1.a - AWAL ƔEF UMYARU1: Ɛmer Mezdad, d yiwen n urgaz i yettnaɣen ɣef tmeziɣt, xas akken ur iḥemmel ara ad d-yessebgen iman-is, ilul deg useggas 1958, d yiwen n unelmad ger yinelmaden n tesdawit i yeɣran ɣer Lmulud At Mɛemmer. Yeqdec aṭas ɣef tmaziɣt di Ben Ɛeknun deg yiseggasen n 1970, yexda abrid n tsertit iḍfren aṭas n yimdukal-is, ma d netta yeɛna abrid n tira.