Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #467383. 	[Title] Evolving Turing-Complete Programs for a Register Machine with Self-modifying Code [Abstract] The majority of commercial computers today are register machines of von Neumann type. We have developed a method to evolve Turing-complete programs for a register machine. The described implementation enables the use of most program constructs, such as arithmetic operators, large indexed memory, automatic decomposition into subfunctions and subroutines (ADFs), conditional constructs i.e. if-then-else, jumps, loop structures, recursion, protected functions, string and list functions. Any C-function can be compiled and linked into the function set of the system. The use of register machine language allows us to work at the lowest level of binary machine code without any interpreting steps. In a von Neumann machine, programs and data reside in the same memory and the genetic operators can thus directly manipulate the binary machine code in memory. The genetic operators themselves are written in C-language but they modify individuals in binary representation. The result is an execution speed enhancement of up to 100 times compared to an interpreting C-language implementation, and up to 2000 times compared to a LISP implementation. The use of binary machine code demands a very compact coding of about one byte per node in the individual. The resulting evolved programs are disassembled into C-modules and can be incorporated into a conventional software development environment. The low memory requirements and the significant speed enhancement of this technique could be of use when applying genetic programming to new application areas, platforms and research domains. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #116545. 	[Title] Duplication of Coding Segments in Genetic Programming [Abstract] Research into the utility of non-coding segments, or introns, in genetic-based encodings has shown that they expedite the evolution of solutions in domains by protecting building blocks against destructive crossover. We consider a genetic programming system where non-coding segments can be removed, and the resultant chromosomes returned into the population. This parsimonious repair leads to premature convergence, since as we remove the naturally occurring non-coding segments, we strip away their protective backup feature. We then duplicate the coding segments in the repaired chromosomes, and place the modified chromosomes into the population. The duplication method significantly improves the learning rate in the domain we have considered. We also show that this method can be applied to other domains. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #593060. 	[Title] 17 Massively Parallel Genetic Programming [Abstract] As the field of Genetic Programming (GP) matures and its breadth of application increases, the need for parallel implementations becomes absolutely necessary. The transputer-based system presented in the chapter by Koza and Andre ([11]) is one of the rare such parallel implementations. Until today, no implementation has been proposed for parallel GP using a SIMD architecture, except for a data-parallel approach ([20]), although others have exploited workstation farms and pipelined supercomputers. One reason is certainly the apparent difficulty of dealing with the parallel evaluation of different S-expressions when only a single instruction can be executed at the same time on every processor. The aim of this chapter is to present such an implementation of parallel GP on a SIMD system, where each processor can efficiently evaluate a different S-expression. We have implemented this approach on a MasPar MP-2 computer, and will present some timing results. To the extent that SIMD machines, like the MasPar are available to offer cost-effective cycles for scientific experimentation, this is a useful approach. The idea of simulating a MIMD machine using a SIMD architecture is not new ([8, 15]). One of the original ideas for the Connection Machine ([8]) was that it could simulate other parallel architectures. Indeed, in the extreme, each processor on a SIMD architecture can simulate a universal Turing machine (TM). With different turing machine specifications stored in each local memory, each processor would simply have its own tape, tape head, state table and state pointer, and the simulation would be performed by repeating the basic TM operations simultaneously. Of course, such a simulation would be very inefficient, and difficult to program, but would have the advantage of being really MIMD, where no SIMD processor would be in idle state, until its simulated machine halts. Now let us consider an alternative idea, that each SIMD processor would simulate an individual stored program computer using a simple instruction set. For each step of the simulation, the SIMD system would sequentially execute each possible instruction on the subset of processors whose next instruction match it. For a typical assembly language, even with a reduced instruction set, most processors would be idle most of the time. However, if the set of instructions implemented on the virtual processor is very small, this approach can be fruitful. In the case of Genetic Programming, the "instruction set" is composed of the specified set of functions designed for the task. We will show below that with a precompilation step, simply adding a push, a conditional, and unconditional branching and a stop instruction, we can get a very effective MIMD simulation running. This chapter reports such an implementation of GP on a MasPar MP-2 parallel computer. The configuration of our system is composed of 4K processor elements Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #116552. 	[Title] Empirical studies of the genetic algorithm with non-coding segments [Abstract] The genetic algorithm (GA) is a problem solving method that is modelled after the process of natural selection. We are interested in studying a specific aspect of the GA: the effect of non-coding segments on GA performance. Non-coding segments are segments of bits in an individual that provide no contribution, positive or negative, to the fitness of that individual. Previous research on non-coding segments suggests that including these structures in the GA may improve GA performance. Understanding when and why this improvement occurs will help us to use the GA to its full potential. In this article, we discuss our hypotheses on non-coding segments and describe the results of our experiments. The experiments may be separated into two categories: testing our program on problems from previous related studies, and testing new hypotheses on the effect of non-coding segments. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #116553. 	[Title] A Survey of Intron Research in Genetics [Abstract] A brief survey of biological research on non-coding DNA is presented here. There has been growing interest in the effects of non-coding segments in evolutionary algorithms (EAs). To better understand and conduct research on non-coding segments and EAs, it is important to understand the biological background of such work. This paper begins with a review of basic genetics and terminology, describes the different types of non-coding DNA, and then surveys recent intron research. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1128977. 	[Title] A Genome Compiler for High Performance Genetic Programming [Abstract] Genetic Programming is very computationally expensive. For most applications, the vast majority of time is spent evaluating candidate solutions, so it is desirable to make individual evaluation as efficient as possible. We describe a genome compiler which compiles s-expressions to machine code, resulting in significant speedup of individual evaluations over standard GP systems. Based on performance results with symbolic regression, we show that the execution of the genome compiler system is comparable to the fastest alternative GP systems. We also demonstrate the utility of compilation on a real-world problem, lossless image compression. A somewhat surprising result is that in our test domains, the overhead of compilation is negligible. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #94641. 	[Title] Complexity Compression and Evolution [Abstract] Compression of information is an important concept in the theory of learning. We argue for the hypothesis that there is an inherent compression pressure towards short, elegant and general solutions in a genetic programming system and other variable length evolutionary algorithms. This pressure becomes visible if the size or complexity of solutions are measured without non-effective code segments called introns. The built in parsimony pressure effects complex fitness functions, crossover probability, generality, maximum depth or length of solutions, explicit parsimony, granularity of fitness function, initialization depth or length, and modulariz-ation. Some of these effects are positive and some are negative. In this work we provide a basis for an analysis of these effects and suggestions to overcome the negative implications in order to obtain the balance needed for successful evolution. An empirical investigation that supports our hypothesis is also presented. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #246618. 	[Title] A comparison of the fixed and floating building block representation in the genetic algorithm [Abstract] This article compares the traditional, fixed problem representation style of a genetic algorithm (GA) with a new floating representation in which the building blocks of a problem are not fixed at specific locations on the individuals of the population. In addition, the effects of non-coding segments on both of these representations is studied. Non-coding segments are a computational model of non-coding DNA and floating building blocks mimic the location independence of genes. The fact that these structures are prevalent in natural genetic systems suggests that they may provide some advantages to the evolutionary process. Our results show that there is a significant difference in how GAs solve a problem in the fixed and floating representations. GAs are able to maintain a more diverse population with the floating representation. The combination of non-coding segments and floating building blocks appears to encourage a GA to take advantage of its parallel search and recombination abilities. Please summarise all the given information.

Paper #467383 has the title `Evolving Turing-Complete Programs for a Register Machine with Self-modifying Code  
` and the abstract `The majority of commercial computers today are register machines of von Neumann type. We have developed a method to evolve Turing-complete programs for a register machine. The described implementation enables the use of most program constructs, such as arithmetic operators, large indexed memory, automatic decomposition into subfunctions and subroutines (ADFs), conditional constructs i.e. if-then-else, jumps, loop structures, recursion, protected functions, string and list functions. Any C-function can be compiled and linked into the function set of the system. The use of register machine language allows us to work at the lowest level of binary machine code without any interpreting steps. In a von Neumann machine, programs and data reside in the same memory and the genetic operators can thus directly manipulate the binary machine code in memory. The genetic operators themselves are written in C-language but they modify individuals in binary representation. The result is an execution speed enhancement of up to 100 times compared to an interpreting C-language implementation, and up to 2000 times compared to a LISP implementation. The use of binary machine code demands a very compact coding of about one byte per node in the individual. The resulting evolved programs are disassembled into C-modules and can be incorporated into a conventional software development environment. The low memory requirements and the significant speed enhancement of this technique could be of use when applying genetic programming to new application areas, platforms and research domains. 
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #467383 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].


Paper #467383 has the title `Evolving Turing-Complete Programs for a Register Machine with Self-modifying Code  
` and the abstract `The majority of commercial computers today are register machines of von Neumann type. We have developed a method to evolve Turing-complete programs for a register machine. The described implementation enables the use of most program constructs, such as arithmetic operators, large indexed memory, automatic decomposition into subfunctions and subroutines (ADFs), conditional constructs i.e. if-then-else, jumps, loop structures, recursion, protected functions, string and list functions. Any C-function can be compiled and linked into the function set of the system. The use of register machine language allows us to work at the lowest level of binary machine code without any interpreting steps. In a von Neumann machine, programs and data reside in the same memory and the genetic operators can thus directly manipulate the binary machine code in memory. The genetic operators themselves are written in C-language but they modify individuals in binary representation. The result is an execution speed enhancement of up to 100 times compared to an interpreting C-language implementation, and up to 2000 times compared to a LISP implementation. The use of binary machine code demands a very compact coding of about one byte per node in the individual. The resulting evolved programs are disassembled into C-modules and can be incorporated into a conventional software development environment. The low memory requirements and the significant speed enhancement of this technique could be of use when applying genetic programming to new application areas, platforms and research domains. 
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #467383 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].

This paper should be classified into: Genetic_Algorithms