1.1. Awal  Awal d irem ur nesɛi ara amkan deg tesnilest, s umata wala deg tesnawalt. D tayunt deg tutlayt tamatut, d tin i yettusaqdacen yal ass. Awal yettbeddil wudem n talɣa-s, yettbeddil daɣen unamek-is  (IDIR, YAHIAOUI, MEHDI, 2020 : 35).