the n statistic notes part three technological change international trade and economic growth chapter 7 an evolutionary model of technological change specialisation and economic growth 7 1 a descriptive interpretation 7 2 the model 7 3 simulation results 7 4 summary and conclusions appendix vii 1 initial values of the simulation runs for the 3 country 2 sector case appendix vii 2 some mathematical details of the selection equation in discrete time notes chapter 8 an empirical view on the evolution of trade and technology 8 1 patents as indicators of innovation 8 2 summarising some known correlations 8 3 trade and technology a dynamic evolutionary framework 8 4 estimation of the replicator equation 8 5 some further tests on the robustness of the replicator estimates 8 6 explaining the results for the patent variables 8 7 summary and conclusions

contracting productivity growth in this paper we analyze the interactions between growth and the contracting environment in the production sector allowing incompleteness in contracting implies that viable production relationships for firms and workers and therefore the profitability of industries depend on the rates of innovation and growth the speed at which new innovations arrive in turn depends on the profitability of production for the usual reasons examined in the endogenous growth literature we show that these interactions can have important implications which are consistent with observed phenomena in both the micro and macro environment in particular we demonstrate that a technological shock increasing productivity of research can through this interaction lead to a productivity slowdown and a shift in labor market contracts away from firms providing implicit guarantees of lifetime employment and towards shorter term contractor type arrangements we show the consistency of an increase in the proportion of the labor force under short term employment increased relative returns of workers in high productivity sectors and increased income inequality with a productivity slowdown of finite duration

worker flows job flows and unemployment in a matching model abstract standard matching models of unemployment generate far too little volatility in unemployment and vacancies relative to the variation in the shock variables shimer 2005 showed that in us data the vacancy to unemployment ratio is about 26 times more volatile than the standard model predicts he identified the flexibility of wages as the key issue and triggered a heated debate on possible improvements of the core model to accommodate these empirical facts in this paper we first document shimer s facts for the uk and find them to be qualitatively similar to us facts we then develop and calibrate a model based on the mortensen and pissarides approach that increases the volatility of the v u ratio 20 fold compared to the standard framework the key features of our model relate to the job creation decision by firms and the search options of workers we allow these to search whilst employed and firms to re advertise jobs that have been quit from this leads us to use a different job creation process whereby potential vacancies or job ideas arise at a finite rate per period over a range of idiosyncratic productivities calibrating the model to uk data we show that it delivers volatility in unemployment and vacancies much closer to though still not as large as that observed for the uk whilst retaining the standard wage determination process

monopolistic competition in a large economy with differentiated commodities a correction in hart 1979 a model of monopolistic competition in a large economy with differentiated commodities was developed in this model firms had a choice whether to set up or not one feature of the model was that free entry of firms was not assumed barriers to entry were captured by assuming that there was a large generally infinite set of potential firms f corresponding to each f f there was a firm called firm f with a production set y f each firm had a set up cost associated with it only very weak conditions were placed on the set f and the production set mapping y so that in particular the case where different firms could produce a commodity on different terms was allowed for the economy was made large by replicating the consumer sector keeping the production sector i e the set of potential firms f fixed the number of operating firms in equilibrium generally increased however since in view of the set up costs there was room for more firms in a large economy unfortunately it turns out that this procedure while correct does not capture quite what was intended in particular while in the resulting monopolistically competitive equlibrium some firms will earn supernormal profits it can be shown that for any 0 the per capita number of firms earning profits in excess of tends to zero as the size of the consumer sector tends to infinity see corollary 6 in the appendix to hart 1979 in other words in per capita terms almost all firms earn approximately zero profits in a large economy thus while barriers to entry may be significant in absolute terms in per capita terms they are negligible the way round this difficulty is to drop the assumption that the set of potential firms is fixed instead substitute the assumption that the set of potential firms in the economy re where the consumer sector is replicated r times is given bywhere f is as before that is one replicates the set of potential firms at the same time as the consumer sector then the theorems of hart 1979 continue to hold corollary 6 in the appendix must be modified as follows corollary 6 there exists h 0 such thatfor all f f corollary 6 is proved below otherwise the proofs of theorem 1 and proposition 2 are unchanged one no longer sets h 1 after corollary 6 as an example f might consist of one firm with an efficient technology for producing some commodity and one firm with an inefficient technology then in the economy re there will be r potential firms with the efficient technology and r potential firms with the inefficient technology it is easy to construct cases where both types of firms operate in the monopolistically competitive equilibrium in re and the efficient firms earn supernormal profits which are bounded away from zero as r thus barriers to entry which are significant in per capita terms are now allowed for a justification for replicating f along with the consumer sector can be given in the above example the efficient firms may owe their superior technology to the fact that they are situated on good land say of which there is a scarcity thus the supernormal profits are just rents on the land when one replicates the economy it is natural to replicate the scarce land and hence the number of firms which are situated on it so as to keep everything constant except for scale note finally that it may be possible to generalize the analysis to the case where the set of potential firms in the economy re is given by rf where 1f 2f are exogenously specified sets and rf is not necessarily the r fold union of some set f we have not investigated this however proof of corollary 6 suppose not then for each h 0 we can find f f with by lemma 5 2 r f h for all r some r but in re there are r firms identical to firm f and so each of these firms makes profit in excess of h in the monopolistically competitive equilibrium when r r hence total per capita profits of all firms exceed h in equilibrium when r r it follows that letting h we can find a subsequence of the economies re such that total per capita profits tend to infinity along the subsequence however applying corollary 4 and an argument similar to that in a 30 a 32 we see that arp a dry1 a is bounded hence so are per capita profits arp a dry1 a ry0 contradiction

a picture of job insecurity facing british men this paper considers three aspects of the job insecurity facing british men in the last two decades the probability of becoming unemployed the costs of unemployment in terms of real wages losses and the probability that the continuously employed will experience substantial real wage losses the first of these has not risen in the last two decades the second has risen by around 50 percent and the third has risen particularly for the top skill groups

asymmetric learning and the wage productivity relationship abstract a worker s current employer will typically acquire information concerning that worker s productivity that is not directly available to other potential employers a number of papers have considered this idea and argued that in such a setting these other firms will utilize the actions of the current employer as signals of productivity in this paper i argue that this perspective can explain the existence of puzzling results concerning the relationship between wage and productivity growth found in the classic studies of medoff and abraham 1980 1981

the income losses of displaced workers abstract we use a new matched worker firm dataset for the united kingdom to estimate the income loss resulting from firm closure and mass layoffs we track workers for up to nine years after the displacement event and the availability of predisplacement characteristics allows us to implement difference in differences estimators using propensity score matching methods income losses during the first five years after the displacement event are in the range 18 35 percent per year for workers whose firm closes down and 14 25 percent for workers who exit a firm which suffers a mass layoff these losses are largely due to periods of nonemployment which is consistent with previous work from europe but contrasts with that from the united states

changes in job security and their causes an empirical analysis for france 1982 2002 abstract in this paper we analyze the changes in the risks of involuntary job loss in france between 1982 and 2002 we find that these risks are higher in the 1990s than they were in the 1980s we develop an econometric analysis to separate the effects of institutional changes from the effects of new technologies our estimates show that the rise in job loss rates is significantly more pronounced in industries that have the largest share of r d workers and the largest rate of new technologies users these findings suggest that technological changes contribute to decreasing the incentive to keep workers for long period of time and to increasing job insecurity

sources of racial wage inequality in metropolitan labor markets racial ethnic and gender differences research on racial inequality has become increasingly specialized often focusing on a single explanation and subgroup of the population in a diverse society a broader comparative framework for interpreting the causes of wage inequality for different racial ethnic and gender groups is called for the effects of a range of different factors on the wages of latinos asians and blacks relative to whites and separately for women and men are examined new sources of racial wage inequality are also considered significant differences are found in the sources of wage inequality across race ethnicity and gender differences are generally greater between racial and ethnic groups than between men and women key findings include a large negative effect of immigration on the relative wages of latinos and asians and only a small effect on the relative wages of black women and no effect on black men in contrast the relative wages of blacks remain most affected positively by the presence of manufacturing employment and unions new economy indicators of high skill services and flexible employment conditions play only a secondary role in explaining metropolitan racial wage inequality

internal labor markets under external market pressures through an empirical investigation of 11 korean firms before and after the asian financial crisis the author examines the impact of increasing external market pressures on internal labor market ilm practices in addition the merits of ilms are tested by capturing the reactions of white collar managers within these firms the author posits that 1 firms may desert ilm practices in the face of external pressures but do so in varying degrees and 2 despite reduced values placed on firm specific human capital in the marketplace ilm practices continue to have merit in promoting consummate cooperation and delaying perfunctory cooperation the findings generally support the hypotheses and implications of these results for theory and practice are discussed

determinants of the internationalization of regions the role and effectiveness of public policy measures banno m piscitello l and varum c determinants of the internationalization of regions the role and effectiveness of public policy measures regional studies this paper assesses the role of public policy measures on outward internationalization of regions by including financial and non financial incentives among the determinants of the international competitiveness of regions it is found that the former are important to enhance their active internationalization but that variables related to the knowledge and competence base of regions are even more so financial incentives related to equity participation as well as non financial incentives related to the provision of information come out highly significant in stimulating outward internationalization the empirical analysis is conducted for the twenty italian nuts 2 regions over the period 2003 2008

an equilibrium theory of learning search and wages we propose an equilibrium theory of learning from search in the labor market which addresses the search behavior of workers the creation of jobs and the determination of wages as functions of labor market histories in the model each worker has incomplete information about his job finding ability and learns about it from his search outcomes the theory formalizes a notion akin to discouragement over each uninterrupted unemployment spell unemployed workers update their beliefs about their job finding abilities downward and reduce their desired wages one contribution of the paper is to integrate learning from search into an equilibrium framework by inducing endogenous heterogeneity in workers beliefs learning from search provides a novel explanation for a set of related empirical observations about the labor market including unemployment duration dependence and wage dispersion another contribution is to apply lattice theoretic techniques to analyze learning from experience which is useful because learning generates convex value functions and in principle multiple solutions to a worker s optimization problem

changing consequences of job separation in the united states using the panel study of income dynamics the author examines the consequences of job loss between the periods 1976 81 and 1986 91 he finds stability in the overall incidence of job separation but a statistically significant increase in the incidence of involuntary job loss relative to quits for older workers he also finds that the consequences of involuntary job loss worsened the reemployment rate of workers who experienced involuntary job loss dropped from 67 in 1976 81 to 62 in 1986 91 and among those who found new jobs the odds of receiving a large wage cut rose from 9 in 1976 81 to 17 in 1986 91

are workers permanently scarred by job displacements this paper investigates whether workers suffer lasting scars following job displacements using david t ellwood s 1982 terminology scars represent persistent effects whereas blemishes are transitory adjustments which dissipate over time more precisely dislocated individuals are defined as scarred if they continue to earn less or to be unemployed more than their nondisplaced counterparts even after the conclusion of a several year adjustment period