William Shockley had in 1956 recruited a group of young Ph.D. graduates with the goal to develop and produce new semiconductor devices.
Tahun 1956, William Shockley merekrut beberapa sarjana PhD muda untuk mengembangkan dan memproduksi perangkat semikonduktor baru.
The eight who left Shockley Semiconductor were Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, and Sheldon Roberts.
Delapan karyawan yang keluar dari Shockley Semiconductor adalah Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, dan Sheldon Roberts.
In August 1957, they reached an agreement with Sherman Fairchild, and on September 18, 1957, they formed Fairchild Semiconductor.
Pada bulan Agustus 1957, mereka membuat kesepakatan dengan Sherman Fairchild, dan pada tanggal 18 September 1957, mereka mendirikan Fairchild Semiconductor.
" In the winter of 1954–1955, William Shockley, an inventor of the transistor and a visiting professor at Stanford University, decided to establish his own mass production of advanced transistors and Shockley diodes.
Pada musim dingin 1954–1955, William Shockley, penemu transistor dan dosen tamu di universitas Stanford, memutuskan untuk memproduksi transistor canggih dan dioda Shockley secara massal.
He found a sponsor in Raytheon, but Raytheon discontinued the project after a month.
Raytheon menjadi sponsornya, tetapi Raytheon membatalkan proyek tersebut setelah satu bulan berjalan.
In August 1955, Shockley turned for advice to the financier Arnold Beckman, the owner of Beckman Instruments.
Pada bulan Agustus 1955, Shockley meminta saran kepada Arnold Beckman, pemilik Beckman Instruments.
Beckman knew that Shockley had no chance in the business, but believed that Shockley's new inventions would be beneficial for his own company and did not want to give them to his competitors.
Beckman tahu bahwa Shockley tidak mampu bertahan dalam bisnis ini, tetapi percaya bahwa temuan Shockley bermanfaat bagi perusahaannya dan enggan memberikannya kepada para pesaingnya.
Accordingly, Beckman agreed to create and fund a laboratory under the condition that its discoveries should be brought to mass production within two years.
Beckman setuju untuk mendirikan dan mendanai laboratorium dengan syarat semua temuannya harus diproduksi massal dalam kurun dua tahun.
The new department of Beckman Instruments took the name Shockley Semi-Conductor Laboratories (the hyphen was conventional in those years).
Beckman Instruments membentuk departemen baru bernama Shockley Semi-Conductor Laboratories (tanda hubung masih lazim dipakai waktu itu).
During 1955, Beckman and Shockley signed the deal, bought licenses on all necessary patents for $25,000, and selected the location in Mountain View, near Palo Alto, California.
Tahun 1955, Beckman dan Shockley menandatangani perjanjian, membeli semua paten yang mereka perlukan senilai $25.000, dan memilih lokasi pabrik di Mountain View, dekat Palo Alto, California.
Early respondents included Sheldon Roberts of Dow Chemical, Robert Noyce of Philco, and Jay Last, a former intern of Beckman Instruments.
Para pelamar pertama meliputi Sheldon Roberts dari Dow Chemical, Robert Noyce dari Philco, dan Jay Last, mantan karyawan magang di Beckman Instruments.
Shockley was a proponent of social technologies (which later led him to eugenics) and asked each candidate to pass a psychological test, followed by an interview.
Shockley merupakan pendukung teknologi sosial (prinsip ini kelak membuatnya percaya dengan eugenika) dan meminta setiap calon melewati uji psikologi dan wawancara.
Blank, Last, Moore, Noyce, and Roberts started working in April–May, and Kleiner, Grinich, and Hoerni came during the summer.
Blank, Last, Moore, Noyce, dan Roberts mulai bekerja pada April–Mei, dan Kleiner, Grinich, dan Hoerni mulai bekerja pada musim panas.
By September 1956, the lab had 32 employees, including Shockley.
Per September 1956, laboratorium tersebut mempekerjakan 32 karyawan, termasuk Shockley.
Each successful candidate had to negotiate his salary with Shockley.
Setiap calon yang berhasil harus merundingkan gajinya dengan Shockley.
Kleiner, Noyce, and Roberts settled for $1,000 per month; the less-experienced Last got $675.
Kleiner, Noyce, dan Roberts sepakat dibayar $1.000 per bulan; Last yang kurang berpengalaman dibayar $675.
Shockley set his own salary at $2,500 and made all salaries accessible to all employees.
Shockley menetapkan gajinya sendiri sebesar $2.500 dan membuka datanya kepada para karyawan.
The members of the future traitorous eight were aged between 26 (Last) and 33 (Kleiner), and six of them held PhDs.
Anggota "Delapan Pengkhianat" berusia antara 26 (Last) dan 33 (Kleiner); enam di antaranya memegang gelar PhD.
Only Noyce was involved in semiconductor research, and only Grinich had experience in electronics.
Hanya Noyce yang terlibat dalam penelitian semikonduktor, dan hanya Grinich yang berpengalaman di bidang elektronika.
Kleiner was supported by Blank, Grinich, Last, Roberts, Hoerni and Moore.
Blank, Grinich, Kleiner, Last, Hoerni, dan Roberts melupakan perselisihan mereka dan saling urun dana untuk membantu perusahaan Moore dan Noyce.
From 1960–1965, Fairchild was the undisputed leader of the semiconductor market, both technologically and in terms of sales.
Pada tahun 1960–1965, Fairchild merupakan pemimpin pasar semikonduktor, baik dari segi teknologi maupun penjualan.
Early 1965 brought the first signs of management problems.
Pada awal 1965, tanda-tanda permasalahan manajemen mulai bermunculan.
In November 1965, the creators of integrated operational amplifiers Bob Widlar and David Talbert left for National Semiconductor.
Bulan November 1965, pencipta amplifier operasional terpadu Bob Widlar dan David Talbert pindah ke National Semiconductor.
In February 1967, they were followed by five top managers who disagreed with Noyce.
Bulan Februari 1967, jejak mereka diikuti oleh lima manajer tingkat atas yang tidak sepakat dengan Noyce.
Noyce started litigation with shareholders and effectively removed himself from the operational management.
Noyce mengajukan tuntutan bersama para pemegang saham dan mengundurkan diri dari manajemen operasional.
In March 1968, Moore and Noyce decided to leave Fairchild and again, as nine years prior, turned to Arthur Rock.
Bulan Maret 1968, Moore dan Noyce memutuskan keluar dari Fairchild dan kembali lagi ke Arthur Rock.
Blank, Grinich, Kleiner, Last, Hoerni, and Roberts set aside the past disagreements and financially supported the company of Moore and Noyce.
Blank, Grinich, Kleiner, Last, Hoerni, dan Roberts melupakan perselisihan mereka dan saling urun dana untuk membantu perusahaan Moore dan Noyce.
A year later, NM Electronics bought the trade name rights from the hotel chain Intelco and took the name of Intel.
Setahun kemudian, N-M Electronics membeli hak merek dagang dari jaringan hotel Intelco dan berubah nama menjadi Intel.
Moore held senior positions at Intel until 1997 when he was named Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation.
Moore menduduki jabatan senior di Intel sampai 1997, lalu diangkat sebagai Ketua Emeritus Intel Corporation.
Noyce left Intel in 1987 to lead the non-profit consortium Sematech.
Noyce keluar dari Intel tahun 1987 untuk memimpin konsorsium nirlaba Sematech.
In July 1967, supported by the watch company Société Suisse pour l'Industrie Horlogère (the predecessor of Swatch Group) founded Intersil, the company that created the market for custom CMOS circuits.
Bulan Juli 1967, dengan bantuan perusahaan jam Société Suisse pour l'Industrie Horlogère (pendahulu Swatch Group), Hoerni mendirikan Intersil, perusahaan yang merintis pasar sirkuit CMOS kustom.
Intersil and Intel weren't competitors as Intel released a limited set of templated circuits for computers and sold them initially only in the U.S. market, whereas Intersil focused on custom CMOS circuits with low power consumption and sold them worldwide.
Intersil dan Intel tidak bersaing karena Intel merilis sirkuit bertemplat terbatas untuk komputer dan menjualnya di Amerika Serikat saja, sedangkan Intersil berfokus pada sirkuit CMOS kustom dengan konsumsi daya rendah dan menjualnya di seluruh dunia.
Last remained with Amelco and for twelve years served as Vice President of Technology at Teledyne.
Last tetap bekerja di Amelco dan menjabat sebagai Wakil Presiden Teknologi Teledyne selama dua belas tahun.
In 1982, he founded Hillcrest Press specializing in art books.
Pada tahun 1982, ia mendirikan Hillcrest Press yang bergerak di bidang buku seni.
After leaving Amelco, Roberts led his own business, and in 1973–1987 served as a trustee of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Setelah keluar dari Amelco, Roberts memimpin perusahaannya sendiri dan menjabat sebagai anggota perwalian Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute pada tahun 1973–1987..
Amelco, after numerous mergers, acquisitions, and renaming, became a subsidiary of Microchip Technology.
Setelah menjalani serangkaian merger, akuisisi, dan perubahan nama, Amelco menjadi perusahaan anak Microchip Technology.
In 1972, Kleiner and Tom Perkins from Hewlett-Packard founded the venture capital fund Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, which has been involved in the creation and/or funding of Amazon.com, Compaq, Genentech, Intuit, Lotus, Macromedia, Netscape, Sun Microsystems, Symantec and dozens of other companies.
Tahun 1972, Kleiner dan Tom Perkins dari Hewlett-Packard mendirikan badan modal usaha Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers yang kelak terlibat dalam pendirian dan/atau penanaman modal Amazon.com, Compaq, Genentech, Intuit, Lotus, Macromedia, Netscape, Sun Microsystems, Symantec, dan puluhan perusahaan lainnya.
Kleiner later wrote that his goal was to geographically spread the venture financing.
Kleiner kemudian menulis bahwa tujuannya adalah menyebarkan pendanaan usaha secara geografis.
In May 2011, the California Historical Society gave the "Legends of California Award" to The Eight.
Pada Mei 2011, California Historical Society menganugerahkan "Legends of California Award" kepada para Delapan Pengkhianat.
Blank, Last, Moore, and Roberts' son Dave attended the event in San Francisco.
Blank, Last, Moore, dan putra Roberts, Dave, menghadiri upacara penganugerahannya di San Francisco.