The Book of Optics (Arabic: كتاب المناظر, romanized: Kitāb al-Manāẓir; Latin: De Aspectibus or Perspectiva; Italian: Deli Aspecti) is a seven-volume treatise on optics and other fields of study composed by the medieval Arab scholar Ibn al-Haytham, known in the West as Alhazen or Alhacen (965 – c. 1040 AD).
Kitab Optik (bahasa Arab: [Kitāb al-Manāẓir] Galat: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (bantuan) (كتاب المناظر); bahasa Latin: De Aspectibus atau Perspectiva; bahasa Italia: Deli Aspecti) adalah sebuah risalah tujuh volume tentang optik dan bidang studi lainnya yang dikompisisikan oleh sarjana Arab abad pertengahan Ibnu al-Haytham, yang dikenal di dunia Barat dengan sebutan Alhazen (965– sekitar 1040 Masehi).
The Book of Optics presented experimentally founded arguments against the widely held extramission theory of vision (as held by Euclid in his Optica), and proposed the modern intromission theory, the now accepted model that vision takes place by light entering the eye.
Euclid dalam Optica-nya), dan mengusulkan teori intromisi modern, model yang sekarang diterima bahwa penglihatan terjadi karena mata manusia menangkap cahaya.
The book is also noted for its early use of the scientific method, its description of the camera obscura, and its formulation of Alhazen's problem.
Buku ini juga terkenal karena penggunaan awal metode ilmiahnya, deskripsinya tentang kamera obscura dan perumusan masalah Alhazen.
Al-Haytham offered many reasons against the extramission theory, pointing to the fact that eyes can be damaged by looking directly at bright lights, such as the sun.
Al-Haytham kemudian mengajukan banyak alasan menentang teori ekstramisi, menunjuk pada fakta bahwa mata dapat rusak apabila melihat langsung ke cahaya terang, seperti matahari.
He wrote of the low probability that the eye can fill the entirety of space as soon as the eyelids are opened as an observer looks up into the night sky.
Iia mengklaim, kecil kemungkinan mata dapat mengisi keseluruhan ruang segera setelah kelopak mata dibuka ketika pengamat melihat ke langit malam.
Using the intromission theory as a foundation, he formed his own theory that an object emits rays of light from every point on its surface which then travel in all directions, thereby allowing some light into a viewer's eyes.
Dengan menggunakan teori intromisi sebagai landasan, ia membentuk teorinya sendiri bahwa sebuah objek memancarkan sinar cahaya dari setiap titik di permukaannya yang kemudian bergerak ke segala arah, sehingga memungkinkan beberapa cahaya masuk ke mata pengamat.
In the Book of Optics, al-Haytham hypothesized the existence of primary and secondary light, with primary light being the stronger or more intense of the two.
Dalam Kitab Optik, al-Haytham mengklaim keberadaan cahaya primer dan sekunder, dengan cahaya primer yang lebih kuat atau intens.
The book describes how the essential form of light comes from self-luminous bodies and that accidental light comes from objects that obtain and emit light from those self-luminous bodies.
Buku tersebut menjelaskan bagaimana bentuk esensial cahaya berasal dari benda-benda yang bercahaya itu sendiri dan bahwa cahaya yang tidak disengaja berasal dari benda-benda yang memperoleh dan memancarkan cahaya dari benda-benda yang bercahaya sendiri tersebut.
According to Ibn al-Haytham, primary light comes from self-luminous bodies and secondary light is the light that comes from accidental objects.
Menurut Ibnu al-Haytham, cahaya primer berasal dari benda-benda bercahaya sendiri dan cahaya sekunder adalah cahaya yang berasal dari benda-benda yang tidak disengaja.
Transparency is a characteristic of a body that can transmit light through them, such as air and water, although no body can completely transmit light or be entirely transparent.
Transparansi adalah karakteristik benda yang dapat mentransmisikan cahaya melaluinya, seperti udara dan air, meskipun tidak ada benda yang dapat mentransmisikan cahaya sepenuhnya.
Opaque objects are struck with light and can become luminous bodies themselves which radiate secondary light.
Benda buram yang dikenai cahaya bisa menjadi benda bercahaya itu sendiri yang memancarkan cahaya sekunder.
Light can be refracted by going through partially transparent objects and can also be reflected by striking smooth objects such as mirrors, traveling in straight lines in both cases.
Cahaya dapat dibiaskan dengan melewati objek yang sebagian transparan dan juga dapat dipantulkan dengan membentur objek halus seperti cermin, yang bergerak dalam garis lurus dalam kedua kasus tersebut.
Al-Haytham presented many experiments in Optics that upheld his theories about light and its transmission.
Dalam Kitab Optik, al-Haytham mempresentasikan banyak percobaan yang mendukung klaimnya tentang cahaya dan transmisinya.
Through experimentation he concluded that color cannot exist without air.
Melalui eksperimen tersebut ia menyimpulkan bahwa warna tidak dapat merambat tanpa ada udara.
As objects radiate light in straight lines in all directions, the eye must also be hit with this light over its outer surface.
Saat benda memancarkan cahaya ke segala arah dalam garis lurus, mata juga harus terkena cahaya ini di permukaan luarnya.
This idea presented a problem for al-Haytham and his predecessors, as if this was the case, the rays received by the eye from every point on the object would cause a blurred image.
Gagasan ini menimbulkan masalah bagi al-Haytham dan pendahulunya, seolah-olah demikian, sinar yang diterima mata dari setiap titik pada objek akan menyebabkan bayangan kabur.
Al-Haytham solved this problem using his theory of refraction.
Al-Haytham kemudian memecahkan masalah ini dengan menggunakan teori pembiasannya.
He argued that although the object sends an infinite number of rays of light to the eye, only one of these lines falls on the eye perpendicularly: the other rays meet the eye at angles that are not perpendicular.
Ia berpendapat bahwa meskipun objek mengirimkan sinar cahaya dalam jumlah tak terbatas ke mata, hanya satu dari garis-garis tersebut yang jatuh ke mata secara tegak lurus, sementara sinar lainnya bertemu dengan mata pada sudut yang tidak tegak lurus.
He believed that all the rays other than the one that hits the eye perpendicularly are not involved in vision.
Ia mengklaim bahwa semua sinar selain yang mengenai mata secara tegak lurus tidak terlibat dalam penglihatan.
In al-Haytham's structure of the eye, the crystalline humor is the part that receives light rays from the object and forms a visual cone, with the object being perceived as the base of the cone and the center of the crystalline humor in the eye as the vertex.
Dalam struktur mata yang di desain oleh al-Haytham, crystalline humor adalah bagian yang menerima sinar cahaya dari objek dan membentuk kerucut visual, dengan objek dianggap sebagai dasar kerucut dan pusat crystalline humor di mata sebagai simpul.
Other parts of the eye are the aqueous humor in front of the crystalline humor and the vitreous humor at the back.
Bagian mata lainnya adalah aqueous humor di depan crystalline humor dan vitreous humor di belakang.
The crystalline humor transmits the image it perceives to the brain through an optic nerve.
Crystalline humor kemudian menetransmisikan bayangan yang dirasakannya ke otak melalui saraf optik.
Book I deals with al-Haytham's theories on light, colors, and vision.
I membahas teori-teori al-Haytham tentang cahaya, warna, dan penglihatan.
Book II is where al-Haytham presents his theory of visual perception.
Buku II membahas teori-teori al-Haytham tentang persepsi visual.
Book III and Book IV present al-Haytham's ideas on the errors in visual perception with Book VI focusing on errors related to reflection.
Buku III dan Buku VI membahas gagasan al-Haytham tentang kesalahan dalam persepsi visual dengan Buku VI berfokus pada kesalahan yang berkaitan dengan refleksi.
Book V and Book VI provide experimental evidence for al-Haytham's theories on reflection.
Buku IV dan Buku V memberikan bukti eksperimental untuk teori refleksi al-Haytham.
The Book of Optics was most strongly influenced by Ptolemy's Optics, while the description of the anatomy and physiology of the eye was based upon an account by Galen.
Buku Optik dipengaruhi oleh Optik Ptolemeus, sedangkan deskripsi anatomi dan fisiologi mata didasarkan pada penjelasan Galen.
The Book of Optics was translated into Latin by an unknown scholar at the end of the 12th (or the beginning of the 13th) century.
Kitab Optik diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Latin oleh seorang sarjana yang tidak dikenal pada akhir abad ke-12 (atau awal abad ke-13).
The work was influential during the Middle Ages.
Karya tersebut berpengaruh selama Abad Pertengahan.
It was printed by Friedrich Risner in 1572, as part of his collection Opticae thesaurus.
Kemudian pada tahun 1572, dicetak oleh Friedrich Risner sebagai bagian dari koleksinya Opticae thesaurus.
History of optics Ibn Sahl Scientific method Sabra, A. I., ed. (1983), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I–II–III: On Direct Vision.
Sabra, A. I., ed. (1983), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I–II–III: On Direct Vision.
The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters Sabra, A. I., ed. (2002), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham.
The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link) Sabra, A. I., ed. (2002), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham.
2 vols, Studies of the Warburg Institute, vol. 40, translated by Sabra, A. I., London: The Warburg Institute, University of London, 1989, ISBN 0-85481-072-2 Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2001), "Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāẓir, 2 vols.
2 vols, Studies of the Warburg Institute, vol. 40, London: The Warburg Institute, University of London, ISBN 0-85481-072-2 Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link) Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2001), ditulis oleh Philadelphia, "Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāẓir, 2 vols.
", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 91 (4–5), translated by Smith, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, ISBN 0-87169-914-1, OCLC 47168716{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) Books I–III (2001 – 91(4))
", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 91 (4–5), Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, ISBN 0-87169-914-1, OCLC 47168716 Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link) Books I-III (2001 — 91(4))
", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 95 (2–3), translated by Smith, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society 2 vols: .
", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 95 (2–3), Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link) 2 vols: .
(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society), 2006 – 95(#2)
(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society), 2010.
Alhacen on Image-formation and distortion in mirrors : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen's De aspectibus, [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir], Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 2 vols: Vol. 1 98(#1, section 1 – Vol. 1 Commentary and Latin text); 98(#1, section 2 – Vol. 2 English translation).
Alhacen on Image-formation and distortion in mirrors: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen's De aspectibus, [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir], Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 2 vols: Vol 1 98(#1, section 1— Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text); 98(#1,section 2 — Vol 2 English translation).
Alhacen on Refraction : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's De aspectibus, [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir], Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 2 vols: 100(#3, section 1 – Vol. 1, Introduction and Latin text); 100(#3, section 2 – Vol. 2 English translation).
Alhacen on Refraction: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's De aspectibus, [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir], Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 2 vols: 100(#3, section 1 — Vol 1, Introduction and Latin text); 100(#3, section 2 — Vol 2 English translation).