Icannos/chess_studies huggingface dataset:
[Event "Goteborg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1920.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bogolyubov"]
[Black "Kostic"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[ECO "C68"]
[PlyCount "102"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Double pawns accompanied by the Bishop pair } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Bxc6 dxc6 5. Nc3 f6 6. d4 exd4 7. Qxd4 Qxd4 8. Nxd4 Bd6 9. Be3 Ne7 10. Nb3 b6 11. O-O-O c5 12. Nd2 Be6 13. f4 { A familiar sort of position. White's pawn
position is decidedly preferable; a pure pawn ending would be a White win, but
the presence of the Black Bishop pair at least restores the balance } 13... O-O-O 14. Nf3 Nc6 ( 14... -- { threat of trapped Bishop } 15. e5 fxe5 16. fxe5 Nf5 17. Bg5 Be7 18. Bxe7 $16 ) 15. h3 Rd7 $1 16. g4 { This is what
Black was waiting for. It would have been more prudent for White to presure
this move with Kb1 } ( 16. Kb1 ) 16... Nd4 17. Nh4 ( 17. Nxd4 cxd4 18. Rxd4 Bxf4 $1 19. Rxd7 Bxe3+ { intermediate check (that's why Kb1) } ) 17... Re8 18. Ng2 Bc4 $1 { The two Bishops are beginning to show their faces } 19. Rhe1 ( 19. -- Ne2+ 20. Nxe2 Bxe2 { Bf3 } 21. Rde1 Bf3 ) 19... Nb5 $1 { It is now apparent White's pawns are vulnerable; the e-pawn is especially weak } 20. Bd2 Nxc3 21. Bxc3 Rde7 22. e5 fxe5 23. Ne3 Be2 $3 { Black has been working with this pretty move in mind } 24. Rxd6 ( 24. Rxe2 exf4 ) ( 24. Rd2 exf4 25. Nf5 f3 26. Nxe7+ Rxe7 $19 ) 24... cxd6 25. fxe5 ( 25. Nf5 exf4 26. Nxd6+ Kd7 27. Nxe8 f3 $1 ) 25... Bf3 26. Nf5 d5 $1 27. Nxe7+ Rxe7 { Black emerges into a very favourable endgame, which although
is not essentail to out theme, it contains some interesting play } 28. Bd2 Be4 29. c4 Kd7 30. cxd5 Bxd5 31. a3 Rf7 32. h4 Ke6 $1 33. h5 Rf2 34. h6 gxh6 35. Bxh6 Rg2 36. g5 Bb3 $1 37. Rh1 Bc2 38. Bg7 Bd3 39. Rh3 c4 40. b3 b5 41. bxc4 bxc4 42. Bh8 Rxg5 43. Kd2 Kd5 44. Kc3 h5 $1 45. Rh2 Rg3 46. Rd2 Kc5 47. e6 Bf5+ 48. Kb2 Rb3+ 49. Ka2 Bxe6 50. Bd4+ Kc6 51. Ka1 c3 0-1
[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1909.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Janowsky"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[ECO "C49"]
[PlyCount "64"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The weakness of a fixed doubled pawn } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bb5 Bb4 5. O-O O-O 6. d3 d6 7. Bg5 Bxc3 8. bxc3 Ne7 9. Bc4 Ng6 10. Nh4 Nf4 11. Bxf4 exf4 12. Nf3 Bg4 13. h3 Bh5 14. Rb1 b6 15. Qd2 Bxf3 16. gxf3 Nh5 { The Black doubled pawn blocks the White one, and produces such anuncomfortable
pressure that White's counteradvantages - central majority and open g-file -
carry ver little weight } 17. Kh2 Qf6 18. Rg1 Rae8 19. d4 Kh8 20. Rb5 Qh6 21. Rbg5 f6 22. R5g4 g6 23. Bd3 Re7 24. c4 { Apparently hoping to sow confusion in the enemy ranks by an eventual Pc5 } 24... Ng7 $1 { So as to get at the White doubled pawns via e6 } 25. c3 ( 25. Qxf4 Qxf4+ 26. Rxf4 Ne6 ) 25... Ne6 26. Bf1 ( 26. Qd1 ) 26... f5 27. R4g2 Rf6 28. Bd3 g5 $3 29. Rh1 ( 29. exf5 Qxh3+ $3 { ala Kotov (Zurich 1953) ... a thematic sacrifice } 30. Kxh3 Rh6+ 31. Kg4 Rh4# ) 29... g4 30. Be2 Ng5 31. fxg4 f3 32. Rg3 fxe2 0-1
[Event "Carlsbad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1907.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Salwe"]
[Black "Schlechter"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[ECO "C50"]
[PlyCount "69"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The value of the open files associated with doubled pawns } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4. d3 Bc5 5. Nc3 d6 6. Be3 Bxe3 7. fxe3 Na5 8. Bb3 Nxb3 9. axb3 { White has two doubled pawns, and therefore two open files. No less an
authority than Steinitz was of the opinoun that this position was in Black's
favour, maintaining that the doubles pawns must be considered a serious
handicap to White } 9... Ng4 10. Qd2 f5 ( 10... f6 { Steinitiz } 11. -- Nh6 12. -- Nf7 { In such a position, however, Black must be prepared for a long
defensive game, and in due course Tarrasch pronounced the text to be a better
move } ) 11. exf5 Bxf5 12. O-O O-O 13. h3 Nh6 { Here the Knight is badly placed } ( 13... Nf6 14. Nxe5 $1 Bxh3 $1 15. Ng6 $1 hxg6 16. gxh3 { Black is the one left with weak isolated doubled pawns } ) 14. e4 Bd7 15. d4 { Thanks to the open a-file, this advance is particularly powerful } 15... Nf7 ( 15... exd4 16. Qxd4 b6 17. e5 dxe5 18. Qd5+ Kh8 19. Nxe5 Bf5 20. Qxd8 Raxd8 21. Rf2 { threat Rxa7 and Raf1 } ) 16. dxe5 dxe5 17. Rfd1 Nd6 ( 17... Bc6 18. Qxd8 { either a-pawn or e-pawn falls } ) 18. Nxe5 Be6 19. Nf3 Rxf3 { An attempt to salvage a strategically lost game by tactical means } 20. gxf3 Qh4 21. Ra5 $1 { The a-file is still very much in evidence. The entry of the Rook is decisive } 21... Rf8 22. Qf2 Qxh3 23. Rd3 b5 ( 23... -- 24. Rg5 -- 25. Qg2 ) 24. Qh2 $1 ( 24. Nxb5 Rf6 ) 24... Qxh2+ 25. Kxh2 g5 26. e5 Nf7 27. Rxb5 g4 28. fxg4 Ng5 29. Rc5 Rf2+ 30. Kg3 Rf7 31. Re3 Rf1 32. Ne4 Rg1+ 33. Kf2 Rxg4 34. Nxg5 Rxg5 35. Rg3 1-0
[Event "Munich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lilienthal"]
[Black "Marshall"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[ECO "E39"]
[PlyCount "59"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The doubled pawn as a weakening of the castled position } 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Qc2 c5 5. dxc5 Nc6 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Bg5 Qa5 8. Bxf6 gxf6 9. e3 Bxc5 10. Be2 d5 11. O-O dxc4 12. Bxc4 Be7 13. Rad1 a6 14. Nd4 $1 Nxd4 15. exd4 $1 b5 16. Bb3 b4 17. Ne2 Bb7 18. d5 $3 { The isolated d-pawn is offered in
order to get possession of valuable squares from  which the White pieces can
menace the Black king } 18... Rac8 ( 18... Bxd5 19. Bxd5 exd5 20. Nf4 Rad8 21. Qf5 ) 19. Qe4 Rfd8 ( 19... Kh8 20. Bc2 f5 21. Qe5+ Kg8 22. Rd3 ) ( 19... f5 20. Qe5 Qc7 21. d6 Qc6 22. Bd5 $1 ) 20. Qg4+ Kh8 21. Qh5 Kg8 22. Rd3 { Against this incursion of the Rook there is no antidote } 22... Bd6 23. Rh3 Kf8 24. Qh6+ Ke7 25. dxe6 Rg8 ( 25... fxe6 26. Qg7+ ) 26. Ng3 Bxg3 27. hxg3 Bd5 28. exf7 Bxb3 ( 28... Bxf7 29. Re1+ ) 29. fxg8=Q Bxg8 30. Qg7+ 1-0
[Event "04"]
[Site "Zurich"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Stahlberg"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[ECO "C11"]
[PlyCount "65"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Another example of a castled position weakened by the doubling of a pawn } 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 dxe4 5. Nxe4 Be7 6. Bxf6 Bxf6 7. Nf3 Nd7 8. Bc4 O-O 9. Qe2 Nb6 10. Bb3 Bd7 11. O-O Qe7 12. Rfe1 Rad8 13. Rad1 Ba4 14. Bxa4 Nxa4 15. Qb5 Nb6 16. c4 c6 17. Qb3 Qc7 $2 18. Nxf6+ gxf6 19. Qe3 Kg7 $2 20. Ne5 $1 { In suprising fashion White lays bare the weakness of the
Black King position. The Knight can't be taken  Of course the Knight can't be
maintained at e5, but the move has set an irresistble attack in motion } 20... Qe7 ( 20... fxe5 21. Qg5+ Kh8 22. Qf6+ Kg8 23. Rd3 Rfe8 24. Qh6 { White attack will go like butter through knife } ) ( 20... -- 21. Qg3+ Kh8 22. Ng6+ ) 21. Ng4 Rg8 ( 21... Nd7 22. Qh6+ Kh8 23. d5 cxd5 24. cxd5 e5 25. Re3 Rg8 26. Rh3 Rg7 27. Ne3 ) 22. Nh6 Qc7 ( 22... Nxc4 23. Nf5+ Kh8 24. Qh6 Qf8 25. Qxf6+ ) 23. Nxg8 Rxg8 24. b3 { Now it is easy for White. Not only is Black
behind on material, but he is still plagued by his doubled pawn } 24... Kh8 25. Qh3 Rg6 26. Qh4 Nd7 27. Re3 Qa5 28. Rh3 Nf8 29. Rg3 Qxa2 30. Rxg6 Nxg6 31. Qxf6+ Kg8 32. Qf3 Qc2 33. Qd3 1-0
[Event "USSR"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Korchnoi"]
[Black "Bronstein"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[ECO "C50"]
[PlyCount "66"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ A whole handful of doubled pawns } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. d3 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 Na5 7. Nd5 Nxc4 8. dxc4 c6 9. Nxf6+ gxf6 10. Be3 { A remarkable
position: each side has a doubled pawn already, and White, by his last move,
declares his willingness to accept another doubling. He judege, apparently,
that the open d-file and the f-file will afford him full compensation. } 10... Qb6 11. Qd2 Be6 ( 11... Qxb2 12. Bxc5 $3 dxc5 ( 12... Qxa1+ 13. Ke2 Qxh1 14. Qxd6 $18 ) 13. O-O { dangerous attacking chances } ) 12. O-O-O O-O-O ( 12... Bxc4 13. Bxc5 dxc5 14. Qh6 Ke7 15. Nxe5 $1 fxe5 16. Qd6+ Ke8 17. Qxe5+ $18 ) 13. b3 Rhg8 14. Rhg1 a5 15. Bxc5 Qxc5 16. Qe3 Qxe3+ 17. fxe3 { White has hi
s wish: he has two doubled pawns against Black's one, but Black also has a
backward d-pawn, and an isolated h-pawn  This position compresses the ideas of
"weak" pawns } 17... Rg4 $1 { Forcing White into defensive play, for the
Knight move he now has to make deprives him of all play in the d-file } 18. Nd2 Rdg8 19. g3 Kd7 $1 20. Kb2 Ke7 { Here the King is ideally placed for guarding both the d-pawn and f-pawn } 21. Kc3 h5 22. Rgf1 h4 23. gxh4 Rxh4 24. Rf2 Rgh8 25. Rh1 ( 25. Rff1 R8h6 { White must still play his Rh1 to hold the h-pawn } ) 25... R8h6 26. Kd3 d5 $1 { In chess everything is relative. Black now forces the win with the only
move which permits White to rid himself of both his doubled pawns! } 27. cxd5 cxd5 28. c4 ( 28. exd5 Bxd5 29. e4 Rh3+ 30. Ke2 Bc6 $17 ) 28... dxc4+ 29. Nxc4 Rh8 $1 30. Nxa5 ( 30. Nd2 Rc8 $3 31. Rhf1 Rhh8 { irresistible attack } ) 30... Rd8+ 31. Kc3 Rxe4 32. h4 Rxe3+ 33. Kb2 f5 0-1
[Event "Zaandam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Ekstrom"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[ECO "D19"]
[PlyCount "76"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The doubled pawns as a battering ram } 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. Nc3 dxc4 5. a4 Bf5 6. e3 e6 7. Bxc4 Bb4 8. O-O O-O 9. Qe2 Bg6 10. Ne5 Nbd7 11. Nxg6 hxg6 12. f4 Qa5 13. Na2 Be7 14. Bd2 Qh5 15. b4 Rfd8 16. Qxh5 Nxh5 $1 { Black would rather remain with doubled pawns than play ... gxh5, allowing
White to obtain powerful play for his Bishops byPf5 } ( 16... gxh5 17. f5 ) 17. Rfd1 Nb6 18. Bb3 Nd5 19. Bc2 ( 19. e4 Ndxf4 $1 20. g4 Ne2+ 21. Kf2 Nxd4 ) 19... f5 $1 { This cuts across White's plans } 20. Rab1 Nhf6 21. g3 g5 $1 22. h3 ( 22. fxg5 Ng4 23. Rb3 Bxg5 ) 22... gxf4 23. gxf4 Kf7 24. Kg2 Rh8 25. Nc1 { The Knights aim to get back into the game via d3 is too late } 25... g5 $1 26. fxg5 ( 26. Nd3 Rag8 27. Ne5+ Ke8 ) 26... Rag8 27. Rh1 Rxg5+ 28. Kf3 Rgh5 29. Rb3 Rxh3+ 30. Rxh3 Rxh3+ 31. Kg2 Rh8 32. Nd3 Bd6 33. Ne5+ Bxe5 34. dxe5 Ng4 35. Rd3 Nxe5 36. Rd4 Rg8+ 37. Kf2 Ng4+ 38. Ke2 e5 0-1
[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "Moscow"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Denker"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "22: Backward Pawn"]
[ECO "B24"]
[PlyCount "104"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The backward pawn as a weakness } 1. e4 c5 2. Nc3 Nc6 3. g3 g6 4. Bg2 Bg7 5. d3 e6 6. Be3 Nd4 7. Nce2 d6 8. c3 Nc6 9. d4 cxd4 10. Nxd4 Nxd4 11. Bxd4 e5 $2 12. Be3 Ne7 13. Ne2 O-O 14. O-O Be6 15. Qd2 Qc7 16. Rfc1 $1 { Very refined play against the square d5, preparing c4. } 16... f5 ( 16... b5 17. a4 a6 18. Rd1 { With the constant threat of opening the a-file } ) 17. c4 fxe4 18. Nc3 { Another fine move } 18... Nf5 ( 18... Bxc4 19. Nxe4 d5 20. Ng5 { the positional aim is to control the squares e4 and d5 } ) 19. Nxe4 Nxe3 ( 19... Nd4 20. c5 d5 21. Ng5 Bf7 22. f4 { Smyslov } ) 20. Qxe3 h6 21. Rd1 Rfd8 ( 21... Bxc4 22. Rac1 $1 ( 22. Nxd6 ) ) 22. Rac1 Rac8 23. b3 b6 24. Nc3 Qe7 25. Bd5 $1 { Thus Black is forced to relinquish the only piece with which he might have
been able to contest the d5 square, and is left with a bad Bishop which is no
match at all for the WhiteKnight } 25... Kh7 26. Bxe6 Qxe6 27. Rd3 Rc7 28. Rcd1 Rf7 29. Ne4 Bf8 30. Rd5 Qg4 31. R1d3 { The methodical text move, preparing to
treble the heavy pieces on the d-file, marks the doom of the backward pawn } ( 31. Nxd6 Bxd6 32. Rxd6 Qxd1+ $1 $132 ) 31... Be7 ( 31... Qe6 32. Qd2 Rfd7 33. c5 bxc5 34. Nxc5 $18 ) 32. Nxd6 Bxd6 33. Rxd6 { White aims are fully
achieved, and the rest of the game is outside our province } 33... Rdf8 34. Qxe5 Rxf2 35. Rd7+ R8f7 36. Rxf7+ Rxf7 37. Rd8 Rg7 38. Qe8 g5 39. Qh8+ Kg6 40. Rd6+ Kf7 41. Qxh6 Qf5 42. Rd1 Qc5+ 43. Kg2 Qe7 44. Rf1+ Kg8 45. Qf6 Qe8 46. Qf5 g4 47. Rf2 Qe7 48. Qd3 Rg5 49. Re2 Qf8 50. Qe4 Rg7 51. Qd5+ Qf7 52. Re6 $1 Qc7 1-0
[Event "Ch Switzerland"]
[Site "Zurich (Switzerland)"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Flohr"]
[Black "Johner"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "22: Backward Pawn"]
[ECO "A28"]
[PlyCount "143"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The siege of c7 } 1. c4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. Nf3 Nc6 4. d4 exd4 5. Nxd4 Bb4 6. Bg5 O-O 7. Rc1 Re8 8. e3 Ne5 9. Be2 h6 10. Bh4 Ng6 11. Bxf6 Qxf6 12. O-O Bxc3 13. Rxc3 d6 14. Nb5 Qd8 15. Rc1 Bd7 16. Nc3 Bc6 17. Nd5 Rb8 18. Qd2 Ne7 19. Rfd1 a6 20. Bf3 Qd7 21. Qc3 Rec8 22. Qa3 Re8 23. e4 Bxd5 24. cxd5 { White must
ow maneuver to pressure the c-pawn. For now Black has the mobility of his
Knight to set agains the weakening of his c-pawn } 24... Ng6 25. g3 Re7 26. Qb4 Nf8 { Black directs counerplay against White's e-pawn } 27. Rd2 Nh7 28. Rdc2 Qd8 29. Bg2 Nf6 30. f3 Ne8 31. Qd4 Nf6 32. Bh3 $1 { The first part
of White's problem is solved. His e-pawn is well secured, and the Bishop has
found a fine action station } 32... Ne8 33. Rc3 Kf8 34. Rb3 $1 { The threat of Qa7 forces a further weakening } 34... b6 35. Ra3 Ra8 36. Qc4 a5 37. Rac3 Ra7 38. Qd4 Nf6 39. a3 { The forced weakening of the Black Queenside
means that White will be able to open a file on this flank } 39... Ne8 40. Qa4 Nf6 41. Qc2 Kg8 42. Bf1 { At last things are getting really serious. This
Bishop is going to b5, from which vantage point it will cut off the Knigt from
the Queenside } 42... Qd7 43. Rc6 Qd8 44. Bb5 Kf8 45. Rc3 Kg8 46. h4 { This is a characterisitic feature of the tacking style of strategy being
followed here by White. When maneuvering like this it is essential to prepare
attacking chances on both wings. White now shifts his attention to the
Kingside } 46... Qc8 47. Kh2 Kf8 48. Bf1 Qd7 49. Bh3 Qe8 50. Qd2 Qd8 51. Qc2 Qe8 52. Kg1 Kg8 53. Bf1 Qd7 54. b4 axb4 $2 { Black should have continued
his waiting game. Now the a-file will fall quickly into White's hands - a
normal consequence of the defender who lacks freedom of movement } 55. axb4 Ne8 56. Qb2 Qa4 57. Bc4 Kf8 58. Rb1 Qd7 59. Bf1 Qa4 60. Rcc1 Qd7 61. Ra1 Rxa1 62. Qxa1 { The end of a vital phase: mastery of the open a-file } 62... Qd8 63. Qc3 Nf6 64. Bb5 Qc8 65. Kg2 Ne8 66. Qc6 $1 f5 67. Ra1 fxe4 68. Ra8 Qxa8 69. Qxa8 e3 70. Kf1 Kf7 71. Ke2 Nf6 72. g4 1-0
[Event "SUI"]
[Site "SUI"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Geller"]
[Black "Najdorf"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "22: Backward Pawn"]
[ECO "B92"]
[PlyCount "121"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The backward pawn is weak whenever the opponent can occupy the square in
front of it with a piece } 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Be2 e5 7. Nb3 Be6 8. O-O Nbd7 9. f4 Qc7 10. f5 Bc4 { The advance of
the White f-pawn has the advantage of preventing Black from ever play ... Pf5,
but the disadvantage of leaving White's own e-pawn weak. In the given
circumstances, Black can find no way of profiting from this weakening } 11. a4 $1 Rc8 12. Be3 Be7 { The result of this will be that Blakc's b-pawn
will also become backward, although it will not be a glaring weakness while
the b-file remains closed. } ( 12... b6 ) 13. a5 $1 h5 14. Bxc4 Qxc4 15. Ra4 Qc7 16. h3 h4 { No lack of backward pawns in this game! White's g-pawn
now adds to the number. It gives Black no practical advantage at present,
however, since g3 is inaccessible ( ... Nh5 would give away the vital d5
square) } 17. Rf2 b5 { Black resorts to violence, and quite correctly,
for a waiting policy would only allow White to carry out at leisure his plans
for the conquest of d5 by Rd2, Bg5 and Bxf6 } ( 17... -- 18. Rd2 -- 19. Bg5 -- 20. Bxf6 { Conquest for d5 } ) 18. axb6 Nxb6 19. Bxb6 { In this position the
Black Knight is more valuable than the White Bishop simply for the reason the
Bishop can't be brought to be on d5. } ( 19. Rxa6 Nc4 20. Bc1 Qb7 { double attack } ) 19... Qxb6 20. Qe2 Ra8 21. Kh2 O-O 22. Rf1 Ra7 23. Rfa1 Rfa8 24. R1a2 Bd8 25. Na5 Rc8 26. Nc4 Qc6 27. Ne3 $1 { The d5 square is the key to the position. } ( 27. b3 d5 $1 { Black's position is suddenly free } ) 27... a5 28. Rc4 Qa6 29. b3 Bb6 30. Rxc8+ Qxc8 31. Ned5 Nxd5 32. Nxd5 { The battle for d5 is won. It remains only to
convert the advantage gained into a win } 32... Qc5 33. Ra1 Qf2 34. Qxf2 Bxf2 35. Rf1 Bd4 ( 35... Bg3+ 36. Kg1 { Things are easier for White since the Bishop is out of the way } ) 36. c3 Bc5 37. g4 { Necessary to get the White King in play } 37... hxg3+ 38. Kxg3 Rb7 39. Rb1 f6 ( 39... a4 40. b4 ) 40. Kf3 Kf7 41. Ke2 Rb8 42. b4 g6 43. Kd3 $2 ( 43. fxg6+ { quicker } 43... Kxg6 44. bxc5 Rxb1 45. c6 Rb8 46. c7 Rc8 47. Ne7+ ) 43... gxf5 44. exf5 axb4 45. cxb4 Bd4 46. Rc1 Kg7 ( 46... Rb7 47. Rc7+ $18 ) 47. Rc7+ Kh6 48. Ke4 Kg5 49. Rh7 Bf2 ( 49... -- 50. h4+ Kg4 51. Nxf6+ ) 50. Rg7+ Kh4 51. Kf3 Be1 52. Kg2 Rf8 ( 52... -- 53. Rg4+ Kh5 54. Nxf6+ Kh6 55. Rg6# ) 53. b5 Ba5 54. b6 Bxb6 55. Nxb6 Rb8 56. Rg4+ Kh5 57. Nd5 Rb2+ 58. Kf3 Rb3+ 59. Ke4 Rxh3 60. Nxf6+ Kh6 61. Rg6# 1-0
[Event "Saltsjobaden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Unzicker"]
[Black "Taimanov"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "22: Backward Pawn"]
[ECO "B58"]
[PlyCount "60"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The pieces take over the duty of guarding the square in front of the backward
pawn } 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Be2 e5 7. Nf3 h6 8. O-O Be7 9. Re1 O-O 10. h3 a6 11. Bf1 b5 12. a3 Bb7 13. b3 Rc8 14. Bb2 Rc7 { Preparing on the one hand to double Rooks on the c-file; on the
other hand to redouble his pressure against e4 and d5 by means of ... Qa8 } 15. Nb1 ( 15. Nd5 Nxd5 16. exd5 Nb8 { The backward pawn is screened } ) 15... Qa8 $1 { A very effective layout of hte Black pieces } 16. Nbd2 Nd8 17. Bd3 Ne6 18. Rc1 Rfc8 19. Nh2 { Black's pressure down the half-open c-file,
combined with his attack on the e-pawn, holds White completely on the
defensive. The idea of this Knight move is to prop up the e-pawn by Pf3 if the
need arises } 19... Nd7 20. Nhf1 Ndc5 21. Ng3 g6 22. Ne2 $2 ( 22. Ndf1 Nxe4 ) 22... Bg5 $1 ( 22... Nxe4 23. Nxe4 Bxe4 24. Bxe4 Qxe4 25. Nc3 Qd4 26. Qxd4 exd4 27. Nd5 $16 { White has the better game with firm control of the d5 square } ) 23. Nc3 Nd4 24. Ncb1 ( 24. -- Nxd3 25. cxd3 Bxd2 26. Qxd2 Nxb3 ) 24... d5 $1 { This advance of the backward pawn has automatically been made possible by the
systematic pressure of the Black pieces against the square in front of it } 25. exd5 Nxd3 26. cxd3 Rxc1 27. Bxc1 Bxd5 { The extraordinary thing about
this game is that Black, who up to now has been demonstrating that his own
backward pawn was no disadvantage, now proceeds to show that White's backward
pawn is a very great disadvantage. The isolated White d-pawn in fact shows all
the characteristics of a backward pawn, but only in the negative sense. } 28. f3 Rc2 $1 29. a4 ( 29. Rxe5 Bxf3 30. gxf3 Rxc1 31. Qxc1 Nxf3+ ) 29... b4 30. Kh1 Qc6 { Hardly a move for White } 0-1
[Event "Goteborg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pilnik"]
[Black "Geller"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "22: Backward Pawn"]
[ECO "B59"]
[PlyCount "76"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The screened backward pawn } 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Be2 e5 7. Nb3 Be7 8. O-O O-O 9. Be3 Be6 10. Bf3 a5 { sharp } ( 10... Na5 11. Nxa5 Qxa5 12. Qd2 Rfc8 { The half-open c-file fully compensates Black for his backward d-pawn } 13. Rfd1 Qb4 14. Rab1 h6 15. a3 Qc4 16. Rbc1 a6 17. Be2 Qc7 18. f3 Nd7 19. Bf1 b5 20. a4 b4 21. Nd5 Bxd5 22. Qxd5 Nc5 23. b3 Bg5 { Boleslavsky-Euwe, Zurich 1953 } ) 11. Nd5 ( 11. a4 { Black would not have much
difficulty in the long run in arriving at the freeing advance ... Pd5 } ) 11... Bxd5 12. exd5 Nb8 13. c4 Na6 { The cards are on the table: White must
advance his Queenside majority, Black his Kingisde majority. White's troubles
lie in the fact that he will find it very difficult to get control of the c5
square, especially after Black's last move } 14. Bd2 { This is not in accordance with the needs of the position } ( 14. Nd2 { preapring Pb4 as soon as possible } 14... Nd7 15. Be2 f5 16. f3 Bf6 17. Rb1 Nac5 18. b3 { Pa3-Pb4 } ) 14... b6 15. Bc3 Nc5 16. Nxc5 bxc5 17. Qe1 ( 17. Qd3 g6 18. Be2 Nd7 19. f4 f5 { Black's pawn majority becomes more active than Whites } ) 17... Nd7 18. Bd1 a4 $1 { This prevents White's bishop from getting into the thick of the fight via a4 } 19. Bc2 f5 20. Rd1 ( 20. f4 e4 21. g4 { White's best chance } ) 20... g6 21. Qe2 Bf6 22. f3 e4 $3 23. Bxf6 Qxf6 24. fxe4 f4 $1 { Black's pawn
sacrifice has brought him a whole string of positional advantages  1) His 3-2
majority on the Kingside is now extremely active  2) He controls the vital e5
square, and cna plant a Knight there as a blockader  3) The hapless White
Bishop is no match at all for the Black Knight } 25. Rf2 Ne5 26. Rdf1 Qh4 27. Bd1 Rf7 28. Qc2 g5 { Now the storm troops move into action } 29. Qc3 Raf8 30. h3 h5 31. Be2 g4 32. Rxf4 { One last attempt to save the situation } 32... Rxf4 33. Rxf4 Rxf4 34. g3 Nf3+ { This intermediate check ruins White's plans } 35. Kf2 ( 35. Bxf3 Qxg3+ ) 35... Qxh3 36. gxf4 g3+ 37. Kxf3 g2+ 38. Kf2 Qh2 $1 0-1
[Event "4th match game"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1908.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "23: Activity of the pieces"]
[ECO "C66"]
[PlyCount "82"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Lasker's celebrated Rook maneuver } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Nf6 4. O-O d6 5. d4 Bd7 6. Nc3 Be7 7. Re1 exd4 8. Nxd4 Nxd4 9. Qxd4 Bxb5 10. Nxb5 O-O 11. Bg5 h6 12. Bh4 Re8 13. Rad1 Nd7 14. Bxe7 Rxe7 { This position is closely
balanced, but White's control of more space gives him reason to seek for the
initiative } 15. Qc3 { Attacking the c-pawn and vacating d4 for the Knight
with gain of tempo. Also, the Queen occupies the long diagonal, with
possibilities of attack against g7. } 15... Re5 $1 { Lasker has no wish to be
forced on the defensive. He fights for the initiative himself, and from the
sequel it is evident that he was willing to run considerable risk to get it } ( 15... Ne5 16. Nd4 -- 17. f4 Ng6 18. Nf5 { Keeping Black busy with new threats, and this is typical of the initative } ) 16. Nd4 ( 16. Nxc7 Rc5 ) 16... Rc5 $1 { A strange way of deploying a Rook,
for a Rook without an open file behind it is highly vulnerable. Lasker means
to call the tune at any price. The explanation of this move which he later
gave was: "The Rook must expose hiself to attack so as to draw the enemy fire" } 17. Qb3 Nb6 18. f4 { Cutting off the Rook's retreat. } ( 18. Re3 Qe8 19. Nf5 Kh7 ) 18... Qf6 19. Qf3 Re8 { White's Pf4 has weakened his e-pawn, giving Black's other Rook a target } 20. c3 a5 21. b3 a4 22. b4 Rc4 23. g3 { To protect Pf4 against ... Pc5 } ( 23. -- c5 24. Nb5 ( 24. bxc5 Rxc5 { Rook is freed } ) 24... d5 $1 25. exd5 Rxf4 ) 23... Rd8 $3 { Against Black is threatening to rescue his Rook by ... Pc5. Rd8
is designed to support the d-pawn after ... Pc5 } 24. Re3 { An attempt to
prevent ... Pc5 by combanative means. The Queen protects the Rook } ( 24. -- c5 25. Nb5 cxb4 { Rook is freed } ) 24... c5 $1 25. Nb5 cxb4 26. Rxd6 Rxd6 27. e5 { If the Rook was on e1 then ... Qe7, Nxd6 Rxc3 advantageous Black.
Lasker, however, has seen a flaw in White's analysis } 27... Rxf4 $3 { A brillian refutation } 28. gxf4 Qg6+ 29. Kh1 $2 Qb1+ 30. Kg2 Rd2+ 31. Re2 Qxa2 32. Rxd2 Qxd2+ 33. Kg3 a3 34. e6 Qe1+ 35. Kg4 Qxe6+ 36. f5 Qc4+ 37. Nd4 a2 38. Qd1 Nd5 39. Qa4 Nxc3 40. Qe8+ Kh7 41. Kh5 a1=Q 0-1
[Event "05"]
[Site "Salzburg  (12.06.42)"]
[Date "1942.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Keres"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "23: Activity of the pieces"]
[ECO "C86"]
[PlyCount "113"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The tactical significance of the support point d5 } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Qe2 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 O-O 9. Rd1 Na5 10. Bc2 c5 11. d4 Qc7 12. Bg5 Bg4 13. dxe5 dxe5 14. Nbd2 Rfd8 ( 14... Nh5 15. h3 Bxf3 16. Nxf3 Bxg5 17. Nxg5 Nf4 { tactic for occupation of f4 } ) 15. Nf1 Nh5 $1 { Black is looking for counterplay by occupying f4 } 16. h3 Be6 ( 16... Bxf3 17. Qxf3 Bxg5 18. Qxh5 Qe7 { Then if the Knight appears on e3 to occupy d5, Black takes it off } ) 17. Ne3 $1 f6 18. Nh2 $1 { A fine interpolation based on the tactical complications
which could arise from Nd5 } 18... g6 ( 18... Bf7 19. Nd5 $1 Rxd5 20. exd5 fxg5 21. d6 Bxd6 22. Qe4 ) 19. Bh6 Bf8 ( 19... Nf4 20. Bxf4 exf4 21. Nd5 Bxd5 22. exd5 { White advantage consists of the passed d-pawn and is certainly worth
more than Black's doubled f-pawns } ) 20. Bxf8 Kxf8 ( 20... Nf4 { intermenzzo } ) 21. g3 { Eliminating the possibility of ... Nf4 } 21... Rxd1+ ( 21... Bxh3 22. Nd5 Qa7 23. g4 Nf4 24. Nxf4 exf4 25. Qf3 { winning a piece } ) 22. Bxd1 { The Rook is needed on a1 for Queenside play } 22... Rd8 23. a4 Nc4 24. axb5 axb5 25. Nd5 { White retains the initiative, although the pawn sacrifice
involved in the move is not altogether clear } 25... Qb7 ( 25... Bxd5 26. exd5 Rxd5 27. b3 ( 27. Qe4 ) 27... Nd6 28. Qe3 $1 Nb7 { White gets some attack for the pawn } ) 26. b3 Nd6 27. c4 bxc4 28. bxc4 Bxd5 29. exd5 { Just as in the previous game the occupation of the support point has
produced a protected passed pawn. Although Black occupies the blockaded square
in front of this pawn in the best possible way - with a knight - yet indirect
pressure which emanates from the passed pawn is so great that White is enabled
to carry out successful operations in other sectors of the board } 29... Ng7 30. Ng4 Qe7 ( 30... Nge8 31. Qe3 Qc7 $1 ( 31... Nxc4 32. Qxc5+ Ncd6 33. Ra7 Qb8 34. Nh6 ) ) 31. Bc2 Nge8 32. h4 e4 33. Ne3 { heading for Nf4 } 33... Qe5 $2 { Abadoning the second rank to the enemy } ( 33... f5 ) ( 33... Rb8 ) 34. Ra7 $1 Kg8 ( 34... h5 35. Ng2 ) 35. Ng4 Qd4 ( 35... Qb2 36. Nh6+ Kh8 ( 36... Kf8 37. Qxe4 ) ) ( 35... Qh5 36. Bxe4 $1 f5 37. Bd3 fxg4 38. Qe6+ Kh8 39. Qe7 ) 36. Bxe4 $1 f5 ( 36... Qxe4 37. Nh6+ Kh8 38. Qxe4 Nxe4 39. Nf7+ ) 37. Nh6+ Kh8 38. Bc2 Qf6 39. Qe6 Qxe6 40. dxe6 Rc8 41. Nf7+ Nxf7 42. exf7 Nd6 43. Bd3 Kg7 44. f8=Q+ Kxf8 45. Rxh7 Kg8 46. Rd7 Ne8 47. h5 gxh5 ( 47... Nf6 48. Rd6 Kg7 49. hxg6 Kxg6 50. g4 { Tactic of the pin } ) 48. Bxf5 Ra8 49. Be6+ Kh8 50. Rd5 Nf6 51. Rxc5 Kg7 52. Kg2 Ra2 53. Bf5 Ra3 54. Rc7+ Kh6 55. Rf7 Ra6 56. f4 h4 57. g4 1-0
[Event "Vienna"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Busek"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "23: Activity of the pieces"]
[ECO "D95"]
[PlyCount "97"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The proverbial "making somethig out of nothing" consists, in fact of activity } 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. e3 g6 5. Nc3 Bg7 6. Qb3 O-O 7. Bd2 e6 8. Bd3 Nbd7 9. O-O b6 10. cxd5 { This exchange after Black commits Nb8 ... else Nc6 is playable } 10... exd5 11. e4 $1 { White is ahead in development, but if the position retains its
closed character he will not be able to make anything out of it. Black will
automatically make up his leeway (threatening ... Be6 and ... Bd5 blockading
the IQP) } 11... dxe4 12. Nxe4 Nxe4 13. Bxe4 Nb8 14. d5 $1 { Playing to dissolve the isolated pawn and reach an open game } 14... Bb7 15. Bg5 Qd7 16. dxc6 { Played in accordance with the rule that an advantage in
development is best exploited in an open game. } ( 16. Rad1 c5 { Black keeps the play closed } ) 16... Bxc6 17. Rfd1 Qb7 18. Bd5 $1 { The only move to keep the initiative. } ( 18. Bxc6 Nxc6 { Black gains an important tempo } ) 18... Bxd5 19. Rxd5 h6 ( 19... Bxb2 20. Qxb2 Qxd5 21. Bh6 f6 22. Bxf8 Kxf8 23. Qxf6+ { White's initiative has become a real attack } ) ( 19... Nc6 20. Rad1 { threatening the 7th rank } ) 20. Be3 Nc6 { Black is threatening to reach
full equality by ... Rad8; how can White retain the initiative? } 21. Rd6 $1 { Showing the ... Ph6 was a weakening move. White threatens Rxg6 } 21... Kh7 ( 21... Rad8 22. Rxg6 Na5 23. Rxg7+ Kxg7 24. Qc3+ { White has an attack full of promise } ) 22. Qb5 $1 { Now the Knight can not
very well move away, as then the White Rook would invade the seventh rank } 22... Rac8 ( 22... Na5 23. Rd7 ) 23. Rad1 Rfd8 { Black has achieved his
immediate aim - the neutralizing and subsequent exchange of Rooks. But White's
initiative continues unabated } 24. h4 $1 $36 Rxd6 25. Rxd6 Bf8 { A necessary preparation for the exchange of the remaining pair of Rooks } 26. Rd1 Bg7 ( 26... Rd8 27. Rxd8 Nxd8 28. h5 ) 27. h5 Qe7 28. b3 Rd8 29. Rxd8 Nxd8 30. Qd5 $1 { Powerful centralization of the Queen } 30... Ne6 31. hxg6+ fxg6 32. a4 { White's initiative has now gather decisive momentum } 32... Bf6 ( 32... Nc5 33. a5 Qd7 34. Qxd7 Nxd7 35. axb6 Nxb6 ( 35... axb6 36. Kf1 Kg8 37. Ke2 Kf7 38. Kd3 Ke6 39. Kc4 Kd6 40. Kb5 ) 36. Bxb6 axb6 37. Kf1 Kg8 38. Ke2 Kf7 39. Kd3 Ke6 40. Kc4 Kd6 41. Kb5 Kc7 42. Nh4 g5 43. Nf5 $16 ) 33. a5 Ng5 ( 33... bxa5 34. Qxa5 ) ( 33... Nc5 34. b4 Na4 35. Qc6 ) 34. axb6 Nxf3+ 35. Qxf3 axb6 36. Qc6 Bg5 37. Bxb6 Qe1+ 38. Kh2 Qe5+ 39. g3 Bf6 40. Qc7+ Kg8 41. Qxe5 Bxe5 42. Kg2 Kf7 43. Kf3 Ke6 44. Ke4 h5 45. b4 Bb8 46. Be3 Bd6 47. b5 Be7 48. f4 h4 49. g4 1-0
[Event "Stockholm"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Skold"]
[Black "Fred"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "23: Activity of the pieces"]
[ECO "C96"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 O-O 9. h3 Na5 10. Bc2 c5 11. d3 Qc7 12. Nbd2 Rd8 13. Qe2 Bb7 14. Nf1 Re8 { Evidently the intention is to have e5 well guarded, with the idea of an
eventual ... Pd5 } 15. Ng3 ( 15. Ne3 d5 16. exd5 Nxd5 17. Nxd5 Bxd5 18. Nxe5 Bd6 { pinning tactics } ) 15... g6 ( 15... d5 16. exd5 Nxd5 $2 ( 16... Bxd5 17. Nxe5 Bd6 18. Bf4 Nd7 { pinning tactics } ) 17. Qxe5 Bd6 18. Qxe8+ $16 { Back rank tactics } ) 16. Bg5 { vacating the c1 square for a possible Rc1 } 16... Nc6 ( 16... d5 17. b4 cxb4 18. cxb4 Nc6 19. a3 { Intending Bb3 and Rc1 (results of Bc1-g5) } ) 17. Nh2 $5 { Intending Pf4 } ( 17. h4 { protecting Bg5 against Black's ... Nh5 tactics } ) 17... Nh5 $1 { A tactical finesse, based on the unprotected state of White's Bg5 } 18. Bxe7 ( 18. Nxh5 Bxg5 ) 18... Nf4 $1 { The point of Nh5, the thematic occupation of f4 } 19. Qf1 Qxe7 20. Ne2 Nh5 $2 { Now White does achieve his objective, and
the initiative falls into his hands again. } ( 20... Nxe2+ 21. Rxe2 g5 22. Ng4 Qe6 23. Ne3 Ne7 { after which the weak d5 and f5 are covered } ) ( 20... Bc8 { Pg3 is now not playable due to pressure on h3 } ) 21. f4 exf4 22. Nxf4 Nxf4 23. Qxf4 Qe5 24. Qh4 h5 { A serious weakening of Black's Kingside to prevent Ng4. } ( 24... Bc8 { less commital } ) 25. Rf1 Bc8 { So as to meet Bb3 with ... Be6 } 26. Nf3 Qg7 27. Qf4 Ne5 { An attempt to prevent the advance of Pd4 by vigorous counteraction } 28. Rad1 ( 28. d4 cxd4 29. cxd4 Nxf3+ 30. Rxf3 Qxd4+ { discovered attack } ) 28... Be6 29. Ng5 Rac8 { Again to prevent Pd4 } 30. Rf2 $1 { On one hand protecting
the Bishop, and so threatening Pd4 again; on the other hand preparing to
triple on the f-file } 30... Rc7 31. d4 cxd4 32. cxd4 Nc4 33. Bb3 Rd8 34. Kh1 $1 { White's initiative has now brough him a decisive positional advantage. He
controls the centre and the half-open f-file, as well as enjoying the greater
freedom of movement. What follows now is not so much a matter of initiative as
direct attack, for which Kh1 was a fine preparation (preventing Qd4+) } 34... Re7 35. Rdf1 $3 Qxd4 ( 35... -- 36. d5 Bd7 37. Nxf7 ) 36. Nxe6 fxe6 37. Qg5 Qg7 38. Bxc4 bxc4 39. Rf6 { Decisive } 39... Kh8 ( 39... Kh7 40. Rxg6 Qxg6 41. Qxe7+ ) 40. Rxg6 Rf8 41. Qxh5+ 1-0
[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1935.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Pirc"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[ECO "B85"]
[PlyCount "39"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Black's attempt to take the initiative backfires } 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Be2 e6 7. O-O a6 8. Be3 Qc7 9. f4 { Here Black's
prospects lie mainly in his possession of the half-open c-file. His best
chance lies in the minority attack comprising the advance of his two Queenside
pawns combined with ... Na5-c4.  Black's next move is therefore quite
understandable; the only query is whether it might not have been more pruden
to complete his development first by ... Be7 and ... 0-0 } 9... Na5 10. f5 { White also makes an effort for the iniatitive.  In view of his lead in
development it is a matter of the greatest importance for him to open the
position } 10... Nc4 { When this game was played it was generally held that a
backward pawn must be a serious disadvantage. No modern master would have any
scruples about playing ... Pe5 } ( 10... e5 11. Nb3 Nc4 12. Bxc4 Qxc4 13. Qf3 h6 ) 11. Bxc4 Qxc4 12. fxe6 fxe6 $2 { Still frightened of the backward pawn. } ( 12... Bxe6 ) 13. Rxf6 $1 { With this spl
endid Exchange sacrifice, Lasker demonstartes how vulnerable Black's King is
here } 13... gxf6 14. Qh5+ Kd8 ( 14... Kd7 15. Qf7+ Be7 16. Nf5 $3 Re8 17. Nxd6 { Overworked king } ) ( 14... Ke7 15. Nf5+ $3 exf5 16. Nd5+ Kd7 17. Qf7+ Kc6 18. Qc7+ Kb5 19. a4+ $18 ) 15. Qf7 Bd7 ( 15... Be7 16. Nf5 { thematic } 16... Qc7 17. Na4 Rf8 18. Qxh7 Ke8 19. Bb6 Qd7 20. Qh5+ Rf7 21. Ng7+ Kf8 22. Qh8# ) 16. Qxf6+ Kc7 17. Qxh8 Bh6 { Black had been counting
on this move, but an elegant refutation puts an end to his hopes } 18. Nxe6+ $1 Qxe6 19. Qxa8 Bxe3+ 20. Kh1 1-0
[Event "New York"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Reti"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[ECO "C12"]
[PlyCount "63"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Bb4 5. Ne2 dxe4 6. a3 Be7 7. Bxf6 gxf6 ( 7... Bxf6 8. Nxe4 { tempo on the bishop } ) 8. Nxe4 f5 9. N4c3 Bd7 10. Qd2 Bd6 11. O-O-O Qe7 { It is clear that Black's formation is not a
particularly fortunate one. After accepting the doubled f-pawns his first
obligation was to take steps against a possible Pd5 by White. The simplest way
would have been by means of ... Pb6, ... Bb7, followed by ... Pc6; and the
indicated place for the King is the Queenside } 12. Ng3 Qh4 ( 12... -- 13. Nxf5 exf5 14. Re1 Be6 15. d5 { The open centre files would portend grave peril for the Black King } ) 13. Qe1 $1 { Not only defending against Black's ... Bf4, but also renewing his own
threat of Nxf5 } 13... Nc6 $2 ( 13... Qf4+ 14. Kb1 Nc6 { (Alekhine) } ) 14. Nxf5 $1 Qf4+ 15. Ne3 Nxd4 16. g3 Qe5 17. Bg2 Nc6 ( 17... Bc6 18. Bxc6+ Nxc6 19. f4 Qg7 20. Nf5 Qf8 21. Nxd6+ cxd6 22. Nb5 O-O-O 23. Qc3 $1 { Fork ... exhibits power of the Queen } 23... Kb8 24. Nxd6 Rxd6 25. Rxd6 Qxd6 26. Qxh8+ ) 18. f4 Qg7 19. Nb5 $1 ( 19. Nf5 Bxf4+ { Move order is important } ) 19... O-O { At long last the Black king finds a
safer place, but at the cost of a pawn, and now White holds the advantage
positionally } ( 19... Qf8 20. Nf5 ) 20. Nxd6 cxd6 21. Rxd6 Rfd8 22. Qd2 Be8 23. Rd1 Rdc8 { With some remote hope of counterplay on the c-file, but
White's attack on the other flank is much too fast } 24. f5 $1 e5 25. f6 Qf8 26. Nf5 { Logical way to bring two pieces into the attack } 26... Kh8 27. Qg5 Rc7 ( 27... Rd8 28. Rxd8 Rxd8 29. Rxd8 Nxd8 30. Ne7 { winning a second pawn } ) 28. Bxc6 Rxc6 ( 28... Bxc6 29. Rd8 Rxd8 30. Rxd8 ) 29. Rd8 Rac8 30. Qg7+ Qxg7 31. fxg7+ Kg8 32. Ne7+ 1-0
[Event "Russia"]
[Site "Ch URS, Leningrad  (2)"]
[Date "1939.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tolush"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[ECO "D83"]
[PlyCount "74"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ By means of an Exchange sacrifice Black punishes White's premature initiative } 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Bf4 Bg7 5. e3 O-O 6. Rc1 c5 7. dxc5 Qa5 8. cxd5 Rd8 9. Qd2 Nxd5 10. Bc7 ( 10. Nxd5 Qxd2+ 11. Kxd2 Rxd5+ 12. Kc2 Bf5+ 13. Kb3 Rd2 $19 { winning attack } ) 10... Qxc7 11. Nxd5 Rxd5 $1 { This Excahnge sacrifice, forced incidentally, allows Black to seize the
initiative } 12. Qxd5 Be6 13. Qd2 Nc6 14. Rd1 $2 ( 14. Bd3 Rd8 15. Qe2 Ne5 16. Rd1 Qa5+ 17. Kf1 Rxd3 $1 { pinning tactics } 18. Rxd3 Bc4 $19 ) ( 14. Rc3 { returning the exchange } ) 14... Rd8 15. Qc1 Qa5+ { Now the wretched position of the White King brings its retribution } 16. Rd2 { Critical position } 16... Rd5 ( 16... Bxa2 ) 17. Ne2 ( 17. -- { Threatening to turn the board into a slaughter house } 17... Rxc5 18. Qb1 Bxa2 19. Qa1 Nb4 ) 17... Rxc5 18. Nc3 Bxc3 19. bxc3 Rxc3 20. Qb2 Ra3 { A sorry situation, and a drastic demonstration of the consequences of having
one's King caught in the middle. Hard pressed by threats from all directions,
he is still unable to complete his development, and far from enjoying hte
advantage of the Exchange, he finds himself in effect two pieces short on the
Kingside } 21. Qb5 Qc3 ( 21... Rxa2 $2 { Keep pieces on the board! } ) 22. Qb2 Qc5 23. Qb1 ( 23. Be2 Rxa2 24. Qb1 Qc3 25. Qd1 Nb4 $19 ) 23... Bxa2 $1 24. Rxa2 Qa5+ ( 24... Rxa2 $4 { lazy calculation } ) 25. Rd2 Ra1 26. Bd3 Rxb1+ 27. Bxb1 Ne5 { Even now White could put up a respectable fight if only he
could castle and get his King into safety. But Black holds on this his
advantage with an iron hand } 28. Ke2 Qb5+ 29. Bd3 Nxd3 30. Rxd3 a5 ( 30... f5 ) 31. Rd1 Qc4 ( 31... a4 ) 32. Kf3 { At last the Rooks are free to
cooperate, and the King is not in immediate danger; but now, with Black's
united passed pawns advancing irresistibly, it is all too late } 32... b5 ( 32... h5 { cheapos } ) 33. Rd7 b4 34. Ra7 a4 ( 34... Qc6+ { no time to waste } ) 35. Rd8+ Kg7 36. Rda8 a3 37. g3 Qb5 ( 37... Qc5 { get the Queen behind the passed pawns } ) 0-1
[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Robatsch"]
[Black "Larsen"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[ECO "A04"]
[PlyCount "42"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Nf3 f5 2. e4 fxe4 3. Ng5 e5 4. d3 e3 5. Bxe3 Nc6 6. Qh5+ g6 7. Qf3 Qf6 8. Qg3 Nge7 9. Nc3 h6 10. Nge4 Qf7 11. Nb5 Nf5 ( 11... -- { Royal fork threat } 12. Nbd6+ ( 12. Nxc7+ ) 12... cxd6 13. Nxd6+ ) 12. Qf3 d5 $1 13. Nf6+ { White might as well press forward, for a retreat would be to admit that his
earlier aggression was not justified } ( 13. Ng3 a6 ) 13... Qxf6 14. Nxc7+ Kd8 15. Nxa8 e4 $1 { With this sudden counterattack Black demonstartes very
convincgly that White's King is in more danger than his own } 16. dxe4 { White opens the d-file as another possible avenue of attack against the Black
King } ( 16. Qd1 Nxe3 17. fxe3 Qxb2 18. Rb1 Bb4+ 19. Kf2 Rf8+ 20. Kg1 Bd2 $3 ) 16... Qxb2 17. Qd1 ( 17. Rd1 Bb4+ 18. Bd2 Ncd4 19. Qd3 Nxc2+ 20. Ke2 Nfd4+ ) 17... Nxe3 18. fxe3 Qc3+ 19. Kf2 Bc5 $1 20. Qxd5+ Bd7 21. Bd3 Qd2+ 0-1
[Event "08"]
[Site "Moskva ch-SU  (22.02.55)"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "Taimanov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[ECO "E13"]
[PlyCount "57"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ By means of a central breakthrough, White takes advantage of Black's insecure
King position in the middle } 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 b6 5. Bg5 Bb7 6. e3 h6 7. Bh4 g5 8. Bg3 Ne4 9. Qc2 Bxc3+ 10. bxc3 d6 11. Bd3 f5 { important move } 12. d5 $1 { White sacrifices a central pawn to blast open
lines and exploit Black's King position } ( 12. O-O-O ) ( 12. O-O { Black seizes the opportunity to consolidate by ... Nbd7-f6. } ) 12... exd5 13. cxd5 Bxd5 14. Nd4 ( 14. O-O-O ) 14... Nd7 ( 14... Qf6 15. f3 ( 15. Nxf5 Qxf5 16. f3 ) 15... Nxg3 16. hxg3 ) 15. f3 ( 15. Nxf5 ) 15... Nxg3 16. hxg3 Qf6 17. Bxf5 O-O-O { Thus Black hopes to safeguard his King, but it rapidly becomes apparent
that White has chances for a vigorous attack } 18. Qa4 $1 ( 18. a4 { Loh } ) 18... a5 19. Kf2 { King safety } ( 19. c4 { Loh } ) 19... h5 20. Rab1 ( 20. e4 { Loh } ) 20... h4 21. e4 ( 21. g4 { Loh } ) ( 21. gxh4 gxh4 22. Rb5 Bb7 23. Qc4 $1 { there are powerful Exchange sacrifices in the air } 23... d5 ( 23... Kb8 24. Nc6+ Bxc6 25. Qxc6 Nc5 26. Rxc5 bxc5 27. Rb1+ ) 24. Rxd5 { Keres } ) 21... Bb7 22. gxh4 ( 22. g4 ) 22... gxh4 { critical } 23. Ne6 ( 23. Qc4 { Loh } ) 23... Ne5 $2 { tactic } ( 23... Rdg8 24. Nxc7 $1 { wins an important pawn } ) ( 23... Qxc3 24. Qd1 { Keres } ( 24. Rhc1 Qd2+ 25. Kg1 h3 $3 26. Rxc7+ Kb8 27. Bxh3 Qe3+ 28. Kh2 Rxh3+ $3 29. Kxh3 $19 { Keres } ) ) 24. Qd4 { stronger } ( 24. Nxd8+ Kxd8 25. Qd4 ) 24... Rdg8 25. Nxc7+ $1 { Now like a house of cars the Black's King's position falls apart } 25... Kb8 26. Qxb6 Nd3+ 27. Kf1 ( 27. Kg1 ) 27... Nb4 28. Rxb4 { A convincing finish } ( 28. Nb5 ) 28... axb4 29. Nb5 1-0
[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Muhring"]
[Black "Jaurequi"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[ECO "D25"]
[PlyCount "95"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. e3 g6 5. Bxc4 Bg7 6. O-O O-O 7. Qe2 Nfd7 8. Rd1 Nb6 9. Bb3 Bg4 10. h3 Bxf3 11. Qxf3 Nc6 12. Nc3 e5 13. d5 Na5 14. Bc2 Nac4 15. e4 Qe7 16. a4 a5 17. Ne2 Rad8 18. Qb3 Nd6 19. Be3 Nd7 20. f3 f5 21. Bd3 f4 22. Bf2 Bf6 23. Rac1 Rc8 24. Rc3 Qg7 25. Rdc1 Bd8 { In positions in which
one player has the initiative on the Queenside and the other on the Kingside,
the odds are usually with the one who is pressuring the opponent's King. In
the present case White's Queenside advantage (pressure against the
semi-backward c-pawn is hardly sufficient compensation for the initiative
which Black can build up on the other flank } 26. Kf1 $1 { Taking the bull
behind the horns: since the effectiveness of Black's play on the Kingside
depens largely on the presence of the White King there, White runs his King
straight across to the other side } 26... g5 27. Ke1 h5 28. Kd1 Rf6 ( 28... g4 29. Kc2 gxf3 30. gxf3 ) 29. Kc2 Rh6 30. Kb1 g4 31. R3c2 Nf6 { This gives the opponent to seize the initiative by a suprising move } 32. Nxf4 exf4 33. e5 Nfe8 34. exd6 Nxd6 35. Bc5 Qd7 36. Re2 $1 { It becomes clear that Black's Kingside activities have imperiles his own King } 36... Rf6 ( 36... gxh3 37. gxh3 Qxh3 38. Re6 Rxe6 39. dxe6 Be7 40. Rg1+ { winning attack } ) 37. hxg4 hxg4 38. fxg4 Qxg4 39. Re6 $1 { The direct atacck on the King begins to take place } 39... Rxe6 40. dxe6 Be7 41. Bxd6 Bxd6 42. e7+ Kg7 43. Rh1 { With every White piece in action the issue
is beyond doubt. Notice that in a direct attack the presence of Bishops of
opposite colour is an advantage rather than disadvantage for the attacking
side } 43... Kf6 44. Rh7 Qg8 ( 44... Ke5 45. Rf7 ) 45. Qc3+ Be5 46. Rh6+ Kg5 47. Rg6+ Qxg6 48. Qxe5+ 1-0
[Event "6th game"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Geller"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[ECO "E89"]
[PlyCount "68"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. f3 O-O 6. Be3 e5 7. Nge2 c6 8. d5 cxd5 9. cxd5 Ne8 10. Qd2 f5 11. h3 Nd7 12. g3 Nb6 13. b3 { White has deffer
ed castling too long, and no wonder; for Kingside castling was hardly to be
considered in view of the advancing f-pawn, while Queenside castling appears
distinctly unhealthy in view of the c-file. Nonetheless White should have
castled on the Queenside at move 11 } 13... f4 $1 { thematic move } 14. gxf4 exf4 15. Bd4 ( 15. Bxf4 Bxc3 16. Qxc3 Qh4+ { Fork and removing the guard } ) 15... Nd7 $1 16. h4 Ne5 { Black's pieces have access to e5 } 17. Bg2 Bd7 { you have to have nerves to calmly complete development! } 18. Bf2 ( 18. Nxf4 Rxf4 19. Qxf4 Nd3+ { fork } ) 18... Rc8 { commonsense pressure } 19. Nd4 Qa5 20. Rc1 Nc7 { Logically improving the placement of all pieces } 21. Rc2 Na6 22. O-O { At last! But meanwhile Black's advantage has become overwhelming. We give the
rest merely for the sake of completeness } 22... Nc5 23. Nce2 Qxd2 { there is no big attack ... just better placed pieces } 24. Rxd2 Nxe4 { little tactics } 25. fxe4 f3 26. Nxf3 Nxf3+ 27. Bxf3 Rxf3 28. Bxa7 Rh3 { logical ... attacking weaknesses } 29. Bf2 Be5 { logical, better placed piece } 30. Nd4 Bg4 { everyone in on the party } 31. Be1 Re3 { weakness } 32. Bf2 Rxe4 33. Re1 Rxe1+ 34. Bxe1 Rc1 0-1
[Event "USA-ch"]
[Site "USA-ch"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Byrne"]
[Black "Fischer"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[ECO "D97"]
[PlyCount "82"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Nf3 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. d4 O-O 5. Bf4 d5 6. Qb3 dxc4 7. Qxc4 c6 8. e4 Nbd7 { commonsense development } 9. Rd1 Nb6 10. Qc5 Bg4 11. Bg5 ( 11. Be2 Nfd7 12. Qa3 Bxf3 13. Bxf3 e5 14. dxe5 Qe8 { Black would have attained a good game } ) 11... Na4 $3 { This is a World
Champion type move (never miss a tactical opportunity Bradley!!) } 12. Qa3 ( 12. Nxa4 Nxe4 13. Qxe7 ( 13. Qc1 Qa5+ 14. Nc3 Bxf3 15. gxf3 Nxg5 { removing the guard } ) 13... Qxe7 14. Bxe7 Rfe8 ) 12... Nxc3 13. bxc3 Nxe4 14. Bxe7 Qb6 15. Bc4 ( 15. Bxf8 Bxf8 16. Qb3 Nxc3 $1 $44 { Pinning tactic } ) 15... Nxc3 $1 16. Bc5 ( 16. Qxc3 Rfe8 { all these pins based on the central King } ) 16... Rfe8+ 17. Kf1 Be6 $3 { Once in a lifetime move ... The uncommonly beautiful point of the combination } 18. Bxb6 ( 18. Qxc3 Qxc5 $1 { pins } 19. dxc5 Bxc3 ) ( 18. Bxe6 { smothered mate ... again based on the exposed King } 18... Qb5+ 19. Kg1 Ne2+ 20. Kf1 Ng3+ 21. Kg1 Qf1+ 22. Rxf1 Ne2# ) 18... Bxc4+ 19. Kg1 Ne2+ 20. Kf1 Nxd4+ { free pawn } 21. Kg1 Ne2+ 22. Kf1 Nc3+ 23. Kg1 axb6 24. Qb4 Ra4 25. Qxb6 Nxd1 { The issue of the game is settled. For the Queen Black has two
Bishops and a Rook, not to mention the White pawns which are going to fall
like ripe apples } 26. h3 Rxa2 27. Kh2 Nxf2 28. Re1 Rxe1 29. Qd8+ Bf8 30. Nxe1 Bd5 31. Nf3 Ne4 32. Qb8 b5 33. h4 h5 34. Ne5 Kg7 35. Kg1 Bc5+ 36. Kf1 Ng3+ 37. Ke1 Bb4+ ( 37... Re2+ { Loh } 38. Kd1 Bb3+ 39. Kc1 Be3+ 40. Kb1 Ba2+ 41. Ka1 Bd4# ) 38. Kd1 Bb3+ 39. Kc1 Ne2+ 40. Kb1 Nc3+ 41. Kc1 Rc2# 0-1
[Event "14"]
[Site "Groningen"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Kottnauer"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[ECO "B84"]
[PlyCount "43"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Be2 e6 7. O-O b5 8. Bf3 Ra7 9. Qe2 Rc7 10. Rd1 Nbd7 11. a4 bxa4 12. Nxa4 Bb7 { Black threatens to
assume the initiative with ... Ne5, but the following breakthrough cuts across
his plans } ( 12... Be7 ) 13. e5 $1 Nxe5 ( 13... dxe5 14. Bxb7 exd4 15. Bxa6 Bc5 16. Nxc5 Nxc5 17. Bb5+ Ke7 18. Bf4 { Black's King doesn't find safety } ) 14. Bxb7 Rxb7 15. Qxa6 Qb8 16. Nc6 Nxc6 17. Qxc6+ Nd7 18. Nc5 $3 { Thus White forces a decision as elegant as it is speedy } 18... dxc5 ( 18... Rc7 19. Nxd7 ) 19. Bf4 $1 { Everyone in on the party } 19... Bd6 ( 19... Qxf4 20. Qc8+ Ke7 21. Qxb7 Kf6 22. Rxd7 g6 23. g3 Qf5 24. Ra7 ) 20. Bxd6 Rb6 21. Qxd7+ Kxd7 22. Bxb8+ 1-0
[Event "A.Alekhin memorial"]
[Site "Moscow"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bronstein"]
[Black "Sliwa"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[ECO "C75"]
[PlyCount "57"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ An example of tension } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 d6 5. c3 Bd7 6. d4 Be7 7. O-O Bf6 8. Be3 Nge7 9. Nbd2 O-O { As far as the central pawn
configuration is concerned, two points are abundantly clear  1) White would
achieve nothing by exchanging on e5  2) Black can hardly exchange on d4, since
the recapture with the c-pawn would give White too strong a centre. The
advance Pd5 by White would be convenient for Black } 10. a3 ( 10. d5 Nb8 11. Bc2 a5 ) 10... Ng6 11. b4 { From now on Black must reckon seriously with
the possibility of Pd5, since White is ready to follow up with Pc4 and Pc5 } 11... Re8 12. Bc2 h6 13. Nb3 { White is in no hurry to play Pd5 since he has
other ways of strengthening his position } 13... Bg5 $2 { With such a constricted position Black's policy must be to exchange pieces. } ( 13... Bg4 14. h3 Bxf3 15. Qxf3 Bg5 ) 14. Nxg5 hxg5 15. g3 { This nullifies Black's control of f4 } 15... f6 ( 15... Bh3 16. Qh5 Bxf1 17. Rxf1 { with a powerful attack  In return for the sacrificed Exchange White would
have  1) a pawn (for Black's front g-pawn would be untenabl  2) Greater
maneuvering space  3) The Bishop pair  This adds up to more than sufficient
compensation for the slight material deficit } ) 16. Qh5 Nce7 17. Nc5 $3 { A superb way of profiting from the weakness of Black's castled position } 17... Bc6 ( 17... dxc5 18. Bb3+ Kf8 ( 18... c4 19. Bxc4+ Kf8 20. dxe5 Bb5 21. Ba2 $1 ) 19. dxe5 $1 fxe5 20. Bxc5 $18 { Bishop pair power at it's best } ) 18. Bb3+ d5 19. Rad1 $1 { Once again the strongest move is to refrain from exchanging } 19... b6 20. Nd3 exd4 ( 20... -- 21. dxe5 ) 21. Bxd4 Kf7 22. f4 Rh8 23. Qe2 gxf4 24. Nxf4 Nxf4 25. Rxf4 Qc8 { Other moves are no better } 26. exd5 Bxd5 27. Bxf6 { A fitting finish to this pretty game } 27... gxf6 28. Rxd5 Nxd5 29. Bxd5+ 1-0