In the history of chemistry, the chemical revolution, also called the first chemical revolution, was the reformulation of chemistry during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which culminated in the law of conservation of mass and the oxygen theory of combustion.
Revolusi kimia, disebut pula sebagai revolusi kimia pertama, merupakan perumusan ulang awal kimia yang berpuncak pada hukum kekekalan massa dan teori pembakaran oksigen.
During the 19th and 20th century, this transformation was credited to the work of the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (the "father of modern chemistry").
Selama abad ke-19 dan abad ke-20, transformasi ini dipengaruhi oleh karya kimiawan Prancis Antoine Lavoisier ("Bapak Kimia Modern").
However, recent work on the history of early modern chemistry considers the chemical revolution to consist of gradual changes in chemical theory and practice that emerged over a period of two centuries.
Namun, karya terbarunya mengenai sejarah kimia modern awal menganggap bahwa revolusi kimia terdiri dari perubahan teori dan praktik kimia secara bertahap yang tumbuh selama dua abad.
The so-called Scientific Revolution took place during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries whereas the chemical revolution took place during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Revolusi ilmiah berlangsung selama abad ke-16 dan abad ke-17 sementara revolusi kimia berlangsung selama abad ke-17 dan abad ke-18.
Several factors led to the first chemical revolution.
Terdapat beberapa faktor yang memengaruhi revolusi kimia pertama.
First, there were the forms of gravimetric analysis that emerged from alchemy and new kinds of instruments that were developed in medical and industrial contexts.
Pertama, terdapat bentuk-bentuk analisis gravimetri yang muncul dari alkimia serta jenis instrumen baru yang dikembangkan dalam konteks medis dan industri.
In these settings, chemists increasingly challenged hypotheses that had already been presented by the ancient Greeks.
Dalam pengaturan ini, kimiawan semakin menantang hipotesis yang telah diajukan oleh tokoh-tokoh Yunani kuno.
For example, chemists began to assert that all structures were composed of more than the four elements of the Greeks or the eight elements of the medieval alchemists.
Sebagai contoh, ahli kimia mulai menegaskan bahwa semua struktur terdiri dari lebih dari empat elemen Yunani kuno atau delapan elemen alkimia Pertengahan.
The Irish alchemist, Robert Boyle, laid the foundations for the Chemical Revolution, with his mechanical corpuscular philosophy, which in turn relied heavily on the alchemical corpuscular theory and experimental method dating back to pseudo-Geber.
Alkimiawan Irlandia, Robert Boyle, meletakkan fondasi bagi revolusi kimia, melalui filosofi korpuskular mekanisnya, yang kemudian sangat bergantung pada teori korpuskular dan metode eksperimental yang merujuk pada era pseudo-Geber.
Other factors included new experimental techniques and the discovery of 'fixed air' (carbon dioxide) by Joseph Black in the middle of the 18th century.
Faktor-faktor lainnya termasuk teknik eksperimen baru serta penemuan 'udara tetap' (karbon dioksida) oleh Joseph Black pada pertengahan abad ke-18.
This discovery was particularly important because it empirically proved that 'air' did not consist of only one substance and because it established 'gas' as an important experimental substance.
Penemuan ini cukup penting karena secara empiris membuktikan bahwa 'udara' tidak terdiri dari satu zat saja dan karena telah menjadikan 'gas' sebagai zat eksperimen yang penting.
Near to the end of the 18th century, the experiments by Henry Cavendish and Joseph Priestley further proved that air is not an element and is instead composed of several different gases.
Mendekati akhir abad ke-18, percobaan oleh Henry Cavendish dan Joseph Priestley lebih jauh membuktikan bahwa udara bukanlah unsur tetapi tersusun dari beberapa gas yang berbeda.
Lavoisier also translated the names of chemical substance into a new nomenclatural language more appealing to scientists of the nineteenth century.
Lavoisier juga menerjemahkan nama zat kimia ke dalam bahasa tata nama yang lebih menarik bagi ilmuwan pada abad ke-19.
Such changes took place in an atmosphere in which the Industrial Revolution increased public interest in learning and practicing chemistry.
Perubahan tersebut berlangsung dalam suasana ketika revolusi industri menarik minat banyak masyarakat dalam mempelajari dan mempraktikkan kimia.
When describing the task of reinventing chemical nomenclature, Lavoisier attempted to harness the new centrality of chemistry by making the rather hyperbolic claim that: We must clean house thoroughly, for they have made use of an enigmatical language peculiar to themselves, which in general presents one meaning for the adepts and another meaning for the vulgar, and at the same time contains nothing that is rationally intelligible either for the one or for the other.
Ketika menggambarkan tugas untuk menciptakan kembali tata nama kimia, Lavoisier berusaha untuk memanfaatkan sentralitas baru kimia dengan membuat klaim yang agak hiperbolis bahwa: Kita harus membersihkan rumah secara menyeluruh, karena mereka telah menggunakan bahasa yang penuh teka-teki yang
One Chemical Revolution or Three?", Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 75, No. 8, August 1998 John G. McEvoy (2010).
", Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 75, No. 8, Agustus 1998 John G. McEvoy (2010).
See also book review by Seymour Mauskopf in HYLE--International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry, Vol. 17, No.1 (2011), pp.
Lihat pula ulasan buku oleh Seymour Mauskopf dalam HYLE--International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry, Vol. 17, No.1 (2011), hlm.
Chemistry :: The chemical revolution – Encyclopædia Britannica A bibliography on the chemical revolution Archived 2008-04-22 at the Wayback Machine – University of Valencia
(Inggris) Chemistry:: The chemical revolution–Encyclopædia Britannica (Spanyol) Bibliografi revolusi kimia Diarsipkan 2008-04-22 di Wayback Machine.–Universitas Valencia