KERBRAT-ORECCHIONI,C ., tewwi-d awal ɣef tmenna s usemres n uzenziɣ n taywalt n R.Jakobson, ɣer ɣur-s azenziɣ-a d aferdis agejdan deg yal taṣledt n taywalt tasnilsant, temmeslay-d ɣef sḍis n yiferdisen n taywalt..atg, i wumi d-terna aferdis n lencodage  d  le dcodage d kra n yiferdisen nniḍen.