Icannos/chess_studies huggingface dataset:
[Event "Baarn"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "09: Wyvill Formation"]
[ECO "E28"]
[PlyCount "108"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Black provokes Pd5 without playing ... Pc5 } 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 O-O 5. a3 Bxc3+ 6. bxc3 d6 7. Bd3 e5 8. Ne2 b6 9. Ng3 Nc6 10. Bb2 Ba6 11. e4 Qe8 12. Qe2 Na5 { Master play has few examples of the Wyvill formation
with Black's c-pawn unmoved. The reason is obvious: the advance of Black's
c-pawn is usually the only way of forcing White to push his d-pawn to d5. Only
under very exceptional circumstances will he do it voluntarily } 13. a4 $2 { An instructive mistake, after which Black can force White's Pd5 } ( 13. Nf1 { With his c-pawn thus secured, White could have set about preparing Kingside
operations byPf4 } ) 13... Qe6 $1 14. d5 Qg4 15. f3 Qh4 16. O-O Nh5 $1 { Even now White's best chance would be to force Pf4, and Black's maneuvers are
directed against this possibility } 17. Nf5 Qg5 18. Bc1 ( 18. h4 Qd8 19. g3 g6 ) 18... Nf4 19. Bxf4 exf4 { Strategically Black's superiority
seems overwhelming. He has support points at a5, c5 and e5, and White has the
bad Bishop. Even so, the realisation of these advantages is far from simple } 20. Nd4 Rfe8 21. Nb5 ( 21. Rfb1 -- 22. Nb3 ) 21... Bxb5 22. cxb5 { The characteris
tic doubled pawn of the Wyvill formation has gone, but White's strategic
problems have not gone with it. } 22... Qf6 23. Ra3 Re5 24. Qd2 Rh5 25. g3 Rg5 26. Kf2 $1 Qh6 27. Kg2 Rh5 ( 27... fxg3 28. h4 Qxh4 29. Rh1 $18 ) 28. Rh1 g5 29. g4 Rh4 30. h3 Re8 31. Bf1 Qf6 32. Kf2 ( 32. Qd4 ) 32... h5 33. Rg1 hxg4 34. Rxg4 Rxg4 35. hxg4 Qh6 36. Kg1 Kg7 37. Qh2 Qg6 38. Ra2 Rh8 39. Qf2 Qh6 40. Qh2 Qf6 41. Qc2 Nb7 42. Qd2 Qh6 43. Qd4+ f6 44. Bg2 Nc5 45. Kf1 Qh2 46. a5 $2 ( 46. Qg1 { could still hold out } ) 46... bxa5 47. Qg1 ( 47. Rxa5 Nb3 48. Qxa7 Nd2+ $1 ) 47... Qg3 48. Qf2 a4 49. Qxg3 fxg3 50. Ke2 Rh2 51. Ke3 Nb3 52. f4 Nc1 53. Ra1 ( 53. Rc2 gxf4+ 54. Kxf4 Nd3+ 55. Kxg3 Ne1 $19 ) 53... Rxg2 54. Rxc1 Rb2 0-1
[Event "5"]
[Site "Hastings"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Milner-Barry"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "09: Various Closed Formations"]
[ECO "C19"]
[PlyCount "108"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ A familiar pawn formation arising from the French Defence } 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e5 c5 5. a3 Bxc3+ 6. bxc3 Ne7 7. Nf3 Nbc6 8. Be2 Bd7 9. O-O Qc7 10. Rb1 ( 10. a4 $1 { with the obect of placing his Bishop on a3. With this
opportunity neglected, his prospects of counterplay are not birght. The b-file
offers little and the f-file still less, as Black's next move shows } ) 10... c4 11. Ne1 O-O-O $1 { Just as in the Wyvill formation, Black brings his king
into safety on the Queenside. The consequence is that the advance of White's
f-pawn and g-pawn (necessary for getting the f-file open) would now merely
result in a serious weakening of the White King position } 12. f4 f6 13. Nf3 Nf5 14. Qe1 ( 14. g4 { White lets slip his last chance of counterplay. Admittedly,
it wold be a risky advane in the present circumstances, but since a waiting
policy will result in a certain defeat, the risk had to be faced } 14... Nfe7 15. Be3 h5 16. h3 hxg4 17. hxg4 Rh6 18. Kg2 Rdh8 19. Qd2 ) 14... h5 15. Nh4 Nce7 16. Nxf5 Nxf5 17. Qf2 Be8 18. Bd2 Qa5 19. Rb4 ( 19. Ra1 Qa4 20. Ra2 Bg6 ) 19... Qxa3 $1 { Exactly calculated, Black is not afraid of the attack which follows,
since with the centre firmly closed only a fraction of White's army can
participate } 20. Rfb1 Qa6 21. Qe1 ( 21. Rxb7 Qxb7 22. Rxb7 Kxb7 { Black's a-pawn will be the decisivie factor } ) 21... b6 22. Ra1 Qb7 23. Bf3 Qe7 ( 23... -- 24. Rxc4+ ( 24. exf6 gxf6 25. Qxe6+ ) ) 24. Ra6 ( 24. Rb2 -- 25. Rba2 -- 26. Bc1 -- 27. Ba3 ) 24... Bc6 25. Qa1 Kb8 26. g3 Qb7 27. Ra2 Rc8 28. Qe1 Qf7 29. Rb1 Kb7 30. Qf2 Ra8 31. Bc1 Rhg8 32. h4 ( 32. -- g5 33. exf6 g4 $1 ) 32... Rh8 33. Qg2 ( 33. Kh2 { Black now gets a direct attack against the two Kingside pawns } ) 33... Qc7 34. Kh2 ( 34. Bd2 Rh6 35. Be1 Rg8 ) 34... Rh6 $1 35. Bd2 Rg6 36. Rg1 Rxg3 37. Qxg3 Nxg3 38. Rxg3 Qf7 39. Ra1 Rg8 40. Rag1 fxe5 41. fxe5 Qf5 42. Bd1 Ba4 43. Rf3 Qh7 44. Rf7+ Ka6 45. Rg5 Bxc2 46. Bf3 Qd3 47. Rg2 Qf1 48. Bxh5 Bf5 49. Bg4 Rh8 50. h5 Qd3 51. Be2 Qh3+ 52. Kg1 Rxh5 53. Bxh5 Qxh5 54. Rfxg7 Be4 0-1
[Event "New York"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "5"]
[White "Reti"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "09: Various Closed Formations"]
[ECO "A15"]
[PlyCount "67"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Fixed pawns on the flank } 1. Nf3 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. b4 Bg7 4. Bb2 O-O 5. g3 b6 6. Bg2 Bb7 7. O-O d6 8. d3 Nbd7 9. Nbd2 e5 10. Qc2 Re8 11. Rfd1 a5 12. a3 h6 13. Nf1 c5 14. b5 Nf8 15. e3 { White is going to play Pd4 to open a file } 15... Qc7 16. d4 Be4 $1 17. Qc3 ( 17. Qc1 { more precise (Alekhine) } ) 17... exd4 18. exd4 N6d7 $2 { This leads to the exchange of Black's King Bishop, after
which the pawn formation g6-h6 will become a serious weakness } ( 18... Ne6 19. dxc5 dxc5 20. Qc1 ) 19. Qd2 cxd4 20. Bxd4 Qxc4 21. Bxg7 Kxg7 22. Qb2+ $1 Kg8 23. Rxd6 Qc5 ( 23... -- 24. N3d2 Qc2 25. Qxc2 Bxc2 26. Bxa8 ) 24. Rad1 Ra7 25. Ne3 Qh5 26. Nd4 $1 ( 26. R1d5 $5 Bxd5 27. g4 Bxf3 28. gxh5 Bxh5 29. Bc6 ) 26... Bxg2 27. Kxg2 Qe5 ( 27... Rxe3 28. fxe3 Qxd1 29. Ne6 ) ( 27... Ne5 ) 28. Nc4 Qc5 29. Nc6 Rc7 30. Ne3 Ne5 31. R1d5 $1 Nc4 32. Rxc5 Nxb2 33. Rc2 Na4 34. Nd5 $18 1-0
[Event "Leipzig"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1894.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Sclechter"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "10: Half Centre - Ruy Lopez Formation"]
[ECO "C62"]
[PlyCount "71"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Conversion of mobility into attack } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 d6 4. d4 Bd7 5. Nc3 Nf6 6. O-O Be7 7. Re1 Nxd4 8. Nxd4 exd4 9. Bxd7+ Qxd7 { The fact that
two pairs of minor pieces have gone eases Black's task a little, but it
remains arduos enough, as will appear. } ( 9... Nxd7 10. Qxd4 Bf6 { In this way Black could have got rid of another pair of pieces } ) 10. Qxd4 O-O 11. b3 $1 Rfe8 ( 11... Ng4 12. Nd5 Bf6 13. Nxf6+ Nxf6 14. Bb2 { not withsta
nding further simplification, White's pressure has grown considerably } ) 12. Bb2 Bf8 13. Rad1 Qc6 14. Rd3 Re6 { Not only to put pressure on the
White e-pawn, but also a precaution against being taken unawares presently by
the Queen sacrifice Qxf6 } 15. Rde3 Rae8 16. h3 { A typical move in this sort of
position. White denies Black pieces the use of g4 } 16... Qb6 17. Qd3 c6 18. Na4 Qc7 19. c4 { Giving Black no chance to play the freeing move ... Pd5 } 19... Nd7 $2 ( 19... g6 20. -- Bg7 { further simplification } ) 20. Kh1 f6 21. Qd2 Ne5 22. Nc3 Nf7 23. g4 { Preventing ... Pf5 } ( 23. Ne2 Rxe4 ) 23... Qa5 24. Rd1 Qb6 25. h4 ( 25. Ne2 Ng5 ) 25... Ne5 26. Rg3 Nf7 27. f3 Nh8 { Now Black can no longer hold off the Knight Maneuver } 28. Ne2 Qc7 29. Rdg1 { Notice how White is continuously on the qui vive to deprive Black of every
possible counterchace. Indeed, this is more than half of histask } ( 29. Nd4 d5 ) 29... Qf7 30. Nd4 R6e7 31. g5 $1 { Now suddenly all the White pieces
are poised for attack on g7, and the rest virtually plays itself } 31... fxg5 32. Rxg5 g6 33. Nf5 Re5 34. f4 $1 Rxf5 35. exf5 Bg7 36. fxg6 1-0
[Event "New"]
[Site "New"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "2"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "10: Half Centre - Ruy Lopez Formation"]
[ECO "C66"]
[PlyCount "60"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ A timely exchange } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 d6 4. d4 Bd7 5. Nc3 Nf6 6. O-O exd4 7. Nxd4 Be7 8. b3 Nxd4 9. Qxd4 Bxb5 10. Nxb5 Nd7 { Black hits the nail on the head, he is going play ... Bf6 } 11. Ba3 a6 ( 11... Bf6 12. Qc4 Bxa1 13. Nxc7+ ) 12. Nc3 Bf6 13. Qe3 O-O 14. Rad1 Bxc3 $1 { just in time before White played Nd5 } 15. Qxc3 Re8 16. Rfe1 Rc8 17. Qh3 ( 17. Bb2 Qg5 18. f4 Qg4 19. Rd3 f6 { this gives White a new weakness on e4 } ) 17... Ne5 18. Bb2 Qg5 19. Qg3 ( 19. Re3 Qg4 { Black's troubles are over, and his remaining pieces can move freely } ) 19... Qxg3 20. hxg3 f6 21. f3 Kf7 22. g4 h6 23. Re2 Nc6 24. Kf2 Re7 25. Bc3 a5 26. Rd5 b6 27. a4 Re6 28. Rd1 Rce8 29. Red2 Ke7 30. Ke3 Kd7 1/2-1/2
[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Landau"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "11: Half Centre - French Formation"]
[ECO "C10"]
[PlyCount "83"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Treatment of the French Formation when Black plays ... Pc5 } 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nd2 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nd7 5. Nf3 Ngf6 6. Nxf6+ Nxf6 7. Bd3 Be7 8. Qe2 O-O 9. Bg5 c5 { Notice first of all that the charateristic move ... Pb6 would not have done } ( 9... b6 10. Bxf6 Bxf6 11. Qe4 ) 10. dxc5 Qa5+ ( 10... Bxc5 11. O-O Be7 12. Rad1 Qc7 ) 11. c3 Qxc5 12. O-O Rd8 ( 12... b6 13. Bxf6 Bxf6 14. Qe4 ) ( 12... Bd7 13. Bxf6 Bxf6 14. Bxh7+ Kxh7 15. Qd3+ ) 13. Ne5 Rxd3 $2 ( 13... Bd7 14. Bxf6 Bxf6 15. Bxh7+ Kxh7 16. Qh5+ Kg8 17. Qxf7+ Kh8 18. Nxd7 ) ( 13... h6 14. Bh4 Nd7 { with good prospects of gradually consolidating his game } ) 14. b4 $1 Qd5 15. c4 Qe4 16. Qxe4 Nxe4 17. Bxe7 Rd2 18. Rad1 $1 { Gaining complete control of the open d-file } 18... f6 19. Rxd2 Nxd2 20. Rd1 fxe5 21. Rxd2 { In spite of the bishops of opposite colours, White's advantage
(d-file, Queenside majority, better pawn structure) are decisive } 21... Kf7 22. Bd6 Bd7 23. Bxe5 Be8 24. Rd4 g6 25. h4 Rc8 26. g4 h5 27. f3 a6 28. Kf2 Bc6 29. Ke3 Rg8 30. Kf4 Ke7 31. g5 Rc8 32. Bd6+ Kf7 33. Ke5 Kg7 34. Rf4 Re8 35. Rf6 b5 36. c5 Bd5 37. a3 Rd8 38. Rxe6 $1 Bxe6 39. Kxe6 Ra8 40. c6 Re8+ 41. Kd7 Kf7 42. c7 1-0
[Event "Dubrovnik"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Prins"]
[Black "Guimard"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "11: Half Centre - French Formation"]
[ECO "C10"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Treatment of the French formation when Black omits ... Pc5 } 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nd2 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nd7 5. Nf3 Ngf6 6. Nxf6+ Nxf6 7. Be3 Be7 8. Bd3 c6 9. Qe2 Qa5+ 10. Bd2 Qc7 { White is trying to hold back Black's c-pawn until he
can get a Rook on the d-file. } 11. O-O-O Nd5 ( 11... c5 ) 12. Ne5 Bf6 ( 12... Nb4 ) 13. f4 b5 14. Rhf1 a6 ( 14... -- 15. Nxc6 ) 15. Be4 Ra7 16. Rf3 Bd7 ( 16... O-O $2 17. Bxh7+ Kxh7 18. Rh3+ Kg8 19. Qh5 ) 17. Rdf1 b4 18. Qc4 ( 18. Bxd5 cxd5 19. Bxb4 $2 Bb5 ) 18... a5 19. Nxd7 Qxd7 20. f5 $1 { This opening of a
centre file in conjunction with the Black King's position, must lead to a
direct attack } 20... Qd6 ( 20... O-O 21. Qd3 h6 22. g4 ) ( 20... Nb6 21. Qxc6 Bxd4 22. fxe6 fxe6 23. Rd3 ) 21. fxe6 fxe6 22. Qd3 h6 23. Bxd5 Qxd5 24. Qg6+ Rf7 25. Rxf6 gxf6 26. Rxf6 Rf8 ( 26... Qd7 27. Rxe6+ ) ( 26... Rh7 27. Bxh6 Qxd4 28. Rf1 $18 ) 27. Bxh6 Qxd4 28. Rf1 Kd8 29. Rxf7 ( 29. Rd1 Rf1 $19 ) 29... Qg1+ 30. Kd2 Qd4+ 31. Ke2 Qc4+ 32. Ke3 Qc5+ 33. Kf3 Qd5+ 34. Kg3 Qe5+ 35. Bf4 Qe1+ 36. Kh3 Rh8+ 37. Rh7 1-0
[Event "09"]
[Site "Zandvoort  (29.07.36)"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Maroczy"]
[Black "Keres"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "10: Half Centre - Caro-Kann Formation"]
[ECO "B19"]
[PlyCount "101"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ White's chances in the Caro-Kann Formation } 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. h4 h6 7. Nf3 Nd7 8. Bd3 Bxd3 9. Qxd3 e6 10. Bd2 Ngf6 11. O-O-O Qc7 12. Rhe1 O-O-O 13. Kb1 Bd6 14. Ne4 Nxe4 15. Qxe4 Kb8 16. c4 c5 { just as in the French Formation, this counterthrust with the c-pawn is
Black's best chance } 17. Bc3 Nf6 18. Qe2 cxd4 19. Nxd4 a6 20. Nf3 { White's aim
is to keep e5 under pressure and thus prevent Black's central pawn majority
from rolling forward } 20... Ka8 21. Ne5 Rhf8 { Black is in laborious defence } 22. g4 $1 Ng8 $1 23. Nf3 ( 23. g5 hxg5 24. hxg5 Ne7 ) 23... g6 24. b3 Qe7 25. Rd3 Bc7 26. Red1 Rxd3 27. Rxd3 Rd8 { Following the well-known rule that the side with the less freedom should
seek exchanges. Notwithstanding the thorough-going simplification, Black still
can not achieve full equality } 28. Qd2 Kb8 29. g5 Kc8 30. Rxd8+ Qxd8 31. Qe2 hxg5 32. hxg5 Ne7 33. Bf6 Qd6 $1 ( 33... Qe8 ) ( 33... Qd7 { White would then have to try to advance his Queenside majority } ) 34. Ne5 Qc5 35. Nxf7 Qf5+ 36. Qc2 Ng8 37. Qxf5 exf5 38. Nh8 Nxf6 39. gxf6 Kd7 40. Nxg6 Ke6 41. Ne7 Bd6 42. Nd5 Ke5 43. Kc2 Ke4 44. f4 a5 45. f7 a4 46. bxa4 Ba3 47. Kc3 Bd6 48. a5 Bf8 49. Kb3 Bd6 50. Ka4 Kd4 51. Kb5 1-0
[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Steiner"]
[Black "Flohr"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "10: Half Centre - Caro-Kann Formation"]
[ECO "B17"]
[PlyCount "86"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Black's counterchance with the Caro-Kann Formation } 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nd7 5. Nf3 Ngf6 6. Bd3 Nxe4 7. Bxe4 Nf6 8. Bd3 Bg4 9. c3 e6 10. h3 Bh5 11. Be2 Bd6 12. Ne5 Bxe2 13. Qxe2 Qc7 14. f4 O-O 15. O-O { White has lost several tempi in the opening 6. Bd3 but chances are still equal } 15... c5 16. dxc5 Bxc5+ 17. Be3 Rad8 18. Rae1 { This is too optimistic: apparently White is hoping for a Kingside attack. } ( 18. Rad1 ) 18... Nd7 $2 19. Bxc5 Qxc5+ 20. Kh2 Nxe5 21. fxe5 ( 21. Qxe5 Rd5 22. Qe2 Rfd8 23. Rd1 Qd6 $17 ) 21... Rd5 22. c4 Rd4 23. b3 Rfd8 24. Qe3 Qc7 25. Kh1 a5 26. Qf3 h6 27. Re4 Rxe4 28. Qxe4 Rd2 29. a4 Qc6 $1 { Black is s
lowly but surely making progress. This move leaves White the unpleasant choice
between putting up with the pressure on his g-pawn or going into an
unfavourable Rook ending } 30. Qg4 Rd3 31. Qh5 Rxb3 $1 32. Qxf7+ Kh7 33. Kh2 Qxc4 34. Rf6 ( 34. Rf5 Qh4 35. Qxe6 Qg3+ 36. Kg1 Rb1+ 37. Rf1 Qe3+ ) 34... Qd3 35. Rf3 Qd5 36. Rxb3 ( 36. Rf5 Qd2 37. Qxe6 Rb2 ) 36... Qxb3 37. Qd7 Qc4 38. Qd6 ( 38. Qxb7 ) 38... Kg6 39. Kg1 Qd5 40. Qc7 Qd4+ 41. Kh1 Qxa4 42. Qxb7 Qa1+ 43. Kh2 Qxe5+ 0-1
[Event "RUS"]
[Site "Ch URS Moscow  (19)"]
[Date "1945.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tolush"]
[Black "Kotov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "10: Sicilian Formation"]
[ECO "B80"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ White's chances agains the Paulsen set-up } 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 e6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. g3 Nc6 7. Bg2 Bd7 8. Nde2 a6 9. O-O b5 10. a3 Qc7 11. h3 Be7 12. Kh1 O-O { This pawn position occurs frequently, with various
differences in the placing of pieces. The present example is known in the
books as the Scheveningen Variation, for Paulsen's name is reserved for the
form with Black's Queen Knight developed at d6. We shall not bother about the
distinction here, as our concern is with the pawn skeleton, which is the same
in both cases. Variations are possible in the White position too. Here, his
King bishop stands on g2, discouraging Black from playing ... Pd5; but the
same effect could be obtained by Be2, Pf4 and Bf3 } 13. g4 { The Kingside attack
beings. Notice, however, that the majority of Black pawns in the centre is
held immobile by the placing of the White pieces } 13... Kh8 ( 13... Rfd8 { Another plan, withdrawing the Knight to e8. On d8, the Rook would be better
placed for furture operations in thecentre } ) 14. Ng3 ( 14. g5 Ng8 { then to counterattack with ... Pf6 or ... Pf5 } ) 14... b4 15. axb4 Nxb4 16. g5 Ng8 17. f4 Bc6 $2 { Too slow } ( 17... d5 $1 $132 18. exd5 exd5 19. Nxd5 Nxd5 20. Qxd5 Bb5 { the advance of White's Kingside pawns having left his king none too safe } ) 18. Nce2 Bb5 19. Bd2 d5 20. Bc3 dxe4 21. Nh5 f6 22. Nxg7 $3 { With this pretty sacrifice White makes a breach in the Black lines } 22... Bxe2 ( 22... Kxg7 23. Nd4 Bc4 24. Bxe4 Kh8 25. Qh5 ) 23. Qxe2 Kxg7 24. Bxe4 Nd5 25. Qh5 Rfd8 ( 25... Rf7 26. g6 hxg6 27. Qxg6+ Kf8 28. Rg1 ) 26. Rg1 Bc5 ( 26... Nxc3 27. gxf6+ Kxf6 28. Rg6+ $1 ) 27. gxf6+ Kf8 28. Rxg8+ $1 Kxg8 29. Bxh7+ Kf8 ( 29... Qxh7 30. f7+ ) 30. Qg6 Nxf6 ( 30... Qf7 31. Qh6+ Ke8 32. Bg6 ) 31. Qxf6+ Qf7 32. Qh6+ Ke7 33. Qg5+ Kd7 ( 33... Kd6 34. Rd1+ Kc6 35. Be4+ ) 34. Qxc5 Qxh7 35. Rd1+ Ke8 36. Qc6+ Kf8 37. Bb4+ Kf7 38. Qc7+ Kg6 39. f5+ { The finishing touch in an attack conducted in masterly style by Tolush } 39... Kh6 40. Qf4+ Kg7 41. Qg5+ 1-0
[Event "Munich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1941.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Cortlever"]
[Black "Stolz"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "10: Sicilian Formation"]
[ECO "B84"]
[PlyCount "56"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Black's chances with the Paulsen Formation } 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 e6 3. Be2 d6 4. d4 cxd4 5. Nxd4 Nf6 6. Nc3 a6 7. O-O Qc7 8. a4 b6 9. f4 Bb7 10. Bf3 Nbd7 11. Qe2 Be7 12. Bd2 Rc8 { Black has already taken precautions against Pg4 } 13. Rae1 ( 13. g4 Qc5 14. Qf2 d5 ) 13... O-O 14. Kh1 Rfe8 15. e5 $5 { Black must
s be prepared for this advance in the Silician. Very often, it gives White a
strong Kingside attack, but in the present case Black disposes of sufficient
defensive resources } 15... Bxf3 16. Rxf3 dxe5 17. fxe5 Ng4 18. Bf4 { This leaves
White entirely defensive. He could have kept the initiative by the exchange
sacrifice } ( 18. Rxf7 Kxf7 19. Qxg4 $36 Nf8 20. Nf3 ) 18... Qc4 19. Rd3 Nc5 $1 20. b3 Qb4 21. Na2 Qa3 22. Nc1 $2 ( 22. Rg3 Qxa2 23. Qxg4 g6 24. h4 $132 ) 22... f5 $1 ( 22... Nxd3 23. Nxd3 -- 24. Bc1 { chances to win the Queen } ) 23. exf6 ( 23. h3 Nh6 24. Rc3 ) 23... Bxf6 24. Rh3 e5 25. Qxg4 exf4 26. Nf3 Rxe1+ 27. Nxe1 Qxc1 28. Qxc8+ Kf7 0-1
[Event "Podebrady"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Foltys"]
[Black "Eliskases"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "10: Sicilian Formation"]
[ECO "B72"]
[PlyCount "57"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ White's chances agains the Dragon } 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Be2 g6 7. Be3 Bg7 8. Nb3 Be6 9. f4 O-O 10. g4 $5 Na5 $2 { In the Dragon Variation Black must react very sharply to a flank attack. Half
measures are useless, for White's assault is considerably firecer than agains
the Paulsen set up. The reason is that the move ... Pg6 involves a slight
weakening, enabling White to open the h-file by Ph4-5. The proper reaction is
an immediate counter in thecentre } ( 10... d5 11. f5 Bc8 12. exd5 Nb4 13. d6 Qxd6 14. Bc5 Qf4 $1 15. Rf1 Qxh2 16. Bxb4 Nxg4 17. Bxg4 Qg3+ { perpetual check } ) 11. g5 Ne8 12. Bd4 Rc8 13. h4 Nc4 14. Bxc4 Rxc4 15. Qd3 Rc8 16. O-O-O Qd7 17. Rd2 Bg4 18. Nd5 { The d5 square is always an important outpost for White in this variation } 18... b6 19. f5 $1 { The storm breaks } 19... e6 ( 19... gxf5 20. exf5 Bxf5 21. Qxf5 Qxf5 22. Nxe7+ ) 20. Bxg7 Kxg7 21. f6+ Kh8 22. Ne7 Rd8 23. Nd4 Qa4 24. Kb1 Nc7 25. h5 { The h-file is broken open by main force } 25... gxh5 26. Rdh2 Rd7 ( 26... Qa5 27. e5 Qxe5 28. Qxh7+ Kxh7 29. Rxh5+ Bxh5 30. Rxh5# ) 27. e5 Rxe7 28. Rxh5 Bxh5 29. Rxh5 1-0
[Event "Havana"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Evans"]
[Black "Reshevsky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "10: Sicilian Formation"]
[ECO "B70"]
[PlyCount "102"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Black's chances in the Dragon Variation } 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 g6 6. g3 Nc6 7. Bg2 Nxd4 8. Qxd4 Bg7 9. Be3 O-O 10. Qd2 Ng4 11. O-O Nxe3 12. Qxe3 Be6 { As usual, the exchange of two pairs of minor pieces
benefits teh side with the less available space. Black now has no fear of any
immediate Kingside attack, and can set about realizig his plans on the other
wing } 13. Nd5 a5 $1 { The beginning of a Queenside attack which will make
full use of the Black Bishop at g7 } 14. c3 Rb8 15. Rad1 ( 15. Nb6 { delaying the coming assault } ) 15... b5 16. f4 b4 17. cxb4 axb4 18. e5 { Closing the dangerous diagonal, and threatening to saddle Black with a weakpawn } 18... Kh8 $1 19. Kh1 Qd7 20. b3 Rfd8 21. Rd4 dxe5 22. fxe5 Qa7 23. Rxb4 $1 Qxa2 ( 23... Qxe3 24. Rxb8 ) 24. Rxb8 ( 24. Ra4 Qxb3 25. Qxb3 Rxb3 26. Nxe7 Bxe5 $2 27. Nc6 ) 24... Rxb8 25. Nxe7 Rxb3 26. Qd4 Bf8 27. Qh4 ( 27. Qd8 Kg7 28. Nf5+ Bxf5 29. Rxf5 $11 ) 27... Rb1 28. Qf6+ Bg7 29. Qf3 Rxf1+ 30. Qxf1 Bxe5 { Black has won a pawn, and this, added to the enormous power of his
two bishops, is bound ot be decisive. The final technical phase was full of
interest } 31. Nc6 Bc3 32. h3 Kg7 33. Qd3 Bf6 34. Kh2 Bc4 35. Qf3 Qc2 36. Nb4 Qd2 37. Nd5 Bd4 38. h4 Qe1 39. Nf4 Bg1+ 40. Kh3 Bb5 41. Qd5 Qe8 $1 42. g4 h5 43. Nxh5+ gxh5 44. Qg5+ Kf8 45. Qh6+ Ke7 46. Qxh5 Qb8 47. Qg5+ f6 48. Qg7+ Ke6 49. g5 Qh2+ 50. Kg4 Be2+ 51. Bf3 Qg2+ 0-1
[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1937.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Winter"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "10: Sicilian Formation"]
[ECO "B54"]
[PlyCount "63"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The great significance of Pc4 for White } 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. f3 Nc6 6. c4 $1 e6 7. Nc3 Be7 8. Nc2 O-O 9. Be2 Qc7 10. O-O Rd8 { In the Sicilian the question whether White can play Pc4 or not is vital.
From the preceding examples we have seen that Black's chief trump card is his
action down the half-open c-file, with the eventual central advance ... Pd5,
also playing an important part  If, however, White succeeds in playing Pc4,
both these plans for Black are forestalled. He will not make much headway on
the c-file against White's bulward at c4, while the advance ... Pd5 will be,
to say the least, a difficult matter } 11. Bf4 Ne5 ( 11... Qb6+ 12. Kh1 d5 13. cxd5 exd5 14. exd5 Be6 15. Bc4 Qc5 16. Ne3 Nh5 17. Bc7 Rd7 ( 17... Qxe3 18. Bxd8 Rxd8 19. Qe1 Qxe1 20. Raxe1 Na5 21. Bb5 a6 22. Ba4 b5 23. dxe6 bxa4 24. exf7+ Kxf7 25. Re5 ) 18. Qe1 Rxc7 19. dxe6 { White has won a pawn } ) 12. Nb5 ( 12. b3 d5 13. exd5 exd5 14. Nxd5 Nxd5 15. cxd5 Qc5+ 16. Kh1 Rxd5 $15 { In general
is true that whenever Black achieves ... Pd5 successfully he gets the
advantage } ) 12... Qb8 ( 12... Qc5+ 13. Be3 Qc6 14. Ncd4 Qd7 15. f4 Nc6 16. Nf3 d5 17. cxd5 exd5 18. e5 Ne4 19. Rc1 { Black has achieved ... Pd5 but it will do
him no good. White's kingside pawn majority ensures him a strong attack } ) 13. Qd2 a6 ( 13... d5 14. Qc3 Nfd7 15. cxd5 ) 14. Nc3 Qc7 15. b3 b6 16. Rac1 Bb7 17. Nd4 Rac8 18. Rfd1 Nc6 19. Nxc6 Bxc6 $2 { This allows White to transform his space advantage into something more concrete } ( 19... Qxc6 { White would have trained his guns on the b-pawn } 20. Be3 -- 21. Bf1 -- 22. Qf2 -- 23. Na4 ) 20. Nd5 $1 Qb7 ( 20... exd5 21. cxd5 Qb7 22. dxc6 Rxc6 23. Bxa6 $1 $16 ) ( 20... Bxd5 21. cxd5 Qb7 22. Rxc8 Rxc8 23. dxe6 fxe6 24. Qb4 { Decisive positional advantage } ) 21. Nxe7+ Qxe7 22. Bxd6 Qb7 23. Qe3 Rd7 24. e5 Ne8 25. Rd4 Rcd8 26. Rcd1 Qa7 27. Rg4 f5 ( 27... Nxd6 28. exd6 Rxd6 29. Rxd6 Rxd6 30. Qe5 ) 28. Rgd4 b5 { This is often Black's best chance
when Whte plays Pc4, but here it is far too late } 29. c5 Qb7 30. a4 Ra8 31. Bd3 Bd5 32. Bxf5 1-0
[Event "Baden-Baden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1925.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Marshall"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "10: Rival Majorities"]
[ECO "D06"]
[PlyCount "59"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The Kingside majority on the attack } 1. d4 d5 2. c4 Nf6 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nf6 5. Bd3 e5 6. dxe5 Ng4 7. Nf3 Nc6 8. Bg5 Be7 9. Bxe7 Qxe7 10. Nc3 Ncxe5 11. Nxe5 Qxe5 ( 11... Nxe5 12. O-O O-O 13. Be2 Be6 { Black's Queenside majority
would then have been certainly no less strong than White's on the Kingside.
After Black's actual move, the White majority can roll forward with the gain
of tempo } ) 12. h3 Nf6 13. Qd2 $1 Bd7 14. Qe3 { Prevents Queenside castling and prepares Pf4 } 14... Bc6 15. O-O-O O-O 16. f4 Qe6 ( 16... Qa5 17. e5 Nd5 18. Nxd5 Bxd5 19. Bxh7+ Kxh7 20. Qd3+ { (Alekhine) } ) 17. e5 Rfe8 { else Pf5 } 18. Rhe1 Rad8 19. f5 Qe7 20. Qg5 Nd5 21. f6 Qf8 22. Bc4 Nxc3 ( 22... h6 23. fxg7 ) 23. Rxd8 Rxd8 24. fxg7 Nxa2+ ( 24... Qe8 25. Bxf7+ Kxf7 26. Rf1+ Ke6 27. Rf6+ Kd5 28. Rf8 ) 25. Kb1 Qe8 26. e6 Be4+ 27. Ka1 f5 ( 27... fxe6 28. Bxe6+ Qxe6 29. Qxd8+ Kxg7 30. Qd4+ ) 28. e7+ Rd5 29. Qf6 Qf7 30. e8=Q+ 1-0
[Event "Russia"]
[Site "Tournament, Leningrad"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "10: Rival Majorities"]
[ECO "C83"]
[PlyCount "103"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Both majorities go into action } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Nxe4 6. d4 b5 7. Bb3 d5 8. dxe5 Be6 9. c3 Be7 10. Nbd2 O-O 11. Qe2 Nc5 12. Nd4 Nxb3 13. N2xb3 Qd7 14. Nxc6 Qxc6 { The respective plans are laid down:
White must push his f-pawn, Black his c-pawn } 15. Be3 Bf5 16. Rfd1 Rfd8 17. f3 { Before committing himself, White wishes to control d4, and especially c5, in
order to cripple the Black Queenside majority } ( 17. Na5 Qg6 18. Nb7 d4 ) 17... Bf8 18. Qf2 a5 19. Rd2 $2 ( 19. Rac1 { Forestalling Black's ... Pb4 } ) 19... b4 { Thus Black gets his blow in first } 20. Rc1 Qa4 21. Nd4 Bg6 22. b3 { In this way White avoids losing a pawn, but he has to relax his pressure on c5 } 22... Qe8 23. cxb4 Bxb4 24. Rdd1 c5 25. Nc2 Bxc2 26. Rxc2 d4 27. Bg5 Rd5 $2 { Not a good place for a Rook and allows White time to bring hs Kingside
majority into action } ( 27... Rd7 28. f4 Qe6 29. Qf3 Qd5 $17 ) 28. f4 a4 29. Qf3 axb3 30. axb3 Rd7 31. f5 { The consequences of black's ommission are
clear ... the White majority is in powerful action, and Black is hard put to
find the right answers on the Kingside } 31... Rda7 32. Qg3 Ra1 33. Rcc1 Rxc1 34. Rxc1 Kh8 35. Rf1 Ra6 ( 35... Ra7 36. f6 g6 37. e6 $1 ) 36. h3 Qa8 37. Kh2 Qe8 38. Rf3 { This is too slow } ( 38. e6 fxe6 ( 38... f6 ) 39. f6 ) ( 38. h4 ) 38... Ba5 $1 39. Bf4 Bc7 40. Rf1 Ra8 41. Re1 Qc6 42. e6 ( 42. f6 gxf6 43. exf6 Rg8 $19 ) 42... Bxf4 43. Qxf4 fxe6 44. fxe6 ( 44. Rxe6 Qb7 45. Qe5 Qb8 $1 ) 44... Re8 45. e7 h6 46. Qf5 ( 46. Rf1 Qf6 ) ( 46. Qf7 Qd7 ) 46... Qd6+ 47. Kh1 Kg8 48. Re6 Qd7 49. Qe5 d3 50. Rd6 Qxe7 51. Qxe7 Rxe7 52. Rxd3 1/2-1/2
[Event "15"]
[Site "Moscow URS ch"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lipnitsky"]
[Black "Smyslov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[ECO "D13"]
[PlyCount "83"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The bad Bishop inside and outside the pawn chain } 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. c4 c6 4. cxd5 cxd5 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bf4 e6 7. e3 Be7 8. Bd3 Nb4 $2 9. Bb1 O-O 10. a3 Nc6 11. Qd3 Bd7 { Black's 8th move ... Nb4 has allowed White to gain
some time int he opening. Moreover, White's Queen Bishop is developed outside
the pawn chain, and so exerts more influence than does his Black counterpart,
which is confined within the chain. All this adds up to the chance of a sharp
attack by White. } 12. h4 $1 Qb6 13. Ne5 Rfd8 ( 13... -- 14. Nxd7 Nxd7 15. Qxh7# ) 14. Ra2 Kf8 $2 ( 14... Bf8 15. g4 g6 ) 15. g4 Nxe5 16. dxe5 Ne4 17. f3 $1 Nxc3 18. Qxh7 Ke8 19. bxc3 Rdc8 20. Kf2 { By protecting his b1 Bishop, this threatens Qxg7 } 20... Bf8 21. g5 $1 Rc4 ( 21... -- 22. g6 fxg6 23. Bg5 { Cutting off Black's King's escape route } ) 22. Kg3 Kd8 23. Qg8 Kc7 24. Qxf7 Bc5 25. Bd3 { Prettily played, White brings his reserves into action } 25... Rxc3 26. Rb1 Rb3 ( 26... Qa5 27. Bb5 Rd8 28. Bxd7 Rxd7 29. Rxb7+ Kxb7 30. Qxd7+ ) 27. Rc1 $1 Qa5 ( 27... Rxd3 28. Rac2 ) 28. Rac2 b6 29. Qe7 $1 Rxd3 30. Rxc5+ bxc5 31. Rxc5+ Qxc5 32. Qxc5+ Bc6 33. Qd6+ Kb6 34. a4 Re8 35. g6 a5 36. Bg5 Rc8 37. Bd8+ Kb7 38. Qe7+ Kb8 39. Bxa5 Rb3 40. Bb4 d4 41. Bd6+ Ka8 42. Qxe6 1-0
[Event "Groningen"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1941.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kmoch"]
[Black "Landau"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[ECO "D14"]
[PlyCount "80"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Black relies on quiet defence } 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. cxd5 cxd5 4. Nc3 Nc6 5. Nf3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bf5 7. e3 a6 8. Ne5 Rc8 9. g4 Bd7 10. Bg2 e6 11. O-O h6 ( 11... h5 { This position occured in the game Alekhin-Euwe, AVRO 1938, but here Black
played too sharp and White obtained a decisive advantage } 12. Nxd7 Nxd7 13. gxh5 Nf6 14. Bf3 ) 12. Bg3 Be7 $1 { This quiet defensive move is an important improvement } 13. f4 Nxe5 14. fxe5 Nh7 15. e4 { The best chance, otherwise Black castles and then plays ... Pf6 in
perfect safety } 15... dxe4 16. Bxe4 Qb6 17. Rf2 Ng5 18. Bg2 Bc6 19. h4 { White feels compelled to continue his attack as sharply as possible } 19... Bxg2 20. Kxg2 Qc6+ $1 21. d5 exd5 22. Qxd5 Ne6 23. Qxc6+ $2 { A serious loss of time } ( 23. Rd1 ) 23... Rxc6 24. Rd1 Rc4 $1 25. Kh3 h5 $1 { This forces the following weakening, after which White's Bishop becomes "bad" } 26. g5 Bc5 27. Rfd2 $2 { Only after this move does White's disadvantage become really acute } ( 27. Rf3 ) 27... Bb4 28. Rd7 Bxc3 29. bxc3 Rxc3 30. Rxb7 O-O 31. Rd2 Rfc8 32. Kg2 R8c4 { Black is decidedly better placed for the endgame. His Knight is much
stronger than White's bad Bishop and White has several weak pawns. Black
turned his advantage into a win as follows } 33. Rb3 Kh7 34. Rf2 Kg6 35. Rbb2 a5 36. Rb7 Rg4 37. Rf3 Rc2+ 38. Rf2 Nf4+ 39. Kf3 Rc3+ 40. Ke4 Ne6+ 0-1
[Event "Pistyan"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1922.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[ECO "A55"]
[PlyCount "78"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The strategic value of d4 } 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 d6 3. Nf3 Nbd7 4. Nc3 e5 5. e4 g6 6. Be3 Bg7 7. dxe5 dxe5 8. h3 c6 9. Qd2 Qe7 10. O-O-O O-O { Although White
has taken firm control of the d-file, it is clear there is nothing to be
gained there } 11. Qd6 Qxd6 12. Rxd6 Re8 13. Bg5 { A fruitelss attempt to tie down the Black pieces } 13... Bf8 14. Rd2 ( 14. Rxf6 Kg7 $1 ) 14... Kg7 15. Bd3 Bb4 16. Kc2 Nc5 17. a3 Bxc3 18. Bxf6+ Kxf6 19. Kxc3 Rd8 20. Bc2 ( 20. Rhd1 Rxd3+ 21. Rxd3 Nxe4+ 22. Kc2 Nxf2 23. Rd6+ Ke7 24. R1d2 Ne4 ) 20... Rxd2 21. Nxd2 Ne6 22. g3 a5 { Black is in no hurry
to occupy d4, but seeks first to cut down White's freedom of movement in every
possible way } 23. Nf3 c5 $1 { In order to make sure of this critical
square, Black is prepared to weaken his own "focus" on d5, arguing that it
would take White at least four moves to occupy it with a Knight } 24. Ba4 Ra6 25. Rd1 Nd4 { The goal is achieved } 26. Nxd4 $2 { This gives Black a
protected passed pawn as well as a Bishop which is stronger than his White
counterpart } ( 26. Ng1 g5 27. -- Ke7 28. -- Rh6 ) 26... exd4+ 27. Kd3 Bxh3 28. Bb5 ( 28. Rh1 Bg2 29. Rxh7 Bf1+ ) 28... Rd6 29. Rh1 Bg2 30. Rxh7 Re6 31. Rh5 g5 32. Rh6+ Ke5 33. f4+ { He is bound to lose a pawn } 33... gxf4 34. Rh5+ Kd6 35. gxf4 Bxe4+ 36. Kd2 Rg6 37. Rh2 Rg2+ 38. Rxg2 Bxg2 39. Ke2 Bc6 0-1
[Event "05"]
[Site "Salzburg  (12.06.42)"]
[Date "1942.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Keres"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[ECO "C86"]
[PlyCount "113"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The tactical significance of the support point d5 } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Qe2 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 O-O 9. Rd1 Na5 10. Bc2 c5 11. d4 Qc7 12. Bg5 Bg4 13. dxe5 dxe5 14. Nbd2 Rfd8 15. Nf1 Nh5 $1 { Black is looking for counterplay by occupying f4 } 16. h3 Be6 ( 16... Bxf3 17. Qxf3 Bxg5 18. Qxh5 Qe7 { Then if the Knight appears on e3 to occupy d5, Black takes it off } ) 17. Ne3 $1 f6 18. Nh2 { A fine interpolation based on the tactical complications
which could arise from Nd5 } 18... g6 ( 18... Bf7 19. Nd5 $1 Rxd5 20. exd5 fxg5 21. d6 Bxd6 22. Qe4 ) 19. Bh6 Bf8 ( 19... Nf4 20. Bxf4 exf4 21. Nd5 Bxd5 22. exd5 { White avantage consists of the passed d-pawn and is certainly worth more
than Black's doubled f-pawns } ) 20. Bxf8 Kxf8 21. g3 { Eliminating the possibility of ... Nf4 } 21... Rxd1+ ( 21... Bxh3 22. Nd5 Qa7 23. g4 Nf4 24. Nxf4 exf4 25. Qf3 { winning a piece } ) 22. Bxd1 Rd8 23. a4 Nc4 24. axb5 axb5 25. Nd5 { White retains the initiative, although the pawn sacrifice
involved in the move is not altogether clear } 25... Qb7 ( 25... Bxd5 26. exd5 Rxd5 27. b3 Nd6 28. Qe3 $1 Nb7 { White gets some attack for the pawn } ) 26. b3 Nd6 27. c4 bxc4 28. bxc4 Bxd5 29. exd5 { Just as in the previous game the
occupation of the support point has produced a protected passed pawn. Although
Black occupies the blockaded square in front of this pawn in the best possible
way - with a knight - yet indirect pressure which emanates from the passed
pawn is so great that White is enabled to carry out successful operations in
other sectors of the board } 29... Ng7 30. Ng4 Qe7 31. Bc2 Nge8 32. h4 e4 33. Ne3 { heading for Nf4 } 33... Qe5 $2 { This move really spoils Black's game } ( 33... f5 ) 34. Ra7 $1 Kg8 35. Ng4 Qd4 ( 35... Qb2 36. Nh6+ Kh8 ( 36... Kf8 37. Qxe4 ) ) 36. Bxe4 $1 f5 ( 36... Qxe4 37. Nh6+ Kh8 38. Qxe4 Nxe4 39. Nf7+ ) 37. Nh6+ Kh8 38. Bc2 Qf6 39. Qe6 Qxe6 40. dxe6 Rc8 41. Nf7+ Nxf7 42. exf7 Nd6 43. Bd3 Kg7 44. f8=Q+ Kxf8 45. Rxh7 Kg8 46. Rd7 Ne8 47. h5 gxh5 48. Bxf5 Ra8 49. Be6+ Kh8 50. Rd5 Nf6 51. Rxc5 Kg7 52. Kg2 Ra2 53. Bf5 Ra3 54. Rc7+ Kh6 55. Rf7 Ra6 56. f4 h4 57. g4 1-0
[Event "Leningrad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rauzer"]
[Black "Ryumin"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[ECO "C90"]
[PlyCount "76"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The second support point (f5) plays a part as well } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 Na5 9. Bc2 c5 10. d4 Qc7 11. Nbd2 Nc6 12. a4 Rb8 13. axb5 axb5 14. dxc5 dxc5 15. Nf1 Be6 16. Ne3 O-O 17. Ng5 Rfd8 18. Qf3 $1 { With this move and his next, White transfers his attention
from d5 and goes for the occupation of f5 instead } 18... Rd6 ( 18... h6 19. Nxe6 fxe6 { Black would retain full control of d5 and f5 at the cost of his pawn position } 20. Ng4 Rf8 21. Nxf6+ Rxf6 $132 ) 19. Nf5 Bxf5 20. exf5 h6 21. Ne4 Nxe4 22. Bxe4 { Now White has decidedly the better game. He has two Bishops,
pressure against d5, full control of the support point e4, and on f5, a pawn
which can form the spearhead of a powerful attack } 22... Bf6 23. Be3 Ne7 24. b4 c4 25. g3 Rd7 26. Ra7 Qd8 27. Rxd7 Qxd7 28. h4 Kh8 29. g4 $1 Ng8 ( 29... Bxh4 30. Qh3 Bf6 31. g5 { winning the Bishop } ) 30. g5 Be7 31. Rd1 Qc7 ( 31... Qc8 32. f6 Bf8 33. fxg7+ Bxg7 34. Rd8 Qxd8 35. Qf5 Nf6 36. gxf6 Kg8 37. Bc5 $1 ) 32. f6 Bxf6 ( 32... gxf6 33. Qf5 Kg7 34. gxh6+ ) 33. gxf6 Nxf6 34. Bc2 Rd8 35. Bxh6 Rxd1+ 36. Bxd1 e4 37. Bf4 Qd8 38. Qe2 Nd5 1-0
[Event "?"]
[Site "GRONINGEN"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Yanofsky"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[ECO "C99"]
[PlyCount "105"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The d-pawn forward, and an open c-file } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 O-O 9. h3 Na5 10. Bc2 c5 11. d4 Qc7 12. Nbd2 cxd4 13. cxd4 Nc6 14. d5 Nb4 15. Bb1 a5 16. Nf1 ( 16. a3 Na6 17. b4 ) 16... Bd7 17. Bd2 Rfc8 { Black is quite prepared to accept the
doubling of his b-pawns, in return for which he retains the two Bishops and
gets the open a-file } 18. Bxb4 axb4 19. Bd3 Bd8 20. Qd2 Qa5 21. Ne3 b3 { Dissolving the doubled pawns } 22. a3 Qa4 23. Nd1 b4 24. Ne3 bxa3 25. Rxa3 Nxe4 $1 { This is the point of Black's Queenside operation. In return for the
b-pawn, which is bound to fall, he wins a valuable centre pawn } 26. Qd1 Qb4 27. Rxb3 Qa4 28. Bc2 Nc5 29. Rc3 Qb4 30. Qb1 { So far Black has the better of it,
with two Bishops and the majority of the pawns in the centre; but with this
move White begins counteraction } 30... g6 31. Rc4 Qb7 32. b4 Na6 33. Rxc8 Rxc8 34. Bd3 $1 Nxb4 $2 ( 34... Rb8 $17 ) 35. Re2 $1 Ba5 $2 ( 35... Rc1+ 36. Qxc1 Nxd3 { drawing chances } ) 36. Rb2 Rb8 37. Nd2 $1 Qa7 38. Ndc4 Qc5 39. Nxa5 Qxa5 40. Nc2 Nxd3 { Otherwise a whole piece goes. Thus
Black has been compelled to cede the exchange after all, and under conditions
much less favourable than he could have obtained by sacrificing it at the 35th
move, for then he would have kept his two Bishops } 41. Rxb8+ Kg7 42. Ne3 Qd2 43. Qf1 Nc5 44. Qd1 Qc3 45. Rb6 Ba4 46. Qf3 Qe1+ 47. Kh2 f5 48. Rxd6 f4 49. Nf5+ Kf7 ( 49... gxf5 50. Qh5 $1 { wins quickly } ) 50. Qg4 Ne4 ( 50... Qe4 51. Qh4 Qxf5 52. Qxh7+ Kf8 53. Rxg6 ) 51. Qh4 gxf5 52. Qxh7+ Ke8 53. Qg8+ { This example
has shown how the open c-file can bring tactical elements to the forefront } 1-0
[Event "Hastings"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1935.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Fine"]
[Black "Koltanowsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[ECO "E72"]
[PlyCount "85"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The d-pawn forward and open f-file } 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. g3 O-O 6. Bg2 Nc6 7. Nge2 e5 8. d5 Ne7 9. O-O Nd7 10. Be3 f5 11. Qd2 Nf6 12. f3 Kh8 13. Bh6 Bxh6 14. Qxh6 fxe4 15. fxe4 Bd7 16. h3 Neg8 17. Qe3 h5 { The open f-file favours White here, for in the long run the exchange of Rooks
is inevitable, and this will reduce Black's chances of a Kingisde attack.
White's chances, on the other ohand, consist of a pawn storm against Black's
base (the d-pawn) and this operation will not be hindered by an exchange of
Rooks } 18. Nc1 Qc8 19. Kh2 Kg7 20. Nd3 Nh6 21. Qd2 { Allows White to go ahead
undisturbed on the Queenside. Fine now goes straight for his target } ( 21. -- Nhg4+ { the threat } ) 21... Qe8 22. c5 Qe7 23. b4 Nh7 24. Qe3 Qg5 $2 { After what we have been saying, it is obvious that the exchange of Queens
plays into White's hands. Black had to try to creat chances on the Kingside } ( 24... h4 25. g4 $2 Bxg4 $1 ) 25. Qxg5 Nxg5 26. b5 Rxf1 27. Rxf1 Rf8 { All according to schedule } 28. Rxf8 Kxf8 29. c6 Bc8 30. Nb4 Ke8 ( 30... b6 31. Na6 Bxa6 32. bxa6 $18 ) 31. cxb7 Bxb7 32. Nc6 a6 { This gives White a passed a-pawn } ( 32... Bxc6 33. bxc6 { Hopeless for Black
with the Black Knights cut off by the double pawn chain on the e, d and
c-files, the White pieces would have things all their own way on the far side
of the board } ) 33. Bf1 axb5 34. Bxb5 Bxc6 35. Bxc6+ Kd8 36. Kg2 Ng8 37. h4 Nf7 38. a4 Ne7 39. Bb7 Kd7 40. a5 Nd8 41. a6 Nc8 42. Nb5 Nb6 43. Na7 1-0
[Event "Radio Match"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Aitken"]
[Black "Bondaresvky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[ECO "C02"]
[PlyCount "68"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The e-pawn forward, and open c-file } 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. e5 c5 4. c3 Nc6 5. Nf3 Qb6 6. Be2 cxd4 7. cxd4 Nge7 8. b3 Nf5 9. Bb2 Bb4+ 10. Kf1 h5 11. h4 Bd7 { Here also the open file is of prime importance } 12. Nc3 $2 ( 12. a3 Be7 13. Nc3 Ncxd4 14. Nxd5 $1 ) 12... Bxc3 $1 13. Bxc3 Rc8 14. Rh3 { This provides against the threat of ... Nxe5 } ( 14. Qd2 { White's Rook is not well placed on h3 } ) 14... Nce7 15. Qd2 Bb5 { Black gets rid of his bad Bishop in exchange for White's good one } 16. Ng1 Ng6 17. Qg5 O-O 18. Re1 f6 $1 { Opening a second file in readiness for a direct attack on the White King } 19. exf6 ( 19. Qxg6 $4 Be8 { trapped Queen } ) 19... Rxf6 20. Bxb5 Qxb5+ 21. Ne2 Ngxh4 $1 { The White Rook was overloaded, with the Bishop and the h-pawn to guard } 22. a4 Qa6 23. Bb4 Rg6 24. Qxh5 Rh6 25. Qg5 Rc2 26. g3 Ne3+ $1 27. fxe3 Rf6+ 28. Qf4 ( 28. Kg1 Nf3+ 29. Kh1 Nxe1 30. Qh5 Rf1+ 31. Ng1 Rxg1+ 32. Kxg1 Rg2+ 33. Kh1 Qf1# ) 28... Rxf4+ 29. gxf4 Nf5 30. Kf2 Qd3 31. Rf3 Ra2 $1 32. a5 b6 33. axb6 axb6 { White is in zugzwang } 34. Rh3 Nxd4 0-1
[Event "Ilford"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Israel"]
[Black "Yanofsky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with No Open file"]
[ECO "C14"]
[PlyCount "78"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The French Half-open Formation } 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e5 Nfd7 6. Bxe7 Qxe7 7. Qd2 O-O 8. f4 c5 9. Nf3 Nc6 10. g3 a6 11. Bg2 Nb6 12. b3 Bd7 13. Ne2 cxd4 14. Nfxd4 Qc5 15. c3 { The possession of the strongpoint at d4
gives White the advantage in the centre, and consequently the usual chances of
Kingside attack.  Black's chacnes are not to be underestimated. The half-open
c-file enables him to put the Queenside under pressure which he can increase
by ... Pb5 (the Minority attack). Moreover, White must continually reckon with
the possibility of ... Pf6. The after ... Rxf6, Black would be left with the
hanging centre } 15... Nc8 { On the one hand clearing the way for the b-pawn,
and on the other hand preparing to undermine White's Knight on d4 } 16. O-O N8e7 17. Kh1 Rac8 18. Rac1 Qa5 { Directed against c4 } 19. Rfd1 Rc7 20. a4 Nxd4 21. Nxd4 Qb6 22. Qa2 Nc6 { The undermining of Nd4 } 23. Nxc6 Bxc6 24. a5 Qe3 25. Re1 Qc5 26. b4 Qe7 27. Qd2 Rd8 28. Re3 Bb5 { The bad Bishop emerges from behind the chain, and becomes a full-value piece } 29. Bf1 d4 $1 { Once White's Pd4 has been systematically undermined, so
that it can not support a piece, the square becomes ripe for the decisive
breakthrough } 30. cxd4 Rxc1 31. Qxc1 Bxf1 32. Qxf1 Qxb4 { After the win of this pawn it is only a matter of technique } 33. Qe1 Qxd4 34. Re4 Qd5 35. Kg1 h6 36. Re3 Qa2 37. Re2 Qc4 38. Rd2 Qc5+ 39. Qf2 Qc1+ 0-1
[Event "Cheltenham"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Broadbent"]
[Black "Golombek"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with No Open file"]
[ECO "B13"]
[PlyCount "95"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Caro-Kann Half Open Formation } 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5. c3 Nf6 6. Bf4 g6 7. h3 Bg7 8. Nf3 O-O 9. O-O Bd7 10. Re1 Qc8 { White has the
half-open e-file with its support point at e5, and will direct his attack
towards the Kingside. Black, on the other hand, must attack on the Queenside
by means of the half-open c-file. One priority is to exchange off his bad
Bishop by ... Bf5 } 11. Ne5 Nxe5 12. Bxe5 Bf5 13. Bf1 $1 { Quite rightly White declines the offer } 13... Be6 14. Nd2 Nh5 15. Nf3 Bxe5 16. Nxe5 Nf6 17. Re3 Nd7 18. Nd3 $1 { If White means to have his Kingside attack,
he must keep the pieces on the board } 18... Re8 19. Nf4 Nf8 20. Qf3 Qd7 21. Rae1 a6 { At last Black's counteraction makes a start, but this is about
as far as it ever gets } 22. Bd3 Rad8 { With this extra protection of d5, Black threatens ... Bf5 } 23. Re5 Qa4 24. Bb1 Qb5 25. R1e2 Rd6 26. Qg3 Qa4 27. Re1 Qb5 28. R1e2 Qa4 29. Kh2 $1 Red8 ( 29... Qd1 30. Re1 Qd2 31. R5e2 ) 30. h4 { Now Black's g6 is seen to be a serious
weakening for White can break open the h-file } 30... Qe8 31. h5 Kg7 32. hxg6 hxg6 33. R2e3 Qd7 34. Kg1 Rb6 35. b3 Rc6 36. Nh5+ Kh7 ( 36... Kg8 37. Qg5 f6 38. Qh6 gxh5 39. Rxh5 $18 ) 37. Qh4 Kg8 38. Qg3 Rdc8 39. Nf4 Qc7 40. c4 b5 41. c5 { An important promotion in the White ranks - from weak pawn to protected passed
pawn } 41... Qd7 42. Nxe6 Nxe6 43. Bf5 $1 Kg7 44. Rxe6 Rxe6 45. Bxe6 fxe6 46. Qe5+ Kf7 47. Rf3+ Kg8 48. Rh3 1-0
[Event "Semmering (Austria)"]
[Site "Semmering (Austria)"]
[Date "1937.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Eliskases"]
[Black "Flohr"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "11: The Passed Pawn, Protected but Blockaded"]
[FEN "2rr4/pp3pkp/3n2p1/3Pp3/4P3/5B2/P3RPPP/R4K2 w - - 0 23"]
[PlyCount "70"]
[SetUp "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ One majority mobile, the other having already produced a passed pawn 
 Although this position is really an endgame, we can draw from it some
important conclusions about the handling of the middlegame. The point is that
such an endgame is in favour of the side which can block the protected passed
pawn with a Knight and simultaneously bring his own majority into action } 23. Rb1 Rc4 24. g3 Rdc8 25. Bg2 Rc1+ { Black takes his taks too lightly. All
sorts of prepatory moves ought to have been made first: ... Kf8-d7, ... Pb5 } 26. Rxc1 Rxc1+ 27. Re1 Rxe1+ 28. Kxe1 { Although Black is still better placed,
he has squandered part of his avantage. His Rooks were better posted than
White's, particularly with regards to the pressure he could have put on
White's e-pawn } 28... f5 29. f3 { Otherwise the d-pawn would have been isolated } ( 29. f4 Kf6 ) 29... fxe4 30. fxe4 b5 31. Kd2 a5 32. Kd3 Kf6 33. Bf3 Ke7 34. h4 h6 35. Bd1 Kd8 $2 ( 35... a4 36. Bc2 Kd8 37. Kc3 Kc7 38. Kb4 Kb6 ) 36. a4 $1 bxa4 ( 36... b4 37. Bc2 { Black can get no futher } ) 37. Bxa4 Kc7 38. Bc2 Kb6 39. Kc3 Kb5 40. Kb3 Kc5 41. Ka4 Nc4 42. Bb3 $2 ( 42. Bb1 { The right move,
after which thanks to his protected passed pawn White can just hold on } 42... Nd2 43. Bd3 Kd4 44. d6 $1 ) 42... Nd2 43. Bc2 Nf1 $1 { Wins the g-pawn } 44. Kxa5 ( 44. g4 Ne3 ) 44... Nxg3 45. Ka4 Nh5 46. Kb3 Kd4 47. Kb4 Nf6 48. d6 g5 49. hxg5 hxg5 50. Kb5 g4 51. Bd1 g3 52. Bf3 Ke3 53. Bh1 Kf2 54. Kc6 g2 55. Bxg2 Kxg2 56. d7 Nxd7 57. Kxd7 Kf3 0-1
[Event "Dubrovnik"]
[Site "Dubrovnik"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "2"]
[White "Najdorf"]
[Black "Beni"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "11: The Passed Pawn, Protected but Blockaded"]
[FEN "4rrk1/p2q3p/1pp1n1p1/3pPp2/3P1P2/P1PQB3/4R1PP/5RK1 b - - 0 24"]
[PlyCount "59"]
[SetUp "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ A protected but blockaded passed pawn can doom its owner to inactivity  The
situation here is much the same as the previous one, but Black adopts rather
different tactics. His logical strategy would be ... Pc5, either at once or
after preparation, followed by ... cxd4, and then pressure down the c-file } 24... b5 { The Idea is to prevent White's Pc4, and so fix his pawns on the same
colour as his Bishop, which thus becomes "bad" } 25. a4 a6 26. Bc1 Ra8 27. Ba3 { These two moves of White have brought his bad Bishop outside the pawn chain } 27... Rf7 28. g3 Qe8 29. Rg2 { White fences with the possibilty of Pg4, to
discourage Black from playing his King Rook to the Queenside } 29... Kh8 30. Bd6 Raa7 31. Ra2 Rfd7 32. Rfa1 Qf7 33. Qe2 Rdb7 34. Ra3 $1 { White tries something
different. He is now preparing to triple his major pieces on the a-file } ( 34. axb5 axb5 35. Rxa7 ) 34... b4 $1 ( 34... -- 35. R1a2 -- 36. Qd1 -- 37. Qa1 ) 35. cxb4 Nxd4 36. Qb2 Ne6 37. Qc3 Qd7 38. Rc1 a5 $1 39. bxa5 ( 39. Qxc6 Qxc6 40. Rxc6 axb4 41. Bxb4 Rxb4 42. Rxe6 Rc7 43. a5 Rb2 44. Ra1 Rcc2 { probably drawn } ) 39... c5 40. Qf3 d4 41. Rb3 $1 Rxb3 42. Qxb3 { By seizing the open file, White has just about restored the balance } 42... Rxa5 43. Rb1 Kg7 44. Qd5 Kh6 $1 45. Kg2 ( 45. Rb7 Qxa4 ) 45... Qf7 46. Kf2 Qd7 47. Rb2 Rxa4 48. Rb7 Ra2+ 49. Qxa2 Qxb7 50. Qxe6 Qb2+ 51. Kg1 Qc1+ 52. Kg2 Qd2+ { Perpetual check } 53. Kh3 Qe2 1/2-1/2
[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Open e-file"]
[Black "?"]
[Result "*"]
[Annotator "12: Open and Half-Open Lines"]
[FEN "r3r1k1/pp1n1ppp/2pq1n2/3p4/3P4/2NQ1N2/PPP2PPP/R3R1K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Open e-file from the Exchange Variation of the French Defence  The open file
here is worthless; the Rooks and probably Queens as well, will speedily
disappear from the scene } *
[Event "Prague"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1908.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Maroczy"]
[Black "Rubinstein"]
[Result "*"]
[Annotator "12: Open and Half-Open Lines"]
[FEN "rn1q1rk1/pp3ppp/2pb1nb1/3p2B1/3P2P1/2NB1N1P/PPP2P2/R2Q1RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "9"]
[SetUp "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Open e-file with outpost  Between this and the previos diagram there is a
fundamental difference. Which can occupy an outpost in the open file } 1. Ne5 $1 Be7 ( 1... Nbd7 { leads to a serious weakening of the Black's Kingside } 2. Nxd7 Qxd7 3. Bxf6 gxf6 ) 2. f4 Bxd3 3. Qxd3 Nbd7 4. Rae1 Re8 5. Re2 { with good play for White, the doubling Rooks can't be emulated by Black } *
[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1931.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tartakower"]
[Black "Sultan Khan"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "12: Open and Half-Open Lines"]
[FEN "3r2rk/1p2qppp/p4n2/2p1bP2/2P1p3/1PB5/P1QPBPRP/2K3R1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "15"]
[SetUp "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Useless half-open g-file  White controls the half-open g-file, but can do
nothing with it since there is no way of breaking the file fully open. The
half-open d-file, however, which Black controls, is very important for the
following reasons:  1) Black exerts an unpleasant pressure down the file,
particularly through his control of support points at d4 and d3  2) This
pressure can be augmented by the opening of neighboring files, the key move
being ... Pb5 } 1... Bd4 $1 2. Bd1 Qe5 3. Ba5 Rde8 4. Bc3 b5 5. cxb5 axb5 6. f3 e3 $1 7. Bxd4 cxd4 8. Kb1 Nd5 $17 { Black's advantage has assumed decisive proportions } 0-1
[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker's Defence to QGD"]
[Black "?"]
[Result "*"]
[Annotator "12: Open and Half-Open Lines"]
[FEN "r1b2rk1/ppp2ppp/2nq4/8/2BP4/1Q2PN2/P4PPP/R4RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The half-open b and c files, with very little significance  The half open
files here are in much the same state as was the g-file in the previous
diagram. White can occupy them with his Rooks, but still stands to achieve
nothing, since there is no way of completing the opening of the files } *