Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #118424. 	[Title] Routing in Optical Multistage Interconnection Networks: a Neural Network Solution [Abstract] There has been much interest in using optics to implement computer interconnection networks. However, there has been little discussion of any routing methodologies besides those already used in electronics. In this paper, a neural network routing methodology is proposed that can generate control bits for a broad range of optical multistage interconnection networks (OMINs). Though we present no optical implementation of this methodology, we illustrate its control for an optical interconnection network. These OMINs can be used as communication media for distributed computing systems. The routing methodology makes use of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) that functions as a parallel computer for generating the routes. The neural network routing scheme can be applied to electrical as well as optical interconnection networks. However, since the ANN can be implemented using optics, this routing approach is especially appealing for an optical computing environment. Although the ANN does not always generate the best solution, the parallel nature of the ANN computation may make this routing scheme faster than conventional routing approaches, especially for OMINs that have an irregular structure. Furthermore, the ANN router is fault-tolerant. Results are shown for generating routes in a 16 fi 16, 3-stage OMIN. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #16451. 	[Title] Using Recurrent Neural Networks to Learn the Structure of Interconnection Networks [Abstract] A modified Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is used to learn a Self-Routing Interconnection Network (SRIN) from a set of routing examples. The RNN is modified so that it has several distinct initial states. This is equivalent to a single RNN learning multiple different synchronous sequential machines. We define such a sequential machine structure as augmented and show that a SRIN is essentially an Augmented Synchronous Sequential Machine (ASSM). As an example, we learn a small six-switch SRIN. After training we extract the net-work's internal representation of the ASSM and corresponding SRIN. fl This paper is adapted from ( Goudreau, 1993, Chapter 6 ) . A shortened version of this paper was published in ( Goudreau & Giles, 1993 ) . Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #118436. 	[Title] Performance of On-Line Learning Methods in Predicting Multiprocessor Memory Access Patterns [Abstract] Technical Report UMIACS-TR-96-59 and CS-TR-3676 Institute for Advanced Computer Studies University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 Abstract Shared memory multiprocessors require reconfigurable interconnection networks (INs) for scalability. These INs are reconfigured by an IN control unit. However, these INs are often plagued by undesirable reconfiguration time that is primarily due to control latency, the amount of time delay that the control unit takes to decide on a desired new IN configuration. To reduce control latency, a trainable prediction unit (PU) was devised and added to the IN controller. The PUs job is to anticipate and reduce control configuration time, the major component of the control latency. Three different on-line prediction techniques were tested to learn and predict repetitive memory access patterns for three typical parallel processing applications, the 2-D relaxation algorithm, matrix multiply and Fast Fourier Transform. The predictions were then used by a routing control algorithm to reduce control latency by configuring the IN to provide needed memory access paths before they were requested. Three prediction techniques were used and tested: 1). a Markov predictor, 2). a linear predictor and 3). a time delay neural network (TDNN) predictor. As expected, different predictors performed best on different applications, however, the TDNN produced the best overall results. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #118435. 	[Title] Predictive Control of Opto-Electronic Reconfigurable Interconnection Networks Using Neural Networks [Abstract] Opto-electronic reconfigurable interconnection networks are limited by significant control latency when used in large multiprocessor systems. This latency is the time required to analyze the current traffic and reconfigure the network to establish the required paths. The goal of latency hiding is to minimize the effect of this control overhead. In this paper, we introduce a technique that performs latency hiding by learning the patterns of communication traffic and using that information to anticipate the need for communication paths. Hence, the network provides the required communication paths before a request for a path is made. In this study, the communication patterns (memory accesses) of a parallel program are used as input to a time delay neural network (TDNN) to perform online training and prediction. These predicted communication patterns are used by the interconnection network controller that provides routes for the memory requests. Based on our experiments, the neural network was able to learn highly repetitive communication patterns, and was thus able to predict the allocation of communication paths, resulting in a reduction of communication latency. Communication latency is a significant issue in the design of lar ge scale multiprocessor systems. Point-to-point interconnection networks, which directly connect all processors and/or memories, provide minimum communication latency but suffer from high cost and limited scalability. A plethora of electr onic singlestage and multistage networks have been pr oposed, designed and built [Siegel90, Leighton93]. An alternative is the use of opto-electr onic reconfigurable interconnection networks which offer a limited number of high bandwidth communication channels configured on demand, to satisfy the r equired communication traffic [CLMQ94b]. A network controller determines the network configuration based on processor requests. Once the controller provides the optical communication paths requested, the communication proceeds at high speeds. Hence, the end-to-end latency incurred by such networks can be characterized by three components: control time, which is the time needed to determine the new network configuration and to physically establish the paths; launch time, the time to transmit the data into the network; and y time, the time needed for the message to travel through the network to its final destination. For high bandwidth short distance networks, the control time dominates the overall Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #4330. 	[Title] Hierarchical Mixtures of Experts and the EM Algorithm [Abstract] We present a tree-structured architecture for supervised learning. The statistical model underlying the architecture is a hierarchical mixture model in which both the mixture coefficients and the mixture components are generalized linear models (GLIM's). Learning is treated as a maximum likelihood problem; in particular, we present an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for adjusting the parameters of the architecture. We also develop an on-line learning algorithm in which the parameters are updated incrementally. Comparative simulation results are presented in the robot dynamics domain. This report describes research done at the Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, the Center for Biological and Computational Learning, and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Support for CBCL is provided in part by a grant from the NSF (ASC-9217041). Support for the laboratory's artificial intelligence research is provided in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Dept. of Defense. The authors were supported by a grant from the McDonnell-Pew Foundation, by a grant from ATR Human Information Processing Research Laboratories, by a grant from Siemens Corporation, by by grant IRI-9013991 from the National Science Foundation, by grant N00014-90-J-1942 from the Office of Naval Research, and by NSF grant ECS-9216531 to support an Initiative in Intelligent Control at MIT. Michael I. Jordan is a NSF Presidential Young Investigator. Please summarise all the given information.

Paper #118424 has the title `Routing in Optical Multistage Interconnection Networks: a Neural Network Solution  
` and the abstract `There has been much interest in using optics to implement computer interconnection networks. However, there has been little discussion of any routing methodologies besides those already used in electronics. In this paper, a neural network routing methodology is proposed that can generate control bits for a broad range of optical multistage interconnection networks (OMINs). Though we present no optical implementation of this methodology, we illustrate its control for an optical interconnection network. These OMINs can be used as communication media for distributed computing systems. The routing methodology makes use of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) that functions as a parallel computer for generating the routes. The neural network routing scheme can be applied to electrical as well as optical interconnection networks. However, since the ANN can be implemented using optics, this routing approach is especially appealing for an optical computing environment. Although the ANN does not always generate the best solution, the parallel nature of the ANN computation may make this routing scheme faster than conventional routing approaches, especially for OMINs that have an irregular structure. Furthermore, the ANN router is fault-tolerant. Results are shown for generating routes in a 16 fi 16, 3-stage OMIN.
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Question: Which category should Paper #118424 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].


Paper #118424 has the title `Routing in Optical Multistage Interconnection Networks: a Neural Network Solution  
` and the abstract `There has been much interest in using optics to implement computer interconnection networks. However, there has been little discussion of any routing methodologies besides those already used in electronics. In this paper, a neural network routing methodology is proposed that can generate control bits for a broad range of optical multistage interconnection networks (OMINs). Though we present no optical implementation of this methodology, we illustrate its control for an optical interconnection network. These OMINs can be used as communication media for distributed computing systems. The routing methodology makes use of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) that functions as a parallel computer for generating the routes. The neural network routing scheme can be applied to electrical as well as optical interconnection networks. However, since the ANN can be implemented using optics, this routing approach is especially appealing for an optical computing environment. Although the ANN does not always generate the best solution, the parallel nature of the ANN computation may make this routing scheme faster than conventional routing approaches, especially for OMINs that have an irregular structure. Furthermore, the ANN router is fault-tolerant. Results are shown for generating routes in a 16 fi 16, 3-stage OMIN.
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #118424 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].

This paper should be classified into: Neural_Networks