the gender earnings differential in the russian transition economy using data from the russia longitudinal monitoring survey rlms the first nationally representative household survey in the russian federation the author examines the gender earnings differentia

search platforms showrooming and price parity clauses we provide a model in which consumers can search for rms directly or through a platform the platform lowers search costs and provides convenience benets but charges rms for the transactions it facilitates in equilibrium we show consumers buy through the platform despite rms setting higher prices on the platform higher prices on the platform give rise to the possibility of showrooming in which consumers search on the platform but then switch and buy directly to take advantage of lower direct prices in settings like this search platforms like amazon s marketplace and booking com have adopted price parity clauses requiring rms oer their best prices on the platform arguing this is needed to prevent showrooming we use our model to evaluate the implications of showrooming and price parity clauses

the use of quantile regressions in estimating gender wage differentials a case study of the philippines quantile regressions are used to analyse the size components and nature of the gender earnings differentials as well as the returns to education by gender in the philippines over the entire conditional distribution of earnings using data from the 1999 apis survey this approach allows more focused conclusions about the nature of gender earnings differentials incorporating the quantile regression approach to the oaxaca blinder decomposition allows the localization of gender discrimination to particular quantiles of the earnings distribution and permits more targeted policy intervention

price coherence and excessive intermediation suppose an intermediary provides a benefit to buyers when they purchase from sellers using the intermediary s technology we develop a model to show that the intermediary would want to restrict sellers from charging buyers more for transactions it intermediates with this restriction an intermediary can profitably raise demand for its services by eliminating any extra price buyers face for purchasing through the intermediary we show that this leads to inflated retail prices excessive adoption of the intermediaries services over investment in benefits to buyers and a reduction in consumer surplus and sometimes welfare competition among intermediaries intensifies these problems by increasing the magnitude of their effects and broadening the circumstances in which they arise we discuss applications to payment card systems travel reservation systems rebate services and various other intermediaries jel codes d40 l11 l14 l42

market structure and incentives to innovate the case of cournot oligopoly abstract in a classical paper arrow the rate and direction of inventive activity 1962 princeton university press pp 609 626 showed that the benefit of innovation to the single firm with r d capabilities is higher under perfect competition than under monopoly arrow in essence assumed bertrand price competition in this paper i examine cournot quantity competition and show that under weak conditions the benefit of a small process innovation decreases with the number of firms i also show that the elasticity of the slope of the inverse demand function plays a critical role in determining the effect of product market competition on the incentives to innovate

platform competition in two sided markets many if not most markets with network externalities are two sided to succeed platforms in industries such as software portals and media payment systems and the internet must get both sides of the market on board accordingly platforms devote much attention to their business model that is to how they court each side while making money overall this paper builds a model of platform competition with two sided markets it unveils the determinants of price allocation and end user surplus for different governance structures profit maximizing platforms and not for profit joint undertakings and compares the outcomes with those under an integrated monopolist and a ramsey planner jel l5 l82 l86 l96

estimating wage discrimination in the labor market if labor supply curves are not perfectly inelastic wage discrimination induces some minority workers to leave the labor force studies of discrimination that focus only on wage differentials overlook these disincentive effects on minority employment

bootstrapping statistical inferences of decomposition methods for gender earnings differentials applying the standard bootstrapping technique with corrections for heteroskedasticity for a sample of the 1997 urban household survey in china the present article attempts to test 1 whether the commonly used decomposition methods for gender earnings differentials give significantly different results and 2 whether the explained component is significantly different from the unexplained component which is commonly referred to as discrimination within each decomposition method based on a national data set the empirical results indicated some significant differences in both tests the implication of the results is that the proposed bootstrapping technique can be regarded as a guideline on applying which approach to decompose gender earnings differentials among different methods without losing important information and on evaluating the relative importance of the decomposition components for any chosen method

job satisfaction trade unions and exit voice revisited many studies have found that unionized workers express less job satisfaction than nonunion workers the exit voice explanation of this phenomenon is that dissatisfied nonunion workers tend to qui

a decomposition method on employment and wage discrimination and its application in urban china 2002 2013 abstract labor market discrimination is an important issue in developing countries where path dependent institutions have been dominant while effective institutional arrangements and policies have been hidden by local customs and culture however the existing applications of classical blinder oaxaca decomposition face criticism for their imprecise understanding of the factors affecting institutional discrimination in labor markets as well as for their lack of power in formulating well targeted anti discrimination policies following oaxaca 1973 we propose a new method to decompose the total discrimination index tdi to analyze employment and wage discrimination in the labor markets of developing countries the tdi is decomposed into the employment discrimination index edi and the wage discrimination index wdi then into the underpayment index to majorities upi and the overpayment index to minorities opi we apply this method to the institutional discrimination against rural migrants in china s urban areas using national representative data from 2002 to 2013 we have found that 1 the tdi increased quickly after china entered the wto then dropped after anti discrimination policies were implemented 2 the tdi is mainly determined by the upi while the tdi s fluctuation is mainly determined by the wdi our method provides insights into the changing composition of employment and wage discrimination and their respective labor market outcomes in developing countries as a result appropriate policy measures may be developed accordingly

labour market discrimination are there significant differences between the various decomposition procedures economists have usually called the proportion of the average wage gap between two groups which could not be explained by individual characteristics discrimination recently several theories have suggested that labour market discrimination on the one hand lowers the wages of the minority group and on the other leads to higher pay for the majority group in a recent survey of the various methods used to decompose the overall wage differential between two groups oaxaca and ransom compared five approaches in the contexts of race and gender discrimination this paper checks whether there are significant differences between the various decomposition procedures which have appeared in the literature the tests are based on bootstrap techniques

intensity of competition and the choice between product and process innovation abstract two questions are examined within a model of vertical differentiation the first is whether cost reducing innovations are more likely to be observed in regimes of more intense bertrand or less intense cournot competition we find that there are cost reducing innovations that are pursued under cournot but not under bertrand competition the second is whether the regime of competition affects a firm s choice between product and process innovation we show that for the high quality firm whenever there is a difference between the choice made by a bertrand competitor and the choice made by a cournot competitor the former opts for product innovation while the latter prefers process innovation for the low quality firm the result is reversed

market microstructure and incentives to invest market organization significantly affects total output and incentives for firms to invest i compare three types of market organization in a market with search and random matching total output is excessive and there are incentives for inefficient underinvestment in a market with a monopoly dealer total output is insufficient and underinvestment also occurs competition between the search market and the dealer market improves incentives to invest and competition between dealers yields efficient total output and investment this suggests that additional entry of wholesalers and other interbusiness dealers should stimulate aggregate business investment

a meta analysis of the international gender wage gap abstract since the early 1970s a number of authors have calculated gender wage differentials between women and men of equal productivity this meta study provides a new quantitative review of this vast amount of empirical literature on gender wage differentials as it concerns not only differences in methodology data and time periods but also different countries we place particular emphasis on a proper consideration of the quality of the underlying study which is done by a weighting with quality indicators the results show that data restrictions i e the limitation of the analysis to new entrants never marrieds or one narrow occupation only have the biggest impact on the resulting gender wage gap moreover we are able to show what effect a misspecification of the underlying wage equation like the frequent use of potential experience has on the calculated gender wage gap over time raw wage differentials worldwide have fallen substantially however most of this decrease is due to better labor market endowments of females

discrimination and the unemployment durations of white and black males in this study we develop a model to decompose the longer unemployment duration of blacks into discriminatory and non discriminatory components by extending becker s theory of discrimination to job search theory the discriminatory component is seen to be the result of two separate effects first a white treatment advantage shortens the unemployment duration of whites because they receive more frequent and higher wage offers than would prevail in the absence of discrimination for working alongside blacks second a black treatment disadvantage lengthens the jobless spell of blacks because blacks receive lower wage offers than would prevail without discrimination as discriminating employers extract quasi rents from their labour we estimate our model using date from the cps displaced workers survey the results show that 3 81 of the 4 58 weeks longer unemployment spell for blacks is due to discrimination with 3 11 weeks resulting from the white treatment advantage and 0 7 weeks emanating from the black

capital structure and investment in regulated network utilities evidence from eu telecoms this article analyzes the relationship between firm financial and investment decisions and regulatory outcomes in network industries where regulatory opportunism is often viewed to lead to underinvestment we develop a model to describe the effect of an increase in leverage on regulated rates retail as well as wholesale and company investment we then test the model s predictions using a panel of 15 eu public telecommunication operators ptos over the period 1994 2005 our results show that the data cannot reject the model s predictions that leverage positively affects regulated wholesale and retail rates as well as the ptos investment rate moreover since leverage does affect wholesale charges that alternative operators pay to access to the incumbent s network infrastructure we also find that an increase in leverage is followed by a decrease in the number of competitors and by an increase of the incumbent s market share this suggests that the use of debt to discipline the regulator s lack of commitment within a vertically integrated network industry may somewhat impair or delay retail market competition but has a favorable counterpart in mitigating the underinvestment problem

the sexual orientation wage gap the role of occupational sorting and human capital using data from the 2000 u s census the authors explore two alternative explanations for the sexual orientation wage gap occupational sorting and human capital differences they find that lesbian women earned more than heterosexual women irrespective of marital status while gay men earned less than their married heterosexual counterparts but more than their cohabitating heterosexual counterparts results of a oaxaca blinder decomposition indicate that the relative wage advantages observed for some groups of lesbians and gay men were mainly owing to greater levels of human capital accumulation particularly education while occupational sorting had little or no influence the relative wage penalties that were observed in other cases however cannot be attributed either to differences in occupational sorting or to human capital an analysis employing a dinardo fortin and lemieux decomposition which allows for variation in the wage gap at different points along the wage distribution broadly confir

chicken and egg competition among intermediation service providers we analyze a model of imperfect price competition between intermediation service providers we insist on features that are relevant for informational intermediation via the internet the presence of indirect network externalities the possibility of using the nonexclusive services of several intermediaries and the widespread practice of price discrimination based on users identity and on usage efficient market structures emerge in equilibrium as well as some specific form of inefficient structures intermediaries have incentives to propose non exclusive services as this moderates competition and allows them to exert market power we analyze in detail the pricing and business strategies followed by intermediation services providers copyright 2003 by the rand corporation

services trade protection and economic isolation poor connectivity is conventionally blamed on difficult geography and low income but economic isolation could also result from policy choices in key linking services such as air transportation and telecommunications a new database on applied services trade policies reveals that many countries restrict trade in the very services that connect them with the rest of the world we present evidence that restrictive policies lead to more concentrated market structures and limited access to services even after taking into account the influence of geography and income moving from an intermediate level of restrictiveness to an open regime could lead to a 20 percentage point increase in cellular teledensity in the telecommunications sector and to a 25 per cent increase in flight connections per airline in the aviation sector respectively

externalities in migration abstract the paper compares the labor mobility of high order to low order waves migrants it presents a model which concludes that low order waves provide positive externalities to higher order waves the model is applied to two waves of political migrants to israel

recent two stage sample selection procedures with an application to the gender wage gap recently developed two stage estimation methods of sample selection models are used in the context of data from the 1989 labor market activity survey to examine labor supply decisions and wage outcomes for employed men and women recent hypothesis test procedures are used to test for no sample selection and to test for a parametric against a semiparametric selection correction procedure we conclude that selection is indeed an issue for the sample at hand and that the semiparametric specification is appropriate we also present the standard decomposition of the gender wage gap into its explained and unexplained portions

male white black wage gaps 1979 1994 a distributional analysis 1 introductionnumerous studies show that during the 1980s the mean white black wage gap among new entrant 0 10 years of potential experience males expanded 1 juhn murphy and pierce 1991 jmp attribute the mean gap s expansion to a widening of the overall u s wage distribution caused by a host of economy wide race neutral changes that led to labor demand shifts toward better educated and better skilled workers regardless of race because african americans tend to be at lower levels of the overall skill distribution the shifts adversely impacted african american men more than white men leading to an expansion in the mean wage gap to arrive at this conclusion jmp decompose the expansion in the mean new entrant wage gap into four components the first two components measure the wage gap s increase because of a widening in observable racial differences in measured characteristics and their prices for example educational attainment and the returns to education the third component captures the contribution of growing racial discrimination and widening differences in unmeasured skills to the wage gap s expansion this term s contribution is measured by the drop in the mean percentile rank of blacks in the white residual wage distribution the fourth component identifies the role of increases in the prices of unmeasured skills and is measured by the increase in the variance of the white residual wage distribution when applied to the march annual demographic files of the current population survey jmp find that from 1979 to 1987 increases in the price of unmeasured skills explain all of the new entrant mean wage gap s expansion indicating that factors that adversely impacted less skilled workers regardless of race are the primary cause of the wage gap s expansion in related work reardon 1997 uses a national sample of white and african american men from the 1980 and 1990 decennial censuses and shows that the mean racial wage gap s expansion is caused by increased variance in the distribution of residual wages generated by labor demand shifts toward high skilled whites and away from medium skilled whites and high skilled african american men the wage gap expands because high skilled african american men earn wages that are similar to those of whites in the middle and upper third of their wage distribution the labor demand shifts led to a stretching or increased variance in the wage distribution that favored high skilled whites relative to high skilled african americans and medium skilled whites this paper makes several contributions to the literature on racial wage gaps and the technical literature on wage decompositions first i examine whether jmp s 1991 results hold up when the analysis is disaggregated by experience and educational attainment this is an important extension for two reasons bound and freeman 1992 rodgers 1997a and others have found that the racial wage gap among high school graduates and particularly among college graduates expanded significantly after the late 1970s over the same time period the variance of wages within these educational categories increased second it is important to determine the extent to which racial inequality that was generated while a cohort was a new entrant persists as it ages the paper s technical innovation is the development of a distribution or skill specific decomposition that identifies whether the stretching of the white wage distribution uniformly contributes to an expansion in racial inequality at all skill levels or quantiles of the wage distribution or whether the contribution of the wage distribution s stretching is specific to a skill level for example does the increase in the price of unmeasured skills explain a greater portion of the increase in the racial wage gap between high skilled african americans and whites than it does between medium skilled african americans and whites

platform competition and seller investment incentives many products and services are not sold on open platforms but on competing for profit platforms which charge buyers and sellers for access what is the effect of for profit intermediation on seller investment incentives since for profit intermediaries reduce the available rents in the market one might naively suspect that sellers have weaker investment incentives with competing for profit platforms however we show that for profit intermediation may lead to overinvestment when free access would lead to underinvestment because investment decisions affect the strength of indirect network effects and thus access prices we characterize the effect of for profit intermediation on investment incentives depending on the nature of the investment and on which side of the market singlehomes

human capital discrimination and the gender wage gap in bangladesh summary this paper investigates changes in the gender wage gap in bangladesh over the period 1999 2009 the gap in average wages between men and women decreased by 31 over this period this paper shows that a key driver of this change was an improvement in female educational qualifications it also demonstrates that the gender wage gap across the wage distribution narrowed much more at the lower end of the wage distribution than at the upper end it attributes this mainly to a decline in discrimination against women implications for policies aimed at more equal access to education and enforcement of equal pay legislation in bangladesh are also identified

is gender pay discrimination on the wane evidence from panel data 1968 1989 previous studies of the gender pay gap in the united states have found a narrowing of that gap in the past two decades but have differed substantially in the reported magnitude of that change this study calculates gender earnings differences using panel study of income dynamics data for 1968 89 a longer time series than has been examined by any similar study it also employs improved statistical techniques notably an adjustment for selection bias and a recently recommended modification of the most commonly used decomposition technique the author finds a significant decline both in the portion of the differential due to observed differences between men s and women s characteristics and in the unexplained component which is often attributed to discrimination the results of one analysis show that over the 1968 89 period the gender pay gap narrowed to as little as 47

political accountability and regulatory performance in infrastructure industries an empirical analysis the aim of this paper is to empirically explore the relationship between the quality of political institutions and the performance of regulation an issue that has recently occupied much of the policy debate on the effectiveness of infrastructure industry reforms taking the view that political accountability is a key factor that links political structures and regulatory processes the authors investigate for the case of telecommunications its impact on the performance of regulation in two time series cross sectional data sets on 29 developing countries and 23 industrial countries covering the period 1985 99 in addition to confirming some well documented results on the positive role of regulatory governance in infrastructure industries the authors provide empirical evidence on the impact of the quality of political institutions and their modes of functioning on regulatory performance the analysis of the data sets shows that the positive effect of political accountability on the performance of regulation is stronger in developing countries an important policy implication of this finding is that future reforms in these countries should give due attention to the development of politically accountable systems

wage determination of registered nurses in proprietary and nonprofit nursing homes this study explores why registered nurses employed in nonprofit nursing homes earn higher wages than those employed in proprietary facilities previous studies have explained this finding in a property rights context where higher wages were posited to result from the weaker incentives for cost minimization accompanying nonprofit status this paper tests an alternative explanation of sectoral wage differences which is predicated on the reason for the coexistence offor profit and nonprofit firms in a given industry informational constraints concerning the quality of care are posited to cause the long term health care market to fail to provide care at the upper levels of a quality of care continuum nonprofits are viewed as a response to this form of market failure acting to fulfill customers demand for higher quality and higher cost long term care with attendant demand for higher quality nurses than in for profit homes both the observed sectoral pattern in selectivity and wage decompositions based on selectivity corrected wage regressions call into question the property right explanation yet are consistent with an asymmetric information explanation

measuring the gender wage gap a methodological note we propose to estimate the blinder oaxaca decomposition by a single equation model augmented with interactions between the group membership and other predictors the relative importance of predicto

the influence of gender on faculty salaries in the united states 1969 89 this study estimates the earnings differential between the male and female faculty in the united states over a period of two decades 1969 1989 five micro level data sets are used for this purpose a modified version of the widely used oaxaca model is used in the estimations it is found that the racial earnings gap narrowed considerably more than did the gender earnings differential over this period a higher male female earnings gap at the professor level relative to junior ranks suggests that relatively recent entrants in the academic labour market face a less discriminatory environment than did their predecessors a controversial finding is that the discriminatory component of the earnings differential between male and female faculty fell between 1969 and 1984 but rose thereafter

the effects of competition and equal treatment laws on gender wage differentials discrimination if it is inefficient can be eliminated by competition in most countries it is also forbidden by law this paper evaluates the influence of economic and legal factors on the portion of male female wage differentials that is not explained by other worker characteristics and may be due to discrimination we use a new international data set of suitable gender wage gap measures constructed from the results of existing studies meta analysis of the data shows that increased competition and adoption of international conventions concerning equal treatment laws both reduce gender wage gaps while legislation that prevents women from performing strenuous or dangerous jobs tends to increase it doris weichselbaumer and rudolf winter ebmer

the effects of public sector hiring and compensation policies on the egyptian labor market this article examines the combined impact of the employment guarantee for graduates and public sector compensation policies on the egyptian labor market besides contributing to an unsustainable rate of growth in the government labor force these policies have encouraged queuing for government jobs contributed to high graduate unemployment rates and reduced the employment of graduates in the private sector despite substantial wage erosion in the public sector in recent years government wages when appropriately corrected for observed heterogeneity and sample selection are on a par with or higher than private sector wages especially for graduates when combined with the more desirable nonwage aspects of government jobs these compensation levels explain the attractiveness of public sector employment to graduates government pay scales are especially advantageous to female secondary school graduates who appear to face considerable discrimination in the private sector

the incentives for cost reduction in a differentiated industry abstract this paper investigates how the incentives for cost reduction in a differentiated industry depend upon the degree of product substitutability when goods are imperfect substitutes both cournot and bertrand competition result in underinvestment in the sense that a social planner would be willing to pay more for a given cost reduction than a profit maximizing firm overinvestment may occur when the goods are sufficiently close substitutes similarly cournot competition provides a stronger incentive to innovate than bertrand competition if the degree of substitutability is low and a weaker incentive if this degree is high

career duration in the nhl pushing and pulling on europeans abstractusing a panel of national hockey league players from 2000 through 2013 we analyse the determinants of career length in the league in our analysis we include both performance variables and nationality of origin to determine their importance in determining career length we find that european born players have shorter careers than north american born players holding performance constant and russian born players have even shorter careers than other europeans we further find that russian born players have even shorter careers than other players after the 2005 lockout these shorter careers are consistent with both exit discrimination against european and russian players who are pushed out of the league as well as voluntary exit by european and russian players who are pulled out of the league due to opportunities in their home countries

a multinomial logit nondiscriminatory approach to estimating racial wage and occupational discrimination this paper combines a technique to measure nondiscriminatory wage structures with a multinomial logit model to estimate both occupational racial discrimination and within occupation racial wage underpayment and overpayment using a recent south african october household survey it is found that racial discrimination against blacks and in favour of whites still persists in the south african labour market implying the persistence of white employer nepotism and or white employee discrimination

two sided markets a progress report the paper provides a road map to the burgeoning literature on two sided markets and presents new results it identifies two sided markets with markets in which the structure and not only the level of prices charged by platforms matters the failure of the coase theorem is necessary but not sufficient for two sidedness the paper builds a model integrating usage and membership externalities that unifies two hitherto disparate strands of the literature emphasizing either form of externality and obtains new results on the mix of membership and usage charges when price setting or bargaining determine payments between end users

the definition of part time employment a switching regression model with unknown sample selection rejecting the standard less than thirty five hours per week categorization of part time workers this paper offers an empirically justified definition of the part time employed the definition is based on the distinction through wage payments that employers make between a high hours full time and a low hours part time group of workers a switching regression model of wage equations with deterministic but unknown sample selection is estimated resulting in a significant split between high hours and low hours workers that is higher than the standard definition wage differentials are calculated and decomposed and estimates from the structural choice model are presented copyright 1991 by economics department of the university of pennsylvania and the osaka university institute of social and economic research association

immigration and socioeconomic gaps theory and applications during the first decade of israel s existence large waves of immigrants came from europe and the middle east this paper introduces an empirical study which compares the occupational socioeconomic score differentials between ethnic groups within and outside the kibbutz the three groups examined are from asia and africa from europe and america and the native born population it is found that the occupational socioeconomic score differentials after migration are lower in the kibbutz than outside it and that socioeconomic gaps outside the kibbutz increase after migration in this paper a model is presented which explains the empirical results it compares the effects of migration inside the kibbutz organized as a labour managed firm with the effects of migration inside the city assumed to be organized as a perfectly competitive firm the model also develops a gap function that quantifies the socioeconomic gaps and uses iso gap curves to compare the premigration and postmigration gaps

measuring inequality change in an economy with income growth abstract this paper analyzes how to measure changes in inequality in an economy with income growth the discussion distinguishes three stylized kinds of economic growth 1 1 high income sector enrichment 2 2 low income sector enrichment 3 3 high income sector enlargement in which the high income sector expands and absorbs persons from the low income sector th e two enrichment types pose no problem for assessing inequality change in the course of economic growth for high income sector enrichment growth inequality might reasonably be said to increase whereas for low income sector enrichment inequality might be said to decrease these adjustments are non controversial and non problematical where problems arise is in the case of high income sector enlargement growth in that case the two alternative approaches have been shown in this paper to yield markedly results 1 1 the traditional inequality indices generate an inverted u pattern of inequality that is inequality rises in the early stages of high income sector enlargement growth and falls thereafter 2 2 the new approach suggested here based on axioms of gap inequality and numerical inequality generates a u pattern of inequality that is inequality falls in the early stages of high income sector enlargement growth and rises thereafter the discrepancy between the familiar indices and the alternative approach based on axioms of gap inequality and numerical inequality bears further scrutiny two courses of action are possible one might try to axiomatize inequality in ways that generate an inverted u pattern in high income sector enlargement growth thereby rationalizing the continued use of the usual inequality indices with the inverted u property alternatively one might retain the axioms proposed here embed them into a more formal structure and construct a family of inequality indices consistent with them others might wish to pursue the first course i am at work on the second

the privatization of the fixed line telecommunications operator in oecd latin america asia and africa one size does not fit all summary this paper challenges the idea that there exists a unique model of reform for infrastructure sectors which is equally applicable across regions and countries and expected to yield similar outcomes we perform an empirical analysis of the impact of privatization of the fixed line activity of the traditional telecommunications operator on network expansion tariffs and labor efficiency in a 1985 2007 data set on a selection of 108 countries that we split into regional sub samples we find that the performance of privatization depends to a large extent on regional factors related to market profitability wealth and geography

on the decomposition of wage differentials the often used method for decomposing wage differentials into human capital and discrimination components is reformulated so that both t he disadvantage or cost discrimination it imposes on a black or minority wage earner and the advantage or benefit it bestows on a white or majority wage earner can be estimated copyright 1988 by mit press

market design and investment incentives the purpose of this study was to understand how market design affects market performance through its impact on investment incentives for this purpose we model capacity choices by two ex ante identical firms which compete in the product market we analyse a number of different market design elements including i two commonly used auction formats the uniform price and discriminatory auctions ii price caps and iii bid duration we find that although the discriminatory auction tends to lower prices this does not imply that investment incentives at the margin are poorer indeed aggregate capacity is the same under both auction formats

racial wage gaps and differences in human capital this paper uses the cotton neumark decomposition methodology and 1990 cps data to investigate the relative importance of labour market structure and human capital in explaining the white male asian white male black white male hispanic wage gaps we find that labour market structure is more important than human capital in explaining the white minority wage gaps moreover most of the labour market structural effects are due to differential returns to white structural characteristics our result is robust to the specification of human capital our results contradict the results of research that indicate that the white minority wage gaps can be explained solely by differences in the endowment of human capital our results have implications for narrowing the wage gaps between whites and racial minorities

black white wage convergence the role of public sector wages and employment this paper assesses the relative contribution of the public and private sectors through their employment and wages to the black white wage convergence that occurred in the u s economy over the 1

price structure in two sided markets evidence from the magazine industry we present and estimate a model of competition in a two sided market the market for magazine readership and advertising using data on magazines in germany we find evidence that magazines have properties of two sided markets the results are consistent with the perception that prices for readers are subsidized and that magazines make all their money from advertisers consistent with advertisers valuing readers more than readers value advertisements our results imply that higher demand on the reader side increases ad rates but that higher demand on the advertising side decreases cover prices

gender wage discrimination in the thai labor market in thai this paper investigates the presence of gender wage differentials in the thai labor market a two step approach heckman 1979 was applied in estimating wage equations to avoid sample selection bias the wage differential decomposition methods oaxaca 1973 cotton 1988 oaxaca and ransom 1994 were used the data used were obtained from the labor force survey july september 2008 conducted by the national statistical office of thailand the findings indicate that female workers received lower wages than male workers because of their gender not because they are less productive on the contrary the female workers were shown to be more productive than the men the analysis indicates they would have earned higher wages than men this is especially true in the age groups 15 24 and 25 54 years old although the wage gap was partly explained by a lower productivity of workers 55 60 years old wage discrimination played a substantial role wage discrimination was worse in the younger than the older worker groups

an equilibrium search model with coworker discrimination this article analyzes the effect of coworker discrimination on wage and unemployment differentials between males and females using a search model an increase in female participation drives up the wage offer to female workers and raises female employment moreover an increase in the degree of discrimination by males results in gains to them in terms of higher wages and lower unemployment but results in losses to females in terms of lower wages and higher unemployment the benefit to males provides an explanation for the persistence of discrimination