In 1610, Galileo published his Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger) describing the observations that he had made with his new, much stronger telescope, amongst them the Galilean moons of Jupiter.
Pada tahun 1610, Galileo menerbitkan karyanya Sidereus Nuncius (Pembawa Pesan Berbintang), menjelaskan pengamatan-pengamatan yang mengherankan yang ia alami dengan teleskop barunya.
Galileo began his telescopic observations in the later part of 1609, and by March 1610 was able to publish a small book, The Starry Messenger (Sidereus Nuncius), describing some of his discoveries: mountains on the Moon, lesser moons in orbit around Jupiter, and the resolution of what had been thought to be very cloudy masses in the sky (nebulae) into collections of stars too faint to see individually without a telescope.
Galileo memulai pengamatan teleskopiknya pada akhir tahun 1609, dan pada bulan Maret 1610 ia mampu menerbitkan sebuah buku kecil, The Starry Messenger (Sidereus Nuncius), yang menjelaskan beberapa penemuannya: pegunungan di Bulan, bulan-bulan kecil yang mengorbit di sekitar Jupiter, dan resolusi dari apa yang dianggap sebagai massa yang sangat berawan di langit (nebula) menjadi kumpulan bintang yang terlalu redup untuk dilihat satu per satu tanpa teleskop.
Other observations followed, including the phases of Venus and the existence of sunspots.
Pengamatan lain menyusul, termasuk fase Venus dan keberadaan bintik matahari.
Galileo's contributions caused difficulties for theologians and natural philosophers of the time, as they contradicted scientific and philosophical ideas based on those of Aristotle and Ptolemy and closely associated with the Catholic Church.
Kontribusi Galileo menyebabkan kesulitan bagi para teolog dan filsuf alam pada waktu itu, karena mereka bertentangan dengan ide-ide ilmiah dan filosofis yang didasarkan pada Aristoteles dan Klaudius Ptolemaeus dan terkait erat dengan Gereja Katolik Roma.
In particular, Galileo's observations of the phases of Venus, which showed it to circle the Sun, and the observation of moons orbiting Jupiter, contradicted the geocentric model of Ptolemy, which was backed and accepted by the Roman Catholic Church, and supported the Copernican model advanced by Galileo.
Secara khusus, pengamatan Galileo terhadap fase Venus, yang menunjukkannya mengelilingi Matahari, dan pengamatan bulan-bulan yang mengorbit Yupiter, bertentangan dengan model geosentris Klaudius Ptolemaeus, yang didukung dan diterima oleh Gereja Katolik Roma, dan mendukung model Copernicus yang dikembangkan oleh Galileo.
Jesuit astronomers, experts both in Church teachings, science, and in natural philosophy, were at first skeptical and hostile to the new ideas; however, within a year or two the availability of good telescopes enabled them to repeat the observations.
Para astronom Jesuit, para ahli baik dalam ajaran Gereja, sains, maupun dalam filsafat alam, pada mulanya skeptis dan memusuhi ide-ide baru; namun, dalam satu atau dua tahun ketersediaan teleskop yang baik memungkinkan mereka untuk mengulangi pengamatan.
In 1611, Galileo visited the Collegium Romanum in Rome, where the Jesuit astronomers by that time had repeated his observations.
Pada tahun 1611, Galileo mengunjungi Collegium Romanum di Roma, di mana para astronom Yesuit pada waktu itu telah mengulangi pengamatannya.
Christoph Grienberger, one of the Jesuit scholars on the faculty, sympathized with Galileo's theories, but was asked to defend the Aristotelian viewpoint by Claudio Acquaviva, the Father General of the Jesuits.
Christoph Grienberger, salah satu sarjana Jesuit di fakultas, bersimpati dengan teori Galileo, tetapi diminta untuk mempertahankan sudut pandang Aristotelian oleh Claudio Acquaviva , Bapak Jenderal Yesuit.
Not all of Galileo's claims were completely accepted: Christopher Clavius, the most distinguished astronomer of his age, never was reconciled to the idea of mountains on the Moon, and outside the collegium many still disputed the reality of the observations.
Tidak semua klaim Galileo diterima sepenuhnya: Christopher Clavius, astronom paling terkemuka seusianya, tidak pernah setuju dengan gagasan gunung di Bulan,
In a letter to Kepler of August 1610, Galileo complained that some of the philosophers who opposed his discoveries had refused even to look through a telescope:
Dalam sebuah surat kepada Johannes Kepler bertanggal Agustus 1610, Galileo mengeluh bahwa beberapa filsuf yang menentang penemuannya bahkan menolak untuk melihat melalui teleskop: Kepler tersayang, saya berharap kita bisa menertawakan kebodohan yang luar biasa dari kawanan biasa.
What do you have to say about the principal philosophers of this academy who are filled with the stubbornness of an asp and do not want to look at either the planets, the moon or the telescope, even though I have freely and deliberately offered them the opportunity a thousand times?
Apa pendapat Anda tentang para filosof utama dari akademi ini yang dipenuhi dengan sifat keras kepala seekor asp dan tidak ingin melihat planet, bulan, atau teleskop, meskipun saya telah dengan bebas dan sengaja menawarkan mereka kesempatan?
Truly, just as the asp stops its ears, so do these philosophers shut their eyes to the light of truth.
Sungguh, sama seperti asp menghentikan telinganya, demikian pula para filosof ini menutup mata mereka terhadap cahaya kebenaran.
In 1611, the same year that Galileo visited the Collegium Romanum, his theories first came to the attention of the Roman Inquisition.
Pada tahun 1611, Galileo mengunjungi Collegium Romanum di Roma, di mana para astronom Yesuit pada waktu itu telah mengulangi pengamatannya.
Tycho argued that the distance to the stars in the Copernican system would have to be 700 times greater than the distance from the Sun to Saturn.
Brahe berpendapat bahwa jarak ke bintang-bintang dalam sistem Copernicus harus 700 kali lebih besar dari jarak dari Matahari ke Saturnus.
Moreover, the only way the stars could be so distant and still appear the sizes they do in the sky would be if even average stars were gigantic – at least as big as the orbit of the Earth, and of course vastly larger than the Sun.
Terlebih lagi, satu-satunya cara bintang-bintang bisa begitu jauh dan masih tampak seperti ukuran mereka di langit adalah jika bintang rata-rata berukuran raksasa – setidaknya sebesar orbit Bumi, dan tentu saja jauh lebih besar dari matahari.
Galileo became involved in a dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots with Christoph Scheiner, a Jesuit.
Galileo terlibat dalam perselisihan tentang prioritas dalam penemuan bintik matahari dengan Christoph Scheiner, seorang Yesuit.
Neither of them, however, was the first to recognise sunspots – the Chinese had already been familiar with them for centuries.
Tak satu pun dari mereka, bagaimanapun, adalah yang pertama mengenali bintik matahari (orang Cina sudah akrab dengan bintik itu selama berabad-abad).
At this time, Galileo also engaged in a dispute over the reasons that objects float or sink in water, siding with Archimedes against Aristotle.
Pada saat ini, Galileo juga terlibat dalam perselisihan tentang alasan benda mengapung atau tenggelam di air, berpihak pada Archimedes melawan Aristoteles.
During this controversy one of Galileo's friends, the painter Lodovico Cardi da Cigoli, informed him that a group of malicious opponents led by delle Colombe, which Cigoli subsequently referred to derisively as "the Pigeon league", was plotting to cause him trouble over the motion of the Earth, or anything else that would serve the purpose.
Selama kontroversi ini salah satu teman Galileo, pelukis Lodovico Cardi da Cigoli, memberitahunya bahwa sekelompok lawan jahat, yang kemudian disebut Cigoli sebagai "liga Merpati", sedang merencanakan untuk menyebabkan dia kesulitan atas gerakan Bumi, atau apa pun yang akan melayani tujuan tersebut.
According to Cigoli, one of the plotters asked a priest to denounce Galileo's views from the pulpit, but the latter refused.
Menurut Cigoli, salah satu komplotan meminta seorang imam untuk mencela pandangan Galileo dari mimbar, tetapi yang terakhir menolak.
Aristarchus of Samos Giordano Bruno Catholic Church and science Conflict thesis Vincenzo Maculani Galileo Galilei, Scriptural Exegete, and the Church of Rome, Advocate of Science Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine lecture (audio here) by Thomas Aquinas College tutor Dr. Christopher Decaen
Galileo Galilei, Scriptural Exegete, and the Church of Rome, Advocate of Science Diarsipkan 2011-06-08 di Wayback Machine. lecture (audio here) by Thomas Aquinas College tutor Dr. Christopher Decaen
"The End of the Myth of Galileo Galilei" by Atila Sinke Guimarães The Starry Messenger (1610)
"The End of the Myth of Galileo Galilei" by Atila Sinke Guimarães The Starry Messenger (1610) Diarsipkan 2012-02-07 di Wayback Machine..
An English translation from Bard College Sidereus Nuncius (1610) (in Latin)
An English translation from Bard College Sidereus Nuncius (1610) (dalam bahasa Latin)
Galileo's letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of 1615 Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini of 1615 Inquisition documents, 1616 and 1633 Galileo: Science and Religion Extensively documented series of lectures by William E. Carroll and Peter Hodgson.
Galileo's letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of 1615 Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini of 1615 Inquisition documents, 1616 and 1633 Galileo: Science and Religion Extensively documented series of lectures by William E.Carroll and Peter Hodgson.
Edizione Nationale (in Italian).
Edizione Nationale (dalam bahasa Italia).