Καρλ Πίρσον

Ο Καρλ Πίρσον (Karl Pearson ; γεννημένος ως Carl Pearson ; 27 Μαρτίου 1857 - 27 Απριλίου 1936) ήταν Άγγλος μαθηματικός. Καθιέρωσε τον κλάδο της στατιστικής και ίδρυσε το πρώτο ακαδημαϊκό τμήμα στατιστικής παγκοσμίως στο Πανεπιστήμιο του Λονδίνου το 1911 ενώ συνεισέφερε σημαντικά στον κλάδο της βιομετρικής και μετεωρολογίας. Ο Πίρσον ήταν υποστηρικτής του κοινωνικού δαρβινισμού και της καλλιγένειας. Υπήρξε ο ευνοούμενος και ο βιογράφος του σερ Φράνσις Γκάλτον. Επιμελήθηκε και ολοκλήρωσε τόσο το Common Sense of the Exact Sciences (1885) του Γουίλιαμ Κίνγκτον Κλίφορντ και το History of the Theory of Elasticity, τόμος 1 (1886–1893) και τόμος 2 (1893) του Ισαάκ Τοντχάντερ, μετά τον θάνατό τους.

 Ο Πίρσον έλαβε ευρεία αναγνώριση σε μια πληθώρα κλάδων και τα βραβεία του από ποικίλα επαγγελματικά σώματα αντανακλώνται ως εξής : 1896: εξελέγη συνεργάτης της Βασιλικής Κοινωνίας 1898: βραβεύτηκε με το βραβείο Δαρβίνου 1911: βραβεύτηκε με τον τίτλο του επίτιμου διδάκτορα από το Πανεπιστήμιο του Σαιντ Άντριους 1911: βραβεύτηκε ως διδάκτορας από το Πανεπιστήμιο του Λονδίνου 1920: του προσφέρθηκε (και αρνήθηκε) ο OBE 1932: βραβεύτηκε με το μετάλλιο Rudolf Virchow από το Berliner Anthropologische Gesellschaft 1935: του προσφέρθηκε (και αρνήθηκε) του αξίωμα του ιππότη Pearson, Karl (1880). The New Werther. C, Kegan Paul & Co. Pearson, Karl (1882). The Trinity: A Nineteenth Century Passion-play. Cambridge: E. Johnson. Pearson, Karl (1887). Die Fronica. Strassburg: K.J. Trübner Pearson, Karl (1887). The Moral Basis of Socialism. William Reeves, London. Pearson, Karl (1888). The Ethic of Freethought. London: T. Fisher Unwin. Rep. University Press of the Pacific, 2002. Pearson, Karl (1892). The Grammar of Science. London: Walter Scott. Dover Publications, 2004 (ISBN 0-486-49581-7) Pearson, Karl (1892). The New University for London: A Guide to its History and a Criticism of its Defects. London: T. Fisher Unwin. Pearson, K (1896). «Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution. III. Regression, Heredity and Panmixia». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 187: 253–318. doi:10.1098/rsta.1896.0007. Bibcode: 1896RSPTA.187..253P. Pearson, Karl (1897). The Chances of Death and Other Studies in Evolution, 2 Vol. London: Edward Arnold. Pearson, Karl (1904). On the Theory of Contingency and its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1905). On the General Theory of Skew Correlation and Non-linear Regression. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1906). A Mathematical Theory of Random Migration. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1907). Studies in National Deterioration. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl, & Pollard, A.F. Campbell (1907). An Experimental Study of the Stresses in Masonry Dams. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1907). A First Study of the Statistics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl, & Barrington, Amy (1909). A First Study of the Inheritance of Vision and of the Relative Influence of Heredity and Environment on Sight. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl; Reynolds, W. D., & Stanton, W. F. (1909). On a Practical Theory of Elliptical and Pseudo-elliptical Arches, with Special Reference to the Ideal Masonry Arch. Pearson, Karl (1909). The Groundwork of Eugenics. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1909). The Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of National Eugenics. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl, & Barrington, Amy (1910). A Preliminary Study of Extreme Alcoholism in Adults. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl, & Elderton, Ethel M. (1910). A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1910). The Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring: A Reply to the Cambridge Economists. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl, & Elderton, Ethel M. (1910). A Second Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1911). An Attempt to Correct some of the Misstatements Made by Sir Victor Horsley and Mary D. Sturge, M.D. in the Criticisms of the Galton Laboratory Memoir: A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism, &c. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl; Nettleship, Edward, & Usher, Charles (1911–1913). A Monograph on Albinism in Man, 2 Vol. London: Dulau & Co., Ltd. Pearson, Karl (1912). The Problem of Practical Eugenics. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1912). Tuberculosis, Heredity and Environment. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1913). On the Correlation of Fertility with Social Value: A Cooperative Study. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl, & Jaederholm, Gustav A. (1914). Mendelism and the Problem of Mental Defect, II: On the Continuity of Mental Defect. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl; Williams, M.H., & Bell, Julia (1914). A Statistical Study of Oral Temperatures in School Children Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2016-10-09 στο Wayback Machine.. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1914-24-30). The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton, 3 Vol. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pearson, Karl (1915). Some Recent Misinterpretations of the Problem of Nurture and Nature. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl; Young, A.W., & Elderton, Ethel (1918). On the Torsion Resulting from Flexure in Prisms with Cross-sections of Uni-axial Symmetry Only. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl, & Bell, Julia (1919). A Study of the Long Bones of the English Skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl (1920). The Science of Man: its Needs and its Prospects. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl, & Karn, Mary Noel (1922). Study of the Data Provided by a Baby-clinic in a Large Manufacturing Town. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl (1922). Francis Galton, 1822–1922: A Centenary Appreciation. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl (1923). On the Relationship of Health to the Psychical and Physical Characters in School Children. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl (1926). On the Skull and Portraits of George Buchanan. Edinburgh, London: Oliver & Boyd.Άρθρα Pearson, Karl (1883). «Maimonides and Spinoza». Mind 8 (31): 338–353. doi:10.1093/mind/os-VIII.31.338. https://archive.org/stream/mindreview08edinuoft#page/338/mode/2up. Pearson, Karl (1885). «On a Certain Atomic Hypothesis». Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 14: 71–120. Pearson, Karl (1890). «On Wöhler's Experiments on Alternating Stress». The Messenger of Mathematics XX: 21–37. https://archive.org/stream/messengermathem02unkngoog#page/n16/mode/2up. Pearson, Karl (1891). «Ether Squirts». American Journal of Mathematics 13 (4): 309–72. doi:10.2307/2369570. Pearson, Karl (1897). "On Telegony in Man," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LX, pp. 273–283. Pearson, Karl (1897). "On a Form of Spurious Correlation which May Arise when Indices are Used in the Measurement of Organs," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LX, pp. 489–502. Pearson, Karl (1899). «On the Reconstruction of the Stature of Prehistoric Races». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 192: 169–243. doi:10.1098/rsta.1899.0004. Bibcode: 1899RSPTA.192..169P. https://archive.org/stream/philosophicaltr53britgoog#page/n200/mode/2up. Pearson, Karl; Lee, Alice; Bramley-Moore, Leslie (1899). «Genetic (Reproductive) Selection». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 192: 257–330. doi:10.1098/rsta.1899.0006. Bibcode: 1899RSPTA.192..257P. https://archive.org/stream/philosophicaltr53britgoog#page/n294/mode/2up. Pearson, Karl, & Whiteley, M.A. (1899). "Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man, I: A First Study of the Variability and Correlation of the Hand," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LXV, pp. 126–151. Pearson, Karl, & Beeton, Mary (1899). "Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man, II: A First Study on the Inheritance of Longevity and the Selective Death-rate in Man," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LXV, pp. 290–305. Pearson, Karl (1900). "On the Law of Reversion," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LXVI, pp. 140–164. Pearson, Karl; Beeton, M., & Yule, G.U. (1900). "On the Correlation Between Duration of Life and the Number of Offspring," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LXVII, pp. 159–179. Pearson, Karl (1900). "On the Criterion that a Given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is Such that it can be Reasonably Supposed to Have Arisen from Random Sampling," Philosophical Magazine, 5th Series, Vol. L, pp. 157–175. Pearson, Karl (1901). "On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points in Space," Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2018-06-22 στο Wayback Machine. Philosophical Magazine, 6th Series, Vol. II, pp. 559–572. Pearson, Karl (1902–1903). "The Law of Ancestral Heredity," Biometrika, Vol. II, pp. 221–229. Pearson, Karl (1903). "On a General Theory of the Method of False Position", Philosophical Magazine, 6th Series, Vol. 5, pp. 658–668. Pearson, Karl (1907). "On the Influence of Past Experience on Future Expectation," Philosophical Magazine, 6th Series, Vol. XIII, pp. 365–378. Pearson, Karl, & Gibson, Winifred (1907). "Further Considerations on the Correlations of Stellar Characters," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. LXVIII, pp. 415–448. Pearson, Karl (1910). «A Myth About Edward the Confessor». The English Historical Review 25: 517–520. doi:10.1093/ehr/xxv.xcix.517. https://archive.org/stream/englishhistorica25londuoft#page/516/mode/2up. Pearson, Karl (1920). «The Problems of Anthropology». The Scientific Monthly 11 (5): 451–458. Bibcode: 1920SciMo..11..451P. https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-monthly_1920-11_11_5/page/451. Pearson, Karl (1930). "On a New Theory of Progressive Evolution," Annals of Eugenics, Vol. IV, Nos. 1–2, pp. 1–40. Pearson, Karl (1931). "On the Inheritance of Mental Disease," Annals of Eugenics, Vol. IV, Nos. 3–4, pp. 362–380.Miscellany Pearson, Karl (1885). The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench & Co. (editor). Pearson, Karl (1886–1893). A History of the Theory of Elasticity and of the Strength of Materials from Galilei to the Present Time, Vol. 2, Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press (editor). Pearson, Karl (1889). The Elastical Researches of Barré de Saint-Venant. Cambridge University Press (editor). Pearson, Karl (1888). The Positive Creed of Freethought: with Some Remarks on the Relation of Freethought to Socialism. Being a Lecture Delivered at South Place Institute. London: William Reeves. Pearson, Karl (1901). National Life from the Stand-point of Science: An Address Delivered at Newcastle. London: Adam & Charles Black. Pearson, Karl (1908). A Second Study of the Statistics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Marital Infection. London: Dulau & Co. (editor). Pearson, Karl (1910). Nature and Nurture, the Problem of the Future: A Presidential Address. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1911). The Academic Aspect of the Science of Eugenics: A Lecture Delivered to Undergraduates. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1912). Treasury of Human Inheritance, 2 Vol. Dulau & Co., London (editor). Pearson, Karl (1912). Eugenics and Public Health: An Address to Public Health Officers. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1912). Darwinism, Medical Progress and Eugenics. The Cavendish Lecture: An Address to the Medical Profession. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1912). Social Problems, their Treatment, Past, Present, and Future: A Lecture. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1914). On the Handicapping of the First-born: Being a Lecture Delivered at the Galton Laboratory. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1914). Tables for Statisticians and Biometricians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (editor). Pearson, Karl (1919–22). Tracts for Computers. Cambridge University Press (editor). Pearson, Karl (1921). Side Lights on the Evolution of Man: Being a Lecture Delivered at the Royal Institution. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl (1922). Tables of the Incomplete Γ-Function. London: Pub. for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research by H.M. Stationery Office. Pearson, Karl (1923). Charles Darwin, 1809–1882: An Appreciation. Being a Lecture Delivered to the Teachers of the London County Council. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl (1927). The Right of the Unborn Child: Being a Lecture Delivered... to Teachers from the London County Council Schools. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl (1934). Tables of the Incomplete Beta-function. Cambridge University Press. 2nd ed., 1968 (editor). Eisenhart, Churchill (1974). Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 10, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 447–473. Norton, Bernard J (1978). «Karl Pearson and Statistics: The Social Origins of Scientific Innovation». Social Studies of Science 8 (1): 3–34. doi:10.1177/030631277800800101. PMID 11615697. http://www2.fiu.edu/~blissl/Pearson1.pdf. Pearson, E. S. (1938). Karl Pearson: An Appreciation of Some Aspects of his Life and Work. Cambridge University Press. Porter, T. M. (2004). Karl Pearson: The Scientific Life in a Statistical Age, Princeton University Press. (ISBN 978-0-691-12635-7). O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., «Καρλ Πίρσον», MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pearson.html . Καρλ Πίρσον στο Mathematics Genealogy Project John Aldrich's Karl Pearson: a Reader's Guide at the University of Southampton (contains many useful links to further sources of information). Encyclopædia Britannica Karl Pearson Gavan Tredoux's Francis Galton website, galton.org, contains Pearson's biography of Francis Galton, and several other papers – in addition to nearly all of Galton's own published works. Karl Pearson and the Origins of Modern Statistics at The Rutherford Journal. Nock, Albert Jay, "A New Science and Its Findings", The American Magazine (The Phillips Publishing Co.) LXXIII (5): 577 (March 1912) "Biometrika" from The Doctor's Dilemma by George Bernard Shaw «Pearson, Karl». Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. "Studies in the history of probability and statistics, L: Karl Pearson and the Rule of Three", Stigler 2012 From Masaryk to Karl Pearson, Philosophy as Scientia Scientiarum