Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1131550. 	[Title] Investigating the role of diploidy in simulated populations of evolving individuals [Abstract] In most work applying genetic algorithms to populations of neural networks there is no real distinction between genotype and phenotype. In nature both the information contained in the genotype and the mapping of the genetic information into the phenotype are usually much more complex. The genotypes of many organisms exhibit diploidy, i.e., they include two copies of each gene: if the two copies are not identical in their sequences and therefore have a functional difference in their products (usually proteins), the expressed phenotypic feature is termed the dominant one, the other one recessive (not expressed). In this paper we review the literature on the use of diploidy and dominance operators in genetic algorithms; we present the new results we obtained with our own simulations in changing environments; finally, we discuss some results of our simulations that parallel biological findings. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #197054. 	[Title] Evolving Obstacle Avoidance Behavior in a Robot Arm [Abstract] Existing approaches for learning to control a robot arm rely on supervised methods where correct behavior is explicitly given. It is difficult to learn to avoid obstacles using such methods, however, because examples of obstacle avoidance behavior are hard to generate. This paper presents an alternative approach that evolves neural network controllers through genetic algorithms. No input/output examples are necessary, since neuro-evolution learns from a single performance measurement over the entire task of grasping an object. The approach is tested in a simulation of the OSCAR-6 robot arm which receives both visual and sensory input. Neural networks evolved to effectively avoid obstacles at various locations to reach random target locations. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #182094. 	[Title] HOW TO EVOLVE AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS: DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN EVOLUTIONARY ROBOTICS [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #41714. 	[Title] Issues in Evolutionary Robotics [Abstract] A version of this paper appears in: Proceedings of SAB92, the Second International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour J.-A. Meyer, H. Roitblat, and S. Wilson, editors, MIT Press Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA, 1993. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #190706. 	[Title] Selection for Wandering Behavior in a Small Robot [Abstract] We have evolved artificial neural networks to control the wandering behavior of small robots. The task was to touch as many squares in a grid as possible during a fixed period of time. A number of the simulated robots were embodied in small Lego (Trademark) robot, controlled by a Motorola (Trademark) 6811 processor; and their performance was compared to the simulations. We observed that: (a) evolution was an effective means to program control; (b) progress was characterized by sharply stepped periods of improvement, separated by periods of stasis that corresponded to levels of behavioral/computational complexity; and (c) the simulated and realized robots behaved quite similarly, the realized robots in some cases outperforming the simulated ones. Introducing random noise to the simulations improved the fit somewhat (from 0.73 to 0.79). Hybrid simulated/embodied selection regimes for evolutionary robots are discussed. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #650814. 	[Title] Two is better than one: A diploid genotype for neural networks [Abstract] In nature the genotype of many organisms exhibits diploidy, i.e., it includes two copies of every gene. In this paper we describe the results of simulations comparing the behavior of haploid and diploid populations of ecological neural networks living in both fixed and changing environments. We show that diploid genotypes create more variability in fitness in the population than haploid genotypes and buffer better environmental change; as a consequence, if one wants to obtain good results for both average and peak fitness in a single population one should choose a diploid population with an appropriate mutation rate. Some results of our simulations parallel biological findings. Please summarise all the given information.

Paper #1131550 has the title `Investigating the role of diploidy in simulated populations of evolving individuals  
` and the abstract `In most work applying genetic algorithms to populations of neural networks there is no real distinction between genotype and phenotype. In nature both the information contained in the genotype and the mapping of the genetic information into the phenotype are usually much more complex. The genotypes of many organisms exhibit diploidy, i.e., they include two copies of each gene: if the two copies are not identical in their sequences and therefore have a functional difference in their products (usually proteins), the expressed phenotypic feature is termed the dominant one, the other one recessive (not expressed). In this paper we review the literature on the use of diploidy and dominance operators in genetic algorithms; we present the new results we obtained with our own simulations in changing environments; finally, we discuss some results of our simulations that parallel biological findings.
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Question: Which category should Paper #1131550 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].


Paper #1131550 has the title `Investigating the role of diploidy in simulated populations of evolving individuals  
` and the abstract `In most work applying genetic algorithms to populations of neural networks there is no real distinction between genotype and phenotype. In nature both the information contained in the genotype and the mapping of the genetic information into the phenotype are usually much more complex. The genotypes of many organisms exhibit diploidy, i.e., they include two copies of each gene: if the two copies are not identical in their sequences and therefore have a functional difference in their products (usually proteins), the expressed phenotypic feature is termed the dominant one, the other one recessive (not expressed). In this paper we review the literature on the use of diploidy and dominance operators in genetic algorithms; we present the new results we obtained with our own simulations in changing environments; finally, we discuss some results of our simulations that parallel biological findings.
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #1131550 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].

This paper should be classified into: Genetic_Algorithms