multiple environmental policies and pollution haven hypothesis evidence from china s polluting industries abstract theoretical studies of pollution haven hypothesis predict that differentiated environmental regulation policies will result in inter country relocation of polluting industries this paper investigates pollution haven hypothesis at domestic level in china using panel data of 30 provincial level regions for the period 2004 to 2013 this paper empirically examines to what extent multiple environmental policies affect intra country relocation of polluting industries in china it is found that the implementation of both economic policy instrument like pollution discharge fee and public participation like letter complaints on environmental problems encourages industrial relocation whereas the implementation of environmental legal policy instrument like laws regulations and rules prevents polluting industries from relocating to other regions it is also found that the relocation effect of environmental policies varies with industrial characteristics compared with water pollution intensive industry air pollution intensive industry dominated by stated owned capitals are insensitive to legal policy instruments these findings suggest that the validity of pollution haven hypothesis is jointly associated with the type of environmental policy as well as industrial characteristics

a semi parametric panel data analysis on the urbanization carbon emissions nexus for oecd countries abstract this study takes a fresh look at the presence of an urbanization carbon emissions environmental kuznets curve for a panel of the organization for economic co operation and development oecd countries from 1960 to 2010 using a recently developed semi parametric panel fixed effects regression model through incorporating a quadratic term for the urbanization variable into the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology model our analysis represents one of the first oecd studies aimed at determining the effect of urbanization on carbon emissions and identifying the relationship between these two variables compared with parametric panel fixed effects regression more robust results from the recently developed method revealed that energy intensity and per capita gdp had clear effects on per capita carbon emissions urbanization also significantly contributed to changes in per capita carbon emissions we also found strong evidence for an inverse u shaped curve relationship between urbanization and carbon emissions verifying the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis these findings advance the emerging consensus on the urbanization carbon emissions nexus also the novel model used combined with our estimation method can be readily extended to cover other regions for investigating the relationship between development and environmental pollution

disclosure strategies for pollution control disclosure strategies which involve public and or private attempts to increase the availability of information on pollution form the basis for what some have called the third wave in pollution control policy after legal regulation the first wave and market based instruments the second wave while these strategies have become common in natural resource settings forest certification and organic farming for example they are less familiar in a pollution control context yet the number of applications in that context is now growing in both oecd and developing countries this survey will review what we know and don t know about the use of disclosure strategies to control pollution and conclude with the author s sense of where further research would be particularly helpful

the colour of money earnings differentials among ethnic groups in canada the literature on ethnically based earnings differentials in canada has focused on differences either between whites and visible minorities or between particular ethnic groups in this paper the authors examine both earnings differentials between whites and visible minorities and earnings differentials within the white and visible minority groupings among both men and women they find substantial earnings differentials both between and within the white and visible minority groupings differentials between whites and visible minorities suggest that the visible minority category is a useful indicator of economic discrimination differentials within these groupings however suggest that it is only a rough indicator

does foreign direct investment lead to lower co2 emissions evidence from a regional analysis in china abstract existing studies have been concerned with the relationship between foreign direct investment and co2 emissions in recent years however little attention has been paid to regional differences in china this paper investigates the impact of fdi on china s co2 emissions at the national and regional levels using provincial panel data from 1995 to 2010 the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat model was adopted the results suggest that fdi contributes to co2 emission reductions in china fdi s impact on co2 emissions decreases from the western region to the eastern and central regions our findings support the pollution halo hypothesis which claims that foreign firms can export greener technologies from developed to developing countries and conduct business in an environmentally friendly manner

the impacts of gdp trade structure exchange rate and fdi inflows on china s carbon emissions abstract this paper examines the impacts of gdp trade structure exchange rate and fdi foreign direct investment inflows on china s carbon emissions from 1982 to 2016 and verifies the validity of ekc environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for china differentiated from the existing literature which rarely considers services trade and exchange rate this paper uses the proportion of services trade to measure trade structure and exchange rate as one of the independent variables firstly the stability of each variable is tested by adf augmented dickey fuller and np ng perron test then ardl bound test is used to test the cointegration of the variables as it has better properties than traditional cointegration methods and is more suitable for the model in this paper thirdly error correction model is used to analyze the long term and short term dynamic relationship between the variables fourthly the granger causality test based on the var is performed it is found that during the study period ekc hypothesis was valid for china and that whilst the impacts of both services trade and exchange rate on china s carbon emissions were negative the impacts of fdi inflows were positive conclusions and policy implications are provided at the end of the paper

exploring the effects of international tourism on china s economic growth energy consumption and environmental pollution evidence from a regional panel analysis abstract this study explores the effects of international tourism on china s economic growth energy consumption and environmental pollution as proxied by co 2 emissions in a multivariate framework using regional panel data over the period 1995 2011 our findings suggest that the tourism induced ekc hypothesis does not exist in central china and is merely weakly supported in eastern and western china however results show that tourism has a negative impact on co 2 emissions in the eastern region which contradicts with our perception to some extent panel causality tests show that the directions of causality in both short and long runs are mixed among regions nevertheless our findings reveal that tourism causally affects economic growth and co 2 emissions in the long run thus tourism led growth hypothesis is verified under all three scenarios our findings also suggest that in all three regions there is bidirectional causality between economic growth and co 2 emissions overall these results imply that low carbon tourism in china should be continuously supported which provides significant insights to policy makers at various government levels

monitoring and enforcement is two tier regulation robust a case study of ankleshwar india abstract the regulation of industrial pollution is difficult in a rapidly industrialising low income setting this study looks at the efforts to regulate chemical plants in ankleshwar the largest chemical estate in asia pollution comes from many sources the distribution of information is highly asymmetric and the authorities have meagre resources the location of plants in an industrial estate does however provide interesting preconditions for a form of two tier regulation in which industry association becomes an intermediary between regulator and firms the association is better informed and has an incentive to regulate its members to maintain a good reputation but doesn t possess much formal authority and its voluntary monitoring and abatement program is akin to managing a common property resource the analysis of four preconditions for the success of such management suitable design principles effective monitoring objective implementation of rules and enforcement indicates that they are satisfied at least partially in ankleshwar

the effect of urbanization energy consumption and foreign direct investment on the carbon dioxide emission in the ssea south and southeast asian region abstract this study examines the relationship between urbanization energy consumption foreign direct investment fdi and carbon dioxide co2 emission of 17 countries in the south and southeast asian ssea region during the period 1980 2012 in order to find out the intensity of co2 emission in 17 countries we classify the total sample countries into three sub groups namely high middle and low income countries these three sub panels are constructed based on their gross national income per capita of countries pedroni cointegration result shows that urbanization primary energy consumption fdi and co2 emission are cointegrated in all sub groups of countries regardless of their levels of national income per capita furthermore while incorporating the fossil fuel energy consumption in place of primary energy consumption in the alternative specification of regression the result suggests a cointegrating relationship between fossil fuel energy consumption fdi urbanization and co2 emission in middle income countries nevertheless westerlund cointegration results are more or less in the line of pedroni results furthermore the results reveal that primary energy consumption fossil fuel energy consumption and fdi are substantially affecting the co2 emission in the ssea region moreover the empirical findings suggest that in middle income countries both primary and fossil fuel energy consumption are considerably increasing the co2 emission and leading to greenhouse gas problem in the ssea region

information as regulation the effect of community right to know laws on toxic emissions abstract there is growing academic and policy level interest in the use of information as quasi regulatory mechanisms such as toxic release inventory tri and green labels mandatory disclosure requirements have been touted as market based incentives that may affect firm behavior we provide new evidence on the effectiveness of disclosure requirements by examining firm behavior in response to disclosures of tri emissions we find that firms with the largest stock price decline on the day this information became public subsequently reduced emissions more than their industry peers this is consistent with the view that financial markets may provide strong incentives for firms to change their environmental behavior

investigation of the environmental kuznets curve for carbon emissions in malaysia do foreign direct investment and trade matter abstract environmental degradation has become a central issue of discussion among the economists and environmentalists in view of malaysia s position as one of the main contributors to co2 emissions in asia and its status as a fast growing economy it is vital therefore to conduct a study to identify the relationship between economic growth and co2 emissions for malaysia this study attempts to examine empirically the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for malaysia in the presence of foreign direct investment and trade openness both in the short and long run for the period 1970 to 2008 the bounds testing approach and granger causality methodology are applied to test the interrelationships of the variables the results of our study indicate that the inverted u shaped relationship does exist between economic growth and co2 emission in both the short and long run for malaysia after controlling for two additional explanatory variables namely fdi and trade importantly the results of the study also provide some crucial policy recommendations to the policy makers

the gender wage gap a comparison of australia and canada using data from the 1989 canadian labour market activity survey and for australia the 1989 90 income distribution survey the authors investigate the reasons for the significantly lower gender wage gap in australia than in canada key similarities and differences between these two countries the authors argue make them a good basis for a natural experiment to investigate the effects of different labor market institutions in particular australia has a stronger union movement and a greater degree of centralization in wage determination than canada and most of its workers are covered by legally binding minimum working conditions the authors conclude that several differences between the countries in labor market structure notably a lower rate of return to education a lower rate of return to labor market experience and a lower level of wage inequality in australia than in canada are largely responsible for the smaller gender wage gap in australia

do economic conditions affect public support for environmental policy abstract economic conditions are typically viewed as having an important influence on environmental policy in particular it is widely believed that under adverse economic conditions electorates and governments prioritize economic growth and jobs over costly ecological restraint the empirical evidence for this received wisdom however remains surprisingly contradictory we contribute to this debate by studying a case where the odds of the economy environment trade off claim holding true should be high an emerging economy in severe recession and environmental policy with high short term costs and long term benefits based on a representative survey n 2449 in brazil implemented in late 2015 early 2016 we examine how ego and socio tropic economic conditions both perceived and real affect citizens preferences concerning the mitigation of deforestation and climate change we find no robust evidence for an economy environment trade off the main policy implication is that from a public opinion perspective there is considerable room for ambitious environmental policy even under adverse economic conditions

economic prescriptions for environmental problems how the patient followed the doctor s orders o ne of the dangers with ivory tower theorizing is that it is easy to lose sight of the actual set of problems which need to be solved and the range of potential solutions as one who frequently engages in this exercise i can attest to this fact in my view this loss of sight has become increasingly evident in the theoretical structure underlying environmental economics which often emphasizes elegance at the expense of realism in this paper i will argue that both normative and positive theorizing could greatly benefit from a careful examination of the results of recent innovative approaches to environmental management the particular set of policies examined here involves two tools which have received widespread support from the economics community marketable permits and emission charges pigou 1932 dales 1968 kneese and schultze 1975 both tools represent ways to induce businesses to search for lower cost methods of achieving environmental standards they stand in stark contrast to the predominant command and control approach in which a regulator specifies the technology a firm must use to comply with regulations under highly restrictive conditions it can be shown that both of the economic approaches share the desirable feature that any gains in environmental quality will be obtained at the lowest possible cost baumol and oates 1975 until the 1960s these tools only existed on blackboards and in academic journals as products of the fertile imaginations of academics however some countries have recently begun to explore using these tools as part of a broader strategy for managing environmental problems

determinants of pollution abatement in developing countries evidence from south and southeast asia abstract developing countries pa ticularly those in asia are fast adopting industrial pollution control standards similar to those in developed countries formal regulation has been greatly hampered however by the absence of clear and legally binding regulations limited institutional capacity lack of appropriate equipment and trained personnel and inadequate information on emissions one would predict highly pollution intensive production under such conditions our research however has uncovered strongly contradictory evidence despite weak or nonexistent formal regulation there are many clean plants in the developing countries of south and southeast asia of course there are also many plants which are among the world s most serious polluters what explains such extreme interplant variation this paper reviews evidence drawn from three empirical studies of plant level abatement practices conducted 1992 1994 the analyses test the importance of plant characteristics economic considerations and external pressure in determining environmental performance the results consistently show that pollution intensity is negatively associated with scale productive efficiency and the use of new process technology it is strongly and positively associated with public ownership but foreign ownership has no significant effect once other plant characteristics are taken into account among external sources of pressure community action or informal regulation emerges as a clear source of interplant differences in all three studies the results suggest that local income and education are powerful predictors of the effectiveness of informal regulation they also show that existing formal regulation has measurably beneficial effects even when it is quite weakly developed

a semi parametric panel data analysis on the urbanisation carbon emissions nexus for the mena countries abstract this study seeks to examine the impacts of urbanisation on carbon emissions through the investigation of the existence of an environmental kuznets curve ekc within the stochastic impacts by regression on population affluence and technology stirpat framework this is the first study in the mena region to explore the urbanisation and carbon emissions nexus using panel data together with a semi parametric panel fixed effects regression the data set refers to a panel of 20 countries in the mena region spanning the period 1980 2014 according to the results there is little evidence to support an inverted u shaped relationship between urbanisation and carbon emissions in the region more specifically it was found in the region and with the continuation of the urbanisation process carbon emissions per capita decreased in addition the results suggest that energy use and economic growth are the main sources of carbon emissions in the region the results imply that policies to reduce carbon emissions in the countries with relatively higher carbon emissions should concentrate more on energy use and the pattern of economic growth and not the urbanisation issue

the impact of environmental management on firm performance environmental management has the potential to play a pivotal role in the financial performance of the firm many individuals suggest that profitability is hurt by the higher production costs of environmental management initiatives while others cite anecdotal evidence of increased profitability a theoretical model is proposed that links strong environmental management to improved perceived future financial performance as measured by stock market performance the linkage to firm performance is tested empirically using financial event methodology and archival data of firm level environmental and financial performance significant positive returns were measured for strong environmental management as indicated by environmental performance awards and significant negative returns were measured for weak environmental management as indicated by environmental crises the implicit financial market valuation of these events also was estimated cross sectional analysis of the environmental award events revealed differences for first time awards and between industries first time award announcements were associated with greater increases in market valuation although smaller increases were observed for firms in environmentally dirty industries possibly indicative of market skepticism this linkage between environmental management and financial performance can be used by both researchers and practitioners as one measure of the benefits experienced by industry leaders and as one criterion against which to measure investment alternatives

different types of environmental regulations and heterogeneous influence on green productivity evidence from china this paper attempts to examine if the strong version of porter hypothesis is supported in china by investigating how different regulatory instruments and the relative stringency impact green productivity we use a slacks based measure sbm and luenberger productivity index accounting for undesirable outputs to evaluate the industrial green productivity growth rates of china s 30 provinces the estimates imply an unsustainable development model in china with significant regional differences by employing a panel threshold model and a province level panel dataset during 2000 2012 empirical results show that both command and control and market based regulation have a non linear relationship with and can be positively related to green productivity but with different constrains on regulation stringency there are double thresholds with the command and control and exists an optimal range of stringency for productivity improvement while a single threshold has been found with the market based regulation and its current stringency is reasonable for most of provinces moreover based on china s reality the productivity effect driven by market based regulation is much stronger than that of the command and control the mechanism of informal regulation is much more complicated consequently we find evidence to support the strong porter hypothesis that reasonable stringency of environmental regulations may enhance rather than lower industrial competitiveness

an empirical analysis of homosexual heterosexual male earnings differentials unmarried and unequal using data from the 1990 u s census pums 5 the authors present the first large scale study of wage differentials between heterosexual and homosexual men the homosexual sample consisting of gay men in unmarried partnered relationships are estimated to have earned 15 6 less than similarly qualified married heterosexual men and 2 4 less than similarly qualified unmarried partnered heterosexual men the authors interpret these two figures as upper and lower bound estimates of the differential between homosexual and heterosexual men the dual comparison enables the authors to disentangle the penalty to being unmarried from other determinants of the wage differential estimated at 14 1 this variable appears to be the main source of the wage gap

assessing the impact of formal and informal regulations on environmental and economic performance of brazilian manufacturing firms this study investigates the impact of formal and informal regulations on environmental and economic performance of brazilian manufacturing firms we adopt a dual approach where production technology is represented by a cost function approximated by a translog form pollution is considered as a negative by product that can be modified trough using either formal regulation inspections or sanctions or informal regulation community pressure a simultaneous equation model is estimated by three stage least squares on a sample of 404 industrial establishments located in the state of sao paulo brazil we show that pollution abatement costs for the brazilian manufacturing sector are different from zero which suggests that pollution emissions are affected by environmental regulation we also demonstrate that environmental performance of firms is jointly affected by formal and informal regulation lastly formal regulation is largely influenced by informal regulation and more specifically by community pressure

private enforcement of federal environmental law while the role of nongovernmental organizations in environmental policy is growing rapidly our analytical understanding of the causes and consequences of this emerging role has not kept pace in the 1970s congress authorized private organizations to seek injunctions and in some cases penalties against firms violating the terms of their environmental operating permits the economic models in this paper show how the varying remedies limitations and reimbursement procedures can affect both the level and patterns of litigation activity as well as the compliance consequences a database containing information on 1 205 cases is used to infuse empirical content into the analysis

informal regulation of pollution in a developing country evidence from india abstract recent policy discussions recognise the limitations of formal regulations to stem pollution in developing countries as a result there is a growing interest in the potential of informal regulations to achieve environmental goals in india many polluting industries fall under the rubric of the unorganised sector in such a context localised pollution may be influenced by discussions and reports on pollution in the vernacular press this study attempts to test the hypothesis that the press can act as an informal agent of pollution control this hypothesis is tested using monthly water pollution data from four hot spots in the state of gujarat india for the period 1996 to 2000 the results show that the press can function as an informal regulator if there is sustained interest in news about pollution however not all pollution agents are affected by pollution news press coverage appears to mainly influence industrial estates with a mix of small medium and large industries

does foreign direct investment drive environmental degradation in china an empirical study based on air quality index from a spatial perspective abstract a growing literature on the pollution haven hypothesis has surged for decades in this paper we employ a city level data set of 150 chinese cities in 2014 and take spatial spillovers into account by using spatial econometric models to investigate whether foreign capital inflows drive environmental degradation in china the results suggest that foreign direct investment is negatively related to air pollution in china indicating evidence of pollution halo hypothesis moreover foreign direct investment has significant spatial technological spillovers improving air quality in china this study also finds that there is no evidence of an inverted u shaped curve between income and air pollution as income levels increase air quality continues to worsen the development of the tertiary industry is found to have a positive effect on air pollution densely populated cities tend to demand for better environmental quality from the above analysis it follows that policies handles are urgently needed to improve air quality in china

protecting the environment when costs and benefits are privately known in this survey i analyze different approaches for protecting the environment when stakeholders are privately informed about the costs and benefits of pollution reduction the presence of asymmetric information calls for some important departures from the textbook prescriptions of marketable permits and emission taxes for controlling pollution for instance it may no longer be optimal to equate the social marginal benefits to the marginal cost of cleanup in determining appropriate abatement levels i conclude this review with some suggestions for future research in this area

formal and informal regulation of industrial pollution comparative evidence from indonesia and the united states the authors start from the premise that governments act as agents of the public in regulating pollution using the instruments at their disposal but when formal regulatory mechanisms are absent or ineffective communities will seek other means of translating their preferences into reality recent empirical work suggests the widespread existence of such informal regulation communities are often able to negotiate with or otherwise informally pressure polluting plants in their vicinity to clean up their thesis is that such informal regulation is likely wherever formal regulation leaves a gap between actual and locally preferred environmental quality they use plant level data from indonesia and the united states two countries that are very different both socio economically and in terms of pollution regulation to test a model of equilibrium pollution under informal regulation their results suggest three common elements across countries and pollutants abatement is generally subject to significant scale economies within country variations in labor and energy prices have little impact on pollution intensity community incomes have a powerful negative association with pollution intensity their findings on community income are especially important as they suggest a powerful role for informal regulation whether or not formal regulation is in place the impact of income disparity on inter county differences in u s pollution intensities seems to match the impact in indonesia undoubtedly this reflects differences in both preference for environmental quality and ability to bring pressure on polluting factories the fact that such disparities exist in the united states even for traditionally regulated pollutants shows that u s regulation has not been able to ensure uniform environmental quality for all citizens regardless of income class

renewable non renewable energy consumption economic growth trade openness and ecological footprint evidence from organisation for economic co operation and development countries the purpose of this study is to examine the validity of environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for ecological footprint with the role of renewable energy use non renewable energy use and trade openness in 24 organisation for economic co operation and development countries for this purpose we investigate the period from 1980 to 2014 using with second generation panel data methodologies which allow to cross sectional dependence among countries the group mean results show that the inverted u shaped environmental kuznets curve hypothesis does not hold in organisation for economic co operation and development countries because we found the u shaped relationship between economic growth and ecological footprint in addition it is concluded that increasing renewable energy consumption reduces ecological footprint and increasing non renewable energy consumption increases environmental degradation

renewable energy policies and contradictions in causality a case of next 11 countries abstract numerous studies on the causal relationship between economic growth energy consumption and carbon dioxide co2 emissions have shown divergence in policy recommendations which arises mainly due to the choice of methodology and the period of study this inconclusiveness in policy prescriptions might turn out to be critical when the renewable energy policies of the developing nations are considered our study analyses the causal relationship between economic growth carbon emissions fossil fuel and renewable energy consumption in next 11 countries during the period of 1990 2016 along with conducting parametric and non parametric causality tests together introducing the geweke 1982 causality test in the literature of energy economics we attempt to establish a wholesome aspect of policy design by comparing and complementing results of different causality analysis and how the causality directions should comply with the context setting our empirical evidence confirms that robust renewable energy policy can be designed by complementing the various causality test results rather than focusing on one particular causality test

community pressure and clean technology in the informal sector an econometric analysis of the adoption of propane by traditional mexican brickmakers abstract in many developing countries the informal sector comprised of low technology unlicensed micro enterprises is a major source of pollution environmental management in this sector is exceptionally challenging though clean technologies offer a means of mitigating the problem to our knowledge there has been no rigorous empirical research on why informal or even small scale firms do and do not adopt them as a first step toward filling this gap this paper presents the results of an econometric analysis of the diffusion of propane among informal traditional brickmakers in cd juarez mexico a leading source of air pollution owing to their reliance on cheap highly polluting fuels such as used tires and scrap wood the two key policy implications of our analysis are that 1 it is possible to successfully promote the adoption of a clean technology by intensely competitive informal firms even when the new technology significantly raises variable costs and 2 community pressure applied by competing firms and private sector local organizations can generate incentives for adoption

investigation of pollution haven hypothesis for china an ardl approach with breakpoint unit root tests abstract china is experiencing a stage of l type economy while climate change challenge appears tougher and tougher however up to now there exists no consensus about whether the influx of foreign direct investment should be responsible for domestic co 2 mounting situation the study aims to investigate the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis phh in china using 1980 2012 annual time series data to achieve this goal the autoregressive distributed lag cointegration ardl approach is used to examine the hypothesis and gross domestic product gdp gdp square energy use inward foreign direct investment fdi economic freedom urbanization financial development as well as trade openness are included as major drivers of co 2 emissions unlike many previous studies we also perform breakpoint unit root tests and incorporated a structural break into our model the results of bounds test show that there is a stable long run relationship between chosen variables in each model co 2 emissions will increase by 0 058 with 1 increase in inward fdi of gdp which indicates that phh does exist in china since china could be regarded as a model for developing countries the results of our study are useful for other developing countries

correlation analysis of co 2 emissions material stocks and economic growth nexus evidence from chinese provinces abstract a better understanding of the economy material emissions nexus is fundamental in order to reveal the interactions between human development and the natural environment and more importantly to design integrated de carbonization and de materialization policies in this paper we conducted a decoupling analysis of fossil fuel induced co2 emissions and in use material stocks in infrastructure to economic growth at the provincial level in china and investigated the trilateral causal relationships among the three indicators the results show that the average elasticity of co2 emissions and material stocks to economic growth was smaller than 1 representing a status of relative decoupling however in many less developed provinces in central and western china we observed increasing trends of elasticity in the past three decades which suggest their economic growth became more tightly linked to co2 emissions and the accumulation of material stocks granger tests suggest that in the long run there existed a unidirectional causality running from co2 emissions economic growth and urbanization to material stocks in the short run a bi directional causality between co2 emissions and economic growth and a unidirectional causality from material stocks to co2 emissions were detected policy implications for the de carbonization and de materialization transition include enhancing renewable energy utilization upgrading industries to less carbon intensive ones developing compact cities prolonging the lifespan of infrastructure and strengthening the life cycle carbon management of infrastructure

sexual orientation work and income in canada abstract we provide the first evidence on sexual orientation and economic outcomes in canada using confidential data that ask adults a direct question about their sexual orientation gay men have 12 lower personal incomes and lesbians have 15 higher personal incomes than otherwise similar heterosexual men and women respectively different labour force patterns can account for some of the income differentials we also document large differences in educational attainment childrearing and urbanicity that generally mirror patterns found in the us finally we show that applying couples based approaches common in this literature greatly overstates the magnitudes of gay straight income gaps

is china s development conforms to the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis and the pollution haven hypothesis abstract the environmental kuznets curve and pollution haven hypotheses have been verified by many studies however there is still no consensus on whether china s situation is consistent with the abovementioned hypotheses therefore to investigate whether china s development aligns with the environmental kuznets curve and pollution haven hypotheses this study considered provincial panel data from 1996 to 2015 and used the fixed effects panel data partially linear additive model which integrates economic growth and foreign direct investment into the same framework to investigate their impact on carbon emissions the results revealed that there exists a reverse u shape relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions and an inverted n shaped relationship between foreign direct investment and carbon dioxide emissions moreover the results revealed that energy consumption has an accelerating effect on the production pace of carbon dioxide emissions the upgrading of industrial infrastructure technology diffusion and trade liberalization can contribute to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions additionally this study proposes the following future research directions first considering the regional differences in china the conclusions of this study should be re examined by grouping different regions secondly the formation mechanism of the inverted n type relationship between foreign direct investment and carbon emissions is also an issue that requires further discussion finally a comparative study between developed and developing countries is needed to test and verify the universality and adaptability of the conclusions drawn from this study