The experiments were performed between 1906 and 1913 by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden under the direction of Ernest Rutherford at the Physical Laboratories of the University of Manchester.
Percobaan ini dilakukan antara tahun 1908 dan 1913 oleh Hans Geiger dan Ernest Marsden di bawah arahan Ernest Rutherford di Laboratorium Fisika Universitas Manchester.
The Japanese scientist Hantaro Nagaoka rejected Thomson's model on the grounds that opposing charges cannot penetrate each other.
Ilmuwan Jepang Hantaro Nagaoka menolak model Thomson dengan alasan bahwa muatan yang berlawanan tidak dapat menembus satu sama lain.
He proposed instead that electrons orbit the positive charge like the rings around Saturn.
Dia mengusulkan sebaliknya bahwa elektron mengorbit muatan positif seperti cincin di sekitar Saturnus.
Applying Thomson's equations described above to an alpha particle colliding with a gold atom, using the following values: qgpositive charge of the gold atom79 qe1.26×10−17 C qacharge of the alpha particle2 qe3.20×10−19 C qeelementary charge1.602×10−19 C Rradius of the gold atom1.44×10−10 m vspeed of the alpha particle1.53×107 m/s mmass of the alpha particle6.64×10−27 kg kCoulomb constant8.987×109 N·m2/C2 Nnumber of electrons in the gold atom79 gives the average partial angle by which the alpha particle should be deflected by the atomic electrons as: θ ¯ 116 5 ⋅ k q a q e m v 2 R 3 N 2 ≈ 0.00007 radians or 0.004 degrees }_{1}={\frac {16}{5}}\cdot {\frac {kq_{\text{a}}q_{\text{e}}}{mv^{2}R}}{\sqrt {\frac {3N}{2}}}\approx 0.00007{\text{ radians or }}0.004{\text{ degrees}}} and the average partial deflection caused by the positive sphere is: θ ¯ 2π 4 ⋅ k q a q g m v 2 R ≈ 0.00013 radians or 0.007 degrees }_{2}={\frac {\pi }{4}}\cdot {\frac {kq_{\text{a}}q_{\text{g}}}{mv^{2}R}}\approx 0.00013{\text{ radians or 0.007 degrees}}} The net deflection for a single atomic collision is: θ ¯θ ¯ 1 2 + θ ¯ 2 2 ≈ 0.008 degrees }={\sqrt {{\bar {\theta }}_{1}^{2}+{\bar {\theta }}_{2}^{2}}}\approx 0.008{\text{ degrees}}}
Qgmuatan positif atom emas79 e1,266×10−17 C Qαmuatan partikel alfa2 e3,204×10−19 C rjari-jari atom emas1,44×10−10 m vkecepatan partikel alfa1,53×107 m/s mmassa partikel alfa6,645×10−27 kg kkonstanta Coulomb8,998×109 N·m2/C2 Menggunakan fisika klasik, perubahan momentum lateral partikel alfa py dapat didekati dengan menggunakan hubungan impuls gaya dan persamaan gaya Coulomb: p yF ¯ t < k Q α Q g r 2 ⋅ 2 r v{\bar {F}}t<k{\frac {Q_{\alpha }Q_{g}}{r^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {2r}{v}}} tan ⁡ θp y p x < k Q α Q g r 2 ⋅ 2 r v ⋅ 1 m v8.987 × 10 9 ⋅ 3.204 × 10 − 19 × 1.266 × 10 − 17 ( 1.44 × 10 − 10 ) 2 ⋅ 2 × 1.44 × 10 − 10 1.53 × 10 7 ⋅ 1 6.645 × 10 − 27 × 1.53 × 10 7 }{p_{x}}}<k{\frac {Q_{\alpha }Q_{g}}{r^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {2r}{v}}\cdot {\frac {1}{mv}}=8.987\times 10^{9}\cdot {\frac {3.204\times 10^{-19}\times 1.266\times 10^{-17}}{(1.44\times 10^{-10})^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {2\times 1.44\times 10^{-10}}{1.53\times 10^{7}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{6.645\times 10^{-27}\times 1.53\times 10^{7}}}} θ < 0.000325 rad ( or 0.0186 ∘ ) }~({\text{or}}~0.0186^{\circ })} Perhitungan di atas hanyalah perkiraan dari apa yang terjadi ketika partikel alfa mendekati atom Thomson, tetapi jelas bahwa pembelokkan paling banyak akan berada dengan besar sebagian kecil derajat.