Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #48764. 	[Title] Incremental Evolution of Complex General Behavior [Abstract] Several researchers have demonstrated how complex action sequences can be learned through neuro-evolution (i.e. evolving neural networks with genetic algorithms). However, complex general behavior such as evading predators or avoiding obstacles, which is not tied to specific environments, turns out to be very difficult to evolve. Often the system discovers mechanical strategies (such as moving back and forth) that help the agent cope, but are not very effective, do not appear believable and would not generalize to new environments. The problem is that a general strategy is too difficult for the evolution system to discover directly. This paper proposes an approach where such complex general behavior is learned incrementally, by starting with simpler behavior and gradually making the task more challenging and general. The task transitions are implemented through successive stages of delta-coding (i.e. evolving modifications), which allows even converged populations to adapt to the new task. The method is tested in the stochastic, dynamic task of prey capture, and compared with direct evolution. The incremental approach evolves more effective and more general behavior, and should also scale up to harder tasks. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #48768. 	[Title] Evolving Neural Networks to Play Go [Abstract] Go is a difficult game for computers to master, and the best go programs are still weaker than the average human player. Since the traditional game playing techniques have proven inadequate, new approaches to computer go need to be studied. This paper presents a new approach to learning to play go. The SANE (Symbiotic, Adaptive Neuro-Evolution) method was used to evolve networks capable of playing go on small boards with no pre-programmed go knowledge. On a 9 fi 9 go board, networks that were able to defeat a simple computer opponent were evolved within a few hundred generations. Most significantly, the networks exhibited several aspects of general go playing, which suggests the approach could scale up well. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #45603. 	[Title] Symbiotic Evolution of Neural Networks in Sequential Decision Tasks [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1125092. 	[Title] 2-D Pole Balancing with Recurrent Evolutionary Networks [Abstract] The success of evolutionary methods on standard control learning tasks has created a need for new benchmarks. The classic pole balancing problem is no longer difficult enough to serve as a viable yardstick for measuring the learning efficiency of these systems. In this paper we present a more difficult version to the classic problem where the cart and pole can move in a plane. We demonstrate a neuroevolution system (Enforced Sub-Populations, or ESP) that can solve this difficult problem without velocity information. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1104647. 	[Title] Real-time Interactive Neuro-evolution [Abstract] In standard neuro-evolution, a population of networks is evolved in the task, and the network that best solves the task is found. This network is then fixed and used to solve future instances of the problem. Networks evolved in this way do not handle real-time interaction very well. It is hard to evolve a solution ahead of time that can cope effectively with all the possible environments that might arise in the future and with all the possible ways someone may interact with it. This paper proposes evolving feedforward neural networks online to create agents that improve their performance through real-time interaction. This approach is demonstrated in a game world where neural-network-controlled individuals play against humans. Through evolution, these individuals learn to react to varying opponents while appropriately taking into account conflicting goals. After initial evaluation offline, the population is allowed to evolve online, and its performance improves considerably. The population not only adapts to novel situations brought about by changing strategies in the opponent and the game layout, but it also improves its performance in situations that it has already seen in offline training. This paper will describe an implementation of online evolution and shows that it is a practical method that exceeds the performance of offline evolution alone. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #8872. 	[Title] Machine Learning,  Efficient Reinforcement Learning through Symbiotic Evolution [Abstract] This article presents a new reinforcement learning method called SANE (Symbiotic, Adaptive Neuro-Evolution), which evolves a population of neurons through genetic algorithms to form a neural network capable of performing a task. Symbiotic evolution promotes both cooperation and specialization, which results in a fast, efficient genetic search and discourages convergence to suboptimal solutions. In the inverted pendulum problem, SANE formed effective networks 9 to 16 times faster than the Adaptive Heuristic Critic and 2 times faster than Q-learning and the GENITOR neuro-evolution approach without loss of generalization. Such efficient learning, combined with few domain assumptions, make SANE a promising approach to a broad range of reinforcement learning problems, including many real-world applications. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #48766. 	[Title] Discovering Complex Othello Strategies Through Evolutionary Neural Networks [Abstract] An approach to develop new game playing strategies based on artificial evolution of neural networks is presented. Evolution was directed to discover strategies in Othello against a random-moving opponent and later against an ff-fi search program. The networks discovered first a standard positional strategy, and subsequently a mobility strategy, an advanced strategy rarely seen outside of tournaments. The latter discovery demonstrates how evolutionary neural networks can develop novel solutions by turning an initial disadvantage into an advantage in a changed environment. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #197054. 	[Title] Evolving Obstacle Avoidance Behavior in a Robot Arm [Abstract] Existing approaches for learning to control a robot arm rely on supervised methods where correct behavior is explicitly given. It is difficult to learn to avoid obstacles using such methods, however, because examples of obstacle avoidance behavior are hard to generate. This paper presents an alternative approach that evolves neural network controllers through genetic algorithms. No input/output examples are necessary, since neuro-evolution learns from a single performance measurement over the entire task of grasping an object. The approach is tested in a simulation of the OSCAR-6 robot arm which receives both visual and sensory input. Neural networks evolved to effectively avoid obstacles at various locations to reach random target locations. Please summarise all the given information.

Paper #48764 has the title `Incremental Evolution of Complex General Behavior  
` and the abstract `Several researchers have demonstrated how complex action sequences can be learned through neuro-evolution (i.e. evolving neural networks with genetic algorithms). However, complex general behavior such as evading predators or avoiding obstacles, which is not tied to specific environments, turns out to be very difficult to evolve. Often the system discovers mechanical strategies (such as moving back and forth) that help the agent cope, but are not very effective, do not appear believable and would not generalize to new environments. The problem is that a general strategy is too difficult for the evolution system to discover directly. This paper proposes an approach where such complex general behavior is learned incrementally, by starting with simpler behavior and gradually making the task more challenging and general. The task transitions are implemented through successive stages of delta-coding (i.e. evolving modifications), which allows even converged populations to adapt to the new task. The method is tested in the stochastic, dynamic task of prey capture, and compared with direct evolution. The incremental approach evolves more effective and more general behavior, and should also scale up to harder tasks. 
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #48764 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].


Paper #48764 has the title `Incremental Evolution of Complex General Behavior  
` and the abstract `Several researchers have demonstrated how complex action sequences can be learned through neuro-evolution (i.e. evolving neural networks with genetic algorithms). However, complex general behavior such as evading predators or avoiding obstacles, which is not tied to specific environments, turns out to be very difficult to evolve. Often the system discovers mechanical strategies (such as moving back and forth) that help the agent cope, but are not very effective, do not appear believable and would not generalize to new environments. The problem is that a general strategy is too difficult for the evolution system to discover directly. This paper proposes an approach where such complex general behavior is learned incrementally, by starting with simpler behavior and gradually making the task more challenging and general. The task transitions are implemented through successive stages of delta-coding (i.e. evolving modifications), which allows even converged populations to adapt to the new task. The method is tested in the stochastic, dynamic task of prey capture, and compared with direct evolution. The incremental approach evolves more effective and more general behavior, and should also scale up to harder tasks. 
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #48764 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].

This paper should be classified into: Reinforcement_Learning