Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #18833. 	[Title] Adding Memory to XCS [Abstract] We add internal memory to the XCS classifier system. We then test XCS with internal memory, named XCSM, in non-Markovian environments with two and four aliasing states. Experimental results show that XCSM can easily converge to optimal solutions in simple environments; moreover, XCSM's performance is very stable with respect to the size of the internal memory involved in learning. However, the results we present evidence that in more complex non-Markovian environments, XCSM may fail to evolve an optimal solution. Our results suggest that this happens because, the exploration strategies currently employed with XCS, are not adequate to guarantee the convergence to an optimal policy with XCSM, in complex non-Markovian environments. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1152740. 	[Title] Model of the Environment to Avoid Local Learning [Abstract] Pier Luca Lanzi Technical Report N. 97.46 December 20 th , 1997 Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #56709. 	[Title] GENETIC AND NON GENETIC OPERATORS IN ALECSYS [Abstract] It is well known that standard learning classifier systems, when applied to many different domains, exhibit a number of problems: payoff oscillation, difficult to regulate interplay between the reward system and the background genetic algorithm (GA), rule chains instability, default hierarchies instability, are only a few. ALECSYS is a parallel version of a standard learning classifier system (CS), and as such suffers of these same problems. In this paper we propose some innovative solutions to some of these problems. We introduce the following original features. Mutespec, a new genetic operator used to specialize potentially useful classifiers. Energy, a quantity introduced to measure global convergence in order to apply the genetic algorithm only when the system is close to a steady state. Dynamical adjustment of the classifiers set cardinality, in order to speed up the performance phase of the algorithm. We present simulation results of experiments run in a simulated two-dimensional world in which a simple agent learns to follow a light source. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #81350. 	[Title] Learning to Use Selective Attention and Short-Term Memory in Sequential Tasks [Abstract] This paper presents U-Tree, a reinforcement learning algorithm that uses selective attention and short-term memory to simultaneously address the intertwined problems of large perceptual state spaces and hidden state. By combining the advantages of work in instance-based (or memory-based) learning and work with robust statistical tests for separating noise from task structure, the method learns quickly, creates only task-relevant state distinctions, and handles noise well. U-Tree uses a tree-structured representation, and is related to work on Prediction Suffix Trees [ Ron et al., 1994 ] , Parti-game [ Moore, 1993 ] , G-algorithm [ Chap-man and Kaelbling, 1991 ] , and Variable Resolution Dynamic Programming [ Moore, 1991 ] . It builds on Utile Suffix Memory [ McCallum, 1995c ] , which only used short-term memory, not selective perception. The algorithm is demonstrated solving a highway driving task in which the agent weaves around slower and faster traffic. The agent uses active perception with simulated eye movements. The environment has hidden state, time pressure, stochasticity, over 21,000 world states and over 2,500 percepts. From this environment and sensory system, the agent uses a utile distinction test to build a tree that represents depth-three memory where necessary, and has just 143 internal statesfar fewer than the 2500 3 states that would have resulted from a fixed-sized history-window ap proach. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #682666. 	[Title] Multiagent Reinforcement Learning: Theoretical Framework and an Algorithm [Abstract] In this paper, we adopt general-sum stochastic games as a framework for multiagent reinforcement learning. Our work extends previous work by Littman on zero-sum stochastic games to a broader framework. We design a multiagent Q-learning method under this framework, and prove that it converges to a Nash equilibrium under specified conditions. This algorithm is useful for finding the optimal strategy when there exists a unique Nash equilibrium in the game. When there exist multiple Nash equilibria in the game, this algorithm should be combined with other learning techniques to find optimal strategies. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #18832. 	[Title] Reinforcement Learning: A Survey [Abstract] This paper surveys the field of reinforcement learning from a computer-science perspective. It is written to be accessible to researchers familiar with machine learning. Both the historical basis of the field and a broad selection of current work are summarized. Reinforcement learning is the problem faced by an agent that learns behavior through trial-and-error interactions with a dynamic environment. The work described here has a resemblance to work in psychology, but differs considerably in the details and in the use of the word "reinforcement." The paper discusses central issues of reinforcement learning, including trading off exploration and exploitation, establishing the foundations of the field via Markov decision theory, learning from delayed reinforcement, constructing empirical models to accelerate learning, making use of generalization and hierarchy, and coping with hidden state. It concludes with a survey of some implemented systems and an assessment of the practical utility of current methods for reinforcement learning. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #18834. 	[Title] A Study of the Generalization Capabilities of XCS [Abstract] We analyze the generalization behavior of the XCS classifier system in environments in which only a few generalizations can be done. Experimental results presented in the paper evidence that the generalization mechanism of XCS can prevent it from learning even simple tasks in such environments. We present a new operator, named Specify, which contributes to the solution of this problem. XCS with the Specify operator, named XCSS, is compared to XCS in terms of performance and generalization capabilities in different types of environments. Experimental results show that XCSS can deal with a greater variety of environments and that it is more robust than XCS with respect to population size. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1152944. 	[Title] Environments with Classifier Systems (Experiments on Adding Memory to XCS) [Abstract] Pier Luca Lanzi Technical Report N. 97.45 October 17 th , 1997 Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #86359. 	[Title] Evolving Optimal Populations with XCS Classifier Systems [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1122425. 	[Title] Reinforcement Learning with Imitation in Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems [Abstract] The application of decision making and learning algorithms to multi-agent systems presents many interestingresearch challenges and opportunities. Among these is the ability for agents to learn how to act by observing or imitating other agents. We describe an algorithm, the IQ-algorithm, that integrates imitation with Q-learning. Roughly, a Q-learner uses the observations it has made of an expert agent to bias its exploration in promising directions. This algorithm goes beyond previous work in this direction by relaxing the oft-made assumptions that the learner (observer) and the expert (observed agent) share the same objectives and abilities. Our preliminary experiments demonstrate significant transfer between agents using the IQ-model and in many cases reductions in training time. Please summarise all the given information.

Paper #18833 has the title `Adding Memory to XCS  
` and the abstract `We add internal memory to the XCS classifier system. We then test XCS with internal memory, named XCSM, in non-Markovian environments with two and four aliasing states. Experimental results show that XCSM can easily converge to optimal solutions in simple environments; moreover, XCSM's performance is very stable with respect to the size of the internal memory involved in learning. However, the results we present evidence that in more complex non-Markovian environments, XCSM may fail to evolve an optimal solution. Our results suggest that this happens because, the exploration strategies currently employed with XCS, are not adequate to guarantee the convergence to an optimal policy with XCSM, in complex non-Markovian environments. 
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Question: Which category should Paper #18833 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].


Paper #18833 has the title `Adding Memory to XCS  
` and the abstract `We add internal memory to the XCS classifier system. We then test XCS with internal memory, named XCSM, in non-Markovian environments with two and four aliasing states. Experimental results show that XCSM can easily converge to optimal solutions in simple environments; moreover, XCSM's performance is very stable with respect to the size of the internal memory involved in learning. However, the results we present evidence that in more complex non-Markovian environments, XCSM may fail to evolve an optimal solution. Our results suggest that this happens because, the exploration strategies currently employed with XCS, are not adequate to guarantee the convergence to an optimal policy with XCSM, in complex non-Markovian environments. 
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #18833 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].

This paper should be classified into: Reinforcement_Learning