Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #78557. 	[Title] Application of statistical mechanics methodol- ogy to term-structure bond-pricing models, Mathl. Comput. Modelling Application of [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #35. 	[Title] 4 Implementing Application Specific Routines  Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. [Abstract] To implement a specific application, you should only have to change the file app.c. Section 2 describes the routines in app.c in detail. If you use additional variables for your specific problem, the easiest method of making them available to other program units is to declare them in sga.h and external.h. However, take care that you do not redeclare existing variables. Two example applications files are included in the SGA-C distribution. The file app1.c performs the simple example problem included with the Pascal version; finding the maximum of x 10 , where x is an integer interpretation of a chromosome. A slightly more complex application is include in app2.c. This application illustrates two features that have been added to SGA-C. The first of these is the ithruj2int function, which converts bits i through j in a chromosome to an integer. The second new feature is the utility pointer that is associated with each population member. The example application interprets each chromosome as a set of concatenated integers in binary form. The lengths of these integer fields is determined by the user-specified value of field size, which is read in by the function app data(). The field size must be less than the smallest of the chromosome length and the length of an unsigned integer. An integer array for storing the interpreted form of each chromosome is dynamically allocated and assigned to the chromosome's utility pointer in app malloc(). The ithruj2int routine (see utility.c) is used to translate each chromosome into its associated vector. The fitness for each chromosome is simply the sum of the squares of these integers. This example application will function for any chromosome length. SGA-C is intended to be a simple program for first-time GA experimentation. It is not intended to be definitive in terms of its efficiency or the grace of its implementation. The authors are interested in the comments, criticisms, and bug reports from SGA-C users, so that the code can be refined for easier use in subsequent versions. Please email your comments to rob@galab2.mh.ua.edu, or write to TCGA: The authors gratefully acknowledge support provided by NASA under Grant NGT-50224 and support provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant CTS-8451610. We also thank Hillol Kargupta for donating his tournament selection implementation. Booker, L. B. (1982). Intelligent behavior as an adaptation to the task environment (Doctoral dissertation, Technical Report No. 243. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Logic of Computers Group). Dissertations Abstracts International, 43(2), 469B. (University Microfilms No. 8214966) Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #735303. 	[Title] Differential Evolution A simple and efficient adaptive scheme for global optimization over continuous spaces [Abstract] A new heuristic approach for minimizing possibly nonlinear and non differentiable continuous space functions is presented. By means of an extensive testbed, which includes the De Jong functions, it will be demonstrated that the new method converges faster and with more certainty than Adaptive Simulated Annealing as well as the Annealed Nelder&Mead approach, both of which have a reputation for being very powerful. The new method requires few control variables, is robust, easy to use and lends itself very well to parallel computation. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #575402. 	[Title] When Will a Genetic Algorithm Outperform Hill Climbing? [Abstract] We analyze a simple hill-climbing algorithm (RMHC) that was previously shown to outperform a genetic algorithm (GA) on a simple "Royal Road" function. We then analyze an "idealized" genetic algorithm (IGA) that is significantly faster than RMHC and that gives a lower bound for GA speed. We identify the features of the IGA that give rise to this speedup, and discuss how these features can be incorporated into a real GA. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1120138. 	[Title] Volatility of Volatility of Financial Markets [Abstract] We present empirical evidence for considering volatility of Eurodollar futures as a stochastic process, requiring a generalization of the standard Black-Scholes (BS) model which treats volatility as a constant. We use a previous development of a statistical mechanics of financial markets (SMFM) to model these issues. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #78508. 	[Title] Canonical Momenta Indicators of Financial Markets and Neocortical EEG [Abstract] A paradigm of statistical mechanics of financial markets (SMFM) is fit to multivariate financial markets using Adaptive Simulated Annealing (ASA), a global optimization algorithm, to perform maximum likelihood fits of Lagrangians defined by path integrals of multivariate conditional probabilities. Canonical momenta are thereby derived and used as technical indicators in a recursive ASA optimization process to tune trading rules. These trading rules are then used on out-of-sample data, to demonstrate that they can profit from the SMFM model, to illustrate that these markets are likely not efficient. This methodology can be extended to other systems, e.g., electroencephalography. This approach to complex systems emphasizes the utility of blending an intuitive and powerful mathematical-physics formalism to generate indicators which are used by AI-type rule-based models of management. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #78511. 	[Title] GENETIC ALGORITHMS AND VERY FAST SIMULATED REANNEALING: A COMPARISON [Abstract] We compare Genetic Algorithms (GA) with a functional search method, Very Fast Simulated Reannealing (VFSR), that not only is efficient in its search strategy, but also is statistically guaranteed to find the function optima. GA previously has been demonstrated to be competitive with other standard Boltzmann-type simulated annealing techniques. Presenting a suite of six standard test functions to GA and VFSR codes from previous studies, without any additional fine tuning, strongly suggests that VFSR can be expected to be orders of magnitude more efficient than GA. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1123087. 	[Title] Noisy Time Series Prediction using Symbolic Representation and Recurrent Neural Network Grammatical Inference [Abstract] Financial forecasting is an example of a signal processing problem which is challenging due to small sample sizes, high noise, non-stationarity, and non-linearity. Neural networks have been very successful in a number of signal processing applications. We discuss fundamental limitations and inherent difficulties when using neural networks for the processing of high noise, small sample size signals. We introduce a new intelligent signal processing method which addresses the difficulties. The method uses conversion into a symbolic representation with a self-organizing map, and grammatical inference with recurrent neural networks. We apply the method to the prediction of daily foreign exchange rates, addressing difficulties with non-stationarity, overfitting, and unequal a priori class probabilities, and we find significant predictability in comprehensive experiments covering 5 different foreign exchange rates. The method correctly predicts the direction of change for the next day with an error rate of 47.1%. The error rate reduces to around 40% when rejecting examples where the system has low confidence in its prediction. The symbolic representation aids the extraction of symbolic knowledge from the recurrent neural networks in the form of deterministic finite state automata. These automata explain the operation of the system and are often relatively simple. Rules related to well known behavior such as trend following and mean reversal are extracted. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #9586. 	[Title] %A L. Ingber %T Adaptive simulated annealing (ASA): Lessons learned %J Control and Cybernetics Annealing [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #78549. 	[Title] Path-integral evolution of chaos embedded in noise: Duffing neocortical analog [Abstract] A two dimensional time-dependent Duffing oscillator model of macroscopic neocortex exhibits chaos for some ranges of parameters. We embed this model in moderate noise, typical of the context presented in real neocortex, using PATHINT, a non-Monte-Carlo path-integral algorithm that is particularly adept in handling nonlinear Fokker-Planck systems. This approach shows promise to investigate whether chaos in neocortex, as predicted by such models, can survive in noisy contexts. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #78552. 	[Title] STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF COMBAT WITH HUMAN FACTORS [Abstract] This highly interdisciplinary project extends previous work in combat modeling and in control-theoretic descriptions of decision-making human factors in complex activities. A previous paper has established the first theory of the statistical mechanics of combat (SMC), developed using modern methods of statistical mechanics, baselined to empirical data gleaned from the National Training Center (NTC). This previous project has also established a JANUS(T)-NTC computer simulation/wargame of NTC, providing a statistical ``what-if '' capability for NTC scenarios. This mathematical formulation is ripe for control-theoretic extension to include human factors, a methodology previously developed in the context of teleoperated vehicles. Similar NTC scenarios differing at crucial decision points will be used for data to model the inuence of decision making on combat. The results may then be used to improve present human factors and C 2 algorithms in computer simulations/wargames. Our approach is to ``subordinate'' the SMC nonlinear stochastic equations, fitted to NTC scenarios, to establish the zeroth order description of that combat. In practice, an equivalent mathematical-physics representation is used, more suitable for numerical and formal work, i.e., a Lagrangian representation. Theoretically, these equations are nested within a larger set of nonlinear stochastic operator-equations which include C 3 human factors, e.g., supervisory decisions. In this study, we propose to perturb this operator theory about the SMC zeroth order set of equations. Then, subsets of scenarios fit to zeroth order, originally considered to be similarly degenerate, can be further split perturbatively to distinguish C 3 decision-making inuences. New methods of Very Fast Simulated Re-Annealing (VFSR), developed in the previous project, will be used for fitting these models to empirical data. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #33818. 	[Title] Statistical Mechanics of Nonlinear Nonequilibrium Financial Markets: Applications to Optimized Trading [Abstract] A paradigm of statistical mechanics of financial markets (SMFM) using nonlinear nonequilibrium algorithms, first published in L. Ingber, Mathematical Modelling, 5, 343-361 (1984), is fit to multi-variate financial markets using Adaptive Simulated Annealing (ASA), a global optimization algorithm, to perform maximum likelihood fits of Lagrangians defined by path integrals of multivariate conditional probabilities. Canonical momenta are thereby derived and used as technical indicators in a recursive ASA optimization process to tune trading rules. These trading rules are then used on out-of-sample data, to demonstrate that they can profit from the SMFM model, to illustrate that these markets are likely not efficient. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #78555. 	[Title] NONLINEAR NONEQUILIBRIUM NONQUANTUM NONCHAOTIC STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF NEOCORTICAL INTERACTIONS [Abstract] The work in progress reported by Wright & Liley shows great promise, primarily because of their experimental and simulation paradigms. However, their tentative conclusion that macroscopic neocortex may be considered (approximately) a linear near-equilibrium system is premature and does not correspond to tentative conclusions drawn from other studies of neocortex. At this time, there exists an interdisciplinary multidimensional gradation on published studies of neocortex, with one primary dimension of mathematical physics represented by two extremes. At one extreme, there is much scientifically unsupported talk of chaos and quantum physics being responsible for many important macroscopic neocortical processes (involving many thousands to millions of neurons) (Wilczek, 1994). At another extreme, many non-mathematically trained neuroscientists uncritically lump all neocortical mathematical theory into one file, and consider only statistical averages of citations for opinions on the quality of that research (Nunez, 1995). In this context, it is important to appreciate that Wright and Liley (W&L) report on their scientifically sound studies on macroscopic neocortical function, based on simulation and a blend of sound theory and reproducible experiments. However, their pioneering work, given the absence of much knowledge of neocortex at this time, is open to criticism, especially with respect to their present inferences and conclusions. Their conclusion that EEG data exhibit linear near-equilibrium dynamics may very well be true, but only in the sense of focusing only on one local minima, possibly with individual-specific and physiological-state dependent Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1119004. 	[Title] MULTIPLE SCALES OF BRAIN-MIND INTERACTIONS [Abstract] Posner and Raichle's Images of Mind is an excellent educational book and very well written. Some aws as a scientific publication are: (a) the accuracy of the linear subtraction method used in PET is subject to scrutiny by further research at finer spatial-temporal resolutions; (b) lack of accuracy of the experimental paradigm used for EEG complementary studies. Images (Posner & Raichle, 1994) is an excellent introduction to interdisciplinary research in cognitive and imaging science. Well written and illustrated, it presents concepts in a manner well suited both to the layman/undergraduate and to the technical nonexpert/graduate student and postdoctoral researcher. Many, not all, people involved in interdisciplinary neuroscience research agree with the P & R's statements on page 33, on the importance of recognizing emergent properties of brain function from assemblies of neurons. It is clear from the sparse references that this book was not intended as a standalone review of a broad field. There are some aws in the scientific development, but this must be expected in such a pioneering venture. P & R hav e proposed many cognitive mechanisms deserving further study with imaging tools yet to be developed which can yield better spatial-temporal resolutions. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #141342. 	[Title] Dynamic Parameter Encoding for Genetic Algorithms [Abstract] The common use of static binary place-value codes for real-valued parameters of the phenotype in Holland's genetic algorithm (GA) forces either the sacrifice of representational precision for efficiency of search or vice versa. Dynamic Parameter Encoding (DPE) is a mechanism that avoids this dilemma by using convergence statistics derived from the GA population to adaptively control the mapping from fixed-length binary genes to real values. DPE is shown to be empirically effective and amenable to analysis; we explore the problem of premature convergence in GAs through two convergence models. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #33823. 	[Title] Statistical mechanics of neocortical interactions: Training and testing canonical momenta indicators of EEG [Abstract] A series of papers has developed a statistical mechanics of neocortical interactions (SMNI), deriving aggregate behavior of experimentally observed columns of neurons from statistical electrical-chemical properties of synaptic interactions. While not useful to yield insights at the single neuron level, SMNI has demonstrated its capability in describing large-scale properties of short-term memory and electroencephalographic (EEG) systematics. The necessity of including nonlinear and stochastic structures in this development has been stressed. Sets of EEG and evoked potential data were fit, collected to investigate genetic predispositions to alcoholism and to extract brain signatures of short-term memory. Adaptive Simulated Annealing (ASA), a global optimization algorithm, was used to perform maximum likelihood fits of Lagrangians defined by path integrals of multivariate conditional probabilities. Canonical momenta indicators (CMI) are thereby derived for individual's EEG data. The CMI give better signal recognition than the raw data, and can be used to advantage as correlates of behavioral states. These results give strong quantitative support for an accurate intuitive picture, portraying neocortical interactions as having common algebraic or physics mechanisms that scale across quite disparate spatial scales and functional or behavioral phenomena, i.e., describing interactions among neurons, columns of neurons, and regional masses of neurons. This paper adds to these previous investigations two important aspects, a description of how the CMI may be used in source localization, and calculations using previously ASA-fitted parameters in out-of-sample data. Please summarise all the given information.

Paper #78557 has the title `Application of statistical mechanics methodol- ogy to term-structure bond-pricing models, Mathl. Comput. Modelling Application of
` and the abstract `nan`.
Question: Which category should Paper #78557 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].


Paper #78557 has the title `Application of statistical mechanics methodol- ogy to term-structure bond-pricing models, Mathl. Comput. Modelling Application of
` and the abstract `nan`.
Question: Which category should Paper #78557 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].

This paper should be classified into: Neural_Networks