cointegration analysis of german and british tourism demand for greece abstract germany and great britain are traditionally two of the most important sources of tourism for greece the purpose of this paper is to investigate changes in the long run demand for tourism to greece by these two countries in order to explain the demand for tourism we are using a number of leading macroeconomic variables including income in origin countries germany and great britain tourism prices in greece and transportation cost and exchanges rates between the three countries annual data from the three countries covering the period from 1960 to 2000 are employed augmented dickey fuller test for unit root is examined in the univariate framework and johansen s maximum likelihood procedure is used to test the cointegration method and to estimate the number of cointegrating vectors of var model error correction models are estimated to explain german and british demand for tourism to greece

travel advice or trade embargo the impacts and implications of official travel advice abstract the purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which the provision of official travel advice gives rise to the opportunity for tourism to be used as a political bargaining tool based on a case study of the gambia it suggests that the detail and accuracy of travel advice issued by government agencies may be influenced by broader political objectives and considers the implications of this for tourists and the tourism industry it also questions the role of governments as impartial providers of travel advice

a model of tourism destination choice a theoretical and empirical analysis abstract in recent years tourism has become one of the fastest growing sectors of the world economy and is widely recognised for its contribution to regional and national economic development the main aim of the paper is to propose a methodological framework within which the impact of characteristics of a tourism product on foreign travel can be captured and analysed this is achieved by combining the lancasterian product characteristics approach with the koppelman s consumer transportation model within the proposed model the characteristics of the tourism product destination including quality of service advertising and political instability are combined to generate a perception feeling regarding the tourism destination in the mind of the tourists in order to measure these perceptions feelings and hence develop a preference ordering the model is estimated by utilising a conditional logit analysis the analysis is based on primary data collected from tourists visiting cyprus the conditional logit model generates the probability of revisit given the characteristics of tourists and the cyprus tourism product the paper extends further the lancaster product characteristics framework as applied to tourism by rugg rev econom stat 55 1 1973 64 morley ann tourism res 19 1992 250 and papatheodorou ann tourism res 28 2001 164 by including the neglected but from any viewpoint important political instability characteristic that is attached to the tourist product of cyprus the inclusion of product characteristics attributes in tourism analysis appear to strongly contribute towards the better understanding of travel choice behaviour

housing careers life cycle and residential mobility implications for the housing market the concept of a housing career provides a useful way of integrating the residential mobility and filtering literatures in understanding the operation of the housing market using data from a survey in adelaide the paper examines these careers in terms of moves to and from both rental accommodation and home ownership it shows how the progression of households through the stock is influenced by the circumstances that prompt moves economic resources and stage in the family life cycle the results suggest that acceleration and postponement of advancement along housing careers provide the principal mechanisms by which household demand adjusts to available housing supply over the short term

energy consumption and urban sprawl evidence for the spanish case residential electricity consumption constitutes one of the largest sources of spanish final energy demand to improve electricity savings policies oriented towards efficiency in residential consumption such as replacement of appliances or the construction of nearly zero energy buildings have been suggested and implemented however the potential relevance of urban structural characteristics such as the increase in detached houses in sprawling residential areas has not often been considered the aim of this research is to analyse the relevance of living in a detached house located in a dispersed urban area to household electricity consumption thus an electricity consumption model is estimated by using household socioeconomic variables and including urban characteristics as its determinants such us the level of urban agglomeration or whether families live in detached sprawling homes the model is estimated by using 2014 household budget survey hbs microdata and applying ordinary least squares ols as well as quantile regressions qr as econometric procedures endogeneity problems are corrected by means of instrumental variables the results confirm that living in a detached house significantly increases electricity consumption whereas urban agglomerations have the opposite effect sprawl is occurring rapidly in spanish cities and according to our results it could constitute a relevant source of increase in electricity demand in the following years

did rabuka s military coups have a permanent effect or a transitory effect on tourist expenditure in fiji evidence from vogelsang s structural break test abstract the central aim of this paper is to investigate whether the military coups instigated by major general sitiveni rabuka in 1987 had a permanent effect or a transitory effect on tourist expenditures in fiji to accomplish this aim we use the vogelsang econ theory 13 1997 818 test for one break in linear trending data the vogelsang test reveals 1988 as the year of the break and based on a suite of test statistics recommended by vogelsang we reject the unit root null leading to the conclusion that rabuka s coups had a transitory effect on tourist expenditure in fiji

converging or diverging a comparative analysis of trends in contingent employment practice in europe over a decade this paper makes a unique contribution to the hrm convergence divergence debate by examining whether organisations operating in europe over the 10 year time period preceding 2000 are converging in their adoption of contingent employment practice the susceptibility of contingent employment practice to both convergent and divergent pressures acts as a useful analytical lens data are drawn from organisations operating in germany spain sweden the netherlands and the uk in 1991 2918 organisations 1995 2048 organisations and 2000 1555 organisations the results suggest that convergence is limited by the institutional embeddedness of organisations

differences in managerial values a study of u s hong kong and prc managers in this study of convergence divergence of managerial values four western developed measures machiavellianism locus of control intolerance of ambiguity and dogmatism and the four dimensions of the eastern developed chinese value survey confucian dynamism human heartedness integration and moral discipline were the measures used the findings indicate that often times both culture and the business environment interact to create a unique set of managerial values in a country

the determinants of smsa homeownership rates abstract aggregate smsa data are used to explain homeownership rates it finds that income house values the size and age distribution of households and the rate of population change in an smsa were significant determinants of the tenure decision on an smsa wide basis in 1970 over 56 of the variance in smsa homeownership rates could be explained by these variables

enhancing international customer supplier relationships through it resources a study of taiwanese electronics suppliers the growing popularity of outsourcing and offshore partnering activities raises the issue of what strategies are appropriate for firms to successfully manage customer supplier relationships in the international context little has been written about how information technology it systems may impact on international exchange relationships in the present study we report on how suppliers use it as a strategic resource to govern their international exchange relationships with multinational enterprise customers taking the supplier s perspective we propose that two types of it resources it advancement and electronic integration create value for suppliers with respect to innovativeness and market performance we argue that this value creation process is mediated by three specific forms of governance cooperativeness output monitoring and behavior monitoring to test these arguments primary data obtained from 240 taiwanese electronics suppliers are used for hypothesis testing the survey results provide evidence that suppliers it resources enable them to work effectively with their international key customers importantly of the three governance mechanisms cooperativeness has the strongest impact on supplier performance owing to supplier electronic integration post hoc analysis revealed that cultural distance does not play a role in moderating the relationship between it resources and governance mechanisms in international exchange

representing tourists heterogeneous choices of destination and travel party with an integrated latent class and nested logit model abstract aiming at a better understanding of heterogeneous interdependencies between destination and travel party choices in tourism this study attempts to simultaneously represent these two choices by integrating the nested logit model with the latent class modeling approach to accommodate both types of nested model structures together empirical analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the developed model using a data collected from more than 2000 tourists in japan it was observed that on average the two types of nested model structures are almost equally shared by samples and the model structures could significantly vary with income level and gender influential factors related to choices of destination and travel party were also explored concretely speaking travel time attractiveness of destination and number of tourism spots were found to be important influential factors in destination choice and gender age marital status have important effects on travel party choice

events in indonesia exploring the limits to formal tourism trends forecasting methods in complex crisis situations the desire to know the future is as old as humanity for the tourism industry the demand for accurate foretelling of the future course of events is a task that consumes considerable energy and is of great significance to investors this paper examines the issue of forecasting by comparing forecasts of inbound tourism made prior to the political and economic crises that engulfed indonesia from 1997 onwards with actual arrival figures the paper finds that current methods of forecasting are not able to cope with unexpected crises and other disasters and that alternative methods need to be examined including scenarios political risk and application of chaos theory the paper outlines a framework for classifying shocks according to a scale of severity probability type of event level of certainty and suggested forecasting tools for each scale of shock

conflict management style accounting for cross national differences a problem in joint ventures between u s and asian firms is that cultural differences impede the smooth resolution of conflicts between managers in a survey of young managers in the u s china philippines and india we find support for two hypotheses about cultural differences in conflict style and the cultural values that account for these differences chinese managers rely more on an avoiding style because of their relatively high value on conformity and tradition u s managers rely more on a competing style because of their relatively high value on individual achievement

tourism trade and growth the case of cyprus although the relationship between international trade and economic growth has found a wide application area in the literature over the years this can not be said about tourism and growth or trade and tourism this study employs the bounds test for cointegration and granger causality tests to investigate a long run equilibrium relationship between tourism trade and real income growth and the direction of causality among themselves for cyprus results reveal that tourism trade and real income growth are cointegrated thus a long run equilibrium relationship can be inferred between these three variables on the other hand granger causality test results suggest that real income growth stimulates growth in international trade both exports and imports and international tourist arrivals to the island furthermore growth in international trade both exports and imports also stimulates an increase in international tourist arrivals to cyprus and finally real import growth stimulate growth in real export

assessing the effects of culture on managerial attitudes a three culture test cross cultural studies are inherently difficult because the typical research design fails to differentiate cultural from other environmental influences the present study uses a research design that attempts to isolate the influence of culture japanese chinese and mexican managers their ethnic american counterparts and anglo americans are used to test the model results indicate unique persistent cultural characteristics with the cultural effect varying among the three groups of managers

a comparative study of the work values of north and south vietnamese managers we examine managerial work values and subsequent behaviors of vietnamese managers that foreign investors may face doing business in vietnam to establish a global reference point we compare the managerial values of vietnamese managers with those of chinese and u s managers the findings from this exploratory study while not always intuitive should help foreign investors to better understand vietnam furthermore the study raises important theoretical issues concerning individualism and collectivism as cross cultural measures

ian j bateman richard t carson brett day michael hanemann nick hanley tannis hett michael jones lee graham loomes susana mourato ece ozdemiroglu david w pearce obe robert sugden and john swanson 2000 economic valuation with stated preferences a manual

cross cultural interaction the international comparison fallacy international management studies have been based primarily on the comparison of managerial behavior in countries around the world often these studies have implied that business people behave similarly with their domestic colleagues as with their foreign counterparts in questioning that assumption this study tests whether intra cultural behavior accurately predicts cross cultural behavior using a negotiation simulation and a sample of 462 japanese american and canadian businesspeople behaviors in cross cultural negotiations were found to differ in some important ways from those in intra cultural negotiations

who actually decides parental influence on the housing tenure choice of their children we focus on the role of within family socialisation and the relationship between socialisation and resource transfers in the intergenerational transmission of housing preferences the formation of

the impact of political instability on a fragile tourism product abstract the eastern mediterranean and aegean sea are not the first areas to find themselves engulfed in a political situation which threatens economies so reliant upon tourism and foreign currency receipts recent examples along the coast of north africa and former yugoslavia for instance show how foreign tourism can be all but obliterated by political instability and civil upheaval the on going dispute between the two partitioned communities on the island of cyprus threatens not only a tourism destination already suffering from increased competition and quality problems but also the neighbouring countries greece and turkey who rely upon tourism to contribute to their economies downturns in these economies can only exacerbate the problems in a vicious circle the reader is introduced to the more recent causes and the threats occurring in the area

the impact of natural culture and economic ideology on managerial work values a study of the united states russia japan and china this study assesses the impact of economic ideology and national culture on the individual work values of managers in the united states russia japan and china the convergence divergence crossvergence cdc framework was used as theoretical framework for the study while the schwartz value survey svs was used to operationalize over investigation of managerial work values across these four countries the findings largely support the crossvergence prospective while also confirming the role of national culture implications from the findings are drawn for the convergence divergence crossvergence of values as well as for the feasibility of multidomestic or global strategies for a corporate culture

terrorism and tourism as logical companions abstract the symbiotic relationship between terrorism and tourism needs to be understood and acted on not just in terms of security and marketing but in terms of such factors as planning site development employment policies political risk analysis and emergency management this article looks at the relationship between tourism and terrorism from several perspectives the political and economic impact of terrorism on tourism is assessed including the sensitivity of the tourism industry to general political strife and the vulnerability of travellers and tourist facilities to terroristic activity the nature of terroristic violence and the objectives of terrorist groups are evaluated to determine why and how attacks on tourists and facilities may fit the organizational and political objectives of terrorist groups finally the article suggests how the industry and policy makers must proceed to reduce the vulnerability for tourists and the travel sector

does cultural background of tourists influence the destination choice an empirical study with special reference to political instability abstract political instability is a complex and multidimensional term with various conceptualisations and interpretations this paper investigates the cross cultural differences of the perceptions of travel agents concerning the impact of political instability on tourism to capture the impact a composite index of political instability indicators was developed and was subsequently distributed to 2000 travel agents in six major tourism generating countries an integrated empirical framework has been developed which allows the analysis of the survey data using repeated measures anova the results of the study demonstrates the existence of significant differences on the way that travel agents perceive the impact of the various types of political instability on the tourism industry the results might be of some interest to tourism policy makers and marketing agents

cultural differences in conducting intra and inter cultural negotiations a sino canadian comparison a study on conflict resolution strategies of canadian and chinese peoples republic of china executives was conducted responses to two types of joint project conflicts task related and person related with potential partners from their own culture or from the other culture were examined neither group of executives altered its strategy when negotiating across cultures chinese executives were more likely to avoid conflicts but recommended more negative strategies discontinue negotiation withdraw negotiation when conflict emerged person related conflicts were found to generate more negative responses than task related conflicts especially for chinese executives both canadian and chinese executives preferred to negotiate with canadians than with chinese

a two stage housing choice forecasting model a new housing choice forecasting model is developed here to answer a practical question how to forecast housing demand at a disaggregate level being different from the previous housing choice mod

procedural invariance testing of the one and one half bound dichotomous choice elicitation method the contingent valuation method for estimating willingness to pay for public goods typically adopts a single referendum question format which is relatively statistically inefficient as an alternative cooper hanemann and signorello 2002 propose the one and one half bound oohb format allowing researchers to question respondents about both a lower and higher limit on project costs thereby securing substantial gains in statistical efficiency using an experimental design we find that responses to oohb valuation questions fail crucial tests of procedural invariance we test various competing models of observed response patterns including strategic misrepresentation of standard preferences and nonstandard models of preference formation

building and household x factors and energy consumption at the residential sector a structural equation analysis of the effects of household and building characteristics on the annual energy consumption of us residential buildings abstract energy use in residential buildings is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emission production from cities using microdata from the 2009 residential energy consumption survey recs this study applies structural equation modeling to analyze the direct indirect and total impacts of household and building characteristics on residential energy consumption results demonstrate that the direct impact of household characteristics on residential energy consumption is significantly smaller than the corresponding impact from the buildings however accounting for the indirect impact of household characteristics on energy consumption through choice of the housing unit characteristics the total impact of households on energy consumption is just slightly smaller than that of buildings outcomes of this paper call for smart policies to incorporate housing choice processes in managing residential energy consumption

opening the black box of the relationship between hrm practices and firm performance a comparison of mne subsidiaries in the usa finland and russia this paper investigates the extent to which different human resource management hrm practices work better in different countries we also try to open the black box between hrm and multinational enterprise mne subsidiary performance by considering mechanisms through which hrm practices affect mne subsidiary performance the study utilizes a unique data set consisting of subsidiaries of 241 mnes operating in russia usa and finland in the partial least square analysis used to examine our hypotheses we demonstrate that different hrm practices are preferable in different countries and that motivation and ability are important mediating variables in the hrm mne subsidiary performance relationship

reducing gain loss asymmetry a virtual reality choice experiment valuing land use change abstract in the majority of choice experiments ces the attributes of non market goods are conveyed to respondents as a table of numeric and or categorical data recent research suggests that respondents may have difficulties evaluating data in this format in the context of a ce eliciting preferences for changes in coastal land use this study uses a split sample experiment to compare standard presentations with virtual reality vr visualisations conveying objectively identical information we find that compared to the standard presentation preferences elicited in vr treatments are less variable and exhibit a significant reduction in asymmetry between willingness to pay wtp for gains and willingness to accept wta for corresponding losses we conjecture that the greater evaluability of the vr presentation reduces respondent judgement error and moderates reliance on the loss aversion heuristic

combining volatility and smoothing forecasts of uk demand for international tourism abstract univariate volatility models are applied to uk tourism demand to the country s most popular international destinations volatility is a concept borrowed from finance the fact that significant volatility models are found for ten of the twelve destinations examined shows that the volatility concept has relevance to tourism demand volatility models are able to quantify the impacts of positive and negative shocks on tourism demand the impacts of negative shocks vary in magnitude and duration according to the destination involved and the nature of the shock the forecasting capability of these models has never been assessed in the tourism field they are shown to generate highly accurate forecasts but become optimal when combined with forecasts obtained from exponential smoothing models two methods of combining individual forecasts are considered bias in individual volatility and smoothing models and in combinations of them is examined

a hierarchical model of housing choice the main objective of this paper is the construction of an expanded model of housing choice that includes not only tenure choice which has traditionally been the subject of analysis but also other housing characteristic choices in this model the probability of the household making a given tenure choice is estimated at the first level of a choice hierarchy the family s choices over dwelling size and quality are then estimated at succeeding levels of that hierarchy conditionally on the choices which precede them these conditional probabilities can be combined with the probability of tenure choice to produce eight joint probabilities of housing choice in addition for a particular household or group of households we can determine the effect of a change in any of the systems variables on the probability of the families making a given housing choice in the empirical section it is demonstrated that this model provides much greater insight than the conventional tenure choice study regarding the effects o

discrete choice modelling of urban housing markets a critical review and an application the housing choice literature is a vast area of housing research which has resulted in giant leaps forward in recent years in terms of its econometric modelling this is due in large part to the significant increases now available in computing power allowing researchers to combine the latest advances in theory with empirical application this paper brings together and critically reviews the housing choice literature and techniques that have been used to model the household s housing choice decision the basic multinomial logit model is reviewed alongside the more recent advances in discrete choice modelling the nested multinomial logit model and the heteroscedastic extreme value model the various techniques are illustrated using data from the australian census of 1986 and 1996 to model housing choice in sydney the results show that careful consideration must be given to the assumptions underlying any chosen modelling technique if one is not to draw misleading conclusions from the analysis

tourism s vulnerability and resilience to terrorism personal security is a major concern for tourists most tourists will seek safe and secure destinations and avoid those that have been plagued by terrorism this research quantifies the relationship between terrorism and tourism in 95 different countries and territories using international tourism demand models after controlling for income we find there is no long run effect of terrorism on international tourism demand and the short run effect is quite limited from a global perspective using panel data models only nine countries out of the 95 show a long run impact of terrorism on tourism and 25 countries out of the 95 show a short run impact using time series models implying that international tourism is resilient to terrorism the influence of terrorism is diverse in destinations with different political instability income levels and tourism intensities