Leqdic n ilɣawiyen n Rus yesɛa azal meqqren, acku s leqdicat-agi azɣan aseklan yekcem tallit tamaynut anda aḍris neɣ awal yezmer ad ittwagzu s yimanis, war ma nsemres taɣulin nniḍen, dayen yeǧǧan imazrayen ad d-fken tabadut i uḍris seg tama n wayen yellan d agensay. Gar yidlisen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef waya ad d-naf:  Essais de linguistique gnrale i yura Roman Jackobson, yeffeɣ-d deg 1963.