Icannos/chess_studies huggingface dataset:
[Event "Nuremberg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1896.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Winawer"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "31: Emanuel Lasker as Defender"]
[ECO "C20"]
[PlyCount "92"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Lasker goes for a pawn win on the Queenside regardless of the danger looming
against his King } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Nf6 4. O-O Nxe4 5. d4 Be7 6. Qe2 Nd6 7. Bxc6 bxc6 8. dxe5 Nb7 9. Nd4 O-O 10. Nc3 Bc5 11. Nf5 d5 12. Qg4 Bxf5 13. Qxf5 Re8 14. Bf4 Bd4 15. Rfe1 Nc5 16. Rad1 Bxc3 17. bxc3 Qc8 { The White p
awn structure is more seriously weakened than Black, and the endgame after } 18. Qh5 { White has greater freedom on the Kingside, chiefly because of his 4-3
pawn majority. It is therefore logical to play for the attack } ( 18. Qxc8 Raxc8 19. Rb1 Rb8 $17 ) 18... Qa6 19. Re3 Qxa2 { It has been said
that anyone who makes this sort of pawn snatch must be either a beginner of a
great master. The former captures out of ignorance; the latter, although quite
aware of the dangers which exist, reckons that his counterchances will be
adequate. } 20. Rc1 Qc4 21. Rf3 Ne6 22. Bd2 Re7 23. Rh3 Qe4 24. f3 { Tarrasch says in the tournament book this loses too much time } ( 24. f4 Qg6 25. Qh4 Rd7 26. g4 ) 24... Qg6 25. Qh4 Rd7 26. f4 Qe4 27. g4 ( 27. Rd3 -- 28. Re1 { Tarrasch } ) 27... Nf8 28. Qf2 a5 $1 { The extra pawn puts in a word, and forces the opponent to make haste with his
attack } 29. Re3 Qc4 30. f5 { White pushs his attack on the Kside in view of
the advancing a-pawn on the other flank. He doesn't fear losing the g-pawn } 30... a4 $1 { Lasker has conducted the game on correct Steinitzian principles:
his castled position has not been weakened, and the condition that defensive
resources should be economically deployed is fully satisfied, with one Rook
and Knight operating defensively, and teh Queen and other Rook offensively. It
goes without saying that counterattack - in the form of a steadily advancing
passed pawn - is also not to be forgotten } ( 30... Qxg4+ 31. Rg3 { White's chan
ces would be better than they are now, for the open g-file would be available
for his Rooks } ) 31. Rf1 ( 31. e6 fxe6 32. fxe6 Nxe6 33. Rxe6 Qxg4+ ) ( 31. h3 { Tarrasch } 31... a3 32. e6 fxe6 33. fxe6 Re7 34. Qf5 a2 35. Rf1 Qxf1+ $1 { removing the guard } ) 31... a3 32. Ree1 a2 33. h3 c5 34. Kh2 { Black's a-pawn is an essential part of the defence of his King } ( 34. e6 fxe6 35. fxe6 Nxe6 36. Rxe6 a1=Q $19 ) 34... d4 35. Qf3 c6 36. e6 { At last the
long awaited attack, but it comes too late. The counterattack is too far
advanced } 36... fxe6 37. fxe6 Nxe6 38. Qxc6 Rda7 39. Ra1 Rf8 { The roles are reversed. Now it is Black who attacks on the Kingside } 40. Rfe1 Nd8 41. Qb6 Raf7 42. Bg5 Rf2+ 43. Kg3 ( 43. Kg1 Qd5 ) 43... Qxc3+ 44. Kh4 Qxh3+ $1 45. Kxh3 R8f3+ 46. Kh4 Rh2# 0-1
[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1925.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Dus-Chotimirski"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "31: Emanuel Lasker as Defender"]
[ECO "C90"]
[PlyCount "101"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 Na5 9. Bc2 c5 10. d3 O-O 11. Nbd2 Re8 12. Nf1 Qc7 13. Bg5 Rb8 14. a3 Be6 15. h3 h6 16. Bd2 Nc6 17. Qe2 Bf8 18. a4 b4 19. c4 Nd7 20. Be3 g6 21. N3d2 f5 22. exf5 gxf5 23. Qh5 Nf6 24. Qg6+ Qg7 25. Qxg7+ Bxg7 26. f4 { Lasker later admitted
that this was a bad continuation. Yet even this bad move displays Lasker's
fighting instinct. The fact is that the relatively less bad move 26. Pf3 would
have certainly led to eventual loss as the White would have no counterplay } 26... Nd7 27. Rad1 Bf7 ( 27... exf4 28. Bxf4 Bf7 ( 28... Bxb2 29. Bxd6 ) ) 28. Nb3 ( 28. b3 exf4 29. Bxf4 Nd4 $19 ) 28... exf4 29. Bxf4 Nd4 { It would seem that with this move and Black's next, White's game is doomed } 30. Nxd4 Bxd4+ 31. Kh2 b3 $1 32. Rxe8+ { Interpolating an important check } 32... Bxe8 ( 32... Rxe8 33. Bxb3 ) 33. Bb1 Ne5 34. Ng3 $1 Bg6 { This first piece of negligence. The Bishop would
have been more actively placed on d7, retaining the possibility of a
subsequent capture of the a-pawn } ( 34... Bd7 35. Rd2 Nf7 36. a5 Re8 37. Ne2 { Bogolyubov } ) 35. Rd2 Rb4 { This looks crushing, nevertheless Black
should have given preference to ... Nf7 } ( 35... Nf7 ) 36. Ne2 Rxa4 $2 ( 36... Nf7 ) 37. Nxd4 $1 cxd4 38. c5 $1 Ra1 39. cxd6 Nd7 40. Rd1 Bf7 ( 40... -- 41. Bc2 Rxd1 42. Bxb3+ ) 41. Re1 a5 $2 { Missing his last opportunity } ( 41... Ra5 42. Re7 Nf8 ) 42. Re7 Nc5 43. Be5 $1 Ra4 ( 43... Rxb1 44. Rc7 ) 44. Rc7 $1 Ne6 45. d7 Rb4 46. Rc8+ Kh7 47. Rh8+ Kg6 48. Re8 $1 Rb6 49. Bf4 $1 Nxf4 50. d8=Q Rc6 51. Re7 1-0
[Event "Match game"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1910.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Janowsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "31: Emanuel Lasker as Defender"]
[ECO "D32"]
[PlyCount "61"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Lasker wins a lost game } 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 c5 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Nf3 Be6 6. e4 dxe4 7. Nxe4 Nc6 8. Be3 cxd4 9. Nxd4 Qa5+ 10. Nc3 O-O-O { One of the
most famous "won" positions in the history of chess. Dr Tarrasch wrote "the
White Knight on d4 stands badly, and this must White's undoing". It is rather
sad to think that a world champion and such a world champion - should get into
such a hopeless position by move 10 with the White pieces } 11. a3 { Apparently preventing ... Bc5 } 11... Nh6 $2 { Black has several good moves here, each of which should be enough to win } ( 11... Bc5 12. b4 Bxd4 $1 13. bxa5 ( 13. Bxd4 Qg5 14. Nb5 a6 ) 13... Bxc3+ 14. Bd2 Rxd2 15. Qxd2 Bxd2+ 16. Kxd2 Nxa5 $19 ) 12. b4 Qe5 13. Ncb5 Nf5 $1 { Black correctly intensifies the pressure against d4. Incidentally he
already had an opportunity here to becoem a victim of a Lasker trap } ( 13... a6 14. Qc1 $1 axb5 15. Nxc6 bxc6 16. Qxc6+ Qc7 17. Qa6+ Qb7 18. Rc1+ Kb8 19. Bf4+ $18 ) 14. Rc1 { White msut throw everything into the counterattack. The
fact that he loses a pawn in the process is of secondary importance } 14... Nxe3 15. fxe3 Qxe3+ 16. Be2 Be7 { The reserves arrive } ( 16... a6 17. Na7+ Kc7 18. Naxc6 bxc6 19. Nxe6+ { White's attack would be as dangerous as Black's } ) 17. Rc3 $1 { Lasker finds the best move } ( 17. Nxa7+ Kb8 18. Naxc6+ bxc6 19. Nxc6+ Kb7 20. Nxd8+ Rxd8 21. Qc2 Rc8 $19 ) 17... Bh4+ $5 { This interpolated check has been much praised } ( 17... Qxc3+ 18. Nxc3 Nxd4 $17 { Black would have all the chances } ) 18. g3 Qe4 ( 18... Qxc3+ 19. Nxc3 Bf6 20. O-O ( 20. Ncb5 $1 Nxd4 ( 20... Bxd4 21. Nxd4 Nxd4 22. Kf2 $1 { White is by no means lost } ) 21. Qc1+ Kb8 22. Qf4+ Ka8 23. Nc7+ Kb8 24. Na6+ Ka8 25. Qb8+ Rxb8 26. Nc7# { Lasker } ) 20... Bxd4+ 21. Kh1 Bxc3 $19 { Lasker's contemporaries } ) 19. O-O Bf6 20. Rxf6 $1 { This sacrifice is forced but leads to a win for White } 20... gxf6 21. Bf3 Qe5 22. Nxa7+ Kc7 ( 22... Kb8 23. Naxc6+ bxc6 24. Nxc6+ { White takes Black's Queen with a check } ) 23. Naxc6 bxc6 24. Rxc6+ Kb8 25. Rb6+ Kc8 ( 25... Ka7 26. Rb7+ Ka6 27. Qa4+ ) 26. Qc1+ Kd7 27. Nxe6 fxe6 28. Rb7+ Ke8 29. Bc6+ Kf8 30. Qh6+ Kg8 31. Qg7# 1-0
[Event "St Petersburg (12)"]
[Site "St Petersburg (12)"]
[Date "1914.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "31: Emanuel Lasker as Defender"]
[ECO "D08"]
[PlyCount "69"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Both sides defend and both sides attack } 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e5 3. dxe5 d4 4. Nf3 Nc6 5. a3 Bg4 6. Nbd2 Qe7 7. h3 Bxf3 8. Nxf3 O-O-O 9. Qd3 h6 ( 9... Nxe5 10. Qf5+ Nd7 11. Nxd4 ) 10. g3 g6 11. Bg2 Bg7 ( 11... Nxe5 12. Nxe5 Qxe5 13. Bf4 $36 ) 12. O-O Nxe5 13. Nxe5 Bxe5 14. b4 $1 { Until this point the game has been a
textbook example of the proper reaction to a gambit. The guiding principle
should not be to try to hold on to the gambit pawn, but instead willingness to
return it. Here we see Lasker applying this idea. In similar fashion he found
an adequate defence to the once dreaded Evans Gambit } 14... f5 ( 14... Nf6 15. f4 Bd6 16. c5 { trapped piece } ) 15. c5 $1 { This is in agreement with our
principle established in our discussion of open diagonals. These pawns will
reinforce the action of the King Bishop on the long diagonal } 15... Qe6 16. c6 Ne7 $1 { The best defence under the circumstances; if Black's own
pawns do not give adequate defence for their King then the King will tkae
shelter behind the enemy pawns } 17. cxb7+ Kb8 18. Bb2 $2 { Black gets time to start his counterattack } ( 18. b5 { followed by Pa4-a5,
Ba3-c5, and eventually the powerfuly breakthrough with Pb6 } ) 18... Rd6 19. Rac1 Rhd8 20. Rc2 f4 21. gxf4 Bxf4 22. Rd1 Nf5 23. Bc1 { Lasker always had his
weather eye open for tactical pitfalls. He knew exactly what he was doing when
he rejected } ( 23. Qe4 Qb3 24. Bc1 d3 $1 { puts an entirely different
complexion on the game, with Black winning at least the Exchange } ) 23... Ne3 $1 24. Rc5 $1 { As usual Lasker is at his best when it comes to a scrimmage } 24... Qf6 ( 24... Nxd1 25. Bxf4 Nb2 26. Bxd6 -- 27. Bxc7# ) 25. Qe4 Nxd1 26. Bxf4 Nc3 $2 ( 26... Nxf2 $3 27. Bxd6 Rxd6 { attack and defence may have remained in equilibrium } ) 27. Bxd6 $3 Qxd6 ( 27... Nxe4 28. Bxc7+ Kxb7 29. Bxe4+ Ka6 30. b5# ) 28. Qe5 { Thus Black's attack
is repulsed and now White's material advantage gives him an easy win } 28... Qb6 29. Qe7 Qd6 30. Re5 d3 31. exd3 Qxd3 32. Re3 Qd1+ 33. Kh2 Nb5 34. Re6 Nxa3 35. Rf6 1-0
[Event "New"]
[Site "New"]
[Date "1918.??.??"]
[Round "1"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Marshall"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "C89"]
[PlyCount "79"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ A famous example of cool-headed defence } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 O-O 8. c3 d5 9. exd5 Nxd5 10. Nxe5 Nxe5 11. Rxe5 Nf6 12. Re1 Bd6 13. h3 Ng4 $1 { A very dangerous situation for White
has arisen: most of his pieces are undeveloped, and Black is pressing an
extraordinarily vigorous attack out of the early opening } 14. Qf3 { The Queen must come into action to help defend her King } ( 14. hxg4 Qh4 15. Qf3 Qh2+ ( 15... Bh2+ 16. Kh1 ( 16. Kf1 Bxg4 17. Qe4 Bf4 $1 18. g3 Qh5 $1 ) 16... Bxg4 $19 ) 16. Kf1 Bxg4 17. Qxg4 Qh1+ 18. Ke2 Rae8+ 19. Kd3 ( 19. Be6 $3 ) 19... Rxe1 20. Qh3 Rxc1 { Capablanca } ) 14... Qh4 15. d4 { White must find a way to develop his Queenside. Any hasty attempts tocounteratt
ack are doomed to failure } ( 15. Re8 $2 Bb7 $1 16. Rxf8+ Rxf8 17. Qxg4 Re8 18. Kf1 Qe7 19. Qd1 Qe4 20. f3 Qe5 21. d4 Qh2 $40 ) ( 15. Re4 h5 16. d4 Bb7 17. Rxg4 hxg4 18. Qxb7 Rae8 19. Nd2 Re1+ 20. Nf1 gxh3 $19 21. g3 h2+ 22. Kh1 Rxf1+ ) 15... Nxf2 $1 16. Re2 $1 { A fine defensive move, forcing the Knight to a decision } ( 16. Qxf2 Bh2+ $3 ( 16... Bg3 $2 17. Qxf7+ Rxf7 18. Re8# ) 17. Kf1 Bg3 18. Qe3 ( 18. Qxf7+ Rxf7+ $19 ) 18... Bxh3 $1 19. gxh3 Rae8 $40 ) 16... Bg4 ( 16... Bg3 17. Qxf7+ Rxf7 18. Re8# ) ( 16... Nxh3+ 17. gxh3 Bxh3 18. Re4 ) ( 16... Bxh3 17. gxh3 Nxh3+ 18. Kf1 { leads to nothing } ) ( 16... Ng4 { Tartakower } 17. Re8 $1 Nf6 18. Rxf8+ Kxf8 19. Nd2 Rb8 20. Nf1 Bb7 21. Qf2 $11 ) 17. hxg4 $1 ( 17. Qxf2 Bg3 18. Qf1 Bxe2 19. Qxe2 Rae8 $19 ) 17... Bh2+ ( 17... Nxg4 18. Bf4 ) 18. Kf1 Bg3 19. Rxf2 ( 19. Ke1 $1 { Capablanca } ) 19... Qh1+ 20. Ke2 Bxf2 $2 { After this White wins easily } ( 20... Qxc1 21. Qxg3 Qxb2+ 22. Kd3 Qxa1 23. Kc2 b4 24. g5 bxc3 25. Qxc3 $14 ) 21. Bd2 Bh4 22. Qh3 { The idea of simplification,
especially by exchange of Queens, is one of the oldest and most obvious
methods of defence } 22... Rae8+ 23. Kd3 Qf1+ 24. Kc2 { And now with his King
in safety there remains only one problem for White - the development of his
Queenside } 24... Bf2 25. Qf3 $1 Qg1 ( 25... Re2 26. Na3 ( 26. a4 Qe1 27. axb5 Be3 28. Bc4 $1 Rxd2+ 29. Nxd2 Qxd2+ 30. Kb3 axb5 31. Qxf7+ $18 Rxf7 32. Ra8# ) 26... Rxd2+ 27. Kxd2 Qxa1 28. Qxf2 Qxb2+ 29. Nc2 ) 26. Bd5 $1 c5 27. dxc5 Bxc5 28. b4 Bd6 29. a4 { The last problem is solved, now the issue of the game is no longer in doubt } 29... a5 30. axb5 axb4 31. Ra6 bxc3 32. Nxc3 Bb4 33. b6 Bxc3 34. Bxc3 h6 35. b7 Re3 36. Bxf7+ Rxf7 37. b8=Q+ Kh7 38. Rxh6+ Kxh6 39. Qh8+ Kg6 40. Qh5# 1-0
[Event "St.Petersburg"]
[Site "St.Petersburg"]
[Date "1909.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rubinstein"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "D32"]
[PlyCount "79"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Black's attack meets a fine refutation } 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. c4 e6 4. Bg5 c5 5. cxd5 exd5 6. Nc3 cxd4 7. Nxd4 Nc6 8. e3 Be7 9. Bb5 Bd7 10. Bxf6 Bxf6 11. Nxd5 Bxd4 12. exd4 Qg5 13. Bxc6 Bxc6 14. Ne3 O-O-O 15. O-O Rhe8 16. Rc1 $3 { There is more to this move then that: it is part of a highly refined defence
as the sequel shows } 16... Rxe3 ( 16... -- 17. Rc5 { Threatening to assume the attack } 17... -- 18. d5 ) ( 16... Kb8 17. Rc5 Qf4 18. d5 Rxe3 19. Qc1 Re4 20. dxc6 bxc6 21. Qc3 ) 17. Rxc6+ bxc6 18. Qc1 $1 { The deep point behind White's 16th move } 18... Rxd4 ( 18... Re5 19. Qxc6+ Kb8 20. dxe5 Qxe5 $18 ) 19. fxe3 Rd7 20. Qxc6+ Kd8 21. Rf4 $1 f5 ( 21... -- 22. Qa8+ Kc7 ( 22... Ke7 23. Re4+ ) 23. Rc4+ ) 22. Qc5 Qe7 ( 22... Rd1+ 23. Kf2 Rd2+ 24. Ke1 Qxg2 25. Qa5+ ) 23. Qxe7+ Kxe7 24. Rxf5 Rd1+ 25. Kf2 Rd2+ 26. Kf3 Rxb2 27. Ra5 Rb7 28. Ra6 Kf8 29. e4 Rc7 30. h4 Kf7 31. g4 Kf8 32. Kf4 Ke7 33. h5 h6 34. Kf5 Kf7 35. e5 Rb7 36. Rd6 Ke7 37. Ra6 Kf7 38. Rd6 Kf8 39. Rc6 Kf7 40. a3 1-0
[Event "San Sebastian"]
[Site "San Sebastian"]
[Date "1911.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rubinstein"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "D33"]
[PlyCount "83"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ In a manner analogous to that of Example 105, Rubinstein refutes the attack
of another World Champion } 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. c4 e6 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. g3 Be6 7. Bg2 Be7 8. O-O Rc8 9. dxc5 Bxc5 10. Ng5 Nf6 11. Nxe6 fxe6 12. Bh3 Qe7 13. Bg5 O-O 14. Bxf6 Qxf6 15. Nxd5 $1 Qh6 ( 15... exd5 16. Qxd5+ {  } ) ( 15... Bxf2+ 16. Kg2 {  } ) 16. Kg2 Rcd8 17. Qc1 $3 { The sparkling point of White's 14th move } 17... exd5 ( 17... Rxd5 18. Qxh6 gxh6 19. Bxe6+ $18 ) 18. Qxc5 Qd2 19. Qb5 Nd4 20. Qd3 $1 { Forcing a favourable liquidation } 20... Qxd3 21. exd3 Rfe8 22. Bg4 { The translation of White's material advantage into a win is now strictly a
matter of technique. } 22... Rd6 23. Rfe1 Rxe1 24. Rxe1 Rb6 25. Re5 Rxb2 26. Rxd5 Nc6 27. Be6+ Kf8 28. Rf5+ Ke8 29. Bf7+ Kd7 30. Bc4 a6 31. Rf7+ Kd6 32. Rxg7 b5 33. Bg8 a5 34. Rxh7 a4 35. h4 b4 36. Rh6+ Kc5 37. Rh5+ Kb6 38. Bd5 b3 $2 ( 38... Rxa2 $3 $132 39. Bxa2 b3 { Capablanca } ) 39. axb3 a3 40. Bxc6 Rxb3 41. Bd5 a2 42. Rh6+ 1-0
[Event "Monte Carlo"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1903.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Mieses"]
[Black "Maroczy"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "A00"]
[PlyCount "48"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Defence against a gambit } 1. e4 e5 2. d4 exd4 3. c3 dxc3 4. Bc4 cxb2 5. Bxb2 d6 6. Ne2 Nc6 7. O-O Be6 8. Bd5 Nf6 9. Qb3 Qc8 10. Nf4 { At the time this game
was played gambits were still very popular, since most players felt
uncomfortable when having to defend. As a rule the player who had won one or
more pawns tried stubbornly to hold on to them, arguing that if he could parry
the enemy attack without conceding any material his advantage woud give him a
certain win in the ending. Before the endgame the gods have placed the
middlegame as Dr Tarrasch used to preach in those days. What he meant by that
is drastically shown in the game: } 10... Bxd5 $1 ( 10... Nd8 11. Bxf6 gxf6 12. Nh5 c6 13. Re1 Be7 14. Qf3 Rg8 15. Nxf6+ Bxf6 16. Qxf6 cxd5 17. exd5 Rg6 18. Qh8+ Kd7 19. Nc3 Bxd5 $2 ( 19... Qc4 $1 20. dxe6+ Nxe6 21. Qxa8 Rxg2+ 22. Kxg2 Qg4+ 23. Kh1 ( 23. Kf1 Qh3+ 24. Ke2 Nf4+ 25. Kd2 Qd3+ $40 ) 23... Qf3+ ) 20. Qe8+ Kc7 21. Nxd5+ Kb8 22. Rac1 Nc6 23. Rxc6 $1 bxc6 24. Rb1# { Mieses-Marshall, Monte Carlo 1903 } ) 11. exd5 Ne5 12. Re1 Be7 $1 { Black voluntarily returns one of the pawns, and in doing so is determinded to
catch up in development. Simple and obvious though this may seem to us today,
it must be remembered that this game was played in another era. The principle
- brand new at the time - which Black applies here is in general a good remedy
for all gambits. It is just this willingness to return the material won
whenever seems proper which has damped the enthusiasm of today's players. This
princple of Maroczy's is of greatest import to the defender } 13. Bxe5 dxe5 14. Rxe5 Qd7 $1 { Consistent play. Black offers a second gambit pawn as well. } 15. Qg3 ( 15. Qxb7 O-O { Black will have completed his development and is ready at once
to start a powerful counterattack } 16. -- Bd6 ) 15... O-O-O $1 { Once more Black offers the gambit pawn, and this time Whte may well take it } 16. Qxg7 Qd6 $1 17. Qg5 ( 17. Nd3 Nd7 18. -- Bf6 ) ( 17. Rf5 Qb4 $1 { Leaves Black with a decisive attack } ) 17... Rhe8 { The counterattack is
now in full swing. The end of this game shows once again that the
counterattack that follows a successfully conducted defence is very often
overwhelming } 18. Nd2 Nd7 19. Rxe7 Qxe7 20. Qg3 Qb4 $1 21. Nf3 Rg8 22. Qh4 Qc3 23. Rb1 Qxf3 24. Qh6 Nb6 0-1
[Event "07"]
[Site "Munich"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Penrose"]
[Black "Smyslov"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "C44"]
[PlyCount "56"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The principle of returning the gambit pawn applied more recently by Smyslov } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4 4. c3 dxc3 5. Nxc3 Bb4 6. Bc4 d6 7. O-O Bxc3 8. bxc3 Nf6 9. Ba3 Bg4 10. Bb5 O-O 11. Bxc6 bxc6 12. e5 Nd5 13. Qd3 { An attempt
to maintain the initiative. As in the previous example Black is prepared to
give back his extra pawn, in the conviction that he will at least have some
endgame advantage } ( 13. exd6 cxd6 14. c4 ) 13... Re8 14. exd6 Nf4 { Quite in the spirit of the Maroczy. Without hesitation the defender leaps
upon the attacker at the right moment } 15. Qc4 Ne2+ 16. Kh1 Bxf3 17. gxf3 cxd6 18. Qxc6 Rc8 $1 19. Qxd6 Qh4 $1 { With the White pawn position ruined, Smyslove plays for mate } 20. Rfd1 ( 20. -- Qh3 ) 20... Qxf2 21. Rf1 Qh4 22. Rad1 Re6 { The heavy artillery goes into action, as Tartakower used to say } 23. Qd7 Ng3+ 24. Kg1 ( 24. Kg2 Re2+ 25. Rf2 Rxf2+ 26. Kxf2 Ne4+ 27. Ke3 Rxc3+ $1 ) 24... Rce8 25. Rf2 ( 25. hxg3 Qxg3+ 26. Kh1 Rh6+ ) 25... Ne2+ 26. Kf1 Qh3+ 27. Ke1 Nd4+ 28. Kd2 Re2+ { White's Queen is lost } 0-1
[Event "Dresden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Maroczy"]
[Black "Helling"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "B01"]
[PlyCount "65"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Defence artist Maroczy in action again } 1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Nf6 3. Bb5+ c6 4. dxc6 bxc6 5. Be2 e5 6. d3 Bc5 7. Nf3 Ng4 8. O-O f5 9. Nc3 Qf6 10. Qe1 O-O 11. h3 { Faithful to the principles of Steinitz, White has so far avoided weakening
his King's position. He has deferred Ph3 until Black has himself castled
Kingside, for to have played it while the opponent could have replied with ...
Ph5 would have suited Black down to the ground } 11... h5 $2 { Now that Black
no longer has a Rook on h8, this move is not so threatening as it would have
been before castling. Nonetheless, Black's attack is still quite dangerous -
underlying yet again the importance of the Steinitzian principle } 12. hxg4 hxg4 13. Ng5 g3 14. Na4 $1 { Taking the bull by the horns } ( 14. Nh3 Qh4 15. Bg5 Qh7 16. Kh1 f4 17. fxg3 Bxh3 $19 ) 14... Bxf2+ 15. Rxf2 f4 ( 15... gxf2+ 16. Qxf2 { Black has a shortage of material and no attack } ) 16. Ne4 Qh4 17. Nxg3 fxg3 18. Rxf8+ Kxf8 19. Bf3 $1 { The same idea as in the two previoius
examples. White freely returns all his material gains in order to stop the
enemy attack. The counterattack then sets in all the more forcibly } 19... Nd7 ( 19... Qxa4 20. Qxe5 { Black is busted } ) 20. Qe4 Qh2+ 21. Kf1 Nf6 22. Qxc6 e4 ( 22... Rb8 23. Qd6+ ) 23. dxe4 ( 23. Qxa8 Qh1+ 24. Ke2 exf3+ $132 ) 23... Qh1+ 24. Ke2 Ba6+ 25. Qxa6 Rd8 26. Bf4 { Maroczy is consistent to teh very end } 26... Qxa1 27. Bd6+ Kf7 28. Qc4+ Kg6 29. e5 Qg1 30. Qc5 Qc1 31. exf6 gxf6 32. Be4+ Kh6 33. Qf5 1-0
[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reshevsky"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "E39"]
[PlyCount "77"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ A follow up to the previous game } 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Qc2 c5 5. dxc5 O-O 6. Nf3 Na6 7. Bd2 Nxc5 8. a3 Bxc3 9. Bxc3 b6 10. Ng5 Re8 $1 { The only defence against the threat of } ( 10... -- 11. Bxf6 Qxf6 12. Qxh7# ) ( 10... g6 11. b4 Na6 12. h4 h6 13. h5 $40 { winning attack } ) 11. b4 h6 $1 { Black must conduct his defence as vigorously as possible } ( 11... Na6 { White strengthens his position undisturbed } ) 12. h4 { We saw this type
of Knight sacrifice in Example 110. There is, however, the important
difference that after the acceptance in teh present case the attacker will
have immediate control of the h-file } 12... hxg5 { The logical continuation } ( 12... Na6 13. Rd1 Bb7 14. f3 { White controls the whole board } ) 13. bxc5 ( 13. hxg5 Nfe4 14. bxc5 Bb7 ( 14... Nxc3 15. Qh7+ Kf8 16. Qh8+ Ke7 17. Qxg7 Ne4 18. g6 Rf8 19. Qe5 Bb7 { Black is holding his own } ) 15. g3 Nxg5 16. O-O-O bxc5 17. e4 { White would have very good chances } ) 13... gxh4 { In general it is not wise for the defender to open files for the enemy Rooks.
However, } ( 13... g4 14. h5 e5 15. f3 { White would retain excellent chances } ) 14. Rxh4 bxc5 15. Qd3 $1 d6 ( 15... d5 16. Qh3 Kf8 17. cxd5 exd5 18. Rh8+ Ke7 19. Bxf6+ gxf6 20. Qe3+ Be6 21. Qxc5+ { White has a favourable endgame } ) 16. g4 $1 { White continues teh attack with this sharp riposte } ( 16. -- e5 ) 16... Bb7 $1 { We know from earlier examples that the defender must not hesitate to
give back some of his gains, or even put himself on the debit side of the
material balance sheet. Viewed in this light it is therefore of considerable
importance for the defender to be a pawn in hand } ( 16... Kf8 17. g5 Ng8 18. Rh8 -- 19. Qh7 ) 17. g5 Ne4 18. Rxe4 Bxe4 19. Qxe4 Qxg5 { The air has
cleared. Black has broken the direct attack, but this is not to say that all
danger of defeat is over. The position is indeed such that White's two Bishops
may well be worth more than Black's Rook and two pawns. An analysis of this
endgame, however, would fall outside our scope } 20. Qg2 Qh6 21. Qh3 Qxh3 22. Bxh3 Rab8 23. Bg2 Kf8 24. Kd2 Ke7 25. f4 f6 26. Kc2 Rh8 27. Bf3 Rh4 28. Rg1 Kf7 29. f5 $2 Rxc4 30. fxe6+ Kxe6 31. e4 g5 32. Rh1 Rxc3+ $1 33. Kxc3 Ke5 34. Rf1 Rf8 35. Bg2 f5 36. exf5 Rxf5 37. Re1+ Kf6 38. Kc4 Rf4+ 39. Kc3 1/2-1/2
[Event "Rio de Janeiro"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Panno"]
[Black "Rosetto"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "E53"]
[PlyCount "69"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Counterattack is the best form of defence } 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 e6 3. d4 Bb4 4. e3 O-O 5. Bd3 d5 6. Nf3 c5 7. O-O Nc6 8. a3 Bxc3 9. bxc3 dxc4 10. Bxc4 Qc7 11. Bb2 e5 12. h3 e4 13. Nd2 Ne7 14. a4 Ng6 ( 14... -- 15. Ba3 ) 15. Ba3 b6 16. Qe2 Nh4 17. dxc5 bxc5 18. Rab1 Re8 { With the advanced Black e-pawn
and the menacing Knight on h4, the White Kingside is under considerable
pressure. Having no way to further strengthen his Kingside position, White
strives for counterplay elsewhere } 19. Rb5 Bxh3 $5 { A promising sacrifice, which sets White some nasty problems } ( 19... Re5 20. f4 { Powerful counterstroke } 20... exf3 21. Nxf3 Nxf3+ 22. Qxf3 ) 20. gxh3 Qd7 21. f3 $1 { The liquidation of Black's e-pawn is a matter of life or death for White } ( 21. Rfb1 Qxh3 22. Qf1 Qg4+ 23. Kh1 Rad8 { Black would have many chances } ) 21... Rad8 22. Rb2 $1 { Strengthening the 2nd rank } 22... exf3 ( 22... -- 23. Bb5 ) 23. Nxf3 Qxh3 24. Bxf7+ { Signalling a clear refutation of Black's attack } 24... Kh8 25. Bxe8 Qg4+ 26. Kh2 Rxe8 27. Nxh4 Qxh4+ 28. Kg1 Qg5+ 29. Qg2 Qxe3+ 30. Qf2 Qg5+ 31. Kh1 h6 32. Qf5 ( 32. -- Re4 ) 32... Qe3 33. Bxc5 Qxc3 34. Rc2 Qb3 35. Rcf2 1-0
[Event "Hilversum"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1940.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Van Doesburg"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "C67"]
[PlyCount "53"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Combinative Defence } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Nf6 4. O-O Nxe4 5. d4 Be7 6. dxe5 O-O 7. Qe2 d5 8. exd6 Nxd6 9. Bxc6 bxc6 10. Be3 Bf6 11. c3 Re8 12. Rd1 Qe7 13. Nbd2 Nf5 14. Nf1 a5 15. Qc2 Nxe3 16. Nxe3 Qc5 17. Re1 Be6 { The Whte K
nights will be hard pressed to hold their own against Black's far-ranging
Bishops. Since Black is threatening further progress by ... Pa4-a3, White goes
in for the following combinative liquidation } 18. Nd4 $1 ( 18. -- a4 ) 18... Bxd4 19. cxd4 Qxd4 20. Qxc6 Qxb2 21. Nd5 { Black was threatening to gain a powerful outside passed pawn by 21. ... Bxa2 } ( 21. -- Bxa2 ) 21... Rac8 22. Nxc7 $1 { The clever point of the
defence. Now no matter what Black tries he cannot prevent the Knight from
escaping or White obtaining fully compensation by tactical means } 22... Re7 ( 22... Red8 23. Nxe6 Rxc6 24. Nxd8 Re6 25. Nxe6 ) ( 22... Qb8 23. Rec1 Red8 24. Rab1 Qa7 25. Nb5 $1 Rxc6 26. Nxa7 Rxc1+ 27. Rxc1 Bxa2 28. Nc6 Rc8 ( 28... Ra8 29. Nxa5 ) 29. Ne7+ $18 ) 23. Nd5 $1 Rxc6 24. Nxe7+ Kf8 25. Nxc6 Bxa2 26. Nxa5 g6 27. Rac1 1/2-1/2
[Event "Hastings"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Penrose"]
[Black "Larsen"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "B10"]
[PlyCount "42"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Active defence } 1. e4 c6 2. Nc3 d5 3. Nf3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 5. Nxf6+ gxf6 6. b3 Rg8 7. Bb2 Bh6 8. Qe2 Bg4 9. O-O-O Nd7 10. h3 Bh5 11. g4 Bg6 12. h4 { Now it seems Black is in real trouble; White threatens to win the Bg6 by Ph5.
A whisper went round the tournament room that Larsen's game was lost } 12... Nc5 $3 13. Kb1 { Unpinning the d-pawn in the belieft Black's has nothing better thatn } ( 13. h5 Be4 { temporary and rather shaky } ) ( 13. b4 Na6 14. h5 Bxc2 15. Kxc2 Nxb4+ 16. Kc1 Rxg4 { Black has three pawns for the piece and good
attacking chances, the net result being Black is better } ) 13... Qd5 $1 ( 13... Be4 14. d4 Bxf3 15. Qxf3 Ne6 16. d5 { White has a tremendous attack } ) 14. d3 { Controlling the e4 square } ( 14. b4 Ne6 15. h5 Be4 { Black is fine } ) 14... O-O-O $1 15. Bh3 $2 ( 15. h5 Be4 { pinning tactics on the d-pawn } ) ( 15. Bg2 Bf5 $1 16. gxf5 Rxg2 ) ( 15. Bg2 Bf5 16. Bh3 Bxg4 17. Bxg4+ Rxg4 18. Qxe7 ) 15... Ne6 16. g5 $2 ( 16. h5 Nf4 17. Qxe7 Qxf3 18. hxg6 fxg6 19. Qxf6 Rgf8 20. g5+ Nxh3 21. Qe6+ { White holds } ) 16... Bh5 { The Bishop which was virtually written off suddenly becomes a trump card } 17. Bxe6+ fxe6 18. Rh3 fxg5 19. hxg5 Rxg5 20. Bc1 Rf5 21. Bxh6 Bxf3 0-1
[Event "Berlin"]
[Site "Niendorf"]
[Date "1927.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Brinckmann"]
[Black "Nimzowitsch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "C10"]
[PlyCount "70"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Nimzowitsch as a defender } 1. e4 Nc6 2. d4 d5 3. exd5 Qxd5 4. Be3 e6 5. Be2 Qxg2 6. Bf3 Qg6 7. Ne2 { As compensation for his sacrificed pawn White has a
considerable lead in development, and this can lead to a direct attack if he
can open up the position. This can be achieved only one way - by the central
thrust Pd5 } 7... Nb4 { Typical Nimzowitsch! He is going to maneuver his
Knight to d5, in order to assert control over the vital d5 square, thus making
d5 problematic. This is the strategy which Nimzowitsch called centralization. 
A player of the old stame - such as Dr. Tarrasch - would have reacted to this
move with undisguised horror.  It is flagrant violation of the well known rule:
Do not play any piece twice in the opening } 8. Na3 Nd5 9. Nc4 ( 9. Nb5 c6 10. Nf4 Nxf4 11. Nc7+ Kd7 12. Nxa8 Ng2+ $13 ) 9... Qf6 10. Ng3 Qd8 $1 { Black explains his last two moves by the need to "overprotect" the central d5.
This is another of the ideas he introduced into practise. Strategically
important points must be overprotected. The pieces which will thereby be
well-placed, and as soon as the strategic point concerned finds itself in the
front line, the overprotecting pieces will automatically attain maximum
activity. Anyone who takes the trouble to glance back at the Steinitz chapter
may come to the conclusion that Steinitiz and Nimzowitsch perhaps stand closer
together than a superficial examination might suggest } 11. Qd2 Ngf6 12. Ne5 c6 $1 { With iron consistency Nimzowitsch persevers with his overprotection } 13. O-O ( 13. O-O-O Bb4 14. c3 Be7 15. -- Qc7 16. -- Bd7 ) 13... Bd6 14. Kh1 Qc7 { Castling is deferred. If Black castled Kingside at the present moment he would
run into a dangerous attack on the half-open g-file } 15. c4 Nxe3 16. Qxe3 c5 $5 { With the intention of a counterattack in the centre - dangerous
tactics while the opponent is better developed. Nimzowitsch correctly
concluded that 16. ... Nd7! would have been stronger than the move actually
played } ( 16... Nd7 $1 ) 17. Qg5 ( 17. Rae1 cxd4 18. Qxd4 ) ( 17. Nd3 cxd4 18. Qxd4 ) ( 17. Rfe1 cxd4 18. Qxd4 -- 19. Rad1 { harmonious development } ) 17... cxd4 18. Rae1 ( 18. Qxg7 Rg8 19. Qxf6 Bxe5 $17 ) 18... Kf8 $1 ( 18... O-O 19. Rg1 h6 20. Qf4 Bxe5 21. Rxe5 Nd7 22. Nh5 Qxe5 23. Qxh6 g6 24. Rg5 Qh8 25. Rxg6+ fxg6 26. Qxg6+ Qg7 27. Qxg7# ) 19. Rg1 h6 20. Qf4 Bxe5 21. Qxe5 ( 21. Rxe5 Nd7 ) 21... Qxe5 22. Rxe5 Nd7 ( 22... g6 23. Rd1 Ke7 24. Rxd4 Rd8 { Black wins easily } ) 23. Rb5 $2 ( 23. Ra5 ) 23... a6 24. Rb3 ( 24. Rb4 Ne5 25. Bg2 Nd3 $19 ) 24... Nc5 25. Ra3 Rb8 { The rest is easy } 26. b4 Nd7 27. c5 Ne5 28. Re1 Nxf3 29. Rxf3 Bd7 30. Rd3 Rd8 31. Kg1 Bb5 32. Rd2 Rd5 33. Ne4 Ke7 34. Nd6 $2 Rg5+ 35. Kh1 Bc6+ 0-1
[Event "Nederland"]
[Site "Nederland"]
[Date "1938.??.??"]
[Round "3"]
[White "Fine"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "C17"]
[PlyCount "87"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e5 c5 5. Bd2 cxd4 6. Nb5 Bxd2+ 7. Qxd2 Nc6 8. Nf3 f6 9. Qf4 Nh6 10. Nd6+ Kf8 11. Bb5 Nf7 $2 { This move is a serious error which should lose eventually } ( 11... Nxe5 $1 12. Nxe5 Ke7 13. Nxc8+ Rxc8 14. Bd3 Qa5+ 15. Kd1 fxe5 16. Qxe5 ) 12. Nxf7 Kxf7 13. Bxc6 bxc6 14. exf6 gxf6 ( 14... Qxf6 15. Qc7+ Qe7 16. Ne5+ Kf8 17. Qxe7+ Kxe7 18. Nxc6+ Kd6 19. Nxd4 $18 { winning endgame } ) 15. Ne5+ Kg7 ( 15... Ke8 16. Nxc6 Qd7 17. Nxd4 ) ( 15... Kg8 16. Qg3+ { Black always comes out a pawn down } ) 16. Qg3+ Kf8 17. Nxc6 Qd7 { There is no choice since the White Queen must not be allowed into d6 } ( 17... Qb6 18. Qd6+ Kf7 19. O-O-O e5 20. f4 $1 { White has a powerful attacking position } ) 18. Nxd4 e5 { A pawn down,
with an insecure King, Black is definitely lost. In the circumstances passive
play would be quite hopeless; the only chance is to adope an active policy.
Here, as in so many cases, the best method of defence is attack } 19. Nb3 Qf5 20. Qd3 d4 { It may ssem suprising that Black makes no attempt to avoid
the exchange of Queens. The points is that with the Queens off, the exposure
of the Black King would be less serious while White's other advantage, the
extra pawn, would become problematical since an endgame the far striding
Bishop would be more than a match for the White Knight } 21. O-O Rg8 { Exchance of Queens on d3 would create a closed type of position, with White's
d-pawn more or less restraining the Black centre pawns. This closed formation
would favour the Knight } 22. f4 Bb7 { The counter attack really becomes serious now } 23. Rf2 ( 23. Qxf5 Rxg2+ 24. Kh1 Rg6+ ) 23... Be4 24. Qd2 Kf7 $1 25. Re1 ( 25. fxe5 Rxg2+ 26. Rxg2 Bxg2 27. Kxg2 ( 27. Qxg2 Rg8 ) ( 27. Nxd4 Qxe5 28. Kxg2 Rg8+ 29. Kf1 Qe4 30. Re1 Qg4 ) ( 27. e6+ Qxe6 28. Nxd4 Qg4 $132 ) 27... Rg8+ 28. Kh1 Qf3+ ) 25... Rg4 26. Nc5 $2 ( 26. fxe5 Rxg2+ ( 26... Qxe5 27. h3 Rh4 28. Qxd4 Qxd4 29. Nxd4 Bxg2 30. Nf5 $16 ) 27. Rxg2 Bxg2 28. e6+ ) 26... Bxg2 $1 { A pretty combination which turns the tables } 27. Rxg2 Rag8 $1 28. Re2 exf4 29. Nb7 Qd5 30. Rxg4 { The Knight is lost. Now it is White who is struggling to hold the game } 30... Rxg4+ 31. Rg2 Rxg2+ 32. Qxg2 f3 $1 33. Qh3 Qg5+ ( 33... Qxb7 $4 34. Qxh7+ ) 34. Qg3 Qc1+ 35. Kf2 Qe3+ 36. Kf1 Qe2+ 37. Kg1 Qd1+ 38. Kf2 Qxc2+ 39. Kxf3 Qc6+ 40. Ke2 Qxb7 { The success achieved by Black in this phase shows that
even in apparently lost position there can be practical chances - a fact that
Lasker repeatedly used in many of his wins } 41. b3 Qe4+ 42. Kd2 Qe5 ( 42... f5 ) 43. Qh3 Qg5+ ( 43... Qe4 ) 44. Kd3 1/2-1/2
[Event "Monte Carlo"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1902.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Popiel"]
[Black "Marco"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[FEN "7k/1b1r2p1/p6p/1p2qN2/3bP3/3Q4/P5PP/1B1R3K b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "1"]
[SetUp "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ A premature Resignation  Marco Resigned in this position, under the
impression that he must lose a piece due to the pin on the Bd4. There is
something to be said for resigning in a hopelss position, and saving oneself
unnecessary brainracking. In this position, however, there was no need to
resign; on the contrary! } 1... Bg1 $1 { Black could not only have saved the
game but actually won it. This case of premature resignation is a classic
example for the advocates of the motto: "No game was ever won by resigning it" } 1-0
[Event "Leeuwarden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1954.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Waling"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[FEN "r2r4/1p2q1kp/5pb1/1Pnp2p1/8/2R1PNP1/1Q2BPP1/5RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "11"]
[SetUp "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ A defence that failed } 1. Nxg5 $5 { Black resigned } 1... Na4 ( 1... fxg5 2. Rxc5+ ) 2. Qa3 Qe5 $1 ( 2... Qxa3 3. Ne6+ Kg8 4. Rxa3 Rdc8 5. Rfa1 Nb6 6. Rxa8 Rxa8 7. Rxa8+ Nxa8 8. Kf1 Nb6 9. Nc5 Nc4 10. Nxb7 Be8 11. Bxc4 dxc4 12. Nd6 ) 3. Rc7+ Kg8 4. Qe7 Qxe7 5. Rxe7 fxg5 6. Rxb7 { White has only slender drawing chances } 1-0
[Event "Portoroz"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pachman"]
[Black "Neikirch"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[FEN "2r2rk1/pb2qppp/1p2p3/nR2B3/3P1P2/2PB4/P3Q1PP/3R2K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "9"]
[SetUp "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Another unsuccessful defence } 1. Bxh7+ Kxh7 2. Qh5+ Kg8 3. Bxg7 { This is the celebrated double Bishop sacrifice } 3... f5 $1 ( 3... f6 4. Bxf6 Rxf6 ( 4... Qxf6 5. Rg5+ Qxg5 6. Qxg5+ Kf7 7. f5 { decisive attack } ) 5. Rg5+ Qg7 6. Rd3 $1 ) 4. Be5 $5 ( 4. Bxf8 Kxf8 5. Rd3 Ba6 6. Rg3 Qf7 { White has no good moves } ) 4... Nc4 $4 ( 4... Qh7 5. Qg5+ Kf7 6. d5 $1 ( 6. Qf6+ Ke8 7. Qxe6+ Qe7 $19 ) 6... Bxd5 7. Rbxd5 exd5 8. Rxd5 $18 Ke8 $1 $19 { Now White has no compensation for the Rook } ) 5. Qg6+ 1-0
[Event "04"]
[Site "Mar del Plata"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Czerniak"]
[Black "Eliskases"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[FEN "1k6/1P3ppp/P1n1r1r1/8/3Pq3/1Q4PP/5P2/RR4K1 w - - 0 37"]
[PlyCount "8"]
[SetUp "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ The attacker can also slip up; a miraculous triump for the defence } 37. a7+ { This looks a clever move, but appearances are deceptive. } ( 37. d5 ) 37... Nxa7 38. Rxa7 Rb6 $3 39. Qxb6 Rxg3+ 40. fxg3 Qe3+ { The White King has no escape from perpetual check } 1/2-1/2
[Event "Vienna (01)"]
[Site "Vienna (01)"]
[Date "1922.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Reti"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "C77"]
[PlyCount "122"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Attack and Defence hold one another in equilibrium } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. Nc3 b5 6. Bb3 Bc5 7. Nxe5 Nxe5 8. d4 Bd6 9. dxe5 Bxe5 10. f4 Bxc3+ 11. bxc3 O-O 12. e5 c5 $1 { Counterattack is the only good defense } ( 12... Ne4 13. Qd5 ) ( 12... Ne8 ) ( 12... Re8 13. O-O { The Knight has no escape squares } ) 13. Ba3 $1 { Preventing ... Pc4 and seemingly refuting Black's last move } ( 13. exf6 Re8+ 14. Kf1 c4 $17 { Black has the better game } ) 13... Qa5 $1 { One suprise after the other } 14. O-O Qxa3 15. exf6 c4 { Once more the
picture has changed. Black now seems to have the upper hand, but ... } 16. Qd5 $1 { With the powerful threat of mate on g7 (via g5) and Qxa8 } 16... Qa5 $1 { Meeting both threats } 17. fxg7 ( 17. Qg5 Qb6+ ) ( 17. Qxa8 Qb6+ 18. Kh1 Bb7 { winning the Queen } ) 17... Qb6+ 18. Kh1 Kxg7 19. Bxc4 $1 Bb7 ( 19... bxc4 20. Qxa8 Bb7 21. Rab1 $1 Qxb1 22. Qxf8+ $18 ) 20. Qe5+ Qf6 21. Bd3 Rfe8 ( 21... Qxe5 22. fxe5 Rac8 23. Rf4 Rxc3 24. Rg4+ Kh8 25. Rh4 $16 ) 22. Qh5 h6 23. Qg4+ Kh8 24. Qxd7 Re7 25. Qd4 Qxd4 { Black decides to enter a
critical endgame. The decision whether an ending is won or drawn is often more
a matter of intuition than calculation. In this case it seems that Black has
scant compensation for his two lost pawns; however, Reti, who was a clebrated
composer of endgame studies, has decided otherwise } 26. cxd4 Rd8 27. f5 f6 ( 27... Rxd4 28. f6 ( 28. Kg1 f6 29. Rae1 Rg7 { transposes into the game } ) 28... Re6 29. Rae1 Rg4 $17 ) 28. Rae1 Rg7 29. Be4 Rxd4 30. Bxb7 Rxb7 31. Re6 Kg7 32. Rxa6 Rc4 { The text is sufficient to hold the game } ( 32... Ra4 33. Rxa4 bxa4 ) 33. Rf3 Rxc2 34. h3 Kf7 35. Rg3 Rf2 36. Rg6 Rxf5 37. Rxh6 Kg7 38. Rh4 b4 39. Rg4+ Kf7 40. Rg3 Rfb5 41. Rb3 Kg6 42. Kh2 Rc5 43. Ra4 Rcb5 44. h4 R5b6 45. Kh3 Rb8 46. g3 f5 47. Ra5 Rc8 48. Rf3 Rf6 49. Kg2 Rc3 50. Ra8 Rxf3 51. Kxf3 Rc6 52. Rg8+ Kf6 53. Rf8+ Kg6 54. Rb8 Rc4 55. Rb6+ Kg7 56. h5 Rd4 57. Rc6 Re4 58. Rg6+ Kf7 59. g4 Rxg4 60. Rxg4 fxg4+ 61. Kxg4 Kg7 1/2-1/2
[Event "Munich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Padevsky"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[ECO "A00"]
[PlyCount "85"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Another defence based on going over to the endgame } 1. Nf3 Nf6 2. d4 g6 3. c4 Bg7 4. Nc3 d5 5. e3 O-O 6. Qb3 e6 7. Bd2 b6 8. Rc1 Bb7 9. Bd3 c6 10. O-O Nbd7 11. cxd5 exd5 12. e4 dxe4 13. Nxe4 c5 14. Rfe1 { Relatively best but Black still retains the advantage } ( 14. Nd6 Bxf3 ) ( 14. Bg5 h6 ) ( 14. Nxf6+ Qxf6 15. Bg5 Qd6 16. Rfe1 Bxf3 17. gxf3 ( 17. Be7 Qf4 ) 17... Bxd4 18. Be7 Bxf2+ ) 14... cxd4 15. Bb4 Nxe4 $1 ( 15... Re8 16. Nd6 ) 16. Bxe4 ( 16. Bxf8 Qxf8 17. Bxe4 Bxe4 18. Rxe4 Nc5 ) 16... Bxe4 17. Rxe4 { White hopes to surmount his difficulties with this course. } 17... Nc5 $1 ( 17... Re8 18. Rf4 Bh6 19. Rxf7 $1 ) ( 17... Nf6 18. Rxd4 ) 18. Bxc5 Rc8 $1 { Wthie's strategy has failed } 19. Bxf8 $1 { A pawn sacrifice in order to force a barely tenable ending } ( 19. Nxd4 Bxd4 20. Rxd4 Qxd4 $1 21. Bxd4 Rxc1+ ) ( 19. Qa3 Qd5 20. Ree1 bxc5 21. Qxa7 c4 { Black's mobile pawns are dangerous } ) 19... Rxc1+ 20. Re1 Rxe1+ 21. Nxe1 Bxf8 22. Nd3 { The Knight's blockade on the light squares will be the
key to White's drawing strategy } 22... Qd7 23. a4 Qe6 { Although usually
a Queen trade facilitates the exploitation of the extra pawn, in this case it
seems that Black would have done better to keep Queens on the board } 24. Qxe6 fxe6 25. f4 { Black's extra pawns proves to be without significance } 25... Kf7 26. Kf2 Ke7 27. Kf3 Kd6 28. Ke4 Bg7 29. b3 $1 a5 30. g4 Bf6 31. h3 Kc6 32. Nf2 Bh8 33. Nd3 b5 34. axb5+ Kxb5 35. h4 h5 36. g5 Bg7 37. Kf3 a4 38. bxa4+ Kxa4 39. Ke4 Kb3 40. Nc5+ Kc2 41. Nd3 Kc3 42. Nf2 Kc4 43. Nd3 1/2-1/2
[Event "06"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1940.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "33: Typical Maneuvering"]
[FEN "3q4/1kr3p1/1prp1p1p/p3pP2/P1P1P1PP/1P3Q2/4K2R/3R4 w - - 0 35"]
[PlyCount "41"]
[SetUp "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ In this position - a pendant to the previous game - Black has just played ...
Pf6. Clearly White will now maneuver for the pawn breakthrough with Pg5, but
first he seeks to position his pieces into their best locations to support the
breakthrough } 35. Rg2 Rc8 36. Rg3 Qd7 37. Qd3 Qf7 38. Rh1 Rh8 39. Rhh3 ( 39. Rgh3 { expected } ) 39... Rcc8 { indirectly defending the d-pawn } 40. g5 $5 { This gives no clear result. From an objective point of view it would have been
better to continue manueverig for a more favourable opportunity with Rooks
doubled on the h-file } ( 40. Qxd6 Rhd8 41. Qa3 ( 41. Qe6 Qxe6 42. fxe6 Rd4 $132 ) ) 40... hxg5 41. hxg5 Qc7 42. Qd5+ Ka7 43. Rd3 Rxh3 $2 { allows White to achive his goals } ( 43... fxg5 44. Rxh8 Rxh8 45. Qxd6 Qxd6 46. Rxd6 Rh4 47. Ke3 Rh3+ 48. Kd2 { excellent drawing chances } ) 44. Rxh3 fxg5 45. Rh7 Qe7 { preventing Pf6 } 46. Kf3 Rf8 47. Kg4 Rf7 { The strong position of the White King made Qe6 a serious threat } 48. b4 $1 { Opening a second front. This theme will be cropping up continually inconnection
with maneuvering. This new breakthrough leads to a strong attack against the
Black King } ( 48. Qe6 Qxe6 49. fxe6 Re7 50. Kf5 Rb7 { White has some problems making progress } ) 48... axb4 49. a5 Qb7 { Black attempts to keep the b-pawn in the hope of making counterchances with it. } ( 49... bxa5 50. Qxa5+ Kb7 51. Qxb4+ Kc7 52. Qa5+ { The decisive entry of the White Rook can't be prevented } ) 50. axb6+ Kxb6 51. Qxd6+ Ka7 52. Qxe5 b3 53. Rh3 $1 Rf6 ( 53... b2 54. Ra3+ ) ( 53... -- 54. Qa5+ Kb8 55. Rh8+ ) 54. Qd4+ Rb6 ( 54... Qb6 55. Qd7+ Ka6 56. Qa4+ { the b-pawn falls } ) 55. Rxb3 1-0
[Event "Manchester"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1890.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Muller"]
[Black "Tarrasch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "34: How Tarrasch Maneuvered"]
[EventDate "1890.??.??"]
[FEN "2r2bk1/2rq3p/4b1p1/p4pP1/1ppPpP2/P3P1P1/1PR2K2/1NR1QN2 w - - 0 40"]
[PlyCount "72"]
[SetUp "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{ Tarrach commented that in position of this sort he like to move to and fro on
principle, to induce his opponent to weaken his position, or, failing at that,
at least convince him of his helplessness } 40. Nfd2 Qg7 41. Nf1 Qd7 42. Nfd2 b3 { Winning the exchange, though a difficult struggle lies ahead as teh
White Knights are well-suited to a closed position like this } 43. Rc3 Bb4 44. Nf1 $1 ( 44. axb4 axb4 { Black would win easily as his Rooks would have
the a-file for the invasion of White's position } ) 44... Bxc3 45. Nxc3 h6 $1 { The only way to obtaing an open file for the Rooks } 46. gxh6 Kh7 ( 46... Qh7 47. Na4 { The Knight becomes very active } ) 47. g4 Kxh6 48. g5+ Kg7 49. Qd2 Bd5 { Black cannot allow the advance of the d-pawn } 50. Ng3 Rh8 51. Rh1 Rxh1 52. Nxh1 Rc8 53. Kg1 Rh8 54. Qg2 Kf7 { The King moves across
to guard the Bishop and release the Queen for duties on the open h-file } 55. Nf2 Kf8 56. Qg3 Bc6 57. Kg2 Qh7 { Now Black is not afraid of Pd5, the
White position being such that the advanced d-pawn could be easily won } 58. Kg1 Qh5 59. Kg2 Kf7 60. Kg1 Ke6 61. Kg2 Kd6 62. Kf1 Qf3 63. Qxf3 exf3 64. Kg1 { Now comes the most attractive part of the game. Tarrasch maneuvers so that the
Knights are slowly but surely restricted in their activities } 64... Bb7 65. Nb5+ Kd7 66. Nc3 Ba8 67. Na4 ( 67. Nfd1 Rh1+ $3 68. Kxh1 f2+ ) 67... Be4 $1 68. Nc3 ( 68. Nb6+ Ke6 69. Nxc4 Rc8 $1 ) ( 68. Nc5+ Kc6 69. Ncxe4 fxe4 70. Nxe4 Re8 { The Black Rook forces entry into White's defences } ) 68... Bc2 { Now White is in zugzwang } 69. Nh1 ( 69. Na4 Kc6 70. Nc3 Re8 71. Ncd1 Bxd1 72. Nxd1 c3 73. bxc3 Rxe3 ) 69... Rh3 70. Nf2 Rg3+ 71. Kf1 Bd3+ 72. Ke1 Rg1+ 73. Kd2 Rf1 74. Nxd3 ( 74. Nfd1 f2 75. -- Rxd1+ 76. Nxd1 f1=Q ) ( 74. Ncd1 Bc2 75. Kc1 Bxd1 ) 74... cxd3 75. Kxd3 Rc1 0-1
[Event "St Petersburg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1909.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Salwe"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "35: Lasker's Maneuvering Skill"]
[ECO "C62"]
[PlyCount "129"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 d6 4. d4 Bd7 5. Nc3 Nf6 6. O-O Be7 7. Bg5 exd4 8. Nxd4 O-O 9. Bxc6 bxc6 10. Qd3 Re8 11. Rae1 c5 12. Nb3 Ng4 13. Bxe7 Rxe7 14. f4 Rb8 15. h3 Nh6 16. f5 ( 16. g4 { Lasker recommended this afterwards. The move
played has in any case the disadvantage of giving Black free use of e5 and g5 } ) 16... f6 17. Nd5 Re8 18. c4 Nf7 19. Qc3 Re5 20. Nd2 c6 21. Nf4 Qb6 22. b3 Rbe8 23. Qg3 Kh8 24. Nh5 Rg8 25. Rf4 Qd8 26. Nf3 Re7 { The weakness
of Black's d-pawn is balanced by the weakness of the White e-pawn, so that
White's only real advantage is some spatial superiority. The attack on the
enemy King soon comes to a full stop } 27. Rh4 ( 27. Rg4 Qf8 { adequate defence } ) 27... Qe8 28. Qf2 { Now a typical phase of tacking begins. } ( 28. Nf4 Nh6 { gets nowhere } ) 28... Rf8 29. Qd2 { Not quite as innocent as it looks } 29... Qb8 30. Kh1 Rfe8 31. Rg4 Rg8 { The best defence } ( 31... Nh6 32. Nxf6 ( 32. Rxg7 $1 Rxg7 33. Qxh6 Rf7 34. Nxf6 Ref8 35. Ng5 $18 ) 32... Nxg4 33. Nxe8 ) 32. Rd1 { Strengthening the pressure against the d-pawn } 32... Qb4 { Searching for
counterplay. It appears from the sequel, however, that the Queen would have
done better to stay at home } ( 32... Qe8 ) 33. Qf2 Qc3 34. Qh4 Nh6 35. Rf4 Nf7 36. Kh2 Rge8 37. Qg3 Rg8 { The Queen is out of play and cannot defend the critical d6 } 38. Rh4 $1 ( 38. Rg4 Nh6 39. Rh4 d5 40. cxd5 cxd5 41. Rxd5 Bc6 { counterattack based on White's weak e-pawn } ) 38... g5 ( 38... d5 39. cxd5 cxd5 40. Nf4 ) 39. fxg6 ( 39. Rg4 Be8 ) 39... Rxg6 40. Qf2 f5 ( 40... -- 41. Rf4 { the f-pawn comes under heavy pressure } ) 41. Nf4 Rf6 42. Ne2 Qb2 43. Rd2 Qa1 44. Ng3 Kg8 ( 44... -- 45. exf5 Bxf5 46. Nxf5 Rxf5 47. Rxh7+ $1 Kxh7 48. Qh4+ Kg7 49. Qxe7 ) 45. exf5 Bxf5 46. Nd4 $1 ( 46. Nxf5 Rxf5 47. Rxh7 Rxf3 $1 $132 ( 47... Qf6 ) ) 46... cxd4 47. Nxf5 Kf8 48. Qxd4 Qxd4 49. Nxd4 Ne5 50. Rh5 Ref7 51. c5 { Lasker plays the ending with great skill. this move leads to a
four Rook ending, and such endings routinely allow many drawing chances;
lasker has seen, however, that in the present case his advantage will quickly
prove decisive } 51... dxc5 52. Rxe5 cxd4 53. Rxd4 Rf2 54. Rd8+ Kg7 55. Ra5 Rc2 56. a3 $1 { In order to avoid losing the a-pawn after R7f2 } ( 56. -- Rff2 ) 56... c5 57. Rc8 Rb2 58. Rb5 Rff2 59. Rb7+ Kg6 60. Rc6+ Rf6 61. Rxc5 Ra6 62. a4 $1 Rf6 ( 62... Rxa4 63. Rc6+ Kf5 64. Rb5+ Ke4 65. bxa4 $1 ) 63. Rc3 a6 64. Rg3+ Kh6 65. Rgg7 1-0