Symptoms of allergic diseases may include red eyes, an itchy rash, sneezing, coughing, a runny nose, shortness of breath, or swelling.
Gejala alergi meliputi mata merah, gatal-gatal, rhinorrhea, eksem, urtikaria, atau serangan asma.
In these cases, symptoms arise in areas in contact with air, such as the eyes, nose, and lungs.
Pada kasus ini, gejala timbul di tubuh yang terkena udara, seperti mata, hidung, dan paru-paru.
For instance, allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, causes irritation of the nose, sneezing, itching, and redness of the eyes.
Rhinitis alergi timbul seketika, dikenal juga sebagai Hay Fever, menyebabkan iritasi pada hidung, bersin, gatal-gatal, dan mata merah.
Aside from these ambient allergens, allergic reactions can result from foods, insect stings, and reactions to medications like aspirin and antibiotics such as penicillin.
Reaksi alergi juga dapat timbul karena makanan, gigitan serangga, reaksi akan obat seperti terhadap aspirin dan antibiotik (misalnya penisilin).
Symptoms of food allergy include abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, itchy skin, and hives.
Gejala-gejala alergi makanan termasuk nyeri abdomen, perut terasa penuh, muntah, diare, gatal-gatal, dan pembengkakan kulit selama hives.
Food allergies rarely cause respiratory (asthmatic) reactions, or rhinitis.
Reaksi makanan jarang menyebabkan gangguan pernapasan atau rhinitis.
This type of reaction can be triggered suddenly, or the onset can be delayed.
Reaksi ini dapat terpicu tiba-tiba atau dapat tertunda.
Skin allergies frequently cause rashes, or swelling and inflammation within the skin, in what is known as a "wheal and flare" reaction characteristic of hives and angioedema.
Alergi-alergi kulit sering menyebabkan rashes, atau pembengkakan dan panas di dalam kulit, dikenal sebagai reaksi "wheal dan flare" yang disebabkan oleh hives and angioedema.
Risk factors for allergies can be placed in two broad categories, namely host and environmental factors.
Faktor-faktor risiko alergi terbagi dalam dua kategori umum yaitu inang/penderita dan faktor-faktor lingkungan.
Host factors include heredity, sex, race, and age, with heredity being by far the most significant.
Faktor inang meliputi keturunan, jenis kelamin, ras, dan umur, dengan keturunan mengambil peranan yang paling besar.
However, there has been a recent increase in the incidence of allergic disorders that cannot be explained by genetic factors alone.
Bagaimanapun, akhir-akhir ini terjadi peningkatan kejadian alergi yang tak dapat diterangkan hanya dengan faktor keturunan semata.
Four major environmental candidates are alterations in exposure to infectious diseases during early childhood, environmental pollution, allergen levels, and dietary changes.
Empat faktor lingkungan yang utama adalah perubahan paparan dengan penyakit infeksi selama masa anak-anak, polusi, tingkat alergen, dan perubahan diet.
A wide variety of foods can cause allergic reactions, but 90% of allergic responses to foods are caused by cow's milk, soy, eggs, wheat, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish.
Banyak jenis makanan menyebabkan alergi, tetapi 90 persen alergi disebakan oleh susu, kedelai, telur, gandum, kacang tanah, ikan, dan crustacea/udang/rajungan/kepiting.
Other food allergies, affecting less than 1 person per 10,000 population, may be considered "rare".
Alergi makanan lainnya terjadi kurang dari 1 per 10.000 orang, dapat dianggap jarang.
Severe or life-threatening reactions may be triggered by other allergens and are more common when combined with asthma.
Reaksi berat yang mengancam nyawa mungkin dipicu oleh alergen-alergen lainnya, dan lebih umum terjadi dengan kombinasi dengan asma.
Rates of allergies differ between adults and children.
Tingkat alergi berbeda antara dewasa dan anak-anak.
Egg allergies affect one to two percent of children but are outgrown by about two-thirds of children by the age of 5.
Alergi telur terjadi pada 1 hingga 2 persen anak-anak dan menjadi kira-kira 2/3 anak-anak pada usia 5 tahun.
Some people are unable to tolerate milk from goats or sheep as well as from cows, and many are also unable to tolerate dairy products such as cheese.
Beberapa orang tidak dapat mentoleransi susu kambing maupun domba juga sapi, dan banyak juga yang tak dapat mentoleransi hasil-hasil susu seperti keju.
Roughly 10% of children with a milk allergy will have a reaction to beef.
Sekitar 10% anak-anak yang alergi susu, juga alergi terhadap daging hewan berkaki empat.
Lactose intolerance, a common reaction to milk, is not a form of allergy at all, but due to the absence of an enzyme in the digestive tract.
Lactose intolerance, suatu reaksi umum terhadap susu, bukanlah alergi sama sekali, tetapi dikarenakan tiadanya ensim tertentu pada saluran pencernaan.
Those with tree nut allergies may be allergic to one or many tree nuts, including pecans, pistachios, and walnuts.
Alergi terhadap tree nut mungkin alergi terhadap salah satu atau banyak dari tree nut, termasuk pecans, pistachios, pine nuts, dan walnuts.
In addition, seeds, including sesame seeds and poppy seeds, contain oils in which protein is present, which may elicit an allergic reaction.
Juga biji-bijian, temasuk biji wijen, dan poppy seeds, yang mengandung minyak berprotein, yang bisa menimbulkan reaksi alergi.
Allergens can be transferred from one food to another through genetic engineering; however, genetic modification can also remove allergens.
Alergen-alergen dapat dipindahkan dari satu makanan ke makanan lainnya melalui rekayasa genetika, tetapi sebaliknya juga dapat menghilangkannya.
Little research has been done on the natural variation of allergen concentrations in unmodified crops.
Sedikit penelitian telah dilakukan terhadap konsentrasi alergen pada tumbuh-tumbuhan pangan yang belum direkayasa.
Latex and banana sensitivity may cross-react.
Latex dan pisang memiliki reaksi silang.
Furthermore, those with latex allergy may also have sensitivities to avocado, kiwifruit, and chestnut.
Siapa alergi terhadap latex, maka mungkin juga sensitif terhadap avokad, buah kiwi, dan chestnut.
Another non-food protein reaction, urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, originates after contact with poison ivy, eastern poison oak, western poison oak, or poison sumac.
Juga bukan makanan, menyebabkan, urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, timbul karena bersinggungan dengan poison ivy, eastern poison oak, western poison oak, or poison sumac.
Urushiol, which is not itself a protein, acts as a hapten and chemically reacts with, binds to, and changes the shape of integral membrane proteins on exposed skin cells.
Urushiol, bukan protein, tetapi mengubah bentuk integral membrane protein dan mengenai sel kulit, sedangkan sistem kekebalan tidak mengenalinya sebagai bagian dari badan dan timbullah alergi.
Allergic diseases are strongly familial; identical twins are likely to have the same allergic diseases about 70% of the time; the same allergy occurs about 40% of the time in non-identical twins.
Penyakit alergi timbul dalam keluarga, kembar identik akan sama alerginya sekitar 70 persen sepanjang waktu, tetapi kembar non-identik hanya 40 persen.
Allergic parents are more likely to have allergic children and those children's allergies are likely to be more severe than those in children of non-allergic parents.
Orang tua yang alergi biasanya anak-anaknya juga alergi, dan anak-anak tersebut akan menderita alergi lebih berat daripada anak-anak dari orang tua yang tak alergi.
Some allergies, however, are not consistent along genealogies; parents who are allergic to peanuts may have children who are allergic to ragweed.
Sejumlah alergi, bagaimanapun belum tentu konsisten, orangtuanya alergi terhadap kacangtanah, tetapi anaknya alergi terhadap ragweed.
Several studies have shown that IgE levels are highest in childhood and fall rapidly between the ages of 10 and 30 years.
Bberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat IgE tertinggi terjadi pada masa kanak-kanak dan cepat turun antara umur 10 hingga 30 tahun.
Ethnicity may play a role in some allergies; however, racial factors have been difficult to separate from environmental influences and changes due to migration.
Sehubungan dengan alergi, etnis dan ras susah dipisahkan dari faktor lingkungan, apalagi terjadi migrasi.
To assess the presence of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, two different methods can be used: a skin prick test, or an allergy blood test.
Tes meliputi peletakan alergen-alergen pada kulit dan melihat pembengkakan yang terjadi atau melakukan tes darah untuk IgE spesifik alergen.