Traditionally, textbooks from the United States and some of Canada have used a system of six kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea or Archaebacteria, and Bacteria or Eubacteria), while textbooks in other parts of the world, such as Bangladesh, Brazil, Greece, India, Pakistan, Spain, and the United Kingdom have used five kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera).
Secara tradisional, beberapa buku teks di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada menggunakan sistem enam kerajaan (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, dan Bacteria) sementara buku teks di negara-negara seperti Inggris, India, Brasil, dan lainnya memakai sistem lima kerajaan (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, dan Monera).
Some recent classifications based on modern cladistics have explicitly abandoned the term kingdom, noting that some traditional kingdoms are not monophyletic, meaning that they do not consist of all the descendants of a common ancestor.
Beberapa klasifikasi terkini yang didasarkan pada kladistika modern secara eksplisit telah meninggalkan istilah "kerajaan" karena kerajaan tradisional tidak bersifat monofili, yaitu tidak terdiri dari semua keturunan dari satu nenek moyang bersama.
Aristotle (384–322 BC) classified animal species in his History of Animals, while his pupil Theophrastus (c. 371 – c. 287 BC) wrote a parallel work, the Historia Plantarum, on plants.
Aristoteles (384 SM – 322 SM) mengelompokkan hewan dalam bukunya Sejarah Hewan, dan muridnya Theophrastus (sekitar 371 – sekitar 287 SM) secara bersamaan menulis tentang klasifikasi tumbuhan (Sejarah Tumbuhan).
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) laid the foundations for modern biological nomenclature, now regulated by the Nomenclature Codes, in 1735.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) meletakkan dasar nomenclature biologi modern, yang sekarang distandardisasi dalam Nomenclature Codes.
He distinguished two kingdoms of living things: Regnum Animale ('animal kingdom') and Regnum Vegetabile ('vegetable kingdom', for plants).
Dia mengklasifikasi makhluk hidup menjadi dua kingdom: Regnum Animale ('kingdom hewan') untuk hewan dan Regnum Vegetabile ('kingdom tumbuhan') untuk tumbuhan.
Until then, the existence of such microscopic organisms was entirely unknown.
Hingga saat ini, keberadaan organisme mikroskopik tersebut tidak diketahui.
At first, microscopic organisms were classified within the animal and plant kingdoms.
Pada awalnya organisme-organisme ini diklasifikasikan menjadi hewan dan tumbuhan.
The development of microscopy revealed important distinctions between those organisms whose cells do not have a distinct nucleus (prokaryotes) and organisms whose cells do have a distinct nucleus (eukaryotes).
Perkembangan dunia mikroskopi dan khususnya mikroskop elektron, membuat para ilmuwan mengenali perbedaan penting antara prokaryote (organisme bersel satu yang tidak punya inti sel) dan eukaryote (organisme bersel satu ataupun bersel banyak yang punya inti sel).
Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi.
Robert Whittaker menambahkan fungi sebagai kingdom tambahan.
The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies.
Dua kingdom sisanya, Protista dan Monera, meliputi koloni bersel sederhana dan bersel satu.
The five kingdom system may be combined with the two empire system.
Sistem lima kingdom dapat dikombinasikan dengan sistem dua empire.
Cavalier-Smith no longer accepted the importance of the fundamental Eubacteria–Archaebacteria divide put forward by Woese and others and supported by recent research.
Cavalier-Smith tidak terima dengan pentingnya pembagian eubacteria–archaebacteria oleh Woese.
Woese divided the prokaryotes (previously classified as the Kingdom Monera) into two groups, called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, stressing that there was as much genetic difference between these two groups as between either of them and all eukaryotes.
Berdasarkan studi RNA, Carl Woese membagi prokaryote (Kingdom Monera) menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu Eubacteria dan Archaebacteria, karena ada banyak perbedaan genetik antara dua kelompok ini.
According to genetic data, although eukaryote groups such as plants, fungi, and animals may look different, they are more closely related to each other than they are to either the Eubacteria or Archaea.
Eukaryote , seperti tumbuhan, fungi dan hewan mungkin tampak serupa, tetapi mirip dalam genetiknya di tingkatan molekular dibandingkan Eubacteria atau Archaebacteria.
It was also found that the eukaryotes are more closely related to the Archaea than they are to the Eubacteria.
(Ditemukan juga bahwa eukaryote lebih dekat secara genetik dengan Archaebacteria daripada dengan Eubacteria.)