Pakistan is one of nine states that possess nuclear weapons.
Pakistan adalah satu dari sembilan negara yang memiliki senjata nuklir.
Pakistan's nuclear weapons program began in 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto following Pakistan's defeat in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and India's advancing nuclear program.
Pakistan memulai pengembangan senjata nuklir pada Januari 1972 di bawah Perdana Menteri Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, yang mendelegasikan program tersebut kepada Ketua Komisi Energi Atom Pakistan (PAEC)
After the Partition of India in 1947, India and Pakistan have been in conflict over several issues, including the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
Setelah Pemisahan India pada tahun 1947, India dan Pakistan telah berkonflik atas beberapa masalah, termasuk wilayah Jammu dan Kashmir yang disengketakan.
In 1953, Foreign Minister Muhammad Zafarullah Khan publicly stated that "Pakistan does not have a policy towards the atom bombs".
Pada tahun 1953, Menteri Luar Negeri Muhammad Zafarullah Khan secara terbuka menyatakan bahwa "Pakistan tidak memiliki kebijakan terhadap bom atom".
Following the announcement, on 11 August 1955, the United States and Pakistan reached an understanding concerning the peaceful and industrial use of nuclear energy which also included a pool-type reactor worth $350,000.
Menyusul pengumuman tersebut, pada 11 Agustus 1955, Amerika Serikat dan Pakistan mencapai kesepahaman tentang penggunaan energi nuklir secara damai dan industri yang juga mencakup reaktor tipe kolam senilai $ 350.000.
Pakistan's nuclear energy programme was established and started in 1956, following the establishment of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC).
Program energi nuklir Pakistan didirikan dan dimulai pada tahun 1956 setelah berdirinya PAEC.
Pakistan became a participant in US President Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace program.
Pakistan menjadi peserta dalam program Atoms for Peace Presiden Eisenhower.
Although proposals to develop nuclear weapons were made in the 1960s by several officials and senior scientists, Pakistan followed a strict non-nuclear weapon policy from 1956 until 1971, as PAEC under its chairman Ishrat Hussain Usmani made no efforts to acquire nuclear fuel cycle technology for the purposes of an active nuclear weapons programme.
Meskipun proposal untuk mengembangkan senjata nuklir dibuat pada 1960-an oleh beberapa pejabat dan ilmuwan senior, Pakistan mengikuti kebijakan senjata non-nuklir yang ketat dari 1956 hingga 1971, karena PAEC di bawah ketuanya, Ishrat Hussain Usmani tidak melakukan upaya untuk memperoleh nuklir siklus bahan bakar untuk keperluan program senjata nuklir aktif.
Mining of uranium began in the same year.
Penambangan uranium dimulai pada tahun yang sama.
Dr. Abdus Salam and Dr. Ishrat Hussain Usmani also sent a large number of scientists to pursue doctorate degrees in the field of nuclear technology and nuclear reactor technology.
Dr. Abdus Salam dan Dr. Ishrat Hussain Usmani juga mengirim sejumlah besar ilmuwan untuk mengejar gelar doktor di bidang teknologi nuklir dan teknologi reaktor nuklir.
The next landmark under Abdus Salam was the establishment of PINSTECH – Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, at Nilore near Islamabad.
Pencapaian berikutnya di bawah Dr. Abdus Salam adalah pendirian PINSTECH - Institut Sains dan Teknologi Nuklir Pakistan, di Nilore dekat Islamabad.
The principal facility there was a 5MW research reactor, commissioned in 1965 and consisting of the PARR-I, which was upgraded to 10 MWe by Nuclear Engineering Division under Munir Ahmad Khan in 1990.
Fasilitas utama di sana adalah reaktor riset 5 MW, ditugaskan pada tahun 1965 dan terdiri dari PARR-I, yang ditingkatkan menjadi 10 MWe oleh Divisi Teknik Nuklir di bawah Munir Ahmad Khan pada tahun 1990.
The PARR-I reactor was, under the agreement signed by PAEC and ANL, provided by the US Government in 1965, and scientists from PAEC and ANL had led the construction.
Reaktor PARR-I, berdasarkan perjanjian yang ditandatangani oleh PAEC dan ANL, disediakan oleh Pemerintah AS pada tahun 1965, dan para ilmuwan dari PAEC dan ANL telah memimpin pembangunan.
The Ayub Khan Military Government made then-science advisor to the Government, Abdus Salam, head of the IAEA delegation.
Pemerintahan Militer Ayub Khan menjadikan penasihat sains pada Pemerintah Abdus Salam sebagai kepala delegasi IAEA.
Abdus Salam began lobbying for commercial nuclear power plants, and tirelessly advocated for nuclear power in Pakistan.
Abdus Salam mulai melobi untuk pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir komersial, dan tanpa lelah mengadvokasi untuk tenaga nuklir di Pakistan.
In 1965, Salam's efforts finally paid off, and a Canadian firm signed a deal to provide the 137MWe CANDU reactor in Paradise Point, Karachi.
Pada tahun 1965, upaya Salam akhirnya membuahkan hasil, dan sebuah perusahaan Kanada menandatangani perjanjian untuk menyediakan 137MWe CANDU reaktor di Paradise Point, Karachi.
In the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, which was the second of four openly declared Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts, Pakistan solicited Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) assistance, but came under arms supply embargo in United Nations Security Council Resolution 211.
Dalam Perang Indo-Pakistan 1965, yang kedua dari empat perang dan konflik Indo-Pakistan yang dideklarasikan secara terbuka, Pakistan meminta bantuan Organisasi Perjanjian Pusat (CENTO), tetapi mendapat embargo pasokan senjata dalam Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB 211.
Foreign minister (later Prime minister) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto aggressively began the advocating the option of "nuclear weapons programmes" but such attempts were dismissed by Finance minister Muhammad Shoaib and chairman Ishrat Hussain Usmani.
Menteri Luar Negeri (kemudian Perdana Menteri) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto secara agresif mulai mengadvokasi opsi "program senjata nuklir" tetapi upaya-upaya seperti itu ditolak oleh
Pakistani scientists and engineers' working at IAEA became aware of advancing Indian nuclear program towards making the bombs.
Para ilmuwan dan insinyur Pakistan yang bekerja di IAEA menjadi sadar akan kemajuan program nuklir India untuk membuat bom.
Therefore, In October 1965, Munir Khan, director at the Nuclear Power and Reactor Division of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), met with Bhutto on an emergency basis in Vienna, revealing the facts about the Indian nuclear programme and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in Trombay.
Oleh karena itu, Pada bulan Oktober 1965, Munir Khan, direktur Divisi Tenaga Nuklir dan Reaktor dari Badan Energi Atom Internasional (IAEA), bertemu dengan Bhutto secara darurat di Wina, mengungkapkan fakta tentang program nuklir India dan Pusat Penelitian Atom Bhabha.
At this meeting Munir Khan concluded: "a (nuclear) India would further undermine and threaten Pakistan's security, and for her survival, Pakistan needed a nuclear deterrent...".
Pada pertemuan ini, Munir Khan menyimpulkan: "(nuklir) India akan semakin merusak dan mengancam keamanan Pakistan, dan untuk kelangsungan hidupnya, Pakistan membutuhkan deterensi nuklir ...".
In 1969, after a long negotiation, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) signed a formal agreement to supply Pakistan with a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant capable of extracting 360 grams (13 oz) of weapons-grade plutonium annually.
Pada tahun 1969, setelah negosiasi panjang, Otoritas Energi Atom Inggris (UKAEA) menandatangani perjanjian formal untuk memasok Pakistan dengan pabrik pemrosesan ulang bahan bakar nuklir yang mampu mengekstraksi 360 gram (13 oz) plutonium berkualitas-senjata setiap tahun.
PAEC selected a team five senior scientists, including geophysicist Dr. Ahsan Mubarak, who were sent to Sellafield to receive technical training.
PAEC memilih tim lima ilmuwan senior, termasuk ahli geofisika Dr. Ahsan Mubarak, yang dikirim ke Sellafield untuk menerima pelatihan teknis.
Later Mubarak's team advised the government not to acquire the whole reprocessing plant, only key parts important to building the weapons, while the plant would be built indigenously.
Kemudian tim Mubarak menyarankan pemerintah untuk tidak mengakuisisi seluruh pabrik pemrosesan ulang, hanya bagian-bagian penting yang penting untuk membangun senjata, sementara pabrik akan dibangun secara lokal.
Pakistan began developing nuclear weapons in January 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who delegated the program to the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
Pakistan memulai pengembangan senjata nuklir pada Januari 1972 di bawah Perdana Menteri Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, yang mendelegasikan program tersebut kepada Ketua Komisi Energi Atom Pakistan (PAEC)
Since PAEC, which consisted of over twenty laboratories and projects under reactor physicist Munir Ahmad Khan, was falling behind schedule and having considerable difficulty producing fissile material, Abdul Qadeer Khan, a metallurgist working on centrifuge enrichment for Urenco, joined the program at the behest of the Bhutto administration by the end of 1974.
Karena PAEC, yang terdiri atas lebih dari dua puluh laboratorium dan proyek di bawah insinyur nuklir Munir Ahmad Khan, berjalan tidak sesuai jadwal dan mengalami kesulitan yang cukup besar dalam memproduksi bahan fisil, Abdul Qadeer Khan dibawa dari Eropa oleh Bhutto pada akhir 1974.
Producing fissile material was pivotal to the Kahuta Project's success and thus to Pakistan obtaining the capability to detonate a nuclear weapon by the end of 1984.
Dengan demikian, pekerjaan memproduksi bahan fisil sebagai kepala Proyek Kahuta sangat penting bagi Pakistan untuk mengembangkan kemampuan meledakkan bom nuklir pada akhir tahun 1984.
Following India's surprise nuclear test, codenamed Smiling Buddha in 1974, the first confirmed nuclear test by a nation outside the permanent five members of the United Nations Security Council, the goal to develop nuclear weapons received considerable impetus.
Setelah uji coba nuklir India yang mengejutkan, dengan nama sandi Smiling Buddha pada tahun 1974, uji coba nuklir pertama yang dikonfirmasi oleh suatu negara di luar lima anggota tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB, tujuan Pakistan untuk mengembangkan senjata nuklir mendapat dorongan yang cukup besar.
Finally, on 28 May 1998, a few weeks after India's second nuclear test (Operation Shakti), Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices in the Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai district, Balochistan.
Akhirnya, pada 28 Mei 1998, beberapa minggu setelah uji coba nuklir kedua India (Operasi Shakti ), Pakistan meledakkan lima perangkat nuklir di Ras Koh Hills di distrik Chagai, Balochistan.
Pakistan's fissile material production takes place at Nilore, Kahuta, and Khushab Nuclear Complex, where weapons-grade plutonium is refined.
Produksi bahan fisil Pakistan terjadi di Nilore, Kahuta, dan Kompleks Nuklir Khushab, tempat plutonium berkualitas-senjata disempurnakan.
Weapons of mass destruction Chronology of Pakistan's rocket tests Hatf Program List of missiles of Pakistan Nuclear industry Nuclear power in Pakistan Nuclear weapons policy Pakistan Armed Forces Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan Nuclear Command and Control National Command Authority (Pakistan)
Senjata pemusnah massal Kronologi tes roket Pakistan Daftar rudal Pakistan Tenaga nuklir di Pakistan Angkatan Bersenjata Pakistan Doktrin nuklir Pakistan Otoritas Komando Nuklir (Pakistan)
Bibliography Why He Went Nuclear by Douglas Frantz and Catherine Collins Nuclear Files.org Archived 2020-03-23 at the Wayback Machine Pakistan's nuclear conflict with India- background and the current situation Defense Export Promotion Organization – Ministry of Defense Pakistani & Indian Missile Forces (Tarmuk missile mentioned here)
Why He Went Nuclear by Douglas Frantz and Catherine Collins Nuclear Files.org Pakistan's nuclear conflict with India- background and the current situation Defense Export Promotion Organization – Ministry of Defense Diarsipkan 2016-03-05 di Wayback Machine. Pakistani & Indian Missile Forces (Tarmuk missile mentioned here)
Annotated bibliography on Pakistan's nuclear weapons from the Alsos Digital Library The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project
Annotated bibliography on Pakistan's nuclear weapons from the Alsos Digital Library Diarsipkan 2016-08-05 di Wayback Machine.
The Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project contains a collection of primary source documents on Pakistani nuclear development.
The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project The Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project contains a collection of primary source documents on Pakistani nuclear development.