By contrast, classical physics explains matter and energy only on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behavior of astronomical bodies such as the Moon.
Kebalikannya, fisika klasik hanya menjelaskan zat dan energi pada skala yang familiar dengan manusia, termasuk perilaku benda astronomi seperti Bulan.
Classical physics is still used in much of modern science and technology.
Fisika klasik masih banya digunakan pada sains dan teknologi modern.
However, towards the end of the 19th century, scientists discovered phenomena in both the large (macro) and the small (micro) worlds that classical physics could not explain.
Namun, di akhir abad ke-19, para ilmuwan menemukan fenomena pada benda besar berskala makro dan benda kecil (mikro) yang fisika klasik tidak dapat menjelaskannya.
In the words of quantum physicist Richard Feynman, quantum mechanics deals with "nature as she is—absurd".
Menurut fisikawan kuantum Richard Feynman, mekanika kuantum mempelajari "alam sebagai Perempuan– absurd".
The concept of wave–particle duality says that neither the classical concept of "particle" nor of "wave" can fully describe the behavior of quantum-scale objects, either photons or matter.
Konsep dualitas gelombang-partikel mengatakan bahwa tidak ada satu pun konsep klasik mengenai "partikel" atau "gelombang" yang dapat sepenuhnya menjelaskan objek skala-kuantum, baik foton maupun zat.
Wave–particle duality is an example of the principle of complementarity in quantum physics.
Dualitas gelombang-partikel adalah contoh asas komplementaritas pada fisika kuantum.
Suppose it is desired to measure the position and speed of an object—for example, a car going through a radar speed trap.
Misalnya diinginkan untuk mengukur posisi dan kecepatan suatu objek - contohnya mobil melewati radar kecepatan.
It can be assumed that the car has a definite position and speed at a particular moment in time.
Dapat diasumsi bahwa mobil memiliki posisi dan kecepatan yang pasti pada saat tertentu.
If the precision of the measuring equipment is improved, it provides a result closer to the true value.
Seberapa akurat nilainya ditentukan dari kualitas alat pengukuran - jika presisi alatnya makin baik, maka ia akan memberikan hasil yang makin mendekati nilai sebenarnya.
It might be assumed that the speed of the car and its position could be operationally defined and measured simultaneously, as precisely as might be desired.
Dapat diasumsi bahwa kecepatan kendaraan dan dan posisinya dapat didefinisikan secara operasional dan diukur simultan, sepresisi yang diinginkan.
In 1927, Heisenberg proved that this last assumption is not correct.
Tahun 1927, Heisenberg membuktikan bahwa asumsi terakhir ini tidak benar.
Quantum mechanics shows that certain pairs of physical properties, for example, position and speed, cannot be simultaneously measured, nor defined in operational terms, to arbitrary precision: the more precisely one property is measured, or defined in operational terms, the less precisely can the other be thus treated.
Mekanika kuantum menunjukkan bahwa pasangan properti fisika tertentu, seperti contohnya posisi dan kecepatan, tidak dapat diukur secara simultan, tidak juga didefinisikan dalam hal operasional: semakin presisi satu properti diukur atau didefinisikan dalam hal operasional, maka properti lainnya makin tidak presisi.
The uncertainty principle is not only a statement about the accuracy of our measuring equipment but, more deeply, is about the conceptual nature of the measured quantities—the assumption that the car had simultaneously defined position and speed does not work in quantum mechanics.
Asas ketidakpastian tidak hanya pernyataan tentang akurasi alat pengukuran, tetapi, lebih jauh, tentang hakikat konsep besaran terukur – asumsi bahwa mobil dapat didefinisikan posisi dan kecepatannya secara simultan tidak bisa digunakan pada mekanika kuantum.
On a scale of cars and people, these uncertainties are negligible, but when dealing with atoms and electrons they become critical.
Pada skala mobil dan orang, ketidakpastian ini dapat diabaikan, tetapi jika berurusan dengan atom dan elektron, pengaruhnya besar.
Heisenberg gave, as an illustration, the measurement of the position and momentum of an electron using a photon of light.
Heisenberg memberikan ilustrasi, pengukuran posisi dan momentum elektron menggunakan foton cahaya.
In measuring the electron's position, the higher the frequency of the photon, the more accurate is the measurement of the position of the impact of the photon with the electron, but the greater is the disturbance of the electron.
Dalam mengukur posisi elektron, makin tinggi frekuensi foton, yang makin akurat adalah pengukuran posisi dampak foton pada elektron, tetapi distubansi elektron lebih besar.
With a photon of lower frequency, the disturbance (and hence uncertainty) in the momentum is less, but so is the accuracy of the measurement of the position of the impact.
Dengan foton pada frekuensi lebih rendah, distrubansi (dan ketidakpastian) pada momentum menjadi lebih kecil, tetapi begitu juga akurasi pengukuran posisi dari dampak.
The uncertainty principle shows mathematically that the product of the uncertainty in the position and momentum of a particle (momentum is velocity multiplied by mass) could never be less than a certain value, and that this value is related to the Planck constant.
Asas ketidakpastian menunjukkan secara matematis bahwa perkalian ketidakpastian pada posisi dan momentum sebuah partikel (momentum adalah kecepatan x massa) tidak pernah lebih kecil dari nilai tertentu, dan nilai ini berhubungan dengan konstanta Planck.
Because of the uncertainty principle, statements about both the position and momentum of particles can assign only a probability that the position or momentum has some numerical value.
Akibat asas ketidakpastian, pernyataan tentang baik posisi maupun momentum partikel hanya dapat ditentukan dengan probabilitas bahwa posisi atau momentum akan memiliki sejumlah nilai numerik.
The eigenstates of spin about the vertical axis are not simultaneously eigenstates of spin about the horizontal axis, so this atom has an equal probability of being found to have either value of spin about the horizontal axis.
Eigenstate spin di sekitar sumbu vertikal bukanlah simultan eigenstate spin di sekitar sumbu horizontal, atom ini memiliki probabilitas yang sama ditemukan memiliki nilai spin di sekitar sumbu horizontal.
As described in the section above, measuring the spin about the horizontal axis can allow an atom that was spun up to spin down: measuring its spin about the horizontal axis collapses its wave function into one of the eigenstates of this measurement, which means it is no longer in an eigenstate of spin about the vertical axis, so can take either value.
Pengukuran spin di sekitar sumbu horizontal dapat memungkinkan atom yang tadinya spin atas menjadi spin bawah: pengukuran spin di sekitar sumbu horizontal meniadakan fungsi gelombangnya menjadi salah satu eigenstate pengukuran ini, yang berarti tidak lagi berada pada eigenstate spin di sekitar sumbu vertikal, sehingga nilainya bisa lain.
In 1924, Wolfgang Pauli proposed a new quantum degree of freedom (or quantum number), with two possible values, to resolve inconsistencies between observed molecular spectra and the predictions of quantum mechanics.
Tahun 1924, Wolfgang Pauli mengajukan derajat kebebasan kuantum baru (atau bilangan kuantum), dengan 2 kemungkinan nilai, untuk menyelesaikan inkonsistensi antara spektra molekuler teramati dan prediksi mekanika kuantum.
In particular, the spectrum of atomic hydrogen had a doublet, or pair of lines differing by a small amount, where only one line was expected.
Secara khusus, spektrum atom hidrogen memiliki doublet, atau sepasang garis yang bedanya sedikit, di mana hanya satu garis yang diharapkan.
Pauli formulated his exclusion principle, stating, "There cannot exist an atom in such a quantum state that two electrons within [it] have the same set of quantum numbers.
Pauli merumuskan asas pengecualiannya ini, menyatakan bahwa "Tidak ada sebuah atom pada keadaan kuantum di mana 2 elektron didalamnya memiliki set bilangan kuantum yang sama."
" A year later, Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit identified Pauli's new degree of freedom with the property called spin whose effects were observed in the Stern–Gerlach experiment.
Setahun kemudian, Uhlenbeck dan Goudsmit mengidentifikasi derajat kebebasan Pauli dengan properti yang disebut spin yang efeknya diamati di percobaan Stern–Gerlach.
In 1928, Paul Dirac extended the Pauli equation, which described spinning electrons, to account for special relativity.
Tahun 1928, Paul Dirac memperluas Persamaan Pauli yang menjelaskan spinning electron, dihubungkan ke relativitas khusus.
The result was a theory that dealt properly with events, such as the speed at which an electron orbits the nucleus, occurring at a substantial fraction of the speed of light.
Hasilnya adalah teori yang berhubungan dengan peristiwa, seperti kecepatan ketika elektron mengorbit nukleus, mendekati kecepatan cahaya.
By using the simplest electromagnetic interaction, Dirac was able to predict the value of the magnetic moment associated with the electron's spin and found the experimentally observed value, which was too large to be that of a spinning charged sphere governed by classical physics.
Dengan menggunakan interaksi elektromagnetik paling sederhana, Dirac dapat memprediksi nilai momen magnetik dihubungkan dengan spin elektron, dan menemukan nilai pengamatan dari eksperimen, di mana nilainya terlalu besar jika dibandingkan dengan bola bermuatan berputar yang dikemukakan di fisika klasik.
He was able to solve for the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom and to reproduce from physical first principles Sommerfeld's successful formula for the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum.
Ia dapat penyelesaian untuk garis spektrum atom hidrogen, dan untuk menulis ulang dari rumus Sommerfeld untuk fine structure dari spektrum hidrogen.
Dirac's equations sometimes yielded a negative value for energy, for which he proposed a novel solution: he posited the existence of an antielectron and a dynamical vacuum.
Persamaan Dirac kadang-kadang menghasilkan nilai negatif untuk energi, di mana kemudian ia mengajukan solusinya: ia mengemukakan adanya antielektron dan vakum dinamis.
This led to the many-particle quantum field theory.
Ini akan berarah menuju teori medan kuantum.
Electromagnetism can be called "electrodynamics" because it is a dynamic interaction between electrical and magnetic forces.
Elektromagnetisme dapat disebut "elektrodinamika" karena merupakan interaksi dinamis antara gaya magnet dan listrik.
Electromagnetism begins with the electric charge.
Elektromagnetisme dimulai dengan muatan listrik.
The physical description of interacting charged particles, electrical currents, electrical fields, and magnetic fields is called electromagnetism.
Elektromagnetisme dapat disebut "elektrodinamika" karena merupakan interaksi dinamis antara gaya magnet dan listrik.
Light behaves in some aspects like particles and in other aspects like waves.
Cahaya berperilaku dalam beberapa hal seperti partikel dan dalam hal lain seperti gelombang.
Some light sources, such as neon lights, give off only certain specific frequencies of light, a small set of distinct pure colors determined by neon's atomic structure.
Beberapa sumber cahaya, seperti lampu neon, hanya melepaskan beberapa frekuensi cahaya tertentu.
Quantum mechanics shows that light, along with all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, comes in discrete units, called photons, and predicts its spectral energies (corresponding to pure colors), and the intensities of its light beams.
Mekanika kuantum menunjukkan bahwa cahaya, seperti bentuk radiasi elektromagnetik lainnya, berbentuk satuan diskret, disebut foton, dan memprediksi energinya, warnanya, dan intensitas spektrumnya.
A single photon is a quantum, or smallest observable particle, of the electromagnetic field.
Karena belum pernah ada yang meneliti lebih kecil dari foton, sebuah foton disebut kuantum, atau jumlah paling kecil yang dapat diamati, medan elektromagnetiknya.
Applications of quantum mechanics include the laser, the transistor, the electron microscope, and magnetic resonance imaging.
Aplikasi mekanika kuantum di antaranya laser, transistor, mikroskop elektron, dan Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
A special class of quantum mechanical applications is related to macroscopic quantum phenomena such as superfluid helium and superconductors.
Sebuah bidang khusus aplikasi mekanika kuantum berhubungan dengan fenomena kuantum makroskopik seperti helium superfluida dan superkonduktor.
The study of semiconductors led to the invention of the diode and the transistor, which are indispensable for modern electronics.
Studi semikonduktor mengarah ke penemuan dioda dan transistor, komponen yang tak dapat dipisahkan dari elektronika modern.
In even a simple light switch, quantum tunneling is absolutely vital, as otherwise the electrons in the electric current could not penetrate the potential barrier made up of a layer of oxide.
Meski pada saklar lampu yang sederhana, quantum tunneling sangatlah penting, jika tidak maka elektron pada arus listrik tidak dapat menembus halangan potensial yang terdiri dari lapisan oksida.
Flash memory chips found in USB drives also use quantum tunneling, to erase their memory cells.
Chip memori kilat pada USB flash drive juga menggunakan quantum tunnelling, untuk menghapus memori selnya.
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"Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics".
"Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics" (PDF).
76 (6): 769–89.
76 (6): 769–789.
Introductory Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.).
Introductory Quantum Mechanics (Edisi 2nd).
Optics (3rd ed.).
Optics (Edisi 3rd).
p. 225.; cited in: Popescu, Sandu; Daniel Rohrlich (1996).
225. ; cited in: Popescu, Sandu; Daniel Rohrlich (1996).
"Action and Passion at a Distance: An Essay in Honor of Professor Abner Shimony". arXiv:quant-ph/9605004. Tavel, Morton; Tavel, Judith (illustrations) (2002).
"Action and Passion at a Distance: An Essay in Honor of Professor Abner Shimony".
Van Vleck, J. H.,1928, "The Correspondence Principle in the Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", Proc.
ISBN 978-0-8135-3077-2. Van Vleck, J. H.,1928, "The Correspondence Principle in the Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", Proc.
"Quantum Entanglement and the Nonexistence of Superluminal Signals". arXiv:
"Quantum Entanglement and the Nonexistence of Superluminal Signals".
quant-ph/9801014. Wheeler, John Archibald; Feynman, Richard P. (1949).
Wheeler, John Archibald; Feynman, Richard P. (1949).
"Classical Electrodynamics in Terms of Direct Interparticle Action" (PDF).
"Classical Electrodynamics in Terms of Direct Interparticle Action".
The following titles, all by working physicists, attempt to communicate quantum theory to laypeople, using a minimum of technical apparatus.
The following titles, all by working physicists, attempt to communicate quantum theory to lay people, using a minimum of technical apparatus.
Jim Al-Khalili (2003).
Jim Al-Khalili (2003)
Richard Feynman (1985).
Feynman, Richard P. (1990).
Tony Hey and Walters, Patrick (2003).
Tony Hey and Walters, Patrick (2003)
J. P. McEvoy and Oscar Zarate (2004).
McEvoy, J. P.; Zarate, Oscar (1996).
ISBN 1840465778' N. David Mermin (1990).
ISBN 978-9812819277 N. David Mermin (1990)
Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics.
Includes elementary particle physics.
by Takada, Kenjiro, emeritus professor at Kyushu University The Quantum Exchange (tutorials and open-source learning software).
by Takada, Kenjiro, Emeritus professor at Kyushu University Quantum Theory.
An animated demonstration of a wave packet dispersion over time.
Time-Evolution of a Wavepacket in a Square Well An animated demonstration of a wave packet dispersion over time.