Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art.
Karya arsitektur, dalam bentuk bangunan atau struktur, dianggap sebagai simbol kultural dan sebagai karya seni.
Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
Peradaban-peradaban bersejarah terkadang diidentifikasikan melalui pencapaian-pencapaian arsitektur mereka yang masih bertahan.
For this reason, architecture is considered to be a form of art.
Dengan alasan ini, arsitektur dianggap sebagai salah satu bentuk kesenian.
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient times.
Teks-teks mengenai arsitektur telah ditulis sejak zaman kuno.
In the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared that "form follows function".
Pada abad ke-19, Louis Sullivan membuat pernyataan "form follows function" yang memiliki arti "bentuk mengikuti fungsi".
The idea of sustainable architecture was introduced in the late 20th century.
Ide arsitektur berkelanjutan mulai diperkenalkan pada akhir abad ke-20.
Over the years, the field of architectural construction has branched out to include everything from ship design to interior decorating.
Selama bertahun-tahun, bidang konstruksi arsitektur telah berkembang mencakup segala hal mulai dari desain kapal hingga dekorasi interior.
The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures.
Metode dan gaya rancangan suatu konstruksi bangunan.
The design activity of the architect, from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture).
Aktivitas merancang seorang arsitek, mulai dari level makro (perencanaan kota, arsitektur lanskap) hingga ke level mikro (detail konstruksi dan furnitur).
The practice of the architect where architecture means offering or rendering professional services in connection with the design and construction of buildings or built environments.
Praktik arsitek, di mana arsitektur berarti menawarkan atau memberikan layanan profesional sehubungan dengan desain dan konstruksi bangunan, atau lingkungan binaan.
As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and architecture became the term used to describe the highly formalized and respected aspects of the craft.
Ketika budaya manusia berkembang dan pengetahuan mulai diformalkan melalui tradisi dan praktik lisan, bangunan menjadi kerajinan dan "arsitektur" adalah nama yang diberikan untuk kerajinan tersebut.
Early human settlements were mostly rural.
Pemukiman manusia purba sebagian besar merupakan pedesaan.
Expanding economies resulted in the creation of proto-cities or urban areas, which in some cases grew and evolved very rapidly, such as Çatalhöyük in modern-day Turkey and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan.
Kemajuan ekonomi mengakibatkan terciptanya kawasan perkotaan yang dalam beberapa kasus tumbuh dan berkembang sangat pesat, seperti Çatalhöyük di Anatolia dan Mohenjo-daro dari Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus di Pakistan.
Neolithic archaeological sites include Göbekli Tepe and Çatalhöyük in Turkey, Jericho in the Levant, Mehrgarh in Pakistan, Skara Brae in Orkney, and Cucuteni-Trypillian culture settlements in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine.
Pemukiman dan "kota" neolitik lainnya adalah Göbekli Tepe di Turki, Yerikho di Levant, Mehrgarh di Pakistan, Knap of Howar dan Skara Brae di Kepulauan Orkney, Skotlandia, dan pemukiman budaya Cucuteni-Trypillian di Rumania, Moldova, dan Ukraina.
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in their architecture to symbolically represent the political power of the ruler or the state itself.
Di banyak peradaban kuno seperti peradaban di Mesir dan Mesopotamia, arsitektur dan urbanisme mencerminkan keterlibatan terus-menerus dengan unsur ilahi dan supranatural.
The architecture and urbanism of classical civilizations such as the Greek and Roman civilizations evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones.
Arsitektur dan urbanisme Peradaban Klasik, seperti bangsa Yunani dan bangsa Romawi, berkembang dari cita-cita sipil, bukan agama atau empiris, dan membuat jenis bangunan baru bermunculan.
Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architecture as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices.
Arsitektur Romawi dipengaruhi oleh arsitektur Yunani karena mereka memasukkan banyak elemen Yunani ke dalam praktik bangunan mereka.
Asian architecture developed differently from European architecture, and the Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architectural styles have different characteristics.
Arsitektur dari berbagai bagian Asia berkembang mengikuti garis yang berbeda dari Eropa; Arsitektur Buddhis, Hindu, dan Sikh masing-masing memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda.
Unlike Indian and Chinese architecture, which had great influence on the surrounding regions, Japanese architecture did not.
Arsitektur India dan Tionghoa memiliki pengaruh besar terhadap daerah sekitarnya, sedangkan arsitektur Jepang tidak.
Some Asian architecture showed great regional diversity, in particular Buddhist architecture.
Arsitektur Buddhis, khususnya, menunjukkan keragaman regional yang besar.
In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
Di banyak negara Asia, agama panteistik mengarah pada bentuk arsitektur yang dirancang khusus untuk meningkatkan lanskap alami.
Buddhism was associated with a move to stone and brick religious structures, probably beginning as rock-cut architecture, which has often survived very well.
Buddhisme diasosiasikan dengan perpindahan ke struktur keagamaan batu dan bata, kemungkinan dimulai sebagai arsitektur potongan batu, yang bertahan dengan sangat baik.
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BC, the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India, Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka, and Araniko of Nepal.
Tulisan-tulisan awal dari Asia mengenai arsitektur termasuk Kao Gong Ji dari Tiongkok abad ke-7 hingga ke-5 SM; Shilpa Shastra dari India kuno; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra dari Sri Lanka dan Araniko dari Nepal.
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society.
Arsitektur Islam dimulai pada abad ke-7 M, menggabungkan bentuk arsitektur dari Timur Tengah kuno dan Bizantium, tetapi juga mengembangkan fitur yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan agama dan sosial masyarakat.
Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, Turkey, North Africa, the Indian Sub-continent and in parts of Europe, such as Spain, Albania, and the Balkan States, as the result of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire.
Contohnya dapat ditemukan di seluruh Timur Tengah, Turki, Afrika Utara, Sub-benua India dan di beberapa bagian Eropa, seperti Spanyol, Albania, dan Negara-negara Balkan, sebagai akibat dari ekspansi Kekaisaran Ottoman.
In contrast to architecture, which focuses on the design of individual buildings, urban design deals with the larger scale of groups of buildings, streets and public spaces, whole neighborhoods and districts, and entire cities, with the goal of making urban areas functional, attractive, and sustainable.
Dalam arti yang lebih luas, arsitektur dapat mencakup merancang dan membangun keseluruhan lingkungan binaan level makro, misalnya perencanaan kota, tidak hanya satu bangunan dan pelengkapnya saja.