Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1131257. 	[Title] Von Mises type statistics for single site updated local interaction random fields [Abstract] Random field models in image analysis and spatial statistics usually have local interactions. They can be simulated by Markov chains which update a single site at a time. The updating rules typically condition on only a few neighboring sites. If we want to approximate the expectation of a bounded function, can we make better use of the simulations than through the empirical estimator? We describe symmetrizations of the empirical estimator which are computationally feasible and can lead to considerable variance reduction. The method is reminiscent of the idea behind generalized von Mises statistics. To simplify the exposition, we consider mainly nearest neighbor random fields and the Gibbs sampler. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #644448. 	[Title] Adaptive Markov Chain Monte Carlo through Regeneration  Summary [Abstract] Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is used for evaluating expectations of functions of interest under a target distribution . This is done by calculating averages over the sample path of a Markov chain having as its stationary distribution. For computational efficiency, the Markov chain should be rapidly mixing. This can sometimes be achieved only by careful design of the transition kernel of the chain, on the basis of a detailed preliminary exploratory analysis of . An alternative approach might be to allow the transition kernel to adapt whenever new features of are encountered during the MCMC run. However, if such adaptation occurs infinitely often, the stationary distribution of the chain may be disturbed. We describe a framework, based on the concept of Markov chain regeneration, which allows adaptation to occur infinitely often, but which does not disturb the stationary distribution of the chain or the consistency of sample-path averages. Key Words: Adaptive method; Bayesian inference; Gibbs sampling; Markov chain Monte Carlo; Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #644577. 	[Title] Geometric Ergodicity and Hybrid Markov Chains [Abstract] Various notions of geometric ergodicity for Markov chains on general state spaces exist. In this paper, we review certain relations and implications among them. We then apply these results to a collection of chains commonly used in Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation algorithms, the so-called hybrid chains. We prove that under certain conditions, a hybrid chain will "inherit" the geometric ergodicity of its constituent parts. Acknowledgements. We thank Charlie Geyer for a number of very useful comments regarding spectral theory and central limit theorems. We thank Alison Gibbs, Phil Reiss, Peter Rosenthal, and Richard Tweedie for very helpful discussions. We thank the referee and the editor for many excellent suggestions. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1131236. 	[Title] Bounding Convergence Time of the Gibbs Sampler in Bayesian Image Restoration [Abstract] This paper gives precise, easy to compute bounds on the convergence time of the Gibbs sampler used in Bayesian image reconstruction. For sampling from the Gibbs distribution both with and without the presence of an external field, bounds that are N 2 in the number of pixels are obtained, with a proportionality constant that is easy to calculate. Some key words: Bayesian image restoration; Convergence; Gibbs sampler; Ising model; Markov chain Monte Carlo. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1131334. 	[Title] APPLICATIONS OF CHEEGER'S CONSTANT TO THE CONVERGENCE RATE OF MARKOV CHAINS ON R n [Abstract] Quantitative geometric rates of convergence for reversible Markov chains are closely related to the Cheeger's constant, which is hard to calculate for general state spaces. This article describes a geometric argument to bound the Cheeger's constant for chains on bounded subsets of R n . Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1131335. 	[Title] Estimating L 1 Error of Kernel Estimator: Monitoring Convergence of Markov Samplers [Abstract] In many Markov chain Monte Carlo problems, the target density function is known up to a normalization constant. In this paper, we take advantage of this knowledge to facilitate the convergence diagnostic of a Markov sampler by estimating the L 1 error of a kernel estimator. Firstly, we propose an estimator of the normalization constant which is shown to be asymptotically normal under mixing and moment conditions. Secondly, the L 1 error of the kernel estimator is estimated using the normalization constant estimator, and the ratio of the estimated L 1 error to the true L 1 error is shown to converge to 1 in probability under similar conditions. Thirdly, we propose a sequential plot of the estimated L 1 error as a tool to monitor the convergence of the Markov sampler. Finally, a 2-dimensional bimodal example is given to illustrate the proposal, fl Bin Yu is Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3860. Research supported in part by the Junior Faculty Research Grant from University of California at Berkeley, grants DAAL03-91-G-007 and DAAH04-94-G-0232 from the Army Research Office, and grant DMS-9322817 from the National Science Foundation. The author is very grateful to Professors Peter Bickel and Andrew Gelman for many helpful discussions and their comments on the draft. Special thanks are due to Mr. Sam Buttrey for his help on simulation, to Professor Per Mykland and Mr. Karl Broman for commenting on the draft, and to two anonymous and two Markov samplers are compared in the example using the proposed diagnostic plot. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #643239. 	[Title] Analysis of the Gibbs sampler for a model related to James-Stein estimators [Abstract] Summary. We analyze a hierarchical Bayes model which is related to the usual empirical Bayes formulation of James-Stein estimators. We consider running a Gibbs sampler on this model. Using previous results about convergence rates of Markov chains, we provide rigorous, numerical, reasonable bounds on the running time of the Gibbs sampler, for a suitable range of prior distributions. We apply these results to baseball data from Efron and Morris (1975). For a different range of prior distributions, we prove that the Gibbs sampler will fail to converge, and use this information to prove that in this case the associated posterior distribution is non-normalizable. Acknowledgements. I am very grateful to Jun Liu for suggesting this project, and to Neal Madras for suggesting the use of the Submartingale Convergence Theorem herein. I thank Kate Cowles and Richard Tweedie for helpful conversations, and thank the referees for useful comments. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #645897. 	[Title] A note on convergence rates of Gibbs sampling for nonparametric mixtures [Abstract] We consider a mixture model where the mixing distribution is random and is given a Dirichlet process prior. We describe the general structure of two Gibbs sampling algorithms that are useful for approximating Bayesian inferences in this problem. When the kernel f(x j ) of the mixture is bounded, we show that the Markov chains resulting from the Gibbs sampling are uniformly ergodic, and we provide an explicit rate bound. Unfortunately, the bound is not sharp in general; improving sensibly the bound seems however quite difficult. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1131305. 	[Title] Two convergence properties of hybrid samplers [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #644427. 	[Title] Outperforming the Gibbs sampler empirical estimator for nearest neighbor random fields [Abstract] Given a Markov chain sampling scheme, does the standard empirical estimator make best use of the data? We show that this is not so and construct better estimators. We restrict attention to nearest neighbor random fields and to Gibbs samplers with deterministic sweep, but our approach applies to any sampler that uses reversible variable-at-a-time updating with deterministic sweep. The structure of the transition distribution of the sampler is exploited to construct further empirical estimators that are combined with the standard empirical estimator to reduce asymptotic variance. The extra computational cost is negligible. When the random field is spatially homogeneous, symmetrizations of our estimator lead to further variance reduction. The performance of the estimators is evaluated in a simulation study of the Ising model. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #646286. 	[Title] Rate of Convergence of the Gibbs Sampler by Gaussian Approximation  SUMMARY [Abstract] In this article we approximate the rate of convergence of the Gibbs sampler by a normal approximation of the target distribution. Based on this approximation, we consider many implementational issues for the Gibbs sampler, e.g., updating strategy, parameterization and blocking. We give theoretical results to justify our approximation and illustrate our methods in a number of realistic examples. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #126927. 	[Title] Convergence properties of perturbed Markov chains [Abstract] Acknowledgements. We thank Neal Madras, Radford Neal, Peter Rosenthal, and Richard Tweedie for helpful conversations. This work was partially supported by EPSRC of the U.K., and by NSERC of Canada. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1131312. 	[Title] Theoretical rates of convergence for Markov chain Monte Carlo [Abstract] We present a general method for proving rigorous, a priori bounds on the number of iterations required to achieve convergence of Markov chain Monte Carlo. We describe bounds for specific models of the Gibbs sampler, which have been obtained from the general method. We discuss possibilities for obtaining bounds more generally. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #642894. 	[Title] Rates of convergence of the Hastings and Metropolis algorithms [Abstract] We apply recent results in Markov chain theory to Hastings and Metropolis algorithms with either independent or symmetric candidate distributions, and provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the algorithms to converge at a geometric rate to a prescribed distribution . In the independence case (in IR k ) these indicate that geometric convergence essentially occurs if and only if the candidate density is bounded below by a multiple of ; in the symmetric case (in IR only) we show geometric convergence essentially occurs if and only if has geometric tails. We also evaluate recently developed computable bounds on the rates of convergence in this context: examples show that these theoretical bounds can be inherently extremely conservative, although when the chain is stochastically monotone the bounds may well be effective. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #16819. 	[Title] Markov Chain Monte Carlo Convergence Diagnostics: A Comparative Review [Abstract] A critical issue for users of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods in applications is how to determine when it is safe to stop sampling and use the samples to estimate characteristics of the distribution of interest. Research into methods of computing theoretical convergence bounds holds promise for the future but currently has yielded relatively little that is of practical use in applied work. Consequently, most MCMC users address the convergence problem by applying diagnostic tools to the output produced by running their samplers. After giving a brief overview of the area, we provide an expository review of thirteen convergence diagnostics, describing the theoretical basis and practical implementation of each. We then compare their performance in two simple models and conclude that all the methods can fail to detect the sorts of convergence failure they were designed to identify. We thus recommend a combination of strategies aimed at evaluating and accelerating MCMC sampler convergence, including applying diagnostic procedures to a small number of parallel chains, monitoring autocorrelations and cross-correlations, and modifying parameterizations or sampling algorithms appropriately. We emphasize, however, that it is not possible to say with certainty that a finite sample from an MCMC algorithm is representative of an underlying stationary distribution. Mary Kathryn Cowles is Assistant Professor of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115. Bradley P. Carlin is Associate Professor, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Much of the work was done while the first author was a graduate student in the Divison of Biostatistics at the University of Minnesota and then Assistant Professor, Biostatistics Section, Department of Preventive and Societal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198. The work of both authors was supported in part by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases FIRST Award 1-R29-AI33466. The authors thank the developers of the diagnostics studied here for sharing their insights, experiences, and software, and Drs. Thomas Louis and Luke Tierney for helpful discussions and suggestions which greatly improved the manuscript. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #643221. 	[Title] A simulation approach to convergence rates for Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms [Abstract] Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, including the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, are very commonly used in Bayesian statistics for sampling from complicated, high-dimensional posterior distributions. A continuing source of uncertainty is how long such a sampler must be run in order to converge approximately to its target stationary distribution. Rosenthal (1995b) presents a method to compute rigorous theoretical upper bounds on the number of iterations required to achieve a specified degree of convergence in total variation distance by verifying drift and minorization conditions. We propose the use of auxiliary simulations to estimate the numerical values needed in Rosenthal's theorem. Our simulation method makes it possible to compute quantitative convergence bounds for models for which the requisite analytical computations would be prohibitively difficult or impossible. On the other hand, although our method appears to perform well in our example problems, it can not provide the guarantees offered by analytical proof. Acknowledgements. We thank Brad Carlin for assistance and encouragement. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #644093. 	[Title] Possible biases induced by MCMC convergence diagnostics [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #643485. 	[Title] Geometric Ergodicity of Gibbs and Block Gibbs Samplers for a Hierarchical Random Effects Model [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Paper #1131257 has the title `Von Mises type statistics for single site updated local interaction random fields  
` and the abstract `Random field models in image analysis and spatial statistics usually have local interactions. They can be simulated by Markov chains which update a single site at a time. The updating rules typically condition on only a few neighboring sites. If we want to approximate the expectation of a bounded function, can we make better use of the simulations than through the empirical estimator? We describe symmetrizations of the empirical estimator which are computationally feasible and can lead to considerable variance reduction. The method is reminiscent of the idea behind generalized von Mises statistics. To simplify the exposition, we consider mainly nearest neighbor random fields and the Gibbs sampler. 
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #1131257 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].


Paper #1131257 has the title `Von Mises type statistics for single site updated local interaction random fields  
` and the abstract `Random field models in image analysis and spatial statistics usually have local interactions. They can be simulated by Markov chains which update a single site at a time. The updating rules typically condition on only a few neighboring sites. If we want to approximate the expectation of a bounded function, can we make better use of the simulations than through the empirical estimator? We describe symmetrizations of the empirical estimator which are computationally feasible and can lead to considerable variance reduction. The method is reminiscent of the idea behind generalized von Mises statistics. To simplify the exposition, we consider mainly nearest neighbor random fields and the Gibbs sampler. 
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #1131257 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].

This paper should be classified into: Probabilistic_Methods