Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #123825. 	[Title] Growing Cell Structures A Self-organizing Network for Unsupervised and Supervised Learning [Abstract] We present a new self-organizing neural network model having two variants. The first variant performs unsupervised learning and can be used for data visualization, clustering, and vector quantization. The main advantage over existing approaches, e.g., the Kohonen feature map, is the ability of the model to automatically find a suitable network structure and size. This is achieved through a controlled growth process which also includes occasional removal of units. The second variant of the model is a supervised learning method which results from the combination of the abovementioned self-organizing network with the radial basis function (RBF) approach. In this model it is possible in contrast to earlier approaches toperform the positioning of the RBF units and the supervised training of the weights in parallel. Therefore, the current classification error can be used to determine where to insert new RBF units. This leads to small networks which generalize very well. Results on the two-spirals benchmark and a vowel classification problem are presented which are better than any results previously published. fl submitted for publication Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #7297. 	[Title] Self-Organization and Functional Role of Lateral Connections and Multisize Receptive Fields in the Primary Visual Cortex [Abstract] Cells in the visual cortex are selective not only to ocular dominance and orientation of the input, but also to its size and spatial frequency. The simulations reported in this paper show how size selectivity could develop through Hebbian self-organization, and how receptive fields of different sizes could organize into columns like those for orientation and ocular dominance. The lateral connections in the network self-organize cooperatively and simultaneously with the receptive field sizes, and produce patterns of lateral connectivity that closely follow the receptive field organization. Together with our previous work on ocular dominance and orientation selectivity, these results suggest that a single Hebbian self-organizing process can give rise to all the major receptive field properties in the visual cortex, and also to structured patterns of lateral interactions, some of which have been verified experimentally and others predicted by the model. The model also suggests a functional role for the self-organized structures: The afferent receptive fields develop a sparse coding of the visual input, and the recurrent lateral interactions eliminate redundancies in cortical activity patterns, allowing the cortex to efficiently process massive amounts of visual information. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #649730. 	[Title] Growing a Hypercubical Output Space in a Self-Organizing Feature Map [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #649731. 	[Title] Incremental Grid Growing: Encoding High-Dimensional Structure into a Two-Dimensional Feature Map [Abstract] Knowledge of clusters and their relations is important in understanding high-dimensional input data with unknown distribution. Ordinary feature maps with fully connected, fixed grid topology cannot properly reflect the structure of clusters in the input space|there are no cluster boundaries on the map. Incremental feature map algorithms, where nodes and connections are added to or deleted from the map according to the input distribution, can overcome this problem. However, so far such algorithms have been limited to maps that can be drawn in 2-D only in the case of 2-dimensional input space. In the approach proposed in this paper, nodes are added incrementally to a regular, 2-dimensional grid, which is drawable at all times, irrespective of the dimensionality of the input space. The process results in a map that explicitly represents the cluster structure of the high-dimensional input. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #763009. 	[Title] Generalization and Exclusive Allocation of Credit in Unsupervised Category Learning [Abstract] Acknowledgements: This research was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research (Cognitive and Neural Sciences, N00014-93-1-0208) and by the Whitaker Foundation (Special Opportunity Grant). We thank George Kalarickal, Charles Schmitt, William Ross, and Douglas Kelly for valuable discussions. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #649739. 	[Title] LBG-U method for vector quantization an improvement over LBG inspired from neural networks [Abstract] Internal Report 97-01 Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #631052. 	[Title] Constrained Optimization for Neural Map Formation: A Unifying Framework for Weight Growth and Normalization [Abstract] Computational models of neural map formation can be considered on at least three different levels of abstraction: detailed models including neural activity dynamics, weight dynamics that abstract from the neural activity dynamics by an adiabatic approximation, and constrained optimization from which equations governing weight dynamics can be derived. Constrained optimization uses an objective function, from which a weight growth rule can be derived as a gradient flow, and some constraints, from which normalization rules are derived. In this paper we present an example of how an optimization problem can be derived from detailed non-linear neural dynamics. A systematic investigation reveals how different weight dynamics introduced previously can be derived from two types of objective function terms and two types of constraints. This includes dynamic link matching as a special case of neural map formation. We focus in particular on the role of coordinate transformations to derive different weight dynamics from the same optimization problem. Several examples illustrate how the constrained optimization framework can help in understanding, generating, and comparing different models of neural map formation. The techniques used in this analysis may also be useful in investigating other types of neural dynamics. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #62347. 	[Title] Embodiment and Manipulation Learning Process for a Humanoid Hand [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #910. 	[Title] Learning networks for face analysis and synthesis [Abstract] This paper presents an overview of the face-related projects in our group. The unifying theme underlying our work is the use of example-based learning methods for both analyzing and synthesizing face images. We label the example face images (and for the problem of face detection, "near miss" faces as well) with descriptive parameters for pose, expression, identity, and face vs. non-face. Then, by using example-based learning techniques, we develop networks for performing analysis tasks such as pose and expression estimation, face recognition, and face detection in cluttered scenes. In addition to these analysis applications, we show how the example-based technique can also be used as a novel method for image synthesis that is for computer graphics. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1128846. 	[Title] NeuroPipe a neural network based system for pipeline inspec- [Abstract] Gas, oil and other pipelines need to be inspected for corrosion and other defects at regular intervals. For this application Pipetronix GmbH (PTX) Karlsruhe has developed a special ultrasonic based probe. Based on the recorded wall thicknesses of this so called pipe pig the Research center for computer science (FZI) has developed in cooperation with PTX an automatic inspection system called NeuroPipe. NeuroPipe has the task to detect defects like metal loss. The kernel of this inspection tool is a neural classifier which was trained using manually collected defect examples. The following paper focus on the aspects of successfull use of learning methods in an industrial application. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #447250. 	[Title] Introduction to Radial Basis Function Networks [Abstract] This document is an introduction to radial basis function (RBF) networks, a type of artificial neural network for application to problems of supervised learning (e.g. regression, classification and time series prediction). It is available in either PostScript or hyper-text 2 . Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #240791. 	[Title] Auto-teaching: networks that develop their own teaching input [Abstract] Backpropagation learning (Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams, 1986) is a useful research tool but it has a number of undesiderable features such as having the experimenter decide from outside what should be learned. We describe a number of simulations of neural networks that internally generate their own teaching input. The networks generate the teaching input by trasforming the network input through connection weights that are evolved using a form of genetic algorithm. What results is an innate (evolved) capacity not to behave efficiently in an environment but to learn to behave efficiently. The analysis of what these networks evolve to learn shows some interesting results. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #23448. 	[Title] Data Exploration Using Self-Organizing Maps [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #628888. 	[Title] Using Many-Particle Decomposition to get a Parallel Self-Organising Map [Abstract] We propose a method for decreasing the computational complexity of self-organising maps. The method uses a partitioning of the neurons into disjoint clusters. Teaching of the neurons occurs on a cluster-basis instead of on a neuron-basis. For teaching an N-neuron network with N 0 samples, the computational complexity decreases from O(N 0 N) to O(N 0 log N). Furthermore, we introduce a measure for the amount of order in a self-organising map, and show that the introduced algorithm behaves as well as the original algorithm. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1126044. 	[Title] A Brief History of Connectionism [Abstract] Connectionist research is firmly established within the scientific community, especially within the multi-disciplinary field of cognitive science. This diversity, however, has created an environment which makes it difficult for connectionist researchers to remain aware of recent advances in the field, let alone understand how the field has developed. This paper attempts to address this problem by providing a brief guide to connectionist research. The paper begins by defining the basic tenets of connectionism. Next, the development of connectionist research is traced, commencing with connectionism's philosophical predecessors, moving to early psychological and neuropsychological influences, followed by the mathematical and computing contributions to connectionist research. Current research is then reviewed, focusing specifically on the different types of network architectures and learning rules in use. The paper concludes by suggesting that neural network research|at least in cognitive science|should move towards models that incorporate the relevant functional principles inherent in neurobiological systems. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #3229. 	[Title] Book Review  Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation Reviewed by: 2 [Abstract] Neural computation, also called connectionism, parallel distributed processing, neural network modeling or brain-style computation, has grown rapidly in the last decade. Despite this explosion, and ultimately because of impressive applications, there has been a dire need for a concise introduction from a theoretical perspective, analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of connectionist approaches and establishing links to other disciplines, such as statistics or control theory. The Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation by Hertz, Krogh and Palmer (subsequently referred to as HKP) is written from the perspective of physics, the home discipline of the authors. The book fulfills its mission as an introduction for neural network novices, provided that they have some background in calculus, linear algebra, and statistics. It covers a number of models that are often viewed as disjoint. Critical analyses and fruitful comparisons between these models Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1135137. 	[Title] Temporal Compositional Processing by a DSOM Hierarchical Model [Abstract] Any intelligent system, whether human or robotic, must be capable of dealing with patterns over time. Temporal pattern processing can be achieved if the system has a short-term memory capacity (STM) so that different representations can be maintained for some time. In this work we propose a neural model wherein STM is realized by leaky integrators in a self-organizing system. The model exhibits composition-ality, that is, it has the ability to extract and construct progressively complex and structured associations in an hierarchical manner, starting with basic and primitive (temporal) elements. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #330148. 	[Title] SCRIPT RECOGNITION WITH HIERARCHICAL FEATURE MAPS [Abstract] The hierarchical feature map system recognizes an input story as an instance of a particular script by classifying it at three levels: scripts, tracks and role bindings. The recognition taxonomy, i.e. the breakdown of each script into the tracks and roles, is extracted automatically and independently for each script from examples of script instantiations in an unsupervised self-organizing process. The process resembles human learning in that the differentiation of the most frequently encountered scripts become gradually the most detailed. The resulting structure is a hierachical pyramid of feature maps. The hierarchy visualizes the taxonomy and the maps lay out the topology of each level. The number of input lines and the self-organization time are considerably reduced compared to the ordinary single-level feature mapping. The system can recognize incomplete stories and recover the missing events. The taxonomy also serves as memory organization for script-based episodic memory. The maps assign a unique memory location for each script instantiation. The most salient parts of the input data are separated and most resources are concentrated on representing them accurately. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #19621. 	[Title] References "Using Neural Networks to Identify Jets", Kohonen, "Self Organized Formation of Topologically Correct Feature [Abstract] 2] D. E. Rumelhart, G. E. Hinton and R. J. Williams, "Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation", in D. E. Rumelhart and J. L. McClelland (eds.) Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition (Vol. 1), MIT Press (1986). Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #950052. 	[Title] IEEE Learning the Semantic Similarity of Reusable Software Components [Abstract] Properly structured software libraries are crucial for the success of software reuse. Specifically, the structure of the software library ought to reect the functional similarity of the stored software components in order to facilitate the retrieval process. We propose the application of artificial neural network technology to achieve such a structured library. In more detail, we utilize an artificial neural network adhering to the unsupervised learning paradigm. The distinctive feature of this very model is to make the semantic relationship between the stored software components geographically explicit. Thus, the actual user of the software library gets a notion of the semantic relationship between the components in terms of their geographical closeness. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #6184. 	[Title] Forward models: Supervised learning with a distal teacher [Abstract] Internal models of the environment have an important role to play in adaptive systems in general and are of particular importance for the supervised learning paradigm. In this paper we demonstrate that certain classical problems associated with the notion of the "teacher" in supervised learning can be solved by judicious use of learned internal models as components of the adaptive system. In particular, we show how supervised learning algorithms can be utilized in cases in which an unknown dynamical system intervenes between actions and desired outcomes. Our approach applies to any supervised learning algorithm that is capable of learning in multi-layer networks. *This paper is a revised version of MIT Center for Cognitive Science Occasional Paper #40. We wish to thank Michael Mozer, Andrew Barto, Robert Jacobs, Eric Loeb, and James McClelland for helpful comments on the manuscript. This project was supported in part by BRSG 2 S07 RR07047-23 awarded by the Biomedical Research Support Grant Program, Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, by a grant from ATR Auditory and Visual Perception Research Laboratories, by a grant from Siemens Corporation, by a grant from the Human Frontier Science Program, and by grant N00014-90-J-1942 awarded by the Office of Naval Research. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1114153. 	[Title] Quantifying neighbourhood preservation in topographic mappings [Abstract] Mappings that preserve neighbourhood relationships are important in many contexts, from neurobiology to multivariate data analysis. It is important to be clear about precisely what is meant by preserving neighbourhoods. At least three issues have to be addressed: how neighbourhoods are defined, how a perfectly neighbourhood preserving mapping is defined, and how an objective function for measuring discrepancies from perfect neighbour-hood preservation is defined. We review several standard methods, and using a simple example mapping problem show that the different assumptions of each lead to non-trivially different answers. We also introduce a particular measure for topographic distortion, which has the form of a quadratic assignment problem. Many previous methods are closely related to this measure, which thus serves to unify disparate approaches. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #66990. 	[Title] Generative Models for Discovering Sparse Distributed Representations [Abstract] We describe a hierarchical, generative model that can be viewed as a non-linear generalization of factor analysis and can be implemented in a neural network. The model uses bottom-up, top-down and lateral connections to perform Bayesian perceptual inference correctly. Once perceptual inference has been performed the connection strengths can be updated using a very simple learning rule that only requires locally available information. We demon strate that the network learns to extract sparse, distributed, hierarchical representations. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #948147. 	[Title] A Fast Kohonen Net Implementation for [Abstract] We present an implementation of Kohonen Self-Organizing Feature Maps for the Spert-II vector microprocessor system. The implementation supports arbitrary neural map topologies and arbitrary neighborhood functions. For small networks, as used in real-world tasks, a single Spert-II board is measured to run Kohonen net classification at up to 208 million connections per second (MCPS). On a speech coding benchmark task, Spert-II performs on-line Kohonen net training at over 100 million connection updates per second (MCUPS). This represents almost a factor of 10 improvement compared to previously reported implementations. The asymptotic peak speed of the system is 213 MCPS and 213 MCUPS. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1104379. 	[Title] GA-RBF: A Self-Optimising RBF Network [Abstract] The effects of a neural network's topology on its performance are well known, yet the question of finding optimal configurations automatically remains largely open. This paper proposes a solution to this problem for RBF networks. A self- optimising approach, driven by an evolutionary strategy, is taken. The algorithm uses output information and a computationally efficient approximation of RBF networks to optimise the K-means clustering process by co-evolving the two determinant parameters of the network's layout: the number of centroids and the centroids' positions. Empirical results demonstrate promise. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #13885. 	[Title] Learning Controllers for Industrial Robots [Abstract] One of the most significant cost factors in robotics applications is the design and development of real-time robot control software. Control theory helps when linear controllers have to be developed, but it doesn't sufficiently support the generation of non-linear controllers, although in many cases (such as in compliance control), nonlinear control is essential for achieving high performance. This paper discusses how Machine Learning has been applied to the design of (non-)linear controllers. Several alternative function approximators, including Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP), Radial Basis Function Networks (RBFNs), and Fuzzy Controllers are analyzed and compared, leading to the definition of two major families: Open Field Function Function Approximators and Locally Receptive Field Function Approximators. It is shown that RBFNs and Fuzzy Controllers bear strong similarities, and that both have a symbolic interpretation. This characteristics allows for applying both symbolic and statistic learning algorithms to synthesize the network layout from a set of examples and, possibly, some background knowledge. Three integrated learning algorithms, two of which are original, are described and evaluated on experimental test cases. The first test case is provided by a robot KUKA IR-361 engaged into the "peg-into-hole" task, whereas the second is represented by a classical prediction task on the Mackey-Glass time series. From the experimental comparison, it appears that both Fuzzy Controllers and RBFNs synthesised from examples are excellent approximators, and that, in practice, they can be even more accurate than MLPs. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #240321. 	[Title] Nonlinear gated experts for time series: discovering regimes and avoiding overfitting [Abstract] In: International Journal of Neural Systems 6 (1995) p. 373 - 399. URL of this paper: ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/Time-Series/MyPapers/experts.ps.Z, or http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~andreas/Time-Series/MyPapers/experts.ps.Z University of Colorado Computer Science Technical Report CU-CS-798-95. In the analysis and prediction of real-world systems, two of the key problems are nonstationarity(often in the form of switching between regimes), and overfitting (particularly serious for noisy processes). This article addresses these problems using gated experts, consisting of a (nonlinear) gating network, and several (also nonlinear) competing experts. Each expert learns to predict the conditional mean, and each expert adapts its width to match the noise level in its regime. The gating network learns to predict the probability of each expert, given the input. This article focuses on the case where the gating network bases its decision on information from the inputs. This can be contrasted to hidden Markov models where the decision is based on the previous state(s) (i.e., on the output of the gating network at the previous time step), as well as to averaging over several predictors. In contrast, gated experts soft-partition the input space. This article discusses the underlying statistical assumptions, derives the weight update rules, and compares the performance of gated experts to standard methods on three time series: (1) a computer-generated series, obtained by randomly switching between two nonlinear processes, (2) a time series from the Santa Fe Time Series Competition (the light intensity of a laser in chaotic state), and (3) the daily electricity demand of France, a real-world multivariate problem with structure on several time scales. The main results are (1) the gating network correctly discovers the different regimes of the process, (2) the widths associated with each expert are important for the segmentation task (and they can be used to characterize the sub-processes), and (3) there is less overfitting compared to single networks (homogeneous multi-layer perceptrons), since the experts learn to match their variances to the (local) noise levels. This can be viewed as matching the local complexity of the model to the local complexity of the data. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #12359. 	[Title] Pruning Recurrent Neural Networks for Improved Generalization Performance [Abstract] Determining the architecture of a neural network is an important issue for any learning task. For recurrent neural networks no general methods exist that permit the estimation of the number of layers of hidden neurons, the size of layers or the number of weights. We present a simple pruning heuristic which significantly improves the generalization performance of trained recurrent networks. We illustrate this heuristic by training a fully recurrent neural network on positive and negative strings of a regular grammar. We also show that if rules are extracted from networks trained to recognize these strings, that rules extracted after pruning are more consistent with the rules to be learned. This performance improvement is obtained by pruning and retraining the networks. Simulations are shown for training and pruning a recurrent neural net on strings generated by two regular grammars, a randomly-generated 10-state grammar and an 8-state triple parity grammar. Further simulations indicate that this pruning method can gives generalization performance superior to that obtained by training with weight decay. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1131464. 	[Title] Some Competitive Learning Methods  (Some additions and refinements are planned for [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #49482. 	[Title] Topography And Ocular Dominance: A Model Exploring Positive Correlations [Abstract] The map from eye to brain in vertebrates is topographic, i.e. neighbouring points in the eye map to neighbouring points in the brain. In addition, when two eyes innervate the same target structure, the two sets of fibres segregate to form ocular dominance stripes. Experimental evidence from the frog and goldfish suggests that these two phenomena may be subserved by the same mechanisms. We present a computational model that addresses the formation of both topography and ocular dominance. The model is based on a form of competitive learning with subtractive enforcement of a weight normalization rule. Inputs to the model are distributed patterns of activity presented simultaneously in both eyes. An important aspect of this model is that ocular dominance segregation can occur when the two eyes are positively correlated, whereas previous models have tended to assume zero or negative correlations between the eyes. This allows investigation of the dependence of the pattern of stripes on the degree of correlation between the eyes: we find that increasing correlation leads to narrower stripes. Experiments are suggested to test this prediction. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #948299. 	[Title] Visualizing High-Dimensional Structure with the Incremental Grid Growing Neural Network [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1114442. 	[Title] Soft Computing: the Convergence of Emerging Reasoning Technologies [Abstract] The term Soft Computing (SC) represents the combination of emerging problem-solving technologies such as Fuzzy Logic (FL), Probabilistic Reasoning (PR), Neural Networks (NNs), and Genetic Algorithms (GAs). Each of these technologies provide us with complementary reasoning and searching methods to solve complex, real-world problems. After a brief description of each of these technologies, we will analyze some of their most useful combinations, such as the use of FL to control GAs and NNs parameters; the application of GAs to evolve NNs (topologies or weights) or to tune FL controllers; and the implementation of FL controllers as NNs tuned by backpropagation-type algorithms. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #23507. 	[Title] Natural Language Processing with Subsymbolic Neural Networks [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #684372. 	[Title] Incremental Polynomial Model-Controller Network: a self organising non-linear controller [Abstract] The aim of this study is to present the "Incremental Polynomial Model-Controller Network" (IPMCN). This network is composed of controllers each one attached to a model used for its indirect design. At each instant the controller connected to the model performing the best is selected. An automatic network construction algorithm is discribed in this study. It makes the IPMCN a self-organising non-linear controller. However the emphasis is on the polynomial controllers that are the building blocks of the IPMCN. From an analysis of the properties of polynomial functions for system modelling it is shown that multiple low order odd polynomials are very suitable to model non-linear systems. A closed loop reference model method to design a controller from a odd polynomial model is then described. The properties of the IPMCN are illustrated according to a second order system having both system states y and _y involving non-linear behaviour. It shows that as a component of a network or alone, a low order odd polynomial controller performs much better than a linear adaptive controller. Moreover, the number of controllers is significantly reduced with the increase of the polynomial order of the controllers and an improvement of the control performance is proportional to the decrease of the number of controllers. In addition, the clustering free approach, applied for the selection of the controllers, makes the IPMCN insensitive to the number of quantities involving nonlinearity in the system. The use of local controllers capable of handling systems with complex dynamics will make this scheme one of the most effective approaches for the control of non-linear systems. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1365. 	[Title] Cholinergic suppression of transmission may allow combined associative memory function and self-organization in the neocortex. [Abstract] Selective suppression of transmission at feedback synapses during learning is proposed as a mechanism for combining associative feedback with self-organization of feedforward synapses. Experimental data demonstrates cholinergic suppression of synaptic transmission in layer I (feedback synapses), and a lack of suppression in layer IV (feed-forward synapses). A network with this feature uses local rules to learn mappings which are not linearly separable. During learning, sensory stimuli and desired response are simultaneously presented as input. Feedforward connections form self-organized representations of input, while suppressed feedback connections learn the transpose of feedfor-ward connectivity. During recall, suppression is removed, sensory input activates the self-organized representation, and activity generates the learned response. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #184918. 	[Title] SELF-ORGANIZING PROCESS BASED ON LATERAL INHIBITION AND SYNAPTIC RESOURCE REDISTRIBUTION [Abstract] Self-organizing feature maps are usually implemented by abstracting the low-level neural and parallel distributed processes. An external supervisor finds the unit whose weight vector is closest in Euclidian distance to the input vector and determines the neighborhood for weight adaptation. The weights are changed proportional to the Euclidian distance. In a biologically more plausible implementation, similarity is measured by a scalar product, neighborhood is selected through lateral inhibition and weights are changed by redistributing synaptic resources. The resulting self-organizing process is quite similar to the abstract case. However, the process is somewhat hampered by boundary effects and the parameters need to be carefully evolved. It is also necessary to add a redundant dimension to the input vectors. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #427606. 	[Title] Biological metaphors and the design of modular artificial neural networks Master's thesis of [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #42847. 	[Title] GROWING RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION NETWORKS [Abstract] This paper presents and evaluates two algorithms for incrementally constructing Radial Basis Function Networks, a class of neural networks which looks more suitable for adtaptive control applications than the more popular backpropagation networks. The first algorithm has been derived by a previous method developed by Fritzke, while the second one has been inspired by the CART algorithm developed by Breiman for generation regression trees. Both algorithms proved to work well on a number of tests and exhibit comparable performances. An evaluation on the standard case study of the Mackey-Glass temporal series is reported. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1154276. 	[Title] Scatter-partitioning RBF network for function regression and image [Abstract] segmentation: Preliminary results Abstract. Scatter-partitioning Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks increase their number of degrees of freedom with the complexity of an input-output mapping to be estimated on the basis of a supervised training data set. Due to its superior expressive power a scatter-partitioning Gaussian RBF (GRBF) model, termed Supervised Growing Neural Gas (SGNG), is selected from the literature. SGNG employs a one-stage error-driven learning strategy and is capable of generating and removing both hidden units and synaptic connections. A slightly modified SGNG version is tested as a function estimator when the training surface to be fitted is an image, i.e., a 2-D signal whose size is finite. The relationship between the generation, by the learning system, of disjointed maps of hidden units and the presence, in the image, of pictorially homogeneous subsets (segments) is investigated. Unfortunately, the examined SGNG version performs poorly both as function estimator and image segmenter. This may be due to an intrinsic inadequacy of the one-stage error-driven learning strategy to adjust structural parameters and output weights simultaneously but consistently. In the framework of RBF networks, further studies should investigate the combination of two-stage error-driven learning strategies with synapse generation and removal criteria. y Internal report of the paper entitled "Image segmentation with scatter-partitioning RBF networks: A feasibility study," to be presented at the conference Applications and Science of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Evolutionary Computation, part of SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation, 19-24 July 1998, San Diego, CA. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #100197. 	[Title] Neural Networks and Statistical Models Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual SAS Users Group International Conference, [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1135082. 	[Title] Incremental Class Learning approach and its application to Handwritten Digit Recognition [Abstract] Incremental Class Learning (ICL) provides a feasible framework for the development of scalable learning systems. Instead of learning a complex problem at once, ICL focuses on learning subproblems incrementally, one at a time | using the results of prior learning for subsequent learning | and then combining the solutions in an appropriate manner. With respect to multi-class classification problems, the ICL approach presented in this paper can be summarized as follows. Initially the system focuses on one category. After it learns this category, it tries to identify a compact subset of features (nodes) in the hidden layers, that are crucial for the recognition of this category. The system then freezes these crucial nodes (features) by fixing their incoming weights. As a result, these features cannot be obliterated in subsequent learning. These frozen features are available during subsequent learning and can serve as parts of weight structures build to recognize other categories. As more categories are learned, the set of features gradually stabilizes and learning a new category requires less effort. Eventually, learning a new category may only involve combining existing features in an appropriate manner. The approach promotes the sharing of learned features among a number of categories and also alleviates the well-known catastrophic interference problem. We present results of applying the ICL approach to the Handwritten Digit Recognition problem, based on a spatio-temporal representation of patterns. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #7276. 	[Title] Self-Organization and Segmentation in a Laterally Connected Orientation Map of Spiking Neurons [Abstract] The RF-SLISSOM model integrates two separate lines of research on computational modeling of the visual cortex. Laterally connected self-organizing maps have been used to model how afferent structures such as orientation columns and patterned lateral connections can simultaneously self-organize through input-driven Hebbian adaptation. Spiking neurons with leaky integrator synapses have been used to model image segmentation and binding by synchronization and desynchronization of neuronal group activity. Although these approaches differ in how they model the neuron and what they explain, they share the same overall layout of a laterally connected two-dimensional network. This paper shows how both self-organization and segmentation can be achieved in such an integrated network, thus presenting a unified model of development and functional dynamics in the primary visual cortex. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1106287. 	[Title] Separating hippocampal maps  Spatial Functions of the Hippocampal Formation and the [Abstract] The place fields of hippocampal cells in old animals sometimes change when an animal is removed from and then returned to an environment [ Barnes et al., 1997 ] . The ensemble correlation between two sequential visits to the same environment shows a strong bimodality for old animals (near 0, indicative of remapping, and greater than 0.7, indicative of a similar representation between experiences), but a strong unimodality for young animals (greater than 0.7, indicative of a similar representation between experiences). One explanation for this is the multi-map hypothesis in which multiple maps are encoded in the hippocampus: old animals may sometimes be returning to the wrong map. A theory proposed by Samsonovich and McNaughton (1997) suggests that the Barnes et al. experiment implies that the maps are pre-wired in the CA3 region of hippocampus. Here, we offer an alternative explanation in which orthogonalization properties in the dentate gyrus (DG) region of hippocampus interact with errors in self-localization (reset of the path integrator on re-entry into the environment) to produce the bimodality. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #733167. 	[Title] Soft Vector Quantization and the EM Algorithm Running Title: Soft Vector Quantization and EM Section: [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #83826. 	[Title] Beyond the Cognitive Map: Contributions to a Computational Neuroscience Theory of Rodent Navigation for the [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1131634. 	[Title] Evolving Artificial Neural Networks using the Baldwin Effect [Abstract] This paper describes how through simple means a genetic search towards optimal neural network architectures can be improved, both in the convergence speed as in the quality of the final result. This result can be theoretically explained with the Baldwin effect, which is implemented here not just by the learning process of the network alone, but also by changing the network architecture as part of the learning procedure. This can be seen as a combination of two different techniques, both help ing and improving on simple genetic search. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #853114. 	[Title] Using Neural Networks to Identify Jets [Abstract] A neural network method for identifying the ancestor of a hadron jet is presented. The idea is to find an efficient mapping between certain observed hadronic kinematical variables and the quark/gluon identity. This is done with a neuronic expansion in terms of a network of sigmoidal functions using a gradient descent procedure, where the errors are back-propagated through the network. With this method we are able to separate gluon from quark jets originating from Monte Carlo generated e + e events with ~ 85% accuracy. The result is independent on the MC model used. This approach for isolating the gluon jet is then used to study the so-called string effect. In addition, heavy quarks (b and c) in e + e reactions can be identified on the 50% level by just observing the hadrons. In particular we are able to separate b-quarks with an efficiency and purity, which is comparable with what is expected from vertex detectors. We also speculate on how the neural network method can be used to disentangle different hadronization schemes by compressing the dimensionality of the state space of hadrons. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #853115. 	[Title] LU TP 90-3 Finding Gluon Jets with a Neural Trigger [Abstract] Using a neural network classifier we are able to separate gluon from quark jets originating from Monte Carlo generated e + e events with 85 90% accuracy. PACS numbers: 13.65.+i, 12.38Qk, 13.87.Fh Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #853116. 	[Title] LU TP 91-4 Self-organizing Networks for Extracting Jet Features [Abstract] Self-organizing neural networks are briefly reviewed and compared with supervised learning algorithms like back-propagation. The power of self-organization networks is in their capability of displaying typical features in a transparent manner. This is successfully demonstrated with two applications from hadronic jet physics; hadronization model discrimination and separation of b,c and light quarks. Please summarise all the given information.

Paper #123825 has the title `Growing Cell Structures A Self-organizing Network for Unsupervised and Supervised Learning  
` and the abstract `We present a new self-organizing neural network model having two variants. The first variant performs unsupervised learning and can be used for data visualization, clustering, and vector quantization. The main advantage over existing approaches, e.g., the Kohonen feature map, is the ability of the model to automatically find a suitable network structure and size. This is achieved through a controlled growth process which also includes occasional removal of units. The second variant of the model is a supervised learning method which results from the combination of the abovementioned self-organizing network with the radial basis function (RBF) approach. In this model it is possible in contrast to earlier approaches toperform the positioning of the RBF units and the supervised training of the weights in parallel. Therefore, the current classification error can be used to determine where to insert new RBF units. This leads to small networks which generalize very well. Results on the two-spirals benchmark and a vowel classification problem are presented which are better than any results previously published. fl submitted for publication
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #123825 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].


Paper #123825 has the title `Growing Cell Structures A Self-organizing Network for Unsupervised and Supervised Learning  
` and the abstract `We present a new self-organizing neural network model having two variants. The first variant performs unsupervised learning and can be used for data visualization, clustering, and vector quantization. The main advantage over existing approaches, e.g., the Kohonen feature map, is the ability of the model to automatically find a suitable network structure and size. This is achieved through a controlled growth process which also includes occasional removal of units. The second variant of the model is a supervised learning method which results from the combination of the abovementioned self-organizing network with the radial basis function (RBF) approach. In this model it is possible in contrast to earlier approaches toperform the positioning of the RBF units and the supervised training of the weights in parallel. Therefore, the current classification error can be used to determine where to insert new RBF units. This leads to small networks which generalize very well. Results on the two-spirals benchmark and a vowel classification problem are presented which are better than any results previously published. fl submitted for publication
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #123825 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].

This paper should be classified into: Neural_Networks