The ancient Greek philosophers, Aristotle in particular, were among the first to propose that abstract principles govern nature.
Filsuf Yunani kuno, Aristoteles, termasuk yang pertama mengusulkan bahwa prinsip-prinsip abstrak yang mengatur alam.
Aristotle argued, in On the Heavens, that terrestrial bodies rise or fall to their "natural place" and stated as a law the correct approximation that an object's speed of fall is proportional to its weight and inversely proportional to the density of the fluid it is falling through.
Aristoteles berargumentasi, dalam On the Heavens, bahwa benda-benda terestrial naik atau turun untuk ke "tempat alami" mereka menyatakan hukum perkiraan bahwa kecepatan jatuh suatu benda yaitu sebanding dengan berat dan berbanding terbalik dengan kerapatan cairannya.
Aristotle believed in logic and observation but it would be more than eighteen hundred years before Francis Bacon would first develop the scientific method of experimentation, which he called a vexation of nature.
Aristoteles percaya pada logika dan pengamatan, tetapi lebih dari 1.800 tahun kemudian, ketika Francis Bacon pertama kali mengembangkan metode eksperimen ilmiah, disebutnya sebagai gangguan alam.
In this way, Aristotle was the first to approach something similar to the law of inertia.
Aristoteles adalah orang pertama yang mendekati sesuatu yang mirip dengan hukum inersia.
He also believed that an object would stop moving in an unnatural direction once the applied forces were removed.
KepercayaaNya bahwa objek akan berhenti bergerak kearah yang tidak wajar yaitu setelah gaya yang diterapkan dihilangkan.
Aristotle's beliefs were influenced by Plato's teachings on the perfection of the circular uniform motions of the heavens.
Keyakinan Aristoteles dipengaruhi oleh ajaran Plato yaitu tentang suatu kesempurnaan gerak seragam melingkar di langit.
Persian Islamic polymath Ibn Sīnā published his theory of motion in The Book of Healing (1020).
Cendekiawan Islam Persia, Ibnu Sinā, menerbitkan teorinya tentang gerakan dalam The Book of Healing (1020).
This conception of motion is consistent with Newton's first law of motion, inertia.
Konsep ini konsisten dengan hukum gerak Newton, inersia.
According to Shlomo Pines, al-Baghdaadi's theory of motion was "the oldest negation of Aristotle's fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion], [and is thus an] anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of classical mechanics [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration].
Menurut Schlomo Pines, teori gerak Baghdadi adalah "penolakan tertua hukum dinamika dasar Aristoteles, yaitu, gaya konstan menghasilkan gerakan seragam, jadi itu adalah prediksi kabur dari hukum dasar mekanika klasik.
" In the 14th century, French priest Jean Buridan developed the theory of impetus, with possible influence by Ibn Sina.
Pada abad ke-14, pendeta Prancis Jean Buridan mengembangkan teori dorongan, dengan kemungkinan pengaruh oleh Ibnu Sina.
Albert, Bishop of Halberstadt, developed the theory further.
Albert, Uskup Halberstadt, mengembangkan teori tersebut lebih lanjut.
Galileo Galilei's development of the telescope and his observations further challenged the idea that the heavens were made from a perfect, unchanging substance.
Perkembangan teleskop Galileo Galilei dan pengamatannya semakin menantang gagasan bahwa langit terbuat dari materi yang sempurna dan tidak berubah.
Adopting Copernicus's heliocentric hypothesis, Galileo believed the Earth was the same as other planets.
Galileo mengadopsi teori heliosentris Copernicus, percaya bahwa bumi sama dengan planet lain.
Though the reality of the famous Tower of Pisa experiment is disputed, he did carry out quantitative experiments by rolling balls on an inclined plane; his correct theory of accelerated motion was apparently derived from the results of the experiments.
Meskipun keaslian eksperimen Menara Miring Pisa yang terkenal kontroversial, ia melakukan eksperimen kuantitatif dengan menggelindingkan bola di bidang miring; teori percepatannya yang benar awalnya berasal dari hasil eksperimen.
Galileo also found that a body dropped vertically hits the ground at the same time as a body projected horizontally, so an Earth rotating uniformly will still have objects falling to the ground under gravity.
Galileo juga menemukan bahwa benda yang jatuh secara vertikal dan benda yang diproyeksikan secara horizontal menumbuk tanah pada saat yang bersamaan.
Except with respect to the acceptance of Copernican astronomy, Galileo's direct influence on science in the 17th century outside Italy was probably not very great.
Kecuali penerimaan Copernicus terhadap astronomi, pengaruh langsung Galileo terhadap sains di luar Italia pada abad ke-17 mungkin
Although his influence on educated laymen both in Italy and abroad was considerable, among university professors, except for a few who were his own pupils, it was negligible.
Meskipun pengaruhnya terhadap orang awam terpelajar di Italia dan luar negeri cukup besar, di kalangan profesor universitas, kecuali beberapa muridnya sendiri, pengaruhnya minimal.
Christiaan Huygens was the foremost mathematician and physicist in Western Europe.
Di antara zaman Galileo dan Newton, Christiaan Huygens adalah seorang matematikawan dan fisikawan yang bisa dibilang terkemuka di Eropa Barat.
He also made improvements to the telescope, discovered Saturn's moon Titan, and invented the pendulum clock.
Dia juga membuat perbaikan pada teleskop, menemukan bulan Saturnus, Titan, dan menemukan jam pendulum.
Isaac Newton was the first to unify the three laws of motion (the law of inertia, his second law mentioned above, and the law of action and reaction), and to prove that these laws govern both earthly and celestial objects in 1687 in his treatise Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
Isaac Newton menyatukan tiga hukum gerak (hukum inersia, hukum kedua yang disebutkan di atas, hukum gaya dan reaksi), dan membuktikan bahwa hukum-hukum ini mengatur bumi dan benda-benda langit.
Newton and most of his contemporaries hoped that classical mechanics would be able to explain all entities, including (in the form of geometric optics) light.
Newton dan sebagian besar orang sezamannya berharap mekanika klasik dapat menjelaskan semua entitas, termasuk (dalam optik geometris) cahaya.
Newton also developed the calculus which is necessary to perform the mathematical calculations involved in classical mechanics.
Newton juga mengembangkan kalkulus yang diperlukan untuk melakukan perhitungan matematis yang terlibat dalam mekanika klasik.
However it was Gottfried Leibniz who, independently of Newton, developed a calculus with the notation of the derivative and integral which are used to this day.
Namun Gottfried Leibniz yang, terlepas dari Newton, mengembangkan kalkulus dengan notasi turunan dan integral yang digunakan hingga hari ini.
Classical mechanics retains Newton's dot notation for time derivatives.
Mekanika klasik mempertahankan notasi titik Newton untuk turunan waktu.
Leonhard Euler extended Newton's laws of motion from particles to rigid bodies with two additional laws.
Leonhard Euler memperluas hukum gerak Newton dari partikel ke benda tegar melalui dua hukum tambahan.
The idea was articulated by Euler (1727), and in 1782 Giordano Riccati began to determine elasticity of some materials, followed by Thomas Young.
Ide ini dikemukakan oleh Euler (1727).Pada tahun 1782, Giordano Riccati mulai menentukan elastisitas bahan tertentu, diikuti oleh Thomas Young.
Simeon Poisson expanded study to the third dimension with the Poisson ratio.
Simeon Poisson memperluas studi ke dimensi ketiga dengan rasio Poisson.
Gabriel Lamé drew on the study for assuring stability of structures and introduced the Lamé parameters.
Gabriel Lamé melakukan penelitian untuk memastikan stabilitas struktural dan memperkenalkan parameter Lamé.
In Lagrangian mechanics the solution uses the path of least action and follows the calculus of variations.
Dalam mekanika Lagrangian, solusinya menggunakan jalur aksi terkecil dan mengikuti metode variasi.
William Rowan Hamilton re-formulated Lagrangian mechanics in 1833, resulting in Hamiltonian mechanics.
William Rowan Hamilton merumuskan kembali mekanika Lagrangian pada tahun 1833.
Although classical mechanics is largely compatible with other "classical physics" theories such as classical electrodynamics and thermodynamics, some difficulties were discovered in the late 19th century that could only be resolved by modern physics.
Sebagian besar kompatibel dengan teori "fisika klasik" lainnya seperti elektrodinamika klasik dan termodinamika, beberapa kesulitan yang hanya dapat dipecahkan oleh fisika modern ditemukan pada akhir abad ke-19.
When combined with classical thermodynamics, classical mechanics leads to the Gibbs paradox in which entropy is not a well-defined quantity.
Ketika dikombinasikan dengan termodinamika klasik, mekanika klasik mengarah ke paradoks Gibbs, di mana entropi bukanlah kuantitas yang terdefinisi dengan baik.
As experiments reached the atomic level, classical mechanics failed to explain, even approximately, such basic things as the energy levels and sizes of atoms.
Ketika eksperimen mencapai tingkat atom, mekanika klasik tidak dapat menjelaskan, bahkan secara kasar, hal-hal dasar seperti tingkat energi dan ukuran atom.
The effort at resolving these problems led to the development of quantum mechanics.
Mencoba memecahkan masalah ini mengarah pada pengembangan mekanika kuantum.
Similarly, the different behaviour of classical electromagnetism and classical mechanics under velocity transformations led to the Albert Einstein's special relativity.
Demikian pula, perbedaan perilaku elektromagnetisme klasik dan mekanika klasik di bawah perubahan kecepatan mengarah pada teori relativitas.