Please answer the given financial question based on the context.
Context: liquidity monitoring and measurement stress testing liquidity stress testing is performed for each of citi 2019s major entities , operating subsidiaries and/or countries . stress testing and scenario analyses are intended to quantify the potential impact of an adverse liquidity event on the balance sheet and liquidity position , and to identify viable funding alternatives that can be utilized . these scenarios include assumptions about significant changes in key funding sources , market triggers ( such as credit ratings ) , potential uses of funding and geopolitical and macroeconomic conditions . these conditions include expected and stressed market conditions as well as company-specific events . liquidity stress tests are conducted to ascertain potential mismatches between liquidity sources and uses over a variety of time horizons and over different stressed conditions . liquidity limits are set accordingly . to monitor the liquidity of an entity , these stress tests and potential mismatches are calculated with varying frequencies , with several tests performed daily . given the range of potential stresses , citi maintains contingency funding plans on a consolidated basis and for individual entities . these plans specify a wide range of readily available actions for a variety of adverse market conditions or idiosyncratic stresses . short-term liquidity measurement : liquidity coverage ratio ( lcr ) in addition to internal liquidity stress metrics that citi has developed for a 30-day stress scenario , citi also monitors its liquidity by reference to the lcr , as calculated pursuant to the u.s . lcr rules . generally , the lcr is designed to ensure that banks maintain an adequate level of hqla to meet liquidity needs under an acute 30-day stress scenario . the lcr is calculated by dividing hqla by estimated net outflows over a stressed 30-day period , with the net outflows determined by applying prescribed outflow factors to various categories of liabilities , such as deposits , unsecured and secured wholesale borrowings , unused lending commitments and derivatives- related exposures , partially offset by inflows from assets maturing within 30 days . banks are required to calculate an add-on to address potential maturity mismatches between contractual cash outflows and inflows within the 30-day period in determining the total amount of net outflows . the minimum lcr requirement is 100% ( 100 % ) , effective january 2017 . pursuant to the federal reserve board 2019s final rule regarding lcr disclosures , effective april 1 , 2017 , citi began to disclose lcr in the prescribed format . the table below sets forth the components of citi 2019s lcr calculation and hqla in excess of net outflows for the periods indicated : in billions of dollars dec . 31 , sept . 30 , dec . 31 .
|in billions of dollars|dec . 31 2017|sept . 30 2017|dec . 31 2016|
|hqla|$ 446.4|$ 448.6|$ 403.7|
|net outflows|364.3|365.1|332.5|
|lcr|123% ( 123 % )|123% ( 123 % )|121% ( 121 % )|
|hqla in excess of net outflows|$ 82.1|$ 83.5|$ 71.3|
note : amounts set forth in the table above are presented on an average basis . as set forth in the table above , citi 2019s lcr increased year- over-year , as the increase in the hqla ( as discussed above ) more than offset an increase in modeled net outflows . the increase in modeled net outflows was primarily driven by changes in assumptions , including changes in methodology to better align citi 2019s outflow assumptions with those embedded in its resolution planning . sequentially , citi 2019s lcr remained unchanged . long-term liquidity measurement : net stable funding ratio ( nsfr ) in 2016 , the federal reserve board , the fdic and the occ issued a proposed rule to implement the basel iii nsfr requirement . the u.s.-proposed nsfr is largely consistent with the basel committee 2019s final nsfr rules . in general , the nsfr assesses the availability of a bank 2019s stable funding against a required level . a bank 2019s available stable funding would include portions of equity , deposits and long-term debt , while its required stable funding would be based on the liquidity characteristics of its assets , derivatives and commitments . prescribed factors would be required to be applied to the various categories of asset and liabilities classes . the ratio of available stable funding to required stable funding would be required to be greater than 100% ( 100 % ) . while citi believes that it is compliant with the proposed u.s . nsfr rules as of december 31 , 2017 , it will need to evaluate a final version of the rules , which are expected to be released during 2018 . citi expects that the nsfr final rules implementation period will be communicated along with the final version of the rules. .
Question: what was the change in billions of net outflows from dec . 31 , 2016 to dec . 31 , 2017?


Answer: The answer is:31.8