assessing the regional economic impacts of renewable energy sources a literature review abstract the transition of the global energy system is one of the main trends that offers opportunities as well as challenges for the economy most literature evaluates the impact of that transition at a national level that view is broadened towards a regional scale due to the lower energy density of many renewable energy sources renewable energy generation will be more decentralised leading to potentially significant changes in the regional economy when transitioning to a renewable energy system in this paper the current literature and methods of assessing regional economic impacts of a transition to renewable energy generation is reviewed the findings suggest an overall need to clearly define the topics such as technologies that are assessed and the evaluated time period a guideline for a regional impact assessment is provided focusing on the suitability of applied impact assessment methods employment ratios supply chain analyses input output models and computable general equilibrium models

why do women still earn less than men decomposing the dutch gender pay gap 1996 2006 despite major improvements in women s labour market attachment women still earn considerably less than men international research shows that the persistence of the gender pay gap may be due to the fact that although the gap in characteristics between men and women is diminishing changes in the wage structure counteract this change this article will study whether this swimming upstream phenomenon is also playing a role in the rather slow convergence between male and female wages in the netherlands our results indicate that this is not the case most of the changes in the dutch wage structure have been rather favourable to women the lacking convergence in wages has to be explained from the fact that despite the favourable changes the dutch wage structure still contains a considerable implicit gender bias

wind power development in sweden global policies and local obstacles abstract recently the swedish government adopted a national planning goal of a yearly wind power generation of 10 twh by 2015 implying a substantial increase from the current 0 6 twh level in this paper we provide an economic assessment of the potential for future wind power investments in sweden in close conjunction with an analysis of the legal attitudinal and policy related uncertainties that face a wind mill investor it is shown that the economics of swedish wind power is negatively affected by a the lack of policy stability b public criticism at the local level and in particular c the legal provisions governing the assessment of the environmental impacts of wind mills and the planning procedures for mill location while national and global energy policies as well as the general public point out wind power as particularly environmentally friendly most of the objections to its expansion at the local level tend to have environmental origins the interests of those who object to wind mill installations gain strong legal protection and the municipal territorial planning monopoly in sweden implies that it is hard to make national energy policy goals heard at the local implementation stage compared to its competitors wind power is the technology that tends to have the most to loose from the risk and uncertainties created by this investment environment the paper identifies and discusses a number of ways in which the national policy interests could be strengthened at the local level we discuss the role of citizen participation as well as solutions within the realms of the legal system moreover since the diffusion of wind power encounters the most strident legal and attitudinal obstacles where it interferes with competing land uses a move offshore appears to be an efficient strategy from the perspective of a wind mill investor a stronger political commitment to wind power expansion in legal provisions as well as in the form of long run stability in policy instrument implementation will probably be necessary to attain the 2015 policy goal

an integrated life cycle sustainability assessment of electricity generation in turkey this paper presents for the first time an integrated life cycle sustainability assessment of the electricity sector in turkey considering environmental economic and social aspects twenty life cycle sustainability indicators 11 environmental three economic and six social are used to evaluate the current electricity options geothermal power is the best option for six environmental impacts but it has the highest capital costs small reservoir and run of river power has the lowest global warming potential while large reservoir is best for the depletion of elements and fossil resources and acidification it also has the lowest levelised costs worker injuries and fatalities but provides the lowest life cycle employment opportunities gas power has the lowest capital costs but it provides the lowest direct employment and has the highest levelised costs and ozone layer depletion given these trade offs a multi criteria decision analysis has been carried out to identify the most sustainable options assuming different stakeholder preferences for all the preferences considered hydropower is the most sustainable option for turkey followed by geothermal and wind electricity this work demonstrates the importance for energy policy of an integrated life cycle sustainability assessment and how tensions between different aspects can be reconciled to identify win win solutions

sectoral growth patterns at the metropolitan level an evaluation of economic development incentives abstract economic development incentives are much used and expensive yet information on their effectiveness is scarce this paper reports a regression analysis of employment growth in 37 disaggregated sectors across u s metropolitan areas in the time period 1977 1984 the results indicate that variation in taxes and subsidies are not related significantly to the location of either high technology manufacturing or most services our results suggest however that enterprise zones and university research parks which may be proxies for focused economic development programs are associated with increased job growth nevertheless the strongest determinants of growth are localization and urbanization externalities along with labor costs and skill factors we hypothesize that localization economies operate through the reduction of information costs especially those associated with firms search behaviors for skilled labor forces

evaluating the public perceptions of nuclear power in china evidence from a contingent valuation survey national natural science foundation of china 71303199 71373218 ministry of education foundation of china 13yjc790123 11jbgp006 13jzd010 fundamental research funds for the central universities 201122g008 2014221001 national social science foundation of china 13zd167

gender wage inequality in inclusive and exclusive industrial relations systems a comparison of argentina and chile drawing on an empirical and comparative mixed methods analysis of argentina and chile this article investigates arguments about the role of inclusive versus exclusive industrial relations systems in promoting gender wage equity and enabling attractive wage returns to women investing in higher education our findings confirm the importance of argentina s inclusive industrial relations system in narrowing gender pay differences to a greater extent than chile nevertheless chile s industrial relations institutions are not wholly exclusive its high level statutory minimum wage has played a strongly distributive role in the 2000s and compressed wages in the lower half of the wage distribution also notable is the finding from quantile regression that highly educated women in high paid jobs enjoy a larger wage premium in the class equal argentina than in chile despite a far wider wage gap between low high educated workers in chile overall

centralisation employment and wage dispersion this paper is about bargaining institutions and their influence on wage dispersion and employment using novel statistical measures it compares labor market performance in seventeen oecd countries since 1973 it concludes that countries with highly centralized wage bargaining have generally achieved the best performance combining high employment with low wage dispersion thereby avoiding certain major inequalities prevalent elsewhere the paper also presents a formal model of bargaining based on the work of l calmfors and j driffill 1988 simulations are used to illustrate how this model generates the kind of outcomes described in the empirical part of the paper copyright 1992 by royal economic society

unintended consequences of maternity leave legislation the case of colombia abstract we estimate the impact on female labor outcomes of the extension in maternity leave period from 12 to 14 weeks an amendment to the colombian labor law in 2011 to identify this impact we compare labor market outcomes of different groups of individuals with women of child bearing age first we compared two groups of women with different fertility rates low elasticity of substitution finding that as result of the extension women in the high fertility age group experience an increase in inactivity informality and self employment when comparing high fertility age women with men in the same age group high elasticity of substitution we find that the extension increases the probability of unemployment informality and self employment and decreases wages of women compared with men

equal pay as a moving target international perspectives on forty years of addressing the gender pay gap this paper provides an overview of the key factors impacting upon the gender pay gap in the uk europe and australia forty years after the implementation of the first equal pay legislation the pay gap remains a key aspect of the inequalities women face in the labour market while the overall pay gap has tended to fall in many countries over the past forty years it has not closed in some countries it has been stubbornly resistant or has even widened in reviewing the collection of papers that make up this special issue we identify four broad themes with which to group the contributions and draw out the explanations for diverse trends theoretical and conceptual debates legal developments and their impacts wage setting institutions and changing employer demands and newly emerging pay inequalities between and within educational and ethnic groups across the four themes we underline how the trends in the gender pay gap capture the dynamism of inequalities as the market power of different groups and stakeholders changes over times three key dimensions emerge from the papers to provide a framework for future research and policy discourse the relationship between litigation and bargaining strategies the interaction between wage setting institutions and new organisational practices and the increasing and range of diversity or equality strands competing for equal treatment we conclude that progress towards closing the gender pay gap will not be easy will require a collective effort of various actors and will not be quick

sustainability assessment of electricity generation technologies using weighted multi criteria decision analysis abstract solving the issue of environmental degradation due to the expansion of the world s energy demand requires a balanced approach the aim of this paper is to comprehensively rank a large number of electricity generation technologies based on their compatibility with the sustainable development of the industry the study is based on a set of 10 sustainability indicators which provide a life cycle analysis of the plants the technologies are ranked using a weighted sum multi attribute utility method the indicator weights were established through a survey of 62 academics from the fields of energy and environmental science our results show that large hydroelectric projects are the most sustainable technology type followed by small hydro onshore wind and solar photovoltaic we argue that political leaders should have a more structured and strategic approach in implementing sustainable energy policies and this type of research can provide arguments to support such decisions

a cross national comparison of the gender gap in income this article examines national labor market samples from two dualist countries the united states and canada and two corporatist countries norway and sweden labor market location is less powerful in predicting income in norway and sweden where they have more inclusive employment policies in sweden though the labor market variables are more important in explaining the income gap family effects marital status and number of children are weak everywhere but especially in scandinavia nevertheless because it is encouraged by policies designed to integrate employment and family part time paid work has a major effect on the gender gap in income in norway and sweden women however pay more of a penalty than men for part time employment in north america

language and the estimates of the gender wage gap in this paper we link the estimates of the gender wage gap with the gender sensitivity of the language spoken in a given country we find that nations with more gender neutral languages tend to be characterized by lower estimates of gwg the results are robust to a number of sensitivity checks

policy generosity employer heterogeneity and women s employment opportunities the welfare state paradox reexamined scholars of comparative family policy research have raised concerns about potential negative outcomes of generous family policies an issue known as the welfare state paradox they suspect that s

electricity generation from renewables in the united states resource potential current usage technical status challenges strategies policies and future directions abstract in order to secure the energy future and protect the environment the u s is looking for renewable resources to meet the increasing energy demands for its electricity sector which accounts for 40 of total u s energy consumption in 2011 the overall aim of this article is to summarize the possible approaches that can be used to improve and optimize the utilization of renewables for electricity generation in the united states first an overview is presented about the resource potential current usage and technical status of electricity generation from renewables in the united states second a number of economic operational regulatory sustainability and technical challenges that are likely to be encountered are identified third strategies are outlined that can be used to minimize costs deal with the spatial nature of renewables smooth temporal variations associated with intermittency and achieve successful integration of electricity generated from renewable resources into the u s power grid fourth a sustainability assessment framework for renewable resource deployment for electricity generation in the u s is discussed the framework considers multiple criteria including cost environmental and social impacts thus giving a comprehensive assessment of each renewable energy resource for electricity generation in the united states fifth the current u s renewable energy policy is analyzed and rigorous recommendations are made for optimizing future u s renewable energy policy that can permanently induce a long term sustainable shift towards electricity generation from renewables finally directions for future research are highlighted

wage structure and gender earnings differentials an international comparison using microdata to analyse the gender pay gap in ten industrialized nations we focus on the role of wage structure the prices of labour market skills in influencing the gender gap we find wage structure enormously important in explaining why the us gender gap is higher than that in most other countries we conclude that the us gap would be similar to that in sweden and australia the countries with the smallest gaps if the united states had their levels of wage inequality this finding reflects the larger penalty in the united states for those with low skill levels or employed in low wage sectors 650 o 75 the united states was amoung the countries with the largest differ entials oecd ilo usbls this paper uses microdata to analyse inter national differences in the gender pay gap among a sample of ten industrialized nations we focus particularly on explaining the surprisingly low ranking of the united states in comparison with other industrialized countries an advan tage of an international perspective is that countries vary considerably with respect to governmental policies women s relative labour market qualifications and wage setting institutions such variability allows one to infer reasons for differences in the pay gap and by implication the impact of alternative govern ment policies empirical research on gender pay gaps has traditionally focused on the role of gender differences in qualifications and on differences in the treatment of otherwise equally qualified male and female workers i e labour market dis crimination analyses of trends over time in the gender differential within countries as well as inter country comparisons of gender earnings ratios have tended to emphasize these types of gender specific factors an innovative feature of our study is to focus on the role of wage structure as an additional factor influencing the gender gap to analyse the impact of wage structure we adapt a framework developed by juhn et al 1991 to analyse trends over time in race differentials in the united states our findings suggest that labour market institutions that affect overall wage inequality have an extremely impor tant effect on the gender earnings gap wage structure describes the array of prices set for various labour market skills measured and unmeasured and rents received for employment in par

from wage regulation to wage gap how wage setting institutions and structures shape the gender wage gap across three industries in 24 european countries and germany whilst a common and persisting feature of advanced market economies the gender wage gap nevertheless varies across countries amongst the factors affecting this wage gap industrial relations and industry differences still require further research using data from eu silc in 25 european countries this article analyses how national wage setting institutions impact wage differences between male and female full time employees in three distinct industries complementing the country comparison is an in depth study of the german case using data from the german linked employer employee database shedding light on the interaction of industry specific wage setting regulations and gender equity in living wages findings from the international comparison suggest a substantial gender wage gap for full time employees across industries with specific country patterns country patterns seem to be due to the overall influence of trade unions and the relationship between pay bargaining strategies and specific minimum wage policies the german case adds to these findings by analysing the impact of sectoral models of wage bargaining for industry specific gender wage gaps focussing on living wages for skilled full time employees

assessing the economic value of renewable distributed generation in the northeastern american market abstract incentive programs and tax rebates are commonly offered to offset the high initial costs of small scale renewable energy systems res and foster their implementation however the economic costs of res grid integration must be fully known in order to determine whether such subsidies are justified the objective of this paper is to assess the economic value of res including their environmental benefits using hourly generation information in conjunction with hourly wholesale price data reaching the paper s objective will provide a better estimate of the bias that could result from neglecting 1 the time pattern of the hourly wholesale price 2 the impacts of carbon taxes on the hourly wholesale price and 3 the value of the marginal hourly ghg emissions selected res include two types of grid connected photovoltaic panels 3 kwp mono and poly crystalline and three types of micro wind turbines 1 10 and 30 kw modeled for different climatic conditions in the province of quebec canada the cost of electricity is based on the technical performance of these res using a life cycle costing methodology the economic value of res electricity is estimated using the hourly wholesale electricity price in northeastern american markets in 2006 2008 results show that distributed generation dg has no economic benefits using the selected res even with a us 100 tonne of co2 equivalent carbon tax this finding remains the same when the value of the avoided ghg emissions is fully internalized except for one scenario micro wind 30 kw our results are key to understanding the extent to which subsidies for distributed res can be economically sustainable when the latter are integrated into regional networks driven by centralized electricity production

what is the global potential for renewable energy abstract world energy demand is projected to rise to 1000 ej ej 1018 j or more by 2050 if economic growth continues its course of recent decades both reserve depletion and greenhouse gas emissions will necessitate a major shift from fossil fuels as the dominant energy source since nuclear power is now unlikely to increase its present modest share renewable energy re will have to provide for most energy in the future this paper addresses the questions of what energy levels re can eventually provide and in what time frame we find that when the energy costs of energy are considered it is unlikely that re can provide anywhere near a 1000 ej by 2050 we further show that the overall technical potential for re will fall if climate change continues we conclude that the global shift to re will have to be accompanied by large reductions in overall energy use for environmental sustainability

does state economic development spending increase manufacturing employment abstract recent studies which have attempted to determine what causes an industrial sector in a state to grow have ignored the general role of the state s economic development agency we extend the analysis to include its effect and determine that economic development expenditure by the state is significantly correlated with manufacturing growth in the state our result is robust to a variety of specification tests

an economic assessment of windfarm power generation in scotland including externalities abstract this paper uses cost benefit analysis to assess the economic feasibility of a large scale windfarm project taking into account positive and negative externalities of generation the issue of non use value i e a welfare change among those who will never visit the area and see the windfarm is addressed with reference to the study by bergmann et al 2006 valuing the attributes of renewable energy investments energy policy 34 1004 1014 which determined a social cost of 19 40 per household for the non use disamenity associated with a large scale windfarm in scotland this paper demonstrates the extent to which this estimate affects the economic feasibility of the project we find that for all but one of the 16 scenarios considered the project returns a positive net present value despite the inclusion of this non use value thus suggesting that in these cases the windfarm delivers a net welfare gain to society

innovative energy technologies and climate policy in germany due to the size and structure of its economy germany is one of the largest carbon emitters in the european union however germany is facing a major renewal and restructuring process in electricity generation within the next two decades up to 50 of current electricity generation capacity may retire because of end of plant lifetime and the nuclear phase out pact of 1998 substantial opportunities therefore exist for deployment of advanced electricity generating technologies in both a projected baseline and in alternative carbon policy scenarios we simulate the potential role of coal integrated gasification combined cycle igcc natural gas combined cycle ngcc carbon dioxide capture and storage ccs and wind power within a computable general equilibrium model of germany from the present through 2050 these advanced technologies and their role within a future german electricity system are the focus of this paper we model the response of greenhouse gas emissions in germany to various technology and carbon policy assumptions over the next few decades in our baseline scenario all of the advanced technologies except ccs provide substantial contributions to electricity generation we also calculate the carbon price where each fossil technology combined with ccs becomes competitive constant carbon price experiments are used to characterize the model response to a carbon policy this provides an estimate of the cost of meeting an emissions target and the share of emissions reductions available from the electricity generation sector

consumer preferences for electricity tariffs does proximity matter abstract the introduction of renewable energy sources fosters the transformation to an energy system with distributed generation this alters the relation between consumers and power generation sites as generation and consumption spatially converge it allows for new configurations within the energy sector and provides opportunities for marketing regional energy we empirically investigate consumer preferences for electricity generation in proximity to end users focusing on the proximity of generation and providers and present representative data for germany in a discrete choice experiment a sample of 780 consumer households and 173 adopters of a renewable energy system prosumers chose from a range of different electricity tariffs we estimate the willingness to pay for the following attributes shares of regional generation power providers and electricity mixes we find evidence in favor of regional production but in spite of positive attitudes towards local generation from renewable sources willingness to pay is not responsive to higher shares of regional generation in addition a preference for regional providers exists the results show that renewable energy mixes are preferred particularly a solar and hydro mix adopters state slightly more distinct preferences as compared to consumer households thus we find there is potential for business models offering regionally generated electricity

wage setting institutions and pay inequality in advanced industrial societies the distribution of pay differs significantly across countries and over time among advanced industrial societies in this paper institutional and political determinants of pay inequality are studied in sixteen countries from 1980 to 1992 the most important factor in explaining pay dispersion is the level of wage setting i e whether wages are set at the level of the individual the plant the industry or the entire private sector the impact of centralization is the same whether centralization occurs via collective bargaining or via government involvement in private sector wage setting the concentration of unions and the share of the labor force covered by collective bargaining agreements also matter after controlling for wage setting institutions other variables such as the governing coalition the size of government international openness and the supply of highly educated workers have little impact economic political and norm based explanations for the association of centralization with egalitarian outcomes are discussed

hydropower the politics of water and energy introduction and overview this special issue of energy policy is dedicated entirely to hydropower and this introductory article provides an overview of the contents it is divided into three main subject areas the present situation and history the main policy issues and the future of the hydropower industry the first area covers the evolving context the diversity and the potential of the hydropower industry and also reports on hydropower in china the country with the largest remaining potential the policy area covers the social and environmental effects the regulatory framework and public acceptance issues the discussion of the future describes the changes that are underway and still need to be made to ensure that hydropower will continue to serve the needs of society for electricity and several other important services hydropower projects can yield large benefits to society but they also entail costs and well informed decision making processes are necessary to ensure the best outcomes for a region or a country the authors who contributed to this special issue hope that their articles will provide some of the information needed for good decision making

economic and socio economic assessment methods for ocean renewable energy public and private perspectives this paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state of the art of the economics and socio economics of ocean renewable energy ore the many ways in which the viability and impacts of an ore project are assessed and an analysis of the current weaknesses issues or inappropriateness of the metrics and methodologies used in their definition and presentation the outcomes of this paper are anticipated to benefit the ore and wider renewable sector as a whole the review revealed that for the most part the current study of economics and socio economics of ore remain separate and discrete areas of research the economic methods utilised appear to be comprehensive but are limited to project or private investor level the methods identified for socioeconomic assessment fall between traditional and now routine environmental assessment approaches and more novel holistic approaches such as ecosystem services and life cycle assessment the novel section of the paper explored the connectivity between the economics and socio economics of ore in relation to project developments and policy planning a visualisation method was created of concentric rings intersected by related axis of economic socio economic and environment and enabled the examination of the benefits arising from the connectivity between the two spheres the concept of sustainable development process and the integration of environmental assessment for ore was also explored and how it responds to differing stakeholder aspirations and interpretations the analysis revealed that there was a divergence between public and private economic and socioeconomic assessments for ore environmental assessment is primarily a public responsibility but with significant inputs from the private developer involved while economic assessments are conducted primarily by the developer and or investor at their own behest however the two spheres of economic and socio economic for ore are highly connected and synergistic and must be examined in a holistic manner

formal but less equal gender wage gaps in formal and informal jobs in urban brazil in developing countries a large share of employees work informally and are not covered by employment protection legislation i study here how gender wage inequality differs across formal and informal jobs in brazil the raw gender wage gap is higher in informal jobs 13 compared to formal jobs 5 but i show that this difference is an artefact of different male and female selection processes first women have better observable characteristics than men and the female advantage is stronger among formal employees second men and women entering formal and informal jobs have different unobservable characteristics controlling for endogenous selection into formal vs informal jobs i find that the gender gap in wage offers is high and increases with education in formal jobs in informal jobs however estimated wage offers are the same for men and women i discuss the potential implications of these findings regarding the effect of labour market regulation on gender wage gaps

effects of economic incentives in the american film industry an ecological approach abstractus states have offered billions of dollars in film industry incentives but despite the popularity of these incentives the effects of these investments are unclear this study adopts an ecological framework and tests the hypothesis that film incentives are effective when they produce changes in the composition of organizational communities the results of longitudinal linear mixed effects models centred around incentive introduction in each state show that above the impact of their dollar value the simple presence of economic incentives organizational diversity and the presence of dominant organizational populations are associated with increases in filming employment and new establishments theoretical and policy implications are discussed

review of the energy supply status for sustainable development in the organization of islamic conference abstract this review describes the situation and the varying potential of energy supply utilization of countries in the organization of islamic conference oic this exercise reveals that the increase in energy consumption is associated with economic growth and population expansion the interconnectivity between energy use and national level as well as the connection between energy utilization and gross domestic product gdp which is an indicator of economic development must be explained to determine the significance of national energy utility in these countries therefore alternative energy source utilization is necessary for the provision of an appreciable constituent of imminent energy requirements in sectors that utilize energy alternative energy source utilization is a crucial factor in ensuring the total capacity of energy sources in various growing economies of the world where clean energy is unavailable furthermore some of these countries also possess alternative energy sources such as hydropower solar wind geothermal and biomass this paper provides details on sustainable energy supply developments in oic countries these countries must sustainably develop energy despite their sufficient wealth in crude oil and natural gas the main purpose of this study is to determine economic growth in relation to energy supply to facilitate sustainable development in addition this paper suggests necessary requirements to sustain the energy development processes in oic countries and as well as some stages that must be adopted to enhance development at a sustainable rate

national family policies and mothers employment how earnings inequality shapes policy effects across and within countries although researchers generally agree that national family policies play a role in shaping mothers employment there is considerable debate about whether how and why policy effects vary across co

assessment of sustainability indicators for renewable energy technologies the non combustion based renewable electricity generation technologies were assessed against a range of sustainability indicators and using data obtained from the literature the indicators used to assess each technology were price of generated electricity greenhouse gas emissions during full life cycle of the technology availability of renewable sources efficiency of energy conversion land requirements water consumption and social impacts the cost of electricity greenhouse gas emissions and the efficiency of electricity generation were found to have a very wide range for each technology mainly due to variations in technological options as well as geographical dependence of each renewable energy source the social impacts were assessed qualitatively based on the major individual impacts discussed in literature renewable energy technologies were then ranked against each indicator assuming that indicators have equal importance for sustainable development it was found that wind power is the most sustainable followed by hydropower photovoltaic and then geothermal wind power was identified with the lowest relative greenhouse gas emissions the least water consumption demands and with the most favourable social impacts comparing to other technologies but requires larger land and has high relative capital costs

evaluating options for the future energy mix of japan after the fukushima nuclear crisis the fukushima nuclear accident in march 2011 has increased social and political reluctance to embrace nuclear power in japan and elsewhere the japanese government has thus been considering four possible future energy mixes including a nuclear free pathway and three others with 10 35 nuclear supply coupled with a larger proportion of renewable energy and fossil fuels to replace nuclear here we use multi criteria decision making analysis mcdma to assess the potential negative economic levelised cost of electricity and energy security environmental greenhouse gas emissions land transformation water consumption heated water discharge air pollution radioactive waste and solid waste and social safety issues impacts of the four proposed pathways to determine which scenario most holistically minimises adverse future outcomes the nuclear free pathway has the highest overall potential for adverse outcomes score 2 49 out of 3 and the 35 nuclear power supply option yielding the lowest negative impact score 0 74 without weightings despite some sensitivity to the choice of criterion weights our analyses demonstrate clearly that from an empirical perspective a nuclear free pathway for japan is the worst option to pursue we recommend that mcdma methodology we used for japan can be applied to other countries to evaluate future electricity generation scenarios

short term projects and emergent careers evidence from hollywood the hollywood film industry is considered as a system of recurrent ties among the various major participants who usually work under short term contracts for single films this form of project based organization in seen as a response to uncertainty and risk in the film industry the paper examines the ways in which independent contractors producers directors cinematographers and actors organize and operate to reduce uncertainty and risk and to increase profits the analysis of data from 2 430 films made in the period 1965 80 establishes patterns of recurrent ties among participants who are at comparable levels of cumulative productivity with respect to earnings oscars oscar nominations and number of previous films the paper also considers the degree to which film earnings are influenced by the past productivity of the major participants

the effect of state and local taxes on economic development a meta analysis economists and policy makers have long questioned the effect of state and local taxes on economic development according to schmenner 55 economists have long argued that taxes had little impact on business location decisions while development practitioners and elected officials ignored this advice and aggressively pursued development by using tax incentives more recent research using improved data and methodologies has begun to show that taxes can make a difference and the emerging consensus among economists now says that taxes do matter this changing view among researchers is perhaps best exemplified in a 1991 study by timothy j bartik 2 bartik examined 84 econometric studies completed since 1979 which assess the impact of state and local taxes on economic growth in the u s he concluded that the long run elasticity of business activity with respect to state and local taxes was between 10 and 60 for studies focusing on intermetropolitan or interstate business economic activity and between 1 0 and 3 0 for intrametropolitan areas however bartik s study did not control for a variety of study characteristics that may have influenced the measured elasticity this study builds upon bartik s analysis by performing a meta analysis of the studies bartik reviewed meta analysis is a method for statistically analyzing results across empirical studies though it has been little used by economists researchers in psychology education and health sciences have used meta analysis extensively this study uses a meta analytic technique suggested by stanley and jarrell 57 to analyze the studies reviewed by bartik the technique yields increased precision for our understanding of the relationship between state and local taxes and economic development the objective of this study is two fold first to derive a more precise estimate of the tax elasticity and second to determine how the inclusion and omission of key variables in the estimated equations influences the elasticity estimates

an ecological analysis of competition among us communities we apply the ecological concept of the organization s niche pioneered by john freeman and mike hannan to the study of geographic communities we define a community s market niche by the ties linking a community to the industries on which it depends for growth we then hypothesize that the extent to which a community s market niche is occupied by other communities is a source of constraint and opportunity depending on the geographical locations of the communities that occupy the same market niche geographically distant communities occupying similar market niches are hypothesized to experience primarily constraint arising from competition for opportunities of exchange geographically proximate communities occupying similar market niches are hypothesized to face constraint arising from competition for exchange opportunities as well as opportunity arising from access to valuable resources associated with the existence of similar others empirical analyses of firm foundings and exits across us communities support these hypotheses implications of our findings for ecological research on the niche and for the literature on communities are discussed copyright 2012 the author 2011 published by oxford university press on behalf of associazione icc all rights reserved oxford university press

separate and unequal occupation establishment sex segregation and the gender wage gap the authors report the first large scale empirical investigation of within job wage differences between men and women in the same occupation and establishment using data first on blue collar and clerical employees from 16 u s industries in 1974 83 and second on employees in 10 professional and administrative occupations the authors report three findings first wage differences at the occupation establishment level were small even without controls for individual level characteristics hence within job wage discrimination was much less important than occupation establishment segregation for observed wage differences second establishment segregation was an important cause although not as important as occupational segregation of wage differences third establishment segregation was extensive as was occupational segregation

coming home and not moving in examining reshoring firms subnational location choices in the united states the relation between firm characteristics i e size and domestic location choice i e home state versus other of reshoring firms contingent on place i e labour cost innovation intensity

turning of the tides assessing the international implementation of tidal current turbines abstract the excessive combustion of fossil fuels for energy provision have altered natural planetary functions resulting in adverse biophysical and societal implications such implications have prompted many governments globally to advocate for the adoption of renewable energy systems in order to reduce ghg emissions while renewable energy technologies such as solar and biogases have been thoroughly researched and deployed tidal current turbines tcts that harness kinetic energy from the lateral movement of the tides are a comparatively emerging renewable energy technology and thus has received relatively less attention with respect to their potential to supplement the renewable energy transition this paper examines the physics behind tidal movements and cycles and the technological operation of tcts environmental impacts and economic barriers are analyzed best practices of msp from world leading nations are examined along with current deploy andmonitor consenting regimes of tct test facilities an optimal tct design is suggested based on a synthesis of information from proceeding sections finally an analysis of the implementation of tcts in canada china and norway is presented the results of which demonstrate that harnessing the accessible and sustainably extractable resource of each nation can result in an aggregate installed capacity of 9076 mw through the deployment of 7564 tcts at a cost of 5 740 964 430 thereby creating 14 467 jobs this would produce 29 829 711 mw h yr of electricity sold at approximately 22 cents kwh eliminating a total of 14 914 855 258 kg of co2e approximately 0 1 of the projected global electricity demand for 2016

labour market effects of parental leave in europe we investigate the aggregate level effects of parental leave legislation on various labour market outcomes of women in 16 european countries for the period between 1970 and 2010 the paper updates and extends previous findings in the literature the results show increases in participation rates that diminish with length and generosity of leave schemes while pure participation numbers may not increase dramatically there is strong evidence of increases in weekly working hours on the other hand a decrease in wages for high skilled women and amplified occupational segregation are possible results of long parental leave schemes we conclude with a discussion of the recent debates over extending minimum maternity and parental leave rights on the european level copyright oxford university press

family policies wage structures and gender gaps sources of earnings inequality in 20 countries this study uncovers an unexpected effect of family friendly policies on women s economic attainments using hierarchical linear models the analysis combines individual level data obtained from th

understanding social acceptance of electricity generation sources abstract social acceptability is a determinant factor in the failure or success of the government s decisions about which electricity generation sources will satisfy the growing demand for energy the main goal of this study was to validate a causal trust acceptability model for electricity generation sources in the model social acceptance of an energy source is directly caused by perceived risk and benefit and also by social trust in regulatory agencies both directly and indirectly through perceived risk and benefit results from a web based survey of chilean university students demonstrated that data for energy sources that are controversial in chilean society fossil fuels hydro and nuclear power fit the hypothesized model whereas data for non conventional renewable energy sources solar wind geothermal and tidal did not perceived benefit had the greatest total effect on acceptability thus emerging as a key predictive factor of social acceptability of controversial electricity generation sources further implications for regulatory agencies are discussed

hourly based greenhouse gas emissions of electricity cases demonstrating possibilities for households and companies to decrease their emissions abstract greenhouse gas emissions from electricity production are a crucial part of the environmental impact assessments of any kind of product service or consumption usually average annual emissions are used but lately there has been increased interest in the daily based and hourly based emission coefficients for electricity in such markets where the technology mix in the production process includes technologies with different emission factors there is potential for large variation in hourly based emission factors and consequently this offers potential for decreasing the emissions by real time based demand management however in real life the timing of electricity use in households and companies has restrictions in this paper we show illustrative household and company cases with realistic shifts in the timing of electricity use we determine hourly based emission factors and give examples of how emissions may be decreased in households and companies by changing usage patterns and consequently the timing of electricity use with the total amount of electricity consumed remaining unchanged the examples show decreases of emissions in the range 3 8 due to optimised timing indicating that there is important potential for managing hourly based demand loads and the resulting emissions even with realistic assumptions of the timing of consumption