Skunk Works is an official pseudonym for Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Programs (ADP), the company's tactical research and development arm.
Skunk Works adalah pseudonim resmi untuk Advanced Development Programs (ADP) Lockheed Martin, sebelumnya disebut Lockheed Advanced Development Projects.
Skunk Works engineers subsequently developed the U-2, SR-71 Blackbird, F-117 Nighthawk, F-22 Raptor, and F-35 Lightning II, the latter being used in the air forces of several countries.
Insinyur Skunk Works kemudian mengembangkan U-2, SR-71 Blackbird, F-117 Nighthawk, F-22 Raptor, dan F-35
The Skunk Works name was taken from the "Skonk Oil" factory in the comic strip Li'l Abner.
Nama Skunk Works diambil dari pabrik "Skonk Oil" dalam komik setrip Li'l Abner.
The modern term "skunkworks" is widely used in American business, engineering, and technical fields to describe a group within an organization given a high degree of autonomy and unhampered by bureaucracy, with the task of working on advanced or secret projects.
Sebutan "skunk works" atau "skunkworks" banyak digunakan dalam bidang bisnis, rekayasa, dan teknis untuk menggambarkan suatu kelompok dalam suatu organisasi yang diberi otonomi
There are conflicting observations about the birth of Skunk Works.
Ada pandangan yang bertentangan tentang kelahiran Skunk Works.
The official Lockheed Skunk Works story states: The Air Tactical Service Command (ATSC) of the Army Air Force met with Lockheed Aircraft Corporation to express its need for a jet fighter.
Kisah mereka adalah kisah resmi Lockheed Skunk Works: Komando Layanan Taktis Udara (ATSC) Angkatan Udara Angkatan Darat bertemu dengan Lockheed Aircraft Corporation untuk menyatakan kebutuhannya akan jet tempur.
A rapidly growing German jet threat gave Lockheed an opportunity to develop an airframe around the most powerful jet engine that the allied forces had access to, the British Goblin.
Ancaman jet Jerman yang berkembang pesat memberi Lockheed kesempatan untuk mengembangkan badan pesawat di sekitar mesin jet paling kuat yang dapat diakses oleh pasukan sekutu, Inggris Goblin.
Lockheed was chosen to develop the jet because of its past interest in jet development and its previous contracts with the Air Force.
Lockheed dipilih untuk mengembangkan jet karena minatnya di masa lalu dalam pengembangan jet dan kontrak sebelumnya dengan Angkatan Udara.
One month after the ATSC and Lockheed meeting, the young engineer Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson and other associate engineers hand delivered the initial XP-80 proposal to the ATSC.
Satu bulan setelah pertemuan ATSC dan Lockheed, insinyur muda Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson dan insinyur rekanan lainnya menyerahkan proposal awal XP-80 kepada ATSC.
Two days later the go-ahead was given to Lockheed to start development and the Skunk Works was born, with Kelly Johnson at the helm.
Dua hari kemudian lampu hijau diberikan kepada Lockheed untuk memulai pengembangan dan Skunk Works lahir, dengan Kelly Johnson sebagai pimpinan.
The formal contract for the XP-80 did not arrive at Lockheed until October 16, 1943; some four months after work had already begun.
Kontrak resmi untuk XP-80 tidak sampai di Lockheed hingga 16 Oktober 1943; sekitar empat bulan setelah pekerjaan dimulai.
This would prove to be a common practice within the Skunk Works.
Hal ini ternyata menjadi praktik umum di dalam Skunk Works.
Many times a customer would come to the Skunk Works with a request and on a handshake the project would begin, with no contracts in place, no official submittal process.
Sering kali pelanggan datang ke Skunk Works dengan permintaan dan dengan berjabat tangan proyek akan dimulai, tanpa kontrak, tidak ada proses pengiriman resmi.
Kelly Johnson and his Skunk Works team designed and built the XP-80 in only 143 days, seven fewer than was required.
Kelly Johnson dan tim Skunk Works-nya merancang dan membangun XP-80 hanya dalam 143 hari, tujuh hari lebih sedikit dari yang dibutuhkan.
Warren M. Bodie, journalist, historian, and Skunk Works engineer from 1977 to 1984, wrote that engineering independence, elitism and secrecy of the Skunk Works variety were demonstrated earlier when Lockheed was asked by Lieutenant Benjamin S. Kelsey (later air force brigadier general) to build for the United States Army Air Corps a high speed, high altitude fighter to compete with German aircraft.
Warren M. Bodie, jurnalis, sejarawan, dan insinyur Skunk Works dari 1977 hingga 1984, menulis bahwa independensi rekayasa, elitisme, dan kerahasiaan varietas Skunk Works ditunjukkan sebelumnya ketika Lockheed diminta oleh Letnan Benjamin S. Kelsey (kemudian brigadir jenderal angkatan udara) untuk membangun Korps Udara Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat kecepatan tinggi, pesawat tempur ketinggian tinggi untuk bersaing dengan pesawat Jerman.
In July 1938, while the rest of Lockheed was busy tooling up to build Hudson reconnaissance bombers to fill a British contract, a small group of engineers was assigned to fabricate the first prototype of what would become the P-38 Lightning.
Pada Juli 1938, sementara Lockheed lainnya sibuk menyiapkan peralatan untuk membangun pembom pengintai Hudson untuk mengisi kontrak Inggris, sekelompok kecil insinyur ditugaskan untuk membuat prototipe pertama dari apa yang akan menjadi P-38 Lightning.
Kelly Johnson set them apart from the rest of the factory in a walled-off section of one building, off limits to all but those involved directly.
Kelly Johnson membedakan mereka dari sisa pabrik di bagian berdinding dari satu gedung, terlarang bagi semua kecuali mereka yang terlibat secara langsung.
Secretly, a number of advanced features were being incorporated into the new fighter including a significant structural revolution in which the aluminum skin of the aircraft was joggled, fitted and flush-riveted, a design innovation not called for in the army's specification but one that would yield less aerodynamic drag and give greater strength with lower mass.
Secara rahasia, sejumlah fitur canggih sedang dimasukkan ke dalam pesawat tempur baru termasuk revolusi struktural yang signifikan, kulit aluminium pesawat dibengkokkan, dipasang dan dipaku rata, sebuah inovasi desain yang tidak diperlukan dalam spesifikasi tentara tetapi akan menghasilkan hambatan aerodinamis yang lebih sedikit dan memberikan kekuatan yang
As a result, the XP-38 was the first 400-mph fighter in the world.
Hasilnya, XP-38 menjadi pesawat tempur 400 mph pertama di dunia.
The Lightning team was temporarily moved to the 3G Distillery, a former bourbon works where the first YP-38 (constructor's number 2202) was built.
Tim Lightning untuk sementara dipindahkan ke Penyulingan 3G, bekas tempat kerja bourbon yang bau, tempat YP-38 pertama (nomor konstruktor 2202) dibangun.
In November 1941, Kelsey gave the unofficial nod to Johnson and the P-38 team to engineer a drop tank system to extend range for the fighter, and they completed the initial research and development without a contract.
Pada November 1941, Kelsey memberikan persetujuan tidak resmi kepada Johnson dan tim P-38 untuk merancang sistem drop tank untuk memperluas jangkauan pesawat tempur, dan mereka menyelesaikan penelitian dan pengembangan awal tanpa kontrak.
The range modifications were performed in Lockheed's Building 304, starting with 100 P-38F models on April 15, 1942.
Modifikasi jangkauan dilakukan di Lockheed's Building 304, dimulai dengan 100 model P-38F pada 15 April 1942.
Some of the group of independent-minded engineers were later involved with the XP-80 project, the prototype of the P-80 Shooting Star.
Beberapa kelompok insinyur yang berpikiran independen kemudian terlibat dengan proyek XP-80, prototipe P-80
In 1955, the Skunk Works received a contract from the CIA to build a spyplane known as the U-2 with the intention of flying over the Soviet Union and photographing sites of strategic interest.
Pada tahun 1955, Skunk Works menerima kontrak dari CIA untuk membangun pesawat mata-mata yang dikenal sebagai U-2 dengan tujuan terbang di atas Uni Soviet dan memotret situs-situs strategis.
The U-2 was tested at Groom Lake in the Nevada desert, and the Flight Test Engineer in charge was Joseph F. Ware, Jr.
U-2 diuji di Danau Groom di gurun Nevada, dan Insinyur Uji Penerbangan yang bertanggung jawab adalah Joseph F. Ware, Jr. Penerbangan pertama dilakukan pada 4 Juli 1956.
The U-2 ceased overflights when Francis Gary Powers was shot down during a mission on May 1, 1960, while over Russia.
U-2 berhenti terbang ketika Francis Gary Powers ditembak jatuh selama misi pada 1
The Skunk Works had predicted that the U-2 would have a limited operational life over the Soviet Union.
Skunk Works telah memprediksi bahwa U-2 akan memiliki masa operasional yang terbatas di Uni Soviet.
In late 1959, Skunk Works received a contract to build five A-12 aircraft at a cost of $96 million.
Pada akhir tahun 1959, Skunk Works menerima kontrak untuk membangun lima pesawat A-12 dengan biaya $96 juta.
Building a Mach 3.0+ aircraft out of titanium posed enormous difficulties, and the first flight did not occur until 1962.
Membangun pesawat Mach 3.0+ dari titanium menimbulkan berbagai masalah, dan penerbangan pertama tidak terlaksana hingga tahun 1962.
Several years later, the U.S. Air Force became interested in the design, and it ordered the SR-71 Blackbird, a two-seater version of the A-12.
Beberapa tahun kemudian, Angkatan Udara A.S. menjadi tertarik dengan desainnya, dan memesan SR-71 Blackbird, versi A-12 dengan dua tempat duduk.
This aircraft first flew in 1966 and remained in service until 1998.
Pesawat ini pertama kali terbang pada tahun 1966 dan tetap beroperasi hingga tahun 1998.
This drone was launched from the back of a specially modified A-12, known as M-21, of which there were two built.
Drone ini diluncurkan dari belakang A-12 yang dimodifikasi khusus, dikenal sebagai M-21, yang mana ada dua yang dibangun.
After a fatal mid-air collision on the fourth launch, the drones were re-built as D-21Bs, and launched with a rocket booster from B-52s.
Setelah tabrakan udara yang fatal pada peluncuran keempat, drone dibangun kembali sebagai D-21B, dan diluncurkan dengan pendorong roket dari B-52.
Four operational missions were conducted over China, but the camera packages were never successfully recovered.
Empat misi operasional dilakukan di Tiongkok, tetapi paket kamera tidak pernah berhasil ditemukan.
Kelly Johnson headed the Skunk Works until 1975.
Kelly Johnson memimpin Skunk Works hingga 1975.
He was succeeded by Ben Rich.
Dia digantikan oleh Ben Rich.
In 1976, the Skunk Works began production on a pair of stealth technology demonstrators for the U.S. Air Force named Have Blue in Building 82 at Burbank.
Pada tahun 1976, Skunk Works memulai produksi pada sepasang demo teknologi siluman untuk Angkatan Udara A.S. bernama Have Blue di Gedung 82 di Burbank.
After a series of successful test flights beginning in 1977, the Air force awarded Skunk Works the contract to build the F-117 stealth fighter on November 1, 1978.
Setelah serangkaian penerbangan uji yang sukses yang dimulai pada tahun 1977, Angkatan Udara memberikan kontrak kepada Skunk Works untuk membangun pesawat tempur siluman F-117 pada 1 November 1978.
During the entirety of the Cold War, the Skunk Works was located in Burbank, California, on the eastern side of Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport (34.200768°N 118.351826°W﻿ / 34.200768; -118.351826).
Selama keseluruhan Perang Dingin, Skunk Works berlokasi di Burbank, California, di sisi timur Bandara Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena (34.200768°N 118.351826°W﻿ / 34.200768; -118.351826).
After 1989, Lockheed reorganized its operations and relocated the Skunk Works to Site 10 at U.S. Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California, where it remains in operation today.
Setelah 1989, Lockheed mengatur ulang operasinya dan memindahkan Skunk Works ke Situs 10 di Pabrik 42 Angkatan Udara A.S. di Palmdale, California, yang tetap beroperasi hingga saat ini.
Most of the old Skunk Works buildings in Burbank were demolished in the late 1990s to make room for parking lots.
Sebagian besar bangunan tua Skunk Works di Burbank dihancurkan pada akhir 1990-an untuk memberi ruang bagi tempat parkir.
One main building still remains at 2777 Ontario Street in Burbank (near San Fernando Road), now used as an office building for digital film post-production and sound mixing.
Satu bangunan utama masih tersisa di 2777 Ontario Street di Burbank (dekat San Fernando Road), saat ini digunakan sebagai gedung perkantoran untuk pasca produksi film digital dan pencampuran suara.
During the late 1990s when designing Pixar's building, Edwin Catmull and Steve Jobs visited a Skunk Works Building which influenced Jobs' design.
Selama akhir 1990-an ketika merancang bangunan Pixar, Edwin Catmull dan Steve Jobs mengunjungi Gedung Skunkworks yang memengaruhi desain Steve.
In 2009, the Skunk Works was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
Pada tahun 2009, Skunk Works dilantik ke dalam International Air & Space Hall of Fame di Museum Udara & Luar Angkasa San Diego.
Next generation optionally-crewed U-2 aircraft.
Pesawat U-2 berawak opsional generasi berikutnya.
High beta fusion reactor Sea Shadow The term "Skunk Works" came from Al Capp's satirical, hillbilly comic strip Li’l Abner, which was immensely popular from 1935 through the 1950s.
High beta fusion reactor Sea Shadow Istilah "Skunk Works" berasal dari komik setrip satiris Al Capp, Li’l Abner, yang sangat populer dari tahun 1935 hingga 1950-an.
In mid-1939 when Lockheed was expanding rapidly, the YP-38 project was moved a few blocks away to the newly purchased 3G Distillery, also known as Three G or GGG Distillery.
Pada pertengahan 1939 ketika Lockheed berkembang pesat, proyek YP-38 dipindahkan beberapa blok jauhnya ke Penyulingan 3G yang baru dibeli, juga dikenal sebagai Penyulingan Tiga G atau GGG.
Lockheed took over the building but the sour smell of bourbon mash lingered, partly because the group of buildings continued to store barrels of aging whiskey.
Lockheed mengambil alih gedung itu tetapi bau asam bubur bourbon tetap ada, sebagian karena kelompok gedung terus menyimpan
The first YP-38 was built there before the team moved back to Lockheed's main factory a year later.
YP-38 pertama dibuat di sana sebelum tim kembali ke pabrik utama Lockheed setahun kemudian.
In 1964, Johnson told Look magazine that the bourbon distillery was the first of five Lockheed skunk works locations.
Pada tahun 1964, Johnson mengatakan kepada majalah Look bahwa penyulingan bourbon adalah yang pertama dari lima lokasi Lockheed skunk works.
During the development of the P-80 Shooting Star, Johnson's engineering team was located adjacent to a malodorous plastics factory.
Selama pengembangan P-80 Shooting Star, tim teknik Johnson berlokasi berdekatan dengan pabrik plastik yang berbau busuk.
According to Ben Rich’s memoir, an engineer jokingly showed up to work one day wearing a Civil Defense gas mask.
Menurut memoar Ben Rich, seorang insinyur dengan bercanda muncul untuk bekerja suatu hari mengenakan masker gas Pertahanan Sipil.
To comment on the smell and the secrecy the project entailed, another engineer, Irv Culver, referred to the facility as "Skonk Works".
Untuk mengomentari bau dan kerahasiaan proyek tersebut, insinyur lain, Irv Culver, menyebut fasilitas itu sebagai "Skonk Works".
As the development was very secret, the employees were told to be careful even with how they answered phone calls.
Karena perkembangannya sangat rahasia, karyawan diberitahu untuk berhati-hati bahkan dengan cara mereka menjawab panggilan telepon.
One day, when the Department of the Navy was trying to reach the Lockheed management for the P-80 project, the call was accidentally transferred to Culver’s desk.
Suatu hari, ketika Departemen Angkatan Laut mencoba menghubungi manajemen Lockheed untuk proyek P-80, panggilan itu secara tidak sengaja dialihkan ke meja Culver.
Culver answered the phone in his trademark fashion of the time, by picking up the phone and stating "Skonk Works, inside man Culver".
Culver menjawab telepon dengan gaya khasnya saat itu, dengan mengangkat telepon dan menyatakan "Skonk Works, inside man Culver".
"What?" replied the voice at the other end.
"Apa?" jawab suara di ujung sana.
"Skonk Works", Culver repeated.
"Skonk Works", ulang Culver.
Culver later said at an interview conducted in 1993 that "when Kelly Johnson heard about the incident, he promptly fired me.
Culver kemudian mengatakan pada sebuah wawancara yang dilakukan pada tahun 1993 bahwa "ketika Kelly Johnson mendengar tentang insiden itu, dia segera memecat saya.
It didn’t really matter, since he was firing me about twice a day anyways.
Hal itu tidak terlalu penting, karena dia memecat saya sekitar dua kali sehari.
" At the request of the comic strip copyright holders, Lockheed changed the name of the advanced development company to "Skunk Works" in the 1960s.
" Atas permintaan pemegang hak cipta komik setrip, Lockheed mengubah nama perusahaan pengembangan lanjutan menjadi "Skunk Works" pada 1960-an.
The name "Skunk Works" and the skunk design are now registered trademarks of the Lockheed Martin Corporation.
Nama "Skunk Works" dan desain skunk saat ini menjadi merek dagang terdaftar dari Lockheed Martin Corporation.
Lockheed Martin claimed the company registered the domain in order to disrupt its business and that consumer confusion might result.
Lockheed Martin mengklaim perusahaan mendaftarkan domain untuk mengganggu bisnisnya dan bahwa kebingungan konsumen mungkin terjadi.
The respondent company argued that Lockheed "used its size, resources and financial position to employ 'bullyboy' tactics against [...] a very small company.
Perusahaan responden berpendapat bahwa Lockheed "menggunakan ukuran, sumber daya, dan posisi keuangannya untuk menggunakan taktik 'bullyboy' melawan... perusahaan yang sangat kecil.
" In Australia, the trademark for use of the name "Skunkworks" is held by Perth-based television accessory manufacturer The Novita Group Pty Ltd. Lockheed Martin formally registered opposition to the application in 2006, however the Australian government's intellectual property authority, IP Australia, rejected the opposition, awarding Novita the trademark in 2008.
" Di Australia, merek dagang untuk penggunaan nama "Skunkworks" dipegang oleh produsen aksesori televisi yang berbasis di Perth, The Novita Group Pty Ltd. Lockheed Martin secara resmi mendaftarkan penentangan terhadap aplikasi tersebut pada tahun 2006, tetapi otoritas kekayaan intelektual pemerintah Australia, IP Australia, menolak oposisi, memberikan Novita merek dagang pada tahun 2008.
Advanced Propulsion Physics Laboratory Area 51 Boeing Phantom Works Swamp Works Bodie, Warren M. (2001).
Advanced Propulsion Physics Laboratory Area 51 Boeing Phantom Works Swamp Works Situs web resmi Wilson, Jim (September 1999).
Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works: The Official History.
"75 Years of Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works" (PDF).
[Aviation Week & Space Technology] (June 14, 2018).
Aviation Week & Space Technology.
Trimble, Stephen (June 15, 2018).
Trimble, Stephen (15 Juni 2018).
Official website "Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works Celebrates Diamond Anniversary" (Press release).
"Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works Celebrates Diamond Anniversary" (Press release).