Stephen William Hawking (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical astrophysicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge.
Stephen William Hawking ( ; 8 Januari 1942 – 14 Maret 2018) adalah fisikawan teoretis, kosmologi, pengarang, dan Direktur Penelitian Centre for Theoretical Cosmology di Universitas Cambridge.
Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the most prestigious academic posts in the world.
Ia menjabat sebagai Guru Besar Matematika Lucasian di Universitas Cambridge pada tahun 1979 sampai 2009.
Hawking's scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation.
Karya-karya ilmiahnya meliputi kolaborasi bersama Roger Penrose tentang teorema singularitas gravitasi dalam kerangka relativitas umum dan prediksi teori bahwa lubang hitam mengeluarkan radiasi (biasa disebut radiasi Hawking).
Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial.
Awalnya, radiasi Hawking menuai kontroversi.
By the late 1970s, and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a major breakthrough in theoretical physics.
Pada akhir 1970-an dan usai penerbitan artikel tambahan, temuan ini diakui secara luas sebagai terobosan dalam fisika teoretis.
Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.
Hawking adalah orang pertama yang memaparkan teori kosmologi yang dijelaskan dengan menggabungkan teori relativitas umum dan mekanika kuantum.
His book A Brief History of Time appeared on the Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
Bukunya, A Brief History of Time, masuk daftar buku terlaris Britania Raya versi Sunday Times selama 237 pekan.
Hawking was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.
Hawking adalah Anggota Kehormatan Royal Society of Arts (FRSA), anggota seumur hidup Pontifical Academy of Sciences, dan penerima anugerah Presidential Medal of Freedom, penghargaan sipil tertinggi di Amerika Serikat.
In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.
Pada tahun 2002, Hawking menempati peringkat 25 dalam jajak pendapat 100 Greatest Britons oleh BBC.
Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 in Oxford to Frank and Isobel Eileen Hawking (née Walker).
Hawking lahir tanggal 8 Januari 1942 di Oxford dari pasangan Frank (1905–1986) dan Isobel Hawking (née Walker; 1915–2013).
" In 1950, when Hawking's father became head of the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research, the family moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire.
divisi parasitologi di National Institute for Medical Research, Hawking bersama keluarganya pindah ke St Albans, Hertfordshire.
Hawking began his schooling at the Byron House School in Highgate, London.
Hawking mulai mengenyam pendidikan di Byron House School di Highgate, London.
He later blamed its "progressive methods" for his failure to learn to read while at the school.
Ia mengungkapkan bahwa "metode pengajaran progresif" membuatnya gagal belajar membaca saat masih sekolah.
In St Albans, the eight-year-old Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls for a few months.
Di St Albans, Hawking yang masih berusia 8 tahun bersekolah di St Albans High School for Girls selama beberapa bulan.
Hawking's father wanted his son to attend Westminster School, but the 13-year-old Hawking was ill on the day of the scholarship examination.
Hawking ingin anaknya bersekolah di Westminster School, tetapi Hawking yang berusia 13 tahun jatuh sakit pada tanggal ujian beasiswa.
His family could not afford the school fees without the financial aid of a scholarship, so Hawking remained at St Albans.
Keluarganya tidak mampu membiayai pendidikannya tanpa bantuan beasiswa sehingga Hawking bertahan di St Albans.
A positive consequence was that Hawking remained close to a group of friends with whom he enjoyed board games, the manufacture of fireworks, model aeroplanes and boats, and long discussions about Christianity and extrasensory perception.
Dampak positifnya adalah Hawking memiliki banyak teman dekat yang sering bermain permainan papan, membuat kembang api, rekayasa pesawat dan kapal, dan mengobrol panjang lebar tentang Kristen dan persepsi luar indera.
From 1958 on, with the help of the mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta, they built a computer from clock parts, an old telephone switchboard and other recycled components.
Sejak 1958, berkat bantuan guru matematika Dikran Tahta, mereka membuat komputer menggunakan bagian mekanik jam, papan kabel telepon lama, dan komponen daur ulang lainnya.
Although known at school as "Einstein", Hawking was not initially successful academically.
Meski dijuluki "Einstein" di sekolah, Hawking awalnya tidak mendapat nilai yang bagus.
With time, he began to show considerable aptitude for scientific subjects and, inspired by Tahta, decided to study mathematics at university.
Ia terinspirasi oleh Tahta dan memutuskan belajar matematika di universitas.
Hawking's father advised him to study medicine, concerned that there were few jobs for mathematics graduates.
Bapak Hawking menyarankannya agar belajar kedokteran; ia khawatir karena tidak banyak lapangan pekerjaan untuk sarjana matematika.
He also wanted his son to attend University College, Oxford, his own alma mater.
Ia juga ingin anaknya kuliah di University College, Oxford, alma maternya sendiri.
As it was not possible to read mathematics there at the time, Hawking decided to study physics and chemistry.
Karena waktu itu belum ada jurusan matematika di sana, Hawking memutuskan belajar fisika dan kimia.
Despite his headmaster's advice to wait until the next year, Hawking was awarded a scholarship after taking the examinations in March 1959.
Hawking menunggu satu tahun, Hawking dianugerahi beasiswa setelah menjalani ujian pada Maret 1959.
In October 1959, at the age of 17, Hawking began his university education at University College, Oxford.
Hawking mengawali pendidikan tingginya di University College, Oxford, bulan Oktober 1959 pada usia 17 tahun.
For the first eighteen months, he was bored and lonely – he found the academic work "ridiculously easy".
Selama 18 bulan pertama, ia bosan dan kesepian – ia menganggap tugas kuliahnya "terlalu mudah".
His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said, "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it."
Guru fisikanya, Robert Berman, kelak mengungkapkan, "Ia perlu tahu bahwa ia dapat melakukan sesuatu, dan ia dapat melakukannya tanpa mempelajari cara yang digunakan orang lain."
a popular, lively, and witty student, interested in classical music and science fiction.
Ia mulai dikenal sebagai mahasiswa populer, ceria, dan lucu, tertarik dengan musik klasik dan fiksi ilmiah.
Hawking estimated that he studied about 1,000 hours during his three years at Oxford.
Hawking menghitung bahwa ia belajar selama seribu jam dalam tiga tahun masa kuliahnya di Oxford.
Hawking was concerned that he was viewed as a lazy and difficult student.
Hawking takut dipandang sebagai mahasiswa pemalas dan sulit diatur.
He was held in higher regard than he believed; as Berman commented, the examiners "were intelligent enough to realise they were talking to someone far cleverer than most of themselves".
He was held in higher regard than he believed; menurut Berman, para penguji "sadar bahwa mereka sedang berbicara dengan sosok yang lebih pintar daripada mereka sendiri".
After receiving a first-class BA degree in physics and completing a trip to Iran with a friend, he began his graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in October 1962.
terbaik di bidang ilmu alam dan pulang dari petualangannya di Iran bersama seorang teman, ia melanjutkan pendidikannya di Trinity Hall, Cambridge, pada Oktober 1962.
Hawking's first year as a doctoral student was difficult.
Tahun pertama Hawking sebagai mahasiswa doktoral diterpa kesulitan.
After being diagnosed with motor neurone disease, Hawking fell into a depression – though his doctors advised that he continue with his studies, he felt there was little point.
Setelah didiagnosis mengidap penyakit saraf motorik, Hawking mengalami depresi – walaupun semua dokternya menyarankan agar ia melanjutkan penelitiannya, ia merasa tidak ada gunanya.
Hawking started developing a reputation for intelligence and brashness after a lecture in June 1964, at which he publicly challenged the work of Hoyle and his student Jayant Narlikar.
Hawking mulai dikenal atas kecerdasan keberaniannya setelah ia menantang secara terbuka tulisan Fred Hoyle dan bimbingannya, Jayant Narlikar, dalam sebuah kuliah pada bulan Juni 1964.
Inspired by Roger Penrose's theorem of a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes, Hawking applied the same thinking to the entire universe; and, during 1965, he wrote his thesis on this topic.
Terinspirasi oleh teorema singularitas ruang-waktu Roger Penrose di tengah lubang hitam, Hawking menerapkan pemikiran yang sama untuk seluruh alam semesta.
Hawking's thesis was approved in 1966.
Tesis Hawking disetujui tahun 1966.
In 1969, Hawking accepted a specially created Fellowship for Distinction in Science to remain at Caius.
Pada tahun 1969, Hawking menerima anugerah Fellowship for Distinction in Science di Caius.
Collaborating with Penrose, Hawking extended the singularity theorem concepts first explored in his doctoral thesis.
Dalam karyanya yang ditulis bersama Penrose, Hawking memperluas konsep-konsep teorema singularitas yang dijelaskan dalam tesis doktoralnya.
This included not only the existence of singularities, but also the theory that the universe might have started as a singularity.
Perluasan konsep ini mencakup eksistensi singularitas serta teori bahwa alam semesta itu sendiri berawal dari singularitas.
Their joint essay was the runner-up in the 1968 Gravity Research Foundation competition.
Esai mereka menjadi finalis lomba Gravity Research Foundation tahun 1968.
In 1970, they published a proof that if the universe obeys the theory of general relativity, and fits any of the models of physical cosmology developed by Alexander Friedmann, then it must have begun as a singularity.
Tahun 1970, mereka mengumumkan bukti bahwa apabila alam semesta mematuhi teori relativitas umum dan pas dengan semua model kosmologi fisik Alexander Friedmann, alam semesta pasti berawal dari singularitas (ketunggalan).
Hawking's essay titled "Black Holes" won the Gravity Research Foundation Award in January 1971.
Esainya yang berjudul "Black Holes" dianugerahi Gravity Research Foundation Award pada Januari 1971.
His first book, The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time, written with George Ellis, was published in 1973.
Buku pertama Hawking, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, ditulis bersama George Ellis dan diterbitkan tahun 1973.
In 1973, Hawking and James M. Bardeen developed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics.
Bersama James M. Bardeen dan Brandon Carter, ia mengusulkan empat hukum mekanika lubang hitam dengan analogi termodinamika.
Around this time, Hawking moved into the study of quantum gravity and quantum mechanics.
Sejak 1973, Hawking beralih ke kajian gravitasi kuantum dan mekanika kuantum.
This was spurred by a visit to Moscow, in which he talked with Yakov Zeldovich and Alexei Starobinsky, whose work showed that, according to the uncertainty principle, rotating black holes emit particles.
Karyanya di bidang ini dipicu oleh kunjungannya ke Moskow dan diskusi dengan Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich dan Alexei Starobinsky; karya kedua ilmuwan ini menunjukkan bahwa menurut prinsip ketidakpastian, lubang hitam yang berputar mengeluarkan partikel.
In 1974, Hawking claimed that black holes emit radiation, known today as Hawking radiation, which may continue until they exhaust their energy and evaporate.
Hasil penelitiannya yang dipaparkan tahun 1974 menunjukkan bahwa lubang hitam mengeluarkan radiasi yang kini dikenal sebagai radiasi Hawking.
Following the publication of further research, by the late 1970s, the discovery was widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics.
Pada akhir 1970-an dan usai penerbitan artikel tambahan, temuan ini diakui secara luas sebagai terobosan dalam fisika teoretis.
Hawking was appointed to the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Visiting Professorship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1974.
Hawking diangkat sebagai Profesor Tamu Kehormatan Sherman Fairchild di California Institute of Technology (Caltech) tahun 1970.
He worked with a friend on the faculty, Kip Thorne, and engaged him in a scientific wager about whether the X-ray source Cygnus X-1 was a black hole.
Ia bekerja dengan temannya, Kip Thorne, dan membuat taruhan ilmiah tentang status lubang hitam bintang gelap Cygnus X-1.
Hawking acknowledged that he had lost the bet in 1990, a bet that was the first of several he was to make with Thorne and others.
Hawking mengakui bahwa ia kalah taruhan pada tahun 1990, kekalahan pertama dari serangkaian taruhan yang kelak ia buat bersama Thorne dan rekan-rekannya.
Hawking had maintained ties to Caltech, spending a month there almost every year since this first visit.
Hawking membina hubungan dengan Caltech dan menghabiskan satu bulan di sana setiap tahun sejak kunjungan pertamanya.
Hawking returned to Cambridge in 1975 to a more academically senior post, as reader in gravitational physics.
Hawking kembali ke Cambridge tahun 1975 untuk menduduki jabatan akademik yang lebih senior, yaitu reader fisika gravitasi.
The mid-to-late 1970s were a period of growing public interest in black holes and the physicists who were studying them.
Pada pertengahan hingga akhir 1970-an, publik semakin tertarik dengan lubang hitam dan para fisikawan yang mempelajarinya.
Hawking was regularly interviewed for print and television.
Hawking sering diwawancarai oleh media cetak dan televisi.
In 1975, he was awarded both the Eddington Medal and the Pius XI Gold Medal, and in 1976 the Dannie Heineman Prize, the Maxwell Medal and Prize, and the Hughes Medal.
Pada tahun 1975, ia dianugerahi Eddington Medal dan Pius XI Gold Medal, lalu Dannie Heineman Prize, Maxwell Prize dan Hughes Medal tahun 1976.
The following year, he received the Albert Einstein Medal and an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford.
Pada tahun berikutnya, ia menerima Albert Einstein Medal dan gelar doktor kehormatan dari Universitas Oxford.
In 1979, Hawking was elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge.
Pada akhir 1970-an, Hawking diangkat sebagai Guru Besar Matematika Lucasian di Universitas Cambridge.
In 1981, he proposed that information in a black hole is irretrievably lost when a black hole evaporates.
Pada tahun 1981, ia berpendapat bahwa informasi di lubang hitam tidak dapat diselamatkan apabila lubang hitam menghilang.
This information paradox violates the fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics, and led to years of debate, including "the Black Hole War" with Leonard Susskind and Gerard 't Hooft.
Paradoks informasi ini melanggar dasar mekanika kuantum dan memicu perdebatan yang menahun, termasuk "Perang Lubang Hitam" dengan Leonard Susskind dan Gerard 't Hooft.
Cosmological inflation – a theory proposing that following the Big Bang, the universe initially expanded incredibly rapidly before settling down to a slower expansion – was proposed by Alan Guth and also developed by Andrei Linde.
Inflasi kosmologis – teori bahwa setelah Dentuman Besar, alam semesta awalnya meluas dengan sangat cepat sebelum pelan-pelan melambat – digagas oleh Alan Guth dan dikembangkan oleh Andrei Linde.
Following a conference in Moscow in October 1981, Hawking and Gary Gibbons organised a three-week Nuffield Workshop in the summer of 1982 on "The Very Early Universe" at Cambridge University, a workshop that focused mainly on inflation theory.
Usai konferensi di Moskow bulan Oktober 1981, Hawking dan Gary Gibbons mengadakan Nuffield Workshop selama tiga pekan pada musim panas 1982 dengan topik "The Very Early Universe" di Universitas Cambridge; lokakarya ini berfokus pada teori inflasi.
Hawking also began a new line of quantum-theory research into the origin of the universe.
Hawking juga memulai penelitian teori kuantum baru terhadap asal-usul alam semesta.
In 1981, at a Vatican conference, he presented work suggesting that there might be no boundary – or beginning or ending – to the universe.
Dalam konferensi di Vatikan tahun 1981, ia memaparkan penelitiannya yang menunjukkan bahwa alam semesta mungkin tidak ada batas atau awal atau akhir.
It proposed that prior to the Planck epoch, the universe had no boundary in spacetime; before the Big Bang, time did not exist and the concept of the beginning of the universe is meaningless.
Menurut model ini, sebelum kala Planck, alam semesta tidak memiliki batas di ruang-waktu; sebelum Dentuman Besar, waktu tidak ada dan konsep awal semesta tidak ada artinya.
One cannot travel north of the North Pole, but there is no boundary there – it is simply the point where all north-running lines meet and end.
Seseorang tidak bisa pergi ke sebelah utara Kutub Utara, tetapi tidak ada batas di sana – Kutub Utara hanyalah titik tempat bertemunya dan berakhirnya semua garis yang menuju ke utara.
Initially, the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed universe, which had implications about the existence of God.
Awalnya, usulan tanpa batas ini memprediksi alam semesta tertutup yang berdampak pada penjelasan keberadaan Tuhan.
" Further work by Hawking in the area of arrows of time led to the 1985 publication of a paper theorising that if the no-boundary proposition were correct, then when the universe stopped expanding and eventually collapsed, time would run backwards.
Penelitian Hawking selanjutnya di bidang arah waktu menghasilkan artikel tahun 1985 yang memaparkan bahwa apabila dugaan tanpa batas itu benar, maka ketika alam semesta berhenti meluas dan runtuh, waktu akan berjalan terbalik.
A paper by Don Page and independent calculations by Raymond Laflamme led Hawking to withdraw this concept.
Artikel yang ditulis Don Page dan penghitungan independen oleh Raymond Laflamme memaksa Hawking mencabut konsep ini.
Instead of publishing with an academic press, he signed a contract with Bantam Books, a mass-market publisher, and received a large advance for his book.
Alih-alih pers universitas, ia menandatangani kontrak penerbitannya dengan Bantam Books, sebuah penerbit massal, dan mendapat hasil penjualan yang besar.
A first draft of the book, called A Brief History of Time, was completed in 1984.
Draf pertama bukunya yang berjudul A Brief History of Time selesai ditulis pada tahun 1984.
One of the first messages Hawking produced with his speech-generating device was a request for his assistant to help him finish writing A Brief History of Time.
Salah satu pesan pertama yang disampaikan Hawking lewat alat bicaranya adalah permintaan kepada asistennya untuk membantunya menyelesaikan A Brief History of Time.
The book was translated into many languages, and as of 2009, has sold an estimated 9 million copies.
Buku ini diterjemahkan ke berbagai bahasa dan terjual sebanyak 9 juta eksemplar.
Media attention was intense, and a Newsweek magazine-cover and a television special both described him as "Master of the Universe".
Sampul majalah Newsweek dan sebuah acara televisi menjulukinya sebagai "Master of the Universe".
Hawking pursued his work in physics: in 1993, he co-edited a book on Euclidean quantum gravity with Gary Gibbons and published a collected edition of his own articles on black holes and the Big Bang.
Hawking melanjutkan kariernya di bidang fisika: pada tahun 1993, ia ikut menyunting sebuah buku tentang gravitasi kuantum Euklides bersama Gary Gibbons dan menerbitkan edisi koleksi artikelnya tentang lubang hitam dan Dentuman Besar.
In 1994, at Cambridge's Newton Institute, Hawking and Penrose delivered a series of six lectures that were published in 1996 as "The Nature of Space and Time".
Tahun 1994, di Newton Institute Cambridge, Hawking dan Penrose menyampaikan serangkaian kuliah yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1996 dengan judul "The Nature of Space and Time".
The same year, Thorne, Hawking, and Preskill made another bet, this time concerning the black hole information paradox.
Pada tahun itu juga, Thorne, Hawking, dan Preskill membuat taruhan lain tentang paradoks informasi lubang hitam.
Thorne and Hawking argued that since general relativity made it impossible for black holes to radiate and lose information, the mass-energy and information carried by Hawking radiation must be "new", and not from inside the event horizon.
Hawking berpendapat bahwa karena relativitas umum membuat lubang hitam mustahil mengeluarkan radiasi dan kehilangan informasi, massa-energi dan informasi yang terkandung dalam radiasi Hawking pasti "baru" dan bukan berasal dari dalam cakrawala peristiwa lubang hitam.
Since this contradicted the quantum mechanics of microcausality, quantum mechanics theory would need to be rewritten.
Karena ini bertentangan dengan mekanika kuantum mikrokausalitas, teori mekanika kuantum harus dirombak.
Preskill argued the opposite, that since quantum mechanics suggests that the information emitted by a black hole relates to information that fell in at an earlier time, the concept of black holes given by general relativity must be modified in some way.
Sebaliknya, Preskill berpendapat bahwa karena mekanika kuantum menunjukkan bahwa informasi yang dikeluarkan oleh lubang hitam berkaitan dengan informasi yang disedot sebelumnya, konsep lubang hitam yang dipaparkan oleh relativitas umum pasti mengalami penyesuaian.
Hawking had wanted the film to be scientific rather than biographical, but he was persuaded otherwise.
Hawking ingin filmnya lebih menyoroti ilmu pengetahuan daripada biografinya, tetapi ia akhirnya mengalah.
A popular-level collection of essays, interviews, and talks titled Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays was published in 1993.
Koleksi esai, wawancara, dan diskusi berjudul Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays diterbitkan tahun 1993.
By 2003, consensus among physicists was growing that Hawking was wrong about the loss of information in a black hole.
Per 2003, para fisikawan sepakat bahwa Hawking keliru mengenai hilangnya informasi dalam lubang hitam.
In the 2005 paper he published on the subject, he argued that the information paradox was explained by examining all the alternative histories of universes, with the information loss in those with black holes being cancelled out by those without such loss.
Dalam artikel tahun 2005 yang ia tulis tentang hal ini, ia berpendapat bahwa paradoks informasi dijelaskan dengan mempelajari semua sejarah alam semesta alternatif; hilangnya informasi dalam lubang hitam dibatalkan oleh lubang hitam yang tidak kehilangan informasi.
In January 2014, he called the alleged loss of information in black holes his "biggest blunder".
Pada Januari 2014, ia mengaku bahwa dugaan hilangnya informasi dalam lubang hitam adalah "blunder terbesarnya".
In August 2015, Hawking said that not all information is lost when something enters a black hole and there might be a possibility to retrieve information from a black hole according to his theory.
Pada Agustus 2015, Hawking mengatakan bahwa tidak semua informasi hilang ketika benda lain memasuki lubang hitam.
The particle was proposed to exist as part of the Higgs field theory by Peter Higgs in 1964.
Partikel ini diduga ada menurut teori medan Higgs oleh pada tahun 1964.
The particle was discovered in July 2012 at CERN following construction of the Large Hadron Collider.
Partikel ini ditemukan pada Juli 2012 di CERN setelah Large Hadron Collider dibangun.
Hawking quickly conceded that he had lost his bet and said that Higgs should win the Nobel Prize for Physics, which he did in 2013.
Hawking mengaku bahwa ia kalah taruhan dan mengatakan bahwa Higgs sepatutnya memenangi Hadiah Nobel Fisika; Higgs menerima hadiah ini pada tahun 2013.
In 2007, Hawking and his daughter Lucy published George's Secret Key to the Universe, a children's book designed to explain theoretical physics in an accessible fashion and featuring characters similar to those in the Hawking family.
Tahun 2007, Hawking bersama putrinya, Lucy, menerbitkan George's Secret Key to the Universe, buku anak-anak yang menjelaskan fisika teoretis secara sederhana dan menampilkan tokoh-tokoh yang mirip dengan keluarga Hawking.
Hawking created Stephen Hawking: Expedition New Earth, a 2017 documentary on space colonisation, as an episode of Tomorrow's World.
Hawking membuat Stephen Hawking: Expedition New Earth, dokumenter tentang kolonisasi luar angkasa sebagai salah satu episode Tomorrow's World (2017).
During his career, Hawking supervised 39 successful PhD students.
Sepanjang kariernya, Hawking membimbing 39 mahasiswa PhD ternama.
As required by Cambridge University policy for professors who have reached the age of 67, Hawking retired as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 2009.
Sesuai peraturan Universitas Cambridge, Hawking pensiun sebagai Guru Besar Matematika Lucasian pada tahun 2009.
Despite suggestions that he might leave the U.K. as a protest against public funding cuts to basic scientific research, Hawking worked as director of research at the Cambridge University Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics.
Meski muncul dugaan bahwa ia berencana meninggalkan Britania Raya sebagai bentuk protes atas pemotongan anggaran penelitian ilmiah dasar, Hawking bekerja sebagai direktur penelitian di Departemen Matematika Terapan dan Fisika Teoretis Universitas Cambridge.
On 20 July 2015, Hawking helped launch Breakthrough Initiatives, an effort to search for extraterrestrial life.
Tanggal 20 Juli 2015, Hawking turut meluncurkan Breakthrough Initiatives, proyek pencarian kehidupan luar bumi.
At Google's Zeitgeist Conference in 2011, Stephen Hawking said that "philosophy is dead".
" Dalam Google's Zeitgeist Conference tahun 2011, Hawking mengatakan bahwa "filsafat sudah mati".
He said that philosophical problems can be answered by science, particularly new scientific theories which "lead us to a new and very different picture of the universe and our place in it".
Ia mengatakan bahwa masalah filsafat dapat dijawab oleh sains, terutama teori-teori ilmiah baru yang
" In 2006, Hawking posed an open question on the Internet: "In a world that is in chaos politically, socially and environmentally, how can the human race sustain another 100 years?", later clarifying: "I don't know the answer.
Pada tahun 2006, Hawking mengajukan pertanyaan terbuka di Internet: "Di dunia yang mengalami kekacauan politik, sosial, dan lingkungan, bagaimana cara umat manusia bertahan hidup sampai 100 tahun berikutnya?"
That is why I asked the question, to get people to think about it, and to be aware of the dangers we now face.
Itu sebabnya saya bertanya supaya masyarakat memikirkan hal ini dan sadar akan bahaya yang kita hadapi saat ini."
" Hawking expressed concern that life on Earth is at risk from a sudden nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus, global warming, an asteroid collision, or other dangers humans have not yet thought of.
Hawking khawatir bahwa kehidupan di Bumi terancam oleh perang nuklir mendadak, virus yang mengalami rekayasa genetik, pemanasan global, dan ancaman lain yang belum kita ketahui.
Hawking viewed spaceflight and the colonisation of space as necessary for the future of humanity.
Hawking memandang bahwa penerbangan antariksa dan kolonisasi antariksa penting bagi masa depan manusia.
Hawking stated that, given the vastness of the universe, aliens likely exist, but that contact with them should be avoided.
Hawking menyatakan bahwa karena alam semesta sangat luas, alien mungkin ada, tetapi manusia sebaiknya menghindari kontak dengan alien.
He warned that aliens might pillage Earth for resources.
Ia memperingatkan bahwa alien mungkin menguras sumber daya di Bumi.
Hawking warned that superintelligent artificial intelligence could be pivotal in steering humanity's fate, stating that "the potential benefits are huge...
Hawking mengingatkan bahwa kecerdasan buatan supercerdas sangat berperan penting dalam menentukan nasib umat manusia.
Talk about creating life in our own image.
Kita menciptakan kehidupan sesuai sifat kita sendiri.
In the same book, he suggested that the existence of God was not necessary to explain the origin of the universe.
Dalam buku yang sama, ia berpendapat bahwa keberadaan Tuhan tidak diperlukan untuk menjelaskan asal-usul alam semesta.
In 2011, narrating the first episode of the American television series Curiosity on the Discovery Channel, Hawking declared: We are each free to believe what we want and it is my view that the simplest explanation is there is no God.
Pada tahun 2011, ketika menarasikan episode pertama seri televisi Curiosity di Discovery Channel, Hawking mengatakan: Kita bebas percaya apapun, dan saya memandang bahwa penjelasan paling sederhananya adalah Tuhan itu tidak ada.
No one created the universe and no one directs our fate.
Tidak ada sosok yang menciptakan alam semesta dan tidak ada pula yang menentukan nasib kita.
In a 2014 interview, he said: Before we understand science, it is natural to believe that God created the universe.
Sebelum kita paham ilmu pengetahuan, wajar saja kita percaya bahwa Tuhan menciptakan alam semesta.
But now science offers a more convincing explanation.
Namun, sains kini memiliki penjelasan yang lebih meyakinkan.
What I meant by 'we would know the mind of God' is, we would know everything that God would know, if there were a God, which there isn't.
Ketika saya mengatakan 'kita akan mengetahui isi pikiran Tuhan', maksud saya adalah kita akan tahu semua hal yang diketahui Tuhan, itu pun seandainya ada Tuhan, dan memang tidak ada.
I'm an atheist.
Saya seorang ateis.
The NHS must be preserved from commercial interests and protected from those who want to privatise it."
NHS perlu dilindungi dari kepentingan komersial dan pihak-pihak yang ingin menyerahkannya ke swasta."
Before the 2014 referendum on Scottish independence from the UK, Hawking was one of two hundred public figures who signed a letter endorsing a vote against independence.
Pada Agustus 2014, Hawking adalah satu dari 200 penandatangan surat yang menolak kemerdekaan Skotlandia menjelang referendum bulan September.
Hawking also theorized that climate change could lead Earth "to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees [Celsius], and raining sulphuric acid".
Hawking kembali mengatakan bahwa hal ini akan membuat Bumi "tampak seperti Venus dengan suhu dua ratus lima puluh derajat dan hujan asam belerang".
The following year, Hawking was diagnosed with motor neurone disease (MND; also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease).
Hawking mengalami sklerosis lateral amiotrof (ALS) yang lambat, dini, dan langka (juga dikenal sebagai penyakit saraf motorik atau penyakit Lou Gehrig) yang melumpuhkan tubuhnya secara perlahan selama puluhan tahun.
The couple had three children: Robert, born May 1967, Lucy, born November 1970, and Timothy, born April 1979.
Mereka telah dikaruniai tiga anak: Robert (lahir 1967), Lucy (lahir 1969), dan Timothy (lahir 1979).
After his divorce from Jane in 1995, Hawking married Mason in September.
Hawking lalu menikahi perawatnya, Elaine Mason (sebelumnya menikah dengan David Mason, perancang komputer bicara Hawking), pada tahun 1995.
Hawking continued to travel widely, including trips to Chile, Easter Island, South Africa, Spain (to receive the Fonseca Prize in 2008), Canada, and numerous trips to the U.S.
Hawking sering bepergian, termasuk ke Cile, Pulau Paskah, Afrika Selatan, Spanyol (untuk menerima Fonseca Prize tahun 2008), Kanada, dan Amerika Serikat.
For practical reasons related to his disability, Hawking increasingly travelled by private jet, and by 2011, that had become his only mode of international travel.
Karena disabilitas yang dialaminya, Hawking sering bepergian dengan jet pribadi karena praktis.
Hawking died at his home in Cambridge on 14 March 2018, at the age of 76.
" Hawking meninggal di rumahnya di Cambridge pada pagi hari tanggal 14 Maret 2018 (GMT), menurut seorang juru bicara keluarga.
Hawking appeared in multiple documentary films, including God, the Universe and Everything Else (1988), The Real Stephen Hawking (2001), Stephen Hawking: Profile (2002), and Hawking (2013), and the documentary series Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe (2008).
The Real Stephen Hawking (2001), Stephen Hawking: Profile (2002) dan Hawking (2013), dan seri dokumenter Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe (2008).
Hawking played a holographic simulation of himself in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation in 1993.
Nimoy mengamininya dan Hawking pun muncul sebagai simulasi holografik dalam sebuah episode Star Trek: The Next Generation tahun 1993.
Hawking advertised multiple products, including a wheelchair brand, National Savings, British Telecom, Specsavers, Egg Banking, and Go Compare.
Hawking memanfaatkan ketenarannya untuk mengiklankan sejumlah produk seperti kursi roda, National Savings, British Telecom, Specsavers, Egg Banking, dan Go Compare.
In the 1989 Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH).
Dalam rangkaian 1989 Birthday Honours, ia dianugerahi gelar Companion of Honour (CH).
He then received five more honorary degrees, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1985), the Paul Dirac Medal (1987) and, jointly with Penrose, the prestigious Wolf Prize (1988).
Ia mendapat banyak penghargaan akademik, termasuk lima gelar kehormatan, Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1985), Paul Dirac Medal (1987) dan Wolf Prize bersama Penrose (1988).
In 2002, following a UK-wide vote, the BBC included Hawking in their list of the 100 Greatest Britons.
Pada tahun 2002, dalam jajak pendapat nasional, BBC memasukkan Hawking dalam daftar 100 Orang Britania Paling Berpengaruh.
He was awarded the Copley Medal from the Royal Society (2006), the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is America's highest civilian honour (2009), and the Russian Special Fundamental Physics Prize (2013).
Ia dianugerahi Copley Medal oleh Royal Society (2006), Presidential Medal of Freedom, penghargaan sipil tertinggi Amerika Serikat (2009), dan Special Fundamental Physics Prize di Rusia (2013).
Several buildings have been named after him, including the Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador, El Salvador, the Stephen Hawking Building in Cambridge, and the Stephen Hawking Centre at the Perimeter Institute in Canada.
Beberapa bangunan diberi nama sesuai nama dirinya, termasuk Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum di San Salvador, El Salvador, Stephen Hawking Building di Cambridge, dan Stephen Hawking Centre di Perimeter Institute di Kanada.
Given Hawking's association with time, he unveiled the mechanical "Chronophage" (or time-eating) Corpus Clock at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in September 2008.
Karena Hawking meneliti tentang waktu, ia diundang untuk meresmikan jam mekanik "Chronophage" ("pemakan waktu") Corpus Clock di Corpus Christi College, Cambridge pada bulan September 2008.
In July 2017, Hawking was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Imperial College London.
Pada Juli 2017, Hawking dianugerahi gelar doktor kehormatan dari Imperial College London.
The Nature of Space and Time (with Roger Penrose) (1996) The Large, the Small and the Human Mind (with Roger Penrose, Abner Shimony and Nancy Cartwright) (1997)
My Brief History (2013) The Nature of Space and Time (bersama Roger Penrose) (1996) The Large, the Small and the Human Mind (bersama Roger Penrose, Abner Shimony dan Nancy Cartwright) (1997)
The Future of Spacetime (with Kip Thorne, Igor Novikov, Timothy Ferris and introduction by Alan Lightman, Richard H. Price) (2002) A Briefer History of Time (with Leonard Mlodinow) (2005) The Grand Design (with Leonard Mlodinow) (2010)
The Future of Spacetime (bersama Kip Thorne, Igor Novikov, Timothy Ferris dan pengantar oleh Alan Lightman, Richard H. Price) (2002)
Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy (Kip Thorne, and introduction by Frederick Seitz) (1994) The Physics of Star Trek (Lawrence Krauss) (1995)
Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy (Kip Thorne, dan kata pengantar oleh Frederick Seitz) (1994)
Co-written with his daughter Lucy.
Ditulis bersama putrinya, Lucy.
Stephen Hawking's Grand Design (2012) The Big Bang Theory (2012, 2014–2015, 2017)
Stephen Hawking's Grand Design (2012) The Big Bang Theory (2012, 2014 dan 2017)
The Theory of Everything – Feature film (2014) starring Eddie Redmayne Genius by Stephen Hawking (2016) S. W. Hawking; R. Penrose (27 January 1970).
The Theory of Everything (2014), dibintangi Eddie Redmayne Genius by Stephen Hawking (2016) Hawking, S. W.; Penrose, R. (1970).
S. W. Hawking (May 1971).
Hawking, S. (1971).
Stephen Hawking (June 1972).
Hawking, S.W. (1972).
Stephen Hawking (March 1974).
Hawking, S. W. (1974).
Stephen Hawking (September 1982).
Hawking, S.W. (1982).
S. W. Hawking (October 2005).
Hawking, S. (2005).
Physical Review D. 72 (8). arXiv:hep-th/0507171. Bibcode:2005PhRvD..72h4013H. doi:10.1103/PHYSREVD.72.084013. ISSN 1550-7998.
Physical Review D. 72 (8): 084013. arXiv:hep-th/0507171. Bibcode:2005PhRvD..72h4013H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.72.084013.