Malfil Mubi Dik neɣ lḥut 1851, yettarra allaɣ ad d-yefk isteqsiyen ifelsafiyen ɣef lxir akked ccer, ma d amaru Twin MARK, yettwassen s uɣanib-is yeṣṣeḍsayen d unecraḥ d ustehzi, d usemres-ines n tmeslayt n yall ass (lɛama), iwakken ad iɛerri ɣef lexdeɛ n tmetti, d lewɛara-ines, amedya lɛali ungal-is Amecwar n Hilkbri 1884, seld tallit-a yufrar-d umaru ameqqran Henri GIMS, i yessnen i tarrayt n tira n wungal d lebni-s n umezgun aladɣa deg usejji-ines i wassaɣen inmettiyen d usebgen-is i tnefsitin n yiwudam iḥedqen, i d-yefka deg wungal-is Tugna n tmeṭṭut 1880-1881 d Yiminigen 1903.