Nokia Bell Labs, commonly referred to as Bell Labs, is an American industrial research and development company owned by the Finnish technology company Nokia.
Nokia Bell Labs, sebelumnya bernama Bell Telephone Laboratories (1925–1984), AT&T Bell Laboratories (1984–1996), dan Bell Labs Innovations (1996–2007), adalah sebuah perusahaan riset industrial dan pengembangan ilmiah asal Amerika yang dimiliki oleh Nokia asal Finlandia.
With headquarters located in Murray Hill, New Jersey, the company operates several laboratories in the United States and around the world.
Dengan kantor pusat di Murray Hill, New Jersey, perusahaan ini mengoperasikan sejumlah laboratorium di Amerika Serikat dan seluruh dunia.
As a former subsidiary of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), Bell Labs and its researchers have been credited with the development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix operating system, and the programming languages B, C, C++, S, SNOBOL, AWK, AMPL, and others, throughout the 20th century.
Periset yang bekerja di Bell Laboratories diakui sebagai pengembang astronomi radio, transistor, laser, sel surya, charge-coupled device (CCD), teori informasi, sistem operasi Unix, bahasa pemrograman B, C, C++, S, SNOBOL, AWK, AMPL, dsb.
Eleven Nobel Prizes and five Turing Awards have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.
Sembilan Hadiah Nobel pun telah diberikan untuk karya yang diselesaikan di Bell Laboratories.
Bell Labs had its origin in the complex corporate organization of the Bell System telephone conglomerate.
Bell Labs memulai sejarahnya sebagai bagian dari konglomerat Bell System.
The laboratory began operating in the late 19th century as the Western Electric Engineering Department, located at 463 West Street in New York City.
Pada akhir abad ke-19, laboratorium ini menjadi departemen rekayasa dari salah satu anak usaha Bell, yakni Western Electric, dengan kantor di 463 West Street, New York City.
After years of advancing telecommunication innovations, the department was reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1925 and placed under the shared ownership of Western Electric and the American Telephone and Telegraph Company.
Pada tahun 1925, departemen rekayasa dari Western Electric direformasi menjadi Bell Telephone Laboratories dan dimiliki langsung oleh American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) dan Western Electric.
In 1880, when the French government awarded Alexander Graham Bell the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs for the invention of the telephone (equivalent to about US$10,000 at the time, or about $350,000 now), he used the award to fund the Volta Laboratory (also known as the "Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory") in Washington, D.C. in collaboration with Sumner Tainter and Bell's cousin Chichester Bell.
Pada tahun 1880, setelah mendapat Volta Prize senilai 50.000 franc (sekitar US$10.000 pada saat itu; sekitar $270.000 pada bulan Januari 2019) atas penemuan telepon, Alexander Graham Bell menggunakan uang tersebut untuk mendanai Volta Laboratory (Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory) di Washington, D.C. melalui kolaborasi dengan Sumner Tainter dan sepupu Bell, Chichester Bell.
The laboratory was variously known as the Volta Bureau, the Bell Carriage House, the Bell Laboratory and the Volta Laboratory.
Laboratorium tersebut juga dikenal sebagai Volta Bureau, Bell Carriage House, Bell Laboratory, dan Volta Laboratory.
In 1893, Bell constructed a new building close by at 1537 35th Street N.W., specifically to house the lab.
Pada tahun 1893, Bell membangun bangunan baru di 1537 35th Street N.W., khusus untuk menaungi laboratorium tersebut.
This building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.
Bangunan tersebut lalu dinyatakan sebagai National Historic Landmark pada tahun 1972.
After the invention of the telephone, Bell maintained a relatively distant role with the Bell System as a whole, but continued to pursue his own personal research interests.
Setelah menemukan telepon, Bell tidak terlalu terlibat di Bell System, dan tetap melanjutkan riset pribadinya.
Bell Telephone Company, the first telephone company, was formed a year later.
Bell Telephone Company, perusahaan telepon pertama, lalu dibentuk setahun kemudian.
It later became a part of the American Bell Telephone Company.
Bell Telephone Company kemudian menjadi bagian dari American Bell Telephone Company.
In 1884, the American Bell Telephone Company created the Mechanical Department from the Electrical and Patent Department formed a year earlier.
Pada tahun 1884, American Bell Telephone Company membentuk departemen mesin dari departemen listrik & paten yang dibentuk setahun sebelumnya.
The American Telephone and Telegraph Company and its own subsidiary company took control of American Bell and the Bell System by 1899.
American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) dan anak usahanya, lalu mengambil alih American Bell dan Bell System pada tahun 1889.
American Bell held a controlling interest in Western Electric (which was the manufacturing arm of the business) whereas AT&T was doing research into the service providers.
American Bell memegang mayoritas saham Western Electric yang bergerak di bidang manufaktur, sementara AT&T sedang melakukan riset untuk masuk ke bisnis penyediaan layanan telekomunikasi.
In 1896, Western Electric bought property at 463 West Street to centralize the manufacturers and engineers which had been supplying AT&T with such technology as telephones, telephone exchange switches and transmission equipment.
Pada tahun 1896, Western Electric membeli sebuah properti di 463 West Street untuk menaungi pekerja dan insinyur yang memasok produk ke AT&T, mulai dari telepon, switch sentral telepon, hingga peralatan transmisi.
On January 1, 1925, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. was organized to consolidate the development and research activities in the communication field and allied sciences for the Bell System.
Pada tanggal 1 Januari 1925, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. didirikan untuk mengkonsolidasi aktivitas riset dan pengembangan di bidang komunikasi dan bidang lain yang terkait.
By the early 1940s, Bell Labs engineers and scientists had begun to move to other locations away from the congestion and environmental distractions of New York City, and in 1967 Bell Laboratories headquarters was officially relocated to Murray Hill, New Jersey.
Pada awal dekade 1940-an, insinyur dan ilmuwan Bell Labs mulai memindahkan aktivitasnya ke lokasi lain yang jauh dari kepadatan New York City, dan pada tahun 1967, kantor pusat Bell Laboratories resmi dipindah ke Murray Hill, New Jersey.
Among the later Bell Laboratories locations in New Jersey were Holmdel Township, Crawford Hill, the Deal Test Site, Freehold, Lincroft, Long Branch, Middletown, Neptune Township, Princeton, Piscataway, Red Bank, Chester Township, and Whippany.
Lokasi Bell Laboratories di New Jersey kemudian meliputi Holmdel, Crawford Hill, Deal Test Site, Freehold, Lincroft, Long Branch, Middletown, Neptune, Princeton, Piscataway, Red Bank, Chester, dan Whippany.
Of these, Murray Hill and Crawford Hill remain in existence (the Piscataway and Red Bank locations were transferred to and are now operated by Telcordia Technologies and the Whippany site was purchased by Bayer).
Dari semua lokasi tersebut, Murray Hill dan Crawford Hill masih eksis (lokasi Piscataway dan Red Bank kini dioperasikan oleh Telcordia Technologies, sementara lokasi Whippany dibeli oleh Bayer).
There also were groups of employees in Indianapolis, Indiana; Columbus, Ohio; North Andover, Massachusetts; Allentown, Pennsylvania; Reading, Pennsylvania; and Breinigsville, Pennsylvania; Burlington, North Carolina (1950s–1970s, moved to Greensboro 1980s) and Westminster, Colorado.
Terdapat juga pekerja yang ditempatkan di Indianapolis, Indiana; Columbus, Ohio; North Andover, Massachusetts; Allentown, Pennsylvania; Reading, Pennsylvania; Breinigsville, Pennsylvania; Burlington, North Carolina (1950-an sampai 1970-an, dipindah ke Greensboro pada dekade 1980-an); dan Westminster, Colorado.
Since 2001, many of the former locations have been scaled down or closed.
Sejak tahun 2001, sejumlah lokasi telah diperkecil atau ditutup.
The mirrored-glass building was designed by Eero Saarinen.
Bangunan kaca tersebut dirancang oleh Eero Saarinen.
In August 2013, Somerset Development bought the building, intending to redevelop it into a mixed commercial and residential project.
Pada bulan Agustus 2013, Somerset Development membeli bangunan tersebut, dan berencana mengembangkan ulang bangunan tersebut menjadi kawasan komersial dan residensial.
Bell Laboratories was, and is, regarded by many as the premier research facility of its type, developing a wide range of revolutionary technologies, including radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, information theory, the operating system Unix, the programming languages C and C++, solar cells, the charge-coupled device (CCD), and many other optical, wireless, and wired communications technologies and systems.
Bell Laboratories diangap sebagai fasilitas riset terkemuka di bidangnya, karena telah mengembangkan berbagai teknologi revolusioner, seperti astronomi radio, transistor, laser, teori informasi, sistem operasi Unix, bahasa pemrograman C dan C++, sel surya, charge-coupled device (CCD), serta sejumlah teknologi dan sistem berkabel, nirkabel, dan optis lain.
In 1924, Bell Labs physicist Walter A. Shewhart proposed the control chart as a method to determine when a process was in a state of statistical control.
Pada tahun 1924, fisikawan Bell Labs, Walter A. Shewhart mengusulkan diagram kontrol sebagai sebuah metode untuk menentukan apakah suatu proses berada dalam keadaan terkendali.
In 1926, the laboratories invented an early synchronous-sound motion picture system, in competition with Fox Movietone and DeForest Phonofilm.
Pada tahun 1926, laboratorium ini menciptakan contoh awal dari sistem gambar bergerak bersuara sinkron, yang bersaing langsung dengan Fox Movietone dan DeForest Phonofilm.
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. became a wholly owned company of the new AT&T Technologies unit, the former Western Electric.
Pada tahun 1925, departemen rekayasa dari Western Electric direformasi menjadi Bell Telephone Laboratories dan dimiliki langsung oleh American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) dan Western Electric.
Media related to Bell Labs at Wikimedia Commons old Bell Labs website old Bell Labs people's home Bell Works, the re-imagining of the historic former Bell Labs building in Holmdel, New Jersey Timeline of discoveries as of 2006 <Nokia Bell-Labs Timeline> Bell Labs' Murray Hill anechoic chamber Bell Laboratories and the Development of Electrical Recording History of Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. (from Bell System Memorial)
Media tentang Bell Labs di Wikimedia Commons Situs web resmi Bell Works, the re-imagining of the historic former Bell Labs building in Holmdel, New Jersey Timeline of discoveries as of 2006 (https://www.bell-labs.com/timeline) Bell Labs' Murray Hill anechoic chamber Bell Laboratories and the Development of Electrical Recording History of Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. (from Bell System Memorial) The Idea Factory – a video interview with Jon Gertner, author of "The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation, by Dave Iverson of KQED-FM Public Radio, San Francisco