Aluminium (the Commonwealth and preferred IUPAC name) or aluminum (North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13.
Aluminium, yang juga disebut aluminum atau alumunium (bentuk tidak baku), adalah unsur kimia dengan lambang Al dan nomor atom 13.
Electric power represents about 20 to 40% of the cost of producing aluminium, depending on the location of the smelter.
Energi listrik menghabiskan sekitar 20-40% biaya produksi aluminium di seluruh dunia.
The process produces aluminium billets, together with a highly complex waste material.
Proses ini menghasilkan billet aluminium, bersama-sama dengan bahan limbah yang sangat kompleks.
The global production of aluminium in 2016 was 58.8 million metric tons.
Produksi aluminium global pada tahun 2016 mencapai 58,8 juta ton metrik.
It exceeded that of any other metal except iron (1,231 million metric tons).
Angka ini melebihi produksi logam lainnya kecuali besi (1.231 juta ton metrik).
For example, the common aluminium foils and beverage cans are alloys of 92% to 99% aluminium.
Sebagai contoh, aluminium foil dan kaleng minuman umumnya terbuat dari paduan aluminium dengan kadar aluminium antara 92% hingga 99%.
The major uses for aluminium are in: Transportation (automobiles, aircraft, trucks, railway cars, marine vessels, bicycles, spacecraft, etc.).
Penggunaan utama aluminium antara lain: Transportasi (mobil, pesawat, truk, gerbong kereta api, kapal laut, sepeda, wahana antariksa, dll.).
Aluminium is used because of its low density, durability, and corrosion resistance; Packaging (cans, foil, frame, etc.).
Aluminium digunakan karena ketahanan terhadap korosi, sifat non-piroforik, dan kekuatan mekaniknya.
Aluminium is used because it is non-toxic (see below), non-adsorptive, and splinter-proof; Building and construction (windows, doors, siding, building wire, sheathing, roofing, etc.).
Aluminium digunakan karena tidak beracun (lihat bagian di bawah), tidak menyerap zat, dan tahan terhadap pecahan.
Since steel is cheaper, aluminium is used when lightness, corrosion resistance, or engineering features are important; Electricity-related uses (conductor alloys, motors, and generators, transformers, capacitors, etc.).
Karena baja lebih murah, aluminium digunakan ketika ringan, ketahanan terhadap korosi, atau fitur teknik penting.
Aluminium is used because it is relatively cheap, highly conductive, has adequate mechanical strength and low density, and resists corrosion; A wide range of household items, from cooking utensils to furniture.
Aluminium digunakan karena harganya yang relatif murah, konduktivitas listrik yang tinggi, kekuatan mekanik yang memadai, densitas rendah, dan ketahanan terhadap korosi.
Low density, good appearance, ease of fabrication, and durability are the key factors of aluminium usage.
Densitas rendah, tampilan yang baik, kemudahan dalam proses pembentukan, dan ketahanan yang baik adalah faktor utama penggunaan aluminium.
Aluminium is used because of its corrosion resistance, non-pyrophoricity, and mechanical strength.
Aluminium digunakan karena ketahanan terhadap korosi, sifat non-piroforik, dan kekuatan mekaniknya.
The great majority (about 90%) of aluminium oxide is converted to metallic aluminium.
Sebagian besar (sekitar 90%) dari oksida aluminium diubah menjadi aluminium logam.
Being a very hard material (Mohs hardness 9), alumina is widely used as an abrasive; being extraordinarily chemically inert, it is useful in highly reactive environments such as high pressure sodium lamps.
Karena merupakan bahan yang sangat keras (kekerasan Mohs 9), alumina banyak digunakan sebagai bahan abrasif; karena sifatnya yang sangat tidak reaktif secara kimia, alumina berguna dalam lingkungan yang sangat reaktif seperti lampu natrium bertekanan tinggi.
Aluminium oxide is commonly used as a catalyst for industrial processes; e.g. the Claus process to convert hydrogen sulfide to sulfur in refineries and to alkylate amines.
Oksida aluminium umumnya digunakan sebagai katalis dalam proses industri; misalnya, dalam Proses Claus untuk mengubah hidrogen sulfida menjadi belerang di kilang minyak dan dalam alkilasi amine.
Many industrial catalysts are supported by alumina, meaning that the expensive catalyst material is dispersed over a surface of the inert alumina.
Banyak katalis industri yang didukung oleh alumina, artinya bahan katalis yang mahal tersebar di atas permukaan alumina yang inert.
Several sulfates of aluminium have industrial and commercial application.
Beberapa sulfat aluminium memiliki aplikasi industri dan komersial.
Aluminium sulfate (in its hydrate form) is produced on the annual scale of several millions of metric tons.
Aluminium sulfat (dalam bentuk hidratnya) diproduksi dalam jumlah beberapa juta ton metrik setiap tahun.
About two-thirds is consumed in water treatment.
Sekitar dua pertiga digunakan dalam pengolahan air.
The next major application is in the manufacture of paper.
Aplikasi utama selanjutnya adalah dalam pembuatan kertas.
Two kinds of alum, ammonium alum and potassium alum, were formerly used as mordants and in leather tanning, but their use has significantly declined following availability of high-purity aluminium sulfate.
Dua jenis alum, alumunium ammonium sulfat dan alumunium kalium sulfat, dulunya digunakan sebagai zat pengikat dan dalam penyamakan kulit, tetapi penggunaannya telah menurun secara signifikan seiring tersedianya aluminium sulfat berkualitas tinggi.
Anhydrous aluminium chloride is used as a catalyst in chemical and petrochemical industries, the dyeing industry, and in synthesis of various inorganic and organic compounds.
Aluminium klorida anhidrat digunakan sebagai katalis dalam industri kimia, petrokimia, industri pewarnaan, dan sintesis berbagai senyawa anorganik dan organik.
Aluminium hydroxychlorides are used in purifying water, in the paper industry, and as antiperspirants.
Hidroksiklorida aluminium digunakan dalam pemurnian air, industri kertas, dan sebagai antiperspiran.
Aluminium hydroxide is used as an antacid, and mordant; it is used also in water purification, the manufacture of glass and ceramics, and in the waterproofing of fabrics.
Hidroksida aluminium digunakan sebagai antasida, zat pengikat; juga digunakan dalam pemurnian air, pembuatan kaca dan keramik, serta dalam perlindungan air pada kain.
Lithium aluminium hydride is a powerful reducing agent used in organic chemistry.
Litium aluminium hidrida adalah agen pereduksi yang kuat yang digunakan dalam kimia organik.
Organoaluminiums are used as Lewis acids and co-catalysts.
Organoaluminium digunakan sebagai asam Lewis dan ko-katalis.
Aqueous aluminium ions (such as aqueous aluminium sulfate) are used to treat against fish parasites such as Gyrodactylus salaris.
Ion aluminium dalam air (seperti aluminium sulfat dalam air) digunakan untuk mengobati parasit ikan seperti Gyrodactylus salaris.
In many vaccines, certain aluminium salts serve as an immune adjuvant (immune response booster) to allow the protein in the vaccine to achieve sufficient potency as an immune stimulant.
Dalam banyak vaksin, garam aluminium tertentu berfungsi sebagai adjuvan imunologis (penguat respons imun) untuk memungkinkan protein dalam vaksin mencapai kekuatan yang cukup sebagai stimulan imun.
Aluminium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham) Toxicological Profile for Aluminum (PDF) (September 2008) – 357-page report from the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Aluminum entry (last reviewed 30 October 2019) in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards published by the CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Current and historical prices (1998–present) for aluminum futures on the global commodities market The short film Aluminum is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
Aluminium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham) Toxic Substances Portal - Aluminum – from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, United States Department of Health and Human Services CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Aluminum Electrolytic production Diarsipkan 2009-08-15 di Wayback Machine.