Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #1131198. 	[Title] Between-host evolution of mutation-rate and within-host evolution of virulence. [Abstract] It has been recently realized that parasite virulence (the harm caused by parasites to their hosts) can be an adaptive trait. Selection for a particular level of virulence can happen either at at the level of between-host tradeoffs or as a result of short-sighted within-host competition. This paper describes some simulations which study the effect that modifier genes for changes in mutation rate have on suppressing this short-sighted development of virulence, and investigates the interaction between this and a simplified model of im mune clearance. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #35. 	[Title] 4 Implementing Application Specific Routines  Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. [Abstract] To implement a specific application, you should only have to change the file app.c. Section 2 describes the routines in app.c in detail. If you use additional variables for your specific problem, the easiest method of making them available to other program units is to declare them in sga.h and external.h. However, take care that you do not redeclare existing variables. Two example applications files are included in the SGA-C distribution. The file app1.c performs the simple example problem included with the Pascal version; finding the maximum of x 10 , where x is an integer interpretation of a chromosome. A slightly more complex application is include in app2.c. This application illustrates two features that have been added to SGA-C. The first of these is the ithruj2int function, which converts bits i through j in a chromosome to an integer. The second new feature is the utility pointer that is associated with each population member. The example application interprets each chromosome as a set of concatenated integers in binary form. The lengths of these integer fields is determined by the user-specified value of field size, which is read in by the function app data(). The field size must be less than the smallest of the chromosome length and the length of an unsigned integer. An integer array for storing the interpreted form of each chromosome is dynamically allocated and assigned to the chromosome's utility pointer in app malloc(). The ithruj2int routine (see utility.c) is used to translate each chromosome into its associated vector. The fitness for each chromosome is simply the sum of the squares of these integers. This example application will function for any chromosome length. SGA-C is intended to be a simple program for first-time GA experimentation. It is not intended to be definitive in terms of its efficiency or the grace of its implementation. The authors are interested in the comments, criticisms, and bug reports from SGA-C users, so that the code can be refined for easier use in subsequent versions. Please email your comments to rob@galab2.mh.ua.edu, or write to TCGA: The authors gratefully acknowledge support provided by NASA under Grant NGT-50224 and support provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant CTS-8451610. We also thank Hillol Kargupta for donating his tournament selection implementation. Booker, L. B. (1982). Intelligent behavior as an adaptation to the task environment (Doctoral dissertation, Technical Report No. 243. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Logic of Computers Group). Dissertations Abstracts International, 43(2), 469B. (University Microfilms No. 8214966) Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #307015. 	[Title] Optimal Mutation Rates in Genetic Search [Abstract] The optimization of a single bit string by means of iterated mutation and selection of the best (a (1+1)-Genetic Algorithm) is discussed with respect to three simple fitness functions: The counting ones problem, a standard binary encoded integer, and a Gray coded integer optimization problem. A mutation rate schedule that is optimal with respect to the success probability of mutation is presented for each of the objective functions, and it turns out that the standard binary code can hamper the search process even in case of unimodal objective functions. While normally a mutation rate of 1=l (where l denotes the bit string length) is recommendable, our results indicate that a variation of the mutation rate is useful in cases where the fitness function is a multimodal pseudo-boolean function, where multimodality may be caused by the objective function as well as the encoding mechanism. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #82920. 	[Title] A Survey of Evolution Strategies [Abstract]  Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #39474. 	[Title] Simulated Annealing for Hard Satisfiability Problems [Abstract] Satisfiability (SAT) refers to the task of finding a truth assignment that makes an arbitrary boolean expression true. This paper compares a simulated annealing algorithm (SASAT) with GSAT (Selman et al., 1992), a greedy algorithm for solving satisfiability problems. GSAT can solve problem instances that are extremely difficult for traditional satisfiability algorithms. Results suggest that SASAT scales up better as the number of variables increases, solving at least as many hard SAT problems with less effort. The paper then presents an ablation study that helps to explain the relative advantage of SASAT over GSAT. Finally, an improvement to the basic SASAT algorithm is examined, based on a random walk suggested by Selman et al. (1993). Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #335733. 	[Title] The Coevolution of Mutation Rates [Abstract] In order to better understand life, it is helpful to look beyond the envelop of life as we know it. A simple model of coevolution was implemented with the addition of genes for longevity and mutation rate in the individuals. This made it possible for a lineage to evolve to be immortal. It also allowed the evolution of no mutation or extremely high mutation rates. The model shows that when the individuals interact in a sort of zero-sum game, the lineages maintain relatively high mutation rates. However, when individuals engage in interactions that have greater consequences for one individual in the interaction than the other, lineages tend to evolve relatively low mutation rates. This model suggests that different genes may have evolved different mutation rates as adaptations to the varying pressures of interactions with other genes. Please summarise all the given information.

Above are papers related to the following paper: [Paper_ID] Paper #643199. 	[Title] Mutation Rates as Adaptations [Abstract] In order to better understand life, it is helpful to look beyond the envelop of life as we know it. A simple model of coevolution was implemented with the addition of a gene for the mutation rate of the individual. This allowed the mutation rate itself to evolve in a lineage. The model shows that when the individuals interact in a sort of zero-sum game, the lineages maintain relatively high mutation rates. However, when individuals engage in interactions that have greater consequences for one individual in the interaction than the other, lineages tend to evolve relatively low mutation rates. This model suggests that different genes may have evolved different mutation rates as adaptations to the varying pressures of interactions with other genes. Please summarise all the given information.

Paper #1131198 has the title `Between-host evolution of mutation-rate and within-host evolution of virulence.  
` and the abstract `It has been recently realized that parasite virulence (the harm caused by parasites to their hosts) can be an adaptive trait. Selection for a particular level of virulence can happen either at at the level of between-host tradeoffs or as a result of short-sighted within-host competition. This paper describes some simulations which study the effect that modifier genes for changes in mutation rate have on suppressing this short-sighted development of virulence, and investigates the interaction between this and a simplified model of im mune clearance.
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Question: Which category should Paper #1131198 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].


Paper #1131198 has the title `Between-host evolution of mutation-rate and within-host evolution of virulence.  
` and the abstract `It has been recently realized that parasite virulence (the harm caused by parasites to their hosts) can be an adaptive trait. Selection for a particular level of virulence can happen either at at the level of between-host tradeoffs or as a result of short-sighted within-host competition. This paper describes some simulations which study the effect that modifier genes for changes in mutation rate have on suppressing this short-sighted development of virulence, and investigates the interaction between this and a simplified model of im mune clearance.
`.
Question: Which category should Paper #1131198 be classified as ?
You can select one from ['Neural_Networks', 'Case_Based', 'Theory', 'Reinforcement_Learning', 'Probabilistic_Methods', 'Rule_Learning', 'Genetic_Algorithms'].

This paper should be classified into: Genetic_Algorithms