He was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer.
Dia sangat berpengaruh dalam pengembangan ilmu komputer teoretis, menyediakan formalisasi konsep algoritma dan komputasi dengan mesin Turing, yang dapat dianggap sebagai model komputer serbaguna.
Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science.
Turing secara luas dianggap sebagai bapak ilmu komputer teoretis.
Born in London, Turing was raised in southern England.
Lahir di London, Turing dibesarkan di Inggris selatan.
He graduated from King's College, Cambridge, and in 1938, earned a doctorate degree from Princeton University.
Dia lulus dari King's College, Cambridge, dan pada tahun 1938, meraih gelar doktor dari Princeton University.
During World War II, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence.
Selama Perang Dunia II, Turing bekerja untuk Government Code and Cypher School di Bletchley Park, pusat pemecahan kode Inggris yang menghasilkan intelijen Ultra.
He led Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis.
Dia memimpin Hut 8, bagian yang bertanggung jawab atas kriptanalisis angkatan laut Jerman.
Turing devised techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bomba method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.
Turing merancang teknik untuk mempercepat pemecahan sandi Jerman, termasuk peningkatan pada metode Bomba Polandia sebelum perang, sebuah mesin elektromekanik yang dapat menemukan pengaturan untuk mesin Enigma.
After the war, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the Automatic Computing Engine, one of the first designs for a stored-program computer.
Setelah perang, Turing bekerja di National Physical Laboratory, di mana dia mendesain Automatic Computing Engine, salah satu desain pertama untuk komputer program tersimpan.
In 1948, Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory at the University of Manchester, where he contributed to the development of early Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology.
Pada tahun 1948, Turing bergabung dengan Laboratorium Mesin Komputasi Max Newman di University of Manchester, di mana dia berkontribusi pada pengembangan komputer Manchester awal dan menjadi tertarik pada biologi matematika.
Turing wrote on the chemical basis of morphogenesis and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed in the 1960s.
Turing menulis tentang dasar kimia dari morfogenesis dan memprediksi reaksi kimia berosilasi seperti reaksi Belousov–Zhabotinsky, pertama kali diamati pada tahun 1960-an.
Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act.
Terlepas dari pencapaian-pencapaian ini, ia tidak pernah sepenuhnya diakui selama hidupnya karena sebagian besar karyanya tertutupi oleh Official Secrets Act.
In 1952, Turing was prosecuted for homosexual acts.
Pada tahun 1952, Turing dituntut karena tindakan homoseksual.
He accepted hormone treatment, a procedure commonly referred to as chemical castration, as an alternative to prison.
Dia menerima perawatan hormon, sebuah prosedur yang biasa disebut sebagai kastrasi kimia, sebagai alternatif dari penjara.
Turing died on 7 June 1954, aged 41, from cyanide poisoning.
Turing meninggal pada 7 Juni 1954, pada usia 41 tahun, karena keracunan sianida.
An inquest determined his death as suicide, but the evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.
Penyelidikan menetapkan kematiannya sebagai bunuh diri, tetapi bukti-bukti juga konsisten dengan keracunan yang tidak disengaja.
Following a campaign in 2009, British prime minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology for "the appalling way [Turing] was treated".
Menyusul kampanye pada tahun 2009, perdana menteri Inggris Gordon Brown menyampaikan permintaan maaf publik resmi atas "perlakuan mengerikan yang diterima [Turing].
Queen Elizabeth II granted a pardon in 2013.
Ratu Elizabeth II memberi Hak prerogatif kerajaan untuk pengampunan pada tahun 2013.
The term "Alan Turing law" is used informally to refer to a 2017 law in the UK that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts.
Istilah "Hukum Alan Turing" digunakan secara informal untuk merujuk pada undang-undang tahun 2017 di Inggris yang memberikan pengampunan secara retroaktif kepada pria yang diberi peringatan atau dihukum berdasarkan undang-undang historis yang melarang tindakan homoseksual.
Turing left an extensive legacy in mathematics and computing which has become widely recognised with statues and many things named after him, including an annual award for computing innovation.
Turing meninggalkan warisan yang luas di bidang matematika dan komputasi yang telah diakui secara luas dengan berbagai penghargaan dan banyak hal yang dinamai menurut namanya, termasuk penghargaan tahunan atas inovasi komputasi.
His portrait appears on the Bank of England £50 note, first released on 23 June 2021 to coincide with his birthday.
Potretnya muncul di Uang kertas £50 Bank of England, pertama kali dirilis pada 23 Juni 2021 bertepatan dengan hari ulang tahunnya.
The cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter writes: "Atheist, homosexual, eccentric, marathon-running mathematician, A. M. Turing was in large part responsible not only for the concept of computers, incisive theorems about their powers, and a clear vision of the possibility of computer minds, but also for the cracking of German ciphers during the Second World War.
“A. M. Turing, seorang matematikawan ateis, homoseksual, eksentrik, dan pelari maraton, sebagian besar bertanggung jawab tidak hanya atas konsep komputer, teorema-teorema tajam tentang kekuatan mereka, dan visi yang jelas tentang kemungkinan kecerdasan komputer, tetapi juga untuk memecahkan sandi
Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev. John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a baronet.
Ayah Turing adalah putra seorang pendeta, Pendeta John Robert Turing, dari keluarga pedagang Skotlandia yang berbasis di Belanda dan termasuk seorang baronet.
Turing's mother, Julius's wife, was Ethel Sara Turing (née Stoney), daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the Madras Railways.
Ibu Turing, istri Julius, adalah Ethel Sara Turing (nama gadis Stoney), putri dari Edward Waller Stoney, kepala insinyur dari Madras Railways.
The Stoneys were a Protestant Anglo-Irish gentry family from both County Tipperary and County Longford, while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in County Clare.
Keluarga Stoney adalah keluarga Protestan Anglo-Irlandia bangsawan dari County Tipperary dan County Longford, sementara Ethel sendiri telah menghabiskan sebagian besar masa kecilnya di County Clare.
Julius and Ethel married on 1 October 1907 at the Church of Ireland St. Bartholomew's Church on Clyde Road in Ballsbridge, Dublin.
Julius dan Ethel menikah pada tanggal 1 Oktober 1907 di Gereja Irlandia St. Bartholomew's Church pada Clyde Road di Ballsbridge, Dublin.
Julius's work with the ICS brought the family to British India, where his grandfather had been a general in the Bengal Army.
Pekerjaan Julius di ICS membawa keluarganya ke India Britania, tempat kakeknya pernah menjadi jenderal di Angkatan Darat Bengal.
However, both Julius and Ethel wanted their children to be brought up in Britain, so they moved to Maida Vale, London, where Alan Turing was born on 23 June 1912, as recorded by a blue plaque on the outside of the house of his birth, later the Colonnade Hotel.
Namun, baik Julius maupun Ethel menginginkan anak-anak mereka dibesarkan di Inggris, jadi mereka pindah ke Maida Vale, London, tempat Alan Turing lahir pada 23
Turing had an elder brother, John Ferrier Turing, father of Dermot Turing, 12th Baronet of the Turing baronets.
Turing memiliki seorang kakak laki-laki, John Ferrier Turing, ayah dari Dermot Turing, Baronet ke-12 dari baronet Turing.
In 1922, he discovered Natural Wonders
Pada tahun 1922, ia menemukan Natural Wonders
Every Child Should Know by Edwin Tenney Brewster.
Every Child Should Know karya Edwin Tenney Brewster.
He credited it with opening his eyes to science.
Dia mengatakan bahwa hal itu membuka matanya terhadap sains.
Turing's father's civil service commission was still active during Turing's childhood years, and his parents travelled between Hastings in the United Kingdom and India, leaving their two sons to stay with a retired Army couple.
Komisi layanan sipil ayah Turing masih aktif selama masa kanak-kanak Turing, dan orang tuanya melakukan perjalanan antara Hastings di Inggris dan India, meninggalkan kedua putra mereka untuk tinggal bersama pasangan pensiunan Angkatan Darat Inggris.
At Hastings, Turing stayed at Baston Lodge, Upper Maze Hill, St Leonards-on-Sea, now marked with a blue plaque.
Di Hastings, Turing menginap di Baston Lodge, Upper Maze Hill, St Leonards-on-Sea, kini ditandai dengan plakat biru.
Very early in life, Turing's parents purchased a house in Guildford in 1927, and Turing lived there during school holidays.
Sejak usia sangat muda, orang tua Turing membeli sebuah rumah di Guildford tahun 1927, dan Turing tinggal di sana selama liburan sekolah.
The location is also marked with a blue plaque.
Lokasi tersebut juga ditandai dengan plakat biru.
Turing's parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a primary school at 20 Charles Road, St Leonards-on-Sea, from the age of six to nine.
Orang tua Turing mendaftarkannya di St Michael's, sebuah sekolah dasar di 20 Charles Road, St Leonards-on-Sea, dari usia enam hingga sembilan tahun.
Between January 1922 and 1926, Turing was educated at Hazelhurst Preparatory School, an independent school in the village of Frant in Sussex (now East Sussex).
Antara Januari 1922 dan 1926, Turing menempuh pendidikan di Hazelhurst Preparatory School, sebuah sekolah independen di desa Frant di Sussex (kini East Sussex).
In 1926, at the age of 13, he went on to Sherborne School, an independent boarding school in the market town of Sherborne in Dorset, where he boarded at Westcott House.
Pada tahun 1926, di usia 13 tahun, ia melanjutkan pendidikannya ke Sherborne School, sebuah sekolah berasrama independen di kota pasar Sherborne di Dorset, tempat dia berasrama di Westcott House.
The first day of term coincided with the 1926 General Strike, in Britain, but Turing was so determined to attend that he rode his bicycle unaccompanied 60 miles (97 km) from Southampton to Sherborne, stopping overnight at an inn.
Hari pertama semester bertepatan dengan Pemogokan Umum 1926, di Inggris, namun Turing sangat bertekad untuk hadir sehingga ia mengayuh sepedanya sendirian sejauh 60 mil (97 km) dari Southampton ke Sherborne, kemudian bermalam di sebuah penginapan.
Turing's natural inclination towards mathematics and science did not earn him respect from some of the teachers at Sherborne, whose definition of education placed more emphasis on the classics.
Kecenderungan alami Turing terhadap matematika dan sains tidak membuatnya dihormati oleh sebagian guru di Sherborne, yang definisi pendidikannya lebih menekankan pada karya-karya klasik.
If he is to be solely a Scientific Specialist, he is wasting his time at a public school".
Jika ia hanya ingin menjadi seorang " 'Spesialis Sains', maka ia hanya membuang-buang waktunya di sekolah negeri".
Despite this, Turing continued to show remarkable ability in the studies he loved, solving advanced problems in 1927 without having studied even elementary calculus.
Meskipun demikian, Turing terus menunjukkan kemampuan luar biasa dalam bidang yang ia cintai, memecahkan masalah-masalah tingkat lanjut pada tahun 1927 tanpa pernah mempelajari kalkulus dasar sekalipun.
In 1928, aged 16, Turing encountered Albert Einstein's work; not only did he grasp it, but it is possible that he managed to deduce Einstein's questioning of Newton's laws of motion from a text in which this was never made explicit.
Pada tahun 1928, di usia 16 tahun, Turing menemukan karya Albert Einstein; Ia tidak hanya memahaminya, tetapi mungkin juga ia berhasil menyimpulkan pertanyaan Einstein tentang hukum gerak Newton dari sebuah teks yang tidak pernah menjelaskan hal ini secara eksplisit.
At Sherborne, Turing formed a significant friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Collan Morcom (13 July 1911 – 13 February 1930), who has been described as Turing's first love.
Di Sherborne, Turing menjalin persahabatan yang erat dengan teman sekelasnya Christopher Collan Morcom (13 Juli 1911 – 13 Februari 1930), yang digambarkan sebagai cinta pertama Turing.
Their relationship provided inspiration in Turing's future endeavours, but it was cut short by Morcom's death, in February 1930, from complications of bovine tuberculosis, contracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously.
Hubungan mereka memberikan inspirasi dalam upaya Turing di masa depan, tetapi hubungan itu terputus oleh kematian Morcom, pada bulan Februari 1930, akibat komplikasi tuberkulosis sapi, yang diderita setelah meminum susu sapi yang terinfeksi beberapa tahun sebelumnya.
The event caused Turing great sorrow.
Peristiwa itu menyebabkan Turing sangat berduka.
He coped with his grief by working that much harder on the topics of science and mathematics that he had shared with Morcom.
Ia mengatasi kesedihannya dengan bekerja lebih keras lagi pada topik-topik sains dan matematika yang telah ia pelajari bersama Morcom.
In a letter to Morcom's mother, Frances Isobel Morcom (née Swan), Turing wrote: I am sure I could not have found anywhere another companion so brilliant and yet so charming and unconceited.
Morcom, Frances Isobel Morcom (née Swan), Turing menulis: Saya yakin saya tidak akan bisa menemukan teman lain yang begitu brilian, namun juga begitu menawan dan rendah hati di tempat lain.
I regarded my interest in my work, and in such things as astronomy (to which he introduced me) as something to be shared with him and I think he felt a little the same about me ...
Saya menganggap ketertarikan saya pada pekerjaan, dan pada hal-hal seperti astronomi (yang ia perkenalkan kepada saya) sebagai sesuatu yang harus saya bagi dengannya, dan saya pikir ia pun merasakan hal yang sama tentang saya ...
I know I must put as much energy if not as much interest into my work as if he were alive, because that is what he would like me to do.
Saya tahu saya harus mencurahkan energi yang sama, jika bukan minat yang sama, ke dalam pekerjaan saya seolah-olah dia masih hidup, karena itulah yang dia inginkan saya lakukan.
Turing's relationship with Morcom's mother continued long after Morcom's death, with her sending gifts to Turing, and him sending letters, typically on Morcom's birthday.
Morcom berlanjut lama setelah kematian Morcom, di mana sang ibu mengirimkan hadiah kepada Turing, dan Turing mengirimkan surat, biasanya pada hari ulang tahun Morcom.
I shall too, and this letter is just to tell you that I shall be thinking of Chris and of you tomorrow.
Saya juga akan memikirkannya, dan surat ini hanya untuk memberi tahu Anda bahwa saya akan memikirkan Chris dan Anda besok.
I am sure that he is as happy now as he was when he was here.
Saya yakin dia sekarang sama bahagianya seperti saat dia berada di sini.
Some have speculated that Morcom's death was the cause of Turing's atheism and materialism.
Morcom adalah penyebab ateisme dan materialisme Turing.
Apparently, at this point in his life he still believed in such concepts as a spirit, independent of the body and surviving death.
Rupanya, pada titik ini dalam hidupnya dia masih percaya pada konsep-konsep seperti roh, yang terpisah dari tubuh dan tetap hidup setelah kematian.
In a later letter, also written to Morcom's mother, Turing wrote: Personally, I believe that spirit is really eternally connected with matter but certainly not by the same kind of body ... as regards the actual connection between spirit and body I consider that the body can hold on to a 'spirit', whilst the body is alive and awake the two are firmly connected.
Dalam surat selanjutnya, yang juga ditulis kepada ibu Morcom, Turing menulis: Secara pribadi, saya percaya bahwa roh benar-benar terhubung secara abadi dengan materi tetapi tentu saja bukan melalui jenis tubuh yang sama... mengenai hubungan aktual antara roh dan tubuh Saya berpendapat bahwa tubuh dapat menyimpan 'roh', dan selama tubuh hidup dan terjaga, keduanya terhubung erat.
When the body is asleep I cannot guess what happens but when the body dies, the 'mechanism' of the body, holding the spirit is gone and the spirit finds a new body sooner or later, perhaps immediately.
Saat tubuh tertidur, saya tidak bisa menebak apa yang terjadi, tetapi ketika tubuh mati, 'mekanisme' tubuh tersebut, roh yang memegang kendali
After graduating from Sherborne, Turing applied for several Cambridge colleges scholarships, including Trinity and King's, eventually earning an £80 per annum scholarship (equivalent to about £4,300 as of 2023) to study at the latter.
Setelah lulus dari Sherborne, Turing melamar beberapa beasiswa perguruan tinggi Cambridge, termasuk Trinity dan King's, akhirnya mendapatkan beasiswa sebesar £80 per tahun (setara dengan sekitar £4.300 pada tahun 2023)
There, Turing studied the undergraduate course in Schedule B from February 1931 to November 1934 at King's College, Cambridge, where he was awarded first-class honours in mathematics.
Di sana, Turing mengikuti perkuliahan sarjana di Jadwal B dari Februari 1931 hingga November 1934 di King's College, Cambridge, di mana ia dianugerahi gelar kehormatan kelas satu di bidang matematika.
His dissertation, On the Gaussian error function, written during his senior year and delivered in November 1934 proved a version of the central limit theorem.
Disertasinya, On the Gaussian error function, ditulis selama tahun terakhirnya di perguruan tinggi dan disampaikan pada bulan November 1934, membuktikan sebuah versi dari teorema limit pusat.
It was finally accepted on 16 March 1935.
Proposalnya akhirnya diterima pada tanggal 16 Maret 1935.
By spring of that same year, Turing started his master's course (Part III)—which he completed in 1937—and, at the same time, he published his first paper, a one-page article called Equivalence of left and right almost periodicity (sent on 23 April), featured in the tenth volume of the Journal of the London Mathematical Society.
(Bagian III)—yang ia selesaikan pada tahun 1937—dan, pada saat yang sama, ia menerbitkan makalah pertamanya, sebuah artikel satu halaman yang berjudul Equivalence of left and right almost periodicity (diberikan 23 April), ditampilkan dalam volume kesepuluh dari Journal of the London Mathematical Society.
Later that year, Turing was elected a Fellow of King's College on the strength of his dissertation where he served as a lecturer.
Kemudian pada tahun itu, Turing terpilih sebagai Fellow dari King's College berdasarkan kekuatan disertasinya di mana dia bertugas sebagai seorang dosen.
However, unknown to Turing, the version of the theorem he proved in his paper had already been proven by Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg in 1922.
Namun, tanpa sepengetahuan Turing, versi teorema yang ia buktikan dalam makalahnya sebenarnya telah dibuktikan oleh Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg pada 1922.
Despite this, the committee found Turing's methods original and so regarded the work worthy of consideration for the fellowship.
Meskipun demikian, komite tersebut menganggap metode Turing orisinal dan karenanya menganggap karya tersebut layak dipertimbangkan untuk mendapatkan beasiswa.
Abram Besicovitch's report for the committee went so far as to say that if Turing's work had been published before Lindeberg's, it would have been "an important event in the mathematical literature of that year".
Laporan Abram Besicovitch pada komite tersebut bahkan sampai mengatakan bahwa jika karya Turing diterbitkan sebelum karya Lindeberg, maka hasilnya akan berbeda "sebuah peristiwa penting dalam literatur matematika tahun itu".
Between the springs of 1935 and 1936, at the same time as Alonzo Church, Turing worked on the decidability of problems, starting from Gödel's incompleteness theorems.
Antara musim semi tahun 1935 dan 1936, pada waktu yang sama dengan Alonzo Church, Turing mengerjakan soal tentang keterdecidabilitas masalah, dimulai dari teorema ketidaklengkapan Gödel.
In mid-April 1936, Turing sent Max Newman the first draft typescript of his investigations.
Pada pertengahan April 1936, Turing mengirimkan draf pertama naskah investigasinya kepada Max Newman.
That same month, Church published his An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory, with similar conclusions to Turing's then-yet unpublished work.
Pada bulan yang sama, Church menerbitkan karyanya An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory, dengan kesimpulan yang serupa dengan karya Turing yang saat itu belum dipublikasikan.
Finally, on 28 May of that year, he finished and delivered his 36-page paper for publication called "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem".
Akhirnya, pada tanggal 28 Mei tahun itu, ia menyelesaikan dan menyerahkan makalahnya yang berjumlah 36 halaman untuk diterbitkan yang berjudul "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem".
It was published in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society journal in two parts, the first on 30 November and the second on 23 December.
Makalahnya diterbitkan di jurnal Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society dalam dua bagian, bagian pertama pada tanggal 30 November dan bagian kedua pada tanggal 23 Desember.
In this paper, Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-based formal language with the formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as Turing machines.
Dalam makalah ini, Turing merumuskan kembali hasil Kurt Gödel tahun 1931 tentang batasan pembuktian dan komputasi, menggantikan bahasa formal berbasis aritmatika universal Gödel dengan perangkat hipotetis formal dan sederhana yang kemudian dikenal sebagai mesin Turing.
The Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem) was originally posed by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1928.
awalnya diajukan oleh seorang matematikawan Jerman David Hilbert tahun 1928.
Turing proved that his "universal computing machine" would be capable of performing any conceivable mathematical computation if it were representable as an algorithm.
Turing membuktikan bahwa "mesin komputasi universal" miliknya mampu melakukan komputasi matematika apa pun yang dapat dibayangkan jika dapat direpresentasikan sebagai algoritma.
He went on to prove that there was no solution to the decision problem by first showing that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable: it is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a Turing machine will ever halt.
Turing adalah tidak dapat diputuskan: tidak mungkin untuk memutuskan secara algoritmik apakah mesin Turing akan berhenti atau tidak.
Although Turing's proof was published shortly after Church's equivalent proof using his lambda calculus, Turing's approach is considerably more accessible and intuitive than Church's.
Meskipun bukti Turing diterbitkan tak lama setelah bukti setara Church menggunakan kalkulus lambda miliknya, Pendekatan Turing jauh lebih mudah diakses dan intuitif daripada pendekatan Church.
It also included a notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other computation machine (as indeed could Church's lambda calculus).
Hal ini juga mencakup gagasan tentang 'Mesin Universal' (sekarang dikenal sebagai mesin Turing universal), dengan gagasan bahwa mesin semacam itu dapat melakukan tugas-tugas mesin komputasi lainnya (seperti halnya kalkulus lambda Church).
According to the Church–Turing thesis, Turing machines and the lambda calculus are capable of computing anything that is computable.
Menurut tesis Church–Turing, Mesin Turing dan kalkulus lambda mampu menghitung apa
John von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to Turing's paper.
John von Neumann mengakui bahwa konsep utama komputer modern berasal dari makalah Turing.
To this day, Turing machines are a central object of study in theory of computation.
Hingga hari ini, mesin Turing merupakan objek studi utama dalam teori komputasi.
From September 1936 to July 1938, Turing spent most of his time studying under Church at Princeton University, in the second year as a Jane Eliza Procter Visiting Fellow.
Dari September 1936 hingga Juli 1938, Turing menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya belajar di bawah bimbingan Church di Princeton University, pada tahun kedua sebagai Jane Eliza Procter Visiting Fellow.
In addition to his purely mathematical work, he studied cryptology and also built three of four stages of an electro-mechanical binary multiplier.
Selain pekerjaan matematika murni, ia mempelajari kriptologi dan juga membangun tiga dari empat tahap pengali biner elektro-mekanis.
In June 1938, he obtained his PhD from the Department of Mathematics at Princeton; his dissertation, Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals, introduced the concept of ordinal logic and the notion of relative computing, in which Turing machines are augmented with so-called oracles, allowing the study of problems that cannot be solved by Turing machines.
Pada bulan Juni 1938, ia memperoleh gelar PhD dari Departemen Matematika di Princeton; disertasinya, Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals, memperkenalkan konsep logika ordinal dan gagasan reduksi Turing, di mana mesin Turing ditambah dengan apa yang disebut mesin oracle, memungkinkan studi tentang masalah yang tidak dapat diselesaikan oleh mesin Turing.
John von Neumann wanted to hire him as his postdoctoral assistant, but he went back to the United Kingdom.
John von Neumann ingin mempekerjakannya sebagai asisten pascadoktoral, tetapi dia kembali ke Inggris.
The Alan Turing law is now an informal term for the law in the United Kingdom, contained in the Policing and Crime Act 2017, which serves as an amnesty law to retroactively pardon men who were cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts.
Istilah "Hukum Alan Turing" digunakan secara informal untuk merujuk pada undang-undang tahun 2017 di Inggris yang memberikan pengampunan secara retroaktif kepada pria yang diberi peringatan atau dihukum berdasarkan undang-undang historis yang melarang tindakan homoseksual.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.).
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Edisi online).
Hodges, Andrew (2007).
Hodges, Andrew (27 August 2007).
In Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
Dalam Edward N. Zalta (ed.) (ed.).
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2009 ed.).
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Edisi Winter 2009).
"Alan Mathison Turing".
"Turing, Alan Mathison".
Turing's Vision: The Birth of Computer Science.
"Alan Turing: Father of the Modern Computer".
Alan Turing: His Work and Impact.
Alan Turing: The Enigma.
Copeland, B. Jack, ed. (2005).
Copeland, B. Jack (ed.).
Alan Turing: en berättelse.
Alan Turing: The Enigma.
"Alan Turing – Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1".
"The Mind and the Computing Machine: Alan Turing and others".