Evolutionary processes evolution microevolution: adaptation – selection – natural selection – directional selection – sexual selection – genetic drift – sexual reproduction – asexual reproduction – colony – allele frequency – neutral theory of molecular evolution – population genetics – Hardy–Weinberg principle Speciation Species Phylogeny Lineage (evolution) – evolutionary tree – cladistics – species – taxon – clade – monophyletic – polyphyly – paraphyly – heredity – phenotypic trait – nucleic acid sequence – synapomorphy – homology – molecular clock – outgroup (cladistics) – maximum parsimony (phylogenetics) – Computational phylogenetics Linnaean taxonomy: Carl Linnaeus – domain (biology) – kingdom (biology) – phylum – class (biology) – order (biology) – family (biology) – genus – species Three-domain system: archaea – bacteria – eukaryote – protist – fungi – plant – animal Binomial nomenclature: scientific classification – Homo sapiens History of life Origin of life – hierarchy of life – Miller–Urey experiment Macroevolution: adaptive radiation – convergent evolution – extinction – mass extinction – fossil – taphonomy – geologic time – plate tectonics – continental drift – vicariance – Gondwana – Pangaea – endosymbiosis Bacteria and Archaea Protists Plant diversity Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Bryophytes Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Moss Pteridophytes Lycopodiophyta Polypodiophyta Seed plants Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Pinophyta Gnetophyta Magnoliophyta Fungi Yeast – mold (fungus) – mushroom Animal diversity Invertebrates: sponge – cnidarian – coral – jellyfish – Hydra (genus) – sea anemone flatworms – nematodes arthropods: crustacean – chelicerata – myriapoda – arachnids – insects – annelids – molluscs Vertebrates: fishes: – agnatha – chondrichthyes – osteichthyes Tiktaalik tetrapods amphibians reptiles birds flightless birds – Neognathae – dinosaurs mammals placental:
Evolusi – Pengantar evolusi – Evolusi sebagai teori dan fakta Mikroevolusi: spesies – spesiasi – adaptasi – seleksi – seleksi alam – seleksi arah – seleksi seksual – penyimpangan genetik – reproduksi seksual – reproduksi aseksual – koloni – frekuensi alel – teori evolusi molekuler netral – genetika populasi – Prinsip Hardy–Weinberg Makroevolusi: radiasi adaptif – evolusi konvergen – kepunahan – kepunahan massal – fosil – tafonomi – skala waktu geologi – lempeng tektonik – pergeseran benua – spesiasi alopatrik – Gondwana – Pangea – endosimbiosis Sistematika: takson – taksonomi – klasifikasi ilmiah – filogeni – pohon evolusi – kladistika – sinapomorfi dan apomorfi – homologi – jam molekuler Autekologi: autotrof – heterotrof – aklimatisasi – termoregulasi hewan (homoiterm – poikiloterm) – hibernasi – homeostasis – perilaku – ritme sirkadian Ekologi komunitas: komunitas – spesies kunci – mimikri – simbiosis – penyerbukan – mutualisme – komensalisme – parasitisme – predasi – spesies invasif – heterogenitas lingkungan – efek tepi Ekologi populasi: populasi – kompetisi – kawin – penyebaran biologis – endemisme – relung – kurva pertumbuhan (biologi) – daya dukung Ekonomi ekologis Ekosistem: keanekaragaman hayati – bioma – habitat – plankton – termoklin – siklus karbon – siklus air – siklus nitrogen – jaring-jaring makanan – level trofik – saprofit – dekomposisi Organisme nonhidup Virus: