Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #260121. 	[Title] The wake-sleep algorithm for unsupervised neural networks [Abstract] We describe an unsupervised learning algorithm for a multilayer network of stochastic neurons. Bottom-up recognition connections convert the input into representations in successive hidden layers and top-down generative connections reconstruct the representation in one layer from the representation in the layer above. In the wake phase, neurons are driven by recognition connections, and generative connections are adapted to increase the probability that they would reconstruct the correct activity vector in the layer below. In the sleep phase, neurons are driven by generative connections and recognition connections are adapted to increase the probability that they would produce Supervised learning algorithms for multilayer neural networks face two problems: They require a teacher to specify the desired output of the network and they require some method of communicating error information to all of the connections. The wake-sleep algorithm finesses both these problems. When there is no teaching signal to be matched, some other goal is required to force the hidden units to extract underlying structure. In the wake-sleep algorithm the goal is to learn representations that are economical to describe but allow the input to be reconstructed accurately. Each input vector could be communicated to a receiver by first sending its hidden representation and then sending the difference between the input vector and its top-down reconstruction from the hidden representation. The aim of learning is to minimize the description length which is the total number of bits that would be required to communicate the input vectors in this way [1]. No communication actually takes place, but minimizing the description length that would be required forces the network to learn economical representations that capture the underlying regularities in the data [2]. the correct activity vector in the layer above. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #4330. 	[Title] Hierarchical Mixtures of Experts and the EM Algorithm [Abstract] We present a tree-structured architecture for supervised learning. The statistical model underlying the architecture is a hierarchical mixture model in which both the mixture coefficients and the mixture components are generalized linear models (GLIM's). Learning is treated as a maximum likelihood problem; in particular, we present an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for adjusting the parameters of the architecture. We also develop an on-line learning algorithm in which the parameters are updated incrementally. Comparative simulation results are presented in the robot dynamics domain. This report describes research done at the Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, the Center for Biological and Computational Learning, and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Support for CBCL is provided in part by a grant from the NSF (ASC-9217041). Support for the laboratory's artificial intelligence research is provided in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Dept. of Defense. The authors were supported by a grant from the McDonnell-Pew Foundation, by a grant from ATR Human Information Processing Research Laboratories, by a grant from Siemens Corporation, by by grant IRI-9013991 from the National Science Foundation, by grant N00014-90-J-1942 from the Office of Naval Research, and by NSF grant ECS-9216531 to support an Initiative in Intelligent Control at MIT. Michael I. Jordan is a NSF Presidential Young Investigator. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #906. 	[Title] Regularization Theory and Neural Networks Architectures [Abstract] We had previously shown that regularization principles lead to approximation schemes which are equivalent to networks with one layer of hidden units, called Regularization Networks. In particular, standard smoothness functionals lead to a subclass of regularization networks, the well known Radial Basis Functions approximation schemes. This paper shows that regularization networks encompass a much broader range of approximation schemes, including many of the popular general additive models and some of the neural networks. In particular, we introduce new classes of smoothness functionals that lead to different classes of basis functions. Additive splines as well as some tensor product splines can be obtained from appropriate classes of smoothness functionals. Furthermore, the same generalization that extends Radial Basis Functions (RBF) to Hyper Basis Functions (HBF) also leads from additive models to ridge approximation models, containing as special cases Breiman's hinge functions, some forms of Projection Pursuit Regression and several types of neural networks. We propose to use the term Generalized Regularization Networks for this broad class of approximation schemes that follow from an extension of regularization. In the probabilistic interpretation of regularization, the different classes of basis functions correspond to different classes of prior probabilities on the approximating function spaces, and therefore to different types of smoothness assumptions. In summary, different multilayer networks with one hidden layer, which we collectively call Generalized Regularization Networks, correspond to different classes of priors and associated smoothness functionals in a classical regularization principle. Three broad classes are a) Radial Basis Functions that can be generalized to Hyper Basis Functions, b) some tensor product splines, and c) additive splines that can be generalized to schemes of the type of ridge approximation, hinge functions and several perceptron-like neural networks with one-hidden layer. 1 This paper will appear on Neural Computation, vol. 7, pages 219-269, 1995. An earlier version of Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1114352. 	[Title] Cortical Mechanisms of Visual Recognition and Learning: A Hierarchical Kalman Filter Model [Abstract] We describe a biologically plausible model of dynamic recognition and learning in the visual cortex based on the statistical theory of Kalman filtering from optimal control theory. The model utilizes a hierarchical network whose successive levels implement Kalman filters operating over successively larger spatial and temporal scales. Each hierarchical level in the network predicts the current visual recognition state at a lower level and adapts its own recognition state using the residual error between the prediction and the actual lower-level state. Simultaneously, the network also learns an internal model of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the input stream by adapting the synaptic weights at each hierarchical level in order to minimize prediction errors. The Kalman filter model respects key neuroanatomical data such as the reciprocity of connections between visual cortical areas, and assigns specific computational roles to the inter-laminar connections known to exist between neurons in the visual cortex. Previous work elucidated the usefulness of this model in explaining neurophysiological phenomena such as endstopping and other related extra-classical receptive field effects. In this paper, in addition to providing a more detailed exposition of the model, we present a variety of experimental results demonstrating the ability of this model to perform robust spatiotemporal segmentation and recognition of objects and image sequences in the presence of varying amounts of occlusion, background clutter, and noise. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1365. 	[Title] Cholinergic suppression of transmission may allow combined associative memory function and self-organization in the neocortex. [Abstract] Selective suppression of transmission at feedback synapses during learning is proposed as a mechanism for combining associative feedback with self-organization of feedforward synapses. Experimental data demonstrates cholinergic suppression of synaptic transmission in layer I (feedback synapses), and a lack of suppression in layer IV (feed-forward synapses). A network with this feature uses local rules to learn mappings which are not linearly separable. During learning, sensory stimuli and desired response are simultaneously presented as input. Feedforward connections form self-organized representations of input, while suppressed feedback connections learn the transpose of feedfor-ward connectivity. During recall, suppression is removed, sensory input activates the self-organized representation, and activity generates the learned response. Please summarise all the given information.

Paper #260121 has the title `The wake-sleep algorithm for unsupervised neural networks  
` and the abstract `We describe an unsupervised learning algorithm for a multilayer network of stochastic neurons. Bottom-up recognition connections convert the input into representations in successive hidden layers and top-down generative connections reconstruct the representation in one layer from the representation in the layer above. In the wake phase, neurons are driven by recognition connections, and generative connections are adapted to increase the probability that they would reconstruct the correct activity vector in the layer below. In the sleep phase, neurons are driven by generative connections and recognition connections are adapted to increase the probability that they would produce Supervised learning algorithms for multilayer neural networks face two problems: They require a teacher to specify the desired output of the network and they require some method of communicating error information to all of the connections. The wake-sleep algorithm finesses both these problems. When there is no teaching signal to be matched, some other goal is required to force the hidden units to extract underlying structure. In the wake-sleep algorithm the goal is to learn representations that are economical to describe but allow the input to be reconstructed accurately. Each input vector could be communicated to a receiver by first sending its hidden representation and then sending the difference between the input vector and its top-down reconstruction from the hidden representation. The aim of learning is to minimize the description length which is the total number of bits that would be required to communicate the input vectors in this way [1]. No communication actually takes place, but minimizing the description length that would be required forces the network to learn economical representations that capture the underlying regularities in the data [2]. the correct activity vector in the layer above.
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #260121 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].


Paper #260121 has the title `The wake-sleep algorithm for unsupervised neural networks  
` and the abstract `We describe an unsupervised learning algorithm for a multilayer network of stochastic neurons. Bottom-up recognition connections convert the input into representations in successive hidden layers and top-down generative connections reconstruct the representation in one layer from the representation in the layer above. In the wake phase, neurons are driven by recognition connections, and generative connections are adapted to increase the probability that they would reconstruct the correct activity vector in the layer below. In the sleep phase, neurons are driven by generative connections and recognition connections are adapted to increase the probability that they would produce Supervised learning algorithms for multilayer neural networks face two problems: They require a teacher to specify the desired output of the network and they require some method of communicating error information to all of the connections. The wake-sleep algorithm finesses both these problems. When there is no teaching signal to be matched, some other goal is required to force the hidden units to extract underlying structure. In the wake-sleep algorithm the goal is to learn representations that are economical to describe but allow the input to be reconstructed accurately. Each input vector could be communicated to a receiver by first sending its hidden representation and then sending the difference between the input vector and its top-down reconstruction from the hidden representation. The aim of learning is to minimize the description length which is the total number of bits that would be required to communicate the input vectors in this way [1]. No communication actually takes place, but minimizing the description length that would be required forces the network to learn economical representations that capture the underlying regularities in the data [2]. the correct activity vector in the layer above.
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #260121 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].

This paper should be classified into: Neural_Networks