Homeotic genes are genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms such as echinoderms, insects, mammals, and plants.
Gen homeotik adalah gen yang mengatur perkembangan struktur anatomi pada berbagai organisme seperti echinodermata, serangga, mamalia, dan tumbuhan.
Homeotic genes often encode transcription factor proteins, and these proteins affect development by regulating downstream gene networks involved in body patterning.
Gen homeotik sering mengkode protein faktor transkripsi, dan protein ini memengaruhi perkembangan dengan mengatur jaringan gen hilir yang terlibat dalam pola tubuh.
Mutations in homeotic genes cause displaced body parts (homeosis), such as antennae growing at the posterior of the fly instead of at the head.
Mutasi pada gen homeotik menyebabkan bagian tubuh yang bergeser (homeosis), seperti antena yang tumbuh di bagian posterior lalat, alih-alih di kepala.
Mutations that lead to development of ectopic structures are usually lethal.
Mutasi yang menyebabkan perkembangan struktur ektopik biasanya mematikan.
There are several subsets of homeotic genes.
Terdapat beberapa subset gen homeotik.
They include many of the Hox and ParaHox genes that are important for segmentation.
Subset ini mencakup banyak gen Hox dan ParaHox yang penting untuk segmentasi.
Hox genes are found in bilateral animals, including Drosophila (in which they were first discovered) and humans.
Gen Hox ditemukan pada hewan bilateral, termasuk Drosophila (di mana gen ini pertama kali ditemukan) dan manusia.
Hox genes are a subset of the homeobox genes.
Gen Hox merupakan subset dari gen homeobox.
The Hox genes are often conserved across species, so some of the Hox genes of Drosophila are homologous to those in humans.
Gen Hox seringkali terkonservasi antar spesies, sehingga beberapa gen Hox pada Drosophila homolog dengan gen pada manusia.
In general, Hox genes play a role of regulating expression of genes as well as aiding in development and assignment of specific structures during embryonic growth.
Secara umum, gen Hox berperan dalam mengatur ekspresi gen serta membantu perkembangan dan penetapan struktur spesifik selama pertumbuhan embrio.
This can range from segmentation in Drosophila to central nervous system (CNS) development in vertebrates.
Hal ini dapat berkisar dari segmentasi pada Drosophila hingga perkembangan sistem saraf pusat (SSP) pada vertebrata.
Both Hox and ParaHox are grouped as HOX-Like (HOXL) genes, a subset of the ANTP class (named after the Drosophila gene, Antennapedia).
Baik Hox maupun ParaHox dikelompokkan sebagai gen mirip HOX (HOXL), subset dari kelas ANTP (dinamai berdasarkan gen Drosophila, Antennapedia).
They also include the MADS-box-containing genes involved in the ABC model of flower development.
Gen-gen ini juga mencakup gen yang mengandung MADS-box yang terlibat dalam model ABC perkembangan bunga.
Besides flower-producing plants, the MADS-box motif is also present in other organisms such as insects, yeasts, and mammals.
Selain tumbuhan penghasil bunga, motif MADS-box juga terdapat pada organisme lain seperti serangga, khamir, dan mamalia.
They have various functions depending on the organism including flower development, proto-oncogene transcription, and gene regulation in specific cells (such as muscle cells).
Motif ini memiliki beragam fungsi, tergantung pada organismenya, termasuk perkembangan bunga, transkripsi proto-onkogen, dan regulasi gen pada sel tertentu (seperti sel otot).
Despite the terms being commonly interchanged, not all homeotic genes are Hox genes; the MADS-box genes are homeotic but not Hox genes.
Meskipun istilah-istilah tersebut sering dipertukarkan, tidak semua gen homeotik merupakan gen Hox; gen MADS-box bersifat homeotik tetapi bukan gen Hox.
Thus, the Hox genes are a subset of homeotic genes.
Dengan demikian, gen Hox merupakan subset dari gen homeotik.
One of the most commonly studied model organisms in regards to homeotic genes is the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
Salah satu organisme model yang paling umum dipelajari terkait gen homeotik adalah lalat buah Drosophila melanogaster.
Its homeotic Hox genes occur in either the Antennapedia complex (ANT-C) or the Bithorax complex (BX-C) discovered by Edward B. Lewis.
Gen Hox homeotiknya terdapat di kompleks Antennapedia (ANT-C) atau kompleks Bithorax (BX-C) yang ditemukan oleh Edward B. Lewis.
Each of the complexes focuses on a different area of development.
Masing-masing kompleks berfokus pada area perkembangan yang berbeda.
The antennapedia complex consists of five genes, including proboscipedia, and is involved in the development of the front of the embryo, forming the segments of the head and thorax.
Kompleks Antennapedia terdiri dari lima gen, termasuk proboscipedia, dan terlibat dalam perkembangan bagian depan embrio, membentuk segmen kepala dan toraks.
The bithorax complex consists of three main genes and is involved in the development of the back of the embryo, namely the abdomen and the posterior segments of the thorax.
Kompleks bithorax terdiri dari tiga gen utama dan terlibat dalam perkembangan bagian belakang embrio, yaitu abdomen dan segmen posterior toraks.
During development (starting at the blastoderm stage of the embryo), these genes are constantly expressed to assign structures and roles to the different segments of the fly's body.
Selama perkembangan (dimulai pada tahap blastoderm embrio), gen-gen ini terus-menerus diekspresikan untuk menetapkan struktur dan peran pada berbagai segmen tubuh lalat.
Much research has been done on homeotic genes in different organisms, ranging from basic understanding of how the molecules work to mutations to how homeotic genes affect the human body.
Banyak penelitian telah dilakukan pada gen homeotik di berbagai organisme, mulai dari pemahaman dasar tentang cara kerja molekul, mutasi, hingga bagaimana gen homeotik memengaruhi tubuh manusia.
Changing the expression levels of homeotic genes can negatively impact the organism.
Perubahan tingkat ekspresi gen homeotik dapat berdampak negatif pada organisme.
For example, in one study, a pathogenic phytoplasma caused homeotic genes in a flowering plant to either be significantly upregulated or downregulated.
Misalnya, dalam sebuah penelitian, fitoplasma patogen menyebabkan gen homeotik pada tumbuhan berbunga mengalami peningkatan atau penurunan regulasi yang signifikan.
In another study, it was found that the homeotic gene Cdx2 acts as a tumor suppressor.
Dalam penelitian lain, ditemukan bahwa gen homeotik Cdx2 bertindak sebagai penekan tumor.
In normal expression levels, the gene prevents tumorgenesis and colorectal cancer when exposed to carcinogens; however, when Cdx2 was not well expressed, carcinogens caused tumor development.
Pada tingkat ekspresi normal, gen tersebut mencegah tumorgenesis dan kanker kolorektal ketika terpapar karsinogen; namun, ketika Cdx2 tidak diekspresikan dengan baik, karsinogen menyebabkan perkembangan tumor.
These studies, along with many others, show the importance of homeotic genes even after development.
Penelitian-penelitian ini, bersama dengan banyak penelitian lainnya, menunjukkan pentingnya gen homeotik bahkan setelah perkembangan.
Homeobox Homeosis Flybase Homeotic Genes and Body Patterns NOVA-Gene Switches
Homeobox Homeosis Flybase Gen Homeotik dan Pola Tubuh Peralihan Gen-NOVA