Deg yiseggasen n 1980, leqraya tuɣal d azref, d lwaǧeb ɣef tmetti s umata. Ayagi yessuli deg imḍanen n yinelmaden, iṣubbed deg yigemmaḍ n leqraya; ɣef waya, ineɣlafen n leqraya deg tallit n 1989 beddlen tamuɣli deg wayen yeɛnan tarrayin n uselmed, yerna-d daɣen deg useggas-a usnerni deg tusniwin n uselmed ladɣa tiklisent taramit (la psychologie cognitive) i d-iwekden belli tewwi-d ɣef unelmad ad yili d ameggi (acteur) d ameḥruc (actif) deg ulemmud (apprentissage).