Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #377303. 	[Title] Evolving Deterministic Finite Automata Using Cellular Encoding programming and cellular encoding. Programs are evolved that [Abstract] This paper presents a method for the initial singlestate zygote. The results evolution of deterministic finite Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1129572. 	[Title] Non-Deterministic, Constraint-Based Parsing of Human Genes [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #19045. 	[Title] AUTOMATED TOPOLOGY AND SIZING OF ANALOG CIRCUITS AUTOMATED DESIGN OF BOTH THE TOPOLOGY AND SIZING [Abstract] This paper describes an automated process for designing analog electrical circuits based on the principles of natural selection, sexual recombination, and developmental biology. The design process starts with the random creation of a large population of program trees composed of circuit-constructing functions. Each program tree specifies the steps by which a fully developed circuit is to be progressively developed from a common embryonic circuit appropriate for the type of circuit that the user wishes to design. Each fully developed circuit is translated into a netlist, simulated using a modified version of SPICE, and evaluated as to how well it satisfies the user's design requirements. The fitness measure is a user-written computer program that may incorporate any calculable characteristic or combination of characteristics of the circuit, including the circuit's behavior in the time domain, its behavior in the frequency domain, its power consumption, the number of components, cost of components, or surface area occupied by its components. The population of program trees is genetically bred over a series of many generations using genetic programming. Genetic programming is driven by a fitness measure and employs genetic operations such as Darwinian reproduction, sexual recombination (crossover), and occasional mutation to create offspring. This automated evolutionary process produces both the topology of the circuit and the numerical values for each component. This paper describes how genetic programming can evolve the circuit for a difficult-to-design low-pass filter. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #251756. 	[Title] Cellular Encoding Applied to Neurocontrol [Abstract] Neural networks are trained for balancing 1 and 2 poles attached to a cart on a fixed track. For one variant of the single pole system, only pole angle and cart position variables are supplied as inputs; the network must learn to compute velocities. All of the problems are solved using a fixed architecture and using a new version of cellular encoding that evolves an application specific architecture with real-valued weights. The learning times and generalization capabilities are compared for neural networks developed using both methods. After a post processing simplification, topologies produced by cellular encoding were very simple and could be analyzed. Architectures with no hidden units were produced for the single pole and the two pole problem when velocity information is supplied as an input. Moreover, these linear solutions display good generalization. For all the control problems, cellular encoding can automatically generate architectures whose complexity and structure reflect the features of the problem to solve. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #593210. 	[Title] Discovery of Symbolic, Neuro-Symbolic and Neural Networks with Parallel Distributed Genetic Programming [Abstract] Technical Report: CSRP-96-14 August 1996 Abstract Genetic Programming is a method of program discovery consisting of a special kind of genetic algorithm capable of operating on parse trees representing programs and an interpreter which can run the programs being optimised. This paper describes Parallel Distributed Genetic Programming (PDGP), a new form of genetic programming which is suitable for the development of parallel programs in which symbolic and neural processing elements can be combined a in free and natural way. PDGP is based on a graph-like representation for parallel programs which is manipulated by crossover and mutation operators which guarantee the syntactic correctness of the offspring. The paper describes these operators and reports some results obtained with the exclusive-or problem. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1128974. 	[Title] An Evolutionary Method to Find Good Building-Blocks for Architectures of Artificial Neural Networks [Abstract] This paper deals with the combination of Evolutionary Algorithms and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). A new method is presented, to find good building-blocks for architectures of Artificial Neural Networks. The method is based on Cellular Encoding, a representation scheme by F. Gruau, and on Genetic Programming by J. Koza. First it will be shown that a modified Cellular Encoding technique is able to find good architectures even for non-boolean networks. With the help of a graph-database and a new graph-rewriting method, it is secondly possible to build architectures from modular structures. The information about building-blocks for architectures is obtained by statistically analyzing the data in the graph-database. Simulation results for two real world problems are given. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #195792. 	[Title] A Comparison between Cellular Encoding and Direct Encoding for Genetic Neural Networks [Abstract] This paper compares the efficiency of two encoding schemes for Artificial Neural Networks optimized by evolutionary algorithms. Direct Encoding encodes the weights for an a priori fixed neural network architecture. Cellular Encoding encodes both weights and the architecture of the neural network. In previous studies, Direct Encoding and Cellular Encoding have been used to create neural networks for balancing 1 and 2 poles attached to a cart on a fixed track. The poles are balanced by a controller that pushes the cart to the left or the right. In some cases velocity information about the pole and cart is provided as an input; in other cases the network must learn to balance a single pole without velocity information. A careful study of the behavior of these systems suggests that it is possible to balance a single pole with velocity information as an input and without learning to compute the velocity. A new fitness function is introduced that forces the neural network to compute the velocity. By using this new fitness function and tuning the syntactic constraints used with cellular encoding, we achieve a tenfold speedup over our previous study and solve a more difficult problem: balancing two poles when no information about the velocity is provided as input. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #194609. 	[Title] Prediction of human mRNA donor and acceptor sites from the DNA sequence [Abstract] Artificial neural networks have been applied to the prediction of splice site location in human pre-mRNA. A joint prediction scheme where prediction of transition regions between introns and exons regulates a cutoff level for splice site assignment was able to predict splice site locations with confidence levels far better than previously reported in the literature. The problem of predicting donor and acceptor sites in human genes is hampered by the presence of numerous amounts of false positives | in the paper the distribution of these false splice sites is examined and linked to a possible scenario for the splicing mechanism in vivo. When the presented method detects 95% of the true donor and acceptor sites it makes less than 0.1% false donor site assignments and less than 0.4% false acceptor site assignments. For the large data set used in this study this means that on the average there are one and a half false donor sites per true donor site and six false acceptor sites per true acceptor site. With the joint assignment method more than a fifth of the true donor sites and around one fourth of the true acceptor sites could be detected without accompaniment of any false positive predictions. Highly confident splice sites could not be isolated with a widely used weight matrix method or by separate splice site networks. A complementary relation between the confidence levels of the coding/non-coding and the separate splice site networks was observed, with many weak splice sites having sharp transitions in the coding/non-coding signal and many stronger splice sites having more ill-defined transitions between coding and non-coding. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #31927. 	[Title] A Generalized Hidden Markov Model for the Recognition of Human Genes in DNA [Abstract] We present a statistical model of genes in DNA. A Generalized Hidden Markov Model (GHMM) provides the framework for describing the grammar of a legal parse of a DNA sequence (Stormo & Haussler 1994). Probabilities are assigned to transitions between states in the GHMM and to the generation of each nucleotide base given a particular state. Machine learning techniques are applied to optimize these probabilities using a standardized training set. Given a new candidate sequence, the best parse is deduced from the model using a dynamic programming algorithm to identify the path through the model with maximum probability. The GHMM is flexible and modular, so new sensors and additional states can be inserted easily. In addition, it provides simple solutions for integrating cardinality constraints, reading frame constraints, "indels", and homology searching. The description and results of an implementation of such a gene-finding model, called Genie, is presented. The exon sensor is a codon frequency model conditioned on windowed nucleotide frequency and the preceding codon. Two neural networks are used, as in (Brunak, Engelbrecht, & Knudsen 1991), for splice site prediction. We show that this simple model performs quite well. For a cross-validated standard test set of 304 genes [ftp://www-hgc.lbl.gov/pub/genesets] in human DNA, our gene-finding system identified up to 85% of protein-coding bases correctly with a specificity of 80%. 58% of exons were exactly identified with a specificity of 51%. Genie is shown to perform favorably compared with several other gene-finding systems. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #194617. 	[Title] Finding Genes in DNA with a Hidden Markov Model [Abstract] This study describes a new Hidden Markov Model (HMM) system for segmenting uncharacterized genomic DNA sequences into exons, introns, and intergenic regions. Separate HMM modules were designed and trained for specific regions of DNA: exons, introns, intergenic regions, and splice sites. The models were then tied together to form a biologically feasible topology. The integrated HMM was trained further on a set of eukaryotic DNA sequences, and tested by using it to segment a separate set of sequences. The resulting HMM system, which is called VEIL (Viterbi Exon-Intron Locator), obtains an overall accuracy on test data of 92% of total bases correctly labelled, with a correlation coefficient of 0.73. Using the more stringent test of exact exon prediction, VEIL correctly located both ends of 53% of the coding exons, and 49% of the exons it predicts are exactly correct. These results compare favorably to the best previous results for gene structure prediction, and demonstrate the benefits of using HMMs for this problem. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #62329. 	[Title] Automatic Definition of Modular Neural Networks [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #563613. 	[Title] Gene Structure Prediction by Linguistic Methods [Abstract] The higher-order structure of genes and other features of biological sequences can be described by means of formal grammars. These grammars can then be used by general-purpose parsers to detect and assemble such structures by means of syntactic pattern recognition. We describe a grammar and parser for eukaryotic protein-encoding genes, which by some measures is as effective as current connectionist and combinatorial algorithms in predicting gene structures for sequence database entries. Parameters on the grammar rules are optimized for several different species, and mixing experiments performed to determine the degree of species specificity and the relative importance of compositional, signal-based, and syntactic components in gene prediction. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #682815. 	[Title] The Role of Development in Genetic Algorithms [Abstract] Technical Report Number CS94-394 Computer Science and Engineering, U.C.S.D. Abstract The developmental mechanisms transforming genotypic to phenotypic forms are typically omitted in formulations of genetic algorithms (GAs) in which these two representational spaces are identical. We argue that a careful analysis of developmental mechanisms is useful when understanding the success of several standard GA techniques, and can clarify the relationships between more recently proposed enhancements. We provide a framework which distinguishes between two developmental mechanisms | learning and maturation | while also showing several common effects on GA search. This framework is used to analyze how maturation and local search can change the dynamics of the GA. We observe that in some contexts, maturation and local search can be incorporated into the fitness evaluation, but illustrate reasons for considering them seperately. Further, we identify contexts in which maturation and local search can be distinguished from the fitness evaluation. Please summarise all the given information.

Paper #377303 has the title `Evolving Deterministic Finite Automata Using Cellular Encoding programming and cellular encoding. Programs are evolved that
` and the abstract `This paper presents a method for the initial singlestate zygote. The results evolution of deterministic finite
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #377303 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].


Paper #377303 has the title `Evolving Deterministic Finite Automata Using Cellular Encoding programming and cellular encoding. Programs are evolved that
` and the abstract `This paper presents a method for the initial singlestate zygote. The results evolution of deterministic finite
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #377303 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].

This paper should be classified into: Genetic_Algorithms